Podcasts about Sibir

I kveldens LIVE-sending av Dagsorden har Lise Sørensen og Hans Rustad med seg Alf R. Jacobsen for å diskutere Ukrainas angrep dypt inn i Russland.Ett av droneangrepene traff en militærenhet i Sibir, over 4000 kilometer fra frontlinjen. Angrepet kan markere et nytt og farlig kapittel i krigen. Samtidig rystes Europa av opptøyer, og over én million muslimer i Tyskland viser tegn til radikalisering.

Journée Mondiale de la Sécurité et de la Santé au Travail «zordi bann travayer sibir plis violens psychik ki violens physik» souligne Reaz Chuttoo by TOPFM MAURITIUS

Velkommen til avslutningen på galskapen. Deltagerne som er igjen har nå kommet seg til Vladivostok. Å kjøre igjennom Sibir blir selvsagt ikke noe problem. Spesielt ikke når russerne advarer dem mot myr, gjørme, banditter og mygg..I denne miniserien i tre deler forteller Christian denne historien til sin venn Helge Svendsen. Helge skal bli vitne til en rekke interessante karakterer (bla en nordmann som visstnok seilte til nordpolen alene i et vikingskip), storstilt juksing, snø, myr, enda mer myr, og alt i alt tidenes mest unødvendige bilrace.Skrevet og produsert av Christian Konglund.Gjest var Helge Svendsen.Musikk og lyd fra Soundly og Christian Konglund. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Kultūros publikacijų spaudoje apžvalga.Nacionaliniame Kauno dramos teatre – Gintaro Varno premjera pagal lenkų dramaturgo Tadeuszo Różewicziaus pjesę „Kartoteka“.Vilniuje prasideda žaidimų Kultūros paroda ir konferencija „GameOn“.Elžbieta Banytė apžvelgia Cormac McCarthy romaną „Kraujo meridianas arba Saulėlydžio gaisai Vakaruose“ ir Joseph Campbell „Deivės. Dieviškojo moteriškumo paslaptys“.Tokijuje, valstybiniame Kareivių, Sibiro kalinių ir pokario repatriantų atminimo muziejuje, atidaryta Lietuvos nacionalinio muziejaus paroda „Išgyventi Sibirą: lietuvių tremties istorija“.Medijų rėmimo fondas paskelbė konkursus 2025- ųjų metų finansavimui gauti, tačiau šiame konkurse dalyvauti negalės keli Lietuvoje anglų kalba leidžiami. Kodėl susiklostė tokia situacija?Šeštadienį ir sekmadienį Nacionalinėje dailės galerijoje vyks jau nebe pirmą kartą organizuojamas Fotografijos savaitgalis.Vokietijoje vyksta 76- oji Frankfurto knygų mugė.Ved.Marius Eidukonis

Fra James Bay til Nome – med Steffen SkjøttelvikMed Lars Monsen og Jens Kvernmo som forbilder, har Steffen Skjøttelvik lagt ut på en reise som skal ta han fra James Bay i Canada til Nome i Alaska.Turen fra James Bay i Canada til Nome i Alaska er egentlig en «reserveløsning» for Steffen Skjøttelvik (28) fra Hurum. Planen var egentlig å gå fra nord i Norge via Russland og Sibir og over Beringstredet til Alaska. Russlands innovasjon i Ukraina satte en effektiv stopper for de planene.Hør hvordan det har gått så langt med Steffen Skjøttelvik i Canada:SpotifyPodkaster for iPhoneLærer av urbefolkningenEtter turstart i James Bay i fjor høst, har Steffen i vinter oppholdt seg i landsbyen Peawanuk. Der har han fått bo og jakte med urbefolkningen. Landsbyen er liten og har ikke vinterveier. Deler av året har han bodd på en øy i elva som renner forbi. Der har både han og hundene hatt et fritt liv.– Hundene har lært seg å finne mat på egen hånd. De har funnet død, halvfrossen fisk og en og annen karibu. På øya har hundene kunnet løpe fritt uten at jeg har måtte bekymre meg for ulv, forteller Steffen.Dramatisk isbjørnmøteCanada har en stor stamme svartbjørn, men disse er ifølge Skjøttelvik ikke så farlige – som regel bare nysgjerrige – og de er enkle å skremme bort.Verre er det med isbjørn. Den kan være tallrik på Hudson Bay – og kan trekke så langt sør som til James Bay, helt sør i Hudsonbukta.– Isbjørnen har også begynt å trekke langt inn i landet uten at man helt vet hvorfor, forteller Steffen, som spekulerer i om mindre is og klimaendringer kan være en årsak.I denne episoden får du blant annet høre om et isbjørnbesøk i landsbyen. Etter et kort tur innom vårt podkaststudio nå i sommer, er Steffen igjen på plass i Peawanuk. Der skal han ut på en lengre tur nedover elva i påvente av at snøen og isen igjen legger seg og gjør det mulig å ta seg fram med hunder og slede videre vestover.Ønsker du å støtte Steffen, kan du gjøre det via hans Patreon side.HØR OGSÅ: 21 smarte tips til fjellturenLev livet villere!Følg oss gjerne på Facebook!Støtt gjerne Podkasten Villmarksliv ved å abonner på Villmarksliv, Jakt eller Alt om fiske.Få unikt innhold: Meld deg på vårt nyhetsbrev med innhold fra Villmarksliv, Alt om Fiske og Jakt! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Ils sont quelques centaines de civils russes à combattre parmi des milliers d'Ukrainiens sur la ligne de front, parfois depuis des années, parfois depuis quelques mois, ayant décidé de se battre auprès des Ukrainiens contre Moscou. Au sein du bataillon sibérien (Sibir), crée en 2023, on retrouve des anti-impérialistes de tous horizons, des Russes slaves et issus des groupes ethniques de l'est du pays. Peu soutenus, voire ignorés par l'opposition russe en Occident, ils sont pourtant les seuls à se ranger clairement du côté de Kyiv dans ce qui est pour eux une guerre contre tout un système d'oppression dont ils sont issus et qu'ils entendent combattre. De notre correspondante en Ukraine,Certains reviennent de Belgorod, où ils ont participé aux premières incursions en territoire russe au mois de mars dernier, d'autres de la péninsule de Kinburn dans le sud de l'Ukraine, où avec d'autres soldats, ils ont participé à des offensives cet été… Mais ces soldats, qui se battent du côté ukrainien, ont la particularité d'être des citoyens de la Fédération de Russie, contre laquelle ils guerroient. Ils font partie du bataillon sibérien (Sibir) et bien que leurs horizons soient divers, ils partagent la conviction qu'il leur fallait prendre les armes contre leur propre pays.« Nous ne sommes encore que quelques-uns, mais nous avons fait notre choix, clame haut et fort Walther, une cinquantaine d'années, qui a rejoint le bataillon à l'automne 2023. Le bataillon sibérien et d'autres unités militaires composées de citoyens de la Fédération de Russie ont choisi leurs armes. Et j'exhorte tous ceux qui détestent le régime de Poutine à apporter leur aide et à y participer. »Blessé lors de la bataille d'Avdiivka, Walther déplore la trop grande complaisance de l'occident envers Moscou dès l'invasion de la Géorgie : « Si, en 2008, tous les politiques européens avaient agi de manière uni et avaient introduit au moins un dixième des sanctions contre la Russie introduites après le 24 février, je pense que ni 2014 ni 2022 n'auraient eu lieu. Le rat aurait été arrêté au tout début de son voyage. Malheureusement, l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale hitlérienne s'est répétée », se désole-t-il.Maloy, une vingtaine d'années, fait partie des jeunes recrues du bataillon. Il est originaire de la République de Bachkirie et a déjà participé à plusieurs opérations, dont les incursions de Belgorod aux côtés de deux autres formations de soldats russes en Ukraine. C'était en mars dernier, bien avant l'opération de Kursk. « L'opération s'est avérée beaucoup plus compliquée que prévu initialement, mais elle a réussi : car les pertes russes ont été assez importantes : la brigade adverse qui se trouvait dans notre direction a perdu environ la moitié de ses officiers. »Ce soutien de quelques Russes à la défense ukrainienne est loin d'être anodin : pour bien des recrues du bataillon sibérien, il appuie leurs propres aspirations d'indépendance, celles des minorités de la Fédération de Russie, comme les Bachkirs, mais les Bouriates ou encore les Yakoutes.« Le seul pays qui peut nous aider à libérer notre république est l'Ukraine »Aux côtés de Walther et Maloy, on retrouve Kypchak, lui aussi Bashkir. Âgé d'une quarantaine d'années, il a quitté la Russie et sa profession libérale au moment de l'invasion à grande échelle – pour lui, soutenir le combat des Ukrainiens signifie aussi appuyer la libération de son propre peuple. « L'une de mes motivations pour venir ici et aider l'Ukraine à résister à l'agression russe est précisément la compréhension que nous ne pouvons combattre le régime qu'en soutenant d'autres peuples, affirme-t-il. Autrement dit, l'exemple de la Tchétchénie montre qu'une seule république n'est pas capable de combattre Moscou. Aujourd'hui, la situation est telle que, peut-être, le seul pays qui peut nous aider à libérer notre république est l'Ukraine. Finalement, notre objectif est assez égoïste : en aidant l'Ukraine, nous espérons qu'à l'avenir, avec le soutien de pays pour ainsi dire civilisés, nous pourrons libérer nos républiques. »Tous les mois, de nouvelles recrues arrivent en Ukraine – une vingtaine environ – après un long processus de recrutement, les Russes jugés aptes et dignes de confiance embarquent pour une formation aux techniques de combat. « On voit les jeunes communiquer avec leurs frères d'armes plus âgés, ceux-ci leur disent ce qu'est la guerre, que c'est moche, que ça fait peur, que la mort fait peur, confie Batya, un vétéran ukrainien parmi leurs formateurs. Mais leur motivation ne baisse pas, ils veulent se battre, s'entraîner de manière tout à fait consciente, se préparer. La génération précédente leur dit à quoi faire attention, et nous, nous leur donnons des compétences tactiques ».Chaque mois, le bataillon sibérien s'étoffe – pour Walther c'est aussi une question d'honneur pour ceux des Russes qui se disent opposés au régime du Kremlin : « Il existe une expression : "le collier d'un esclave est toujours plus léger que l'armure d'un guerrier". Mais même si je meurs, je saurai que je n'ai pas vécu cette vie en vain. Je mourrai pour une juste cause. Vous avez une chance de devenir humain et de vous regarder dans le miroir sans honte. Pensez à la façon dont vos enfants grandiront et à ce qu'ils vous diront : Papa, maman, où étiez-vous à ce moment ? »À écouter aussiOffensive ukrainienne en Russie : quel objectif stratégique ?

