Irish physicist
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10 episodes with john tyndall
3 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
2 episodes with john tyndall
Quand on évoque les origines scientifiques de l'effet de serre, les noms de John Tyndall et de Svante Arrhenius viennent naturellement à l'esprit. Mais que dire d'Eunice Newton Foote, scientifique américaine et militante des droits des femmes, dont les travaux précurseurs ont été éclipsés par l'histoire ?En 1856, soit trois ans avant les recherches de Tyndall, Eunice Foote a démontré que des concentrations accrues de dioxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère pouvaient provoquer un réchauffement climatique significatif. Avec des moyens modestes — deux cylindres en verre, des thermomètres et une pompe à vide — elle a isolé des gaz et mesuré leur capacité à retenir la chaleur sous les rayons du soleil. Elle théorisa que l'atmosphère terrestre, enrichie en CO₂, entraînerait une hausse des températures. Ce qu'elle décrivait alors n'était autre que l'effet de serre.Mais à cette époque, les femmes étaient exclues des cercles scientifiques. Lors d'un congrès de l'Association américaine pour l'avancement des sciences, ses travaux furent présentés par un homme, Joseph Henry, et publiés dans l'anonymat presque total. Résultat, son nom sombra dans l'oubli tandis que les recherches masculines prenaient toute la lumière. Foote, cependant, n'était pas qu'une scientifique. Militante féministe, elle fut une figure clé de la Convention de Seneca Falls en 1848, première assemblée dédiée aux droits des femmes. Une vie à la croisée des sciences et des luttes sociales. Aujourd'hui, reconnaître son apport, sans minimiser les découvertes de Tyndall, c'est rendre justice à une femme dont les travaux ont ouvert la voie à la compréhension moderne du climat. Une héroïne méconnue d'une science qui continue, encore aujourd'hui, à révéler les liens entre humanité et atmosphère. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.
El descubridor de que el CO2 y otros gases con carbono en su composición, como el metano, absorben la radiación calorífica del Sol es el físico Irlandés John Tyndall. Tras sus investigaciones en el laboratorio con diversos gases, el 10 de junio de 1859, el mismo año de la publicación de El Origen de las Especies de Charles Darwin, John Tyndall dio una conferencia en la Royal Society británica en la que afirmó: “Cuando el calor es absorbido por el planeta, su cualidad cambia de tal manera que los rayos que emanan del planeta no pueden regresar con la misma libertad al espacio. Así, la atmósfera admite la entrada del calor solar; pero controla su salida, y el resultado es una tendencia a acumular calor en la superficie del planeta.”
El descubridor de que el CO2 y otros gases con carbono en su composición, como el metano, absorben la radiación calorífica del Sol es el físico Irlandés John Tyndall. Tras sus investigaciones en el laboratorio con diversos gases, el 10 de junio de 1859, el mismo año de la publicación de El Origen de las Especies de Charles Darwin, John Tyndall dio una conferencia en la Royal Society británica en la que afirmó: “Cuando el calor es absorbido por el planeta, su cualidad cambia de tal manera que los rayos que emanan del planeta no pueden regresar con la misma libertad al espacio. Así, la atmósfera admite la entrada del calor solar; pero controla su salida, y el resultado es una tendencia a acumular calor en la superficie del planeta.”
Episode: 1760 The Christmas Lectures: Michael Faraday's Gift to children. Today, the Christmas Lectures.
Episode: 1067 John Tyndall's reflections on science and religion. Today, an agnostic Victorian physicist looks for God.
In 1856, decades before the term “greenhouse gas” was coined, Eunice Newton Foote demonstrated the greenhouse effect in her home laboratory. She placed a glass cylinder full of carbon dioxide in the sun, and found that it heated up much faster than a cylinder of ordinary air. Her conclusion: more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere results in a warmer planet. Several years later, a British scientist named John Tyndall conducted a far more complicated experiment that demonstrated the same effect and revealed how it worked. Today, he's widely known as the man who discovered the greenhouse gas effect. There's even a crater on the moon named for him! Eunice Newton Foote, meanwhile, was lost to history—until an amateur historian stumbled on her story.
