Podcasts about Nanjing Massacre

Last time we spoke about the surrender of Japan. Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender on August 15, prompting mixed public reactions: grief, shock, and sympathy for the Emperor, tempered by fear of hardship and occupation. The government's response included resignations and suicide as new leadership was brought in under Prime Minister Higashikuni, with Mamoru Shigemitsu as Foreign Minister and Kawabe Torashiro heading a delegation to Manila. General MacArthur directed the occupation plan, “Blacklist,” prioritizing rapid, phased entry into key Japanese areas and Korea, while demobilizing enemy forces. The surrender ceremony occurred aboard the Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, with Wainwright, Percival, Nimitz, and UN representatives in attendance. Civilians and soldiers across Asia began surrendering, and postwar rehabilitation, Indochina and Vietnam's independence movements, and Southeast Asian transitions rapidly unfolded as Allied forces established control. This episode is the Aftermath of the Pacific War Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  The Pacific War has ended. Peace has been restored by the Allies and most of the places conquered by the Japanese Empire have been liberated. In this post-war period, new challenges would be faced for those who won the war; and from the ashes of an empire, a defeated nation was also seeking to rebuild. As the Japanese demobilized their armed forces, many young boys were set to return to their homeland, even if they had previously thought that they wouldn't survive the ordeal. And yet, there were some cases of isolated men that would continue to fight for decades even, unaware that the war had already ended.  As we last saw, after the Japanese surrender, General MacArthur's forces began the occupation of the Japanese home islands, while their overseas empire was being dismantled by the Allies. To handle civil administration, MacArthur established the Military Government Section, commanded by Brigadier-General William Crist, staffed by hundreds of US experts trained in civil governance who were reassigned from Okinawa and the Philippines. As the occupation began, Americans dispatched tactical units and Military Government Teams to each prefecture to ensure that policies were faithfully carried out. By mid-September, General Eichelberger's 8th Army had taken over the Tokyo Bay region and began deploying to occupy Hokkaido and the northern half of Honshu. Then General Krueger's 6th Army arrived in late September, taking southern Honshu and Shikoku, with its base in Kyoto. In December, 6th Army was relieved of its occupation duties; in January 1946, it was deactivated, leaving the 8th Army as the main garrison force. By late 1945, about 430,000 American soldiers were garrisoned across Japan. President Truman approved inviting Allied involvement on American terms, with occupation armies integrated into a US command structure. Yet with the Chinese civil war and Russia's reluctance to place its forces under MacArthur's control, only Australia, Britain, India, and New Zealand sent brigades, more than 40,000 troops in southwestern Japan. Japanese troops were gradually disarmed by order of their own commanders, so the stigma of surrender would be less keenly felt by the individual soldier. In the homeland, about 1.5 million men were discharged and returned home by the end of August. Demobilization overseas, however, proceeded, not quickly, but as a long, difficult process of repatriation. In compliance with General Order No. 1, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters disbanded on September 13 and was superseded by the Japanese War Department to manage demobilization. By November 1, the homeland had demobilized 2,228,761 personnel, roughly 97% of the Homeland Army. Yet some 6,413,215 men remained to be repatriated from overseas. On December 1, the Japanese War Ministry dissolved, and the First Demobilization Ministry took its place. The Second Demobilization Ministry was established to handle IJN demobilization, with 1,299,868 sailors, 81% of the Navy, demobilized by December 17. Japanese warships and merchant ships had their weapons rendered inoperative, and suicide craft were destroyed. Forty percent of naval vessels were allocated to evacuations in the Philippines, and 60% to evacuations of other Pacific islands. This effort eventually repatriated about 823,984 men to Japan by February 15, 1946. As repatriation accelerated, by October 15 only 1,909,401 men remained to be repatriated, most of them in the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the Higashikuni Cabinet and Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru managed to persuade MacArthur not to impose direct military rule or martial law over all of Japan. Instead, the occupation would be indirect, guided by the Japanese government under the Emperor's direction. An early decision to feed occupation forces from American supplies, and to allow the Japanese to use their own limited food stores, helped ease a core fear: that Imperial forces would impose forced deliveries on the people they conquered. On September 17, MacArthur transferred his headquarters from Yokohama to Tokyo, setting up primary offices on the sixth floor of the Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Building, an imposing edifice overlooking the moat and the Imperial palace grounds in Hibiya, a symbolic heart of the nation.  While the average soldier did not fit the rapacious image of wartime Japanese propagandists, occupation personnel often behaved like neo-colonial overlords. The conquerors claimed privileges unimaginable to most Japanese. Entire trains and train compartments, fitted with dining cars, were set aside for the exclusive use of occupation forces. These silenced, half-empty trains sped past crowded platforms, provoking ire as Japanese passengers were forced to enter and exit packed cars through punched-out windows, or perch on carriage roofs, couplings, and running boards, often with tragic consequences. The luxury express coaches became irresistible targets for anonymous stone-throwers. During the war, retrenchment measures had closed restaurants, cabarets, beer halls, geisha houses, and theatres in Tokyo and other large cities. Now, a vast leisure industry sprang up to cater to the needs of the foreign occupants. Reopened restaurants and theatres, along with train stations, buses, and streetcars, were sometimes kept off limits to Allied personnel, partly for security, partly to avoid burdening Japanese resources, but a costly service infrastructure was built to the occupiers' specifications. Facilities reserved for occupation troops bore large signs reading “Japanese Keep Out” or “For Allied Personnel Only.” In downtown Tokyo, important public buildings requisitioned for occupation use had separate entrances for Americans and Japanese. The effect? A subtle but clear colour bar between the predominantly white conquerors and the conquered “Asiatic” Japanese. Although MacArthur was ready to work through the Japanese government, he lacked the organizational infrastructure to administer a nation of 74 million. Consequently, on October 2, MacArthur dissolved the Military Government Section and inaugurated General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, a separate headquarters focused on civil affairs and operating in tandem with the Army high command. SCAP immediately assumed responsibility for administering the Japanese home islands. It commandeered every large building not burned down to house thousands of civilians and requisitioned vast tracts of prime real estate to quarter several hundred thousand troops in the Tokyo–Yokohama area alone. Amidst the rise of American privilege, entire buildings were refurbished as officers' clubs, replete with slot machines and gambling parlours installed at occupation expense. The Stars and Stripes were hoisted over Tokyo, while the display of the Rising Sun was banned; and the downtown area, known as “Little America,” was transformed into a US enclave. The enclave mentality of this cocooned existence was reinforced by the arrival within the first six months of roughly 700 American families. At the peak of the occupation, about 14,800 families employed some 25,000 Japanese servants to ease the “rigours” of overseas duty. Even enlisted men in the sparse quonset-hut towns around the city lived like kings compared with ordinary Japanese. Japanese workers cleaned barracks, did kitchen chores, and handled other base duties. The lowest private earned a 25% hardship bonus until these special allotments were discontinued in 1949. Most military families quickly adjusted to a pampered lifestyle that went beyond maids and “boys,” including cooks, laundresses, babysitters, gardeners, and masseuses. Perks included spacious quarters with swimming pools, central heating, hot running water, and modern plumbing. Two observers compared GHQ to the British Raj at its height. George F. Kennan, head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, warned during his 1948 mission to Japan that Americans had monopolized “everything that smacks of comfort or elegance or luxury,” criticizing what he called the “American brand of philistinism” and the “monumental imperviousness” of MacArthur's staff to the Japanese suffering. This conqueror's mentality also showed in the bullying attitudes many top occupation officials displayed toward the Japanese with whom they dealt. Major Faubion Bowers, MacArthur's military secretary, later said, “I and nearly all the occupation people I knew were extremely conceited and extremely arrogant and used our power every inch of the way.” Initially, there were spasms of defiance against the occupation forces, such as anonymous stone-throwing, while armed robbery and minor assaults against occupation personnel were rife in the weeks and months after capitulation. Yet active resistance was neither widespread nor organized. The Americans successfully completed their initial deployment without violence, an astonishing feat given a heavily armed and vastly superior enemy operating on home terrain. The average citizen regarded the occupation as akin to force majeure, the unfortunate but inevitable aftermath of a natural calamity. Japan lay prostrate. Industrial output had fallen to about 10% of pre-war levels, and as late as 1946, more than 13 million remained unemployed. Nearly 40% of Japan's urban areas had been turned to rubble, and some 9 million people were homeless. The war-displaced, many of them orphans, slept in doorways and hallways, in bombed-out ruins, dugouts and packing crates, under bridges or on pavements, and crowded the hallways of train and subway stations. As winter 1945 descended, with food, fuel, and clothing scarce, people froze to death. Bonfires lit the streets to ward off the chill. "The only warm hands I have shaken thus far in Japan belonged to Americans," Mark Gayn noted in December 1945. "The Japanese do not have much of a chance to thaw out, and their hands are cold and red." Unable to afford shoes, many wore straw sandals; those with geta felt themselves privileged. The sight of a man wearing a woman's high-buttoned shoes in winter epitomized the daily struggle to stay dry and warm. Shantytowns built of scrap wood, rusted metal, and scavenged odds and ends sprang up everywhere, resembling vast junk yards. The poorest searched smouldering refuse heaps for castoffs that might be bartered for a scrap to eat or wear. Black markets (yami'ichi) run by Japanese, Koreans, and For-mosans mushroomed to replace collapsed distribution channels and cash in on inflated prices. Tokyo became "a world of scarcity in which every nail, every rag, and even a tangerine peel [had a] market value." Psychologically numbed, disoriented, and disillusioned with their leaders, demobilized veterans and civilians alike struggled to get their bearings, shed militaristic ideologies, and begin to embrace new values. In the vacuum of defeat, the Japanese people appeared ready to reject the past and grasp at the straw held out by the former enemy. Relations between occupier and occupied were not smooth, however. American troops comported themselves like conquerors, especially in the early weeks and months of occupation. Much of the violence was directed against women, with the first attacks beginning within hours after the landing of advance units. When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of looting, sexual violence, and drunken brawling ensued. Newspaper accounts reported 931 serious offences by GIs in the Yokohama area during the first week of occupation, including 487 armed robberies, 411 thefts of currency or goods, 9 rapes, 5 break-ins, 3 cases of assault and battery, and 16 other acts of lawlessness. In the first 10 days of occupation, there were 1,336 reported rapes by US soldiers in Kanagawa Prefecture alone. Americans were not the only perpetrators. A former prostitute recalled that when Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946, they “dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night.” Such behaviour was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by occupation forces was quickly suppressed. On September 10, 1945, SCAP issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of reports and statistics "inimical to the objectives of the occupation." In the sole instance of self-help General Eichelberger records in his memoirs, when locals formed a vigilante group and retaliated against off-duty GIs, 8th Army ordered armored vehicles into the streets and arrested the ringleaders, who received lengthy prison terms. Misbehavior ranged from black-market activity, petty theft, reckless driving, and disorderly conduct to vandalism, arson, murder, and rape. Soldiers and sailors often broke the law with impunity, and incidents of robbery, rape, and even murder were widely reported. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent; victims, shunned as outcasts, sometimes turned to prostitution in desperation, while others took their own lives to avoid bringing shame to their families. Military courts arrested relatively few soldiers for these offenses and convicted even fewer; Japanese attempts at self-defense were punished severely, and restitution for victims was rare. Fearing the worst, Japanese authorities had already prepared countermeasures against the supposed rapacity of foreign soldiers. Imperial troops in East Asia and the Pacific had behaved brutally toward women, so the government established “sexual comfort-stations” manned by geisha, bar hostesses, and prostitutes to “satisfy the lust of the Occupation forces,” as the Higashikuni Cabinet put it. A budget of 100 million yen was set aside for these Recreation and Amusement Associations, financed initially with public funds but run as private enterprises under police supervision. Through these, the government hoped to protect the daughters of the well-born and middle class by turning to lower-class women to satisfy the soldiers' sexual appetites. By the end of 1945, brothel operators had rounded up an estimated 20,000 young women and herded them into RAA establishments nationwide. Eventually, as many as 70,000 are said to have ended up in the state-run sex industry. Thankfully, as military discipline took hold and fresh troops replaced the Allied veterans responsible for the early crime wave, violence subsided and the occupier's patronising behavior and the ugly misdeeds of a lawless few were gradually overlooked. However, fraternisation was frowned upon by both sides, and segregation was practiced in principle, with the Japanese excluded from areas reserved for Allied personnel until September 1949, when MacArthur lifted virtually all restrictions on friendly association, stating that he was “establishing the same relations between occupation personnel and the Japanese population as exists between troops stationed in the United States and the American people.” In principle, the Occupation's administrative structure was highly complex. The Far Eastern Commission, based in Washington, included representatives from all 13 countries that had fought against Japan and was established in 1946 to formulate basic principles. The Allied Council for Japan was created in the same year to assist in developing and implementing surrender terms and in administering the country. It consisted of representatives from the USA, the USSR, Nationalist China, and the British Commonwealth. Although both bodies were active at first, they were largely ineffectual due to unwieldy decision-making, disagreements between the national delegations (especially the USA and USSR), and the obstructionism of General Douglas MacArthur. In practice, SCAP, the executive authority of the occupation, effectively ruled Japan from 1945 to 1952. And since it took orders only from the US government, the Occupation became primarily an American affair. The US occupation program, effectively carried out by SCAP, was revolutionary and rested on a two-pronged approach. To ensure Japan would never again become a menace to the United States or to world peace, SCAP pursued disarmament and demilitarization, with continuing control over Japan's capacity to make war. This involved destroying military supplies and installations, demobilizing more than five million Japanese soldiers, and thoroughly discrediting the military establishment. Accordingly, SCAP ordered the purge of tens of thousands of designated persons from public service positions, including accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, business leaders tied to overseas expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders who had steered Japan into war. In addition, MacArthur's International Military Tribunal for the Far East established a military court in Tokyo. It had jurisdiction over those charged with Class A crimes, top leaders who had planned and directed the war. Also considered were Class B charges, covering conventional war crimes, and Class C charges, covering crimes against humanity. Yet the military court in Tokyo wouldn't be the only one. More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel were charged with conventional war crimes in separate trials convened by Australia, China, France, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Of the 5,700 Japanese individuals indicted for Class B war crimes, 984 were sentenced to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted; and 279 were never brought to trial or not sentenced. Among these, many, like General Ando Rikichi and Lieutenant-General Nomi Toshio, chose to commit suicide before facing prosecution. Notable cases include Lieutenant-General Tani Hisao, who was sentenced to death by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal for his role in the Nanjing Massacre; Lieutenant-General Sakai Takashi, who was executed in Nanjing for the murder of British and Chinese civilians during the occupation of Hong Kong. General Okamura Yasuji was convicted of war crimes by the Tribunal, yet he was immediately protected by the personal order of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek, who kept him as a military adviser for the Kuomintang. In the Manila trials, General Yamashita Tomoyuki was sentenced to death as he was in overall command during the Sook Ching massacre, the Rape of Manila, and other atrocities. Lieutenant-General Homma Masaharu was likewise executed in Manila for atrocities committed by troops under his command during the Bataan Death March. General Imamura Hitoshi was sentenced to ten years in prison, but he considered the punishment too light and even had a replica of the prison built in his garden, remaining there until his death in 1968. Lieutenant-General Kanda Masatane received a 14-year sentence for war crimes on Bougainville, though he served only four years. Lieutenant-General Adachi Hatazo was sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes in New Guinea and subsequently committed suicide on September 10, 1947. Lieutenant-General Teshima Fusataro received three years of forced labour for using a hospital ship to transport troops. Lieutenant-General Baba Masao was sentenced to death for ordering the Sandakan Death Marches, during which over 2,200 Australian and British prisoners of war perished. Lieutenant-General Tanabe Moritake was sentenced to death by a Dutch military tribunal for unspecified war crimes. Rear-Admiral Sakaibara Shigematsu was executed in Guam for ordering the Wake Island massacre, in which 98 American civilians were murdered. Lieutenant-General Inoue Sadae was condemned to death in Guam for permitting subordinates to execute three downed American airmen captured in Palau, though his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1951 and he was released in 1953. Lieutenant-General Tachibana Yoshio was sentenced to death in Guam for his role in the Chichijima Incident, in which eight American airmen were cannibalized. By mid-1945, due to the Allied naval blockade, the 25,000 Japanese troops on Chichijima had run low on supplies. However, although the daily rice ration had been reduced from 400 grams per person per day to 240 grams, the troops were not at risk of starvation. In February and March 1945, in what would later be called the Chichijima incident, Tachibana Yoshio's senior staff turned to cannibalism. Nine American airmen had escaped from their planes after being shot down during bombing raids on Chichijima, eight of whom were captured. The ninth, the only one to evade capture, was future US President George H. W. Bush, then a 20-year-old pilot. Over several months, the prisoners were executed, and reportedly by the order of Major Matoba Sueyo, their bodies were butchered by the division's medical orderlies, with the livers and other organs consumed by the senior staff, including Matoba's superior Tachibana. In the Yokohama War Crimes Trials, Lieutenant-Generals Inada Masazumi and Yokoyama Isamu were convicted for their complicity in vivisection and other human medical experiments performed at Kyushu Imperial University on downed Allied airmen. