Podcasts about french protestants

It's Wednesday, June 25th, A.D. 2025. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard on 140 radio stations and at www.TheWorldview.com.  I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Jonathan Clark and Adam McManus 313 attacks on Christians in India this year The United Christian Forum has recorded 313 attacks on Christians in India during the first five months of this year. That's over two attacks per day, a trend that has held since 2023. Attacks have risen significantly since 2014 when only 127 incidents were recorded A. C. Michael with United Christian Forum warned, “If this trend is not stopped immediately, it will threaten the identity and existence of the Indian Christian community in its motherland.” Please pray for the persecuted church in India. The country is ranked 11th on the Open Doors' World Watch List of the most difficult countries to be a Christian.  80% of young French Protestants optimistic about future The Protestant Federation of France released a survey of young Protestants in the country.  Seventy-seven percent of respondents cited the Bible as their primary source of spiritual information ahead of other sources like discussion groups and digital content. Eighty percent of these young Protestants in France are optimistic about the future compared to 58% of 15 to 30-year-olds nationally. Researchers noted that young Protestants view their faith as not just a personal but also a public commitment.  1 Timothy 4:12 says, “Let no one despise your youth, but be an example to the believers in word, in conduct, in love, in spirit, in faith, in purity.” Netanyahu commends President Trump for bombing Iran's nuclear sites Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu commended President Donald Trump for authorizing the June 22nd “Operation Midnight Hammer” which led to America's bombing of Iranian nuclear sites NETANYAHU: “Congratulations President Trump! Your bold decision to target Iran's nuclear facilities with the awesome and righteous might of the United States will change history. “In Operation Rising Lion, Israel has done truly amazing things. But in tonight's action against Iran's nuclear facilities, America has been truly unsurpassed. It has done what no other country on Earth could do. “History will record that President Trump acted to deny the world's most dangerous regime, the world's most dangerous weapons. His leadership today has created a pivot of history that can help lead the Middle East and beyond to a future of prosperity and peace. “President Trump and I often say, ‘Peace through strength!' First comes strength, then comes peace.” U.S. strike set back Iran's nuclear program by only a few months The New York Times reports that a preliminary classified U.S. report says the American bombing of three nuclear sites in Iran set back the country's nuclear program by only a few months. The strikes sealed off the entrances to two of the facilities but did not collapse their underground buildings. Before the attack, U.S. intelligence agencies had said that if Iran tried to rush to make a bomb, it would take about three months. After the U.S. bombing run and days of attacks by the Israeli Air Force, the report by the Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that the program had been delayed, but by less than six months. The report also said that much of Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium was moved before the strikes, which destroyed little of the nuclear material. Iran may have moved some of that to secret locations. Presidential Commission on Religious Liberty holds first meeting The Presidential Commission on Religious Liberty held its first meeting last Monday at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C. Texas Republican Lt. Governor Dan Patrick chaired the meeting which included religious leaders and legal experts. Listen to comments from former U.S. Housing Secretary Dr. Ben Carson. CARSON: “This commission promotes freedom of beliefs and that spiritual aspect of our existence that advances civilization. We will strive to facilitate the maintenance of one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” Back in May, President Donald Trump established the commission by executive order to advise him on protecting religious liberty in the United States. Students for Life to give away nearly 400,000 diapers Students for Life of America is planning the largest diaper giveaway this coming Saturday on Capitol Hill. The pro-life group will distribute 392,715 diapers. Each one represents an unborn baby murdered at Planned Parenthood abortion mills, according to its 2022-23 annual report. Kristan Hawkins, the president of Students for Life of America, said, “While this diaper drive is a large, singular feat, we hope it drives the pro-life movement to keep pushing Congress to defund abortion mills, hold up and encourage mothers and families, and be pillars of Life in their communities.” Proverbs 24:11 says, “Deliver those who are drawn toward death, and hold back those stumbling to the slaughter.” U.S. giving up 6.3% compared to 2023 A new report from Giving USA found that U.S. charitable giving increased to $592.5 billion in 2024. Total giving was up only 6.3% last year compared to 2023. Adjusted for inflation, it was up only 3.3%. Every type of recipient organization saw an increase in donations in current dollars. However, religious groups were the only ones to see a slight decrease in giving when adjusted for inflation. U.S. Marshals rescued 60 missing children & arrested child predators The U.S. Marshals Service rescued 60 missing children during an operation in Florida this month. The operation also led to the arrests of eight individuals, including child predators. William Berger, U.S. Marshal for the Middle District of Florida, said the operation “signifies the most successful missing child recovery effort in the history of the United States Marshals Service. … “The unique part of this operation was the fact that underaged, critically missing children … were not only recovered but were … provided with physical and psychological care. This operation further included follow-up assistance in hopes that these youths will not return to the streets to be further victimized.” 10 Worldview listeners gave $2,132  to fund our annual budget And finally, toward our $123,500 goal by Monday, June 30th to fully fund The Worldview annual budget for our 6-member team, 10 listeners stepped up to the plate. Our thanks to an anonymous donor who gave $7, Daniel and Abigail in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada who gave $25 as well as Luke in Bastrop, Texas and Glenn and Linda in Palmdale, California – both of whom gave $50. We're grateful to God for John in Kentwood, Michigan who gave $100, Robin in  Simsbury, Connecticut who gave $120, and Gena in Youngsville, Louisiana who gave $176. And we were touched by the generosity of Emilia in Greenwood, Missouri who gave $244, Thomas in Spokane, Washington who pledged $30 per month for 12 months for a gift of $360, and Nellie in Caldwell, Idaho who gave $1,000. Those 10 Worldview listeners gave a total of $2,132. Ready for our new grand total? Drum roll please. (Drum roll sound effect) $67,533.55 (People clapping and cheering sound effect)   That means by this coming Monday, June 30th, we need to raise a whopping $55,966.45 in just 6 days. That's $9,327.74 per day! We are looking for 9 super donors. Could you give $10,000? Or perhaps you feel the Lord prompting you to become one of 3 businesspeople who could give $5,000? Or one of 5 businesspeople who could contribute $2,500? If so, those donations would total $37,500. Then, we would need another 7 people to pledge $100/month for 12 months for a gift of $1,200. And another 14 people to pledge $50/month for 12 months for a gift of $600? Please, go to TheWorldview.com and click on Give on the top right. If you want to make it a monthly pledge, click on the recurring tab. What is the Lord asking you to do? Close And that's The Worldview on this Wednesday, June 25th, in the year of our Lord 2025. Follow us on X or subscribe for free by Spotify, Amazon Music, or by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com.  Plus, you can get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

What drives our daily choices? Jesse Cope challenges listeners to examine their priorities and how they align with their professed values. Do we truly make time for God and Scripture first, or are other things consuming our attention? This honest self-assessment sets the stage for a wide-ranging exploration of faith's role in personal and national life.The podcast delves into the biblical warning about being "unequally yoked" in marriage—a principle with profound implications beyond relationships. When spouses don't share fundamental spiritual commitments, the foundation becomes unstable. This concept extends to our national character, where America's founders recognized that while religious freedom was essential, the nation's survival depended on citizens voluntarily embracing biblical principles.Through powerful historical examples, Jesse illustrates how character should always trump denominational identity. Abraham Lincoln's presidential oath, taken with his hand on Matthew 7:1, reminds us that moral clarity doesn't require harsh judgment. The forgotten story of Frank Dwight Baldwin, a double Medal of Honor recipient who risked everything to save innocent lives, stands in stark contrast to our cultural reluctance to confront modern evils like human trafficking.A sobering reading from Fox's Book of Martyrs recounts the horrific persecution of French Protestants after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The brutal methods used by Catholic authorities under Louis XIV demonstrate what happens when religious institutions claim infallibility and when political powers suppress truth. These historical lessons find modern parallels in authoritarian regimes that similarly silence dissent.The episode concludes with Mercy Otis Warren's insights on Thomas Hutchinson, whose religious appearance masked his betrayal of American liberties. Her analysis reveals the danger of valuing religious affiliation over genuine character—a warning that resonates powerfully today. As we face mounting cultural challenges, will we choose leaders based on substance rather than style? Will we prioritize Christ's teachings above denominational or partisan loyalties?Join the conversation and share this episode with someone who needs encouragement in their faith journey. Together, we can rediscover the principles that made America great and will sustain us through these challenging times.Support the showThe American Soul Podcasthttps://www.buzzsprout.com/1791934/subscribe

Full Text of ReadingsTuesday of Holy Week Lectionary: 258The Saint of the day is Saint Caesar de BusSaint Caesar de Bus' Story Like so many of us, Caesar de Bus struggled with the decision about what to do with his life. After completing his Jesuit education he had difficulty settling between a military and a literary career. He wrote some plays but ultimately settled for life in the army and at court. For a time, life was going rather smoothly for the engaging, well-to-do young Frenchman. He was confident he had made the right choice. That was until he saw firsthand the realities of battle, including the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres of French Protestants in 1572. He fell seriously ill and found himself reviewing his priorities, including his spiritual life. By the time he had recovered, Caesar had resolved to become a priest. Following his ordination in 1582, he undertook special pastoral work: teaching the catechism to ordinary people living in neglected, rural, out-of-the-way places. His efforts were badly needed and well received. Working with his cousin, Caesar developed a program of family catechesis. The goal—to ward off heresy among the people—met the approval of local bishops. Out of these efforts grew a new religious congregation: the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. One of Caesar's works, Instructions for the Family on the Four Parts of the Roman Catechism, was published 60 years after his death. He was beatified in 1975 and canonized in 2022. Reflection “Family catechesis” is a familiar term in parish life today. Grounded in the certainty that children learn their faith first from their parents, programs that deepen parental involvement in religious education multiply everywhere. There were no such programs in Caesar's day until he saw a need and created them. Other needs abound in our parishes, and it's up to us to respond by finding ways to fill them or by joining in already established efforts. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

It's Wednesday, March 26th, A.D. 2025. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard on 125 radio stations and at www.TheWorldview.com.  I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Jonathan Clark 19 Christians arrested in Sudan, Africa Christians continue to suffer in Sudan during the ongoing civil war there. Fighters from one of the sides arrested at least 19 Christians in Sudan in recent months. The Christians face false accusations of supporting the other side in the war. A local attorney told Morning Star News, “This is systematic targeting of Christians who are arrested without taking them to a court of law to get justice.”  Sudan is ranked fifth on the Open Doors' World Watch List of nations where it is most difficult to be a Christian.  Revelation 2:10 says, “Do not fear any of those things which you are about to suffer. Indeed, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation ten days. Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life.” Evangelicals are now the majority of Protestants in France In 2021, Protestants made up about 9% of the French population that attends religious services regularly. Protestants in France are mostly Evangelical now, reports Evangelical Focus. New data shows that 58% of French Protestants attend an Evangelical Free church outside of the historic Reformed or Lutheran denominations.  Also, a quarter of French Protestants come from non-Protestant families, especially Catholic ones.  Russia and Ukraine's ceasefire in Black Sea Russia and Ukraine agreed to a ceasefire in the Black Sea on Tuesday. This followed talks between officials from both countries and the Trump administration.  The White House said, “The United States and Russia have agreed to ensure safe navigation, eliminate the use of force, and prevent the use of commercial vessels for military purposes in the Black Sea.” The agreement is the latest in the attempt by U.S. President Donald Trump to bring an end to the war between Russia and Ukraine.  12 states consider displaying 10 Commandments in public school In the United States, over a dozen states have introduced bills to display the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms. Louisiana was the first state to mandate such displays. Texas is another state considering such a measure. Jonathan Saenz is an attorney with Texas Values who helped draft his state's bill. He told CBN News this is what voters want. SAENZ: “We're confident, with the recent election results, that this is what voters want. They want to make sure that we preserve our values and that we teach about these things in our public schools and we get back to basics.” And Montana Republican State Senator Keith Regier spoke from the floor of the Montana Senate in favor of posting The Ten Commandments in public schools. REGIER: “God is mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. It's on our money, in music, like “God bless America.” It's in our literature, and it's in the pledge to the flag. Why would we not mention God in our schools? The courts need to understand that by removing God, they're replacing it with nothing.” Speaking of His commandments, God said in Deuteronomy 6:7, 9, “You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down, and when you rise up. … You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates.” Trump freezes $20 million of funding to Planned Parenthood The Wall Street Journal reported yesterday that the Trump administration is freezing $120 million in federal funding for so-called family planning grants. This includes $20 million in funding for abortion giant Planned Parenthood.  The federal funding freeze is part of a hold on grants that align with diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives.  Marjorie Dannenfelser, president of Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, said, “This is a victory for the unborn and for taxpayers who have been forced to fund an industry that ends innocent lives.” Federal Reserve leaves interest rate alone The Federal Reserve decided to leave its benchmark interest rate unchanged yesterday.  The rate remains in the range of 4.25% to 4.5%. The Fed indicated rate cuts are likely later this year. President Trump responded by calling for rate cuts as his import tariffs transition their way into the economy.  Young Christian women more liberal than male peers Pew Research released their 2024 Religious Landscape Survey recently.  Data shows that young, self-identified Christian women are more liberal than their male peers. Less than half of the young men support abortion and sexually perverted lifestyles. However, a majority of the young women support the same things. This gender gap in the church continues a trend that Pew Research has documented for at least 10 years. Average church raised $165,000 annually And finally, Faith Communities Today released a report on the annual income of churches in the U.S. Church income is recovering after a dip during the COVID-19 pandemic. The average church brought in $165,000 in 2023, up from $120,000 in 2020. The average church spent $160,000 over the year, and the average church member gave $2,222.  However, the rise in income has not been enough to keep up with inflation. But 61% of churches were still able to self-report good or excellent financial health. Close And that's The Worldview on this Wednesday, March 26th, in the year of our Lord 2025. Subscribe by Amazon Music or by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com. Or get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