Is climate change an impending existential threat, or a serious but manageable problem we can tackle with innovation and human ingenuity? Zeke Hausfather joins this episode of Faster, Please! — The Podcast to explain the basics of climate modeling and give a clear-eyed assessment of the risks we face and the measures we can take.Zeke is a climate scientist and energy systems analyst. He is the climate research lead for Stripe and a research scientist at Berkeley Earth.In This Episode* Human impact on the climate (1:11)* Global temperature forecasting (6:33)* Low-probability, high-risk scenarios (15:07)* Reducing carbon emissions (17:06)* Carbon capture and carbon removal (25:25)Below is an edited transcript of our conversationFaster, Please! is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. Thanks!Human impact on the climateJames Pethokoukis: How do we know that our planet is warming? And secondarily, how do we know the actions of people are playing a key role?Zeke Hausfather: That's a great question. In terms of how we know it's warming: We've been monitoring the Earth's climate with reasonably dense measurements since the mid-1800s. That's when groups like NASA, NOAA, the UK Hadley Centre, my own Berkeley Earth group, have been able to put together reliable global surface temperature estimates. And we've seen in the period…That's since the 1980s?1850.1850. NASA was not around in 1850.No. But enough measurements were being taken both at weather stations around the world and on ships in the oceans that we can reconstruct global temperatures with an accuracy of a couple tenths of a degree going back that far. We know that the world has warmed by about 1.2 degrees centigrade since 1850 with the vast majority of that warming, about 1 degree of it, happening since 1970. That isn't in much dispute in the scientific community at all. Now, going further back is harder, obviously. We only invented the thermometer in the early 1700s. There are a few locations on land that go back that far, but to go back further in time, we need to rely on what we call climate proxies: things like ice cores, tree rings, coral sediments, pollen in lakes — various natural factors that are in some way related to the temperature when those things occurred.Those have much higher uncertainties, of course, but we do know using those reconstructions that current temperature levels are probably unprecedented in at least the last 2000 years and are at the high end of anything we've seen in the last 120,000 years or so. Certainly if current temperatures were to stay at today's levels for another century, they'd be higher than anything we've seen in 120,000 years. But it's harder to precisely make those claims because the time resolution of these indirect proxy measurements is very coarse when we go back further in time. You might have one ice core measurement reflect a hundred-year average period, for example, rather than a specific year. We know from the temperature record that the world has warmed. How do we know that human activity is playing a role? Well, we've known since the mid-1800s, due to pioneering work by folks like John Tyndall or Arrhenius, that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane are critical to maintain a habitable planet. Without greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, the Earth would be a snowball and life would probably not exist.We also know that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased pretty dramatically. We have measurements from ice cores going back about 800,000 years of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at a reasonably high resolution. And because carbon dioxide is well mixed, knowing it in one location in one ice core gives us a good picture of carbon dioxide for the whole planet. And we know that prior to the year 1850, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere varied between about 170 to 280 parts per million. They're lower during ice age periods; they're higher during warmer interglacial periods. But since the 1850s, that value has increased dramatically. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by about 50 percent. It's gone from 280 parts per million, which was over the last 10,000 years since the end of the last ice age, up to about 420 parts per million today.And that reflects a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. I don't think people realize quite the magnitude we're talking about. The amount of carbon dioxide that humans have added to the atmosphere by digging up stuff from underground and burning it is roughly equal in mass to the entire biosphere. We took every single bit of life on Earth and burned it. That was about how much CO2 we put up in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Or to put it another way, it's equal in mass to all of everything humans have ever built: the pyramids, every skyscraper, every road. We took all that mass and put it up into the atmosphere. That's the amount of CO2 we've emitted. And so that's had a pretty big effect on what we call the radiative forcing of our climate, essentially the amount of outgoing longwave radiation — or heat, in common parlance — that gets absorbed and reradiated back toward the surface. And the estimate…That's the key mechanism we're talking about here, right?Yeah. Sunlight comes in from the sun, which provides pretty much all the Earth's energy. It gets absorbed by the surface of the Earth and reradiated as heat. That heat goes back out to space. Ideally, those two things should be an equilibrium: The amount of energy entering the Earth system matches the amount that leaves the Earth system, and the Earth stays a happy, healthy temperature. What we've seen in the last century, and we can verify this over the last few decades directly through satellite observations, is the amount of heat entering the Earth system is larger than the amount of heat leaving the Earth system. So the Earth is out of thermal equilibrium and is heating up. Most of that heat is going into the oceans, about 90 percent of it. But about 10 percent of that heat that's trapped goes into the atmosphere, and that's responsible for the warming we've seen.The climate is a hugely complex system, and when you're trying to project the response of the climate to our emissions, you're dealing with a lot of uncertainty around what we call feedbacks in the climate system.Global temperature forecastingLooking forward, various climate models, which is what we use to forecast what's going to happen next, look at what we've already put into the atmosphere and what we're continuing to put into the atmosphere, and they make a forecast about how that will impact temperatures going forward. Do I have that part right?Yep.Okay. So based on what these models are saying, what is reasonable to expect in coming decades as far as temperature increases and their impacts?The amount of future warming we end up having depends largely on how much CO2 and other greenhouse gases we emit. If we keep emissions roughly at current levels for the rest of the century — we're emitting about 40 billion tons of CO2 per year — if we keep that steady, we don't increase it at all, we expect somewhere in the range of 3 degrees centigrade warming by the end of the century, so that would be a bit above 5 degrees Fahrenheit warming globally, relative to the pre-industrial period or 1850. We've already experienced 1.2 degrees C. We'd have