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, which began in May 1946 and lasted two and a half years, resulted in the execution by hanging of Generals Doihara Kenji and Itagaki Seishiro, and former Prime Ministers Hirota Koki and Tojo Hideki, for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, specifically for the escalation of the Pacific War and for permitting the inhumane treatment of prisoners of war. Also sentenced to death were Lieutenant-General Muto Akira for his role in the Nanjing and Manila massacres; General Kimura Heitaro for planning the war strategy in China and Southeast Asia and for laxity in preventing atrocities against prisoners of war in Burma; and General Matsui Iwane for his involvement in the Rape of Nanjing. The seven defendants who were sentenced to death were executed at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23, 1948. Sixteen others were sentenced to life imprisonment, including the last Field Marshal Hata Shunroku, Generals Araki Sadao, Minami Hiro, and Umezu Shojiro, Admiral Shimada Shigetaro, former Prime Ministers Hiranuma Kiichiro and Koiso Kuniaki, Marquis Kido Koichi, and Colonel Hashimoto Kingoro, a major instigator of the second Sino-Japanese War. Additionally, former Foreign Ministers Togo Shigenori and Shigemitsu Mamoru received seven- and twenty-year sentences, respectively. The Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces also held trials of Japanese war criminals, including the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, which tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit known as Unit 731. However, those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial, as MacArthur granted immunity to Lieutenant-General Ishii Shiro and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ-w warfare data derived from human experimentation. If you would like to learn more about what I like to call Japan's Operation Paper clip, whereupon the US grabbed many scientists from Unit 731, check out my exclusive podcast. The SCAP-turn to democratization began with the drafting of a new constitution in 1947, addressing Japan's enduring feudal social structure. In the charter, sovereignty was vested in the people, and the emperor was designated a “symbol of the state and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people in whom resides sovereign power.” Because the emperor now possessed fewer powers than European constitutional monarchs, some have gone so far as to say that Japan became “a republic in fact if not in name.” Yet the retention of the emperor was, in fact, a compromise that suited both those who wanted to preserve the essence of the nation for stability and those who demanded that the emperor system, though not necessarily the emperor, should be expunged. In line with the democratic spirit of the new constitution, the peerage was abolished and the two-chamber Diet, to which the cabinet was now responsible, became the highest organ of state. The judiciary was made independent and local autonomy was granted in vital areas of jurisdiction such as education and the police. Moreover, the constitution stipulated that “the people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights,” that they “shall be respected as individuals,” and that “their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness shall … be the supreme consideration in legislation.” Its 29 articles guaranteed basic human rights: equality, freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin, freedom of thought and freedom of religion. Finally, in its most controversial section, Article 9, the “peace clause,” Japan “renounce[d] war as a sovereign right of the nation” and vowed not to maintain any military forces and “other war potential.” To instill a thoroughly democratic ethos, reforms touched every facet of society. The dissolution of the zaibatsu decentralised economic power; the 1945 Labour Union Law and the 1946 Labour Relations Act guaranteed workers the right to collective action; the 1947 Labour Standards Law established basic working standards for men and women; and the revised Civil Code of 1948 abolished the patriarchal household and enshrined sexual equality. Reflecting core American principles, SCAP introduced a 6-3-3 schooling system, six years of compulsory elementary education, three years of junior high, and an optional three years of senior high, along with the aim of secular, locally controlled education. More crucially, ideological reform followed: censorship of feudal material in media, revision of textbooks, and prohibition of ideas glorifying war, dying for the emperor, or venerating war heroes. With women enfranchised and young people shaped to counter militarism and ultranationalism, rural Japan was transformed to undermine lingering class divisions. The land reform program provided for the purchase of all land held by absentee landlords, allowed resident landlords and owner-farmers to retain a set amount of land, and required that the remaining land be sold to the government so it could be offered to existing tenants. In 1948, amid the intensifying tensions of the Cold War that would soon culminate in the Korean War, the occupation's focus shifted from demilitarization and democratization toward economic rehabilitation and, ultimately, the remilitarization of Japan, an shift now known as the “Reverse Course.” The country was thus rebuilt as the Pacific region's primary bulwark against the spread of Communism. An Economic Stabilisation Programme was introduced, including a five-year plan to coordinate production and target capital through the Reconstruction Finance Bank. In 1949, the anti-inflationary Dodge Plan was adopted, advocating balanced budgets, fixing the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, and ending broad government intervention. Additionally, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was formed and supported the formation of conglomerates centered around banks, which encouraged the reemergence of a somewhat weakened set of zaibatsu, including Mitsui and Mitsubishi. By the end of the Occupation era, Japan was on the verge of surpassing its 1934–1936 levels of economic growth. Equally important was Japan's rearmament in alignment with American foreign policy: a National Police Reserve of about 75,000 was created with the outbreak of the Korean War; by 1952 it had expanded to 110,000 and was renamed the Self-Defense Force after the inclusion of an air force. However, the Reverse Course also facilitated the reestablishment of conservative politics and the rollback of gains made by women and the reforms of local autonomy and education. As the Occupation progressed, the Americans permitted greater Japanese initiative, and power gradually shifted from the reformers to the moderates. By 1949, the purge of the right came under review, and many who had been condemned began returning to influence, if not to the Diet, then to behind-the-scenes power. At the same time, Japanese authorities, with MacArthur's support, began purging left-wing activists. In June 1950, for example, the central office of the Japan Communist Party and the editorial board of The Red Flag were purged. The gains made by women also seemed to be reversed. Women were elected to 8% of available seats in the first lower-house election in 1946, but to only 2% in 1952, a trend not reversed until the so-called Madonna Boom of the 1980s. Although the number of women voting continued to rise, female politicisation remained more superficial than might be imagined. Women's employment also appeared little affected by labour legislation: though women formed nearly 40% of the labor force in 1952, they earned only 45% as much as men. Indeed, women's attitudes toward labor were influenced less by the new ethos of fulfilling individual potential than by traditional views of family and workplace responsibilities. In the areas of local autonomy and education, substantial modifications were made to the reforms. Because local authorities lacked sufficient power to tax, they were unable to realise their extensive powers, and, as a result, key responsibilities were transferred back to national jurisdiction. In 1951, for example, 90% of villages and towns placed their police forces under the control of the newly formed National Police Agency. Central control over education was also gradually reasserted; in 1951, the Yoshida government attempted to reintroduce ethics classes, proposed tighter central oversight of textbooks, and recommended abolishing local school board elections. By the end of the decade, all these changes had been implemented. The Soviet occupation of the Kurile Islands and the Habomai Islets was completed with Russian troops fully deployed by September 5. Immediately after the onset of the occupation, amid a climate of insecurity and fear marked by reports of sporadic rape and physical assault and widespread looting by occupying troops, an estimated 4,000 islanders fled to Hokkaido rather than face an uncertain repatriation. As Soviet forces moved in, they seized or destroyed telephone and telegraph installations and halted ship movements into and out of the islands, leaving residents without adequate food and other winter provisions. Yet, unlike Manchuria, where Japanese civilians faced widespread sexual violence and pillage, systematic violence against the civilian population on the Kuriles appears to have been exceptional. A series of military government proclamations assured islanders of safety so long as they did not resist Soviet rule and carried on normally; however, these orders also prohibited activities not explicitly authorized by the Red Army, which imposed many hardships on civilians. Residents endured harsh conditions under Soviet rule until late 1948, when Japanese repatriation out of the Kurils was completed. The Kuriles posed a special diplomatic problem, as the occupation of the southernmost islands—the Northern Territories—ignited a long-standing dispute between Tokyo and Moscow that continues to impede the normalisation of relations today. Although the Kuriles were promised to the Soviet Union in the Yalta agreement, Japan and the United States argued that this did not apply to the Northern Territories, since they were not part of the Kurile Islands. A substantial dispute regarding the status of the Kurile Islands arose between the United States and the Soviet Union during the preparation of the Treaty of San Francisco, which was intended as a permanent peace treaty between Japan and the Allied Powers of World War II. The treaty was ultimately signed by 49 nations in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, and came into force on April 28, 1952. It ended Japan's role as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes, ended the Allied post-war occupation of Japan, and returned full sovereignty to Japan. Effectively, the document officially renounced Japan's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea, Formosa and the Pescadores, the Kurile Islands, the Spratly Islands, Antarctica, and South Sakhalin. Japan's South Seas Mandate, namely the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Caroline Islands, had already been formally revoked by the United Nations on July 18, 1947, making the United States responsible for administration of those islands under a UN trusteeship agreement that established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In turn, the Bonin, Volcano, and Ryukyu Islands were progressively restored to Japan between 1953 and 1972, along with the Senkaku Islands, which were disputed by both Communist and Nationalist China. In addition, alongside the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan and the United States signed a Security Treaty that established a long-lasting military alliance between them. Although Japan renounced its rights to the Kuriles, the U.S. State Department later clarified that “the Habomai Islands and Shikotan ... are properly part of Hokkaido and that Japan is entitled to sovereignty over them,” hence why the Soviets refused to sign the treaty. Britain and the United States agreed that territorial rights would not be granted to nations that did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco, and as a result the Kurile Islands were not formally recognized as Soviet territory. A separate peace treaty, the Treaty of Taipei (formally the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty), was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952 between Japan and the Kuomintang, and on June 9 of that year the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India followed. Finally, Japan and the Soviet Union ended their formal state of war with the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, though this did not settle the Kurile Islands dispute. Even after these formal steps, Japan as a nation was not in a formal state of war, and many Japanese continued to believe the war was ongoing; those who held out after the surrender came to be known as Japanese holdouts.  Captain Oba Sakae and his medical company participated in the Saipan campaign beginning on July 7, 1944, and took part in what would become the largest banzai charge of the Pacific War. After 15 hours of intense hand-to-hand combat, almost 4,300 Japanese soldiers were dead, and Oba and his men were presumed among them. In reality, however, he survived the battle and gradually assumed command of over a hundred additional soldiers. Only five men from his original unit survived the battle, two of whom died in the following months. Oba then led over 200 Japanese civilians deeper into the jungles to evade capture, organizing them into mountain caves and hidden jungle villages. When the soldiers were not assisting the civilians with survival tasks, Oba and his men continued their battle against the garrison of US Marines. He used the 1,552‑ft Mount Tapochau as their primary base, which offered an unobstructed 360-degree view of the island. From their base camp on the western slope of the mountain, Oba and his men occasionally conducted guerrilla-style raids on American positions. Due to the speed and stealth of these operations, and the Marines' frustrated attempts to find him, the Saipan Marines eventually referred to Oba as “The Fox.” Oba and his men held out on the island for 512 days, or about 16 months. On November 27, 1945, former Major-General Amo Umahachi was able to draw out some of the Japanese in hiding by singing the anthem of the Japanese infantry branch. Amo was then able to present documents from the defunct IGHQ to Oba ordering him and his 46 remaining men to surrender themselves to the Americans. On December 1, the Japanese soldiers gathered on Tapochau and sang a song of departure to the spirits of the war dead; Oba led his people out of the jungle and they presented themselves to the Marines of the 18th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Company. With great formality and commensurate dignity, Oba surrendered his sword to Lieutenant Colonel Howard G. Kirgis, and his men surrendered their arms and colors. On January 2, 1946, 20 Japanese soldiers hiding in a tunnel at Corregidor Island surrendered after learning the war had ended from a newspaper found while collecting water. In that same month, 120 Japanese were routed after a battle in the mountains 150 miles south of Manila. In April, during a seven-week campaign to clear Lubang Island, 41 more Japanese emerged from the jungle, unaware that the war had ended; however, a group of four Japanese continued to resist. In early 1947, Lieutenant Yamaguchi Ei and his band of 33 soldiers renewed fighting with the small Marine garrison on Peleliu, prompting reinforcements under Rear-Admiral Charles Pownall to be brought to the island to hunt down the guerrilla group. Along with them came former Rear-Admiral Sumikawa Michio, who ultimately convinced Yamaguchi to surrender in April after almost three years of guerrilla warfare. Also in April, seven Japanese emerged from Palawan Island and fifteen armed stragglers emerged from Luzon. In January 1948, 200 troops surrendered on Mindanao; and on May 12, the Associated Press reported that two unnamed Japanese soldiers had surrendered to civilian policemen in Guam the day before. On January 6, 1949, two former IJN soldiers, machine gunners Matsudo Rikio and Yamakage Kufuku, were discovered on Iwo Jima and surrendered peacefully. In March 1950, Private Akatsu Yūichi surrendered in the village of Looc, leaving only three Japanese still resisting on Lubang. By 1951 a group of Japanese on Anatahan Island refused to believe that the war was over and resisted every attempt by the Navy to remove them. This group was first discovered in February 1945, when several Chamorros from Saipan were sent to the island to recover the bodies of a Saipan-based B-29. The Chamorros reported that there were about thirty Japanese survivors from three ships sunk in June 1944, one of which was an Okinawan woman. Personal aggravations developed from the close confines of a small group on a small island and from tuba drinking; among the holdouts, 6 of 11 deaths were the result of violence, and one man displayed 13 knife wounds. The presence of only one woman, Higa Kazuko, caused considerable difficulty as she would transfer her affections among at least four men after each of them mysteriously disappeared, purportedly “swallowed by the waves while fishing.” According to the more sensational versions of the Anatahan tale, 11 of the 30 navy sailors stranded on the island died due to violent struggles over her affections. In July 1950, Higa went to the beach when an American vessel appeared offshore and finally asked to be removed from the island. She was taken to Saipan aboard the Miss Susie and, upon arrival, told authorities that the men on the island did not believe the war was over. As the Japanese government showed interest in the situation on Anatahan, the families of the holdouts were contacted in Japan and urged by the Navy to write letters stating that the war was over and that the holdouts should surrender. The letters were dropped by air on June 26 and ultimately convinced the holdouts to give themselves up. Thus, six years after the end of World War II, “Operation Removal” commenced from Saipan under the command of Lt. Commander James B. Johnson, USNR, aboard the Navy Tug USS Cocopa. Johnson and an interpreter went ashore by rubber boat and formally accepted the surrender on the morning of June 30, 1951. The Anatahan femme fatale story later inspired the 1953 Japanese film Anatahan and the 1998 novel Cage on the Sea. In 1953, Murata Susumu, the last holdout on Tinian, was finally captured. The next year, on May 7, Corporal Sumada Shoichi was killed in a clash with Filipino soldiers, leaving only two Japanese still resisting on Lubang. In November 1955, Seaman Kinoshita Noboru was captured in the Luzon jungle but soon after committed suicide rather than “return to Japan in defeat.” That same year, four Japanese airmen surrendered at Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea; and in 1956, nine soldiers were located and sent home from Morotai, while four men surrendered on Mindoro. In May 1960, Sergeant Ito Masashi became one of the last Japanese to surrender at Guam after the capture of his comrade Private Minagawa Bunzo, but the final surrender at Guam would come later with Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi. Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi survived in the jungles of Guam by living for years in an elaborately dug hole, subsisting on snails and lizards, a fate that, while undignified, showcased his ingenuity and resilience and earned him a warm welcome on his return to Japan. His capture was not heroic in the traditional sense: he was found half-starving by a group of villagers while foraging for shrimp in a stream, and the broader context included his awareness as early as 1952 that the war had ended. He explained that the wartime bushido code, emphasizing self-sacrifice or suicide rather than self-preservation, had left him fearing that repatriation would label him a deserter and likely lead to execution. Emerging from the jungle, Yokoi also became a vocal critic of Japan's wartime leadership, including Emperor Hirohito, which fits a view of him as a product of, and a prisoner within, his own education, military training, and the censorship and propaganda of the era. When asked by a young nephew how he survived so long on an island just a short distance from a major American airbase, he replied simply, “I was really good at hide and seek.”  That same year, Private Kozuka Kinshichi was killed in a shootout with Philippine police in October, leaving Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo still resisting on Lubang. Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo had been on Lubang since 1944, a few months before the Americans retook the Philippines. The last instructions he had received from his immediate superior ordered him to retreat to the interior of the island and harass the Allied occupying forces until the IJA eventually returned. Despite efforts by the Philippine Army, letters and newspapers left for him, radio broadcasts, and even a plea from Onoda's brother, he did not believe the war was over. On February 20, 1974, Onoda encountered a young Japanese university dropout named Suzuki Norio, who was traveling the world and had told friends that he planned to “look for Lieutenant Onoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order.” The two became friends, but Onoda stated that he was waiting for orders from one of his commanders. On March 9, 1974, Onoda went to an agreed-upon place and found a note left by Suzuki. Suzuki had brought along Onoda's former commander, Major Taniguchi, who delivered the oral orders for Onoda to surrender. Intelligence Officer 2nd Lt. Onoda Hiroo thus emerged from Lubang's jungle with his .25 caliber rifle, 500 rounds of ammunition, and several hand grenades. He surrendered 29 years after Japan's formal surrender, and 15 years after being declared legally dead in Japan. When he accepted that the war was over, he wept openly. He received a hero's welcome upon his return to Japan in 1974. The Japanese government offered him a large sum of money in back pay, which he refused. When money was pressed on him by well-wishers, he donated it to Yasukuni Shrine. Onoda was reportedly unhappy with the attention and what he saw as the withering of traditional Japanese values. He wrote No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, a best-selling autobiography published in 1974. Yet the last Japanese to surrender would be Private Nakamura Teruo, an Amis aborigine from Formosa and a member of the Takasago Volunteers. Private Nakamura Teruo spent the tail end of World War II with a dwindling band on Morotai, repeatedly dispersing and reassembling in the jungle as they hunted for food. The group suffered continuous losses to starvation and disease, and survivors described Nakamura as highly self-sufficient. He left to live alone somewhere in the Morotai highlands between 1946 and 1947, rejoined the main group in 1950, and then disappeared again a few years later. Nakamura hinted in print that he fled into the jungle because he feared the other holdouts might murder him. He survives for decades beyond the war, eventually being found by 11 Indonesian soldiers. The emergence of an indigenous Taiwanese soldier among the search party embarrassed Japan as it sought to move past its imperial past. Many Japanese felt Nakamura deserved compensation for decades of loyalty, only to learn that his back pay for three decades of service amounted to 68,000 yen.   Nakamura's experience of peace was complex. When a journalist asked how he felt about “wasting” three decades of his life on Morotai, he replied that the years had not been wasted; he had been serving his country. Yet the country he returned to was Taiwan, and upon disembarking in Taipei in early January 1975, he learned that his wife had a son he had never met and that she had remarried a decade after his official death. Nakamura eventually lived with a daughter, and his story concluded with a bittersweet note when his wife reconsidered and reconciled with him. Several Japanese soldiers joined local Communist and insurgent groups after the war to avoid surrender. Notably, in 1956 and 1958, two soldiers returned to Japan after service in China's People's Liberation Army. Two others who defected with a larger group to the Malayan Communist Party around 1945 laid down their arms in 1989 and repatriated the next year, becoming among the last to return home. That is all for today, but fear not I will provide a few more goodies over the next few weeks. I will be releasing some of my exclusive podcast episodes from my youtube membership and patreon that are about pacific war subjects. Like I promised the first one will be on why Emperor Hirohito surrendered. Until then if you need your fix you know where to find me: eastern front week by week, fall and rise of china, echoes of war or on my Youtube membership of patreon at www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel.

