Podcasts about Westward Ho

Westward Ho! To the land of the NFC West. A once prominent and powerful division, now it's a shadow of its former self. What was once one of the premiere divisions has now turned itself into that awkward league mate whose team has no synergy, relying on older recycled vets, unsupported rookie talent, oft injured starters, and overpriced salvage projects. Yet, it still has some fantasy darlings with a few high-risk high-reward players that might be worth taking. For example, would you rather have CMC & Marvin Harrison or Puka Nacia & George Kittle?

Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes accomplished one of history's greatest military feats when he vanquished the powerful Mesoamerican armies of legendary Aztec King Montezuma to found the Kingdom of New Spain. Are people destined to see themselves as the descendants of victims or oppressors? Is historical guilt a good, bad, positive or negative concept. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra — The STORY of AMERICA.  Check out the YouTube version of this episode which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams, at: https://youtu.be/ysycC_8K6M4 https://youtu.be/-8dOV6vvBxg North America History books available at https://amzn.to/3OnczVT Mexico History books available at https://amzn.to/43dBlfv New Spain books available at https://amzn.to/42PeBmc   ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet  SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you).  Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet                                  Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels   Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM   Audio Credits: History of the Christian Church podcast with Pastor Lance Ralston (episodes: Westward Ho! / Creeds / What is Heresy; The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast (Episode #74). Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Random Vegas  Hilton, at one time, had the tallest sign in Vegas at 362 feet tall, taller than the Landmark Hotel itself and only a few feet shy of the Hilton itself.  On July 18, 1994, it was blown down by 70-80 mph high winds.  Fortunately, no one was injured.  The sign was rebuilt in 1997 but not nearly as tall at only 279 feet tall. This is the sign Westgate has to this day. @summacorp  TwitPic of the week  Do you realize how much Vegas history is in this one shot shared by @Summacorp?  We'll start with Circus Circus since it's the easiest to orient yourself with.  Here you can see her 5 fountains and carousel marquee as well.  Next door you have Travel-lodge to the left, still there today, and Westward Ho on the right, not with us anymore. Across the street you have the Thunderbird, Algiers and Riviera. Today its Fontainebleau and a parking lot for the LVCVA. Beyond that we can see the International, the Convention Center and the Landmark.  Today the International is the Westgate and the convention center is now so much bigger that it repurposed the Landmark parking lot into an extension of the convention center.    News Downtown Grand For Sale 360 Vegas Vacation 15  Bellagio Expansion     

KEEKS AND TC PLAYED GOLF AND RECAP THE LINKS Best films that start with T draft The best round of 21 questions YET TV with TC Horizon Review ft. KENNEDY ON THE SLATE: HORROR TAKE: MAXXXINE & A QUIET PLACE DAY 1 289 Takes. We've covered so many different films and it's unbelievable that y'all are still here. Thanks for listening. Thanks for loving. Thanks for being so sweeeeeeeeetttttt --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/sweetfilmtalk/support

Ready to unravel the culinary secrets of Disney's Magic Kingdom? Tune in as we kick off our new series, exploring the unique food offerings at Disney parks, starting with Magic Kingdom. From the adorable Disney Vacation Club Pink Mickey ears to our exclusive Circle of Parks merchandise, we set the stage for a magical gastronomic adventure. We shine a spotlight on the delicious Adventureland spring rolls in flavors like cheeseburger and pepperoni pizza and delve into some of the special edition varieties that have tantalized taste buds over time.Discover tips to elevate your Magic Kingdom visit with our insider dining recommendations. We reveal the perks of mobile ordering, and highlight eateries that cater to diverse cravings—from the healthier options to the indulgent candied bacon skewer at Westward Ho. In Fantasyland, experience the oversized cinnamon rolls at Gaston's Tavern and the iconic Gray Stuff cupcake for Beauty and the Beast aficionados. Plus, we spill the beans on a little-known secret: the less crowded restrooms near Gaston's Tavern, perfect for a quick escape from the crowds.Our culinary journey doesn't stop there. We venture into quick service spots like Aloha Isle, home to the iconic Dole Whip, and discuss the Tropical Serenade treat. Over in Tomorrowland, The Lunching Pad offers intriguing items such as the queso fundido hot dog and cream cheese warm stuffed pretzel. We then head to the adventurous menu at Jungle Navigation Co. Skipper Canteen, where dishes like Falls Family Falafel and Dr. Falls signature grilled steak await. Join us as we share our excitement and plans for trying these tantalizing dishes on our next Disney trip.Please Check Out Our Links Below: Our Sponsor:www.mainstreettravelco.com Email Us:circleofparks@gmail.com Our Website:www.circleofparks.com Facebook:www.facebook.com/circleofparks Instagram:www.instagram.com/circleofparks X:www.x.com/circleofparks Products we use: Our equipmentMicrophones: https://amzn.to/3T61oD5 Recorder: https://amzn.to/3Ibl4iuBluetooth Adapter: https://amzn.to/4a2MIufMicrophone Stand: https://amzn.to/3wrOrdSGoPro: https://amzn.to/3uT6RUlCable Organization: https://amzn.to/49oQAFUhttps://amzn.to/4bKe7CJhttps://amzn.to/3T5T1HEHeadphones: https://amzn.to/42S5FgG   Our Favorite Disney Books:Buying Disney's World: https://amzn.to/3T6z57AThe Disney Story: https://amzn.to/3T8j0hHThe Wonders of Walt Disney World: https://amzn.to/3wrLVErMeet the Disney Brothers: https://amzn.to/42RqxodPresenting Disneyland: https://amzn.to/3uIUqdISend us a Text Message.Support the Show.

Jeffrey Miller's "Our Bend in the River" chronicles his family's sustainable homestead journey at Cottonwood Bend Farm. Plus, Fred Eaglesmith's 1997 performance at the Westward Ho.

We welcome IFB back from the Waste Management Phoenix Open as he recounts the craziness that ensued on Saturday. We discuss Willie Watson, one of the greatest little-known golf architects in history. From his early life in Fife, Scotland to his masterpieces in California, he had some of the best designs during golf's golden age of architecture.

A new MP3 sermon from Covenant Family Church (OPC) is now available on SermonAudio with the following details: Title: Westward Ho! Union, Missions, and Revival Subtitle: American Presbyterian History Speaker: Peter Bringe Broadcaster: Covenant Family Church (OPC) Event: Sunday School Date: 2/11/2024 Length: 30 min.