another 1.8 degrees C or so on top of that by the end of the century. If we emit more, it could be higher than that. If we emit less, it could be lower than that.That said, that's sort of the average estimate across the 40 different modeling centers around the world that do these sort of exercises. In reality, the climate is a hugely complex system, and when you're trying to project the response of the climate to our emissions, you're dealing with a lot of uncertainty around what we call feedbacks in the climate system. As an example: As we warm the surface, we get more evaporation and the atmosphere can hold more water vapor before rain falls out as the air is warmer. This is a fairly well-known physical relationship. And so for every degree of warming, you get about 7 percent more water vapor in the atmosphere. Now, water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas, and so that enhances the warming the world experiences. Because it's warmer, that water vapor can stay in the atmosphere — because usually the water vapor itself is very, very short-lived and can't force the climate by itself because it just rains out if you get too much.There are also uncertainties in how clouds respond to our emissions. More water vapor in the atmosphere leads to more cloud formation in some regions. Higher temperatures and changing wind patterns lead to changing cloud dynamics. Our emissions of other things like aerosols, small particles from burning fossil fuels also affect cloud formation. And how that all pans out and how those clouds change the balance of heat trapped versus heat reflected varies a lot across models. And for all these reasons, we like to give a range of what we call climate sensitivity, which is essentially, how sensitive is the climate to our emissions? And we usually define that as, if we double the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere — which is roughly what we're on track for by the end of the century today, we've already increased it by 50 percent — how much warming do we get at equilibrium? And that value is generally around three degrees C per doubling of CO2, but with a pretty wide range. In the most recent IPCC report, we said it could be anywhere from 2.5 degrees C at the low end of the likely range to about 4 degrees at the high end, 2 degrees to 5 degrees is the sort of very likely range that we gave in the most recent IPCC report.I recently watched an Apple TV+ miniseries called Extrapolations, and it looked at climate change and how it would affect us over the entire century. That was the number they really fixated on: 3 degrees Celsius. The environment they showed was pretty chaotic: lots of very, very bad heat waves, hurricanes, flooding. Civilization wasn't going to get wiped out or anything, but it seemed pretty nasty. So are we talking kind of really nasty climate effects from three degrees of warming Celsius?When we say 3 degrees, it sounds like a very small number, especially to us Americans are used to talking about things in Fahrenheit. But even when we think about the temperature from day to day, it might change, let's say 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit tomorrow, and that's noticeably warmer; 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit is the difference between 85 degrees and a bit above 90 degrees, but it doesn't sound huge. But the problem is, that's a global average number and no one lives in the global average. In fact, the global average is mostly the ocean. It turns out that where people do live, on land, is warming about 50 percent faster than the world as a whole. So if we talk about 3 degrees centigrade — or let's talk Fahrenheit for a moment, let's say 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit — over land, increase that by 50 percent, so let's say 8 degrees Fahrenheit globally over land where we all live. Even higher than that in high-latitude regions like the Arctic. We have bigger feedbacks associated with snow melting and exposing darker surfaces, so some regions are going to see really big changes.To put this number in perspective, the last ice age, which I think everyone would acknowledge was a very different planet than we have today, was only about 6 degrees centigrade colder than current temperatures globally. Obviously it was much colder in the northern latitudes, which were covered by ice sheets, but the tropics were not that much colder. And so it averages to about 6 degrees difference. So that would have impacts. Exactly what those impacts would be depends a lot on the systems we're talking about and the adaptive capacity of those systems. The natural world, I think in many ways, is going to be the worst hit by these changes. There are a lot of plant and animal species that live in fairly narrow ecological niches. And particularly in a world that's very fragmented by roads and human habitation, it's a lot harder for those plant and animal species to migrate to more temperate regions to be able to survive. So certainly there's a concern around large-scale extinction of many plant and animal species that can no longer live in the ecological niches that they've adapted to over the last tens of thousands of years and can't migrate quickly enough to adapt to that.In terms of impacts to human systems, there's a lot of different impacts from climate change and the degree to which those are catastrophic is going to depend a lot on how wealthy we are and how well we can adapt to it. If by the end of the century we're in a world that's similar to today, that has huge amounts of inequality with billions of people living at a dollar a day, I would worry a lot about the ability of people in those societies to adapt to more widespread extreme heat events, larger floods associated with more water vapor in the atmosphere, sea level rise, some of these other impacts. If we live in a world where we're all very wealthy and relatively equal on a country-by-country basis and within countries, then we have a much bigger ability to build sea walls, to have air conditioning inside, to genetically engineer crops to be more heat tolerance, the many other ways that humans can adapt to these changes. And so I think in many ways I see climate change less as an existential risk by itself and more as an existential risk multiplier. If we are in a world of weak institutions, of failing governments, of high inequality, I see climate as something that could help push societies over the edge. But I don't necessarily think at least a 3-degree world would be one that is the end of civilization by any stretch of the imagination, if we get our act together on these other issues.What is what you described as what is sort of the “business as usual” forecast, and then what is the, we really get serious about policy, and we can talk about what those policies are, that reduce carbon emissions?The good news is “business as usual” has already been changing a fair bit. Nowadays, it looks like business as usual is global emissions staying relatively flat. A decade ago, it seemed like doubling or tripling global emissions by the end of the century would not be out of the question. Certainly if you extrapolated the trends from previous decades, that's where we were headed. Nowadays, global coal use has largely plateaued and arguably is going to shrink in coming years. We have cheaper alternatives. Electric vehicles are taking off. There are many other technologies that are