Ils sont quelques centaines de civils russes à combattre parmi des milliers d'Ukrainiens sur la ligne de front, parfois depuis des années, parfois depuis quelques mois, ayant décidé de se battre auprès des Ukrainiens contre Moscou. Au sein du bataillon sibérien (Sibir), crée en 2023, on retrouve des anti-impérialistes de tous horizons, des Russes slaves et issus des groupes ethniques de l'est du pays. Peu soutenus, voire ignorés par l'opposition russe en Occident, ils sont pourtant les seuls à se ranger clairement du côté de Kyiv dans ce qui est pour eux une guerre contre tout un système d'oppression dont ils sont issus et qu'ils entendent combattre. De notre correspondante en Ukraine,Certains reviennent de Belgorod, où ils ont participé aux premières incursions en territoire russe au mois de mars dernier, d'autres de la péninsule de Kinburn dans le sud de l'Ukraine, où avec d'autres soldats, ils ont participé à des offensives cet été… Mais ces soldats, qui se battent du côté ukrainien, ont la particularité d'être des citoyens de la Fédération de Russie, contre laquelle ils guerroient. Ils font partie du bataillon sibérien (Sibir) et bien que leurs horizons soient divers, ils partagent la conviction qu'il leur fallait prendre les armes contre leur propre pays.« Nous ne sommes encore que quelques-uns, mais nous avons fait notre choix, clame haut et fort Walther, une cinquantaine d'années, qui a rejoint le bataillon à l'automne 2023. Le bataillon sibérien et d'autres unités militaires composées de citoyens de la Fédération de Russie ont choisi leurs armes. Et j'exhorte tous ceux qui détestent le régime de Poutine à apporter leur aide et à y participer. »Blessé lors de la bataille d'Avdiivka, Walther déplore la trop grande complaisance de l'occident envers Moscou dès l'invasion de la Géorgie : « Si, en 2008, tous les politiques européens avaient agi de manière uni et avaient introduit au moins un dixième des sanctions contre la Russie introduites après le 24 février, je pense que ni 2014 ni 2022 n'auraient eu lieu. Le rat aurait été arrêté au tout début de son voyage. Malheureusement, l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale hitlérienne s'est répétée », se désole-t-il.Maloy, une vingtaine d'années, fait partie des jeunes recrues du bataillon. Il est originaire de la République de Bachkirie et a déjà participé à plusieurs opérations, dont les incursions de Belgorod aux côtés de deux autres formations de soldats russes en Ukraine. C'était en mars dernier, bien avant l'opération de Kursk. « L'opération s'est avérée beaucoup plus compliquée que prévu initialement, mais elle a réussi : car les pertes russes ont été assez importantes : la brigade adverse qui se trouvait dans notre direction a perdu environ la moitié de ses officiers. »Ce soutien de quelques Russes à la défense ukrainienne est loin d'être anodin : pour bien des recrues du bataillon sibérien, il appuie leurs propres aspirations d'indépendance, celles des minorités de la Fédération de Russie, comme les Bachkirs, mais les Bouriates ou encore les Yakoutes.« Le seul pays qui peut nous aider à libérer notre république est l'Ukraine »Aux côtés de Walther et Maloy, on retrouve Kypchak, lui aussi Bashkir. Âgé d'une quarantaine d'années, il a quitté la Russie et sa profession libérale au moment de l'invasion à grande échelle – pour lui, soutenir le combat des Ukrainiens signifie aussi appuyer la libération de son propre peuple. « L'une de mes motivations pour venir ici et aider l'Ukraine à résister à l'agression russe est précisément la compréhension que nous ne pouvons combattre le régime qu'en soutenant d'autres peuples, affirme-t-il. Autrement dit, l'exemple de la Tchétchénie montre qu'une seule république n'est pas capable de combattre Moscou. Aujourd'hui, la situation est telle que, peut-être, le seul pays qui peut nous aider à libérer notre république est l'Ukraine. Finalement, notre objectif est assez égoïste : en aidant l'Ukraine, nous espérons qu'à l'avenir, avec le soutien de pays pour ainsi dire civilisés, nous pourrons libérer nos républiques. »Tous les mois, de nouvelles recrues arrivent en Ukraine – une vingtaine environ – après un long processus de recrutement, les Russes jugés aptes et dignes de confiance embarquent pour une formation aux techniques de combat. « On voit les jeunes communiquer avec leurs frères d'armes plus âgés, ceux-ci leur disent ce qu'est la guerre, que c'est moche, que ça fait peur, que la mort fait peur, confie Batya, un vétéran ukrainien parmi leurs formateurs. Mais leur motivation ne baisse pas, ils veulent se battre, s'entraîner de manière tout à fait consciente, se préparer. La génération précédente leur dit à quoi faire attention, et nous, nous leur donnons des compétences tactiques ».Chaque mois, le bataillon sibérien s'étoffe – pour Walther c'est aussi une question d'honneur pour ceux des Russes qui se disent opposés au régime du Kremlin : « Il existe une expression : "le collier d'un esclave est toujours plus léger que l'armure d'un guerrier". Mais même si je meurs, je saurai que je n'ai pas vécu cette vie en vain. Je mourrai pour une juste cause. Vous avez une chance de devenir humain et de vous regarder dans le miroir sans honte. Pensez à la façon dont vos enfants grandiront et à ce qu'ils vous diront : Papa, maman, où étiez-vous à ce moment ? »À écouter aussiOffensive ukrainienne en Russie : quel objectif stratégique ?

Последний трек от Доры был аж в октябре 23ого. Непорядок.

Birželio 14-ąją, Gedulo ir vilties dieną, LRT radijo eteryje – pasakojimų ciklo „Stipresni už Sibirą“ apibendrinimas. Jo autorės Giedrė Čiužaitė ir Živilė Kropaitė dalinasi tinklalaides papildančiomis politinių kalinių ir tremtinių istorijomis, ekspertų įžvalgomis ir pasakojimų kūrimo užkulisiais.Visą pasakojimų ciklą rasite LRT radiotekoje: https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/audio/stipresni-uz-sibira

Rubrikoje „4 milijonai“ – beveik 10-metį Prancūzijoje gyvenanti, septynis vaikus turinti gydytoja psichoterapeutė Aurima Dilienė.Tinklalaidėje "Stipresni už Sibirą" - apie tremčių istorinės atminties saugojimą.Žaibai: vasarą jų itin padaugėja, o neseniai sinoptikai fiksavo apie 10 tūkstančių žaibo išlydžių per dieną.Nauja radijo laida „Sugyvenimai“, kuriai autoriai Rasa Pangonytė ir Aurimas Račiukaitis rengia pasakojimus apie žmones, prisidedančius prie augintinių gerovės.Ved. Ignas Andriukevičius

Rubrikoje „4 milijonai“ – keliautojai Andrius ir Silvija, save vadinantys klajokliais. Jau kurį laiką pora gyvena skirtingose pasaulio vietose: nuo Vokietijos ar Italijos, iki Tailando, Nepalo ar Zanzibaro.Živilės Kropaitės ir Giedrės Čiužaitės rengiama tinklalaidė "Stipresni už Sibirą" šį kartą - apie grįžimo iš tremties procesą. Mokslininkai sako, kad jis dar per mažai tyrinėtas.Bitininkai jau ima pirmąjį pavasarinį medaus derlių ir mano, kad šis sezonas bus gausus medumi.Būdai, kaip vėsintis kaitriomis dienomis ir kaip namuose nesijausti lyg šiltnamyje, neturint oro kondicionieriaus.10–12. Ved. Ignas Andriukevičius

Norvegijos regione Rogalande veikia itin stipri lietuvių bendruomenė. Čia įkurti ir lietuvių namai, veiklą vykdo ir lietuvių liaudies šokių kolektyvas„Jorė“.Rogalando lietuvių šokių kolektyvo „Jorė“ vadovė Ineta Trepekūnė. Tinklalaidėje „Stipresni už Sibirą“ - apie tremtinių laiškus į Lietuvą.Ryškėjant Saulei daugelis pradeda galvoti apie apsaugą nuo jos spindulių. Retas žmogus į paplūdimį ateina be kremo, tačiau specialistų nuomonės jo atžvilgiu išsiskiria. Ar nuo saulės saugo tik specialūs kremai?Ved. Paulius Selezniovas

Solcano le acque congelate di mari, fiumi e laghi e ne rompono la crosta di ghiaccio grazie alla potenza fornita da piccoli reattori nucleari detti SMR: stiamo parlando delle navi rompighiaccio a propulsione nucleare, una speciale tipologia di rompighiaccio dotata di una autonomia maggiore rispetto a quelle tradizionali. La Russia è l'unico Paese che possiede queste straordinarie imbarcazioni capaci di navigare nel Mar Glaciale Artico. Secondo i dati del 2022, la flotta russa attualmente comprende 6 rompighiaccio a propulsione nucleare: l'Arktika, la Sibir, Yamal, la 50 Let Pobedy, la Taymyr e la Vaygach. Ma a cosa servono esattamente? E come funzionano? In questo episodio analizziamo il funzionamento delle navi rompighiaccio a propulsione nucleare, gli spazzaneve dei mari.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sakartvele ir toliau nerimsta protestai. Šalies parlamentui priėmus vadinamąjį užsienio agentų įstatymą, sostinės Tbilisio gatvėse besiburiantys kartvelai reikalauja valdančiųjų nustoti gręžiotis į rytus ir kurti vakarietišką demokratiją. Pokalbis su Sakartvele gyvenančia lietuve, dalyvaujančia protestuose.Giedrės Čiužaitės ir Živilės Kropaitės tinklalaidė „Stipresni už Sibirą“ šį kartą - apie sovietų represijas patyrusių žmonių santykį su gamta.Ar parduotuvėje rinkdamiesi prekes, kreipiate dėmesį į jų pakuotę? Ar tikrai pakuotė iš popieriaus – visada tvaresnis pasirinkimas? Apie pakuočių „žalumo“ tendencijas ir vis dar kylančius iššūkius, diskusija su klausytojais ir ekspertais.Vilniuje Verkių parke archeologai aptiko 13-14-to amžių moterų kapus. Specialistų teigimu, nauji archeologiniai radiniai gali atskleisti daugiau detalių apie krikščioniškąją Lietuvos istoriją. Justės Urbonaitės pasakojimas.„Auksinio proto“ atrankos žaidimas.Ved. Darius Matas

Keturių milijonų rubrikoje pokalbis su Lina Malakauskaite, dešimt metų gyvenusia Rygoje. Buvusi pilotė pakeitė darbą ir apsigyveno lietuviškame pajūryje.Kiek vėliau kolegių Giedrės Čiužaitės ir Živilės Kropaitės tinklalaidė „Stipresni už Sibirą“.Antrą laidos valandą – apie keturių dienų darbo savaitę. Valstybinė darbo inspekcija pastebi, kad daugėja užklausų dėl tokio darbo laiko planavimo. Ar tai tikrai suteiktų daugiau poilsio?Paskutinį laidos pusvalandį - apie sveiką judesį. Kaip pradėti judėti, kaip būti fiziškai aktyviems - patarimais pasidalins kūno kultūros treneris.Ved. Urtė Korsakovaitė

Keturių milijonų rubrikoje pokalbis su Renata Gaidiene, gyvenančia Singapūre. Koks tas Singapūras ir kiek jame lietuvybės?Kiek vėliau tinklaidė „Stipresni už Sibirą“ apie vaikystę ir jaunystę Sibire.Kiek klimato kaita keičia mūsų mitybos racioną ir kaip prie to prisitaiko mūsų kūnai?Ved. Urtė Korsakovaitė

Keturių milijonų rubrikoje pokalbis su Martynu Pilkiu, grįžusiu iš Šveicarijos. Girdėsite apie finansų technologijas ir Martyno patirtį Jungtinėse Valstijose bei Europoje.Tinklalaidė „Stipresni už Sibirą“.Antrą laidos valandą – LRT ieško sprendimų diskusija apie lošimus. 8 iš 10 Lietuvos gyventojų pritaria visiškam lošimų reklamos uždraudimui.Ved. Urtė Korsakovaitė

Keturių milijonų rubrikoje pokalbis ne su užsienyje gyvenančiu lietuviu, bet su daug keliaujančiu tautiečių - aplankiusiu šimtą šalių - Žydrūnu Preikša.Nauja tinklalaidė „Stipresni už Sibirą“.Lietuviai vieni mažiausiai linkę aukoti pinigų ar savanoriauti. Tą rodo kasmet atliekamas tarptautinis dosnumo indeksas. Kiek esame linkę padėti kitiems kalbėsime su ekspertais.Ved. Urtė Korsakovaitė

Denne episoden, som ble spilt inn live på Revir i Oslo, er en 100-årsmarkering for Roald Amundsens mest kaotiske år. Et år hvor han nådde bunnpunktet, men også la grunnlaget for å gjenoppstå som nasjonalhelt.I 1924 måtte Amundsen gi opp forsøket på å drive over Polhavet med skuta Maud, han brøt forholdet til broren Leon som i mange år hadde styrt hans forretninger, sendte tilbake to jenter han hadde tatt med seg fra Sibir og gikk til slutt personlig konkurs.Men året bar også i seg et vendepunkt, for et tilfeldig møte under en foredragsturne i USA åpnet muligheten for et nytt fremstøt mot Nordpolen. Denne gangen skulle han ikke kjempe seg frem over isen, men se ned på den fra lufta. Det ble starten på den kanskje mest dramatiske av alle Amundsens ekspedisjoner.Med Amundsen-guruene Tor Bomann-Larsen og Anders Bache på laget ble dette en festaften og et dypdykk – både i Amundsens handlinger og personlighet.Episoden ble spilt inn live på Revir i Oslo. Om du bruker rabattkoden 4QP5EDLIVE20 vil det gi deg 20 % rabatt på Revirs egne produkter om du handler før 1. mars.Bestill episode 200 Bli med i turlaget på PatreonBesøk min kommersielle samarbeidspartner Barents Outdoor AS Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

S4E1 | Kyrre Hagen | Down under«Fjerde eller femte Julen jeg tilbringer på to hjul»  Kyrre Hagen har tilbragt flere uker i Australia og ha i skrivere stund tatt turen over til New Sealand.Som skribent i MC-Avisa/Bike har Kyrre kjørt tusenvis av kilometer i tjeneste for MC-folket, og hvem ville vel ikke ha gjort det. Men den beste tiden å gjøre det på er vel også nå, når sprengkulde fra Sibir har lagt sin svøpe over vårt ganske land.Bli med å hør hvordan den utskremte medarbeideren takler grusomme skapninger som krokodiller, øgler og giftige slanger, eller de karakteristiske øyboerne han møter underveis.En ting er sikkert! Australia har aldri lokket mer enn etter denne samtalen. Husk å følge Kyrre Hagen på Facebook for å se flotte bilder og reiseskildringer fra turen.  Link her

Skiskyting blir en milliardindustri med Anders Besseberg som president. Hva skjer når en mektig russer utfordrer til maktkamp og inviterer på bjørnejakt i Sibir? Hør hele serien hos Podme. Ansvarlig redaktør Gard Steiro.

Skiskyting blir en milliardindustri med Anders Besseberg som president. Hva skjer når en mektig russer utfordrer til maktkamp og inviterer på bjørnejakt i Sibir? Hør hele serien hos Podme. Ansvarlig redaktør Gard Steiro.