Red tourism, visiting locations with historical significance to the Communist Party of China, is sweeping the nation as China celebrates the 80th anniversary of victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggressionfrom1931 to 1945 and the World Anti-Fascist War.在中国庆祝中国人民抗日战争（1931-45）和世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年之际，参观对中国共产党具有历史意义的地点的红色旅游正在席卷全国。Jinggangshan city in East China's Jiangxi province has seen bookings to its Red tourism scenic spots rise by 22 percent this summer, according to travel portal Qunar. The city is considered a cradle of the Chinese revolution where the CPC established its first rural revolutionary base in 1927.根据旅游门户网站去哪儿网的数据，今年夏天，中国东部江西省井冈山市红色旅游景点的预订量增长了22%。这座城市被认为是中国革命的摇篮，1927年中国共产党在这里建立了第一个农村革命根据地。Bookings to other renowned Red tourism spots such as Yan'an in Shaanxi province and Shaoshan in Hunan province have increased by 20 percent and 12 percent, respectively, year-on-year, according to Qunar.去哪儿网的数据显示，陕西省延安市和湖南省韶山市等其他著名红色旅游景点的预订量同比分别增长了20%和12%。"I'm deeply touched by the perseverance, upbeat and unyielding spirit of Chinese soldiers during their long and arduous fights against the Japanese invasion in the 1930s and 1940s," said Ye Mingsheng, 17, while visiting the Taihang Memorial Museum of the Eighth Route Army in late July with his parents.7月下旬，17岁的叶明生和父母一起参观太行八路军纪念馆时说：“中国士兵在20世纪三四十年代长期艰苦的抗日战争中表现出的毅力、乐观和不屈的精神让我深受感动。”。He said visiting the memorial hall was like attending an immersive history lesson, where he could feel the difficulties the Chinese soldiers had faced during the war, and their optimism and unyielding determination have also inspired him. "The trip has intensified my national ethos," he said.他说，参观纪念馆就像上了一堂身临其境的历史课，在那里他可以感受到中国士兵在战争期间面临的困难，他们的乐观和不屈不挠的决心也激励了他。他说：“这次旅行强化了我的民族精神。”。Cai Miao, a manager from travel agency Tuniu, said that some recently released movies have intensified people's desire for Red tourism this summer.途牛旅行社经理蔡淼表示，最近上映的一些电影加剧了人们对今年夏天红色旅游的渴望。Dead To Rights, for example, which is set during the Nanjing Massacre in 1937, tells the story of a group of Chinese civilians seeking refuge in a photo studio and risking their lives to expose atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army. The film was released on July 25, and from that day to Aug 3, travel bookings to Nanjing increased by 16 percent from the period of July 15 to July 24 on Tuniu.以1937年南京大屠杀为背景，告诉了一群中国平民在照相馆避难，冒着生命危险揭露日本帝国军队暴行的故事。这部电影于7月25日上映，从那天到8月3日，途牛的南京旅游预订量比7月15日到7月24日增长了16%。"Tour products to Nanjing, capital city of East China's Jiangsu province, have been some of our bestsellers this summer. Many of our customers said the most important stop of their trips to the city is to visit the Memorial Hall for the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders, which memorializes those killed in the Nanjing Massacre by the Imperial Japanese Army," Cai Miao said.蔡淼说：“今年夏天，前往中国东部江苏省省会南京的旅游产品一直是我们最畅销的产品之一。我们的许多客户表示，他们此行最重要的一站是参观日本侵略者南京大屠杀遇难者纪念馆，该纪念馆纪念在日本帝国军队南京大屠杀中遇难的人。”。She added that young Chinese people were the majority taking Red tourism trips this summer, either with their families or during company team building events.她补充说，今年夏天，大多数中国年轻人都会和家人一起或在公司团队建设活动中参加红色旅游。"Places including Beijing, Nanjing in Jiangsu, Guangzhou in Guangdong and Changsha in Hunan province have been the most popular destinations for Red tourism trip goers this summer," she said.她说：“今年夏天，北京、江苏南京、广东广州和湖南长沙等地一直是红色旅游者最受欢迎的目的地。”。Qunar said that several Red tourism destinations have launched theatrical performances or outdoor shows based on stories of the CPC's development to attract tourists.去哪儿网表示，一些红色旅游目的地已经根据中国共产党的发展故事推出了戏剧表演或户外表演，以吸引游客。It said that ticket bookings to the theatrical performance — The Great Turning Point in Zunyi, Guizhou province, had increased threefold this summer. The performance centers on the Zunyi Meeting in 1935, a landmark event in the history of the CPC, as it largely determined the fate of the Party at a critical juncture for its survival.据报道，今年夏天，贵州遵义《大转折》的门票预订量增加了两倍。这场演出以1935年遵义会议为中心，这是中国共产党历史上的一个里程碑事件，因为它在很大程度上决定了党在生死关头的命运。Zhang Jinshan, a tourism planning and development researcher at Beijing Union University, said that Red tourism is a combination of Red culture — a culture related to the CPC and its revolutionary history, and travel.北京联合大学旅游规划与发展研究员张金山表示，红色旅游是红色文化——一种与中国共产党及其革命历史有关的文化——和旅游的结合。"The increasing popularity of Red tourism among Chinese people, especially the young adults and children, enables the nation's younger generations to learn the values and ideals of the CPC, and the hardships Chinese people experienced to establish the People's Republic of China," he said, adding that visiting Red tourism spots can also remind people of safeguarding the homeland and cherishing the hard-won peace.他说：“红色旅游在中国人民，特别是年轻人和儿童中的日益普及，使国家的年轻一代能够了解中国共产党的价值观和理想，以及中国人民为建立中华人民共和国所经历的艰辛。”他补充说，参观红色旅游景点也可以提醒人们保卫家园，珍惜来之不易的和平。atrocitiesn.（尤指战争中的）残暴行为

In this episode of "Friendship in War Fires" series, we honor the extraordinary courage of Minnie Vautrin – an American educator who risked her life to protect over 10,000 women and children during one of history's darkest chapters in Nanjing. Her harrowing diary entries provide an unflinching record of the Nanjing Massacre – a testament to both the cruelty of war and the resilience of humanity.

Text usIn this episode of Anthology of Horror, we plunge into some of the darkest chapters of the twentieth century: the atrocities committed by Imperial Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. From the systematic slaughter and sexual violence of the Nanjing Massacre to the grotesque human experimentation carried out by Unit 731, this is a story of cruelty without parallel.Told with unflinching honesty but delivered with solemn restraint, the episode paints a vivid historical picture of how Japan's imperial ambitions turned ordinary men into monsters—and why denial and forgetting are just as dangerous as the crimes themselves.Listener discretion is strongly advised. This episode contains descriptions of graphic violence, sexual violence, and crimes against humanity.Cast & CreditsHost: Spring-Heeled JackResearch Assistant: Kate (daughter of Steve)Producer: Mickie EberzSpecial Thanks: Young Alex, for suggesting the topic and supporting the Mannings' GoFundMe after the Eaton FireEpisode Theme & Closing Song: Blood Engine by EmpressSupport the showDemented Darkness https://open.spotify.com/show/2ausD083OiTmVycCKpapQ8Dark Side of the Nerd https://open.spotify.com/show/6cwN3N3iifSVbddNRsXRTuFoxhound43 https://rumble.com/user/Foxhound43

This episode looks at the courtroom drama that helped to shape Asia after World War II with Princeton University's Gary Bass. Far more than a simple account of justice served, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal represents a fascinating intersection of international law, power politics, and competing visions of history that continues to reverberate through East Asian relations today.The tribunal tried 28 Japanese leaders for crimes that began long before Pearl Harbor. Imperial Japan's expansionist wars stretched back decades, leaving a trail of atrocities including the Nanjing Massacre where approximately 200,000 civilians were killed. Yet political calculations ensured Emperor Hirohito remained untouched, creating an enduring contradiction where his closest advisor received a life sentence while the monarch himself watched from his palace.Three defendants embody the trial's moral complexities: defiant Prime Minister Tojo Hideki who used his testimony to justify the war; the Emperor's advisor Kido Koichi who claimed to restrain militarists yet enabled their actions; and perhaps most poignantly, Foreign Minister Togo Shigenori who actively opposed the war, confronted military leadership, and later pushed for surrender—only to die in prison after conviction.What truly distinguishes this tribunal from Nuremberg is its contested legacy. While Germany embraced denazification, some Japanese war criminals later returned triumphantly to politics—including Kishi Nobusuke who became Prime Minister in 1957. His grandson, former Prime Minister Abe Shinzo, continued questioning the tribunal's legitimacy decades later. Meanwhile, at the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, war criminals are venerated alongside fallen soldiers, revealing Japan's unresolved relationship with its imperial past.How do nations reconcile with dark chapters in their past? Can justice truly be served when political considerations shape legal proceedings? You can send a message to the show/feedback by clicking here. The system doesn't let me reply so if you need one please include your email.

This July, Thomas Rabe, Chairman of the John Rabe Communication Center, was granted the Friendship Envoy Award at the second Orchid Awards in Beijing for promoting cultural understanding and friendship between China and Germany. Eighty-eight years ago, his grandfather John Rabe, a German businessman stationed in Nanjing in 1937, managed to shelter and save 250,000 Chinese civilians from atrocities committed by Japanese invading forces during one of the darkest moments in human history, known as the Nanjing Massacre.In this podcast, Thomas Rabe shares with us the Rabe family's special bonds with China which spans over a century and four generations.

Chinese film "Dead to Rights" about the 1937 Nanjing Massacre has premiered in North America after achieving domestic success.

① China's July exports sharply topped market expectations and imports recorded the biggest jump in a year. How strongly has foreign trade supported China's economy so far this year? (00:53)② US President Donald Trump is threatening to impose a 100% tariff on foreign semiconductors. Can the US restore its past chip manufacturing capacity through tariffs or other means? (14:23)③ Why is “Dead to Rights”, a film about the Nanjing Massacre, dominating China's summer box office? (24:37)④ A conversation with Jim Rogers, an investor and author, on China's attractiveness to foreign investors over the next five years. (34:52)⑤ Italy has given its final approval for a landmark bridge linking Sicily to the mainland. Why has Italy waited for almost six decades for its approval? (43:21)

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931–1945) and the World Anti-Fascist War. In Nanjing, a city forever etched in history by the horrors of the Nanjing Massacre, memorials and museums stand as solemn reminders of a painful past. Among them is a private museum founded by an ordinary citizen – Wu Xianbin. Through his personal collection and unwavering commitment, Wu has built a space of remembrance, reflection, and resilience.

① The UN has warned against possible full Israeli military takeover of Gaza. Why is Israel's capability to sustain a long-term occupation of Gaza questionable? (00:54)② Will Poland face years of political deadlock under its new president Karol Nawrocki? (14:23)③ We take a look at a robots-focused shopping festival in Beijing, and the industry behind it. (25:02)④ A conversation with the executive director of the United Nations Office for Project Services on global climate governance. (36:15)⑤ The mayor of Japan's Nagoya is seeking to resume exchanges with China's Nanjing after a years-long suspension over his predecessor's denial of Nanjing Massacre. What efforts should be made to achieve this goal? (45:12)

As part of the events commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggressionfrom1931 to 1945 and the World Anti-Fascist War, many war-themed movies have or are going to hit cinema screens both at home and overseas.作为纪念1931年至1945年中国人民抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年活动的一部分，许多以战争为主题的电影已经或将要在国内外上映。Dead to Rights is one of them. Centered on the Nanjing Massacre, in just eight days since its July 25 release, the movie has become the top-grossing film of the country's summer box office, with revenues surpassing 1 billion yuan.南京照相馆就是其中之一。这部电影以南京大屠杀为中心，自7月25日上映以来仅八天，就成为中国夏季票房收入最高的电影，收入超过10亿元。Based on true events, the film follows a group of civilians in a Japanese-controlled photo studio in Nanjing, where, as they are forced to develop images for the occupiers, they secretly document the atrocities being carried out by the Japanese troops, risking their lives to preserve the evidence of Japanese war crimes.这部电影以真实事件为基础，讲述了一群平民在南京一家日本控制的摄影棚里，在那里，当他们被迫为占领者拍摄图像时，他们冒着生命危险，秘密记录了日本军队正在实施的暴行，以保存日本战争罪行的证据。Many moviegoers have attributed the film's success to its powerful storytelling and compelling performances, describing it as a vivid "history lesson" for the younger generation.许多影迷将这部电影的成功归功于其强大的故事讲述和引人注目的表演，称其为年轻一代生动的“历史课”。Another film, 731, which revisits the horrific World War II-era human experiments conducted by Japan's notorious biological and chemical warfare unit, the eponymous 731, is set to premiere on Sept 18, to coincide with the 94th anniversary of the Sept 18 Incident in 1931, which marked the start of Japan's invasion of China.另一部电影《731》重温了日本臭名昭著的生物和化学战部队731在第二次世界大战期间进行的可怕的人体实验，该电影将于9月18日首映，以纪念1931年九一八事变94周年，九一八事变标志着日本入侵中国的开始。During the 14-year-long war, China suffered more than 35 million casualties, both military and civilian, and Japanese troops committed countless heinous crimes that deserved universal condemnation.在长达14年的战争中，中国遭受了3500多万军事和平民伤亡，日本军队犯下了无数令人发指的罪行，值得普遍谴责。Yet due to various reasons, many people in the West are still not fully aware of the horrific acts committed by Japanese invaders in China eight decades ago. While the Holocaust is taught in all history textbooks in the West, the Nanjing Massacre remains not fully understood despite its scale and significance. In 2022, when Evan Kail, a US pawnshop owner, decided to donate a photo album documenting Japanese wartime atrocities in China to the Chinese consulate in Chicago, he even faced death threats. "I want more people to know the truth," he explained about his courageous act.然而，由于种种原因，西方许多人仍然没有充分意识到80年前日本侵略者在中国犯下的可怕行径。虽然西方所有历史教科书都教授大屠杀，但南京大屠杀的规模和意义仍然没有得到充分理解。2022年，当美国当铺老板Evan Kail决定向中国驻芝加哥领事馆捐赠一本记录日本战时暴行的相册时，他甚至面临死亡威胁。“我希望更多的人知道真相，”他解释了自己的勇敢行为。Now after watching Dead to Rights, Kail has urged all people, especially those in the West, to see the film, so that "the story of what was in (that) photo album could continue to be shared".现在，在看完《南京照相馆》后，凯尔敦促所有人，尤其是西方人，去看这部电影，这样“相册里的故事就可以继续被分享”。Indeed, the war-related films are not intended to foster animosity but to help shape our collective memory so that these war crimes will never be forgotten. This is the right way to honor those who gave their lives to uphold freedom, justice and peace, and mourn the loss of innocent lives brutally taken during the war. Only by remembering the horrors of the past can people today truly cherish peace.事实上，与战争有关的电影不是为了培养敌意，而是为了帮助塑造我们的集体记忆，使这些战争罪行永远不会被遗忘。这是向那些为维护自由、正义与和平而献出生命的人致敬的正确方式，也是对战争中惨遭杀害的无辜生命的哀悼。只有记住过去的恐怖，今天的人们才能真正珍惜和平。It is outrageous that Japanese rightists still try to deny Japan's wartime atrocities and successive postwar Japanese governments still try to whitewash the country's past crimes. This makes people in countries victimized by Japanese aggressors doubt whether the country has really severed itself from its militaristic past. They rightly question whether Japan is ready to join hands with its Asian neighbors to build a peaceful and prosperous future.令人愤慨的是，日本右翼分子仍然试图否认日本的战争暴行，战后历届日本政府仍然试图粉饰该国过去的罪行。这使得日本侵略者受害国的人民怀疑这个国家是否真的与军国主义的过去断绝了关系。他们正确地质疑日本是否准备与亚洲邻国携手建设一个和平繁荣的未来。That some politicians in Japan are still regularly paying homage to the Yasukuni Shrine, where convicted war criminals who committed atrocities against humanity are enshrined, makes the sporadic apologies and remorse Japan has previously expressed for that war of aggression sound hollow and perfunctory.日本的一些政客仍然经常参拜靖国神社，那里供奉着犯下危害人类暴行的被定罪的战犯，这使得日本此前对那场侵略战争表示的零星道歉和悔恨听起来空洞而敷衍了事。But it should be noted that Japanese people were also the victims of Japan's wartime militarism. It is wrong to foster hatred against a people just because a small minority of Japanese militarists set off the war of aggression. Rather, the people of China and Japan should pass on friendship from generation to generation through improved communication, bearing in mind that forgetting history is tantamount to the betrayal of truth.但应该指出的是，日本人民也是日本战时军国主义的受害者。仅仅因为一小部分日本军国主义者发动了侵略战争，就煽动对一个民族的仇恨是错误的。相反，中日两国人民应该通过加强沟通将友谊代代相传，铭记忘记历史等于背叛真理。universal condemnationn.普遍谴责/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl ˌkɒndəmˈneɪʃən/wartime militarismn.战时军国主义/ˈwɔːtaɪm ˈmɪlɪtəˌrɪzəm/