being developed and becoming increasingly cheap. And so it's harder to imagine a world where we're still burning massive amounts of coal, oil, and gas in 2100.We can reduce emissions, we can develop new technologies, and we can get them widely adopted. And if we do that and if we get emissions to zero by, say, 2070 or so globally, then we limit warming to below 2 degrees.Low-probability, high-risk scenariosDoes that make the very worst-case scenarios that maybe we were talking about a decade ago just highly unlikely?It certainly makes the worst-case emission outcomes highly unlikely. If we look at 3 degrees, for example, that could really end up anywhere between 2 degrees and above 4 degrees if we get unlucky because of the uncertainty in how the climate system responds to our emissions, because the Earth is such a complex system. Climate change is both planning for the central outcome but also trying to mitigate those risks. In some ways, we want to reduce emissions not just to get that mean down, but also as an insurance policy against the 5 or 10 percent more catastrophic potential outcomes there. I don't think we're necessarily completely out of the woods on a 4 C world by the end of the century if we roll sixes on all the proverbial climate dice, but I think we have made a lot of progress in making those outcomes less likely.Today we're headed toward, as I mentioned earlier, about 3 degrees of warming if emissions stay relatively constant, or a little bit below 3 degrees. But we can do much better than that. We can reduce emissions, we can develop new technologies, and we can get them widely adopted. And if we do that and if we get emissions to zero by, say, 2070 or so globally, then we limit warming to below 2 degrees. If we get emissions to zero by 2050, which is going to be a much harder lift given the amount of infrastructure in place today that relies on fossil fuels, then we could limit warming to maybe about 1.6 or 1.7 degrees. And if we build lots of machines to remove carbon from the atmosphere, plant lots of trees, do other things to actually get negative emissions, models suggest we could get temperatures down to 1.5 degrees, only 0.3 degrees above where we are today, by the end of the century.We are really on this acceleration of private sector and government spending on these technologies. But I think government does play a role here. I think most economists would acknowledge that what we're dealing with here is an externality. Reducing carbon emissionsWhen I look at what our responses might be, I tend to think, what will happen to emissions in a world where our responses will be constrained by our low collective tolerance for suffering and pain and deprivation and sacrifice? To me, that's a pretty important constraint. If there's one lesson I think we learned from the pandemic, it's people don't like shortages. We don't like to rough it in any way. In a world where, at least in the West, that's our attitude, how do we get emissions down in a somewhat timely manner?I think a lot of it relies both on the combination of human ingenuity and governments playing a role in catalyzing that ingenuity and allowing these technologies to scale. We've seen the biggest successes in mitigating climate change in technologies that slot in nicely to replace things that we enjoy today. We don't talk about it much, but Texas is the renewable energy capital of the US today, because it's cheaper to generate electricity with the wind and sun there than it is to burn coal and gas. Similarly, we've seen an explosion of electric vehicles in places like China and Europe, and the US is catching up, not necessarily because everyone there is a tree hugger, but because they're really fun to drive and they perform better and are lower cost in some cases than conventional vehicles. The more we can follow that model of developing new technologies that don't involve sacrifice, that don't involve necessarily giving up things we enjoy today, I think the more successful we're going to be.And that's led to a lot of money being spent on these things. In the last year, the globe spent about $1.1 trillion on mitigation technologies: renewable energy, electric vehicles, nuclear power, heat pumps, all that sort of stuff. That's up from $200 million a year or so a decade before or 15 years before. And so we are really on this acceleration of private sector and government spending on these technologies. But I think government does play a role here. I think most economists would acknowledge that what we're dealing with here is an externality. And by an externality, I mean it's something that has a social cost, but no one individually pays for it when they put carbon dioxide or other emissions in the atmosphere. So there has to be some role of internalizing that externality, either through (as economists would like to do) a price on carbon, or in a world where you can't do that for many reasons, subsidizing the good stuff to essentially account for the benefits it has of displacing fossil fuels, both in terms of their affecting climate change, but also conventional pollution. I think we discount a lot, particularly living in a place like the US, which has done a lot of work on this, how disastrous fossil fuels are for public health. There's somewhere in the range of a couple million people dying prematurely globally from pollution, particularly outdoor air pollution. And if you go to a place like India or China and walk around outside, it's pretty catastrophic some days in terms of the brown soup that is the air. We get a lot of co-benefits by cleaning up these conventional pollutants, particularly in places like Southeast Asia or South Asia, as well as reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.Reducing emissions, going to zero emissions, pulling emissions out of the air: Do these scenarios work with just renewable energy sources or is this a world that's using nuclear energy in some form far more than we currently are?So I think we necessarily need a variety of energy sources here, and there's been a lot of work done in recent years by the energy modeling community on this front. Renewables are great. Solar is super, super cheap; to be honest, a lot cheaper today than any of us thought it would be a couple decades ago. Wind is increasingly cheap. But they're also intermittent. The sun doesn't shine all the time; the wind doesn't blow all the time. Batteries are part of the solution to deal with that, but they're not a perfect solution. We tend to find that you get a much lower cost in scenarios where you also have a sizable chunk, maybe 20, 30, 40 percent, of your energy coming from what we call clean firm generation. Things like nuclear, like enhanced geothermal, potentially fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage, though those have some challenges in implementation, to support large amounts of renewable energy on the grid.You end up with a much more expensive system if you try to shoehorn in 100 percent renewables, and to be honest, it's pretty unnecessary. So I think we are going to see, and we're already starting to see, bigger investments in things like next-generation nuclear. I think we just need to figure out how to build them on time and on budget. The biggest problem with the nuclear industry in the US — certainly regulations have contributed to it — but I think it's just our inability to build these giant, bespoke megaprojects. Nuclear