French Florida’s Fort Caroline was the first major European settlement in the United States established not by England, and not by Spain. The colony was founded by French Protestants known as Huguenots, fleeing France over religious persecution, in 1564. Mark is joined by Eric Yanis of The Other States of America. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/rJXWyJBm9KM which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Support our channel by watching and clicking on the ads in this video. It costs you nothing and by doing so gives us extra credit and encourages, supports & helps us to create more quality content. Thanks! Thanks for the many wonderful comments, messages, ratings and reviews, which are regularly posted for your reading pleasure on https://patreon.com/markvinet Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl North America History books available at https://amzn.to/3OnczVT ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark Vinet's HISTORICAL JESUS podcast is available at https://parthenonpodcast.com/historical-jesus Mark's TIMELINE video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Florida's Fort Caroline was the first major European settlement in the United States established not by England, and not by Spain. The colony was founded in King Saturiwa's Timucua chiefdom by French Protestants known as Huguenots, fleeing France over religious persecution, in 1564. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra — The STORY of AMERICA. Check out the YouTube version of this episode which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams, at: https://youtu.be/rJXWyJBm9KM  https://youtu.be/S7ChYCv7M60 Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz  Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl  North America History books available at https://amzn.to/3OnczVT ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet  SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you).  Mark Vinet's HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA podcast: www.parthenonpodcast.com/history-of-north-america                                        Video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet                                    Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels   Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM   Audio Credit: The Other States of America History podcast with Eric Yanis. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1229, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Raleigh 1: In 1603 Sir Walter Raleigh was tried and convicted of this for plotting to dethrone the king. treason. 2: Raleigh introduced this tuber into Ireland; seemed like a good idea at the time. the potato. 3: In 1569 Raleigh fought in France on the side of these French Protestants. the Huguenots. 4: A poet himself, Raleigh encouraged this man to publish "The Faerie Queene". Edmund Spenser. 5: In 1600 Raleigh was appointed governor of Jersey, part of this island group. the Channel Islands. Round 2. Category: The 3 1: The 3 Shakespeare plays whose titles are the names of famous couples. Romeo and Juliet, Troilus and Cressida and Antony and Cleopatra. 2: The 3 West Coast states between Canada and Mexico. California, Oregon and Washington. 3: The 3 U.S. manned capsule space flight programs before the Space Shuttle took over. Gemini, Mercury and Apollo. 4: The 3 people to play Batman in live-action films of the 1990s. Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer and George Clooney. 5: The 3 countries whose names in English begin with "J". Jamaica, Japan and Jordan. Round 3. Category: Double Z. With Z in quotes 1: In 2005 one of these people crashed his car into Lindsay Lohan's. the paparazzi. 2: This 2-word phrase for a large vehicle with poor fuel economy became popular in the 1970s. gas guzzler. 3: Meteorologically speaking, it's a very light rain in which the droplets are less than 1/50" in diameter. a drizzle. 4: This adjective refers to tightly kinked hair. frizzy. 5: It means "snout", or a device used to cover a snout to prevent biting. a muzzle. Round 4. Category: Another Shot At The Title 1: Serena Williams beat Angelique Kerber for the 2016 Ladies' Singles title at this event, but Angelique got her revenge in 2018. Wimbledon. 2: After losing to the Warriors in the 2015 NBA Finals, in 2016 LeBron and co. beat them to bring this city its first NBA title. Cleveland. 3: After 5 previous World Series losses to these crosstown rivals, in 1955 the Brooklyn Dodgers finally beat them for the title. the New York Yankees. 4: Stripped of his heavyweight title in 1967, Muhammad Ali won it back with a KO of this champ in 1974's Rumble in the Jungle. George Foreman. 5: After losing to Toronto in 1918, this team won its first NHL title the next year and has now won more than any other team. the Montreal Canadiens. Round 5. Category: Remember The Titans 1: Aeschylus wrote of this "bound" Titan who was a hero to humankind. Prometheus. 2: Mnemosyne, the Titan goddess of memory, was also the mother of these inspirational goddesses. the Muses. 3: Goddess of the Earth, was was the mother of the Titans. Gaia. 4: The youngest of the Titans, he found time to father the Olympians. Kronos. 5: A South American birdie told me this Titan was Zeus' mother and mother-in-law. Rhea. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

On one side, the Catholic majority, unwavering in their devotion to Rome. On the other, the Huguenots, French Protestants inspired by the teachings of Jean Calvin.  Caught in the crossfire of this religious divide was the monarchy, struggling to maintain order amidst growing tension. But their efforts often only fuelled the flames of conflict.And so, in 1562, the first shots were fired in what would become known as the French Wars of Religion. Over the next three decades, France would be engulfed in a series of bloody clashes between Catholics and Protestants, tearing the nation apart.Join us as we unravel the intricate tapestry of alliances, betrayals, and power struggles that defined this turbulent period. From the grand halls of royal palaces to the blood-soaked fields of battle, we'll bring to life the key events and personalities that shaped the destiny of France.Timecodes:Introduction05:15 - From Strength to Chaos17:34 - Instability and Crisis27:24 - War, War, War!33:53 - The Saint-Barthélemy Massacre41:05 - The Eighth and Final War47:55 - Henri IV - "Paris is well worth a Mass"52:06 - ConclusionMusic: Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs, composed by Jean-Baptiste Lully, arranged and performed by Jérôme Arfouche.Artwork: "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre' by François Dubois (1572)Support the Show.Reach out, support the show and give me feedback! Contact me or follow the podcast on social media Leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts or on Spotify Become a patron on Patreon to support the show Buy me a Coffee Get beautiful “La Fayette, We are Here!” merchandise from TeePublic

Full Text of ReadingsMonday of the Third Week of Easter Lectionary: 273The Saint of the day is Saint Caesar de BusSaint Caesar de Bus' Story Like so many of us, Caesar de Bus struggled with the decision about what to do with his life. After completing his Jesuit education he had difficulty settling between a military and a literary career. He wrote some plays but ultimately settled for life in the army and at court. For a time, life was going rather smoothly for the engaging, well-to-do young Frenchman. He was confident he had made the right choice. That was until he saw firsthand the realities of battle, including the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres of French Protestants in 1572. He fell seriously ill and found himself reviewing his priorities, including his spiritual life. By the time he had recovered, Caesar had resolved to become a priest. Following his ordination in 1582, he undertook special pastoral work: teaching the catechism to ordinary people living in neglected, rural, out-of-the-way places. His efforts were badly needed and well received. Working with his cousin, Caesar developed a program of family catechesis. The goal—to ward off heresy among the people—met the approval of local bishops. Out of these efforts grew a new religious congregation: the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. One of Caesar's works, Instructions for the Family on the Four Parts of the Roman Catechism, was published 60 years after his death. He was beatified in 1975 and canonized in 2022. Reflection “Family catechesis” is a familiar term in parish life today. Grounded in the certainty that children learn their faith first from their parents, programs that deepen parental involvement in religious education multiply everywhere. There were no such programs in Caesar's day until he saw a need and created them. Other needs abound in our parishes, and it's up to us to respond by finding ways to fill them or by joining in already established efforts. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for March 22, 2024 is: dragoon • druh-GOON • verb When used with into, dragoon means "to force or convince someone to do something." Without into, dragoon means "to subjugate or persecute by harsh use of troops." // Employees complained that they had been dragooned into working overtime without adequate compensation. See the entry > Examples: "Half of the workforce was laid off, but those whose roles turned out to be somewhat critical were then begged to return. Some unlucky engineers were dragooned into launching the new Twitter Blue feature, which would charge users $7.99 per month for a 'verified' check mark; the rollout was catastrophic." — Sheon Han, The New Yorker, 5 Jan. 2024 Did you know? A dragoon was a mounted European infantryman of the 17th and 18th centuries armed with a firearm called by the same name. We suspect no arm-twisting is necessary to convince you that the firearm's name, which came to English from French, comes from the fired weapon's resemblance to a fire-breathing dragon. History has recorded the dragonish nature of the dragoons who persecuted the French Protestants in the 17th century during the reign of Louis XIV. The persecution by means of dragoons eventually led to the use of the word dragoon as a verb.

About The Guest(s): Dan Borvan is the newly installed pastor at Christ Reform Church in Anaheim, California. He is also an adjunct faculty member at Westminster Seminary, California. Dan has a passion for the French Reformation and has dedicated his studies to uncovering the rich theology and history of the French Reform Church. Summary: In this episode of Renewalcast, Colt Robinson interviews Dan Borvan about the French Reformation. The French Reformation is often overlooked in comparison to the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzerland. However, it played a significant role in shaping the theology and history of the Reformed tradition. Dan provides an overview of the French Reformation, starting with its origins in the 1520s and the influence of key figures like Nicholas Cop and John Calvin. He discusses the persecution faced by French Protestants, the establishment of churches, and the publication of the French Confession of faith. Dan also highlights the courage and resilience of the French Reformers in the face of intense opposition and persecution. Key Takeaways:The French Reformation was an organic movement that gained momentum in the 1520s and 1530s.The French Reformers faced intense persecution and were labeled as seditious rebels by the Roman Catholic authorities.John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion and the French Confession of faith were influential in shaping the theology of the French Reform Church.The French Wars of Religion in the second half of the 16th century were marked by conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, as well as divisions within the Catholic camp.The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 was a turning point in the French Reformation, leading to widespread persecution and the continuation of the religious civil war.The Edict of Nantes in 1598 provided temporary coexistence between Catholics and Protestants, allowing the French Reform Church to flourish for a few decades before the repeal of the edict in 1685.Quotes:"We must commit as much as we can to stand for the truth, so that when those moments come for us, the Holy Spirit will empower us to stand." - Dan Borvan"Psalm singing was a great offense to the Roman Catholics. It was the original counterculture, anti-establishment, shake your fist at the man kind of music." - Dan Borvan