Random Vegas Built in 1982, the 2-story building that was the Oasis Casino @Dunes was supposed to be comprised of two components, a casino on the 1st floor and a restaurant on the 2nd floor.  The restaurant never opened and the space remained unused until its destruction in 1993 (vintagelasvegas.com) Twitpic of the week Here is another @summacorp picture that mesmerizes me with all the history going on.  For example, we know that this is 1968 because they are working on the fountains in front of the new Circus Circus casino. You'll notice that fountain 5 is being deconstructed.  That's because they are moving the carousel marquee from the left of the fountains to that location on the right; all so they can make room to build Slots-A-Fun. Next door to that is Westward Ho still 3 years away from adding a casino in 1971.  And next to that is the mammoth Stardust 1,000 motel units all lined up neatly like an OCD dream come true.  If you look to the top left you'll see both the Stardust casino and the 12-story expansion tower from 1964.  And across the street from it all we have the Riviera with her classic marquee. It's truly remarkable to think about how much land they needed back in the 50s through to the 70s and even 80s in some cases.  Its no wonder why they all sold for the right price. News Sphere Demonstration 360VV14 Strip Frontage Advertising Caesars, Strat and Luxor

A trip out West is more than a change in geography. Especially when you're driving a car to your daughter in Seattle. Shiny belt buckles, strange places to rest and of course the World's largest corn palace are there to experience.

Sam Jones joins Phil West for an Eastward Ho version of Westward Ho, wondering if Messi to Miami is the biggest storyline in the East for the second half of 2023. (The answer might surprise you.) They also touch on Concacaf Nations League and the quest for a USMNT coach.

This week, Laurie Dean and Dan continue to discuss the future of the Frontier Trails Musuem. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/we-have-issues5/message

This week, Dan and Laurie Dean dive into the topic of the future of the Frontier Trails Museum. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/we-have-issues5/message

In 1954, it took a historic season to dethrone the Yankees who were five-time defending world champions. Although they won one-hundred three games, the Cleveland Indians won a then-American League record one-hundred eleven. The Indians were led by Center Fielder Larry Doby, the first African-American player in the AL, Third Basemen Al Rosen, and slugger Vic Wertz. Their pitching staff was anchored by Early Wynn, Bob Lemon and Bob Feller. In the National League, the pennant winners were the underdog New York Giants, who won ninety-seven games, once again beating out the Brooklyn Dodgers. The Giants drew 1.15 million fans to the Polo Grounds, second in the National League. Built in a hollow overlooking Coogan's Bluff near the western shore of the Harlem River in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, a Polo Grounds ballpark had been on this site since 1890. The quirky park was shaped like a bathtub. It was only two-hundred-eighty feet from home plate down the left field line, and only two-hundred-sixty feet down the right. Center field however was over four-hundred-eighty feet away. But, the surrounding neighborhood was changing and Giants owner Horace Stonham began to wonder if he could draw more fans elsewhere. In the eighth inning of game one, the score was tied at two. Cleveland's Al Rosen and Larry Doby had both reached base on Giants pitcher Sal Maglie. Vic Wertz came up to bat. Wertz hit a ball to deep center field, where Giants superstar Willy Mays was playing. Mays ran straight backwards and caught the ball over his shoulder with his back to the field. Later nicknamed “the catch,” it changed the entire complexion of the series. The Giants would go on to sweep the Indians to claim the 1954 World Series title. It would be their last World Championship in New York. Baseball's economic model was changing. As great as the Yankees were, their dominance over the game created a league problem. The G.I. Bill was bringing families to the suburbs in the 1950s — and most of these families were white — radio and TV were embedding deeper into local markets. Major League cities were struggling to support two teams. After the 1952 season, the National League's Boston Braves, unable to compete with the Red Sox, moved to Milwaukee and won the World Series in five years. The AL St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore after the 1953 season and became the Orioles, where they won 6 American League pennants in their first thirty years. The next year the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City, where they would remain until moving again, to Oakland, in 1968. Oakland won three consecutive championships in the 1970s. Although fans of every other team loved to hate the Yankees, the franchise was a lightning rod for celebrities and other heroes. Throughout the years Mel Allen had many interesting guests in the booth, like noted Pirates fan Bing Crosby. The team the Yankees often defeated in the World Series? The Brooklyn Dodgers, who lost to the Yankees in 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953. In 1955 the tide finally turned and the Bums from Brooklyn became World Champions. Later, retired Hall of Fame player and then broadcaster Frankie Frisch was inside the Brooklyn Dodgers clubhouse speaking to the victorious team. Two years later, owner Walter O'Malley was in a dispute with New York City Park's Commissioner Robert Moses. Ebbets Field, open since 1913 was falling apart. The success of the Dodgers, and the population explosion in Brooklyn had made Ebbets Field too small. The 1957 seating capacity was a tiny thirty-two thousand. Yankee Stadium could seat nearly double. O'Malley wanted to build a stadium at the intersection of Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues in Brooklyn. Robert Moses wanted the team moved to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens.

Welcome to Today Your Love, Tomorrow the World Series, the new/old favorite from Chris McShane and Brian Salvatore. Brian and Chris look back at the Mets' first homestand of the year, discuss what fans should be concerned about, discuss some new waiver-claims, and discuss the change in stadium beer sales. Chris's Music Pick: The Heavy Heavy - Life and Life Only Brian's Music Pick: Deerhoof - Miracle-Level  You can listen or subscribe to all of our wonderful Home Run Applesauce podcasts through Apple Podcasts, where we encourage you to leave a review if you enjoy the show. It really helps! And you can find us on the Stitcher app, Spotify, or listen wherever you get podcasts. If you've got questions that you'd like us to discuss on the air, email the show at brian@homerunapplesauce.com. Visit our Patreon for bonus episodes and to help directly support the podcasters whose work you've enjoyed for years. Make sure to follow the podcast networks on Twitter (@HRApplesauce and @FansFirstSN), as Brian (@BrianNeedsaNap). and Chris (@ChrisMcShane). And, until next time, Let's Go Mets. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Westside is the best side...Unless you died of dysentery along the way.  #OregonTrail.  Manifest Destiny broadens the horizons of the young United States, but there's a dark side to westward expansion.