goes super over budget for the same reason the “Big Dig” in Boston does: You have this 10-year-long, many, many billion-dollar megaproject that has construction delays and all these other problems. The more we can learn from what renewables have gotten right, make things small, modular, pumped out in an assembly line, and less contingent on these giant construction projects, I think the better outcomes we'll see for things like nuclear.There's an economist, he passed fairly recently, Martin Weitzman from Harvard, and he wrote about the economics of climate change. And there's one quote that always sticks in my mind. He wrote that “Deep structural uncertainty about the unknown unknowns of what might go very wrong [with the climate] is coupled with essentially unlimited downside liability on possible planetary damages” and a “non-negligible” probability of a “collapse of planetary welfare.” He's talking about, you can't write off the possibility that we get some very bad outcomes. And I guess that's what worries me: If we're doing something to the atmosphere that we've never done before, what if the models are wrong and we get something really catastrophic, that really becomes a true existential risk? How much should I worry about that?I think we're all worried about unknown unknowns. For me, the odds of those happening, which are somewhat unknowable by definition, increase the more we push the Earth out of the climate we've seen for the past few million years. Right now we're around the range of what we saw in the Last Interglacial Period, about 120,000 years ago. If we get temperatures up to 3 degrees centigrade globally, we will be out of the range of anything we've seen for the last two million years or so, if not further back. And we know if we go further back into the Earth's history, there's some scary stuff back there. There are periods where we see very rapid increases of temperature associated with 90 percent extinction of all life on Earth, like the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum. And we don't have great explanations for all these things. A good example is, for warmer periods in the Earth's past, we think there's a mechanism where if temperatures get high enough, maybe 5 degrees above where they were in the pre-industrial period or a bit above 4 degrees above where we are today, suddenly all the stratocumulus cloud decks that cover much of the Earth's oceans disappear. And that leads to another 4 degrees warming on top of that. That sort of behavior seems to help explain some of these rapid warming events in the Earth's more distant past.Now, we think we're pretty far from experiencing something of that today. But maybe our models are wrong, or maybe the Earth is much more sensitive than we think. And again, rolling sort of sixes on the climate sensitivity and carbon cycle feedback dice leads us into those sorts of conditions. And so Marty Weitzman, who I did have the pleasure of knowing before he passed, had a great phrase to sum up that quote, which is that “when it comes to climate change, this thing is in the tail,” which is a very nerdy way to put it: The tails of these probability distribution functions, the low-probability but high-impact events, are really what should drive a lot of our concern around this and push us to reduce emissions more than we otherwise would if we were just planning for the most likely outcome.But whenever we talk about carbon dioxide removal, it is always important to emphasize that this stuff is expensive and it only makes sense to do at scale in a world where we're already cutting emissions dramatically. Carbon capture and carbon removalPeople will say, “What if the models are wrong?” and they assume they're only going to be wrong to the benefit of humanity. Maybe they're wrong to the detriment of humanity.We talked a little bit about reducing these emissions. You have carbon capture, where you pull it out of the air. How close is that technology to being something that can scale?When we talk about carbon capture, that's often a different thing than when we talk about carbon removal. Carbon capture generally means taking an existing fossil fuel plant…That could be trees too, right?Yeah, but carbon capture is mostly taking an existing fossil fuel plant like a coal, oil, and gas plant, sticking a unit on that captures the carbon coming out of it, and putting that underground. And there's a lot of funding for that in the new Inflation Reduction Act. The record on that over the last few decades has been a bit mixed. It's been hard for folks to make the economics work in practice. It's really complicated technically, but a lot of folks are confident that we can get there with some of those technologies. If a coal plant with carbon capture is going to be cheaper than a nuclear plant or renewable plant is a separate question. And I'm a lot more skeptical on the economics of carbon capture there.Now, carbon dioxide removal is a slightly different thing. And there we're talking about technologies that don't stop emissions from coming out of a smokestack, but instead take carbon that's already in the atmosphere and pull it back out. And most of our models suggest that we are going to need a lot of that down the road, in part because we can't fully get rid of all of the emissions from all of the parts of our economy. And the real challenge with climate change, or what I like to call the “brutal math” of climate change is that as long as our emissions remain above zero, the Earth continues to warm. CO2 remains in the atmosphere for an extremely long period of time; it takes about 400,000 years to fully clear out a ton of fossil CO2 we emit today through natural processes. So we end up needing a lot of carbon removal to both balance out what we call residual emissions and potentially to deal with overshoot. If we figure out that we really don't want temperatures to go above 1.5 degrees, but they're headed toward 1.7, we're going to have to pull a bunch of carbon out of the atmosphere to bring temperatures back down. It's only a small part of the solution. Maybe 10 percent of the solution to climate change writ large is carbon dioxide removal. But for a problem as big as climate change, 10 percent still matters a lot since solar is probably 20 percent, electric vehicles are probably 20 percent, heat pumps might be 10 percent. And there's a lot of technologies people are developing to do that. Direct air capture is the one that gets a lot of press: the sort of big fans that suck carbon out of the air, though they're incredibly energy intensive. But there are a lot of ways that leverage natural processes as well. Planting trees is a good one, though it has a lot of challenges in keeping the carbon in those trees in a warming world, particularly as we see more wildfires, more pine bark beetle outbreaks that used to die in cold winter temperatures and don't anymore. And so it's hard to justify planting trees as a way of permanently taking carbon out of the atmosphere, but it's still quite valuable. There's also a lot of interesting work being done around using biomass to sequester carbon, so taking residues from commercial timber operations, burning them, and putting their carbon content underground. Something called BECCS, or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, that a lot of people are excited about.Then there are other interesting ways to leverage the natural carbon cycle. For