China will hold a grand military parade in Beijing on Sept 3 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, senior Chinese officials announced on Tuesday. 中国官方于周二（6月20号）宣布，9月3日将在北京举行盛大阅兵仪式，纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年。On the morning of Sept 3, China will hold a grand ceremony at Tian'anmen Square in Beijing to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory of these two wars, including a troop review, said Hu Heping, deputy head of the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee.中共中央宣传部副部长胡和平表示，9月3日上午将在北京天安门广场举行纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会，包括阅兵式。The ceremony will be held in the name of the CPC Central Committee, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and the Central Military Commission, he added in a news conference held by the State Council Information Office.他在国务院新闻办公室举行的记者会上补充道，该仪式将以中共中央委员会、全国人民代表大会常务委员会、国务院、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会和中央军事委员会的名义联合举行。Wu Zeke, deputy head of the combat operations department of the Central Military Commission's Joint Staff Department, said that the equipment formations participating in the upcoming parade will prominently display the latest achievements in the Chinese military's equipment system development.中央军委联合参谋部作战局副局长吴克杰表示，此次阅兵的装备方队将重点展示我军武器装备体系化发展成就。"All weapons and equipment to be reviewed are domestically produced, active-duty main battle gear," Wu said.吴克杰说："所有受阅装备均为国产现役主战装备。"In addition, leaders, former political dignitaries from relevant countries, main leaders of international organizations, and foreign diplomatic envoys in China will be invited to attend the commemorative activities, Hu said.此外，胡和平表示中方还将邀请相关国家领导人、前政治要员，国际组织主要负责人，以及外国驻华使节出席纪念活动。Representatives of international friends who contributed to China's victory against Japanese aggression, or their descendants, will also receive invitations, he said.胡和平说，中方还将邀请为中国抗战胜利作出贡献的国际友人及其遗属代表出席纪念活动。Additionally, China will host a series of commemorative activities nationwide starting from July. It will also award commemorative medals for the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression to living veterans and old comrades of the war, anti-Japanese war generals or their descendants.此外，7月起全国各地将陆续推出一系列纪念活动。中方还将向健在的抗战老战士、老同志，抗战将领或其遗属颁发中国人民抗日战争胜利80周年纪念章。A ceremony will be held on July 7 at the Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in Beijing to commemorate the 88th anniversary of the Lugou Bridge Incident, according to Hu.胡和平介绍，7月7日将在中国人民抗日战争纪念馆举行仪式，纪念全民族抗战爆发88周年。The incident is recognized as the start of Japan's full-scale invasion and China's whole-nation resistance against the invaders.1937年7月7日发生的卢沟桥事变标志着日本全面侵华战争爆发，中国全民族抗战开始。Around Oct 25, a conference will be held to commemorate the 80th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession, Hu said, expressing support to overseas Chinese to organize related commemorative activities in their local areas.胡和平表示，10月25日左右将举行台湾光复80周年纪念大会，支持海外侨胞在当地开展相关纪念活动。OnDec 13, a national memorial ceremony for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre willbe held in Nanjing, Jiangsu province.12月13日将在江苏南京举行南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭仪式。Furthermore, Hong Kong and Macao will also organize a series of commemorative activities.此外，香港和澳门特别行政区也将组织一系列纪念活动。military parade阅兵anniversary/ˌænɪˈvɜː(r)s(ə)ri/n.周年纪念（日）troop review阅兵式full-scale invasion全面入侵commemorative/kəˈmem(ə)rətɪv/adj.纪念的，纪念性的

Poon Lim, born in 1918 on Hainan Island, China, grew up in a fishing village before moving to Malaysia at age ten. As Japan invaded China in the 1930s, sparking the Second Sino-Japanese War, Lim's father sent him away to avoid conscription, possibly fearing atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre. Lim joined the British Merchant Navy as a cabin boy, but faced discrimination and abuse, leading him to leave in 1937 for Hong Kong, where he became a mechanic.   In 1939, with Britain at war with Germany, the Navy improved conditions to recruit more Chinese seamen, including Lim, who joined the SS Ben Lomond in 1942 as a Second Mess Steward. On November 23, 1942, the unescorted, lightly armed ship was torpedoed by the German U-172 submarine off Brazil. Lim survived the sinking, which killed 54 of the 55 crew members, by clinging to debris and eventually finding a stocked life raft.   Alone at sea, Lim survived 133 days by rationing supplies—water, hardtack, chocolate, pemmican, milk, and lime juice—building a canopy for shade and rainwater, and crafting tools to fish and hunt birds. Despite being a weak swimmer, he tied himself to the raft and later killed a shark for its blood and meat when dehydration threatened his life. Multiple ships passed him without rescuing him, possibly mistaking him for a Japanese sailor or fearing a U-boat trap.   On April 1943, Brazilian fishermen rescued him near Pará after he drifted close to land, emaciated and weak. After recovering, Lim received the British Empire Medal from King George VI for his courage and resourcefulness. His story influenced Royal Navy survival manuals, and he later became a U.S. citizen, settling in Brooklyn with his family until his death in 1991 at age 72. Lim holds the record for the longest solo survival on a life raft, a testament to his extraordinary resilience.   00:00 Welcome to the Dark Oak 00:30 100 Episode Celebration and Giveaway 03:30 The Lake Oconee Murders   Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poon_Lim https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sole-survivor-of-the-sinking-of-the-benlomond-in-wwii-poon-lim-set-a-record-for-133-days-adrift-at-sea/news-story/9c63348c42762182e17bcc3c2ddbe1a8 https://www.historydefined.net/poon-lim/embed/#?secret=sVREifRlva#?secret=E0phajhSTT https://www.joe.ie/fitness-health/133-days-at-sea-in-an-eight-foot-raft-meet-poon-lim-39850 Jones, S. (2024, March 6). Poon Lim, The Man who Survived 133 Days Lost at Sea. Historic Flix. https://historicflix.com/poon-lim-man-who-survived-133-days-lost-at-sea/   Join The Dark Oak Discussion: Patreon The Dark Oak Podcast Website Facebook Instagram Twitter TikTok Youtube This episode of The Dark Oak was created, researched, written, recorded, hosted, edited, published, and marketed by Cynthia and Stefanie of Just Us Gals Productions with artwork by Justyse Himes and Music by Ryan Creep

十九世紀中葉 shí jiǔ shì jì zhōng yè - mid-19th century西方列強 xī fāng liè qiáng - Western powers侵略 qīn lüè - invasion, aggression地理大發現 dì lǐ dà fā xiàn - Age of Discovery (Great Geographical Discoveries)船隻 chuán zhī - ships, vessels接觸 jiē chù - contact, interaction工業革命 gōng yè gé mìng - Industrial Revolution迅速 xùn sù - rapid, fast武器 wǔ qì - weapons先進 xiān jìn - advanced, sophisticated淪為 lún wéi - to become (a worse state), to be reduced to半殖民半封建 bàn zhí mín bàn fēng jiàn - semi-colonial and semi-feudal屈辱 qū rǔ - humiliation, disgrace鴉片貿易 yā piàn mào yì - opium trade清朝 qīng cháo - Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)戰敗 zhàn bài - to be defeated in war簽訂 qiān dìng - to sign (a treaty, contract)南京條約 nán jīng tiáo yuē - Treaty of Nanjing開放通商口岸 kāi fàng tōng shāng kǒu àn - opening trade ports割讓香港 gē ràng xiāng gǎng - ceding Hong Kong主權 zhǔ quán - sovereignty喪失 sàng shī - to lose (rights, sovereignty, etc.)實力 shí lì - strength, capability大幅下降 dà fú xià jiàng - to decline sharply八國聯軍 bā guó lián jūn - Eight-Nation Alliance (1900 invasion of China)侵華 qīn huá - invasion of China入侵 rù qīn - to invade以...為由 yǐ ... wéi yóu - using ... as an excuse鎮壓 zhèn yā - to suppress, to crack down義和團 yì hé tuán - Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign movement in 1899-1901)攻進 gōng jìn - to attack and enter佔領 zhàn lǐng - to occupy紫禁城 zǐ jìn chéng - Forbidden City洗劫 xǐ jié - to loot, to plunder頤和園 yí hé yuán - Summer Palace辛丑條約 xīn chǒu tiáo yuē - Boxer Protocol (1901 treaty)賠款 péi kuǎn - reparations, indemnity白銀 bái yín - silver (currency in historical China)消弱 xiāo ruò - to weaken, to diminish處境 chǔ jìng - situation, plight艱難 jiān nán - difficult, tough偽滿洲國 wèi mǎn zhōu guó - Manchukuo (puppet state in Northeast China, 1932-1945)殖民統治 zhí mín tǒng zhì - colonial rule南京大屠殺 nán jīng dà tú shā - Nanjing Massacre (1937)殺害 shā hài - to kill, to murder不甘心 bù gān xīn - unwilling to accept, resentful打壓 dǎ yā - suppression, crackdown自尊心 zì zūn xīn - self-esteem, sense of dignity損害 sǔn hài - to damage, to harm致力於 zhì lì yú - to commit to, to devote efforts to話語權 huà yǔ quán - discourse power, right to speak in international affairsIf your goal in 2025 is to improve your Chinese, meet more Taiwanese friends, and discuss a variety of topics like politics, culture, war, news, economics, and more! I invite you to book a one-on-one trial lesson with me

China marks the National Memorial Day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.

China has marked the National Memorial Day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre which took place 87 years ago (01:06). South Korea's parliament advances the time to vote on the second impeachment motion against President Yoon Suk-yeol (12:45). China says it is open to engaging with the new U.S. administration's economic and trade team (41:15).

South Korea's parliament advances the time to vote on the second impeachment motion against President Yoon Suk-yeol by an hour on Saturday afternoon. Israel indicates that its military will stay longer in the Syrian territories it has seized, offering no timeline for departure. China marks the National Memorial Day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre which took place 87 years ago.

Drawing from the classic history of war reporting The First Casualty by Phillip Knightley, we explore the history of news, propaganda and misinformation from the Nanjing Massacre and the battle of Shanghai in 1937-8 to Pearl Harbour in 1941.This is part seven of the Explaining History study course based on the AQA A level history module Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-53.In this episode we explore the aftermath of the Russian Civil War and the challenges that the Bolshevik Regime faced from within the party, the peasantry and the Kronstadt sailors. We also explore how Lenin's changes to the party functioning enabled the rise of Stalin.I will be running a livestream Q&A for students on Wednesday November 20th. You can access it here, subscribe to the channel to get your reminder.https://youtube.com/live/knBuNLBD-bU?feature=share (in case the link doesn't work)Help the podcast to continue bringing you history each weekIf you enjoy the Explaining History podcast and its many years of content and would like to help the show continue, please consider supporting it in the following ways:If you want to go ad-free, you can take out a membership hereOrYou can support the podcast via Patreon hereOr you can just say some nice things about it here Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Between December 1937 and January 1938 on of the great crimes of Japan's war against China occurred at the Chinese capital of Nanjing. Determined to break Chiang Kai Shek's nationalist forces, the Japanese murdered tens of thousands of captured soldiers and proceeded to slaughter the civilian population. The Japanese army went of the rampage, killing children and raping the city's female population. In 1985 a permanent memorial hall to the horrors inflicted on the city and on China by Japan was unveiled in the city and this podcast hears from Keith Lowe's Prisoners of History as the historian explores the memorial hall and explores its significance the the questions that arise from contested historical memory.I will be running a livestream Q&A for students on Wednesday November 20th. You can access it here, subscribe to the channel to get your reminder.Help the podcast to continue bringing you history each weekIf you enjoy the Explaining History podcast and its many years of content and would like to help the show continue, please consider supporting it in the following ways:If you want to go ad-free, you can take out a membership hereOrYou can support the podcast via Patreon hereOr you can just say some nice things about it here Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Talking About Kenji Mizoguchi's Ugetsu with our guest, production designer Yôhei TanedaIn this episode of Movies We Like, we are thrilled to have production designer Yôhei Taneda join us to discuss his fascinating career and one of his favorite films, Kenji Mizoguchi's 1953 classic, Ugetsu. Taneda shares his journey into the world of production design, from his early days as an art student to his experiences working on both Japanese and American films, such as Kill Bill: Volume 1, The Hateful Eight, the Monster Hunt films, The Flowers of War, and When Marnie Was There.Throughout the episode, Taneda offers unique insights into the art of production design, discussing the intricacies of creating immersive worlds for both live-action and animated films. He delves into the challenges of balancing the director's vision with his own artistic sensibilities, and the importance of collaborating with other departments to create a cohesive visual experience.As the conversation turns to Ugetsu, Taneda explores the film's haunting aesthetic and the ways in which Mizoguchi's use of space and design elements contribute to its ghostly atmosphere. He draws comparisons between Ugetsu and other Japanese films of the era, highlighting the symbolic significance of water and the influence of Noh theater on the film's visual style.Ugetsu remains a timeless masterpiece, a testament to Mizoguchi's artistic vision and the power of cinema to transport audiences to otherworldly realms. Taneda's passion for the film and his deep appreciation for its craft make for a captivating discussion that will leave listeners eager to revisit this haunting classic. We had a wonderful time delving into the artistry behind Ugetsu and exploring Taneda's remarkable career in production design.A very special thanks to Hiroshi Tominaga for being our translator for this episode!Film SundriesFind Yôhei on Instagram or visit his websiteYôhei on IMDbBuy our Akira Kurosawa T-shirt!Watch this on Apple or Amazon, or find other places at JustWatchTheatrical trailerOriginal MaterialLetterboxdMore About Yôhei TanedaFor the past two decades, Yôhei Taneda has collaborated with filmmakers from across the globe, amassing an impressive list of accolades and credits, including Kill Bill: Vol. I with Quentin Tarantino, Flowers of War with Zhang Yimou, and the animated Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence with Mamoru Oshii.  For The Flowers of War, an epic film about the Nanjing Massacre, Taneda recreated the period sets for the film in Nanjing. Released in 70 countries, the film was at the time one of the highest budgeted and most successful Chinese films ever made. Taneda's other international credits include the Keanu Reeves-directed Man of Tai Chi, Raman Hui's Monster Hunt, Tarantino's western The Hateful Eight, John Woo's Manhunt, and Wash Westmoreland's Netflix feature Earthquake Bird.Among Taneda's many notable non-English language productions are Swallowtail Butterfly, directed by Shunji Iwai; Sleepless Town, directed by Le Chi Ngai; The Wow–Choten Hotel and The Magic Hour, directed by Koki Mitani; and Hula Girls and Villain, directed by Sang-il Lee. Taneda's work helped foster the remarkable success of Koki Mitani's Ghost of a Chance (Suteki Na Kanashibari) and Wei Te-Sheng's Taiwanese film Warriors of the Rainbow, which earned the Best Film Award at the Tapei Golden Horse Festival.Taneda has also collaborated with Studio Ghibli on such animated films as the critically acclaimed When Marnie Was There, which earned among its many awards and nominations an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Film.  With Studio Ghibli, he also curated Karigurashi no Arietty x Yohei Taneda, an art exhibition giving the public an opportunity to view “film art” as a stand-alone presentation. Hosted by the Tokyo Museum of Contemporary Art, the event attracted more than 700,000 people during its tour.In addition to an Art Directors Guild Award nomination in the U.S. for his work on Kill Bill: Vol. 1, Taneda has been awarded the prestigious Purple Ribbon Medal in Japan and the Incentive Award from the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs.Beyond representing a substantial body of cinematic work, Taneda's artistic endeavors span art installations, stage art, special images, jacket designs for CDs and DVDs, and several books that he has authored. Learn how to support our show and The Next Reel's family of film podcasts by becoming a member. It's just $5 monthly or $55 annually. Learn more here.Join the conversation with movie lovers from around the world in our Discord community!Here's where you can find us around the internet:The WebLetterboxdCheck out poster artwork for movies we've discussed on our Pinterest pagePeteAndyWhat are some other ways you can support us and show your love? Glad you asked!You can buy our movie-related apparel, stickers, mugs and more from our MERCH PAGE.Or buy or rent movies we've discussed on the show from our WATCH PAGE.Or buy books, plays, etc. that was the source for movies we've discussed on the show from our ORIGINALS PAGE.Or renew or sign up for a Letterboxd Pro or Patron account with our LETTERBOXD MEMBERSHIP DISCOUNT.Or sign up for