Utah, Arizona, Southern California and Tijuana in one week. How are things in the wild wild west? Changing. For the better? Hard to tell. Listen to the Strongman's take on money, manners and makeup of the west of the rockies life.

Hallmark Playhouse is an American old-time radio dramatic anthology series. It was broadcast on CBS from June 10, 1948, until February 1, 1953, and was described by one author as "a program that consistently produced the highest levels of production quality and value." Beginning on February 8, 1953, the program underwent changes of title, host, and format. It was broadcast as The Hallmark Hall of Fame until March 27, 1955, still on CBS Listen to our radio station Old Time Radio https://link.radioking.com/otradio Listen to other Shows at My Classic Radio https://www.myclassicradio.net/ Remember that times have changed, and some shows might not reflect the standards of today's politically correct society. The shows do not necessarily reflect the views, standards, or beliefs of Entertainment Radio

Hallmark Playhouse is an American old-time radio dramatic anthology series. It was broadcast on CBS from June 10, 1948, until February 1, 1953, and was described by one author as "a program that consistently produced the highest levels of production quality and value." Beginning on February 8, 1953, the program underwent changes of title, host, and format. It was broadcast as The Hallmark Hall of Fame until March 27, 1955, still on CBSListen to our radio station Old Time Radio https://link.radioking.com/otradioListen to other Shows at My Classic Radio https://www.myclassicradio.net/Remember that times have changed, and some shows might not reflect the standards of today's politically correct society. The shows do not necessarily reflect the views, standards, or beliefs of Entertainment Radio

Westward Ho returns for 2023 with Jeremiah Bentley and Phil West sitting down with The Striker's Benjamin Virgen for one last hurrah; Ben's leaving his post as LAFC beat writer for a grand new adventure. We talk about LAFC's prospects for 2023 even as they deal with an exodus of players, nod to the upcoming launch of MLS on Apple and the Coachella Valley Invitational, and discuss the Galaxy supporters' protest over Chris Klein being Chris Klein (and why that's so problematic for some).

After an unplanned hiatus, Westward Ho's back, with Matt Pollard from Last Word on Soccer joining Phil West to talk about Gyasi Zardes moving to Austin FC after spending most of last season with the Rapids. They also talk about the Sounders in the FIFA Club World Cup, whether it's C.J. or J.C. who's the presumptive No. 1 pick in the upcoming SuperDraft, and a World Cup final for which Phil reveals himself to be a heartless France fan.

This week, the boys have a lot to talk about! We get started with a hefty helping of STL City news, including new signings, new kit, and the opening of the new stadium! We also answer some of your questions before diving into a less-than-technical breakdown of the US v Wales World Cup game. Enjoy!You can listen to Mike and Shjon's guest appearance on Westward Ho here!If you like the show and want to support us, please subscribe, rate and review!Join our Discord server: https://discord.gg/BZpCSSJk7gFollow us on Twitter: @soccercapitolFollow us on the Web at: soccer-capitol.comContact us: soccercapitol@gmail.com Timestamps:STL City - 00:02:55Listener Questions - 00:31:50World Cup - 00:37:33 "Whiskey on the Mississippi" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Sam & Bruce re-live some of the fun from Devon a few weeks ago where they played in the Silver medal (the oldest medal in English Golf) and The Kashmir Cup. 2 parts of a legendary week of golf played at Westward Ho! annually. This is a 2-part podcast with Sam & Bruce talking about the course specifically and trying to figure out why the links split opinion so heavily, as well as our interview with club historian Robert Fowler who wrote the history book for Royal North Devon as part of their 150th anniversary year. Robbie is great fun, and someone who has been around RND for pretty much all of his life. Amazing to think he actually shook hand with JH Taylor back in the late 1950's!Royal North Devon is the oldest golf club in England that still occupies the same land it was built on and known affectionately as 'the cradle of English golf'. Many greats have been members here over its 158 year history including the Horace Hutchinson (the earliest golf writer in Britain) and John Henry Taylor. For more on these figures head over to our fairly recent podcast with Stephen Proctor who talks about the characters during the great boom period in English golf as part of his book - The Long Golden Afternoon. Many thanks to the club for hosting a wonderful week of golf! Special shout out to Mike Harris & Dan Davies, as well as Blair, Hugo & Dale for the company along the way!

This week, the Maier's get together after a weekend of camping in Alberta! Topics include: sunglasses, dogs, inside clothes, financial training, anniversary, Hockey Canada, camping, driving home, and SOW. Reach Us:  @kmaemaier  @chrismaierbc  @hwywhoney  hwywhoney@gmail.com

Rounding out Half-mas is the publicly voted for 2021's A Dickens of a Holiday! Yes, with an exclamation point, like that town Westward Ho! Stupid. You will learn all about sexy phone voices, terrible action sequences, nostalgia pies and how to be the best Scrooge you can be. Follow us on Twitter @hallmarkofgreat Instagram @hallmarkofgreatness Email hallmarkofgreatness@gmail.com

Welcome back to Quarantine for Your Thoughts! We missed you all, but have SO much to talk about after spending almost a week in Colorado. We actually have so much to talk about that it doesn't even fit into one episode! So make sure you don't miss the second half of our trip in next weeks episode, which is also the Season 4 Finale. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

The date today is the 6th of June 2022. Today's walk is from Westward Ho! to Clovelly along the South West Coast Path.

The date today is the 5th of June 2022. Today's walk is from Instow to Westward Ho! along the South West Coast Path.

Chris takes the lead and special guest Theo Lloyd-Hughes joins us from The Striker's Just A Dash podcast in this special edition.  1:13 - On FC Dallas' 3-1 win against LA Galaxy II 7:10 - Can FCD make a playoff run without a big-money signing? 11:14 - Houston breaks a 3 game losing streak after 2-0 game against Nashville SC 19:40 - Locker rooms are finally back open! 20:58 - On Austin's 2-1 defeat against Real Salt Lake 30:21 - Previewing upcoming MLS matches 30:59 - Theo's weekend bites + Houston Dash are 4th in NWSL 33:13 - Check out Westward Ho, a new Striker podcast all about the MLS western conference, hosted by Phil West Follow on Twitter: @TheStrikerTexas @ArnoldcommaJon @ChrisBils @victoraraiza Visit us at www.thestrikertexas.com for more in-depth coverage of Texas soccer at all levels.