example, over long periods, the weathering of certain types of rocks like basalt or olivine drives a lot of atmospheric CO2 absorption over the course of millions of years. And so a lot of scientists are trying to figure out ways to speed that up. If you take rock dust and spread it on farm fields, it can help manage the pH of soils, it can add some nutrients. And it turns out that as that basalt dust weathers, it absorbs carbon to the atmosphere, it turns it into stable bicarbonate and then flows out to the ocean and eventually forms limestone on the bottom of the ocean. Stuff like that, or adding alkalinity directly to the ocean to counteract ocean acidification, can also lead to more CO2 uptake from the air, because the amount of carbon dioxide the ocean absorbs in the atmosphere depends on how acidic the surface level of the layers of the water are. Scientists are working on tons of different technologies here. And actually my day job these days with Stripe and Frontier is helping support companies to do that. So there's lots of exciting stuff there. But whenever we talk about carbon dioxide removal, it is always important to emphasize that this stuff is expensive and it only makes sense to do at scale in a world where we're already cutting emissions dramatically. If you keep burning fossil fuels willy-nilly and spend a ton of money on a bit of carbon dioxide removal, it's not going to make any difference.Why are you interested in this subject?I think it's an underexplored area. Certainly until the last few years, no one was really putting any money or resources into it at scale. And it's something that is going to have to be an important part of the solution in the next few decades, and so I think this is the decade that we should be spending resources to figure out what works and what can scale for decades to come. We probably should spend about 1 percent of the money we spend on reducing emissions, but historically we've been spending a lot less than that.And why are you also more broadly interested in the entire topic of climate change rather than, I don't know, tax policy or something?I come to it from a scientific background. I just find the Earth's climate fascinating. It's super complex. It's hard to fully understand. We've really made leaps and bounds in progress over the last few decades, but there's so much we still don't know. And so it's just a fascinating area from a scientific standpoint, but it's also one where the importance to the society is quite large. I try not to wade too much into the policy solutions to it, but certainly helping understand the likely impacts of our actions affects a lot of choices that policymakers and others make. There's no one right answer. To your question earlier, people debate renewables versus nuclear and all these other things. Knowing what the impacts of climate change are, what the risks are, and how we can actually get to certain outcomes based on our decisions, I feel like is really important to set the stage for people to use the science in the real world. And it's exciting to work in an area of science where there is a practical, real-world application of it. And not just studying one plant species that lives on top of one mountain in a remote part of the world. We're looking at these big questions that affect everyone over the next century. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit fasterplease.substack.com/subscribe
Overcoming grief, historian Rachel Hewitt's new book mixes recent personal history and her experiences of fell running and lockdown with her research into the pioneering mountain climber known as Lizzie Le Blond (1860 – 1934). In 1907, Le Blond set up the Ladies' Alpine Club and over her lifetime made 20 first ascents of different peaks. Chris Harding is joined by Rachel Hewitt, Dr Ben Anderson from Keele University, and science writer Caroline Williams to discuss alpine sports, running, risk and research into health and fitness ahead of Mental Health Awareness Week. Producer: Julian Siddle Rachel Hewitt and Ben Anderson were both chosen as BBC/AHRC New Generation Thinkers in the scheme which turns research into radio. Rachel's book In Her Nature How Women Break Boundaries in the Great Outdoors : A Past, Present and Personal Story is out now. You can hear more from Dr Ben Anderson in an episode called Simplify your life - ideas from 20th-century radicals https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000d826 Caroline Williams is the author of Move ! The new science of body over mind. You might be interested in other Free Thinking discussions all available as Arts & Ideas podcasts, on BBC Sounds and the programme website Running https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b087yrll Tacita Dean, Mountains, John Tyndall https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b3fkt3 Radio 3 has a series of programmes exploring different music for Mental Health including special episodes of the Classical Mixtape
Se ne sente parlare da decenni, ma quanti di voi saprebbero descrivere in maniera esatta il fenomeno dell'effetto serra? Storia, soluzioni e pericoli di uno scomodo effetto collaterale legato al progresso tecnologico. Se ne parla in questa puntata di Mc2 a cura di Matteo Curti e Francesco Lancia.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Faraday as a Discoverer
Today, most climate science is done with satellites, sensors and complicated computer models. But it all started with a pioneering female physicist and two glass tubes. Eunice Foote, the woman behind that glass tube experiment, has largely been left out of the history books. Until about 10 years ago, John Tyndall was seen as the grandfather of climate science for setting the foundation for the understanding of the greenhouse gas effect. But Eunice's experiment, done three years prior, showed that air with more "carbonic acid," or carbon dioxide, both heated up faster and cooled down slower than regular air.
Tratamos los siguientes temas: - ¿Detectaremos alguna vez materia oscura? - ¿Qué evidencias tenemos sobre la existencia de la materia oscura? - John Tyndall, CO2 y el calentamiento global . - Se hacen realidad las ideas futuristas De Wernher Von Braun. ¡Ahora pueden seguirnos por Spotify! Pueden colaborar con nosotros en: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=14146695 Paypal: paypal.me/ricfsanchez
In which we hear about 19th-century observations on the heat-capacity of gases, starting with Eunice Foot in 1856 and John Tyndall a few years later. Then we get to the first mathematical modeling of Earth's climate and how concentration of certain gases affects the climate, as done by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. Then we change to leaded gasoline in the 1920s, as promoted by General Motors and its employee, Thomas Midgely, Jr. Finally, we hear of the first of four pollution diseases of Japan, Itai-Itai, discovered in 1912 as a result of mining for silver in Toyama Prefecture, but only recognized as such a half-century later.Support the show Support my podcast at https://www.patreon.com/thehistoryofchemistry Tell me how your life relates to chemistry! E-mail me at steve@historyofchem.com Get my book, O Mg! How Chemistry Came to Be, from World Scientific Publishing, https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12670#t=aboutBook
Episode: 1760 The Christmas Lectures: Michael Faraday's Gift to children. Today, the Christmas Lectures.