Erst einmal ein riesen Kompliment an Euch! Denn: Eigentlich wollte ich diesen Podcast ja im Sommer beenden. Doch weil ich so viele liebe Mails von Euch bekommen habe, geht "Nachts im Buchladen" nun doch weiter. Also: 1000 Dank für Eure Motivation! Margret Holota von der Buchhandlung Holota aus Hamm präsentiert Euch in dieser Folge ihre Lieblings-Biografien für den Herbst. Und zwar: "Steinhammer" von Jörg Thadeusz "Ein Hof unf elf Geschwister" von Ewald Frie "Das Licht im Rücken" von Sandra Lüpkes und "Sibir" von Sabrina Janesch. Hört selbst!

Sabrina Janesch wurde 1985 geboren und ist im niedersächsischen Gifhorn aufgewachsen. Mit ihrem Debütroman "Katzenberge" schaffte sie 2011 den literarischen Durchbruch und wurde dafür gleich mit mehreren Preisen ausgezeichnet: Mara-Cassens-Preis, Nicolas-Born-Förderpreis oder Anna Seghers-Preis. Und auch mit ihrem jüngsten Roman "Sibir" eroberte sie wieder die Feuilletons. Josef Ambacher heißt der Protagonist in "Sibir". Mit seiner Familie wird er nach Kriegsende aus dem besetzten Polen nach Kasachstan verschleppt. Schon auf dem Transport verhungert Josefs kleiner Bruder. Die Mutter verschwindet, unauffindbar. Sabrina Janesch spiegelt in ihrem Roman die Geschichte ihrer Figur Josef Ambacher mit der Geschichte ihres Vaters. Sie ist an den Ort des Geschehens gefahren, war in Kasachstan, hat das Dorf aufgesucht, in dem ihr Vater aufgewachsen ist. Tief hat sie sich in Erinnerungsmuster und Traumata hineinbegeben. Mit großer poetischer Kraft schlägt Sabrina Janesch ein Kapitel deutsch-russischer Geschichte auf.

I dag snakker Per og Hen om kannibalisme. Per gir deg litt nyttige fakta og informasjon du kan dra nytte av hvis du må ty til kannibalisme, mens Henrik prøver å lose deg gjennom en kannibalismesak som fant sted i Sibir, Russland i 2012. Det er også duket for NRK-hjørnet. God lytting! --------- Today, Per and Hen talk about cannibalism. Per gives you some useful facts and information you can use if you have to resort to cannibalism, while Henrik tries to guide you through a cannibalism case that took place in Siberia, Russia in 2012. It's also time for the NRK corner. Happy listening!

Kas yra J. Prigožinas ir ką reikia žinoti apie „Wagner“? Karą Ukrainoje stebinčios ir analizuojančios „Visuomenės informacinio saugumo agentūros“ įkūrėjas Mindaugas Sėjūnas apie tai.Tėvų skyrybos vaikams – nelengvas iššūkis. Šeimos ir saviugdos centras „Bendrakeleiviai“ rengia grupes, besiskiriančių tėvų vaikams. Kuo tai gali padėti? Pokalbis su psichologė Veronika Klimenkiene.Birželio 27-oji minima kaip Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos įkūrimo diena. Su Šaulių sąjungos vadu pulkininku leitenantu Linu Idzeliu pokalbis apie Šaulių sąjungą šiandien ir jos vietą visuotinėje gynyboje.Skaičiuojama, kad 1941–1952 m. į Sibirą buvo ištremta apie 300 000 žmonių iš Baltijos šalių. Organizacijos iš Estijos, Latvijos ir Lietuvos ragina kovo 25-ąją paskelbti tarptautine diena prieš tautybių deportaciją. Apie tai su fotografu, ekspedicijų į tremties vietas organizatoriumi, bendrijos ,,Lemtis” nariu Gintautas Alekna.Ved. Agnė Skamarakaitė

Mit der „Sibir“-Autorin Sabrina Janesch sprechen Ira und Edwin in dieser Folge über Spurensuche in Kasachstan, Zivilverschleppte in der Sowjetunion nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und Galiziendeutsche. Wie geht außerdem die zweite Einwanderergeneration, zu der Sabrina Janesch gehört, mit der Migrations- oder Deportationsgeschichte ihrer Familie um? Wie prägen sie deren Erfahrungen? Und was fand die Autorin, die mit ihrem aktuellen Roman gegen das Vergessen der Verschlepptengeschichte ihres Vaters anschreiben wollte, als sie in Kasachstan war? Dem Ort, wohin seine Familie nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg verschleppt worden war und bis 1955 blieb? Sabrina Janesch, geboren im niedersächsischen Gifhorn, studierte Kreatives Schreiben, Kulturjournalismus und Polonistik in Hildesheim sowie Krakau. 2010 erschien ihr Romandebüt „Katzenberge“, das u.a. mit dem Mara-Cassens-Preis und dem Anna-Seghers-Preis ausgezeichnet wurde. Es folgten 2012 der Roman „Ambra“, eine deutsch-polnische Familiengeschichte, sowie „Die goldene Stadt". Die Autorin war wie Ira Stadtschreiberin des Deutschen Kulturforums östliches Europa - 2009 in Danzig. Bild: Frank Zauritz

Ukrainos valstybės vadovas: kiekvienas iš Rusijos okupacijos gniaužtų išvaduotas teritorijos metras turi didžiulę svarbą.NATO festivalyje Vilniuje demonstruojama NATO karinė technika ir ginkluotė, kuria Ukraina atkovoja savo teritorijas.Reprezentatyvi apklausa: seksualinį priekabiavimą patyrė 1402 respondentai iš 1800 apklaustųjų.Parlamentarai keliskart padidino baudas už triukšmavimą.Rumšiškėse Laptevų jūros tremtinių brolija „Lapteviečiai“ prisimena pirmuosius trėmimus į Sibirą.Ved. Madona Lučkaitė

Lietuvoje minima Gedulo ir Vilties diena. 1941 metų birželio 14-ąją Sovietų Sąjunga pradėjo masinius Lietuvos gyventojų trėmimus į Sibirą.Lietuvos ateities vizija 2050 metams apims didesnį dėmesį kultūrai, gamtinei aplinkai bei technologijų ir inovacijų plėtrai.Artėjant deryboms su Europos Sąjungos valstybėmis dėl naujų dirbtinio intelekto taisyklių, Europos Parlamentas patvirtino savo derybinę poziciją. Šiomis taisyklėmis siekiama, kad Europoje kuriant ir naudojant Dirbtinį intelektą būtų visapusiškai paisoma bendrijos teisės ir vertybių.Minima Pasaulinė kraujo donorų diena ir pirmojo kraujo perpylimo Lietuvoje šimtmetis.Daugiau nei 15-a tūkstančių abiturientų laikė matematikos brandos egzaminą. Pernai matematikos egzamino neišlaikė maždaug trečdalis abiturientų, todėl šiemet jis daug jaudulio kėlė ne tik abiturientams, bet ir mokytojams.Lietuva turi didžiausią būsto savininkų skaičių, tačiau įsigyti būstą čia tampa vis sunkiau, socialinio būsto beveik nėra, o nuomos rinka yra pernelyg menka. Taip konstatuota Ekonominio bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacija, kuri parengė rekomendacijas, ką daryti, kad būstas Lietuvoje būtų labiau prieinamas.Ved. Liuda Kudinova

Друзья! Я тут сделал для вас приятный летний микс

Dette er en gratisepisode. Hele denne podkastserien finner du bare i appen vår Untold. Der får du alle episoder reklamefritt, samt nye episoder hver eneste uke. Last ned og hør gratis i 30 dager. Du finner appen Untold der du laster ned apper, eller ved å klikke på snarveien under:https://untold.app/podcast/fbfd82b9-8c72-4001-b080-3afeb0a974ce/synderneAlexander Spesivtsev hadde vært besatt av død helt siden han var en ung gutt. Sammen med moren sin, hadde han studert groteske bilder av lik fra virkelige drapssaker. Alexander var svært knyttet til moren sin, og hun skulle også bli en viktig bidragsyter da han selv begynte å drepe. Dette er den mørke historien om Alexander Spesivtsev, kannibalen fra Sibir.

Itūreiz raidejumā runuosim par folkloru, rogonom i raganim, goramontom, putynim, taurinim i daudzi kū cytu. Gostūs filologejis doktors, Latvejis Universitatis Literaturys, folklorys i muokslys instituta Latvīšu folklorys kruotivis vodūšais pietnīks i digitaluo arhiva garamantas.lv vadeituojs Sandis Laime.  Sandis kasdīnā dzeivoj Ciesīs, vystik jis saprūt i ari labi runoj latgaliski. Ite paļdis juosoka naviņ lokacejai, bet ari profesorei Lidejai Leikumai studeju laikā, kai ari dorbam folklorys arhivā i ekspedicejom Zīmeļlatgolā i pi latgalīšu Sibirī. „Juosuoc drūsai viņ ar tū, ka sovulaik, vālajā dzeļža laikmatā, ap 12. godu symtu, ap Ciesim dzeivuoja kai senejī lībīši jeb vendi, tai i latgali. Par pīmāru, tī, kur es pavadeju sovu bierneibu, Ģūgerūs, ir cīši lels senejūs latgaļu kopulauks. Tai ka, smīklam sokūt, tys ir normali, ka čyuli Ciesīs ari zyna latgalīšu volūdu… Muns pyrmais aizdavums Latvīšu folklorys kruotivē beja audio īrokstu digitalizaceja. Tys nūzeimej, ka tuos vacuos kasetis juosadzan digitalā formatā i juoaproksta. Tautysdzīsmem, par pīmāru, beja juopīroksta pyrmuo rynda. Ka tys beja latgalīšu teksts, ta maņ tū pyrmū ryndu vysupyrma vajadzēja saprast, lai es varātum pīraksteit dzīsmis nūsaukumu. Es nasaceitu, ka suokumā guoja vīglai, jo īroksti ari beja nu 80. godu gola, dažaidys kasetis, trūkšni apliek, nūrauti dzīšmu suokumi i tai. Es saceitu, ka taidā veidā, tehniski klausūtīs i raugūt saprast tū pyrmū rindeņu, īsavuiceju latgalīšu volūdys pamatus.”