In the inaugural episode of Westward Ho, Jeremiah Bentley and Landon Cotham from Moontower Soccer join Phil West to talk about the Sounders' playoff chances, Nashville's first home win, which team is most likely to pull out a nosedive, and what matches we're looking forward to seeing this weekend, plus an encore to talk about the wildness that was Sounders-Quakes at Starfire.

Cooking With Grief is the comedy podcast that covers everything from history to science, pop culture to geography, and everything in between. This week we're joined by Waffles (of Waffles and Mario Talk About Things podcast) for a special (mostly) Aotearoa New Zealand themed episode as we learn about the sexy saxophone music Kiwi conservationists use to get Kakapos to mate, how the most important hill in New Zealand is actually in Turkey (and how the Maori Battalion was the only successful unit at Gallipoli), and finally about Westward Ho! (not in New Zealand) and other unusual place names.If you enjoyed the show, and even if you didn't, please leave a review, and follow us on Twitter @CookinWithGrief !Waffles can be found on Twitter @Waffles_Mario and you can listen to Waffles and Mario Talk About Things podcast here: https://www.necropodicon.com/wamtatbio★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

Season 6 continues! Westward Ho! (Part 3) The Fonz rides The Bull. Fonzie's Blindness Speaks for itself. Please, listen and enjoy.

Welcome to Westward Ho! A new series from The Striker Texas on the MLS's Western Conference, hosted by Phil West and some friends you'll recognize, as well as guests from all over the West's vast territory. 

The series heads north by northwest to Portland, Oregon to uncover a surprisingly hideous history: could it be that this hipster mecca was founded as a whites-only utopia? Answer: hell, yeah. When a curator has to rub shoulders with Neo-Nazis during the installation of her exhibition, there may well be trouble built into the very fabric of the state. We speak to the broader arts community in Portland to tease out the fine threads of race, land, ownership and identity and ask - as tanks roll down city streets elsewhere - if Oregon is a warning from the past or a glimpse into the future. Tune in to find out.  Guests: Maya Benton, Flint Jamison, Lulani Arquette, Kristan Kennedy, Ashley Stull Meyers and Hank Willis Thomas New episodes available every other Wednesday.  For more, follow @artand_media on Instagram / Twitter / LinkedIn / Facebook

The series heads north by northwest to Portland, Oregon to uncover a surprisingly hideous history: could it be that this hipster mecca was founded as a whites-only utopia? Answer: hell, yeah. When a curator has to rub shoulders with Neo-Nazis during the installation of her exhibition, there may well be trouble built into the very fabric of the state. We speak to the broader arts community in Portland to tease out the fine threads of race, land, ownership and identity and ask - as tanks roll down city streets elsewhere - if Oregon is a warning from the past or a glimpse into the future. Tune in to find out.  New episodes available every other Wednesday.  For more, follow @artand_media on Instagram / Twitter / LinkedIn / Facebook

Colleen and Hope begin their adventure in Independence, Missouri. They meet the leaders of the Donner Party as well as the man who would lead them to their doom. Featuring Alaina Rook.Colleen Scriven, Creator/Co Host/EditorHope Andrejack, Co HostLiv Benger, Producer/EditorMusic by Trestan Matel ft. Hope AndrejackSounds like an EarfulArtwork by Kennedy Daniels

The western is back, and Netflix is riding high on its version The Harder They Fall. Join Dr. Carol François and her niece, Kourtney Square as they reprise their ride into the West sharing how Black/African Americans contributed to the country's westward expansion. You'll hear about Bass Reeves, who makes an appearance in the film, as well as exploits of pioneers and settlers you've probably never heard of before. Citations “Lawman legend Bass Reeves: the invincible man-hunter,” https://www.historynet.com/lawman-legend-bass-reeves-invincible-man-hunter.htm The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America's Forgotten Black Pioneers and the Struggle for Equality, by Anna-Lisa Cox. The Black West: A Documentary and Pictorial History of the African American Role in the Westward Expansion of the United States, by William Loren Katz. “The life and times of deputy U.S. marshall Bass Reeves,” https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/33537/life-and-times-deputy-us-marshal-bass-reeves#:~:text=Over%20his%2032%2Dyear%20career,and%20was%20never%20shot%20himself. “Was the real Lone Ranger a black man?,” https://www.history.com/news/bass-reeves-real-lone-ranger-a-black-man --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/carol-francois/support

This episode, we look at the Old West.

Hey Star Wars, stop transporting unstable materials with unsafe safety procedures! First Coaxium and now Rhydonium? I mean, come on guys. Anyways this week we talk about The Mandalorian episode ‘The Believer”. One more to go until we wrap the

Join Dr. Carol François and her niece, Kourtney Square as they ride into the West and share how Black/African Americans contributed to the country's westward expansion. You'll hear about Bass Reeves, perhaps the real Lone Ranger, and exploits of pioneers and settlers you've never heard of before. Want more---take our course Systemic Racism: See it, Say it, Confront it at www.whyaretheysoangry.com and find us anywhere at https://linktr.ee/WATSA Citations “Lawman legend Bass Reeves: the invincible man-hunter,” https://www.historynet.com/lawman-legend-bass-reeves-invincible-man-hunter.htm The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America's Forgotten Black Pioneers and the Struggle for Equality, by Anna-Lisa Cox. The Black West: A Documentary and Pictorial History of the African American Role in the Westward Expansion of the United States, by William Loren Katz. “The life and times of deputy U.S. marshall Bass Reeves,” https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/33537/life-and-times-deputy-us-marshal-bass-reeves#:~:text=Over%20his%2032%2Dyear%20career,and%20was%20never%20shot%20himself. “Was the real Lone Ranger a black man?,” https://www.history.com/news/bass-reeves-real-lone-ranger-a-black-man --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/carol-francois/support

Extra Extra! It's the final installment of our 2020 DIsney Live-Action Quarantine Film Festival and we're joined by special guest Derek Lewis from the Mad Chatters! We take a deep dive into The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band from 1968 and Newsies from 1992. We discuss the stories, the songs and some themes that these films share in common. Plus, we review the Disney Family Singalong Volume II, salute Disney Legend Buddy Ebsen and countdown our favorite Disney Parks sweet treats! Grab a beverage and listen in.