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/biography

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/religion

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/french-studies

The nineteenth century witnessed a flurry of evangelical and missionary activity in Europe and North America. This was an era of renewed piety and intense zeal spanning denominations and countries. One area of Protestant flourishing in this period has received scant attention in Anglophone sources, however: the French Réveil. Born of a rich Huguenot heritage but aimed at recovering the religion of the heart, this awakening gave birth to a dynamic missionary movement—and some of its chief agents were women. In Birthing Revival: Women and Mission in Nineteenth-Century France (Baylor UP, 2022), Michèle Sigg sheds light on the seminal role French Protestant women played in launching and sustaining this movement of revival and mission. Out of the concerted efforts of these women arose a holistic mission strategy encompassing the home front and the foreign field. Parisian women, led by Émilie Mallet, established schools to provide infants with food, safety, and religious education. Mallet and her friend Albertine de Broglie led the women's auxiliary of the Paris Bible Society to design and carry out a strategy for large-scale Bible distribution and fundraising. In 1825 de Broglie pioneered the women's committee of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society, which used the Bible Society model to promote international missions across their many networks. In meetings, publications, and reports to the annual General Assembly, the women reflected on their calling in the work of mission and fully embraced their identity as "true missionaries." The success of women teachers and their presence as wives and mothers in the Lesotho Mission—exemplified by pioneering missionary wife Elizabeth Lyndall Rolland—proved that married couples serving together as models of Christian living were essential in opening the doors to missionary work in Africa. The story, and these women's legacies, does not end in the field, however. Sigg demonstrates how the educational work of the missionary wives and their publications that shared good news of growing faith in Lesotho sparked local revivals in France. When the enthusiasm of the Réveil waned in the metropole and divisions mounted among Protestants, a movement of deaconesses emerged to renew the faith of French Protestants. Byung Ho Choi is a Ph.D. candidate in the History and Ecumenics program at Princeton Theological Seminary, concentrating in World Christianity and history of religions. His research focuses on the indigenous expressions of Christianities found in Southeast Asia, particularly Christianity that is practiced in the Muslim-dominant archipelagic nation of Indonesia. More broadly, he is interested in history and the anthropology of Christianity, complexities of religious conversion and social identity, inter-religious dialogue, ecumenism, and World Christianity. Sun Yong Lee is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History and Ecumenics, studying World Christianity and the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. Her research interests center on the history of Christianity in East Asia and Protestant missions. She is especially interested in women's experiences in their mission encounters and their participation in the formation of Christianity and social changes. Her research expands to social theory of religion, church-state relations, and politics of religion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/christian-studies

We join Moshoeshoe just before the arrival of the trekkers, as he sought to build his political power once the Ngwane and other roving bands had been defeated. Mzilikazi was attacking the area which would become known as Lesotho, from his headquarters on the Apies River north of modern Pretoria. His regiments were praying on the Shona people across the Limpopo and all the way down to the southern Basotho throughout the mid 1820s into the 1830s. Moshoeshoe was at great pains to avoid fighting the Ndebele impis, and in 1828, he had delivered oxen to Mzilikazi with the message that “Moshesh salutes you, supposing that hunger has brought you into this country, he sends you these cattle, that you may eat them on your way home…” Later Moshoeshoe would send cattle to the British governor Sir George Cathcart in a similar attempt at placating a threatening power. That would not work out - but it did work with Mzilikazi, who did not send another attack on Moshoeshoe, although he continued predating on neighbour Sekhonyela. Mzilikazi had also found it easier to plunder the Shona across the Limpopo anyway. From 1831 the Ndebele chief was also defending himself from attacks by the Zulu because Dingane ordered his impis into the highveld at times. Of course, the Griqua to the south were also of some concern to Moshoeshoe, but the Kora were a much bigger problem. Nothing was quiet in this part of southern Africa in the third decade of the 19th Century. In June 1833, what we know as LeSotho came into being for the first time and their creation was observed by French missionaries who wrote down everything they saw. French Protestants reached Thaba Bosiu from Cape Town via Philippolis, and of these, Thomas Arbousset was probably the most eloquent. On the 29th June 1833 he wrote that Moshoeshoe, “… has a Roman head, an oval face, an aquiline nose .. a long chin, and a prominent forehead, his eye is lively, his speech animated, and his voice harsh….” Later Arbousset's fellow missionary Eugene Casalis would jot down a few thoughts in his memoirs, and his notes were more exaggerated and flowery “…I felt at once that I had to do with a superior man, trained to think, to command others, and above all himself. ..” And thus, in1833 the two French missionaries arrived, Eugene Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, along with a third Frenchman called Constant Grosselin, Remarkably, because they were tough back in 1834, Arbousset was a Huegenot of only 23, and Casalis was just 20. Grosselin was 33, a Catholic who converted to Protestantism, a mason, a tough subordinate. Krotz the freed slave guided them to Thaba Bosiu and this is where the first proper descriptions were noted about the bones scattered on the veld — and they saw the signs of the devastation that had been visited up these people, it was clear that many battles had been fought along the Caledon valley.

We join Moshoeshoe just before the arrival of the trekkers, as he sought to build his political power once the Ngwane and other roving bands had been defeated. Mzilikazi was attacking the area which would become known as Lesotho, from his headquarters on the Apies River north of modern Pretoria. His regiments were praying on the Shona people across the Limpopo and all the way down to the southern Basotho throughout the mid 1820s into the 1830s. Moshoeshoe was at great pains to avoid fighting the Ndebele impis, and in 1828, he had delivered oxen to Mzilikazi with the message that “Moshesh salutes you, supposing that hunger has brought you into this country, he sends you these cattle, that you may eat them on your way home…” Later Moshoeshoe would send cattle to the British governor Sir George Cathcart in a similar attempt at placating a threatening power. That would not work out - but it did work with Mzilikazi, who did not send another attack on Moshoeshoe, although he continued predating on neighbour Sekhonyela. Mzilikazi had also found it easier to plunder the Shona across the Limpopo anyway. From 1831 the Ndebele chief was also defending himself from attacks by the Zulu because Dingane ordered his impis into the highveld at times. Of course, the Griqua to the south were also of some concern to Moshoeshoe, but the Kora were a much bigger problem. Nothing was quiet in this part of southern Africa in the third decade of the 19th Century. In June 1833, what we know as LeSotho came into being for the first time and their creation was observed by French missionaries who wrote down everything they saw. French Protestants reached Thaba Bosiu from Cape Town via Philippolis, and of these, Thomas Arbousset was probably the most eloquent. On the 29th June 1833 he wrote that Moshoeshoe, “… has a Roman head, an oval face, an aquiline nose .. a long chin, and a prominent forehead, his eye is lively, his speech animated, and his voice harsh….” Later Arbousset's fellow missionary Eugene Casalis would jot down a few thoughts in his memoirs, and his notes were more exaggerated and flowery “…I felt at once that I had to do with a superior man, trained to think, to command others, and above all himself. ..” And thus, in1833 the two French missionaries arrived, Eugene Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, along with a third Frenchman called Constant Grosselin, Remarkably, because they were tough back in 1834, Arbousset was a Huegenot of only 23, and Casalis was just 20. Grosselin was 33, a Catholic who converted to Protestantism, a mason, a tough subordinate. Krotz the freed slave guided them to Thaba Bosiu and this is where the first proper descriptions were noted about the bones scattered on the veld — and they saw the signs of the devastation that had been visited up these people, it was clear that many battles had been fought along the Caledon valley.

Full Text of ReadingsSaturday in the Octave of Easter Lectionary: 266The Saint of the day is Saint Caesar de BusSaint Caesar de Bus' Story Like so many of us, Caesar de Bus struggled with the decision about what to do with his life. After completing his Jesuit education he had difficulty settling between a military and a literary career. He wrote some plays but ultimately settled for life in the army and at court. For a time, life was going rather smoothly for the engaging, well-to-do young Frenchman. He was confident he had made the right choice. That was until he saw firsthand the realities of battle, including the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres of French Protestants in 1572. He fell seriously ill and found himself reviewing his priorities, including his spiritual life. By the time he had recovered, Caesar had resolved to become a priest. Following his ordination in 1582, he undertook special pastoral work: teaching the catechism to ordinary people living in neglected, rural, out-of-the-way places. His efforts were badly needed and well received. Working with his cousin, Caesar developed a program of family catechesis. The goal—to ward off heresy among the people—met the approval of local bishops. Out of these efforts grew a new religious congregation: the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. One of Caesar's works, Instructions for the Family on the Four Parts of the Roman Catechism, was published 60 years after his death. He was beatified in 1975 and canonized in 2022. Reflection “Family catechesis” is a familiar term in parish life today. Grounded in the certainty that children learn their faith first from their parents, programs that deepen parental involvement in religious education multiply everywhere. There were no such programs in Caesar's day until he saw a need and created them. Other needs abound in our parishes, and it's up to us to respond by finding ways to fill them or by joining in already established efforts. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

Foxe's Book of Martyrs By John Foxe Table of Contents Title Page About the Author Chapter I -- History of Christian Martyrs to the First General Persecutions Under Nero Chapter II -- The Ten Primitive Persecutions Chapter III -- Persecutions of the Christians in Persia Chapter IV -- Papal Persecutions Chapter V -- An Account of the Inquisition Chapter VI -- An Account of the Persecutions in Italy, Under the Papacy Chapter VII -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe Chapter VIII -- An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia Under the Papacy Chapter IX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of Martin Luther Chapter X -- General Persecutions in Germany Chapter XI -- An Account of the Persecutions in the Netherlands Chapter XII -- The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale Chapter XIII -- An Account of the Life of John Calvin Chapter XIV -- Prior to the Reign of Queen Mary I Chapter XV -- An Account of the Persecutions in Scotland During the Reign of King Henry VIII Chapter XVI -- Persecutions in England During the Reign of Queen Mary Chapter XVII -- Rise and Progress of the Protestant Religion in Ireland; with an Account of the Barbarous Massacre of 1641 Chapter XVIII -- The Rise, Progress, Persecutions, and Sufferings of the Quakers Chapter XIX -- An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Bunyan Chapter XX -- An Account of the Life of John Wesley Chapter XXI -- Persecutions of the French Protestants in the South of France, During the Years 1814 and 1820 Chapter XXII -- The Beginnings of American Foreign Missions http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/E-Books/christ/fox/fox_tp.htm

July 15: Saint Bonaventure, Bishop and Doctor1221–1274Memorial; Liturgical Color: WhitePatron Saint of those with intestinal problemsHe seemed to have escaped the curse of Adam's sinThe scholarly heft of Saint Bonaventure legitimized the eccentric Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Bonaventure was to the Franciscans what Thomas Aquinas was to the Dominicans. These contemporaries form twin summits of scholastic thought, first-rate intellectuals whose eminent writings lent their young, revolutionary religious orders credibility. Aquinas and Bonaventure received their doctorates on the very same day and are shown as equals in Raphael's Disputation of the Holy Sacrament. Both Thomas and Bonaventure were also pious, poor, humble, and holy, giving their theological work even greater weight. Saint Bonaventure was part of that huge influx of second-generation Franciscans who never knew their founder. He joined the order in 1243, received his doctorate in theology from the University of Paris, and became master of the Franciscan school at Paris in 1253. In 1257 he was elected minister general of the entire Franciscan order. He was just thirty-six years old.The pressing responsibilities of religious leadership constrained Bonaventure from total dedication to the life of the mind. He had limited time to read, write, and do research once he was elected head of his order, making the first half of his life his most prolific period of scholarship. But that scholarship was so comprehensive as to be a complete system of thought. He wrote on everything—fundamental theology, the nature of dogma, Scripture and history, the gifts of the Holy Spirit, angels, creation, the virtues—and all of it was suffused with a mature spirituality focused on the individual soul progressing toward God. With this intensely spiritual focus, Bonaventure is said to be more Augustinian in his theology than Aquinas, who is more Aristotelian. The former's goal was to love, the latter's to speculate and to know. Bonaventure's writings on dogma were influential at the Council of Trent and continue to be read.Bonaventure led his order in a period of sharp tension among Franciscans over the legacy of Saint Francis. Should the order own property directly or just use property owned by others? Should the brothers be educated and teach or remain simple and only preach? Should the brothers live in the growing cities of the medieval world or stay in the country like Francis himself? Should the brothers in Northern Europe be allowed to wear shoes or must they go barefoot like Saint Francis commanded? These, and many other questions, cleaved the body Franciscan. Many of the diverse interpretations of Francis' legacy were unresolvable, and, in the early sixteenth century, the order morphed into three entities, each embodying a particular spiritual emphasis.Saint Bonaventure navigated these sharp tensions with great skill. His erudition, great patience, and love of others sewed the diverse patches of Franciscanism into a whole cloth. He had to chastise, punish, and correct too. But he was outstanding in listening to every side before making his final decisions. That Franciscanism survived is thanks to today's saint, who has been called the Franciscans' “Second Founder.”In 1273 Bonaventure was made a cardinal bishop by the pope. Knowing of this Franciscan's humility and his refusal to accept a previous episcopal appointment, the pope inserted into his bull an order that Bonaventure could not decline the honor. Bonaventure was in the kitchen washing dishes when the papal envoys arrived with the news. Saint Bonaventure died with his boots on, while participating in and aiding the pope at the Council of Lyon in 1274. Aquinas had died on the way to the same Council. Bonaventure was buried in Lyon, canonized in 1482, and declared a Doctor of the Church in 1557. Unfortunately, his tomb was desecrated by French Protestants and revolutionaries in later centuries, and his body has been permanently lost. His first professor at Paris, Alexander of Hales, gave him a supreme compliment. He said that Bonaventure “seemed to have escaped the curse of Adam's sin.”Saint Bonaventure, you had few equals in knowledge, love, prayer, and virtue. Through your heavenly intercession, help all Catholics to progress toward union with God by the many paths you yourself walked so long before us.