Latgalīšu volūda ir vīna nu mozuok lītuotūs volūdu Eiropā, kurū saprūt i runoj naviņ aptyvai 8 % nu Latvejis sabīdreibys, diaspora Sibirī i citur pasaulī, bet par viesturiskū latvīšu volūdys paveidu – latgalīšu rokstu volūdu – interesējās ari cytu vaļstu volūdnīki i pietnīki. Jī atzeist, ka problemys, ar kū sasadur latgalīšu volūdys atteisteituoji i popularizātuoji, ir cīši leidzeigys, kaidys rysynoj ari mozuok lītuotūs volūdu aktivisti cytuos Eiropys vaļstīs. Maja suokumā Rēzeknē volūdnīki nu Pūlejis, Niderlandis, Italejis i Latvejis sasatyka storptautyskajā seminarā „Mozuok lītuotūs volūdu dokumentiešona izgleiteibys vajadzeibom”, kab pasadaleitu pīredzē i nūvāruojumūs regionalūs i mozuok lītuotūs volūdu dokumentiešonā, vuiceišonā, kai ari volūdu saglobuošonā i atdzeivynuošonā. Ar kū latgalīšu volūda var byut saistūša puorrūbežu volūdu pietnīkim i sovu ceļu iz latgalīšu volūdu atkluoj Oduma Mickeviča universitatis Poznaņā profesore Nikole Naua: „Varbyut taišni ar tū, ka jei ir moza i taida mozuok pazeistama, unikala i cīši interesanta volūda. Vysupyrms es i ari Snorre vuicejamīs latvīšu volūdu i tikai tod atkluojom latgalīšu volūdu, caur latvīšu. Es kai volūdneica interesejūs par volūdom. Kod es atkluoju, ka latgalīšu volūdai vys tik ir cyta sistema, cyta gramatika, vyss cytaiž, koč ari cīši tyvai, tys mani aizruove.” Organizacejis „Volūdu sāta” („Valodu māja”) izveiduotuojs i vadeituojs Snorre Karkonens Svensons, kurs kūpā ar dūmubīdrim veidoj vuiceibu leidzekli latgalīšu valūdys īsavuiceišonai, sovpus atzeist, ka jam kai norvegam Latvejis situaceja redzīs cīši interesanta deļ tam, ka sovā ziņā leidzeiga. „Norvegejā ari ir divejis rokstu volūdys tradicejis, tuos obejis ir norvegu volūdys, bet ar divejom rokstu tradicejom, taipoš kai Latvejā ir latgalīšu rokstu volūda i latvīšu literaro volūda. Mani aizruove taišni itys saleidzynuojums, ka ir tik daudzi kuo kūpeiga i ir ari zynomys atškireibys – deļkuo ir tuos atškireibys, deļkuo latgalīšu rokstu volūdai nav leidzeiga statusa kai obejom rokstu tradicejom Norvegejā.” Snorre Karkonens Svensons ari skaidroj, ka skandinavi kotrys runoj sovā volūdā i saprūt vīns ūtra. „Tei ari ir vīna taida leidzeiga atskireiba storp volūdys situaceju Skandinavejā i Latvejā. Skandinavejā cyts ar cytu runoj sovā izlūksnē, voi ari, ka zvīdrys i norvegs sovā storpā runoj, tod vīns runoj zvīdriski, bet ūtrys norvegiski, varbyut drupeit pīsalāgoj. Latvejā pat latgalīšu volūdys aktivisti ar cytim, kam latgalīšu volūda nav dzymtuo volūda, runoj vys tik latvīšu literarajā volūdā. Koč ari atškireiba nav tik miļzeiga, kab navarātu saprast, ka grybātu.” Sovpus Oduma Mickeviča universitatis Poznaņā profesoram, sociolingvistam Tomašam Viherkevičam interesej taišni tuos mozuok lītuotuos volūdys, kas ir tyvys vaļstu oficialajom volūdom, kaida ir ari latgalīšu rokstu volūda Latvejā. „Pyrmū reizi es iz Latgolu atbrauču 2002. godā i saprotu, ka es ite cīši labi jiutūs. Saprotu, ka es ite varātu ar daudzi kū paleidzēt i īguļdeit sovu dorbu kai latgalīšu volūdys, tai pošys latgalīšu kūpīnys lobā. Taids pagrīzīņa punkts maņ beja 2004. gods, kod kūpā ar Rēzeknis Tehnologeju akademejis, tūlaik Rēzeknis Augstškolys, kolegim organiziejom pyrmū konferenci par regionalajom volūdom. Taipoš tys beja pagrīzīņa punkts munā akademiskajā karjerā, jo ite es satyku profesori Nikolu Nauu. Pasasokūt Latgolai, mes asam kolegi i kūpeigi dorim dorbus. Es turpynuoju veikt pietejumus, braukt iz Latgolu i sasadorbuot ar iteinis kolegim.” Latgalīšu volūdys aktivistei, kusteibys “Volūda” puorstuovei i vīnai nu seminara organizātuoju Vinetai Vilcānei nareši ir bejs juodzierd vaicuojums, deļkam cytu vaļstu pietnīkus interesej latvīšu voi latgalīšū volūda. Jei izsver, ka volūdys mozuma sajiuta ir senejs komplekss, nu kura vīnkuorši ir juoteik vaļā. „Deļkam mums par sevi taids mozvierteibys komplekss, ka mes navarātum īintresēt pietnīkus nu Eiropys voi Amerykys? Deļkam latgalīšu volūdai juobyut saistūšai tikai tim, kam ite ir saknis? Es dūmoju, ka mums kai kūpīnai juoteik puori itam kompleksam, kas īspiejams īt vēļ nu padūmu laiku. Asūt itamā storptautyskaja vidē i sasadorbojūt ar pietnīkim, es radzu, ka cylvākus arviņ interesej myusu volūda… Sevkura volūda ir vierteiba, naatkareigi nu tuo, voi tamā runoj miļjoni, voi viņ pīci cylvāki. Tei ir myusu attīksme pret volūdu.” Vysi volūdu pietnīki ir fascināti par volūdu daudzveideibu i redz tū kai lelu vierteibu kai kūpīnai tai sabīdreibai kūpumā. „Mes struodojam pi tuo, kab atbaļsteitu vuojuokuos volūdys. Latgola ir optimisma pīmārs, kas paruoda, ka situaceja var uzalobuot i tei var palikt daudzi lobuoka nakai beja pyrma kaida laika,” skaidroj profesors Tomašs Viherkevičs. Ar mierki īdvasmuot cylvākus lītuot volūdu, ceineitīs par tū i īinteresēt latgalīšu volūdā cytus latvīšus, „Volūdu sāta” kūpā ar latgalīšu kulturys kusteibu „Volūda” itūšalt veidoj digitalu izstuodi, kas byus veļteita latgalīšu i jaunnorvegu volūdys saleidzynuojumam. „Īdviesmei iz leluokim sapynim. Nav jau tai, ka jaunnorvegu volūdai  vyss ir bejs gludai i skaistai, tī ari ir bejuši cylvāki, kuri taipat kai latgalīšu kulturys kusteibys „Volūda” ļauds ir ceinejušīs par volūdu i aktivi darejusi, kab byutu ari politiski lāmumi ar mierki nūdrūsynuot tū, ka volūda ir školuos i tyktu izdūti vuiceibu materiāli. Digitaluo izstuode byus daīmama skārsteiklā, taipat byus ari mozuoka, fiziski ceļojūša izstuode,” stuosta idejis autors Snorre Karkonens Svensons. Ari Vineta Vilcāne uzskota, ka latgalīšu kūpīnai byutu svareigi redzēt cytu vaļstu pīredzi, kas dūtu apziņu, ka latgalīši ar sovom problemom nav vīni pasaulī. „Es ari leidz koč kaidam zynomam vacumam  apzynuoti nasainteresēju par tū, kas ar volūdom nūteik cytuos vaļstīs. I maņ ruodejuos, ka mes te taidi vīni nabadzini, kuru volūdai ir koč kaids eipašs statuss i mes nasaprūtam – varim ci navarim tū volūdu lītuot. Tei cytu vaļstu pīredze dūd apziņu, ka eistineibā mes kai kūpīna varim cīši daudz. I mes cīši, cīši daudzi ari asam izdarejuši. Mums ir daudzi lobuoka situaceja nakai daudzom cytom kūpīnom tepat Eiropā. Es pat saceitu, ka mums ir dīzgon lels runuotuoju skaits. Itymā pošā seminarā mums ir puorstuovi nu Italejis dīnavydu, kur jī struodoj ar griko i greko volūdu, i tī jau iz vīnys rūkys pierstu var saskaitiet cylvākus, kuri tamā volūdā runoj. Tim runuotuojim jau ir 70 puori godu, jī ir pādejī, kurim itei volūda ir dzymtuo volūda. Jī aizīs myužeibā i tod kai dzymtuo tei volūda vysa dreižuok vaira nabyus nivīnam, viņ tiks muoksleigi uzturāta ar entuziastu paleidzeibu. Kod redzim taidus pīmārus, tod saprūtam, ka mums juodzīd aiz prīcys, cik mums tei situaceja ir loba.” Vineta Vilcāne ari uzskota, ka koč ari latgalīšu volūda itūšaļt, saleidzynojūt ar cytom volūdom, ir cīši lobā situacejā, niu ir svareigi nūturēt sasnāgtū leimini, kab varātu īt iz prīšku, i leidz ar paaudžu maiņu situaceja napaliktu slyktuoka. Jei taipoš kai volūdu pietnīki nu cytu vaļstu uzskota, ka volūdys atteisteibys process nav atraunams nu politikys. „Tū pošu mes niu redzim attīceibā iz latgalīšu volūda, ka niu pasaruoda interese ari nu vaļsts instituceju pusis, nu deputatu pusis. Cyts vaicuojums, cik jim tys patīsi interesej, cik vīnā breidī tys ir izdeveigs. Tī procesi ir saisteiti i nav vīns nu ūtra atraunami. Tys atsatīc iz sevkuru volūdu. Volūdys vaicuojums ir ari politikys vaicuojums.” „Nui, taišni tod, kod ir stypra demokrateja i kod vaļsts ir atvārta daudzveideibai, kad sabīdreiba ir īkļaunūša, tod ari volūdys tī lobuok dzeivoj. Volūdom napīteik tikai ar entuziastim, kuri par tom ceinejās… Latgalīšu volūda ir vysys Latvejis kulturys montuojums i duorgums,” soka ari Snorre Karkonens Svensons  

Brygida Helbig i Adam Gusowski omawiają najnowszą powieść niemiecko-polskiej pisarki Sabriny Janesch "Sibir". To historia z jednej strony rodzinnej tragedii, zesłania, wypędzenia, przesiedlenia, z drugiej strony również miłości córki do ojca. Jak w magicznym połączeniu krzyżują się dzieciństwa obu tych osób, jakby emigranckie doświadczenia i prowizorka życia uchodźcy były przekazywane jak spadek następnemu pokoleniu. Autorzy podcastu polecają. Również słuchanie. Von Adam Gusowski.

Sibirien – ein mythischer Ort: Kälte, Einsamkeit, Verlassenheit. Soweit die Klischees – was aber sagen die Bücher? "Sibir" heißt der neue Roman von Sabrina Janesch, in dem Geschichten aus russischer Kriegsgefangenschaft mit dem gegenwärtigen Leben in einer niedersächsischen Kleinstadt verknüpft werden. Sibirien steht dabei auch für das mitunter harte Leben in der Natur. Davon handelt auch "An das Wilde glauben", das autofiktionale Buch der französischen Anthropologin Nastassja Martin. Sie berichtet darin, wie sie auf Kamtschatka von einem Bären angefallen und schwer verletzt worden ist. Und was erfahren wir aus Dostojewskijs Klassiker "Verbrechen und Strafe" (im deutschen Sprachraum berühmt geworden als „Schuld und Sühne“) über die sibirische Kälte?

Am 22. Januar wäre Wilhelm Genazino 80 Jahre alt geworden. Ein neues Buch macht seine immensen Aufzeichnungen lesbar. Weitere Neuerscheinungen gibt's u. a. von Raphaela Edelbauer, Sabrina Janesch und Simon Strauß.

I del 2 om den unge Stalin får vi høre om hans tidligste år som revolusjonær - en periode som til tider kunne minne om en banditttilværelse. Vi skal også høre om hvorfor Stalin mer enn én gang ble sendt i eksil til Sibir, og hvordan han der innledet en høyst upassende affære. Deretter beveger vi oss vestover igjen, for å få med oss Den russiske revolusjon. 

Svalbarddrama med Kjell Reidar Hovelsrud Han slo opp telt midt i et isbjørntrekk på øya Hopen utenfor Svalbard. Før natta var over hadde Kjell Reidar Hovelsrud og de øvrige ekspedisjonsdeltagerne måtte jage bort fire nysgjerrige og sultne isbjørner.– Nå må du skyte, Kjell Reidar!Den aggressive, og trolig sultne, isbjørnbinna er bare 30 meter unna teltleiren. En leir som Kjell Reidar Hovelsrud og ekspedisjonsmedlemmene har satt opp i det som skal vise seg å være en «isbjørnmotorvei».Isbjørnbinna har ikke reagert på verken hoiing, tilrop eller signalskudd som er avfyrt direkte mot isbjørnen.– Jeg setter meg på kne og tar sikte på binna i tilfelle den ikke bøyer av. Det jeg er mest redd for er å skyte for tidlig, forteller Kjell Reidar.IsbjørnangrepBinna bøyer ikke av og fortsetter mot teltleiren i fullt firsprang.– Jeg venter til binna fyller hel kornet før jeg trekker av. I november er det mørkt store deler av døgnet så langt nord, så jeg må sikte langs børsepipa og må få bjørnen nær nok, slik at jeg er sikker på å treffe, sier Kjell Reidar.Kollegaen som roper «Nå må du skyte», har på automatikk tatt fram tollekniven og står klar til å forsvare seg. Et forsvar, som sett i ettertid, nok ikke hadde hjulpet mye.Skuddet går av. Noen meter foran Kjell Reidar faller binna sammen, før den reiser seg på to og fråden står rundt kjeften.– Da skjønte den alvoret og vi fikk inn et par skudd til, før bjørnen trakk seg tilbake i mørket og den sikre død, forteller Kjell Reidar i dag.SvalbardveteranKjell Reidar Hovelsrud er en veteran fra Svalbard med flere overvintringer og ekspedisjoner bak seg. Han bygde fangsthytta Mushamna i 1987 med drivved fra Sibir. Hovelsrud har deltatt på forskningsekspedisjoner og livnært seg som fangstmann. Han har gitt ut flere bøker, som du kan bestille her eller ved å sende en epost til kjreid@online.noHør også: Når turlivet ikke går på skinner - med Jens Kvernmo og Dag KjelsaasLev livet villere!Vil du ha et gratis nyhetsbrev fra bladene Villmarksliv, Jakt og Alt om Fiske? Meld deg på her!Du kan lytte til Podkasten Villmarksliv på:SpotifyPodkaster for iPhoneGoogle PodcastsDirekte på PC-en herOg overalt ellers der du kan lytte til podkast Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Denne uken retter vi igjen blikket øst når det er duket for del 2 om Russland. Denne gangen er det Soviet-perioden som settes i fokus og jetpacks, maisdyrking i Sibir, romfartshistorie og omfattende regler for kjøp av kjøleskap står på menyen. Einar har som alltid samlet sammen en haug med mer eller mindre kvalitetssikrede fakta og ukens gjest er som sist professor i russisk og internasjonal mester i sjakk, Atle Grønn. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Ar Latvejis Universitatis Literaturys, folklorys i muokslys instituta pietnīku Aigaru Lielbārdi sasarunoj raidejuma vadeituojs Ilmārs Dreļs. Runojam par folklorys tradicejom Latgolā, kai ari drupeit par būršonūs.  Latgolā kai šudiņ, tai ari viesturiski ir vysvaira folklorys i etnografiskūs ansambļu. Ar kū tys skaidrojams i kai nūris tradicionaluos kulturys puormontuošona Latgolā? Aigars izsver, ka ite ir svareigi runuot par kulturys pīredzi i puormontojameibu konkretajā vītā, kai ari tū veicynūšim faktorim. „Dzeivisveida puormontuošonu. Tradicionaluos kulturys zynuošonu puormontuošonu. Voi tei nūteik. Prūtams, ka Latgola ir sovpateiga, ostoņdesmitajūs godūs ite beja vysvaira etnografiskūs ansamblu i folklorys kūpu, bet ari Kūrzeme itamā ziņā ir boguota. Vīns nu īmesļu, deļkuo tys tai ir, ari pīminūt Timofejevkys cīmu Sibirī, tradicionaluo kultura i volūda lobuok sasagloboj vītuos, kurys nav tyuli centram, lelom magistralem. Nav tyuli taidom uorpus ītekmu magistralem. Timofejevka beja 70 kilometru nu tyvuokuo centra, pa naizbraucamu ceļu rudinī i zīmā. Latvejis nūstyuri, tī ir Kūrzemis dīnvydi, Alsunga i tei puse, sovpus ūtra puse tei ir Latgola, Zīmeļlatgola, kur mozuok jiutama uorpus ītekme i ir lobuoka tradiocionaluos kulturys augsne.”