A painfully short summary of The Trail of Tears, Transportation and Communications in the West, plus a blink-and-you'll miss it mention of Hearst and the Newspaper Wars.

Westward Ho - Empty Saddles http://oldtimeradiodvd.com

Westward Ho - Empty Saddles http://oldtimeradiodvd.com

Owen and Jason talk about their just-announced plan to move to Tucson at the end of February. This episode contains an impromptu song performance by Owen. Trust us, it's worth hearing. — This show is only possible because of people like you. Visit A Brief Chat‘s Patreon page and become a supporting member today. Thank...

In this episode, we'll talk about British colonization efforts during the reign of King James. George Calvert's investments in the Virginia Company and English East India Company. His purchase of land in Newfoundland in 1620, and his earliest attempts at establishing a plantation there. Then we'll catch back up to the narrative in February 1625, just weeks before King James dies suddenly (and kind of suspiciously). Calvert will have a new king to contend with. And the same old Duke of Buckingham to contend with... There will also be be pirates, poisonings, penguins, and pathetic jokes in this hour long MEGASODE!

So I may have spoken a few alternative facts about the last episode being the end of the backstory...Today, We set sail for the New World, and take a look at the Age of Discovery and the incentives which drove it.  And follow England's earliest attempts at exploration- from voyages to discover the mystical island of Hy Brasil in 1480, to the Sea Dogs of the Elizabethan era.  We'll learn a bit about England's colonization attempts in Ireland, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert's fateful expedition to Newfoundland in 1583.  There's also a bit at the end about the Lost Colony of Roanoke, where I tell the world *exactly* what happened to the missing colonists.