Before net zero, climate policy was all about contraction and convergence of emissions between rich and poor to achieve, in the words of the Rio Convention, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere” at a safe level. But scientists struggled to establish what that “safe” level was, making little progress in over a quarter of a century. And it was not because we were incompetent: for fundamental reasons in physics and probability theory, we were asking the wrong question.A lecture by Myles AllenThe transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/atmospheric-zeroGresham College has offered free public lectures for over 400 years, thanks to the generosity of our supporters. There are currently over 2,500 lectures free to access. We believe that everyone should have the opportunity to learn from some of the greatest minds. To support Gresham's mission, please consider making a donation: https://gresham.ac.uk/support/Website: https://gresham.ac.ukTwitter: https://twitter.com/greshamcollegeFacebook: https://facebook.com/greshamcollegeInstagram: https://instagram.com/greshamcollege
02:00 Tucker Carlson on Joe Biden 18:00 Cooper Rush deserves to be the Dallas Cowboys starting QB 42:00 The Boys in the Bar, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Bar 45:00 Ten Ways Cheers Has Not Aged Well, https://screenrant.com/cheers-not-aged-well/ 50:40 Nail Bomber: Manhunt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_Bomber:_Manhunt 52:50 John Tyndall, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist) 53:30 What "Legitimacy" Means to Leftists, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ty-2dCsuybo 1:13:00 Court case against antifa, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/antifa-on-trial-how-one-criminal-case-could-redefine-the-murky-left-wing-movement/ar-AA124TIb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Bar https://screenrant.com/cheers-not-aged-well/ https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-i-joined-mike-lindells-legal-team-dershowitz-cellphone-2020-election-justice-system-search-warrant-fbi-constitution-11663854991 https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/22/midterms-elections-social-media-civil-rights/ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/republican-party-extremist-history-hemmer-continetti-milbank-books/671248/ https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/opinion/republicans-democracy-elections-bannon.html https://www.newsweek.com/2022/09/30/antidepressants-work-better-sugar-pills-only-15-percent-time-1744656.html https://www.takimag.com/article/do-psyops-actually-work/ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/antifa-on-trial-how-one-criminal-case-could-redefine-the-murky-left-wing-movement/ar-AA124TIb https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-gospel-of-wellness-review-the-quest-for-a-new-you-11663709519?mod=opinion_reviews_pos1 https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/16/5th-circuit-texas-social-media-law/ Why is identity based on race and sexual identity sacred but identity based on religion, owning guns, or beliefs not sacred? https://notthebee.com/article/san-francisco-bicycle-coalition-says-not-to-call-police-about-stolen-bikes-because-it-hurts-black-and-brown-people https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2022/police-misconduct-insurance-settlements-reform/?itid=hp_national https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/08/opinion/environment/antarctica-ice-sheet-climate-change.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/07/magazine/arizona-state-university-multicultural-center.html https://www.jta.org/2022/09/06/global/are-too-many-germans-converting-to-judaism-the-debate-is-roiling-germanys-jewish-community Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSFVD7Xfhn7sJY8LAIQmH8Q/join https://odysee.com/@LukeFordLive, https://lbry.tv/@LukeFord, https://rumble.com/lukeford https://dlive.tv/lukefordlivestreams Listener Call In #: 1-310-997-4596 Superchat: https://entropystream.live/app/lukefordlive Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/lukeford/ Soundcloud MP3s: https://soundcloud.com/luke-ford-666431593 Code of Conduct: https://lukeford.net/blog/?p=125692 https://www.patreon.com/lukeford http://lukeford.net Email me: lukeisback@gmail.com or DM me on Twitter.com/lukeford Support the show | https://www.streamlabs.com/lukeford, https://patreon.com/lukeford, https://PayPal.Me/lukeisback Facebook: http://facebook.com/lukecford Feel free to clip my videos. It's nice when you link back to the original.
Eunice Newton Foote was the first person to suggest that an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide would lead to a warmer planet, but her discovery was largely ignored and her name disappeared for more than 150 years. She fell into such obscurity that there's no known picture of her. Bridget Kendall explores the life of this American scientist and inventor and asks why her ground-breaking research, carried out in the 1850s, was overlooked for so long. Discrimination against women, especially in the sciences, was a major reason, but might a transatlantic power struggle and even a case of intellectual theft have played their parts? Eunice was also one of the founding members of the women's rights movement in the United States – we discuss how she helped launch a campaign that would eventually win women the right to vote. Plus, the story of how her work was recently re-discovered, and the quest to ensure her name gains greater recognition. Producer: Simon Tulett Contributors: John Perlin, a research scholar in the department of physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, who is working on what's thought to be the first biography of Eunice Newton Foote; Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, a recently retired professor of history from the University of Minnesota, USA, and expert on women and gender in the history of science; Roland Jackson, a historian of nineteenth century science, honorary research Fellow in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at University College London, and author of ‘The Ascent of John Tyndall'. (Picture: Smoke billowing from chimneys at the coal-fired Bełchatów Power Station, Poland, in 2009. Credit: Peter Andrews/Reuters).
Episode 1906: Our article of the day is John Tyndall (far-right activist).