Wang Jingwei was a national hero for his role in China's emergence from imperial rule in the early 20th century. In 1937, Japan invaded China committing atrocities including the Nanjing Massacre. Wang advocated negotiation with Japan but his colleagues wouldn't listen. So, in 1939 he signed an agreement with Japan, which made him leader of a Japanese-controlled puppet government in Nanjing. Many Chinese have hated him ever since – his name is synonymous with the word ‘Hanjian', a traitor to China. But Pan Chia-sheng's memories of living under Wang Jingwei's government tell a very different story. He speaks to Ben Henderson.(Photo: Wang Jingwei. Credit: Wang Wenxing via Wang Jingwei Irrevocable Trust)

On July 7, 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. It is also known as the Lugou Bridge Incident. Within days of the small skirmish with 100 Chinese garrison troops, the Japanese had brought in 180,000 troops. After that, the fighting between the Chinese and the Japanese did not stop until 1945.Japan then attacked Shanghai. Nationalist troops resisted for three months, including with hidden artillery that killed the Japanese Empress' cousin during an amphibious landing. But the Japanese eventually captured China's largest port city and turned their attention to the national capital of Nanjing, after sacking the historic, cultural city of Suzhou.Chiang Kai-shek ordered Nanjing to be both defended and evacuated. Treasures from the Forbidden City were moved west, along with government officials. Soldiers were brought in and they fortified in anticipation of the attack. Refugees streamed west, including some to Nanjing. Trapped between the attacking columns and the Yangzi River, only a small number were able to evacuate once the battle was lost. Those who were not able to find refuge in the Nanjing Safety Zone were most often killed or raped and murdered. The Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, was one of the worst war crimes in human history.John Rabe, a Nazi, helped save thousands, perhaps even two hundred thousand lives as he led the Nanjing Safety Zone. He used his Nazi armband to get Japanese soldiers to leave the Chinese alone. He reported Japanese abuses to German officials, including Hitler, but in Germany, after being transferred back to Berlin, he was taken and interrogated by the Gestapo.Robert Wilson, a surgeon, refused to leave and gave medical care day and night for free, at the cost of his own health.Minnie Vautrin gave up food, took beatings and had her life threatened for protecting Chinese in the Safety Zone, which the Japanese did not recognize. Her efforts to save Chinese lives and spirits cost her life. She told the Chinese that China would not perish and that Japan would fail in the end.It did and War Criminals were tried and executed, both in Tokyo and in Nanjing, for acts during the Nanjing occupation.The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall is today a place of remembrance and of education.Image: "Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall" by kevin dooley is licensed under CC BY 2.0. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Here are some major historical events that happened on December 13:1642: Abel Tasman becomes the first European to reach the island of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).1937: The Nanjing Massacre begins during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japanese forces captured the city of Nanjing, leading to mass killings, rapes, and other atrocities against Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers.2000: The Supreme Court of the United States, in its decision in Bush v. Gore, effectively ends the recount of the presidential votes in Florida, determining the outcome of the 2000 presidential election in favor of George W. Bush.2001: The Parliament of India is attacked by terrorists. Twelve people are killed, and many are injured in the incident.2003: Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his hometown of Tikrit by the United States Army.These events highlight a range of historical occurrences, spanning from explorations and discoveries to significant moments in wars and political history.Podcast Website:https://atozenglishpodcast.com/a-to-z-this-day-in-world-history-december-13th/Social Media:WeChat account ID: atozenglishpodcastFacebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/671098974684413/Tik Tok:@atozenglish1Instagram:@atozenglish22Twitter:@atozenglish22A to Z Facebook Page:https://www.facebook.com/theatozenglishpodcastCheck out our You Tube Channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCds7JR-5dbarBfas4Ve4h8ADonate to the show: https://app.redcircle.com/shows/9472af5c-8580-45e1-b0dd-ff211db08a90/donationsRobin and Jack started a new You Tube channel called English Word Master. You can check it out here:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2aXaXaMY4P2VhVaEre5w7ABecome a member of Podchaser and leave a positive review!https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-a-to-z-english-podcast-4779670Join our Whatsapp group: https://forms.gle/zKCS8y1t9jwv2KTn7Intro/Outro Music: Daybird by Broke for Freehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/Broke_For_Free/Directionless_EP/Broke_For_Free_-_Directionless_EP_-_03_Day_Bird/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcodehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/Scott_Joplin/Piano_Rolls_from_archiveorg/ScottJoplin-RagtimeDance1906/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-a-to-z-english-podcast/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

China has held a memorial ceremony to mourn the 300,000 victims of the Nanjing Massacre.

Ma Ying-jeou, former chairman of the Chinese Kuomintang party, expressed deep condolences on Wednesday for the compatriots who lost their lives in the Nanjing Massacre and said that history shall never be forgotten.3月29日，中国国民党前主席马英九向在南京大屠杀中遇难的同胞表示深切哀悼，并表示历史永远不会被遗忘。Ma said that Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits should be self-reliant and should fight back with courage when being bullied and humiliated by foreign powers.马英九说，海峡两岸的中国人应该自立自强，在受到外国列强的欺凌和羞辱时，应该勇敢地反击。He made the remarks while visiting the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, with a group of Taiwan students ahead of Qingming Festival, or Tomb Sweeping Day, which falls on Wednesday.在3月29日前夕，马英九与一群台湾学生一起参观了江苏省南京市侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆，并发表了上述讲话。The Nanjing Massacre took place when Japanese troops captured Nanjing, the then-Chinese capital, on Dec 13, 1937. Over six weeks, they killed approximately 300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers in one of the most barbaric episodes of the World Anti-Fascist War.1937年12月13日，日军攻占当时的中国首都南京，发生了南京大屠杀事件。在六周的时间里，他们杀害了大约30万中国平民和手无寸铁的士兵，这是世界反法西斯战争中最野蛮的事件之一。Around 9:30 am, the group led by Ma arrived at the memorial hall, which officially opened to the public on Aug 15, 1985, and was built on the site of Jiangdong Gate mass murder in the Nanjing Massacre.上午9点30分左右，马英九带领的访问团抵达纪念馆，该纪念馆于1985年8月15日正式向公众开放，建于南京大屠杀江东门大屠杀遗址。Ma and the group of students from Taiwan looked at sculptures depicting damaged city walls, broken Japanese sabers and the heads and arms of the victims. They then paid a silent tribute to the victims.马英九和一群来自台湾的学生观看了雕塑，这些雕塑描绘了受损的城墙、破损的日本军刀以及受害者的头部和手臂。随后，他们向遇难者默哀。Speaking to Xinhua News Agency, Ma said that although he had read some books and seen photos about the Nanjing Massacre, "I have never been so shocked as today".在接受新华社采访时，马英九表示，虽然他读过一些关于南京大屠杀的书籍和照片，但“我从来没有像今天这样震惊”。He said that the massacre was "a rare bestial act in human history, and the Chinese are the biggest victims".他说，大屠杀是“人类历史上罕见的野蛮行为，中国人是最大的受害者”。Ma said he hoped that the Taiwan students accompanying him would find their visit to be instructive. Such knowledge will serve as an important reference for their future development, he added.马英九说，他希望陪同他的台湾学生将发现他们的访问是有益的。他补充说，这些知识将为他们未来的发展提供重要参考。The memorial hall's collection comprises nearly 4,000 photographs, almost 10,000 artifacts and over 260 pieces of footage, all of which present indisputable facts about the massacre.纪念馆的藏品包括近4000张照片，近10000件文物和260多件录像，所有这些都是关于大屠杀的无可争辩的事实。The memorial hall has hosted a number of exchange programs with Taiwan compatriots over the past few years, including a 2007 seminar on cross-Straits studies of the history of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45).在过去的几年里，纪念馆举办了许多与台湾同胞的交流项目，包括2007年两岸抗日战争(1931-45)历史研究研讨会。In 2018, the memorial hall held an exhibition on the Nanjing Massacre in New Taipei City, Taiwan.2018年，纪念馆在台湾新北市举办了南京大屠杀展览。The Nanjing visit was part of Ma's trip to visit his ancestral home on the mainland on the occasion of Tomb Sweeping Day. The group will also visit Wuhan, Changsha, Chongqing and Shanghai.南京之行是马英九在清明节期间回老家的一部分。访问团还将访问武汉、长沙、重庆和上海。Massacre英 [ˈmæsəkə(r)] 美 [ˈmæsəkər]n. 屠杀ancestral英 [ænˈsestrəl] 美 [ænˈsestrəl]adj. 祖先的

Evan Kail is a wise-cracking antique dealer and TikToker. Last September, his world turned upside down when one of his videos ignited an international media frenzy. In his words, the TikTok created a "perfect storm." The subject of the video? A photo album from WWII which Evan believed contained photographs of the Nanjing Massacre — a horrific episode during Japan's invasion of China in 1937. This episode is about historical memory, why the Nanjing Massacre is still an incredibly sensitive topic in China and Japan, social media virality, and the true contents of that WWII photo album. Credits: This episode was written and produced by Megan Cattel. Mixing and sound design by Emily Jankowski. Amory Sivertson and Ben Brock Johnson are the co-hosts.

This week Chris is talking about an overlooked atrocity during the late 1930's in China — the Nanjing Massacre. The Japanese had been fighting with the Chinese for years and during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had every intention of taking over more land and claiming it as their own.   After the Battle of Shanghai, the Japan thought that capturing the capital city of Nanjing, would make China surrender and they would win. China's Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek, was afraid to lose more of his men and told only them to evacuate the city of Nanking, leaving the citizens unable to defend themselves properly. A safety zone was created by a International committee and one of them was a Nazi.. yep that's right a Nazi ! It was an unfortunate 6 week massacre  Women were brutally raped and killed, children were thrown in the air for bayonet practice, men were buried alive. It was a very upsetting time.General Iwane Matsui who ordered this invasion was executed for their crimes and since then, Japan has tried to forget this horrible time. Listen to this horrible time but that the Japanese still had time to take some pictures?! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This week Chris Distefano AKA Christories is coming to you talking about the A BOMB ! That's right, the atomic bomb! Everyone thinks it was a direct response to Japan's attack of Pearl Harbor, but it wasn't! It was for many other reasons, such as the Treaty of Versailles, Nanjing Massacre and for not surrendering! We got FDR running the show, talking to congress to let us join the war, Winston Churchill telling us we got to help him with the Nazis, it's just a whole mess! We finally get Russia to help and get a team together to create a bomb. Enter Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer! He was not the father of the A Bomb but definitely a great father figure!! They make the atomic bombs, yes TWO bombs, in New Mexico even though it was called the Manhattan Project -- what?! It was very unfortunate, but yes we dropped TWO nuclear bombs.  Tell us what you think in the comments!  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

*TRIGGER WARNING*This episode includes discussion of sexual assault and cannibalism, listener discretion advised, even more than usualJust like the episode, i'm going to start on a nice, happy note! Taylor has that part (the happy part) this week and he tells a tale of cave paintings holding way more information than we ever thought possible! Cavemen, amiright?Onto the good, the bad, the Japan. We do not have a feel good episode this week for you, this week we're talking about how horrible Japan can be? Has been? Either one works, choose whichever you wish.Japan is not all Ningen, ninjas, suicide forests, Haikus and Godzilla it has a surprisingly (to some) really horrible past. There's alot and in this episode Chelsie had to narrow it down to comfort women and Japanese Cannibalism in this episode.First up is comfort woman, Chelsie goes through the when, what, where and how (why not included) to give you an idea of a what the sex slaves of the Imperial Japanese Army endured (AKA Comfort Women). We look at the Nanjing Massacre for set up and then move on to Indonesia and share story shared by Jan Ruff of her experience. Shockingly Japan would largely deny any of it ever happened.Onto Cannibalism, at the hands of Japan of course. We talk about some specific examples like the Kokkoda track, WWII and the Suzuki unit as well as the American Pilots.We know what you're thinking; "maybe they had no other choice and it was a matter of survival" well, we've got news for you! And it is that it was definitely not that. Brief appearance by George H. W. Bush.... we talk about him, he doesn't actually want to be on our podcast. That is an assumption as we never actually asked him.Annnnnnnnyway, Big Gulps huh,? Welp, see ya later!Don't forget to follow and listen to any other episodes in our catalogue that may pique your interest. If you want to hear us talk about a specific topic be sure to send us an email a journeytothefringe@gmail.com and you can catch us live on Twitch this Monday at 8:30 PM PST, also please give our twitch a follow as we are pushing for affiliate status (https://www.twitch.tv/journeytothefringe).Shout outs for references in this episode;"Horror in the East" by Laurence Rees"The Knights of Bushido", Lord Russel

Bankman not freed, booed heavily and pilotwings glitch + this day in history w/the Nanjing Massacre and our song of the day by Kush & Callous on your Morning Monarchy for December 13, 2022.

China has held a national memorial ceremony for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre (1:00). COP15 participants are trying to reach an agreement to protect the world's critical resources (12:52). And the European Union could face a shortfall of nearly 30 billion cubic meters of natural gas (33:36).

China has held a memorial ceremony at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders to remember the victims of Japanese aggression during World War II.

China has held a national memorial ceremony for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre. Negotiators at COP15 are working to safeguard the future of wildlife and the environment. And China is assisting ECOWAS in the construction of its permanent headquarters.

#crime #murdermystery #historical #massacre #nanjing --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Psycho's and Sociopath's Nanjing Massacre Part 1 --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Episode 1948: With 648686 views on Thursday, 1 September 2022 our article of the day is Nanjing Massacre.

Contents: Military situation Relocation of the capital Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army Battle of Nanjing Civilian evacuation Massacre Matsui's reaction to the massacre End of the massacre Recall of Matsui and Asaka Death toll estimates War crimes tribunals Memorials Controversy Legacy Nanjing Massacre The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War, by the Imperial Japanese Army. Beginning on December 13, 1937, the massacre lasted for six weeks. The perpetrators also committed other atrocities such as mass rape, looting, and arson. The massacre was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II. NOTE: Some words and names whose pronunciation is "Ha" or "Ha's" are translated into "Hao" or "Hao's" so that TTS can pronounce them properly. SUPPORT AUDIO WIKIPEDIA: Please consider supporting Audio Wikipedia podcast at Ko-fi.com if you enjoy it: https://ko-fi.com/audiowikipedia Become a valuable contributor & member by supporting us at Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/AudioWikipedia BASIC INFORMATION: Title: Nanjing Massacre Find out about the author(s) & basic information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre Read the full article on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre [CC] license: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 Photo By Originally Moriyasu Murase, ISBN 4-88900-218-9, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=978955 Follow us on Twitter: @Audiowikipedia1

The second Sino-Japanese War began in July 1937.  Which side started it can be debated.  We do know it was an eight-year horror show.  It would overlap and influence the coming second world war.  The opening actions of the Japanese war saw terrible human casualties.  These portended what was coming. In this episode I focus on the opening phases of the war.  I end the episode with a question or thought.  What group benefited the most from the disastrous events of the Sino-Japanese War?