Full Text of ReadingsGood Friday of the Lord's Passion Lectionary: 40All podcast readings are produced by the USCCB and are from the Catholic Lectionary, based on the New American Bible and approved for use in the United States _______________________________________The Saint of the day is Blessed Caesar de BusLike so many of us, Caesar de Bus struggled with the decision about what to do with his life. After completing his Jesuit education he had difficulty settling between a military and a literary career. He wrote some plays but ultimately settled for life in the army and at court. For a time, life was going rather smoothly for the engaging, well-to-do young Frenchman. He was confident he had made the right choice. That was until he saw firsthand the realities of battle, including the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres of French Protestants in 1572. He fell seriously ill and found himself reviewing his priorities, including his spiritual life. By the time he had recovered, Caesar had resolved to become a priest. Following his ordination in 1582, he undertook special pastoral work: teaching the catechism to ordinary people living in neglected, rural, out-of-the-way places. His efforts were badly needed and well received. Working with his cousin, Caesar developed a program of family catechesis. The goal—to ward off heresy among the people—met the approval of local bishops. Out of these efforts grew a new religious congregation: the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. One of Caesar's works, Instructions for the Family on the Four Parts of the Roman Catechism, was published 60 years after his death. He was beatified in 1975. Reflection “Family catechesis” is a familiar term in parish life today. Grounded in the certainty that children learn their faith first from their parents, programs that deepen parental involvement in religious education multiply everywhere. There were no such programs in Caesar's day until he saw a need and created them. Other needs abound in our parishes, and it's up to us to respond by finding ways to fill them or by joining in already established efforts. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

French Florida's Fort Caroline was the first major European settlement in the United States established not by England, and not by Spain. The colony was founded by French Protestants known as Huguenots, fleeing France over religious persecution, in 1564. Mark is joined by Eric Yanis of The Other States of America. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/rJXWyJBm9KM which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Support our channel by watching and clicking on the ads in this video. It costs you nothing and by doing so gives us extra credit and encourages, supports & helps us to create more quality content. Thanks! Thanks for the many wonderful comments, messages, ratings and reviews, which are regularly posted for your reading pleasure on https://patreon.com/markvinet Get exclusive access to Bonus episodes, Ad-Free content, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on Patreon at www.patreon.com/markvinet and receive an eBook welcome GIFT of The Maesta Panels by Mark Vinet, or Donate on PayPal at https://bit.ly/3cx9OOL Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Denary Novels by Mark Vinet are available at https://amzn.to/33evMUj Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Twitter: https://twitter.com/TIMELINEchannel Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 YouTube Podcast Playlist: https://www.bit.ly/34tBizu Podcast: https://anchor.fm/mark-vinet Linktree: https://linktr.ee/WadeOrganization

"Huguenots were French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin. Persecuted by the French Catholic government during a violent period, Huguenots fled the country in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the United States and Africa." --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/theysusannamaeohagan/support

Here is the recording of the final presentation in our summer 2021 webinar series, featuring Martin Klauber. Dr. Klauber is an Affiliate Professor at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois, and our 2019 Emo Van Halsema fellowship recipient. He began his fellowship with two weeks of study at the Meeter Center in 2019 and returned this year to complete his research. His presentation is titled “Pierre Allix (1641-1717) Pastor at Charenton: Preparation for the Lord's Supper.” According to Philip Benedict, one of the key areas of Huguenot publications during the seventeenth century were devotional books designed to help prepare believers to partake of the Lord's Supper. The pastors at the great temple at Charenton which served the Reformed community in Paris were at the forefront of these efforts. Jean Claude, the famous Charenton pastor at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, also took his turn at this type of devotional literature in 1682 with his _L'examen de soy-mesme pour se bien preparer à la communion_. Claude's treatise experienced a brief period in the sun for the first two years after its initial publication with seven French and one English edition. His colleague Pierre Allix penned a similar work, _Preparation à la Sainte Cene_. Allix saw his own work go through three editions in French and one in English. This presentation will focus on Allix and his _Preparation à la Sainte Cene_, showing how he contributed to the literature and practice of preparing for the Lord's Supper for French Protestants. This event will took place on Friday, August 13th. 0 Comments

Full Text of ReadingsThursday of the Second Week of Easter Lectionary: 270All podcast readings are produced by the USCCB and are from the Catholic Lectionary, based on the New American Bible and approved for use in the United States _______________________________________The Saint of the day is Blessed Caesar de BusLike so many of us, Caesar de Bus struggled with the decision about what to do with his life. After completing his Jesuit education he had difficulty settling between a military and a literary career. He wrote some plays but ultimately settled for life in the army and at court. For a time, life was going rather smoothly for the engaging, well-to-do young Frenchman. He was confident he had made the right choice. That was until he saw firsthand the realities of battle, including the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacres of French Protestants in 1572. He fell seriously ill and found himself reviewing his priorities, including his spiritual life. By the time he had recovered, Caesar had resolved to become a priest. Following his ordination in 1582, he undertook special pastoral work: teaching the catechism to ordinary people living in neglected, rural, out-of-the-way places. His efforts were badly needed and well received. Working with his cousin, Caesar developed a program of family catechesis. The goal—to ward off heresy among the people—met the approval of local bishops. Out of these efforts grew a new religious congregation: the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. One of Caesar’s works, Instructions for the Family on the Four Parts of the Roman Catechism, was published 60 years after his death. He was beatified in 1975. Reflection “Family catechesis” is a familiar term in parish life today. Grounded in the certainty that children learn their faith first from their parents, programs that deepen parental involvement in religious education multiply everywhere. There were no such programs in Caesar’s day until he saw a need and created them. Other needs abound in our parishes, and it’s up to us to respond by finding ways to fill them or by joining in already established efforts. Saint of the Day Copyright Franciscan Media

Philip Mansel, a trustee of the Society for Court Studies and President of the Research Center of the Chateau de Versailles, has written a one-volume biography of the life and times of Louis XIV, King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV (The University of Chicago Press, 2019).  One of the longest reigning monarchs in Europe's history, from 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV left a mark upon France for good and ill. He expanded the country's borders but left it in horrible financial shape. He was a valuable patron of the arts and architecture, but wreaked havoc on some of his nation's citizens, especially French Protestants.  He reaped the glory associated with imperial policy and dynastic intermarriages throughout Europe, but brought destruction to the lives, fortunes, and cities of his enemies. Mansel brings the court of Louis XIV alive, paying special attention to the daily personal life of the king and his associates. He reviews France's effects on the politics of Europe and provides a detailed history of the key project of Louis' life: the palace of Versailles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Philip Mansel, a trustee of the Society for Court Studies and President of the Research Center of the Chateau de Versailles, has written a one-volume biography of the life and times of Louis XIV, King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV (The University of Chicago Press, 2019).  One of the longest reigning monarchs in Europe’s history, from 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV left a mark upon France for good and ill. He expanded the country’s borders but left it in horrible financial shape. He was a valuable patron of the arts and architecture, but wreaked havoc on some of his nation’s citizens, especially French Protestants.  He reaped the glory associated with imperial policy and dynastic intermarriages throughout Europe, but brought destruction to the lives, fortunes, and cities of his enemies. Mansel brings the court of Louis XIV alive, paying special attention to the daily personal life of the king and his associates. He reviews France’s effects on the politics of Europe and provides a detailed history of the key project of Louis’ life: the palace of Versailles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm

Philip Mansel, a trustee of the Society for Court Studies and President of the Research Center of the Chateau de Versailles, has written a one-volume biography of the life and times of Louis XIV, King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV (The University of Chicago Press, 2019).  One of the longest reigning monarchs in Europe’s history, from 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV left a mark upon France for good and ill. He expanded the country’s borders but left it in horrible financial shape. He was a valuable patron of the arts and architecture, but wreaked havoc on some of his nation’s citizens, especially French Protestants.  He reaped the glory associated with imperial policy and dynastic intermarriages throughout Europe, but brought destruction to the lives, fortunes, and cities of his enemies. Mansel brings the court of Louis XIV alive, paying special attention to the daily personal life of the king and his associates. He reviews France’s effects on the politics of Europe and provides a detailed history of the key project of Louis’ life: the palace of Versailles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm

Philip Mansel, a trustee of the Society for Court Studies and President of the Research Center of the Chateau de Versailles, has written a one-volume biography of the life and times of Louis XIV, King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV (The University of Chicago Press, 2019).  One of the longest reigning monarchs in Europe’s history, from 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV left a mark upon France for good and ill. He expanded the country’s borders but left it in horrible financial shape. He was a valuable patron of the arts and architecture, but wreaked havoc on some of his nation’s citizens, especially French Protestants.  He reaped the glory associated with imperial policy and dynastic intermarriages throughout Europe, but brought destruction to the lives, fortunes, and cities of his enemies. Mansel brings the court of Louis XIV alive, paying special attention to the daily personal life of the king and his associates. He reviews France’s effects on the politics of Europe and provides a detailed history of the key project of Louis’ life: the palace of Versailles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Philip Mansel, a trustee of the Society for Court Studies and President of the Research Center of the Chateau de Versailles, has written a one-volume biography of the life and times of Louis XIV, King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV (The University of Chicago Press, 2019).  One of the longest reigning monarchs in Europe’s history, from 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV left a mark upon France for good and ill. He expanded the country’s borders but left it in horrible financial shape. He was a valuable patron of the arts and architecture, but wreaked havoc on some of his nation’s citizens, especially French Protestants.  He reaped the glory associated with imperial policy and dynastic intermarriages throughout Europe, but brought destruction to the lives, fortunes, and cities of his enemies. Mansel brings the court of Louis XIV alive, paying special attention to the daily personal life of the king and his associates. He reviews France’s effects on the politics of Europe and provides a detailed history of the key project of Louis’ life: the palace of Versailles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm

In today's episode Annie Sargent talks to Jason Sager about the difficult relationship between French Kings and the Catholic church. And we couldn't get through this topic without talking about the French Wars of Religion. And it’s not just Kings, all of France has a complicated relationship with the Catholic church, even today! Just this morning I was talking to one of my neighbors and she brought up the fact that she goes to church regularly but she’s not a grenouille de bénitier. I bet you’ve never heard that expression. A grenouille de bénitier is a person who goes to church so much that she’s compared to a frog who lives in the font where they keep the holy water at the entrance of a Catholic church. You don’t have an expression like that in English, do you? That’s because as far as I know there is no English-speaking country where being a "churchy" person makes you stand out as an odd duck. You’ll get a heavy dose of French history and French culture in today’s episode. French People and the Catholic Church To set the stage, in the early 1500s world-wide you have Columbus sailing off from Spain. A lot of Chateaux were being built on the Loire Valley. François I wanted to be Emperor (but didn't manage). Leonardo da Vinci moved to France. But this is also the time when the wars of religion were happening in France. The Reformation Martin Luther's reformation also happened at that time. 1517-1522 is when he was excommunicated from the Catholic church. This began as a German reformation movement but it moved into France rapidly with John Calvin particularly who started his own reformed church in France. French Protestants are known as Huguenots in France. Huguenots This is something French Kings didn't like to see because they saw themselves as the protectors of the Catholic faith and they didn't want to see a different religion thrive in France. And the Huguenots religion spread very quickly in France, which made it an even bigger perceived threat. By 1560 about 10% of France was already Protestant. Members of the nobility also converted to the new religion. A lot of Bourbons were Protestants. The King of Navarre became a Protestant. Henri II before he died in an accident established a "chambre ardente" with the goal to eliminate the Huguenots from France. He died too soon to see if it worked. By 1560 there were already a lot of Protestants in France. France was supposed to be "la fille ainée de l'Eglise" or the eldest daughter of the church. François I wanted to be called "the most Christian King" to reinforce his relationship with the Catholic church. Henry XVIII in England wanted the title "defneder of the faith" from the Pope to establish himself as an equal to the French King. A Dangerous Situation By 1560 there are a lot of tensions between the Catholics and the rising Protestant minority in France. When Henri II died an untimely death it rattled the structure of power in France. He had 3 sons, but they were too young, so his wife, Catherine de Medici, became the regent. She was terribly unpopular because she was Italian and also a woman. The king, François II was the official king, but he was always in poor health and died of tuberculosis 18 months into his reign. His brother Charles IX succeeded him, but he was also too young to reign by himself. The situation was volatile and uncertain, especially when you take into account the high level of religious strife. Catherine de Medici always tried to find compromises between the Catholics and the Huguenots because she didn't think eliminating the Protestants would work. On the other hand, the Guise family who were ultra Catholic really believed in eliminating the Protestants. Duc de Guise at Vassy The Duc de Guise went through the town of Vassy where Protestants were allowed so long as they didn't worship within the walls of the city. He realized that they were breaking the law and worshiping inside the city. He sent his men to stop them from doing so and a firefight broke out.  Several Protestants were killed and this is one of the events that ignited the French Wars of Religion. This event is what convinced the Condé family and the Bourbons that it was time to take up arms to defend their Huguenot faith.  The Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars that went on for about 40 years. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre took place under Charles IX in August 1572 and it's a bit of a mystery what started it. The Admiral Gaspard de Coligny (who was a Protestant and had been advocating for war against the Dutch) was shot but not killed. And this set off a chain of events between Protestants and Catholics that turned Paris into a powder cake. It is probable that the King himself sent a message to kill all Protestants on the night of August 24th. He might have done that because his sister married into the Navarre family (who were Protestants) and a lot of high-ranking Protestants were in Paris for the occasion. He was hoping to eradicate the new religion that way. About 3000 Protestants were killed that night in Paris alone and another 10,000 died all over France in the next couple of weeks. The level of indiscriminate violence the Catholic forces used against Protestants is shocking. The Wars, Massacres and Troubles of Tortorel and Perrissin is one hard to find book that illustrated the horrors of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Henri IV and the Edict of Nantes Henri IV was raised a Protestant and only became a Catholic to suit his political needs. The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 and that's what attempted to give some freedom to practice the Protestant religion. The Edict of Nantes is seen as the official end of the Wars of Religion although it was rescinded by Louis XIV one hundred years later. In a sense the Wars of Religion didn't end until the late 1600s. Were the Wars of Religion truly about religion or were they a political conflict between powers?  It was probably both. The noble families were using religion as leverage to gain power. But there was also a lot of religious fervor at the time and a lot of violence was perpetrated by people who were acting out of fanaticism. There were people who saw their neighbors as a cancer just because they didn't share the same religious beliefs. Louis XIII and his Confessor Jean Arnoulx Henri IV was assassinated by a Catholic, Ravaillac, who didn't believe the King had truly converted. He is followed by another Regency (by his mother Marie de Medici) and then Louis XIII. Louis XIII is the young king who hired strong man Cardinal Richelieu to help his side-step the power of his mother. Both Jean Arnoulx and Richelieu wrote in opposition to the Protestant religion. They wanted to secure the support of the Catholic church for the French King because in the past the church said they weren't doing enough to get rid of the Protestants. There were pamphlet wars in which people accused one-another of being bad subjects to the King (and therefore bad French people) because they weren't Catholic. In their view, in order to be French you also had to be a Catholic. The retort to that was that no Protestant had killed a French King yet, that it was crazy Catholics who did this sort of thing. Catholics never had a good response to that because it was indeed true. The Catholic Church in France Even today when you visit France, you will see that there are giant Catholic churches in tiny villages. That's because everyone went to church back then.  The Church was the biggest organizing force in French life until the Revolution and by then French people truly hated the church. French Kings since Clovis have been defenders of the Church, so when the Monarchy went, the church went with it. Jean Bossuet, under Louis XIV said the King was the representative of God on earth. Everybody in France, even Victor Hugo, though that the Kings represented on the facade of Notre Dame were the French Kings. In reality they were the Kings of Israel. There was a complete conflation of church and State in France until the Revolution. And then the divorce was brutal. Louis XVI got in big trouble with the people of Paris because he didn't want the priests to have to pledge to the new Constitution. And this is one of the major reasons why he didn't survive the Revolution, because he was seen as continuing to side with clergy. Jason's Favorite Places in Paris The Basilica of Saint Denis: It is a masterpiece in many regards, but the stained glass is marvelous there. Notre Dame de Paris Walking through streets like Rue Saint Jacques and knowing what happened there in the 5th arrondissement (where rue Saint Jacques and rue Saint Germain intersect). Cluny Museum More episodes about French history   Email | Facebook | Instagram | Pinterest | Twitter   Did you get my VoiceMap Paris tours yet? They are designed for people who want to see the best of Paris neighborhoods and put what they are looking at into historical context. There are so many great stories in Paris. Don't walk right past them without having a clue what happened there! You can buy them directly from the VoiceMap app or click here to order activation codes at the podcast listener discount price.   Discussed in this Episode What's grenouille de bénitier? Fille ainée de l'Eglise French Wars of Religion Duc de Guise and Vassy The Edict of Nantes Bastides were established with commerce at their center instead of the church No Protestant ever killed a French King but two Catholics did! The French King is branded as Christ on Earth Louis XVI refuses to subject priests to the new Constitution Jason's favorite places in Paris The Basilica of Saint Denis Notre Dame Cluny Museum Support the Show Tip Your Guide Extras Patreon Audio Tours Merchandise If you enjoyed this episode, you should also listen to related episode(s): Lourdes, Episode 100 A Great Visit to the Chateau of Pau, Episode 191 Read more about this episode Guest Notes  Category: French History

The Huguenots gave the word 'refugee' to the English language - they were French protestants escaping religious persecution, who fled from France to neighbouring states between the 16th and 18th centuries. Despite their early experience of violence and religious upheaval, they are widely celebrated for their contribution as migrants, famously as silk weavers and silversmiths, traders and teachers. Joining Bridget Kendall to discuss the Huguenots and their global legacy are three experts: Owen Stanwood is Associate Professor of History at Boston College in the United States and is the author of 'The Global Refuge: Huguenots in an Age of Empire'; Ruth Whelan is Professor of French at Maynooth University in Ireland, where she researches the religious and intellectual culture of French Protestants between 1680 and 1730; and Kathy Chater is a London-based historian and genealogist. She's the author of 'Tracing Your Huguenot Ancestors'. Image: Engraving depicting French Huguenot refugees as they landed in Dover Image Credit: adoc-photos / Getty Images

On this day in Tudor history, 24th August 1507, Cecily of York, Viscountess Welles, died at Hatfield in Hertfordshire. She was buried at “the friars”. Cecil was, of course, the daughter of King Edward IV and his queen consort, Elizabeth Woodville, and the sister of Elizabeth of York and the Princes in the Tower, but there's far more to her than that. Did you know that she married without permission and had to be sheltered by Lady Margaret Beaufort? Find out all about Cecil of York's life in today's talk from historian Claire Ridgway. You can see this podcast as a video at the following link:https://youtu.be/jShU_-xcJpA Also on this day in Tudor history, 24th August 1572, on the Feast of St Bartholomew, an awful massacre took place in Paris, and it was followed by further atrocities in other towns and cities.Those who suffered were Huguenot men, women and children, French Protestants. But what happened and why? Find out in last year’s video - https://youtu.be/1DmTMXr0TcQ 

  On October 22, 1685, King Louis XIV of France revoked the Edict of Nantes, the decree promulgated by his grandfather Henri IV which provided French Protestants with a degree of limited toleration. The choices facing those approximately 700,000 French Protestants were stark: they could renounce their beliefes and convert to Catholicism; resist, which could […]

On October 22, 1685, King Louis XIV of France revoked the Edict of Nantes, the decree promulgated by his grandfather Henri IV which provided French Protestants with a degree of limited toleration. The choices facing those approximately 700,000 French Protestants were stark: they could renounce their beliefes and convert to Catholicism; resist, which could lead … Episode 160: The Original Refugees Read More » The post Episode 160: The Original Refugees first appeared on Historically Thinking.

Rev. Celeste is with one of her teachers, Dr. Will Coleman, Phd. (Baba Esu Ifa yemi), a biblical scholar, theologian, teacher of African religions, Middle East Religions, Cabala and Christian Mysticism, Rosacrucian and reborn in Ifa - a system of divination and religion of the Yoruba people. A multi-lingual mystic, Dr. Will is a professor at the Interdenominational Theological Center. They explore Genesis, the Earth, the Kybalion, Metaphysics, Rosicrucianism and more! Check out some background information for further research on some topics they discussed:· Mother Earth's on break right now and she has us in the house while she rejuvenates · Adam (the male/female being) as the living being extracted from the womb of Mother Earth (Adama)· The difference between the English translation and the Hebrew language and how information intrinsic to a deeper understanding is lost by translations of the context and the male-centered interpretation that diminishes the power of the Divine Feminine.· The planet is rejuvenating now during this Corona virus due to our lack of busyness - cleaner air, other living beings are more present, foliage looks better during this time· This virus rising during the season of Lent (letting go, sacrifice and anticipating the new, adapt, adjust and transform). · The relationship between humans and Earth (not dominion by humans destroying but as caretakers, custodians and stewards) Genesis 1:26-30 New International Version (NIV) Genesis 1:26-30. The people of Findhorn, Scotland listening to and communicating with the vegetation (https://www.findhorn.org/). What Dr. Will heard from the trees in the park in Decatur, GA: Let your roots go deep and take nutrients from the Earth. Stand tall. When adversity appears, sway back.· Dr. Will invites us to look at other living beings during this pandemic. Dr Will: This virus is a sentient life force that is causing adjustments. It is bringing a mandate to mutate. Rev. Celeste: It's causing us to go within, creating an opportunity that is undeniable.· Rosacrucianism, Carl Jung and tarot cards (http://pansophers.com/rosicrucian-tarot/)· The Rosacrucian roots - German, French Protestants, free masonry, the knowledge, its relationship to Gnosticism, metaphysics, theory and practice and spiritual transformation.· The Kybalion (The Three Initiates), William Walker Atkinson (http://www.yogebooks.com/english/atkinson/1908kybalion.pdf) - the principles created a trajectory that began in Egypt and spread through Greece, Rome, etc., the spiritual laws from ancient discoveries (seen in Science of Mind textbook as well) - https://scienceofmind.com/ · Vodun (West African mysticism)

Unlocked for all listeners after one year for patrons only: -about 10 ft. long -made in France, ca. 1540s -lost in shipwreck, ca. 1562-5 -located on bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Canaveral We examine the mysteries surrounding a French bronze cannon recently discovered on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near Florida, amidst the wreckage of an unidentified sixteenth-century fleet. The cannon and other artifacts are rare, priceless remnants of French Protestants’ ill-fated attempts to colonize North America before the Spanish, and their discovery sparked a heated international legal dispute. The mysterious shipwreck gives us a window into a rare moment when Europe’s vicious religious wars spilled over into the Americas. Image courtesy of Bobby Pritchett., Pres., Global Marine Exploration Inc. Introductory music: Domenico Scarlatti, Sonata in D, played by Wanda Landowska on harpsichord.