I 1828 dro Christopher Hansteen til Sibir for å finne den ANDRE magnetiske nordpolen. Og han mente han fant den. 200 år seinere begynner geologer og lure på om han kan ha vært på sporet av noe riktig. Men det er ikke bare jordas magnetfelt som er merkelig, sola har på mange måter flere tusen poler. I fjor gikk romsonden Solar Orbiter inn i sin spesielle bane for å avsløre solas hemmeligheter. Forrige uke gikk lyden av sorte hull sin seiersgang på nettet. Men hva betyr det? Lager sorte hull lyd? Og ville vi kunnet høre bråket fra sola - hvis verdensrommet var fylt med luft? Dette er en utvidet versjon av dagens sending på radio Panelet: Vitenskapshistoriker Vidar Enebakk Solforsker Terje Fredvik. Hør episoden i appen NRK Radio

Lietuva mini Gedulo ir vilties dieną. Prieš 81-erius metus ankstų rytą sovietai pradėjo masiškai tremti Lietuvos gyventojus į Sibirą. Per keletą dienų iš Tėvynės išvežta apie 18 tūkstančių žmonių. Seime surengtame Gedulo ir vilties dienos minėjime Seimo pirmininkė Viktorija Čmilytė Nielsen sakė, kad komunizmo nusikaltimų įvertinimas turi atsirasti Vakarų politinėje darbotvarkėje.Viktoras Uspakichas nusprendė atsistatydinti iš Darbo partijos pirmininko pareigų. Toks sprendimas buvo netikėtas net artimiausiems politiko bendražygiams, partijos pirmininko pavaduojams.Seime tęsiasi krizė. Opozicija ir valdantieji vienoje salėje susirinko tik paminėti trėmimų sukakties, o paskui opozicija į darbinį plenarinį posėdį atėjo tik tam, kad jį sužlugdytų. Pirmajame dialogo grupės posėdyje sutarimo taip pat kol kas rasti nepavyko.Rusijos pajėgos ir toliau be atvangos atakuoja Sjeverodonecką, siekia atkirsti miestą nuo bet kokio susisiekimo su ukrainiečių dar vis kontroliuojamomis teritorijoms.Europoje prasidėjo didžiausia gynybos ir saugumo paroda „Eurosatory“. Kokios ginkluotės tendencijos pasaulyje dabartiniame Ukrainos karo kontekste?Pusė Lietuvos gyventojų mano, kad sovietinių paminklų Lietuvoje turėtų nebelikti, rodo LRT užsakymu atlikta apklausa. Gyventojų apklausa baigėsi ir Klaipėdoje - čia savivaldybė miestiečių teiravosi, koks turėtų būti sovietų kariams skirto memorialo likimas. Nors socialiniuose tinkluose šis klausimas kelia daug aistrų, didelio aktyvumo apklausoje klaipėdiečiai neparodė.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

Tre raringer fekter med fascinerende fakta.  Nordmann på poljakt, revolusjon til havs, og en skikkelig drittkniv. Raringer:Marte Julie Sætra (@martejulie92),Gunhild Aasprang (@aasprang),Andreas Wahl (@vitenwahl)

Apie tremtį, sovietinę priespaudą ir persekiojimus, bet tuo pačiu ir apie džiaugsmą, laisvę, likimą ir šventines tradicijas.Pokalbis su Irena Saulute Valaityte Špakauskiene, kuri tapo pagrindine knygos ir filmo „Tarp pilkų debesų“ įkvėpėja. 93-jų Saulutė yra vienas vyriausių žmonių oficialiai dirbančių Lietuvoje. Visą savo gyvenimą ji paskyrė būti žiaurių sovietinių kankinimų liudytoja, pasakodama ir vesdama edukacines programas Lietuvių liaudies buities muziejuje Rumšiškėse.Saulutė gimė 1928 metais Kaune. 1941-aisiais ją ištremė į Sibirą. Vienerius metus praleido Altajaus regione, vėliau dar penkerius įšalo žemėje negyvenamoje saloje Jakutijoje. Šešto dešimtmečio pabaigoje jai pagaliau pavyko grįžti į Lietuvą, tačiau gimtinėje turėjo nuolat slapstytis. Bet ir tada Saulutė neprarado vilties, kad gyvenimas bus kitoks.Ved. Ignas Klėjus