Since last week's episode was titled Westward Ho! As we track the expansion of the Faith into the New World with Spain and Portugal's immersion, this week as we turn to the other Europeans we'll title this week's episode, Westward Ho-Ho, because I'm tired of saying Part 2. I know it's lame, but hey, it's my podcast so I'll call it what I want.Before we dive into this week's content, I wanted to say a huge thanks to all those who've left comments on iTunes and the CS FB page.Last week we ended the episode on the expansion of the Faith into the New World by speaking of the Spanish missions on the West Coast. The Spanish were urgent to press north from what would later be called Southern CA because the Russians were advancing south from their base in Alaska. And as any history buff knows, they'd already established a base at San Francisco.Russians weren't the only Old World power feared by Spain. The French had New World possessions in Louisiana and French Jesuits were active in the Mississippi Valley. Some dreamed of a link between French Canada and the South down the Mississippi River. The gifted linguist Father Marquette, sailed south along the Mississippi and attempted a mission among the Illinois Indians. While in Quebec, he'd made himself master of 7 Algonquin languages and gained a mighty reputation as an Indian-style orator. He combined preacher, pastor, explorer and geographer in one. His writings contributed to local knowledge of Indian peoples, culture, and agriculture. As any high school student knows, the French were to lose New Orleans and Western Mississippi to Spain, while Eastern Mississippi went to the British. But French Carmelites, a 16th C branch of the Franciscans known as the Recollects, and the Jesuits accomplished much in French possessions before the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1763. They'd attempted a failed mission to the Sioux. Nevertheless, French Roman Catholic influence remained strong in Canada.As I tell these ultra-bare sketches of mission work among New World Indians, it can easily become just a pedantic recounting of generalized info. A sort of, “Europeans came, Indians were preached to. Churches were planted. Movements happened, some guys died - blah, blah, blah.”Our goal here is to give the history of the Church in short doses. That means, if we're to make any headway against the flow of it all, we have to summarize a LOT. But that works against real interest in the history and what makes the story exciting.It's the individual stories of specific people that make the tale come alive. à Jesuit, Franciscan, and Protestant missionaries; and just ordinary colonists who weren't set on a specific mission but were real-deal born again followers of Jesus who came to the New World to make a new life for themselves and their descendants, and just happened to share their faith with the Native Americans and they got saved and started a whole new chapter in the Jesus story. è THAT'S where the good stuff is.So, let me mention one of these Jesuit missionaries we've been talking about who brought the Gospel to Canadian Indians.Jean de Brébeuf was born to a family of the French nobility and entered the Jesuit order in 1617. He reached Canada 8 yrs later. He learned Algonquin and lived among the Huron for 3 yrs. After being captured by the British, he returned to France but renewed his mission in 1633. He founded an outpost called St Marie Among the Hurons in 1639. The Mission was destroyed by the Iroquois a decade later.Because De Brébeuf was tall and strongly built, he became known as the Gentle Giant. Like the Jesuits in Paraguay we looked at in the last episode, he could see ahead into how European colonists would bring an unstoppable challenge to the Indian way of life and advocated the Hurons withdraw into a secluded missionary settlement in order to preserve their culture. He's an example of the heroic pioneer Jesuit, of which there were many, whose missionary life ended in martyrdom in the field.De Brébeuf stands as a little known, but ought to be lauded, example of the fact that not all Europeans who came to the New World, especially not all missionaries, conflated following Christ with European culture and lifestyle. That's an assumption many moderns have; that it wasn't until the modern era that missionaries figured out people could remain IN their culture and follow Jesus, that they didn't have to become converts to Western Civilization BEFORE they could become Christians. While it has certainly been true that some missions and eras equated the Faith with a particular cultural milieu, throughout history, MOST believers have understood that the True Gospel is trans-cultural, even super-cultural.Many Jesuit missionaries in the New World like De Brébeuf tried to preserve the native American cultures – while filling them with the Gospel. They saw the emerging European colonies as a THREAT to the Indians and wanted to protect them.With the end of the 7 Years War, or as it's known in the US, the French and Indian War, French Canada became a British possession. The Jesuits, on the verge of their being banned from the New World, expanded their work among the Indians to include the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senecas, as well as those Algonquins yet unreached in Quebec. While converts were made among the Iroquois tribes, the majority remained hostile. Among the converts, there was a huge problem with disease introduced by the missionaries themselves, and the influence of alcohol brought by Europeans. Indian physiological tolerance to hard alcohol was low and addiction quick. Jesuit missionaries reached the Hudson Bay area and baptized thousands. Even after the British won Canada and the Jesuit order was suppressed, some remained in Canada as late as 1789.In the far NW, Russians entered Alaska in 1741. Russian Orthodox Christianity had begun on Kodiak Island, just off Alaska, in 1794. By ‘96 thousands of Kodiaks and the population of the Aleutian Islands had been baptized. They met hostility from the Russian American Company but the mission received fresh invigoration by the arrival an Orthodox priest from Siberia named Innocent Veniaminoff.  He reached the Aleutians in the 1820s and mastered the local dialect well enough to translate the Gospel of Matthew and write a devotional tract that became a classic, titled = An Indication of the Pathway into the Kingdom of Heaven. After working among the Aleutians for some years, Veniaminoff served among the Tlingit people. After his wife died, he was appointed bishop of a vast region stretching from Alaska to CA. Between 1840 and 68 he carried out a massive work. Although 40 yrs of missionary service, often in conditions of tremendous physical hardship, left him exhausted and longing to retire, he was appointed Metropolitan of Moscow, a position he used to found the Russian Missionary Society as a means of support for Orthodox missions. His outstanding service was recognized in 1977 by the Orthodox Church of America conferring on him the title of ‘Evangelizer of the Aleuts and Apostle to America.'Alaska was sold to the United States in the 1870s but the Orthodox Synod created an independent bishopric to include Alaska in 1872. By 1900 there were some 10,000 Orthodox Christians in the diocese. Of the 65,000 Alaskan and Aleutian people today, some 70% claim to be Christian and many of these belong to the Orthodox community.The Roman Catholic orders had a great advantage in missions due to their central organizing body