Warning – this episode contains descriptions of war crimes As darkness descends on Nanjing, our trip to the city comes to an end. We look at the rise of Japanese ultranationalism and fascism, their unhinged campaign to take over China, and the most famous atrocity the city is known for. Twit: @SMKYpodcast

英语新闻|南京通报：玄奘寺供奉侵华日军战犯牌位事件调查处理情况A woman has been put under criminal detention for commemorating Buddhist memorial tablets of Japanese war criminals in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, which has angered numerous Chinese and led to heated discussion in the country.江苏省南京市一名女子因供奉侵华日军战犯牌位被刑事拘留，此举令无数中国人感到愤怒，并在全国引起热议。The woman, Wu Aping, commemorated five Japanese war criminals and Wilhelmina "Minnie" Vautrin. The woman detained said she was trying to free herself from a nightmare that had haunted her since she learned of the atrocities by the invading Japanese army during the Nanjing massacre, according to the investigation team formed by the Nanjing government in a notice issued Sunday night.吴啊萍在玄奘寺供奉五名侵华日军战犯和美国人明妮·魏特琳。据南京市政府调查组在7月24日晚发布的通知中称，据吴啊萍供述，自从她到南京了解到侵华日军战犯的暴行后，产生心理阴影，并长期被噩梦缠绕。Wu, born in 1990, came to live in Nanjing in 2000 and worked in a hospital in 2013 before she quit the job to become a layman of a local temple in 2019. She paid 3,000 yuan ($444) for commemorating the five war criminals and Vautrin at the Xuanzang Temple from 2018 to 2022.吴啊萍出生于1990年，2000年迁至南京居住，2013年进入南京某医院工作，2019年辞职去成为当地某寺庙当居士。自2018至2022年，她花费3000元在玄奘寺供奉五名侵华日军战犯和美国人魏特琳。Wu confessed to police that she had been haunted by nightmares for years after learning about the massacre, especially what the five Japanese war criminals had done to the Chinese people.吴啊萍向警方供述，在她了解到南京大屠杀，尤其是五名日本战犯对中国人民的所作所为后，长期被噩梦缠绕。She therefore had developed the wrong idea of "relieving resentment" and "putting herself out of misery" by commemorating them at a Buddhist temple.在接触佛教后，她产生了通过供奉五名侵华日军战犯“解怨释结”、“脱离苦难”的错误想法。She also wanted to "help the soul" of Vautrin after learning of her kindness of saving Chinese during the massacre but who committed suicide for PTSD when she went back to the US.吴啊萍在了解到美国传教士魏特琳女士在侵华日军南京大屠杀期间保护女性的善举，因受战争刺激，回国后在家中自杀后，想通过供奉帮其解脱。The investigation team confirmed that Wu had visited the hospital three times for insomnia and anxiety since 2017 and took sedative and hypnotic drugs for treatment.经调查，吴啊萍自2017年以来曾因失眠、焦虑等症状，先后3次到医院就诊，并服用镇静催眠药物。Wu was detained for suspicion of the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble on Friday.7月22日，吴啊萍因涉嫌寻衅滋事罪被公安机关刑事拘留。The abbot of Xuanzang Temple, Li Yijiang, was replaced by the bureau of ethnic and religious affairs of Nanjing's Xuanwu district, and the operation of the temple has been suspended to correct its misconduct.南京市玄武区民宗局已撤换玄奘寺主要负责人李义将职务，责令玄奘寺停止日常活动，并会同相关部门立即对其进行整顿。At least nine officials have been held responsible for the incident, including Party chief and director of the Nanjing Ethnic and Religious Bureau and two deputy directors of the bureau.对南京市民宗局党组书记、局长和两名副局长在内的9名官员依纪依规依法作出严肃处理。The Nanjing Massacre took place on Dec 13, 1937. The Japanese troops killed more than 300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers over a six-week period, according to Chinese historians.南京大屠杀发生在1937年12月13日，日本战犯在6周内杀死了超过30万中国平民及战俘。Of the five war criminals commemorated, Matsui Iwane was one of the Class-A war criminals held responsible for the Nanjing Massacre. Hisao Tani, a Class-B war criminal, committed hideous crimes during the massacre.在被供奉的五名日本战犯中，松井石根是日本陆军大将，甲级战犯，南京大屠杀的主要责任人之一。谷寿夫，日本陆军中将，在南京大屠杀中犯下了骇人听闻的罪行。Takeshi Noda was a Class-C war criminal who participated in a "killing 100 people competition" with Mukai Toshiaki in Nanjing, and Tanaka Junyoshi killed more than 300 unarmed soldiers and civilians with a saber.野田毅是一名丙级战犯，在南京与向井敏明进行了骇人听闻的杀人比赛，野蛮砍杀中国军民105人。田中军吉携军刀砍杀平民逾300人。 detention英[dɪˈtenʃn]；美[dɪˈtenʃn]n. 拘留，监禁; 放学后留校atrocity英[əˈtrɒsəti]；美[əˈtrɑːsəti]n. 暴行，残暴; 滔天罪行massacre英[ˈmæsəkə(r)]；美[ˈmæsəkər]n. 大屠杀，残杀; （牲畜的）成批屠宰vt. 屠杀，残杀; 损害，毁坏; 彻底击败; 惨败misconduct英[ˌmɪsˈkɒndʌkt]；美[ˌmɪsˈkɑndʌkt]n. 行为不正，不规矩; 处理不当; （尤指官吏等的）胡作非为，渎职hideous英[ˈhɪdiəs]；英[ˈhɪdiəs]adj. 令人惊骇的; 极其丑陋的，可怕的; 丑恶的，讨厌的; 媸

The Rape of Nanjing, also known as the Nanjing Massacre or the Nanking Massacre, was one of the most horrific and lesser-known atrocities of World War II that lasted for a total of six weeks. This brutal event was perpetrated by the Japanese against the Chinese people who lived in Nanjing. The Japanese military had no regard for the lives of these innocent people and used a wide range of unethical and horrific actions to nearly exterminate the city. There were human experiments and even competitions where the Japanese would see who could kill the most people the fastest, which was reported in local Japanese newspapers as if it were some type of game show. This episode is a bit dark and is heavy with some wicked evil things. So, you have been warned. 

In the winter of 1937-38, Japan launched an assault of previously unprecedented brutality against a Chinese civilian population in the nationalist capital of Nanjing. Japan's desigs for China and South East Asia rested on being able to break the power of China's Guomindang nationalists, who were more inclined to build alliances with European powers or America. The Japanese invaders wanted China to be reoriented towards Japan as the power that would lead China along with the rest of Asia. A symbolic display of violence and destruction at Nanjing would demonstrate to China that further resistance was futile. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.

During the battle of World War Two, in the Japanese-occupied city of Nanjing, China, posters were plastered in every corner encouraging unarmed Chinese civilians to return to their homes. The soldiers on the posters were depicted as being kind and generous, with illustrations of them embracing children of civilians and distributing food to those in need. The posters read: "Come home! We will give you food! Trust us! We will save you!" However, when those thousands of citizens eventually returned to the city, what awaited them was brutal torture. Some of these unsuspecting and defenseless people were cut open or nailed to tree trunks and sliced like meat. Even more appalling, some were sprayed with gasoline and then shot at, while others were forced to sit naked on the hot coals from stoves. Some of the victims had acid thrown at them until their skin began to erode, and others had their organs directly eaten by the Japanese soldiers. As if this weren't horrific enough, an even greater number of people of Nanjing were raped, buried alive, shot to death, and treated like mice for various experiments. Many missionaries who had eyewitness accounts of this human tragedy claimed that they saw hell for the first time.  This tragic massacre occurred in 1937 and is known historically as the Nanjing Massacre. What took place in Nanjing that year can only be compared to the horror that also was to take place in Auschwitz, yet many people know little about the former.

In honor of season 2 of Euphoria being released on HBO Max this week, and for my cheating, dishonest, liar of a “partner” to not be able to watch it since I logged out of my own Hulu and his other girlfriend's HBO max accounts on both of his tvs per her request upon discovering the extent of said aforementioned dishonesty and manipulation while watching his dog, his “daughter”, for him while he was on vacation in Puerto Rico–a country he might be staying in, but one that was bailed out by the guy whose apartment I stayed in one street away from the Louvre the first year I went to Paris. Suck on my balls. It has been a week, let me tell ya. I really, REALLY, REALLY cannot stress how much I absolutely did not need this character development. But, as just seems to be the case with me and “life”, probably the most unfortunate series of events have begun unraveling and I really regret making so many jokes about being the devil and going down to Georgia, because I am just emotionally getting my ass absolutely demolished and I don't necessarily think I needed to. I feel like anyone who has read enough of the blog can maybe just take some sympathy towards that and all I have to say is that at 28 years old, I understand why so many single old ladies are so content in their old age to share the wisdom that is ignoring men. I get why my parents were so strict with me. The world is not a nice place. Turns out, it hurts even worse when it's from someone who goes above and beyond to emphasize how they choose you, or the way they plan their life with you, the way they phrase things to be inclusive (and point it out). Mu'fuckin diversity consultants. Someone who epitomizes and brings you back to perhaps the only formal community you remain within, the Carolina community, who evokes its presence to make you feel at home, belonged, and appreciated, just to lie to you. Someone who has heard and watched you speak on the things that have impacted you, and still impact you, who asks you to trust them, to believe in them, while being objectively dishonest, and not just to me. It just goes to show that if the value of your words have no meaning, how do you expect anyone to allow you to lead them. When you lie to yourself, for fear of the truth, your version of “honesty” becomes subjective. THIS is my villain origin story (as if we didn't have enough of THOSE already). Thank the gods for Megara, Maleficent, Cruella de Vil at times, all the strong, sassy, Disney women ahead of their time for reminding me how to channel my rage: into disgust and spite for the system that has enabled whatever these “men” are. This is what happens when we have people like Donald Trump avoid the draft, whose parents and lines of financing likely benefited from it extensively, while all the truly good ones went off and died from guerilla warfare tactics because again, we are always the terrorists on foreign land, why would other countries not view us in such a light–the civil affairs emergence in the army is just as stunted as “public health” programs in the USA. It is no WONDER we have such a cultural emphasis on avoiding reality. Which, like, what country doesn't? I mean, if the Japanese government can deny the Nanjing Massacre despite the International Military Tribunal's judgment, the USA denying the lasting impacts of racism and the necessity for public health and progressive legislation seems pretty on par, honestly. I mean, as far as international delusions go, the USA also competes heavily with Russia and China in these Olympics as well, is all I'm saying.

A teacher at Shanghai Aurora College has been fired for telling her students that the casualty numbers in the notorious Nanjing Massacre are not supported by real data. She called reports on the atrocity “a folk rumor.” Some people argue the comments are not that big a deal as it's a matter of academic freedom of speech. Is that so? The student who put the video of the teacher's lecture online is facing bullying. Some people call him a traitor. Does he deserve it? Could the student have handled the situation better? And there are rising attempts especially in Japan to rewrite history or deny the occurrence of the Nanjing Massacre and other war crimes committed by the Japanese military in the rest of Asia during WWII. What's prompted such a phenomenon? In this episode of Chat Lounge, join host Tu Yun, writer and columnist Einar Tangen, and Associate Professor David Moser from Beijing Capital Normal University for a close look at the issue.

1. 南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭仪式举行︱Nanjing holds national memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims In front of the darkly-dressed crowd, China's national flag flew at half-mast as the country held its eighth national memorial ceremony Monday for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.2021年12月13日是第八个南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日，公祭仪式在侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆集会广场举行，现场庄严肃穆，国旗下半旗。At exactly 10:01 a.m., sirens started to blare and the city came to a halt. Drivers in the downtown area stopped their cars and honked; pedestrians paused for a minute of silence in remembrance of the victims.上午10点01分，南京市拉响防空警报，全场向南京大屠杀死难者默哀，汽车停驶鸣笛，行人就地默哀。The Nanjing Massacre took place when Japanese troops captured the city on Dec. 13, 1937. Over six weeks, they killed more than 300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers in one of the most barbaric episodes of World War II.1937年12月13日，侵华日军制造了南京大屠杀惨案。六周时间里，大量平民及战俘被日军杀害，无数家庭支离破碎，遇难人数超过30万，是日军在二战中最惨绝人寰的暴行，是人类历史的至暗时刻。In 2014, China's top legislature designated Dec. 13 as the national memorial day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.2014年，国家最高立法机关通过决定，将12月13日确定为国家公祭日。2. 全球人口预计在2064年达到顶峰︱World population set to decline for the first time in centuries says studyAccording to a new study published in theLancet journal, the world population will decline for the first time in the next century.发表在《柳叶刀》杂志上的一项新研究表明，下个世纪全球人口将首次下降。The world's population is currently estimated to be at 7.8 billion people. According to the estimate, the global population would peak at around 9.7 billion in 2064. Then it will fall to 8.79 billion in 2100.目前，全球人口约为78亿。据预测，全球人口将在2064年达到峰值，约为97亿。然后在2100年下降到87.9亿。 Due to low birth rates and aging populations, up to 23 countries, including Japan, Thailand, Italy, Spain, Portugal, South Korea, and others, might see their populations fall by more than 50%.由于低出生率和人口老龄化，包括日本、泰国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、韩国等在内的多达23个国家的人口可能会下降50%以上。China is the world's most populated country. But it will see its population drop from 1.4 billion in 2017 to 732 million in 2100.中国是目前世界上人口最多的国家。而到2100年，国内人口将从2017年的14亿下降到7.32亿。Lead study author and Professor of Global Health at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), Stein Emil Vollset, told IFLScience, “The last time that global population declined was in the mid 14th century, due to the Black Plague. If our forecast is correct, it will be the first time population decline is driven by fertility decline, as opposed to events such as a pandemic or famine.”研究牵头人、华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所全球健康教授斯坦因·埃米尔·沃尔赛特指出：“全球人口上一次下降是在14世纪中叶，是黑死病导致的。如果预测正确，这将是第一次由生育率下降而导致人口下降，而不是由于疫情或饥荒等原因。”The worldwide total fertility rate is likely to steadily drop, from 2.37 in 2017 to 1.66 in 2100. It is significantly below the minimum rate (2.1 live births per woman) necessary to maintain population levels, he added.全球总生育率或将稳步下降，从2017年的2.37下降到2100年的1.66，远低于维持人口水平所需的最低生育率——平均每位女性2.1的生育率。3. 疫情期间美国离职潮引发“劝留”面谈︱Employers roll out 'stay' interviews as record number of Americans walk off the jobAmericans are walking away from their jobs in record numbers as remote work has uncoupled jobs from geography, and droves of employees are re-evaluating the relationships they have with their employers.自从远程工作让员工摆脱了地域限制，美国的离职人数创下了历史新高，大批员工开始重新评估他们和雇主之间的关系。To keep workers happy and on the job, more companies are turning to “stay interviews,” one-on-one meetings with top performers to give those key people the chance to talk about what works, and what doesn't work, about their current jobs.为了让员工快乐地留下来工作，越来越多的公司开始进行“劝留面谈”，与业绩最突出的员工进行一对一会面，让这些业务骨干有机会谈一谈现在工作中哪些方面是有成效的，哪些是行不通的。 Managers who conduct stay interviews are coached to ask workers open-ended questions about what they like most about their jobs, what they dislike and under what events or circumstances they might leave.开展劝留面谈的主管人员会按照培训内容询问员工一些开放式问题，比如这份工作让他们最喜欢的是什么，他们不喜欢什么，以及在什么情境下他们会离职。Sometimes workers switch jobs in pursuit of higher salaries, but recruiters say a significant factor is the higher expectations of job candidates today when it comes to feeling seen and supported by their bosses.有时候员工跳槽是为了追求更高的薪酬，但是招聘人员指出了另一个重要因素，那就是现在求职者对于得到老板重视和支持的期待更高了。Other departures are spurred by chances to have more flexible hours, remote work or professional development opportunities.其他离职原因还包括想获得更多弹性工作时间、希望远程工作或谋求职业发展机会。Dave Carvajal, the CEO of Dave Partners, a tech industry recruiting firm, said small businesses, which struggle to compete with huge companies in salaries and benefits, have more at stake and tend to use processes like stay interviews more frequently.技术行业招聘公司Dave Partners的首席执行官戴夫·卡瓦哈尔表示：“对小公司来说，薪酬和福利竞争不过大企业，人才流失风险更高，劝留面谈次数往往更为频繁。”halt英 [hɔːlt]；美[hɔːlt] n. 停止；暂停half-mast英 [ˌhɑːf ˈmɑːst]；美[ˌhæf ˈmæst] n. 半旗；下半旗v. 下半旗adj. 半旗的fertility英 [fəˈtɪləti]；美[fərˈtɪləti] n. 生育力；富饶；丰富uncouple英 [ˌʌnˈkʌpl]；美[ˌʌnˈkʌpl] v. 使（二者）分离，分开；脱钩one-on-one英 [ˌwʌn ɒn ˈwʌn]；美[ˌwʌn ɑːn ˈwʌn] adj. 面对面的；一对一的

A ceremony has been held at the Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre to remember the victims of Japanese aggression during World War II.