  With the devastating invasion of the Emir Temür, better known as Tamerlane, in 1395, the Golden Horde had suffered a grievous wound. Its armies were dealt crushing defeats; its Khan Toqtamish was sent fleeing for his life; and the major cities of the Horde had all been sacked by the Timurids. The Horde was now held together with a  wish and prayer, and in the hands of the powerful lord Edigü. Today in our final episode on the Golden Horde, we take you through its slow breakup in the century after Tamerlane's attack. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.   We should note that the fall of the Golden Horde was not a single moment or event. 1380, 1395, 1480 or 1502 are not simply switches where the Golden Horde ceased to exist. Rather, it was a centuries long process, with edges of the empire breaking away or being reclaimed, while multiple claimants for power fought each other and sometimes succeeded in reunifying parts or all of the khanates. Rather than a sudden collapse, it was more like waves ebbing to and fro with the tide, and as they withdraw, they pull back a bit further each time, only to in time not return at all.   The Golden Horde of the fifteenth century was a very different beast from the one Öz Beg had ruled in the early fourteenth century. Steadily, though not immediately the cities of the steppe along rivers like the Volga diminished in size and were largely abandoned. Even Sarai, thoroughly sacked by Tamerlane, remained the nominal capital and continued to be fought over for generations. The overland international trade networks which had once so enriched the Jochid khans dried up as the route across Asia became too dangerous, and the merchants who still made the trek were redirected elsewhere. Rounds of bubonic plague still struck on occasion, and with the end of the medieval warm period, the steppe environment itself steadily became less accommodating with colder winters and less productive grasslands. It was not the end to animal husbandry or even agriculture in the steppe, but it was no longer the great, organized system enjoyed by the Jochids in their heyday. Political instability marked the region accordingly; whereas from Batu until the 1360s the Jochid Khans had maintained peace throughout the steppes, now rival claimants raided or invaded each other, at times annually. While Tamerlane did not end the Golden Horde, his attack aggravated and worsened these problems. The ten years of relative peace Toqtamish had overseen as khan had simply not been long enough to recover from the previous two decades of troubles, and now each problem reared its ugly head once more.   After Tamerlane's withdrawal in 1396, he left the state reeling in his wake. Toqtamish Khan had survived, but his armies were broken. Tamerlane had installed a new khan, Quyurchuq, a son of Urus Khan, but Quyurchuq had little authority without Tamerlane's presence. Edigü, a non-Chinggisid lord and leader of the Manghit peoples, quickly maneuvered Quyurchuq Khan out of the way, and installed his own puppet, a distant relation of Toqtamish named Temür Qutlugh. Edigü was a wily figure, a skilled politician and one of the wealthiest, most powerful lords within the Golden Horde. Long had he fought Toqtamish, first alongside Urus Khan, and then alongside Tamerlane. Once Tamerlane began to withdraw from the Horde for the final time, Edigü promptly betrayed him and began gathering his own forces to overthrow Tamerlane's puppet.    Edigü, as a non-Chinggisid, could not claim the title of khan himself. But by making the khans dependent on him for power and military support, Edigü could hold real authority over the realm. As beylerbeyi,  Edigü commanded immense influence among the qarachu families; that is, the non-Chinggisid military elite, those generally bore the title of beğ (pronounced as bey). Every khan that Edigü would enthrone had to confirm Edigü as beylerbeyi, the bey of beys; which Khan Temür Qutlugh promptly did. This gave  Edigü an institution position akin to vizier or commander-in-chief, “advising” the khan to do exactly what  Edigü wished. In turn the khan continued to function in a more ceremonial role and remained official head-of-state, and his name continued to be minted on coinage. No matter how powerful Edigü might be, in the steppes the prestige of Chinggisid rulership was too strong to be cast aside, and attempting to rule in his own right would have presumably resulted in open rebellion against him. Almost two hundred years since Chinggis Khan's death, his spectre still loomed large over Asia.   Edigü and Temür Qutlugh's confirmation took place not a moment too soon, for Toqtamish and his sons were in the midst of collecting forces to retake the khanate. Assisted by the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great, Toqtamish and his Lithuanian allies invaded the Golden Horde in 1399, only to be defeated but Temür Qutlugh Khan and Edigü at the Vorskla  River in 1399. The battle solidified Edigü's dominance, with Vytautas' army annihilated, many Lithuanian princes killed and both Vytautas and Toqtamish sent fleeing for their lives. Though Toqtamish continued to seek the throne until his death in 1406, it was clear that Edigü was too strong to be ousted so quickly. And lest Temür Qutlugh Khan have grown too haughty after such a victory, he died in unclear circumstances soon after the battle. Edigü then enthroned Temür Qutlugh's brother, Shadi Beğ, as khan.   Under Edigü's stewardship, efforts were made to stabilize the Golden Horde. He retook Khwarezm after Tamerlane's death, often raided the Rus' principalities and laid siege to Moscow in 1408, sparing the city in exchange for a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Some economic recovery is indicated from the restarting of mints in some of the Horde's major cities. A considerable quantity of coinage entered the markets, some of it quite high quality, a sign of Edigü's effort to jump-start the economy. To help legitimize himself in light of his lack of Chinggisid credentials, Edigü made himself the standard bearer of Islamization of the remainder of the nomadic population, continuing the process begun by Özbeg. He went as far as to claim descent from the sufi shaykh  Baba Tükles, a mythical figure who in popular legend had converted Özbeg to Islam. As in turn Baba Tükles was supposed to be descended from the Caliphs, this gave Edigü an ancient, if almost entirely fictitious, pedigree. Still, descent from the successors of Muhammad was useful when portraying oneself as an almighty Muslim monarch and a champion of Islam.    But powerful as Edigü was, his might was not supreme. His puppet khan Shadi Beğ did not enjoy being a puppet and sought to remove Edigü from the scene. Learning of the plot, Edigü routed and chased Shadi Beğ from the Horde. He then enthroned Shadi Beğ's nephew, Bulad, a son of the late Temür Qutlugh. This relationship was likewise fraught; according to the Rus' Nikonian Chronicle, Edigü had to rush to lift his siege of Moscow when he learned that Bulad had grown irate at Edigü. When Bulad died in 1410, Edigü then enthroned Bulad's brother Temür. Khan Temür proved even less amenable to Edigü, for upon becoming khan Temür refused to confirm Edigü as beylerbeyi, the institution which gave Edigü his power. Edigü's supporters abandoned him as Temür sought to capture him, his armies pursuing Edigü to Khwarezm. Nearly was Edigü's life forfeit, until he was saved by an unlikely source; Jalal al-Din, known to the Rus' as the Zeleni Sultan, and a son of the late Toqtamish Khan. Jalal al-Din had aided Duke Vytautas of Lithuania against the Teutonic Order at the famous battle of Grünwald in 1410, and in turn for his support was provided troops to assist him in reclaiming the Horde. While Temür Khan's armies had Edigü under siege in Khwarezm, the khan himself was killed by Jalal al-Din bin Toqtamish. News of it reached Temür Khan's generals, who lost heart and dissipated while Jalal al-Din was enthroned as Khan in Sarai, inadvertently saving Edigü's life.   After years of dreaming for the position and restoring his family to honour, Jalal al-Din Khan had accomplished his greatest desire, and could begin the hunt for Edigü… until he was murdered by his brother, Qibaq, in October 1412.  Another brother, Kerim Berdi, took the throne, while Qibaq, backed by Vyautas of Lithuania, challenged him for it. The only thing which had held these brothers together had been their father and the quest for the throne; with the throne now theirs, they tore themselves apart for it.    The 1410s and 20s went on in this fashion, highly reminiscent of the tumultuous 1360s and 70s. Kerim Berdi killed Qibaq in battle, only for both Edigü and Vytautas to declare new khans. Vytautas had another of Toqtamish's sons, Jabbar Berdi, declared khan in Vilnius, while Edigü chose another Tuqa-Temürid, Chekre. Cherke seized Sarai, only for Jabbar Berdi to kill Kerim Berdi, take Sarai and chase out Edigü's candidate. And that situation lasted until one of Kerim Berdi's sons, Sayyid Ahmad I, was declared khan and threw out Jabbar Berdi. And the pattern continued, with Vytautas and Edigü both declaring new khans immediately upon learning the news. This went on until 1419, when one of the last of Toqtamish's sons, Kadir Berdi, and Edigü himself, were finally killed in battle.   The 1420s proved no better in the aftermath of Edigü's death. A man named Muhammad was enthroned as Khan, but his identity in uncertain, and could possibly be a number of notable Chinggisids who bore the name. In the 1420s the khan in Sarai became just one khan amongst several, and so passed a bewildering number of khans, the order and lengths of the reigns of which are a continuous subject of debate. While more ambitious khans dreamed of reinvigorating the Horde, the borders of the state broke away, with the Timurids, for instance, retaking Khwarezm. The situation stabilized slightly over the 1430s as three main powers emerged; east of the Ural river, Abu'l Khayr Khan, founder of the Uzbek Khanate; Küchük Muhammad Khan, a grandson of Temür Qutlugh, in the Volga steppe, and Sayyid Ahmed II Khan, another Tuqa-Temürid, west of the Don River. Küchük Muhammad's nearly twenty year reign, from 1435-1459, is when scholarship begins to call the state the Great Horde, to distinguish it from its neighbours, the newly emerging successor khanates.        While Küchük Muhammad is usually designated the most ‘legitimate' khan of the Golde Horde, at least in scholarship, each of the competing khans in these years saw themselves as the actual ruler of the Horde. Each tended to demand the Rus' princes pay tribute to them, a source of much confusion and fear for the Rus', who watched closely the political developments. The Rus' were not idle spectators or skillfully playing off the khans, for they spent much of these years locked in their own lengthy civil wars. The Grand Prince, Vasili II Vasilivich, still had to flee his capital due to Mongol attacks, and was even captured by troops of Ulugh Muhammad Khan. Regularly, the Rus' still paid annual tribute to the Khan of the Great Horde.   But even the relatively calm 1430s were no salve for the unity of the Horde, and the fragmentation continued, with both the emergence of more Chinggisid and non-Chinggisid polities. Kazan, in the lands of the Volga Bulghars, became an independent realm under the heirs of Ulugh Muhammad Khan, who had been khan of the Golden Horde until his ouster in 1438. Along the Ural River emerged the Nogai Horde under the sons of Edigü. As Edigü's sons belonged to the Manghit clan, the ruling strata of the Nogai Horde, you will sometimes see this Horde called the Manghit yurt or ulus. North of the Nogais emerged a proper Khanate of Sibir, or Siberian Khanate, ruled by a branch of the Shibanids. In 1459 on the death of Küchük Muhammad, Khan of the Great Horde, he sought to divide the khanate between his sons Mahmud and Ahmad. But Ahmad soon chased out Mahmud, who fled to Hajji Tarkhan, modern Astrakhan at the Volga Delta. Mahmud and his sons turned Astrakhan into their powerbase, and in turn its own independent khanate. In the far east, the newly emerged Uzbek Khanate fell into internal fighting after the death of Abu'l Khayr Khan, which led to a group of young princes breaking off and founding the rival Kazakh Khanate in the 1450s. In 1442, Crimea and the surrounding steppes came under the rule of Sayyid Ahmad II Khan's nephew, Hajji Giray, establishing the Crimean Khanate's long ruling Giray Dynasty. Hajji Giray, and his son Mengli Giray, dedicated their lives to the hatred of the heirs of Küchük Muhammad, whose line monopolized the position of Khans of the ever declining Great Horde. For over twenty years, Hajji Giray fought repeatedly with Küchük Muhammad's son, Ahmad Khan. Ahmad enjoyed few successes; his alliance with Poland against the Crimean Khan brought little help, while the Nogais and other khanates and Hordes bordering him raided his lands, splitting his attention in every direction. His situation was further hampered with the obstinence of the new Grand Prince of the Rus', Ivan III of Moscow.    Ivan III brought Moscow out of its lengthy period of civil war, and renewed the drive to dominate  the other principalities. Like his predecessors, Ivan III had recognized the overlordship of the Khan. But he also recognized the reality of the situation, for he maintained diplomacy with the other emerging khans, particularly the Crimean.  From the 1440s onwards there had been gaps in the deliverance of Rus' tribute to the Horde,  becoming ever more spotty upon Ivan's official ascension in 1462, culminating in 1471 when Ivan ceased the payment of tribute altogether. Ahmad Khan frequently sent messengers to Ivan demanding the resumption of the tribute, or for Ivan to come and reaffirm his submission in person. The ever more frustrated Ahmad Khan, surrounded and beleaguered by powerful rivals, needed this Rus' tribute. His first march on Moscow in 1472 was aborted, and ordered another attack on Ivan in 1480 in cooperation with his Polish ally, King Casimir IV. Ivan III did not back down, and sent his army to repel the khan. The two foes faced off across the Ugra River over the summer and into the autumn of 1480. Khan Ahmad waited in vain for Casimir, who never arrived. Arrows were shot, arquebuses were fired; Ivan worried the river would soon freeze and allow Ahmad free passage, but Ahmad retreated first, downtrodden his ally had failed to show. His son Murteza raided Moscow territory as they withdrew, and Ahmad was murdered the next year.       So ended the Great Stand on the Ugra River, a much overemphasized staring contest. Only centuries later did chronicles see it as an epoch in the independence of the Rus'. It did not directly affect either parties' standing, and to contemporaries was simply another scuffle amidst hundreds. Twenty years later after the Ugra stand, Ivan sent a message to Ahmad's son and successor, Shaykh Ahmad Khan, inquiring about resuming their earlier relationship in the midst of a fierce round of struggle with Lithuania. From 1474 to 1685, Moscow sent annual tributes, under the name of pominki, to the Crimean Khans. But raids and attacks by the khans were no longer as devastating as they had once been, with the expansion of better defensive networks by the Rus', including more stone fortifications and ever-improving firearms technology. Seemingly, the armies of the Khans no longer came with such overwhelming forces, and the chronicles which once spoke of Toqta's brother Duden handily destroying 14 cities across Rus', begin to describe the Rus' repelling or pursuing Tatar raiders. Assaults on cities, such as Ahmad's brother Mahmud Khan's failed siege of Ryazan' in 1460, were beaten back with heavy losses on the part of the attackers. In other cases, the Khans fell prey to other khans; Mahmud's 1465 attack on Rus' was intercepted by an army of the Crimean Khan Hajji Giray, who often allied with Moscow against the Great Horde. The khans of the Horde no longer enjoyed a monopoly on military power. Instead of masters of the steppe, they were now members within a political system, facing off with rivals of comparable power, while their own might had shrunk considerably. The khan could no longer unilaterally oppose his will.        After Ahmad Khan's death in 1481, his sons attempted to act as co-rulers but were soon at each other's throats, further weakening the Great Horde while their rivals grew in might. Shaykh Ahmad bin Ahmad Khan emerged the victor. While he had aspirations of reuniting the Horde, his efforts proved futile. Shaykh Ahmad Khan's reign proved to be one of disaster. His cousin in Astrakhan openly defied him; Ivan III of Moscow allied with Mengli Giray of Crimea against the Great Horde. In an effort to outflank Moscow and Crimea, Shaykh Ahmad sought to restore the military alliance with Lithuania, but no great support ever came of it. Rounds of plague and bad seasons further harmed the Horde's cities, pasture lands and crops; harsh winters and poor grazing resulted in the deaths of thousands of horses almost every year of the 1490s. Famine weakened his forces, destroyed his herds and caused thousands to flee to neighbouring khanates. By the start of the sixteenth century Shaykh Ahmad was desperate, and in winter 1501 he led his underfed and weakened army in one last gamble, seeking to push west of the Dnieper for greener pasture. But he was trapped in a vicious snowstorm, and cut off from the rest of his forces. His demoralized army suffered for months, and began to trickle off to the territory of the Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray. Shaykh Ahmad suffered his own personal losses; already depressed from the failure of the Lithuanians to arrive, Shaykh Ahmad watched the last of his brothers fall ill and die.  As Mengli Giray summoned the entirety of his forces to crush the khan, Shaykh Ahmad's will finally broke when his own wife abandoned him with much of his family and most of his remaining troops— to join Mengli Giray. When Mengli Giray met Ahmad near the Dnieper in June 1502, the Khan of the Great Horde, who in the time of Özbeg was allegedly capable of raising 300,000 men, was caught with a paltry 20,000. Chased from the field, his palace ordu looted, Shaykh Ahmad Khan spent the rest of his life on the run, and spent much of his last twenty years in Lithuania a political prisoner. So, according to traditional scholarship, did the humiliating career of the final Khan of the Great Horde end, and traditionally 1502 serves as the end date for the Golden Horde.       However, in recent decades this view has been challenged. Historians like Leslie Collins have demonstrated thoroughly how after 1502 Mengli Giray dramatically grew in strength and began to style himself as Great Khan of the Great Horde; a claim recognized in diplomacy by his Ottoman overlord, the Rus', the Poles and the Lithuanians. What is now argued is that, to contemporaries, the Great Horde did not end in 1502; the throne was simply taken by another branch of the dynasty, as it had so many times before. Absorbing the remnants of the Great Horde's lands, troops and wealth, the power of the Crimean Khans grew considerably as they expanded eastwards into the former heart of Shaykh Ahmad Khan's realm. By the 1520s under Mengli's son, Mehmed, their influence stretched past the Volga as they put candidates onto the thrones of Kazan and Astrakhan. In a sense, the Horde was briefly reestablished. However, Mehmed was killed by Nogais in 1523, who then raided as far as Crimea, precipitating years of internal fighting for the Crimean throne and leading to the Ottomans taking greater control over the Crimean succession. Meanwhile without a common enemy in the form of the Great Horde the Crimean alliance with Moscow quickly frayed. The Princes of Moscow, now masters of Rus', were eager to gain access to the Volga trade, and take advantage of the weakness of the Volga Khanates, particularly under Ivan IV and his crusade-minded advisers. In 1552 the first khanate, Kazan, fell to Ivan's armies; Astrakhan followed in 1554.  It is Ivan IV, by the way, who is popularly known as Ivan Grozny, or Ivan the Terrible, and who in 1547 took the imperial title of Tsar, a derivation of Latin Caesar. During the dominance of the Golden Horde, Tsar had been the title reserved for the Khans, whereas the Rus' princes were knyaz. What Ivan was signalling, in a way, was that the now the Prince of Moscow had replaced the Jochid khan as master of the Rus'.       The powerful Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray sought to halt Moscow's expansion, with yearly raids and in 1571, even succeeded in capturing and burning down Moscow. This brief victory was followed by a humiliating defeat at Molodni the next year. The Crimean Khans reluctantly ceded control of the former eastern lands of the Golden Horde to Moscow. This last campaign proved to be the final great success of steppe armies over the Rus'. In the following decades, the Russian Tsardom soon stretched deep into Siberia. The continuous warfare of the fourteen and fifteenth centuries, coupled with epidemics and environmental stresses, left for the Russians nothing but depopulated, weakened khanates to pick off one by one; only to the south, in the great steppe, did the Crimean Khans armies stop Russian expansion; an expansion halted, as much as anything, by logistical difficulties in crossing the steppe, and threat of Ottoman support for the Crimean Khanate, rather than any military capability on the part of the Crimeans. Though the Crimean Khanate launched continuous raids on the southern frontier of Muscovy, Lithuania, Poland and assisted the Ottomans in campaigns into Eastern and Central Europe, they were no longer unassailable. Raids sent on Moscow's order, or undertaken by the fiercely Cossack hosts who now roamed the steppes, now penetrated into the Crimean peninsula itself.   Still, they clung on. Over the 1700s the Russian Empire steadily encroached and isolated Crimea, while Ottoman support became ever more tepid. Only in 1783 was the Crimean Khanate finally annexed by Empress Catherine the Great, shortly after the Russians had essentially ended its political independence. The final Crimean Khan, Şahin Giray, was executed a few years later by the Ottomans. When the Kazakh Khanates were finally dissolved by the Russians in the following century, so with them went the last vestiges of the Golden Horde, and the Mongol Empire.        So ends our history of the Golden Horde, and in turn the Mongol Empire. Be sure to turn in next week as we wrap up our series on the Chinggisid empire, and leave you with considerations for the start of our next series, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one.