On this day in Tudor history, 24th August 1572, on the Feast of St Bartholomew, an awful massacre too place in Paris, and it was followed by further atrocities in other towns and cities.Those who suffered were Huguenot men, women and children, French Protestants. But what happened and why?Claire Ridgway, author of "On This Day in Tudor History", explains all in today's talk.You can see this podcast as a video at the following link:https://youtu.be/1DmTMXr0TcQYou can find Claire at:https://www.theanneboleynfiles.comhttps://www.tudorsociety.comhttps://www.facebook.com/theanneboleynfiles/https://www.facebook.com/tudorsociety/https://twitter.com/AnneBoleynFiles https://twitter.com/thetudorsociety https://www.instagram.com/tudor.society/ https://www.instagram.com/anneboleynfiles/

In this episode we discuss the three primary motives for French expansion into the new world: commercial, geopolitical, and religious. Our primary focus is on this last motive, and we discuss the situation of the French Protestants, or Huguenots, from their beginnings in 1517 through 1558.

Who were the Huguenots? In this episode of 5 Minutes in Church History, Dr. Stephen Nichols introduces us to these French Protestants as he provides an overview of the Thirty Years' War.

In 1625, Charles I succeeded James VI upon his death. Charles was a man of high culture and persecuted people for wrong dress. He was more attracted to Catholicism than was wise for a person in his position. Charles married a French princess who was Catholic. In France, unlike England, there was a Protestant population. The Reformers were never able to seize control of the government in France. France was riven by civil war in the Wars of Religion for over 30 years. In 1598, Henry IV passed the Edict of Nantes granting toleration to French Protestants and was assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic. Four years after he became king, Charles I shut down Parliament and ruled on his own. During the 1630's he imposed his religious policies. Parliament decreed it would decide what the Church could and could not do. The Archbishop of Canterbury was arrested and jailed in 1641 and executed in 1645.

The Huguenots were French Protestants. In a conflict in 1562 a number of Huguenots were massacred at Vassy in France. King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes which ended the Wars of Religion in 1598, but Louis XIV revoked it in 1685. Immigration affected many Huguenots, moving to Europe, including Ireland. (First Broadcast 1985)

This episode is title “Pressed.”In our last episode, we took a look at the French church of the 17th C and considered the contest between the Catholic Jansenists and Jesuits.It's interesting realizing the Jansenists began as a theological movement that looks quite similar to Calvinism. Their theology eventually spilled over into the political realm and undercut the Divine Right of Kings, a European political system that had held sway in for centuries, and reached its apex in France under Louis XIV, granting him the august title of The Sun KingIn this episode, we'll take a look at what happened to the French Protestants, the Huguenots.By the mid 16th century, Huguenots were 10% of the French population. They hoped all France would one day adopt the Reformed Faith. But their hopes were shattered by defeat in nine political and religious wars.You may remember from an earlier episode that Henry IV, a convert to Catholicism from Protestantism, that conversion being a purely pragmatic and political maneuver, granted the Huguenots limited rights in the Edict of Nantes in 1598. Thirty years later, those rights were revoked by the Peace of Alais. Then the fortified Protestant city of La Rochelle surrendered in 1628, ending any hope of France's conversion to Protestantism.For twenty-four years, Louis XIV waged a devastating anti-Protestant campaign. Nearly 700 Reformed churches were closed or torn down. And in 1685, Louis replaced the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau.He ordered uniformed troops called dragoons to move into the Huguenot homes in Protestant centers. These troops were allowed by the king's decree to use whatever means they wanted, short of murder and rape, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism.Some 200,000 Huguenots fled France. They took refuge in Geneva, Prussia, England, and North America. Those refugees were often people of great learning and skill who enriched the intellectual and economic life of their adopted realms.But thousands of Huguenots stayed in France. Many made a show-conversion to Catholicism, while secretly remaining Protestants. They formed an underground church known as the “Church of the Desert.”  From 1684 to 98, twenty Huguenot pastors were hunted and killed.Louis XIV feared the Huguenots because he equated them with the Puritan rebels who'd executed Charles I in England in 1649. Louis was also in competition with the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, for hegemony in Europe. Allowing a large and politically powerful Protestant base in his realm didn't commend Louis as a strong Catholic leader. He already faced criticism for not sending troops to defend Vienna from invading Turks while Leopold had. It was Louis's plan to attack the Turks AFTER they'd taken Vienna! His plan fell apart when the Europeans managed to defeat the enemy before Vienna's walls.Louis' suspicion of the Huguenots seemed justified by the Camisard War of 1702 to 4. They called for “freedom of conscience” and “no taxes.” Protestant prophets predicted a liberation from their oppressors. But the prophets were proven to be of the false variety when the revolt was put down.In 1726, an underground seminary for young men was established in Lausanne, Switzerland. It received financial support from Protestants in Switzerland, England, and the Netherlands. Studies lasted from six months to three years. After that, graduates returned to minister to outlawed churches in France. If captured, they were executed.During the Seven Years War, known in the US as the French and Indian War, French Protestants became the beneficiaries of unofficial toleration. While no friend to Christianity, Voltaire assisted Huguenots by writing a book defending toleration. Finally, in the Edict of Toleration of 1787, Louis XVI gave Huguenots the right to worship.But in the three years BEFORE that, 7000 Huguenots were executed, another 2000 forced to serve in the French Navy, a kind of living death if you know anything about the life of a lowly sailor at that time.After 1760, some Reformed pastors, influenced by Voltaire, moved toward theological liberalism.From the late 17th to late 18th century, what we know as Germany today was a patchwork quilt of over 300 mostly autonomous principalities, kingdoms, electorates, duchies, bishoprics, and other political enclaves. Rarely used, the term “Germany” meant a nebulous region that included many of these regions, much like the term “Europe” refers to a continent with many nations. Germany was just one part of a larger entity known as the Holy Roman Empire. That realm included 1,800 territories. Places like Poland, the Hapsburg Empire, Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Transylvania, and Italy.A Council of Electors, ranging from seven to nine, picked the Holy Roman Emperor.The Emperor's ability to raise armies, collect taxes, and make laws was often hampered by the many groups in the empire that enjoyed a measure of their own sovereignty. The fiction known as the Holy Roman Empire ended under Napoleon.In the 1740s, Frederick the Great, King of Brandenburg-Prussia from the Hohenzollern family and Calvinists since 1613, challenged the Hapsburg's power. At the outset of the War of the Austrian Succession, Frederick's troops seized Silesia and Prussians became THE military power in Europe.In Germany, the leading kingdoms were Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony, the Rhineland Palatinate, Hanover, and Bavaria. Following the principle established by the Peace of Westphalia, the religion of these kingdoms was that of their prince.While Bavaria was staunchly Catholic, Brandenburg-Prussia was Calvinist with strong pietistic leanings. The rest of Germany was Lutheran of the pietist mold. A unified Germany nation would not emerge until the days of the “Iron Chancellor” Otto von Bismarck in the second half of the 19th century.The emergence of Prussia as a great military power in the 18th century impressed their European neighbors. The kingdom's army of some 83,000 ranked fourth in size among the European powers, though its landmass was a tenth of the area and only thirteenth in population. Its rulers promoted a disciplined lifestyle like that of the Pietists as a model for Prussian bureaucrats, military, and nobles (called Junkers). The highly militaristic Frederick III ruled Brandenburg from 1688 to 1713. Being reformed in theology, he encouraged French Huguenots who'd fled France to settle in his kingdom. In 1694, he founded the University of Halle as a Lutheran university. He welcomed Pietists like Jakob Spener and Hermann Francke. In 1698, Francke began teaching theology there. Frederick III made the University of Konigsberg another Pietist center.In his work Pious Desires, published in 1675, Spener, who you'll remember was the founder of Pietism, centered his call for reform of the Church in the faithful teaching and application of Scripture. He called for daily private Bible reading and meditation and the reading of Scripture in small groups.Spener urged that pastoral training schools should not be places for theological wrangling, but as “workshops of the Holy Spirit.” Nor should seminary professors seek glory by authoring lofty tomes filled with showy erudition. They ought instead to be examples of humble service. Spener emphasized the priesthood of ALL believers. Ministers should seek help from laypeople to assist in the task of tending to the needs of a congregation instead of assuming they had to do everything themselves. Spener took this idea from what the Apostle Paul had written in Ephesians 4. As described there, pastors were to equip believers so they could do ministry.At the University of Halle, Hermann Francke insisted that those training for pastoral ministry ought to study Scripture in its original languages of Hebrew and Greek. Francke wrote: “The exegetical reading of Holy Scripture is that which concerns finding and explaining the literal sense intended by the Holy Spirit Himself.”In 1702, Francke founded the Collegium Orientale Theologicum. Advanced students could learn Aramaic, Arabic, Ethiopian, Chaldean, Syriac, and Hebrew.Francke established an orphanage in Halle in 1695. He created schools and businesses including a printing house where orphans could learn a trade. By 1700, Francke's various institutions gained the support of Emperor Frederick III, who valued their contribution in fostering Christian discipline among his students, the Prussian populace, and his soldiers. Francke wanted to make Halle a center for Christian reform and world missions. In anticipation of what George Mueller would later give testimony to, Franke wrote of examples of how he prayed for specific needs and provision came to feed the poor and keep the schools open, sometimes arriving at the last moment. He wrote: “These instances I was willing here to set down so that I might give the reader some idea both of the pressing trials and happy deliverances we have met with; though I am sufficiently convinced that narratives of this kind will seem over-simple and fanciful to the great minds of our age.”On one occasion, Frederick IV, King of Denmark, gave a direct order to his chaplain: “Find me missionaries.” That chaplain asked Francke for help. Francke proposed two students from the University of Halle. The Danish-Halle Mission was launched. On Nov. 29, 1705, Bartholomew Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau set sail for India. Eight months later they arrived. They were dismayed to discover the horrid immorality of the Europeans there. Claiming to be Christians, the Indians assumed all believers in Christ were immoral. There was great resistance to the Gospel at first, but the missionaries' faithfulness eventually softened the hearts of the Hindus. Ziegenbalg translated the Bible into Tamil and set up a school and a missionary college before he died at the age of 36.Christian Schwartz also served as a missionary in India. Johann Steinmetz ministered in Teschen, Silesia, Moravia, and Bohemia. Others took the gospel to Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. Halle missionaries met the physical and spiritual needs of captured Swedish troops who, when they returned to Sweden, spread Pietism in their homeland. Sixty students went forth from the University of Halle as missionaries.The press of the Bible Institute in Halle produced more than 80,000 copies of complete Bibles and another 100,000 copies of the New Testament.In 1713, the Pietitst Frederick William I became king. He not only built up the military, he funded the production of thousands of Bibles so that all his subjects could read it for themselves. When he died in 1727, some 2000 students attended the school in Halle. His orphanage served as a model for George Whitefield's in Savannah, Georgia.We need to do a bit of summarizing now so we can avoid that thing we've talked about before – the reporting of history as a bunch of dates and names. I'll do so by simply saying the Enlightenment that swept France and England, also impacted Germany. The original faculty of the University at Halle would have been shocked to see the way later professors turned away from what they considered orthodoxy.We'll jump ahead to a bit later in the 18th century and the work of Johann Semler considered the Founder of German Higher Criticism.Semler began teaching at Halle in 1751. He'd been a student of professors who merged Enlightenment philosophy with the Faith. For twenty-two years, from 1757 till ‘79, Semler was the most influential of the German theologians. He called for a more liberal investigation of the Bible, one not tethered to long-held orthodox assumptions about the canon of Scripture or its infallibility.Semler held forth that religion and theology ought not be linked. He also set a divide between what he called the “Word of God” and “Scripture.” He maintained that not all the books or passages of the Bible were in truth God's Word and that God's Word wasn't limited to the Bible.He taught that the authors of scripture accommodated their writings to the errant ideas of their times, especially the Jews. Sifting out the authentic Word of God from the mythological, local, fallible, and non-inspired dross in Scripture, by which he meant a belief in the supernatural, was the task of the wise Bible student. Then, once the authentic canon within the Bible was identified, real doctrines would need to be parsed.Astonishingly, Semler claimed his ideas were faithful to the work of Martin Luther, which they most certainly were NOT!The reaction to Semler was mixed. Some scholars supported him because his work opened a lot of wiggle-room that allowed them to accommodate the growing popularity of Enlightenment skepticism. But his critics pounced, accusing him of abandoning the inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible.When Frederick the Great died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II became King of Prussia. He attempted to rein in the growing volume of literature now exposing the German populace to heterodoxy; that is, ideas outside the pale of orthodoxy, by passing an edict calling for censorship of any work about God and morality. Any such work was to be submitted to a government commission of censors for approval.  Several Lutheran pastors resigned in protest, and the main publisher of such works moved his operations out of Berlin. The government feared radical expressions of the German Enlightenment would subvert the faith of the people and their loyalty to the State.In March 1758, Johann Hamann was converted to Christ and became a brilliant counter to the Enlightenment. He pointed out the errors in Kant's philosophy and said the light of the so-called “Enlightenment” was cold, more like the moon, compared to that which comes from the Sun of Christian revelation in Scripture and nature.