Content Warning: Wam Crimes. The bad ones. We continue our coverage of the invasion and occupation of Nanjing  during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Once the Imperial Army had fully occupied Nanjing, and atrocities became almost constant, General Iwane Matsui seemed to finally realise that he had lost all control over his troops... and yet the war crimes continued regardless. Today's guest is Hannah Lane! You can find her via her Instagram page, and she is also the co-host of our horror movie review podcast that we do together, Not Another Film podcast. For more content follow me on @hikikomoripodcast on Instagram where I'll be posting photos relevant to this episode! You can also find me on Twitter @sequencepod, or you can listen to my other podcasts Final Fanservice and Not Another Film on any big podcast app. Sources: The Rape of Nanking, by Iris Chang (1997) In the Name of the Emperor, by Christine Choi (1995) The Impossible Task of Remembering the Nanking Massacre, by Simon Han The Longest Theatre Of World War II, by Timeline Survivor Testimonies, Facing History The last survivors: Living testimony of Nanjing Massacre, CGTN The Nanking Massacre Project: Photographs and Films, Yale University Wikipedia

Content Warning: War Crimes. The bad ones. From December 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, an atrocity carried out by the Japanese Imperial Army took place over about 7 weeks. Even within a century that saw some of the worst and most far-reaching crimes against humanity, the event that came to be known as the Rape of Nanking would still be seen as exceptionally horrifying. Today's guest is Hannah Lane! You can find her via her Instagram page, and she is also the co-host of our horror movie review podcast that we do together, Not Another Film podcast. For more content follow me on @hikikomoripodcast on Instagram where I'll be posting photos relevant to this episode! You can also find me on Twitter @sequencepod, or you can listen to my other podcasts Final Fanservice and Not Another Film on any big podcast app. Sources: The Rape of Nanking, by Iris Chang (1997) In the Name of the Emperor, by Christine Choi (1995) The Impossible Task of Remembering the Nanking Massacre, by Simon Han The Longest Theatre Of World War II, by Timeline Survivor Testimonies, Facing History The last survivors: Living testimony of Nanjing Massacre, CGTN The Nanking Massacre Project: Photographs and Films, Yale University Wikipedia 

Sailor Noob is the podcast where a Sailor Moon superfan and a total noob go episode by episode through the original Sailor Moon series!Get your prayers in this week because the Black Moon Clan is unleashing a deadly new plan! When Esmeraude attacks Chibi-Usa's school and turns her new friend against her, she'll need the Sailor Scouts' help to defeat a pair of villains and save Azabu-Juban!In this episode, we discuss a brief history of Chinese/Japan relations, niújiǎotóu, "Wa", Manchuko, the Nanjing Massacre, "shin'yu" and "tomodachi", and chirality and optical isomers. We also talk Doublemint Twins, evil vegans, schoolyard rumbles, hench boys, pre-eyecatch transformations, the Fred Flintstone feet sound, academic electrocutions, going full Gohan, brain calls from the future, no doggie bags, quantum everything, misaligning your chakras, and the Boolay Bros!2 SPOOPY!We're on iTunes and your listening platform of choice! Please subscribe and give us a rating and a review! Arigato gozaimasu!https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/sailor-noob/id1486204787Become a patron of the show and get access to our new Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon live-action show!http://www.patreon.com/sailornoobSailor Noob is a part of the Just Enough Trope podcast network. Check out our other shows about your favorite pop culture topics and join our Discord!http://www.twitter.com/noob_sailorhttp://www.justenoughtrope.comhttp://www.instagram.com/noob_sailorhttps://discord.gg/49bzqdpBpxBuy us a Kōhī on Ko-Fi!https://ko-fi.com/E1E01M2UA

(S5, EP3) Helen Zia (She / Hers) joined me for this episode of the 5th season theme, "Our Becoming: An LGBTQ Asian Experience." Helen is a longtime queer Asian-American journalist, author and activist. During the time of Vincent Chin's murder in a racial violent attack in 1982 in Detroit, she and many APIA community members and leaders ignited movements nationally to call for justice and address the anti-Asian American violence. Helen shares in this episode about the parallels between Vincent's murder and the Anti-Asian violence since Covid-19, the current #StopAAPIHate movement, the issue of policing in the API communities, and the recent passing of iconic Chinese American photographer Corky Lee and the legacy he left behind. Find out more on this episode. To follow Helen Zia, please check her out on IG, Twitter & FB @helenziareal or her website at www.helenzia.com Bio: Helen Zia is The daughter of immigrants from China, Helen has been outspoken on issues ranging from human rights to women's rights, and countering hate violence and homophobia. She was featured in the Academy Award-nominated documentary, Who Killed Vincent Chin? and was profiled in Bill Moyers' PBS series, Becoming American: The Chinese Experience. Helen received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of San Francisco and an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the City University of New York Law School for bringing important matters of law and civil rights into public view. She is a Fulbright Scholar and a graduate of Princeton University's first coeducational class. She attended medical school but quit after two years, then went to work as a construction laborer, an autoworker, and a community organizer, after which she discovered her life's work as a writer. :She would publish her debut book Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People in 2000, and in 2018, She released her book Last Boat out of Shanghai: The Epic Story of the Chinese Who Fled Mao's Revolution which recounts the survivor stories of the Nanjing Massacre. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/banhmichronicles/support

December 22, 2020 The second World War in China is among the least known chapters of Word War II, yet it is crucial in shaping the politics of post-war Asia into the present moment. The way the war is remembered in China has changed over the years and keeps on changing. The recent memorial ceremony on December 13, 2020, remembered the Nanjing Massacre of 1937. It is only the seventh year since a National Memorial Day has been instituted. How has China’s interpretation of WWII changed? How does it differ from other countries in the region? And what are the implications for contemporary global and domestic politics? To answer these and other questions we are joined by Professor Rana Mitter of Oxford University. In his view today “it is possible to spot aspects of China’s collective sense of WWII in every aspect of public life from movies to social media communities to official museums and plenty of others too.” The interview was led by MERICS senior analyst John Lee.

As the name itself implies, The Rape of Nanking is no light subject. It is one of many of Japan's extended list of war crimes committed by commanders and their troops during World War II. Throughout the seven-week pillaging of what was once Nanking, an estimate of 20,000 to 80,000 Chinese women raped and forced into a life of prostitution as “comfort women”, and 50,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians were brutalized and savagely murdered. ​Despite the fact that the massacre was carried out by the Japanese, the Chinese government could partially be blamed as well, due to the Nationalist leader, Chiang Kai-Shek's inadequate handling of the event, and Communist leader Mao Zedong's following coverup. The Rape of Nanking has been a topic of debate for historians in the past few decades as no one can seem to pinpoint the exact amount of people decimated, the extent of the acts committed by the Japanese Imperial Army, and whether it was comparable to the Holocaust. Books Battle of Shanghai: The Prequel to the Rape of Nanking References 1. Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Basic Books, 1997. 2. “Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Konoon the Result of the Study on the Issue of ‘Comfort Women.'” MOFA, www.mofa.go.jp/policy/women/fund/state9308.html. 3. Tanaka, Masaaki. What Really Happened in Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth. Sekai Shuppan, Inc., 2001. 4. Fingleton, Eamonn. “70 Years Later, Struggle for Nanking Massacre Justice Continues.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 26 May 2011, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/05/70-years-later-struggle-for-nanking-massacre-justice-continues/239478/. 5. Yamamoto, Masahiro. Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity. Praeger, 2000. 6. Editors, History.com. “Nanking Massacre.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/topics/japan/nanjing-massacre. 7. Fish, Isaac Stone. “Why Did China Downplay the Nanjing Massacre?” Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, 23 Feb. 2012, foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/23/why-did-china-downplay-the-nanjing-massacre/. 8. “Statement by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (Speeches and Statements by the Prime Minister).” Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201508/0814statement.html. 9. Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi. The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38 Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books, 2017. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/pacific-atrocities-education/support

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The fact that secrecy and the concealment of information is important in today’s China is hardly a secret in itself, yet the ways that this secrecy is structured and sustained in such a vast society is not especially well understood. A lot more must be at play than simply the PRC state’s vast censorship apparatus when it comes to obscuring everything from the leadership’s private lives to dark chapters of country’s recent history. Margaret Hillenbrand’s Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China (Duke University Press, 2020) sheds unique light on the operation of what she calls China’s culture of ‘public secrecy’. Focusing on the storied afterlives and artistic re-purposings of photographic images from key junctures of China’s twentieth-century – the Nanjing Massacre, the Cultural Revolution and the Tiananmen Square protests – Hillenbrand shows how they expose the subtle contours of what it is permissible and what impermissible to know. The book’s highly original and at times haunting exploration of photographic afterlives in art, literature and online offers up a nuanced but also forceful picture of how secrecy reigns in the PRC, and indeed beyond.  Ed Pulford is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on friendships and histories between the Chinese, Korean and Russian worlds, and northeast Asian indigenous groups. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Cody and CJ try their absolute best not to cry in this episode. The Nanjing Massacre is also known as the Rape of Nanking and it was 6 weeks of the worst shit you've never heard of. @justicetimemachine justicetimemachine@gmail.com --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/justice-time-machine/support

WARNING: Graphic Content. The gang covers, or tries to cover, the Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanjing. If that last title makes you uneasy, you may want to skip this week.

the weekend show ep 28 | We discuss 'The Girl and The Picture' a documentary about the Nanjing Massacre in China in the late 1930s.

Nowadays, Japan and South Korea are fighting. Usually, people says this is a trade war. As a result, dropping Asia's trade markets that are influenced by China and America's trade war and Hong Kong's protests. Are these incidents were necessary to be occurred? Hong Kong's people are fighting for their future and freedom. Donald Trump is seeking another presidential term. However, there were tensions between two countries for long times. So, I would say the trade war was inevitable. Seems like Japan picked a fight with South Korea. On August 2nd, Japan remove South Korea from “WHITE LIST” out of 27 other countries which have Proper Controls and carry out Sensitive Items like Military Equipments. Japan alleged that South Korea shipped these items to third countries like North Korea and Middle Eastern countries. Except the Japan's official's statement, no evidences were shown by them. Japan tighten the shipping of three chemical products which South Korea desperately needs for semiconductors and flat panel screens used in TV and Smartphones. Japan shares 90% of the two of chemicals. On August 22nd, South Korea said it will scrap an intelligence-sharing pact GSOMIA that enabled Japan to get accurate informations about North Korea's missile from South Korea. It helped making an announcement of evacuation to Japan's citizen quickly and made a tie between two countries' military. The agreement will remain valid until November 22nd, The Korean Herald reported. Obviously, PM Abe is seeking another term of prime ministership. However, he couldn't get two thirds of the seats which allow them to change the article in the constitution in last Upper house's election. Moreover, he failed the deal between Trump. In spite of Trump's visit of Tokyo, he couldn't fix an unfair car tax. And more, he agreed to buy useless corns that even China rejected to take from U.S. Last week, Trump and Abe held an announcement together. Apparently, this deal was made before the upper house's election. A few news agency like Mainichi and Tokyo News Paper reported the rumours of deals at that moments meanwhile the other news media kept silence about it. It hit Japan's farmer that Liberal party's main supporters. Naturally, politician uses national interests for their opinions. Abe government likely moved too far to tribe supporters. As a consequence what we lost. The tie with South Korea. We've been having conflicts such as the conspiracy case of both navy's contacts. Useless mass media accused South Korea without showing any critical proofs. Bloody media escalated tensions. Empty brain celebrities made fun of South Korean's K-POP. Miserable Japan's music culture which can't be compared with globally known K-culture. Japan's rationalisation of War time behaviour is part of schools' education. What did Japan's military do during War times? Seizure of Manchuria to Nanjing Massacre. The worst killing following Holocaust. Pacific war started with Pearl Harbour, Horrible Battle of Singapore and Bombing of Darwin. Mind washed patriotic young's acts of Kamikaze, Torturing of prisoners. Here in Australian's complicated emotions towards Japan. First and Last Japan's Ground Battle of Okinawa. Use of middle school boys into front-line, Tekketsu Kinnotai. These incidents aren't taught in schools in the context of Japan's imperialism, but in the context of victimisation.

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence... Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/japanese-studies

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan (Cornell University Press, 2018), investigates the Japanese and Turkish states’ narratives of their “dark pasts,” the Nanjing Massacre (1937-38) and Armenian Genocide (1915-17), respectively. The official version of history initially advocated by both states was similar in its adherence to a strategy of silencing critics and relativizing or denying the massacre, but Dixon shows how the two governments’ narratives of their dark pasts have diverged. The book draws on a combination of extensive fieldwork and archival research to present a holistic picture not just of the narratives themselves but of the domestic and international factors influencing when and how those historical myths about such large-scale atrocities change over time. Dark Pasts argues that while international pressures exerted on state actors like Turkey and Japan can produce change in the official versions of events, it is domestic factors that shape the content of the new versions. Dixon’s work should be of interest to audiences not just in East Asian or Middle Eastern studies or political science, but also to those with particular concerns with historical memory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

World Painted Blood by Slayer.  Cameron is a manic pixie dream boy, Nathan wants to talk about snuff, baby! and Slayer denies to this. Click here to join our Discord! Learnin' Links: Sherwin Williams "Cover the Earth" Tremolo picking on a single string Snuff films Casey Newton's article about the lives of Facebook moderators The 2008 revised version of Risk Unit 731 The Rape of Nanking (AKA the Nanjing Massacre) Strange Planet comic His Dark Materials TV show on BBC Listen along to World Painted Blood here! You can support us in several ways: Kick us a few bux on Patreon! By becoming a supporting member, you'll gain access to special bonus episodes, including a weekly mini-show, What's in the Box Weekly! Buy T-shirts, sweatshirts, and more at our merch page!

Welcome to the 72nd installment of the Caixin-Sinica Business Brief, a weekly podcast that brings you the most important business stories of the week from China's top source for business and financial news. Produced by Kaiser Kuo of our Sinica Podcast, it features a business news roundup, plus conversations with Caixin reporters and editors. This week: We analyze a new report that shows China's economy is facing mounting downward pressure in November, adding to concerns that the world's second-largest economy is further slowing. We note that China's yuan hit a 10-year low against the U.S. dollar in October and there is little expectation the yuan will strengthen significantly. We hear that Canadian embassy officials in Beijing were allowed access to two Canadians who were detained last week. Their arrests came just after Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou (孟晚舟) was arrested in Vancouver at the request of the United States, which says she was involved in financial transactions that violated U.S. sanctions on Iran. We learn that former U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman has been hired by beleaguered Chinese tech giant ZTE to conduct what the company says will be an “independent” national security assessment of its products. We discuss the fall of Zhang Shaochun (张少春), former vice minister at the Ministry of Finance, who pleaded guilty to accepting $10 million in bribes this week. Zhang was dismissed from public office and expelled from the Party in September. We report that the Shanghai Sharks, the city's basketball team, apologized after fans allegedly yelled, “Why didn't your team get murdered during the Nanjing Massacre?” during a match against Nanjing Monkey King, a team that comes from the city that saw mass killings of civilians by invading Japanese troops in 1937. In addition, we talk with Charlotte Yang, reporter at Caixin Global, about what's happening with the Made in China 2025 initiative amid the ongoing trade war between the U.S. and China. We also chat with Doug Young, managing editor of Caixin Global, about Apple in China.

In this episode of Such Stuff, we take a look back at Refugee Week at the Globe and ask: how can art respond to the crises of our times? We go behind the scenes on Refugee Week at the Globe, talking to the artists who have taken part in this nationwide celebration of refugees.  Writer Jude Christian and director Elayce Ismail discuss Nanjing, a monologue which reflects on pacifism and the responsibility of the individual from 1937 to the present. Jude tells her own family story, the story of the notorious Nanjing Massacre and asks what each of us can do when atrocities occur across the world.  Syrian Canadian visual artist and educator Dima Karout takes us behind the scenes on her Border Installation, explaining why she wanted to get audiences to participate and think about their own lives - and the lives of refugees - a little differently, and shares some of the incredible contributions left by our audiences.  Finally, actors and refugees bring you The Stranger’s Case, Shakespeare’s cry for compassion for the plight of refugees which is sadly still so relevant.