After two decades of anarchy, one man appeared from the darkness to restore the Golden Horde to its might: this was Toqtamish. Just as the candle may spark up just before it goes out,  Toqtamish seemed poised to right the wrongs of the previous decades, and reaffirm the power of the Golden Horde over its subjects, and thus bring about further centuries of greatness. But then came Temür, Toqtamish's former patron, turned greatest enemy. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Age of Conquest.   While our series on the Golden Horde has so far focused on the descendants of Batu Khan, the khans of the Golden Horde until the start of 1360s, the other descendants of Jochi's many other sons had their own appanages within the khanate. Of the fourteen named sons of Jochi,  by the late fourteenth century  there were two of these lineages left who held any might. These were the lines of Shiban, Jochi's fifth son, and Toqa-Temür, Jochi's youngest son. As the house of Batu and Orda went extinct in the middle of the fourteenth century, the torch of rulership was passed between these lineages. It seems both lineages were largely based in the eastern part of the khanate, in the Blue Horde or the ulus of Orda. The Shibanids held lands in what was to become the Khanate of Sibir, named for the fortress of the same name. The heart of this territory was the upper Irtysh River, and if the name of Sibir sounds familiar, that's because in time it gave its name to Siberia. The Toqa-Temürids meanwhile seem to have generally ranged east of the Ural river, across the Kazakh steppes.   In the chaos that followed Berdi Beğ Khan's death in 1359, it was representatives of the Shibanids who first moved west to claim the throne in Sarai. When Orda's line died out in the 1360s, the Toqa-Temürids were the ones on the scene to usurp the ulus in the Blue Horde lands, though it was not a secure power base. The order of khans is a matter of great contention: reigns were brief, and various sources often offer contradictory information, which is often further contradicted with the dates given on coinage in the period. What is clear is that the Blue Horde contenders quickly, if not immediately, saw their conflict and their state as independent of the wars for Sarai ongoing at the same time. The Blue Horde was now separate, once more, from the Golden.   One of the earliest figures to seize the vacant throne of the Ordaids was Qara-Nogai, a Toqa-Temürid. In the early 1360s he was elected khan in Sighnaq, the Blue Horde administrative capital, located on the lower reaches of Syr Darya River near the Aral Sea. His reign was brief, but after some years of conflict members of his family continued to claim the throne; the most notable of these was Urus Khan, whose reign is usually dated to beginning in 1368.    Urus Khan was a real strong man— and not a descendant of Orda, as newer research has demonstrated. In the decade of his reign Urus established a firm hold on power and firm military backing. Rivals for the throne were violently killed or exiled, and around 1372 he even led an army to take Sarai and declare himself Khan of the Golden Horde, though he soon abandoned the city. Nonetheless he exercised a monopoly on power in the Blue Horde which made it considerably more stable than the ongoing troubles in the Golden Horde, which was too much even for Urus to exert control over. But such was his influence that his sons and descendants continued to be prominent players for decades. Two sons, Quyurchuq and Ulugh Muhammad, later became khans of the Golden Horde, while the latter established the Khanate of Kazan; a grandson of Urus, Baraq, also became Khan of the Golden Horde, while Urus' great-grandchildren established the Kazakh Khanate. It should not be a surprise then that some historians suggest that Urus should be identified with Alash Khan, the legendary founder of the Kazakhs from whom all khans were descended.  Descent from Urus, in effect, became a new form of legitimacy after the fourteenth century.   As mentioned, Urus took to killing and exiling his rivals to power. These were often fellow Toqa-Temürids. One such fellow who he had killed was his cousin, Toy-Khwaja. In the aftermath, Toy-Khwaja's son was forced to flee; this is our first introduction to Toqtamish. Toy-Khwaja must have been quite the rival and had some following, for Toqtamish never had much trouble finding supporters for himself. One source indicates Toqtamish's mother was a high ranking lady of the Sufi-Qonggirads, a dynasty which had recently established its quasi-independence from the Blue Horde at Urgench and now ruled Khwarezm. A young and courageous warrior, if not the most tactically skilled, Prince Toqtamish deeply desired both revenge and power. Urus Khan's horsemen pursued him, and Toqtamish fled for his life right out of the steppe, crossing the Syr Darya River to seek shelter with a new rising power: Aksak Temür as the Turks of the time knew him; he'd prefer to be known as Emir Temür Güregen, son-in-law to the house of Chinggis and sahib-i qiran, “lord of the Auspicious Conjunction.” Persians knew him as Temür-i Lang, and today we know him best as Tamerlane. Since half the people in this period are named some variation of Temür, to help make it easier to tell everyone apart we'll stick with his popular moniker of Tamerlane.   Since the beginning of the 1360s, Tamerlane had fought for power in the ruins of the western half of the Chagatai Khanate. By spring 1370 he had succeeded in becoming master of Transoxania. As a non-Chinggisid, Tamerlane could not bear the title of khan or rule in his own right over nomads. Thus his official title was Emir, presenting himself as the protector of his new puppet khan, a descendant of Ögedai. From this basis the Timürid empire began to expand.    When Toqtamish fled to the domains of Tamerlane around 1375, the Emir's attention was still mostly local. His campaigns into Iran had not yet begun, and instead he alternated between attacking the Sufi-Qonggirads in Khwarezm, and Qamar al-Din, the ruler of the eastern Chagatai lands, or Moghulistan as it was commonly known at the time.  Undoubtedly, Tamerlane held a wary eye to his northern border; Urus Khan and his horsemen posed a real threat to Tamerlane, in a way none of his other neighbours did. Thus when a young, pliable claimant to the throne of Urus arrived in his court, Tamerlane was more than willing to oblige. Should Toqtamish control the Blue Horde, then Tamerlane needn't worry over that border and could turn his attention elsewhere. Toqtamish was received in Tamerlane's court with high honours and respect, and granted Otrar and other lands along the Syr Darya as patrimony, in addition to troops, horses and supplies. Not coincidentally, Otrar was within spitting distance of Sighnaq. Tamerlane had given Toqtamish a platform to seize the Blue Horde.   Toqtamish quickly began raiding the lands of Urus, building his reputation as a warrior and charismatic leader. But Urus was no fool and quickly had an army sent after Toqtamish, under the command of a son, Qutlugh Buqa. Despite fierce effort on Toqtamish's part, and the death of Qutlugh Buqa in the fighting, Toqtamish was defeated and sent back to Tamerlane. The Emir provided Toqtamish another army, only for Toqtamish to again be defeated when another of Urus' armies came seeking to avenge Qutlugh Buqa. This time, according to the Timurid historian Yazdi, Toqtamish was so thoroughly beaten down that he ditched his armour and swam across the Syr Darya River to save his life, and returned to Tamerlane naked and humbled. Not long after came a representative of Urus, named Edigü, a powerful bey within the Blue Horde and head of the Manghit people. Edigü bore Urus' message demanding Tamerlane handover Toqtamish; was it not right for the father to avenge the son? What right did Tamerlane have to hold such a fugitive?   Tamerlane refused to handover Toqtamish— whatever Tamerlaner's faults, and there were many, he had given his word as overlord to protect the young prince. Some authors go as far as to present an almost father/son dynamic between them. It's not impossible; Tamerlane had gone through his own period of qazaqliq,  the Turkic term for when a prince was reduced to a state of near brigandage, a freebooter fighting for every scrap. It's the etymological basis, by the way, for both the Turkic Kazakh and the Cossacks of the Pontic steppes.  Tamerlane may have sympathized with the fierce, proud Toqtamish, in contrast with his own sons who tended to range from lazy to unreliable. Tamerlane's own favoured son and heir, his second son Jahangir Mirza, died about this time in 1376 or 7, leaving his father stricken with grief. Toqtamish may have filled in the gap, and as Toqtamish himself had lost his father, it's not difficult to imagine Toqtamish valuing Tamerlane's presence greatly.  Of course, it may simply have been convenience on the part of both parties.    With Tamerlane's refusal to hand over Toqtamish, Urus Khan led an army against them. Tamerlane raised one in response, with Toqtamish in the vanguard. Skirmishing ensued, and nearly did the full forces clash, had not, according to Yazdi, a vicious rainstorm kept the armies apart. They returned to their respective realms. The dramatic confrontation between the two great warlords of Central Asia was averted when, likely in 1378, Urus Khan suddenly died, followed in quick succession by the chief of his sons, Toqta Caya.       In a mad dash, Tamerlane sent Toqtamish with an army to Sighnaq, and had him finally declared khan. Tamerlane returned comfortably to his capital of Samarkand, only to learn that Toqtamish had again been ousted, when another of Urus Khan's sons, Temür Malik, had declared himself khan and raised an army. Once more Tamerlane reinforced Toqtamish, though now Toqtamish was able to gather more support of his own. Finally Temür Malik Khan was overcome, and Toqtamish firmly emplaced as Khan of the Blue Horde. Not coincidentally, from this point onwards Tamerlane was able to secure his frontiers and begin his southern conquests into Iran, which would hold his attention for the rest of the 1380s.       The new Khan, Toqtamish,  set about confirming the support of the pillars of his new realm. The Shibanids of Sibir, and the Sufi-Qonggirads of Khwarezm, despite their capital of Urgench being sacked by Tamerlane in 1379, were important suppliers of troops for Toqtamish. Numerous beys and princes came over to pledge allegiance to him. Toqtamish either convinced them of his divine support, or richly rewarded them, and succeeded in breaking even some factions. The Manghit leader Edigü, for instance, found that his brother ‘Isa Beğ became a staunch ally of Toqtamish Khan. Edigü's sister had been married to Urus Khan's son, the late Temür Malik Khan, and despite the latter's defeat Edigü remained a powerful and prominent figure within the Horde, controlling a great swath of pasture east of the Ural and Emba Rivers. To bring him over, or at least stop his active resistance, Toqtamish provided Edigü tarkhan, or tax-exempt, status and granted him more lands.       With his rear secured, Toqtamish had not a moment to lose. His intentions were clear. Toqtamish was not aiming to just succeed his father, or Urus Khan, or be merely Khan of the Blue Horde. He had much bigger dreams. He idolized Öz Beg Khan and the glory days of the united ulus. Beyond that though, outside of Mongolia proper, Toqtamish was effectively the only Chinggisid monarch who held power in his own name. The Yuan Khans had been pushed from China, and their power restricted to the Mongol homeland, and their attention focused on battling Ming Dynasty incursions into the steppe. In the west, all other Chinggisids were puppets or minor princelings. Toqtamish therefore presented himself not just as heir to Özbeg and Jani Beg, or of Batu and Jochi, but as the heir to Chinggis Khan. For the rest of his life Toqtamish remained the most powerful single member of the house of Chinggis, and styled himself not as khan, but as khagan, Great Khan. And for that, he needed Sarai.         Quickly, but carefully, he made his way onto the Jochid capital, winning over allies or defeating foes as he went, before taking the city in 1380. Only one great enemy remained, and that was the western beylerbeyi, Mamai. There was not a moment to waste once Mamai suffered defeat at Kulikovo against the Prince of Moscow in September 1380. As Mamai retreated to his base in the steppes north of Crima, Toqtamish granted yarliqs to the Italians in the Crimea to confirm and expand their privileges, trapping Mamai between them. Toqtamish unleashed a full assault on Mamai and crushed his power in a decisive engagement along the Kalka River. In the aftermath Toqtamish took Mamai's camp, his treasury, his wives and beys, and the rest of his troops. Mamai fled for his life, making his way to Caffa, where the Genoese took him captive and executed him in the name of Toqtamish Khaan.        By 1381 Toqtamish was master of the Golden Horde, and set about reminding everyone of the order of things. The Rus' princes reaffirmed their submission, with even Dmitri Donskoi, the victor of Kulikovo, promptly sending gifts for Toqtamish, his wives and his princes. But their tardiness in submitting in person brought Toqtamish to shorten the leash. The Rus' had grown too haughty over the last two decades, and Toqtamish surprised them with a sudden and horrific onslaught.  The Prince of Ryazan' saved his city with a last moment surrender. Other cities were not so lucky. Dmitri Donskoi had hoped to raise an army, but losses after Kulikovo were too great, the princes unwilling to follow Dmitri to such certain doom. In the end Dmitri was forced to flee Moscow before Toqtamish encircled the city. After three days, on the 26th of August 1382,  the city was stormed, sacked and burned. Numerous others followed suit.        Dmitri Donskoi was forced to send his son Vasili as hostage to the Horde, and paid heavy tribute. Once more Moscow minted coins in the name of the Khan, and once more Dmitri collected taxes for him too. Though Dmitri had his revenge on the Prince of Ryazan' with a vicious attack, the victor of Kulikovo died in 1389, only thirty years old.        Now master of the lands of Jochi, Toqtamish set about re-strengthening the Horde. The internal stability, as the Horde enjoyed 10 years of relative peace after Toqtamish took Sarai, did wonders for internal trade and movement, coupled with the lessening of the plague impact. He enacted monetary reforms, expanding the centres which minted coins and a lighter standard for silver dirhams, which in the opinion of researchers like Nedashkovsky, was a recognition and response to inflation.  When the bey Bekbulat tried to declare himself khan in Crimea, Toqtamish was able to come to agreement with him and reach a peaceable solution.  Khwarezm and its Sufi-Qonggirad Dynasty, which Tamerlane had considered his subjects, now recognized Toqtamish as overlord and minted coins in his name from 1381 onwards. On the western frontier, the loss of lands to Lithuania was halted when Toqtamish won a victory over the Lithuanians at Poltava in 1382, and forced them to continue paying tribute for the lands they had already taken from the Horde. From Toqtamish's point-of-view, this was essentially making them his vassals, though the Lithuanians did not quite see it like this. Nonetheless, the Khan retained generally stable relations with the states along his border.   Toqtamish also looked abroad. In distant Moghulistan Toqtamish established relations with Qamar al-Din, the effective ruler of the eastern Chagatai lands. In 1385 he opened contact with the Mamluks of Egypt, the first time in ten years diplomatic contact was made. He did not make the mistake of invading Azerbaijan, but instead formed a treaty of friendship with its ruler, Sultan Ahmad Jalayir. And this became quite the issue, for shortly after this treatment was made, Tamerlane invaded Azerbaijan and forced Ahmad Jalayir to flee Tabriz.    Perhaps Tamerlane had been unaware of the treaty between Toqtamish and Sultan Ahmad, but it seems to have been the evolution of the ever-more fraught relationship between the two. Toqtamish Khan and Emir Tamerlane were already on roads to argument with both claiming the lands of Khwarezm. Tamerlane, now with a puppet Il-Khan, made a show of restoring the former lands of the Ilkhanate; just as Toqtamish was making a claim to restoring former Jochid lands in the Caucasus. But there was another ideological aspect at play. As we've emphasized already, Toqtamish was very proud of his Chinggisid ancestry, and appears to have a particular disgust for pretensions of non-Chinggisids to rule. Tamerlane's presentation of himself as a supreme lord, while also walking around with a bundle of Chinggisid puppets, was an insult Toqtamish could not idly abide. The Golden Horde and Timurid empire lay beside each other like two sharks, in a tank too tight for the both of them. Both rulers simply may have seen confrontation as inevitable, the presentations of both stretching past what the other anticipated, and both expected antagonism.    It was Toqtamish who launched the first blow. After Timurid forces withdrew from Azerbaijan, Toqtamish attacked in late 1386, taking Baku, Tabriz, and Nakhchivan. Then in 1387, Toqtamish spun around the Caspian and Aral Seas, and in conjunction with Qamar al-Din of Moghulistan, Toqtamish took Tashkent and Qarshi before besieging Bukhara and Tamerlane's capital of Samarkand.     Once Toqtamish withdrew, Tamerlane quickly retook Khwarezm, sacking Urgench in 1388 with a massacre to invoke those of Chinggis Khan. Immediate reprisals against Toqtamish were halted by rebellions in Khurasan and a retaliatory campaign in Moghulistan against Qamar al-Din. Once dealt with, Tamerlane could begin extensive preparations for an invasion of the Golden Horde, spending months assembling a large army and supplies collected from across his empire. After a series of feints, Tamerlane set out unexpectedly early in January 1391. Eyeing Tamerlane after several months of marching, Toqtamish felt he knew Tamerlane's plan. Anticipating that the Emir would cross the Ural River at Kurk-qul, Toqtamish ordered his army to gather there. In one of the surprise maneuvers he so loved, Tamerlane darted in a different direction; before Toqtamish's full force had even gathered, he learned Tamerlane had crossed further upriver. Toqtamish retreated lest he be outflanked, and his forces who arrived late were set upon by the Timurids.   But despite this, Tamerlane was playing in Toqtamish's lands, and was no man of the steppe. Toqtamish drew Tamerlane deeper into the steppe, and in the process began to starve his large army. Parties sent out to forage were ambushed by Toqtamish's warriors, and the Khan tried to burn the grasslands before the Timurids, though the wet spring hampered this. Knowing his starving men would soon be at their limit, Tamerlane rallied with men with  a large hunting expedition and glamourous review of the troops, while sending his son, Omar-Sheikh Mirza with 20,000 swift riders to overtake Toqtamish and force him to battle, allowing the main force to catch up to the Khan. The ploy worked, and Toqtamish was forced to draw up at the Kondurcha River on June 18th, 1391.    The two massive armies arrayed themselves in large, crescent formations. Both forces were largely horse archers, light and heavy cavalry, with Tamerlane bringing infantry from his Central Asian cities and as far as Badakhshan, and Toqtamish infantry from the Horde's urban centers. Tamerlane strengthened his wings with units staggered behind them to protect against encirclement, and commanded the rearguard behind the centre. The Golden Horde struck first, attacking across the entire front, Toqtamish himself leading repeated charges. However, some of Toqtamish's flank commanders retreated, either due to treachery or miscommunication. With the Horde now stretched thin,  Tamerlane ordered a counter charge against Toqtamish's left and centre, which broke and the rest retreated. Though the field was won, Toqtamish and much of his army had escaped. Deprived of a total victory, Tamerlane withdrew, but not before appointing another Toqa-Temürid Temür Qutlugh, as khan, with the wily Edigü empowered too.   With Tamerlane spending the next few years darting hither and yon across Iran, Toqtamish recoupled his strength, and planned the next bout. When the Prince of Moscow, Dmitri Donskoi's son Vasili, wished to annex the city of Nizhnii Novgorod, he delivered a large bribe to Toqtamish which the khan was happy to put to use. Gifts and messengers went across the world as Toqtamish built an anti-Timurid alliance. Old allies like the Mamluks and Jalayirids, but also other Turkic states with whom the Horde had had no ties with before, such as the Ottomans and Qaraqoyunlu, the so-called Black Sheep Turkomans.  Tamerlane was hardly blind to it, and engaged in his own diplomacy to dissuade such a coalition from forming. But Tamerlane's political capital was spent. Watching Tamerlane's movement, Toqtamish placed his own army north of the Caucasus. The two sent envoys to one another in a final diplomatic effort, to no avail, and Tamerlane marched into the steppe in the first months of 1395.   This time he caught Toqtamish along the Terek River in April 1395, near Grozny in Chechnya. The Golden Horde controlled the north bank of the closest ford and unwilling to storm it, Tamerlane marched upstream, with Toqtamish mirroring him for three days. According to a Spanish envoy to Tamerlane's court, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, on the third night, the women and servants in Temur's camp donned armour and continued on, while the main force swiftly doubled back in the darkness and crossed the now unguarded ford. It didn't take Toqtamish long to discover the ruse, but it was too late: Tamerlane's army deployed on their side late on April 14th. Anticipating a night attack, Tamerlane ordered a moat dug around his camp. Toqtamish's forces skirmished along the edges of the moat, playing instruments and shouting, keeping Temur's army up with expectations of an assault. But Toqtamish held the main army back, resting them.   On the morning of the 15th, they formed up. Again they brought massive armies, and Tamerlane increased the size of his rearguard in expectation of encirclement. Toqtamish opened the battle, his right falling upon Temur's left rearguard. Tamerlane ordered the left wing to assist, and the Golden Horde's right retreated. Eager to press the assault, Tamerlane's left  pursued, leaving the security of the main army and were drawn into a feigned retreat. Surrounded, the Timurid left was decimated, the survivors colliding with Tamerlane's lines as a Jochid charge followed up. Battle order was lost. Tamerlane retreated to the fortified camp, Toqtamish's troops in hot pursuit and nearly captured the emir. With Tamerlane himself now under threat, his commanders acted promptly, forcing wagons together in an impromptu stockade. They held off the Horde long enough for the remainder of the army to form back up, and by evening counterattacked and forced back the Jochids, until nightfall separated them. So ended the first day of battle.   Discipline and composure were reestablished that night and the armies drew up early on the 16th. Toqtamish's army again began the battle, his left flank forcing back Tamerlane's vanguard, and soon Temur's right was nearly overcome as well. One commander ordered large shields forced into the ground, and from behind this barricade Tamerlane's archers dismounted and shot at the approaching Tatars, halting their advance. Temur reinforced them with several units from his bodyguard, repulsing the Jochids under this volley of arrows.   The second day ended better than the first for Tamerlane, but the old emir knew Toqtamish had him matched. That evening he made overtures to a discontented emir in Toqtamish's camp, Aktau, promising him rewards for promoting intrigue. By morning Aktau had abandoned the battlefield, making his way in time to Anatolia. Toqtamish was disheartened but determined, and formed up again, his left wing weaker with Aktau's absence. Toqtamish's centre and flanks all attacked Tamerlane, but Tamerlane had built up his forces on the right, and broke through the weakened Jochid left. Hard fighting continued until evening, Toqtamish valiantly trying to save the left and prevent encirclement, but Temur had the better of the day. Defeated, Toqtamish had an orderly retreat planned, sending one commander to the Caucasus in an effort to harass Tamerlane's rear. This gave Toqtamish enough time to escape while Temur crushed this army. However, Toqtamish could not rally another army, leaving his cities isolated before the might of Tamerlane.   Tamerlane pursued Toqtamish, but upon losing him decided to prevent Toqtamish from ever having strength to raise another army again. He then set about systematically dismantling the economy of the Golden Horde, thoroughly sacking every single one of the major cities of the steppe; from the Crimea trade cities, where only Caffa, due to a timely bribe escaped judgment. Tana, Ukek, Sarai to Hajji Tarkhan and more all were brought to ruin on Tamerlane's order, left smoldering husks as his army moved past. Despite some popular claims, Moscow was not attacked; the Rus' chronicles indicate only the town of ‘Elets suffered the wrath of the Emir. He declared another of Urus Khan's sons, Quyurchuq as Khan, and was convinced by Edigü to grant him yarliq to collect and summon his peoples; but realized too late that Edigü had tricked him, and used Tamerlane's patent and the vacuum of power to carve out his own lands.   By the summer of 1396, the steppe environment and some sort of epidemic was wreaking havoc on Tamerlane's troops, and he ordered the withdrawal to Samarkand, carrying with it the loot and treasures of the Golden Horde. The Horde's cities and trade had struggled through the upheavals of the fourteenth century, but Tamerlane had just delivered a death blow from which they would not recover.   Toqtamish was not done yet. For the next ten years he continued to seek to reclaim his throne, but now faced a stiff opponent in the form of Edigü. Ridding himself of Tamerlane's puppet, Edigü reenthroned Temür Qutlugh, in time followed by a host of other puppets, and directed the effort to crush Toqtamish once and for all. But as a man well accustomed to defeat and bouncing back from it, Toqtamish proved remarkably hard to kill, and simply would not take “no” for an answer. The most notable effort came in 1399. After allying with Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania, the two launched a joint-invasion of the Golden Horde. At the Vorskla River in 1399, Edigü and Temür Qutlugh inflicted a crushing defeat on the army of Vytautas and Toqtamish. Many Lithuanian princes were killed, and the fleeing Duke was chased as far as Kyiv, where only after hefty ransom was the city and its refugees spared. The Toqtamish-Lithuanian alliance continued though, and Toqtamish's son Jalal al-Din fought alongside Vytautas at the famous battle of Grünwald, or Tannenburg, against the Teutonic Order in 1410. Today, the Lipka Tatars in Lithuania and Poland are their distant descendants.   By 1405, the humbled Toqtamish was in Siberia, and reached out to his former mentor, Tamerlane. Tamerlane was then in the midst of a march on China, wintering in Otrar, and it seems his old heart was warmed by Toqtamish's offer of cooperation against Edigü. But nothing was to come of it; the old emir died that winter, and the next year Toqtamish fell in a skirmish against the forces of Edigü.   So ended the life of Toqtamish Khan, the final powerful khan over the whole of the Golden Horde. Though not a truly transformative or administrative monarch, the fact he instilled any sort of stability over the Horde, and led a remarkable effort at unifying it before its final disintegration, left him a powerful legacy.  In later Turkic histories Toqtamish is one of the most popular Jochid khans, and over the next century he was benchmark for others who wished to unify the Horde. In 1509, the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, when sending a large army against Astrakhan during his own bid to reunify the Horde, is reported to have said “I shall be a Toqtamish.” And perhaps Toqtamish would have been successful, had he not faced Tamerlane in battle, perhaps the only man at the time with the strength to overcome the might of the Golden Horde. And for that, the Golden Horde paid dearly. Our next, and final episode on the Golden Horde, deals with its final disintegration, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one.