called The Sacred Propaganda for the Faith. Today this structure is called the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Nations.In contrast to Roman monastic orders and their missionary zeal, Protestant churches had little missionary vision in the 16th C. When they engaged in missions in the 17th they had no organizing center.French Protestants, led by the Huguenot Admiral Coligny, attempted a short-lived experiment off Rio de Janeiro when Admiral Villegagnon established a Calvinist settlement in 1555. It folded when the French were expelled by the Portuguese. A more permanent Calvinist settlement was made by the Dutch when they captured Pernambuco, a region at the eastern tip of Brazil. This settlement remained a Calvinist enclave for 40 years.North America presented a very different scene for missions than Central and South America. The voyage of the Mayflower with its ‘Pilgrims' in 1620 was a historical pointer to the strong influence of Calvinism in what would become New England. The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire were strongly Congregationalist or Presbyterian in church life and heavily influenced by English Puritanism. At least some of these pioneers felt a responsibility for spreading the Christian faith to the native Americans.John Eliot is regarded as the driving force behind the early evangelization of the Indians. He was the Presbyterian pastor at Roxby, a village near Boston in 1632. He learned the Iroquois language, and like the Jesuits in Paraguay, though surely with no knowledge of their methodology, founded ‘praying towns' for the Indians. These were communities that, over a period of 40 yrs, came to include some 3,000 Christian Indians in Natick and other settlements. Eliot translated the entire Bible into Iroquois by 1663 and trained 24 native American pastors by the time of his death.A remarkable family called The Mayhews were pioneers in missionary work in Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands off Cape Cod. Thomas Mayhew bought the islands in 1641 with an Indian population of around 5,000. His son, Thomas Jr., began a mission and by 1651 200 Indians had come to faith. After the death of Thomas Sr. and Jr., John, youngest son of  Thomas Jr., along with his son Experience Mayhew continued the mission.  Experience had the advantage of fluency in the Indian language with the ability to write it. Zechariah, his son, carried on a tradition that lasted all the way to 1806 and produced many Indian clergy and a Harvard graduate. The ministry of the Mayhews spanned almost 2 centuries.Another New England figure who became a missionary icon to such great spreaders of the faith as William Carey and David Livingstone, was David Brainerd. Brainerd was born in the farming country of Haddam, Connecticut, and studied for the ministry at Yale College, from which he was wrongly expelled in 1741. He impressed the local leadership of the Scottish Society for the Propagation of the Gospel enough for them to employ him for missionary service in 1742. He worked among the Indians of Stockbridge and then, after ordination as a Presbyterian, he worked in western Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. There he experienced genuine religious revival among the Delaware Indians, which he recounted in detail in his journals.Brainerd died young but his diary and the account of his life by the great preacher, theologian, and philosopher, Jonathan Edwards, became immensely influential in the Protestant world. Edwards, also a student at Yale, was himself a missionary at Stockbridge among the Indians from 1750–58.While it's risky to do a diagnosis on someone 270 years later, we glean from David Brainerd's logs that he suffered from at least a mild case of a depression-disorder, and maybe not so mild. It's his honesty in sharing with his journals his emotions that proved to be a tonic to mission-luminaries like Carey and Livingstone.New England Presbyterians and Congregationalists were matched by other Protestants in their efforts among Indians. Episcopalians and the missionary society of the Church of England achieved some success in evangelizing them.Work among the Iroquois of New York was initiated by Governor Lord Bellomont, and a converted Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant, who helped establish a Mohawk church. Queen Anne of England even presented silver communion implements to 4 Mohawk Christians in London in 1704 for use in one of their chapels.In Virginia, the royal charter declared one of the aims of the colony was the conversion of Indians. The first minister of the village of Henrico, Alexander Whitaker, did significant missionary work and introduced the Indian princess, Pocahontas, to the faith.BTW: Pocahontas was her nickname – which translates roughly to “Little Hellion.” Her real name was Matoaka, but she was so precocious as a child her nickname became her favored label.Whitaker established a college at Henrico for the education of Indians and there were appeals for funding for Indian missions back in England by King James I and his archbishops so that 1 of 6 professorships at the College of William and Mary was set apart for teaching Indians.Methodists had the example of John and Charles Wesley when they were Anglican priests and missionaries for the Society of the Proclamation of the Gospel in Georgia from 1735. Though John's primary assignment was a chaplain for the English settlers, he tried to reach out to the Choctaw and Chickasaw. He had little response from the Native Americans. No wonder, since he'd later say he was most likely unconverted at that point.After his break with the Church of England, Wesley's chief lieutenant in the New World was Thomas Coke who became a driving force for Methodist missionary work, attempting a mission in Nova Scotia in 1786 before being re-directed to the West Indies by a storm. Methodist missions came into their own in the 19th C after Coke's death and took the form of frontier preachers and ‘circuit riders' under the direction of Francis Asbury, who traveled some 300,000 miles on horseback in the cause of the Gospel and whose vision included both Indians and black slaves for Methodist outreach. By the time of Asbury's death in 1816 Methodist membership had risen from just 13 to 200,000 over a 30-yr period.The 19th C in North America saw the far north reached by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and Methodists.The 19th C was a time of extraordinary development in North America, despite the ravages of the Civil War in the 1860's. Great numbers of immigrants flooded into the country from Europe, estimated at 33 million between 1820 and 1950. Of British emigrants between 1815 and 1900, 65% found their way to the US. Of African-Americans, whereas only some 12% belonged to a church in 1860, by 1910 that number was 44%. Many joined the Baptist and Methodist congregations of the southern states after the abolition of slavery. In the Nation at large, the extraordinary achievement to any non-American was the blending into one nation of so many different peoples, so that their American citizenship was more prominent than their roots as Italian, Irish, Jewish, German, Scandinavian or English. This influx posed great challenges to the churches but Americans largely became a church-going people. And while differences over Religion had become the cause of so much misery and bloodshed in Post-Reformation Europe, Americans learned to live in civil harmony with people of other denominations.