Since last week's episode was titled Westward Ho! As we track the expansion of the Faith into the New World with Spain and Portugal's immersion, this week as we turn to the other Europeans we'll title this week's episode, Westward Ho-Ho, because I'm tired of saying Part 2. I know it's lame, but hey, it's my podcast so I'll call it what I want.Before we dive into this week's content, I wanted to say a huge thanks to all those who've left comments on iTunes and the CS FB page.Last week we ended the episode on the expansion of the Faith into the New World by speaking of the Spanish missions on the West Coast. The Spanish were urgent to press north from what would later be called Southern CA because the Russians were advancing south from their base in Alaska. And as any history buff knows, they'd already established a base at San Francisco.Russians weren't the only Old World power feared by Spain. The French had New World possessions in Louisiana and French Jesuits were active in the Mississippi Valley. Some dreamed of a link between French Canada and the South down the Mississippi River. The gifted linguist Father Marquette, sailed south along the Mississippi and attempted a mission among the Illinois Indians. While in Quebec, he'd made himself master of 7 Algonquin languages and gained a mighty reputation as an Indian-style orator. He combined preacher, pastor, explorer and geographer in one. His writings contributed to local knowledge of Indian peoples, culture, and agriculture. As any high school student knows, the French were to lose New Orleans and Western Mississippi to Spain, while Eastern Mississippi went to the British. But French Carmelites, a 16th C branch of the Franciscans known as the Recollects, and the Jesuits accomplished much in French possessions before the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1763. They'd attempted a failed mission to the Sioux. Nevertheless, French Roman Catholic influence remained strong in Canada.As I tell these ultra-bare sketches of mission work among New World Indians, it can easily become just a pedantic recounting of generalized info. A sort of, “Europeans came, Indians were preached to. Churches were planted. Movements happened, some guys died - blah, blah, blah.”Our goal here is to give the history of the Church in short doses. That means, if we're to make any headway against the flow of it all, we have to summarize a LOT. But that works against real interest in the history and what makes the story exciting.It's the individual stories of specific people that make the tale come alive. à Jesuit, Franciscan, and Protestant missionaries; and just ordinary colonists who weren't set on a specific mission but were real-deal born again followers of Jesus who came to the New World to make a new life for themselves and their descendants, and just happened to share their faith with the Native Americans and they got saved and started a whole new chapter in the Jesus story. è THAT'S where the good stuff is.So, let me mention one of these Jesuit missionaries we've been talking about who brought the Gospel to Canadian Indians.Jean de Brébeuf was born to a family of the French nobility and entered the Jesuit order in 1617. He reached Canada 8 yrs later. He learned Algonquin and lived among the Huron for 3 yrs. After being captured by the British, he returned to France but renewed his mission in 1633. He founded an outpost called St Marie Among the Hurons in 1639. The Mission was destroyed by the Iroquois a decade later.Because De Brébeuf was tall and strongly built, he became known as the Gentle Giant. Like the Jesuits in Paraguay we looked at in the last episode, he could see ahead into how European colonists would bring an unstoppable challenge to the Indian way of life and advocated the Hurons withdraw into a secluded missionary settlement in order to preserve their culture. He's an example of the heroic pioneer Jesuit, of which there were many, whose missionary life ended in martyrdom in the field.De Brébeuf stands as a little known, but ought to be lauded, example of the fact that not all Europeans who came to the New World, especially not all missionaries, conflated following Christ with European culture and lifestyle. That's an assumption many moderns have; that it wasn't until the modern era that missionaries figured out people could remain IN their culture and follow Jesus, that they didn't have to become converts to Western Civilization BEFORE they could become Christians. While it has certainly been true that some missions and eras equated the Faith with a particular cultural milieu, throughout history, MOST believers have understood that the True Gospel is trans-cultural, even super-cultural.Many Jesuit missionaries in the New World like De Brébeuf tried to preserve the native American cultures – while filling them with the Gospel. They saw the emerging European colonies as a THREAT to the Indians and wanted to protect them.With the end of the 7 Years War, or as it's known in the US, the French and Indian War, French Canada became a British possession. The Jesuits, on the verge of their being banned from the New World, expanded their work among the Indians to include the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senecas, as well as those Algonquins yet unreached in Quebec. While converts were made among the Iroquois tribes, the majority remained hostile. Among the converts, there was a huge problem with disease introduced by the missionaries themselves, and the influence of alcohol brought by Europeans. Indian physiological tolerance to hard alcohol was low and addiction quick. Jesuit missionaries reached the Hudson Bay area and baptized thousands. Even after the British won Canada and the Jesuit order was suppressed, some remained in Canada as late as 1789.In the far NW, Russians entered Alaska in 1741. Russian Orthodox Christianity had begun on Kodiak Island, just off Alaska, in 1794. By ‘96 thousands of Kodiaks and the population of the Aleutian Islands had been baptized. They met hostility from the Russian American Company but the mission received fresh invigoration by the arrival an Orthodox priest from Siberia named Innocent Veniaminoff.  He reached the Aleutians in the 1820s and mastered the local dialect well enough to translate the Gospel of Matthew and write a devotional tract that became a classic, titled = An Indication of the Pathway into the Kingdom of Heaven. After working among the Aleutians for some years, Veniaminoff served among the Tlingit people. After his wife died, he was appointed bishop of a vast region stretching from Alaska to CA. Between 1840 and 68 he carried out a massive work. Although 40 yrs of missionary service, often in conditions of tremendous physical hardship, left him exhausted and longing to retire, he was appointed Metropolitan of Moscow, a position he used to found the Russian Missionary Society as a means of support for Orthodox missions. His outstanding service was recognized in 1977 by the Orthodox Church of America conferring on him the title of ‘Evangelizer of the Aleuts and Apostle to America.'Alaska was sold to the United States in the 1870s but the Orthodox Synod created an independent bishopric to include Alaska in 1872. By 1900 there were some 10,000 Orthodox Christians in the diocese. Of the 65,000 Alaskan and Aleutian people today, some 70% claim to be Christian and many of these belong to the Orthodox community.The Roman Catholic orders had a great advantage in missions due to their central organizing body called The Sacred Propaganda for the Faith. Today this structure is called the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Nations.In contrast to Roman monastic orders and their missionary zeal, Protestant churches had little missionary vision in the 16th C. When they engaged in missions in the 17th they had no organizing center.French Protestants, led by the Huguenot Admiral Coligny, attempted a short-lived experiment off Rio de Janeiro when Admiral Villegagnon established a Calvinist settlement in 1555. It folded when the French were expelled by the Portuguese. A more permanent Calvinist settlement was made by the Dutch when they captured Pernambuco, a region at the eastern tip of Brazil. This settlement remained a Calvinist enclave for 40 years.North America presented a very different scene for missions than Central and South America. The voyage of the Mayflower with its ‘Pilgrims' in 1620 was a historical pointer to the strong influence of Calvinism in what would become New England. The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire were strongly Congregationalist or Presbyterian in church life and heavily influenced by English Puritanism. At least some of these pioneers felt a responsibility for spreading the Christian faith to the native Americans.John Eliot is regarded as the driving force behind the early evangelization of the Indians. He was the Presbyterian pastor at Roxby, a village near Boston in 1632. He learned the Iroquois language, and like the Jesuits in Paraguay, though surely with no knowledge of their methodology, founded ‘praying towns' for the Indians. These were communities that, over a period of 40 yrs, came to include some 3,000 Christian Indians in Natick and other settlements. Eliot translated the entire Bible into Iroquois by 1663 and trained 24 native American pastors by the time of his death.A remarkable family called The Mayhews were pioneers in missionary work in Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands off Cape Cod. Thomas Mayhew bought the islands in 1641 with an Indian population of around 5,000. His son, Thomas Jr., began a mission and by 1651 200 Indians had come to faith. After the death of Thomas Sr. and Jr., John, youngest son of  Thomas Jr., along with his son Experience Mayhew continued the mission.  Experience had the advantage of fluency in the Indian language with the ability to write it. Zechariah, his son, carried on a tradition that lasted all the way to 1806 and produced many Indian clergy and a Harvard graduate. The ministry of the Mayhews spanned almost 2 centuries.Another New England figure who became a missionary icon to such great spreaders of the faith as William Carey and David Livingstone, was David Brainerd. Brainerd was born in the farming country of Haddam, Connecticut, and studied for the ministry at Yale College, from which he was wrongly expelled in 1741. He impressed the local leadership of the Scottish Society for the Propagation of the Gospel enough for them to employ him for missionary service in 1742. He worked among the Indians of Stockbridge and then, after ordination as a Presbyterian, he worked in western Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. There he experienced genuine religious revival among the Delaware Indians, which he recounted in detail in his journals.Brainerd died young but his diary and the account of his life by the great preacher, theologian, and philosopher, Jonathan Edwards, became immensely influential in the Protestant world. Edwards, also a student at Yale, was himself a missionary at Stockbridge among the Indians from 1750–58.While it's risky to do a diagnosis on someone 270 years later, we glean from David Brainerd's logs that he suffered from at least a mild case of a depression-disorder, and maybe not so mild. It's his honesty in sharing with his journals his emotions that proved to be a tonic to mission-luminaries like Carey and Livingstone.New England Presbyterians and Congregationalists were matched by other Protestants in their efforts among Indians. Episcopalians and the missionary society of the Church of England achieved some success in evangelizing them.Work among the Iroquois of New York was initiated by Governor Lord Bellomont, and a converted Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant, who helped establish a Mohawk church. Queen Anne of England even presented silver communion implements to 4 Mohawk Christians in London in 1704 for use in one of their chapels.In Virginia, the royal charter declared one of the aims of the colony was the conversion of Indians. The first minister of the village of Henrico, Alexander Whitaker, did significant missionary work and introduced the Indian princess, Pocahontas, to the faith.BTW: Pocahontas was her nickname – which translates roughly to “Little Hellion.” Her real name was Matoaka, but she was so precocious as a child her nickname became her favored label.Whitaker established a college at Henrico for the education of Indians and there were appeals for funding for Indian missions back in England by King James I and his archbishops so that 1 of 6 professorships at the College of William and Mary was set apart for teaching Indians.Methodists had the example of John and Charles Wesley when they were Anglican priests and missionaries for the Society of the Proclamation of the Gospel in Georgia from 1735. Though John's primary assignment was a chaplain for the English settlers, he tried to reach out to the Choctaw and Chickasaw. He had little response from the Native Americans. No wonder, since he'd later say he was most likely unconverted at that point.After his break with the Church of England, Wesley's chief lieutenant in the New World was Thomas Coke who became a driving force for Methodist missionary work, attempting a mission in Nova Scotia in 1786 before being re-directed to the West Indies by a storm. Methodist missions came into their own in the 19th C after Coke's death and took the form of frontier preachers and ‘circuit riders' under the direction of Francis Asbury, who traveled some 300,000 miles on horseback in the cause of the Gospel and whose vision included both Indians and black slaves for Methodist outreach. By the time of Asbury's death in 1816 Methodist membership had risen from just 13 to 200,000 over a 30-yr period.The 19th C in North America saw the far north reached by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and Methodists.The 19th C was a time of extraordinary development in North America, despite the ravages of the Civil War in the 1860's. Great numbers of immigrants flooded into the country from Europe, estimated at 33 million between 1820 and 1950. Of British emigrants between 1815 and 1900, 65% found their way to the US. Of African-Americans, whereas only some 12% belonged to a church in 1860, by 1910 that number was 44%. Many joined the Baptist and Methodist congregations of the southern states after the abolition of slavery. In the Nation at large, the extraordinary achievement to any non-American was the blending into one nation of so many different peoples, so that their American citizenship was more prominent than their roots as Italian, Irish, Jewish, German, Scandinavian or English. This influx posed great challenges to the churches but Americans largely became a church-going people. And while differences over Religion had become the cause of so much misery and bloodshed in Post-Reformation Europe, Americans learned to live in civil harmony with people of other denominations.