Ingeniørstudenten Igor Dyatlov planlegger en ekspedisjon gjennom Uralfjellene i Russland og tar med seg en gruppe på 9 andre studenter. Målet er Otorten-fjellet, nord i Sibir; en farlig og ekstremt utfordrende tur. Gruppen blir advart mot å gjennomføre ekspedisjonen, men det var Dyatlov bare som en utfordring.Hør nye episoder av denne podkasten reklamefritt i appen vår Untold: https://untold.app/podcast/ac57cca3-9d4a-4aea-87ba-eb69d9cf4d82/truecrimepodden-dokumentar

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„Mažosios Europos pokalbiuose“ jau viešėjęs fotografas Tadas Kazakevičius, su kuriuo tąkart kalbėjome apie jo ciklą „Tai ko nebebus“, fiksuojantį kintantį Lietuvos provincijos gyvenimą, šįkart sugrįžta papasakoti apie savo naująjį ciklą „Pernykštis sniegas“, kuris gilinasi į vaikų, kartu su savo šeimomis ištremtų į Sibirą, tačiau sugrąžintų į okupuotą tėvynę, likimus bei jų santykį su šia skaudžia praeitimi. Apie knygos „Sibiro haiku“ įtaką ciklui, vaikų gelbėjimą iš Sibiro vykdžiusius ekspeditorius, keliones su ciklo herojais į jų vaikystės vietas, fotografijos santykį su archyvine istorine medžiaga, herojų paskolintais reliktais, santykį su laiku – apie visa tai pokalbis su T. Kazakevičiumi.Ved. Donatas Puslys

This week, on the Russian History Podcast, we look at what happens when Russia expands East, and comes into conflict with Sibir. Questions and queries can be emailed to therussianhistorypodcast@gmail.com or by following @ruhipoca on Twitter. You can support the show on Patreon, where for $2.50 a month, you can help the show continue with increased costs as more and more sources are now available; please find further details here: https://www.patreon.com/therussianhistorypodcast