In this episode of CS, we take a look at the Expansion of Christianity into the New World.Following Columbus's voyages at the end of the 15th C to the Caribbean, the expansion of Christianity into the New Word was chiefly dependent on the 2 great colonial powers, Portugal and Spain. From the outset of their adventures in the New World, a religious intention was central to the efforts of the explorers, however secondary it may have become to conquest and treasure-seeking of their royal patrons back in Europe.By means of a papal bull in 1493, Pope Alexander VI, divided the world between the 2 kingdoms. Although the line was later moved to allow Portugal to colonize Brazil, the original division was a line drawn from North to Southwest of the Azores [ah-zores] Islands. Spain was given the West Indies and the Americas; while Portugal, because it had already explored the west coast of Africa and moved towards India thru Vasco da Gama's explorations, was given the right to colonize Africa, India and the East.It seems monumentally arrogant to us today that these Europeans assumed they were “discovering” lands that already had people living there for generations. And how do you plant a colony in a place indigenous people had called their home for centuries? Yet that was the attitude of many Europeans in the late 15th C and as the scope of geography for the New World was understood, other Europeans joined the rush to grab as much territory as they could. è Because religion was a central and defining part of the European worldview, they took their Faith with them.Priests accompanied da Gama's voyages as they were a central part of Spanish colonization, combining the roles of missionaries, explorers, secretaries and chroniclers. Often they belonged to religious orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans, then later, the Jesuits.It was with a sense of religious mission, as well as the longing to acquire wealth from indigenous peoples, that men like Cortez and Pizarro began their conquest of the Aztec and Incan empires. Modern students of history know that the Spanish conquistadors seemed not to think forced baptisms of native Americans was all that bad of an option. What we do well to remember was that these explorers didn't originate the policy. Charlemagne had practiced a similar program of forced conversions. That doesn't make it right, but it provides a little historical context.Cortez was born in Medellin, Spain. He attended the University of Salamanca and left Spain for Cuba in 1511. At the age of 33 he mounted an expedition against the Aztec capital in Mexico with only 700 fellow Spaniards, but equipped with canons and muskets, reinforced by thousands of Indian allies who'd been brutally dominated by the blood-thirsty Aztecs for generations.Although he experienced a serious reverse after a massacre of Aztec nobles and temporarily had to withdraw from the capital of Tenochtitlan, he returned to the city in August 1520 and systematically destroyed it. He founded and built Mexico City on the same site, then became governor of New Spain and captain-general of the forces in 1522, titles that were confirmed by Emperor Charles V, when Cortez returned to Europe in 1529. He was later replaced by a viceroy and died in 1547.His contemporary, Pizarro, directed his attention to the Inca Empire in what would later be the nation of Peru. He obtained authority from Spain for its conquest in 1528–29 and attacked the Incas in 1530. A massacre of native Americans assembled at Cajamarca was followed by the capture of the Inca capital of Cuzco in November 1530.You may remember from an earlier episode, one of the major debates between the Church and civil rulers of Europe was over who had the right to appoint bishops. While there were seasons when civil rulers took control of this, it was usually the Church that maintained control over church appointments. The New World presented a new challenge and opportunity. The Pope was already busy enough with internal affairs and the threat of the Reformers to be bothered with selecting hundreds of new bishops for lands that hadn't even been properly mapped yet. So he granted the monarchs of Spain and Portugal the right to select church leaders in their new colonies.On the colonialist front, a system was developed called encomienda. By this method, a number of native Americans were assigned to a colonist-landlord. He was given rights to both tribute and labor but it was understood he was responsible for Christianizing those committed to his charge. As we'd suspect, the encomienda system became a by-word for oppression and cruelty and resulted in the virtual slavery of the Indians after its introduction in 1503. Brave Dominican priests denounced the system with one of the earliest protestors being Antonio de Montesinos on the island of Hispaniola in 1511.Bartholemew de las Casas was another Dominican, whose father accompanied Columbus on one of his voyages. When he witnessed the live burial of an Indian leader in 1514 in Cuba, he became a champion of Indian rights for the next 50 years.I pause at this point to speak to those offended by my use of the term “Indian” for the native Americans of the New World. There are those who believe it's a slight to refer to inhabitants of the new World as “Indians” because it was a historical mistake on the part of previous generations of Europeans who labeled them as such. BUT! It turns out many native Americans want to be identified, NOT as Native Americans, but as Indians. While they know the errant origin of the term, they've embraced it as a self-designation and ask that others identify them as “Indians.”This is akin to today, to followers of Jesus being more than happy to be known as Christians, though the best evidence says the terms was originally a slur applied by opponents of the Faith to its adherents.In any case, De las Casas had to confront a widespread European mindset based on a philosophical position going all the way back to Aristotle, that viewed New World Indians as inherently “less human” and so fit to be slaves by nature, an inferior race intended for menial labor and to serve their betters. He worked tirelessly in America and Spain to change this attitude and to convince those in authority that the use of force was contrary to a Christian understanding of the Indians as worthy of respect for those created in God's image. His efforts to lobby support at home in influential circles, received recognition from the Emperor, against the activities of the colonists. It included a debate in 1550 at Valladolid with the Aristotelian philosopher and scholar, Sepulveda. Before he died, de las Casas's campaign for just laws for the Indians was responsible for what's called “the New Laws” of 1542–3, which prohibited slavery and caused the Council for the Indies to be reorganized. After serving as bishop of Chiapas, de las Casas used his pen on behalf of the Indians, most famously in his Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, a hard-hitting critique of Spanish practices, in which some claimed he exaggerated abuses. But the work was widely read and proved influential in turning the tide in Europe toward a greater empathy toward the people of the New World.The Franciscans and Dominicans were the first in the field of the New World from 1510 onwards, but in the 2nd phase of the mission the Jesuits were active.José de Anchieta was a great Jesuit missionary who gave 44 years of his life and became known as the ‘apostle of Brazil'. He was one of the founders of both the Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Jesuit missions. Another heroic figure and defender of Indian rights in Brazil was the Jesuit, Antonio Vieira, who in equal measure opposed both the Inquisition and colonists, was admired by King John IV of Portugal but almost lynched in 1661 after the king's death.In the 17th C, Jesuits were active in Bolivia, Uruguay and Paraguay. In the early 1600s they created a missionary system known as the ‘Reductions.' These were settlements of Indians that sought to protect them from European colonization while at the same time evangelizing them. In total, these communities comprised some 100,000 people. Each settlement had a church, school and workshops and led an ordered life. The colonists resented the removal of their labor pool but the Jesuits steadfastly defended the Indians against enslavement.General agitation against the Jesuit order in Europe and colonies of the New World led to their expulsion from Portuguese territory in 1759, then from Spanish possessions 8 yrs later. The Jesuits were suppressed in the New World in 1773. All this was a disastrous blow to the Reductions. It also exposed the weakness of a form of mission that was essentially paternalistic, with little or no authority passed over to the indigenous people or attempt to develop leaders among the Indians. With the removal of the Jesuit leaders, the Reductions collapsed and whole villages were engulfed by jungle after 150 years as oases of Christian community.The region of modern Venezuela was an area for further Jesuit exploits. They penetrated the jungles of the Amazon to reach large numbers of Indians. One early Jesuit pioneer, Rafael Ferrer, began a mission in 1599 that saw his martyrdom in 1611. Further Jesuit efforts achieved more and by 1661 many thousands were baptized in the region. The Jesuits found that these people were less easily led than the Guarani people who lived around Sao Paulo. There was opposition from the Portuguese; but with assistance from the Franciscans, half a million people were reached.Central America was pioneered by the Franciscans, Dominicans and a Catholic order we've not seen before; the Mercedarians.Founded by the Spaniard, Peter Nolasco in 1235, their original goal was to ransom captives and redeem properties that had fallen into Muslim hands during the Moorish occupation of Spain. The Mercedarians began as a lay order but by the 14th C the clergy had taken control. Following the Reconquista, when the Moors were expelled from Spain, the Mercedarians continued their mission by traveling to Muslim lands to seek freedom for Christian captives. Gradually, academic, theological, and educational work was included in its work and an order of nuns was founded. They joined the Franciscans and Dominicans in taking the Gospel to Central America.The first church in Panama was built in 1510. Missionaries entered Guatemala in 1526. By 1600 there were 22 Franciscan and 14 Dominican bases in Guatemala.Mexico, after the era of Cortez, attracted the orders, so that Franciscans landed at Vera Cruz in 1524, Dominicans in 1526, Augustinians in ‘33, and later, Capuchins and Jesuits. The Franciscan, Juan de Zumarraga, became bishop of Mexico City in 1528 and proved to be a firm defender of Indian rights and a believer in an indigenous clergy. He became the archbishop of Mexico in 1546. The University of Mexico, founded in ‘53, reflected the church's emphasis on education.In the north of the country a famous Jesuit missionary, Eusebio Kino, arrived in 1681 and did missionary work in Baja California, up into the modern state of Arizona, and reaching as far as Colorado. Described as a modest, gentle, humble man who was an upholder of the welfare of Indians, he traveled perpetually in the interest of the mission. He hoped to reach the fierce Apaches but died before he could in 1711. Before their formal removal from the region, the Jesuits achieved 37 bases in Baja by 1767.In the modern state of California, a string of Franciscan missions are still to be found between San Diego and San Francisco. Father Junipero Serra, born in Majorca, became the leader of the mission and founded the communities of Monterey, Carmel, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and several others. While many of the original buildings are gone, Catholic churches continue on in several of these sites to this day. By 1800, some 100,000 Californian Indians, many from the Chumash people, had been reached by the mission and 18 Franciscan mission compounds were established. At least some of the thrust to the N was driven by Spanish fear of Russian incursion, moving S from Alaska. Father Serra also spent some years establishing a work in Texas.Regarding Junipero Serra, when I originally composed this episode, Pope Francis had recently arrived in the US where he addressed both the US Congress and the United Nations. While in the US, he canonized, that is, he conferred sainthood, on Serra. That had been an issue of some controversy for a while as Serra's career came under fire from some historians and human rights advocates.Critics claim Serra's methods ranged from harsh to brutal. Lashings of the Indians were used liberally in the missions for infractions as small as asking for more food.  The friars kept meticulous records so historians are able to document this treatment. The problem comes in interpreting these records. The language isn't the problem; it's the cultural context that makes interpretation difficult.On one hand, Serra was devoted to protecting the Indians from exploitation by adventurers and settlers who wanted to reduce the native population to slavery. Serra understood people are led to faith by kindness and love rather than heavy-handedness. That he traveled so far, pioneering several missions proves he wasn't driven by some kind of personal profit motive. So why the harsh treatment of the Indians at so many of the missions? Defenders of Serra say such treatment was necessary because of the nature of the cultures of the natives where the Missions were located.What we can say is that the Missions definitely went far to alter the tribal life of the Indians where they were based. If they began as attempts to Christianize Indians while allowing them to continue some of their native traditions, they ended up going much further in converting the Indians not just to the Faith, but to the Spanish culture. And it seems that more than anything raises the ire of at least some of Serra's critics.As we end, just a quick reminder that CS is supported by the donations of subscribers.