This episode is titled, “Wars of Religion”In our review of the Reformation, we began with a look at its roots and the long cry for reform heard in the Roman church. We saw its genesis in Germany with Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, its impact on Switzerland with Zwingli and later with the Frenchman John Calvin. John Knox carried it to his native Scotland and Thomas Cranmer led it in England.We've taken a look at the Roman Catholic response in what's called the Counter-Reformation, but probably ought to be labelled the Catholic Reformation. We briefly considered the Council of Trent where the Roman Church affirmed its perspective on many of the issues raised by Protestants and for the first time, a clear line was drawn, marking the differences in doctrine between the two groups. We saw the Jesuits, the learned shock-troops of the Roman Church sent out on both mission and to counter the impact of the Reformation in the regions of Europe being swung toward the Protestant camp.Let's talk a little more about the Catholic Counter-Reformation because Europe is about to plunge into several decades of war due to the differing religious affiliations of its various kingdoms.There were at least four ingredients in the Counter-Reformation.The first concerned the religious orders of the Catholic Church. There was a spiritual renewal within older orders like the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Benedictines. Reform among the Franciscans led to the founding of the Capuchins in 1528. Their energetic work among the Italian peasantry kept them loyal to Rome.Second, new orders sprang up. Groups like the Theatines [Thee a teen] who called both clergy and laity to a godly lifestyle. The Ursulines [Ursa-leens] were an order for women who cared for the sick and poor. And then of course, there were the Jesuits.The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, were the most important of the new orders. Founded in Paris in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola, the order required total obedience of its members for the furtherance of the interests of the Roman church. While there were good and godly Jesuits, men who worked tirelessly to expand the Kingdom of God, there were also some whose motives were less noble. Okay, let's be frank; they were diabolical. Utterly unscrupulous in their methods, they believed it was permissible to do evil if good came of it. They resurrected the Inquisition in the 16th C making it an effective tool in stomping out the Reformation in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium.Jesuits infiltrated government offices and used every means fair or foul to advance the cause of the Rome. Lest Catholic listeners take offense to this, understand that their power became so great and their methods so immoral, the Pope suppressed the order from 1773 to 1814.Also, it should be noted when Ignatius launched the Society, a counterattack on the Reformation was not in view. His ambition was missionary with a keen desire to convert Muslims. The three major goals of the Jesuits were to convert pagans, combat heresy, and promote education. It was their solemn oath to obey the Pope that led to their being used as a tool of the Counter-Reformation.A third aspect of the Counter-Reformation was the Council of Trent. The cardinals elected a Dutch theologian as a reform pope in 1522. He admitted that the problems Rome had with the Lutherans came because of the corruption of the Church, from the papal office down. As was saw a couple episodes ago, in 1536, Pope Paul III appointed a special panel of cardinals to prepare a report on the condition of the Church. That report gave Luther much ammunition for his critique of  Rome. It conceded that Protestantism resulted from the “ambition, avarice, and cupidity” of Catholic bishops.The Roman Church realized it needed to address the issues raised by the Reformers. The Council of Trent was the answer. It met in three main sessions, under the terms of three different popes, from 1545 to 63. Participants came from Italy, Spain, France, and Germany. The Council decided a wide array of issues.In direct response to Lutheran challenges, the Council abolished indulgence-sellers, defined obligations of the clergy, regulated the use of relics, and ordered the restructuring of bishops.The doctrinal work of Trent is summarized in the Tridentine Profession of Faith, which championed Roman Catholic dogma and provided a theological response to Protestants. Trent rejected justification by faith alone and promoted the necessity of meritorious works as necessary for salvation. It validated the seven sacraments as bestowing merit on believers and their necessity for salvation. It affirmed the value of tradition as a basis of authority alongside the Bible. It approved the canonicity of the apocryphal books of the Old Testament; made official the existence of purgatory; the value of images, relics, indulgences, the invocation of saints; and the importance of confession to a priest. It also defined more specifically the sacrificial aspects of the mass and decided that only the bread should be distributed to the laity.The Tridentine statement made reconciliation with Protestantism impossible.The Council's work constituted a statement of faith by which true Roman Catholics could determine their orthodoxy. No such comprehensive statement existed before. If it had, perhaps the force of the Reformation would have been blunted in some places. What the Council of Trent did, in effect, was to make official dogmas of the Church the various positions Luther had challenged in his break with Rome.A fourth aspect of the Counter-Reformation was a new and vigorous kind of spirituality that bloomed in a remarkable series of writings and movements. Some devotional books from this movement, such as the Imitation of Christ by Thomas a'Kempis and the Spiritual Exercises by Loyola, have received proper attention, but most of have not.This new kind of devout life was characterized by a systemic examination of conscience, prayer, contemplation, and spiritual direction. Its roots lay in the Middle Ages with groups like the Carthusians, who put great emphasis on the contemplative life. It was these works that fueled the calls for reform in the Roman Church before Luther arrived on the scene. They were the reading material of groups like the Brethren of the Common Life and The Oratory of Divine Love which provided many of the best church leaders in the years leading up to the 16th C.The Reformation sparked a series of religious wars across Europe. The last of these was the Thirty Years' War, which last from 1618–48.As we saw in a previous episode, the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 put Lutheranism on a legal basis with Roman Catholicism in Germany. The prince of a region determined the religion in his territory; dissenters could immigrate to another territory if they wanted to.Now, that may seem obvious to highly mobile moderns like many listening to this, but it wasn't for people at that time. Due to feudal rules, people weren't allowed to move without consent of their ruler. The Peace of Augsburg marked a significant change in commoners' mobility. To preserve Catholic domination of southern Germany, the agreement mandated that Catholic rulers who became Lutherans had to surrender rule. The agreement left out Calvinists, Anabaptists, and other Protestants. So for many, Augsburg solved nothing.Beginning in Bohemia, the Thirty Years' War ravaged Central Europe and Germany and involved all the major European powers. The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the war in 1648, resulted from long and complicated negotiations. France and Sweden gained large amounts of territory, and German princes gained greater power and influence at the expense of the Emperor. The treaty finally recognized Calvinism, along with Lutheranism and Catholicism, as legal religions and permitted each ruler to determine the religion of his state.The effects of the War were devastating for Christianity as a whole. Religious issues were increasingly treated with indifference by political leaders. Secular, self-serving matters were now the chief concerns of the growing uber-worldly nation-states. The barbarity and brutality of the war left many questioning the Christian Message. How could a Faith that produced such atrocities be true? Doctrine took a backseat to doubt. Faith was met with skepticism. All this coming at the dawn of, and no doubt hastening, The Age of Reason.In reply to those who criticize Christianity for the wars fought at that time, it ought to be recognized that in every case; political, economic, and social considerations were as important as the religious, if not more. Much of the time, there was no real struggle between Roman Catholics and Protestants. And on some fronts of the war, BOTH Catholics and Protestants fought alongside each other as comrades because their conflict was political rather than religious. We call this period the “Wars of Religion,” but in truth it was rarely religion that sparked or drove the conflict; it was political and economic, hiding behind a mask of religion because that tends to stir the people actually doing the fighting better than some prince wanting more land.Nine times out of ten, if you want to know the real cause of something, follow the money.We turn now to the impact of the Reformation on France and one example of how tragic things can turn – ostensibly, because of religion, but really because of politics.As the 16th C wore on, the Roman church in France fell into a progressively deplorable condition. The Concordat of Bologna in 1516 gave King Francis I the right to appoint the ten archbishops, thirty-eight bishops, and 527 heads of religious houses in France. That meant the Church became part of a vast patronage system, and individuals won positions in the Church not for ability or religious zeal but for service to the crown. Simony & bribery was de-rigor.Conditions became genuinely bad. Literacy among priests dropped to a mere ten-percent. Since the king was head of the French Church, and he depended on its patronage system for income, we see why Francis I and Henry II were so zealous in their persecution of French Protestants. They couldn't afford to permit the system to crumble. They certainly weren't zealous for Catholicism except as a tool to achieve their political ambitions.The French Protestant movement was stoked by what was happening in Geneva in Switzerland under Farel and Calvin. The French Bible, Calvin's Institutes, and numerous other Protestant publications fueled the movement. So naturally, the most literate element of the population was won over. Converts were numerous at the universities and among lawyers and other professionals, the merchant class and artisans, lower clergy, friars, and the lesser nobility. The illiterate peasantry was hardly touched and remained firmly Catholic.Politics and economics played into the mix. The Middle-class and lower nobility of France were tired of King Francis' imperial ambitions, funded on their backs. They were urged into the Protestant cause out of a desire to get rid of the King. It's estimated that two-fifths of all nobles joined the French Protestant cause.  Few of them were authentically converted but sought to use the Protestant movement to weaken the trend toward King Francis' oppressive version of royal absolutism.In spite of persecution, Protestants increased rapidly. At the beginning of the reign of Henry II in 1547 they numbered over 400,000. By the end of his reign in 1561 they were known as Huguenots and numbered 2 million; ten-percent of the population. The Presbyterian system of church government gave organization and discipline to the Huguenot movement.In order to understand the course of events the French Reformation took and see why it became embroiled in civil war, it's necessary to look at the political and social conditions of the times.First, that many of the younger nobility joined Protestant ranks is of great significance. Accustomed to carrying swords, they became protectors of Huguenot congregations during troubled times. They often protected church meetings against hostile bands of Catholic ruffians.Second, and this is key; there were four major groups of nobility vying for the rule in France.The ruling house with a tenuous grip on the throne was the Valois.The Bourbons of Western France were next in line should the Valois falter. Their leadership were decided Huguenots.The powerful Guises [Guy-zuhz], were equally committed Roman Catholics with extensive holdings in the East.The Montmorencys controlled the center of France; their leadership divided evenly between Huguenots and Catholics.Third, when Henry II died, he left three sons all dominated by his queen, Catherine de Medici. She was determined to maintain personal control and advance the power of her government. She was opposed by many of the nobility jealous of their rights and wanted to restrict the power of the monarchy.Fourth, as the likelihood of civil war in France percolated, the English and Spanish sent aid to their factions to serve their respective interests.Such animosities provided the tinder to ignite armed conflict. Eight wars were fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants in France. Leading the Protestants early in the conflict was Gaspard de Coligny. But he lost his life along with some 15 to 20,000 Huguenots in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, in August, 1572. After that, Henry of Navarre, of the Bourbon family, led the Protestants. His maneuvers were successful, and eventually, with the death of others in the royal line, he became heir to the French throne. Because he didn't have enough strength to complete his conquest, he converted to Catholicism and won the crown as Henry IV. Judging from his conduct, Henry's religious principles sat his shoulders rather lightly. His switch to the Roman Church was for purely political reasons. Most likely he simply sought to turn off the blood bath drenching France.In 1598, Henry published the Edict of Nantes, a grant of toleration for the Huguenots. It guaranteed them the right to hold public office, freedom of worship in most areas of France, the privilege of educating their children in other than Roman Catholic schools, and free access to universities and hospitals. The edict was the first significant recognition of the rights of a religious minority in an otherwise intolerant age. Though the Huguenots enjoyed a period of great prosperity after that, King Louis XIV revoked the edict in 1685. Thousands were driven into exile, to the benefit of England, Holland, Prussia, and America where they fled for refuge.