This week marks the 80th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, which began with the fall of the capital of the Republic of China on December 13, 1937. Few events in modern Chinese history have a historical valence comparable with the Nanjing Massacre. The wholesale slaughter of Chinese soldiers and civilians, the notorious “killing contests,” and, of course, the horrific sexual violence visited on Chinese women during the six weeks that followed Nanjing’s fall inhabit an understandably large part of China’s historical memory. The details of the event, however, and the way that those details are remembered, remain a sticking point in relations between China and Japan. On the podcast to discuss his own study of the Nanjing Massacre, and the way that historical atrocities are remembered around the world, is Rana Mitter of Oxford University. Rana teaches the history and politics of modern China, and has written several excellent books on China, most recently, China's War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival, which was released in the U.S. with the title Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945. Rana also works with the nonprofit Facing History and Ourselves, which works to provide educational resources about historical atrocities. See in particular these pieces on Nanjing: Facing History's featured resource collection on the Nanjing Atrocities (an umbrella term for all violence visited upon Nanjing by the Japanese in 1937–38), which includes a rich multimedia collection of maps, videos, timelines, and teaching strategies that place the Nanjing Atrocities within the larger context of World War II in East Asia. A print resource called The Nanjing Atrocities: Crimes of War, which is available as a free PDF download or for purchase as a paperback. Two blog posts, 3 reasons to explore the Nanijng Atrocities 80 years later and 80 years later, Nanjing reminds us of the humanity we need today. Recommendations: Jeremy: Re-recommends some previous recommendations from Kaiser: the trilogy of spy novels by Adam Brookes set in Beijing — Night Heron, Spy Games, and The Spy’s Daughter — and Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History, by Kurt Andersen. Rana: The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography, by Joshua Fogel, a sober, sane, and objective treatment of some controversial questions. And a lighter selection, Manhattan Beach, by Jennifer Egan, a fictionalized account of the first woman diver to serve in the U.S. Navy in WWII. Bonus: Rana has an interview with Jennifer that will air on the BBC’s Arts and Ideas podcast in early 2018. Kaiser: The Empire of the Steppes, by René Grousset, a fantastic book about Central Asian history. And The May 4th Movement, by Chow Tse-tung, a seminal work on the most important intellectual movement of 20th-century China.

This is a very emotional, controversial, and sensitive subject for a whole lot of reasons. Over the next two episodes, Laszlo will review material from past episodes to discuss the lead-up to the Massacre. Then in Part 2 the actual event itself as well as the story of the Nanjing Safety Zone and some of the foreigners who became eyewitnesses to the horrors of the Nanjing Massacre, also known as The Rape of Nanking. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Laszlo finishes off the overview of the Rape of Nanking as well as the stories of John Rabe, Robert O. Wilson, Minnie Vautrin, Rev. William Magee, and others who directed the Nanjing Safety Zone during the worst weeks of the atrocities. The aftermath of the Nanjing Massacre is also examined. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Laszlo finishes off the overview of the Rape of Nanking as well as the stories of John Rabe, Robert O. Wilson, Minnie Vautrin, Rev. William Magee, and others who directed the Nanjing Safety Zone during the worst weeks of the atrocities.   The aftermath of the Nanjing Massacre is also examined.

This is a very emotional, controversial, and sensitive subject for a whole lot of reasons.  Over the next two episodes, Laszlo will review material from past episodes to discuss the lead-up to the Massacre. Then in Part 2 the actual event itself as well as the story of the Nanjing Safety Zone and some of the foreigners who became eyewitnesses to the horrors of the Nanjing Massacre, also known as The Rape of Nanking.

This is Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing. Here is the news.China will appoint local government heads as river chiefs across the country to clean up and protect its water resources.Guidelines published by the Chinese central authorities say the river chiefs will be responsible for the management and protection of the watercourses, much as mayors and county heads are responsible for their beats.The central government expects to turn such practices into a nationwide mechanism by the end of 2018.China firstly appointed local government officials as river chiefs in 2007 to address pollution woes of a blue algae outbreak in Taihu Lake in eastern China.The practice was later adopted in several regions rich in water resources to ensure strong enforcement of environmental policies and enhance coordination.Provincial governors will be general chiefs that are responsible for all rivers and lakes in the region, while officials at various levels will be appointed as chiefs of particular rivers and lakes.For large rivers and lakes that span across more than one administrative region, river chiefs will be responsible for different parts of the water bodies and cooperate on management.The responsibilities of the river chiefs will include water resource protection, pollution prevention and control, and ecological restoration. Their job performance will be assessed and they will be held accountable if environmental damage occurs in the water bodies they take charge of.This is Special English.The Ministry of Education says the country will further open-up its educational sector to the world and raise its cultural exchange sector to a national strategic level.Efforts will be exerted to serve both overseas students in China and Chinese students studying abroad. It will support schools jointly-run by China and other countries.China planned to send 29,000 government-sponsored students this year as part of an initiative to train talent with global vision.Around 520,000 Chinese people studied abroad in 2015, making China the world's top source of international students. Meanwhile, China is the world's third largest study destination, following the United States and the United Kingdom. Almost 400,000 foreign students studied in China last year.Sino-foreign cooperative education has progressed rapidly in China in recent years. China has established more than 2,400 cooperative programs with 700 overseas universities. The country has signed agreements on the mutual recognition of academic degrees and diplomas with 44 countries and regions.China has begun national-level educational cooperation with countries including the United States, Russia, the U.K, and France. China plans to raise such exchanges to a national strategic level in the future. You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.A freight train loaded with meat from Germany has arrived in Chengdu, the capital of southwest China's Sichuan Province.The train took 13 days to travel 12,000 kilometers from Nuremberg, Germany, to Chengdu, and was loaded with 22 tonnes of German pork. All the meat products will be put on the Chinese market after passing quarantine inspection.The train saves 45 days of transport time compared with shipping by sea, and saves costs of 10,000 yuan, roughly 1,500 U.S. dollars, per ton when compared with air freight.The China-Europe freight train marks the opening of the railway channel for China to import meat products from Europe.The train's terminal, an international railway depot in Chengdu, is the first meat import inland depot in western China.This is Special English.China has implanted artificial cochleae free of charge for more than 20,000 impoverished, severely hearing impaired children since 2009.China's health authority told the Xinhua News Agency that the work is part of a special program launched in 2009, with a total investment of 2 billion yuan, roughly 330 million U.S. dollars. The National Health and Family Planning Commission said at a meeting organized by the World Health Organization that China sets great store in the health of people's hearing, making significant efforts in the area.The commission said the health authority will strengthen its efforts in this regard, especially in the prevention of birth defects and newborn screening, as well as improving the capabilities of rural health institutions. You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.Scientists have announced that a fossilized-feathered dinosaur tail has been discovered in a piece of amber, complete with bones and feathers.Researchers believe that the tail belongs to a tiny dinosaur that lived around 99 million years ago during the mid-Cretaceous period.A paper on the findings, co-authored by Chinese paleontologist Xing Lida, Canadian scientist Ryan C. McKellar and others, has been published in the journal "Current Biology".This is the first time dinosaur material has been found fossilized in amber.The specimen has been named "Eva".The tail is six centimeters long, by which scientists estimate that the dinosaur was 18 centimeters long. The feathers on the tail appear to be brown on the top and pale white on the underside.Xing said the specimen has been so well preserved that they believe it is very close to what it would have looked like when the dinosaur was alive.The amber was found in Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. Philip J. Currie, from the Academy of Science under the Royal Society of Canada, said he had never expected to see such a well preserved dinosaur specimen.Scientists cannot confirm if Eva was a juvenile or adult based on its bones. There were no obvious signs of a violent struggle leading to the animal being encased by the sap upon death. The cause of death cannot be confirmed either.This is Special English.Chinese scientists say they found a new way to effectively inhibit a person's fearful memories arising from traumatic events including domestic violence and war.Animal testing found that fear can be effectively removed by transplanting a special kind of nerve cell into the brains of an adult mouse. The study was led by Yu Yongchun, a researcher at Fudan University in Shanghai.The findings are expected to shine new light on the treatment of severe mental conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. The study results have been published online by Neuron, an influential journal in the field of neuroscience. The research is expected to help explore new strategies for treating PTSD, which is caused by indelible and traumatic memories including traffic accidents, hairy spiders, a nasty breakup or military combat. Patients with PTSD often exhibit anxiety, depression, chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, drug abuse, and alcohol addiction.Statistics show that around 80 percent of adults have experienced a traumatic event at least once in their lifetimes, while 5 to 10 percent have experienced severe psychological trauma that can be diagnosed as PTSD. So far, the treatment of PTSD involves a combination of psychology and medication. However, mental symptoms often return after the treatment is stopped. You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing. You can access the program by logging on to newsplusradio.cn. You can also find us on our Apple Podcast. If you have any comments or suggestions, please let us know by e-mailing us at mansuyingyu@cri.com.cn. That's mansuyingyu@cri.com.cn. Now the news continues.A new book on the Nanjing massacre in World War Two has been released in China's eastern city of Nanjing in Jiangsu Province.The book is called "Human Memory: the Solid Evidence of the Nanjing Massacre". It consists of around 200 documents and images from China, Japan and other countries which participated in the post-war trials.Editor-in-chief of the book, Zhang Xianwen from Nanjing University said that only when a nation keeps its memory intact can it learn lessons and be inspired.A research institute on the Nanjing Massacre and world peace was established by Nanjing University and other bodies in March. It selected the documents from archives and libraries in China, the United States, Germany, Britain and Japan.The provincial government has granted peace medals to descendants of six foreigners, including John Rabe from Germany, who helped save civilians during the massacre.Japanese troops occupied Nanjing on December 13, 1937, and began a six-week massacre. Records show that more than 300,000 people, including disarmed soldiers and civilians, were killed.Since 2014, China has marked December 13 as National Memorial Day. This is Special English.China has vowed to strengthen the management of online streaming, prohibiting unlawful and obscene content.The country's media watchdog says authorities will crack down on activities that use live streaming to break the law or undermine people's interests. In 2016, the authority handled more than 100 cases suspected of violating laws and regulations. The cases included online dramas, films and other audio-visual products. A regulation on live streaming has been in effect since December 1. It requires presenters to register with their real names and service providers to censor content and blacklist users who break the rules, prohibiting them from registering again. It also bans the use of live streams to undermine national security, destabilize society, or infringe upon others' rights and interests.Online streaming has grown rapidly in China in recent years, generating huge business opportunities while bringing challenges to regulators. By the end of June, the number of streaming service users reached 500 million, accounting for 70 percent of China's Internet population. Reports show that watching video online has become the primary form of entertainment in China, followed by gaming and reading literature online.You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.A survey has found that female employees in China are more loyal to their employers and have higher brand satisfaction than their male counterparts. The survey, entitled China Best Employers 2016, is based on feedback from more than 4 million respondents, around 53 percent of whom were women. The results were jointly published by Peking University's Institute of Social Science Survey and Zhaopin.com, a Chinese human resources website.The report found that 38 percent of the female respondents have never changed their jobs, 11 percent higher than male respondents. Twenty percent of the females have been in their current job for more than five years, while for males, it was half that number, 10 percent. The survey also found that female employees care more about soft aspects of the workplace, including a positive and comfortable work environment, while at the same time, they desire equal pay for equal work. While female employees attach great importance to learning vocational skills as their career develops, the survey found that male employees care more about promotions. Women with work experience of less than one year are the most eager to improve their skills. The survey found that 56 percent of such women think improving their skills is the most important aspect of their career over the next three years. This is Special English.China has more than 20,000 civilian drones, or unmanned aircraft vehicles, and half of them are operating without a license. Officials suggest that an electric fence could be built in order to supervise and contain unlicensed drones.They suggest that a new technology called U-Cloud would also be useful. The U-Cloud is similar to the black boxes in planes and can be used to supervise the data of civilian drones in real time.Experts say that by registering drones and implementing effective technology, it will be possible to track the drones and the owners down....

This week, we look at the events of the Nanjing Massacre. Just what happened in China's capital city in December, 1937?

In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of people–including both soldiers and civilians–in the Chinese city of Nanking (or Nanjing). The horrific events are known as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking, as between 20,000 and 80,000 women were sexually assaulted. Nanking, then the capital of Nationalist China, was left in ruins, and it would take decades for the city and its citizens to recover from the savage attacks. Music by Yuanji Chen: China-Wave. China-Wave music was remixed under Public Domain Creative Commons license. Mr. Chen who has no affiliation with Lopker and did not participate in the creation of the lyrics, song or remix. Thank you Mr. Chen. Your music is wonderful and masterful. All the best! John Lopker LYRICS: Nanjing 37, what happened then? 300,000, could it happen again? They came by boot, they came by plane dropping bombs without aim with lust for death and innocent flesh unsatisfied with mere success Nanjing 37, what happened then? 300,000, could it happen again? The river ran red with Chinese blood severed heads and bodies would thud against the rocks under smoky skies we begged for mercy from empty eyes Nanjing 37, what happened then? 300,000, could it happen again? They killed for sport, they killed for fun buried us alive in the rising sun swinging their swords and bayonets they played their games and placed their bets They took our men of fighting age lined them up on a secret stage hundreds of men at a time executed line by line Nanjing 37, what happened then? 300,000, could it happen again? They raped our women, they raped our girls the stench of death around them swirled raped our sisters, raped our daughters dragged our mothers and babies to slaughter Nanjing 37, what happened then? 300,000, will happen again?

Danish Queen Margrethe II on Sunday paid respect to thousands of Chinese victims of the Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, capital of east China's Jiangsu Province. The Queen arrived at the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre on Sunday morning. She looked at photographs depicting Bernhard Arp Sindberg, a Dane who helped save up to 20 thousand Chinese lives during 1937-38. Sindberg came to China at the age of 26 and found a job at a Danish firm. Along with a German colleague, Karl Gunther, he established a make-shift camp for Chinese civilians inside the cement plant, ran a small field-hospital for the wounded, and tried to provide food and other supplies to the refugees. Queen Margrethe II said the commemoration of Sindberg is about looking back at the past as well as looking to the future. She also visited the Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research College during the weekend. The college is the only overseas research institution in which Denmark has invested. The queen has also attended the launching ceremony of the Danish toy maker Lego's first Asian factory in Zhejiang Province, and visited the Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk. Queen Margrethe II's visit marks the Danish Queen's second China trip since 1979. She has sat down with Chines officials including President Xi Jinping in Beijing. The two have also witnessed the signing of 10 new agreements, covering sectors such as energy conservation and maritime technology. For CRI, I am Jordan Lee.

As China marks the 74th anniversary of Nanjing Massacre this year, Zhang Yimou presents his first war film "The Flowers of War." The celebrated director likely tried to do his best with the film, but I think he failed. The film is adapted from the novel "The 13 Women of Nanjing" by Chinese-American writer Yan Geling. It is about a group of refugees who take sanctuary in a church compound and struggle to survive as Japanese soldiers wreck havoc in the city. The contrast between a dozen prostitutes and convent schoolgirls provides a source for drama. Zhang, who was once a cinematographer and director of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympics, impresses audiences with his camera in this piece, although the frequent use of slow-motion shots does seem a little excessive. You may also find a typical abundance of colors, which according to Zhang himself, is a reference to human goodness amid the gloomy and dire surroundings. Zhang has said the focus of the film is not the brutality of war, but the spark of humanity. Yet the fact is, I found myself suffocated by intense pressure throughout the film and was not convinced that the storyline was fully developed. The director goes to considerable lengths to depict the cruelty of the invaders, but neglects the development of the main characters. For example, the greedy mortician John, played by lead actor Christian Bale, goes to the church, drinks, flirts with women and falls sleep. The next morning when he is awakened by howling Japanese soldiers, he turns into the compassionate and righteous Father John! The change is completed overnight with the help of some alcohol, blood and nice clerical clothing. Can you believe it? But perhaps the film's biggest shortcoming is the relationship between the prostitutes and the schoolgirls. First, the scene marking their disagreement is interrupted by intruders and bloodshed. It is one of the reminders of all the terrible things going on outside the church, which the film keeps repeating. Then before the prostitutes decide to sacrifice themselves to save the girls, the film fails to explain how their reconciliation came about. The result is that the dramatic effects on viewers are generated by the war scenes, while humanity, the director's focus, scores nothing. This is why the storyline is not fully developed but instead overwhelmed by Zhang's newfound interest in war films. Certainly, viewers can always supply the missing logic by exercising their brains a little, but on the part of the director, I would say it's just sloppiness. Last but not the least, I am being not particularly picky about Zhang himself, but when it comes to a director as famous as Zhang Yimou, viewers are bound to expect something outstanding. But, clearly, this time, he has taken the easy way out and tried to induce viewers' sympathy with blood and death instead of humanity. On a scale from one to 10, I give this one a 6.5.