In this episode we talk to Monash University's Emeritus Professor in the School of Earth and Atmosphere and Environment, Neville Nicholls about the science behind climate change.There is a long history of research that has culminated in our understanding today, including work presented by John Tyndall in 1859 to the Royal Society.Please get in touch with any further questions or feedback at the.break@agriculture.vic.gov.au.For more climate and weather information visit: https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/climate-and-weather
In this episode we talk to Monash University's Emeritus Professor in the School of Earth and Atmosphere and Environment, Neville Nicholls about the science behind climate change. There is a long history of research that has culminated in our understanding today, including work presented by John Tyndall in 1859 to the Royal Society. Please get in touch with any further questions or feedback at the.break@agriculture.vic.gov.au. For more climate and weather information visit: https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/climate-and-weather
Luis Ángel Colón Gerente de Operaciones de Aeronet La fibra óptica es una de esas tecnologías que los expertos en mercadeo “manosean” a diario sin entenderla del todo. El aura de “futuro” que lleva por encima se asocia con innovación, con alta tecnología, con liderato en el mercado. ¿Pero, sabías que la fibra óptica no tiene nada de nueva? El concepto de la transmisión de luz ha existido desde los 1840's cuando los inventores franceses Daniel Colladon y Jacques Babinet demostraron el concepto de guiar la luz mediante la refracción. Diez años después el inventor irlandés John Tyndall realizó demostraciones similares utilizando fuentes de agua. Hasta la televisión que disfrutamos hoy en día tiene sus raíces en la fibra óptica, dada la demostración del inventor escocés John Logie en cuanto a la transmisión de imágenes en movimiento en el 1925. En el 1952 el físico radicado en Inglaterra Narinder Singh Kapany inventó el primer cable de fibra óptica, basado en los experimentos de Tyndall tres décadas atrás. Claro, no era perfecto, porque atenuaba bastante la señal. No obstante, trece años después, en el 1965, los investigadores científicos británicos Charles Kao y George Hockman demostraron que la atenuación, que hasta ese momento había impedido que la fibra óptica se adoptara como medio de transmisión, se debía en realidad a impurezas en el proceso de manufactura. El camino estaba abierto para esta nueva tecnología. Nueva… como 125 años después, pero nuca es tarde si la dicha es buena (como dice el refrán). Pues hoy tengo a un experto en el programa para hablarnos de fibra óptica. Vamos a desmenuzar qué cosa es, cómo funciona, en qué consiste, cómo se instala, cuáles son sus ventajas y desventajas, cuánto cuesta, cómo se compara con otras tecnologías, en fin… todo lo deberías saber sobre el interesante mundo de la fibra óptica. Para eso contamos con el señor Luis Ángel Cólón, Gerente de Operaciones de nuestro auspiciador AeroNet Wireless Broadband. La entrevista con Luis duró un poco más de una hora y cubrimos el tema a cabalidad. Estoy seguro de que te va a resultar de beneficio. /* OTROS EPISODIOS QUE TE PUEDEN INTERESAR: Consejos Para Hacer Un Buen Podcast La Atención Es El Producto Autoempleo, Cómo Crear Tu Propia Realidad Los Descuidos Digitales Son Costosos Redacción SEO, Al Centro De Todo En La Internet ©2022, Orlando Mergal, MA _________________ El autor es Experto En Comunicación Corporativa (Lic. R-500), Autor de más de media docena de Publicaciones de Autoayuda y Productor de Contenido Digital Inf. 787-306-1590 • 787-750-0000 Divulgación de Relación Material: Algunos de los enlaces en esta entrada son “enlaces de afiliados”. Eso significa que si le das click al enlace, y compras algo, yo voy a recibir una comisión de afiliado. No obstante, tú vas a pagar exactamente lo mismo que pagarías al visitar al comerciante directamente y de manera independiente. Además, yo sólo recomiendo productos o servicios que utilizo personalmente y que pienso que añadirán valor a mis oyentes. Al patrocinar los productos o servicios que mencionamos en Hablando De Tecnología contribuyes para que el programa continúe. Hago esta divulgación en cumplimiento con con el "16 CFR, Part 255" de la Comisión Federal De Comercio de los Estados Unidos "Guías Concernientes al uso de Endosos y Testimonios en la Publicidad".
"Das Klima”, der Podcast zur Wissenschaft hinter der Krise. Wir lesen den aktuellen Bericht des Weltklimarats und erklären den aktuellen Stand der Klimaforschung. In Folge 31 vertreiben wir uns noch ein letztes Mal die Wartezeit bevor es mit Teil II des 6. Sachstandsberichts losgeht. Claudia erklärt, wie man sich an der Arbeit des IPCC beteiligen kann und wir rätseln, was ein “IPCC Outreach Event” ist. Florian stellt die Arbeit von Eunice Newton Foote vor, die im 19. Jahrhundert als erste wissenschaftlich beschrieb, wie CO2 die Erdatmosphäre erwärmt. Und am Ende diskutieren wir darüber, was wir davon halten, dass “Scientist Rebellion” einen Teil des Sachstandsberichts geleakt hat.
Episode: 1760 The Christmas Lectures: Michael Faraday's Gift to children. Today, the Christmas Lectures.
Join us as we discuss the science behind the greenhouse effect and how it all works.This is a re-release of a much earlier episode. As we take a SHORT break, we decided to release a theme of episodes surrounding Energy and Climate. They are in the news often right now, especially with the COP26 conference. This past fall, we have rising energy costs, wild fires, devastating hurricanes, etc. Energy and climate is on our minds.In this episode, we talk about the forgotten history of the greenhouse gases. The science behind greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water is 200 years old. What we began to understand two centuries ago came long before humans had any impact on the composition of our atmosphere and it certainly never occurred to Joseph Fourier and John Tyndall that humans could ever influence the greenhouse effect. The discussion then turns to what scientists know about the greenhouse effect and, more precisely, how it works. This natural phenomenon is a good thing as it makes our planet habitable by keeping it warm and preventing the oceans from freezing. We then turn our attention to the chemistry of burning fossil fuels using coal, natural gas, and gasoline as examples. The main gases produced by burning fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water. We use this knowledge to talk about the carbon cycle. By following Carbon atoms as they make their way through the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, we can clearly identify a Carbon cycle. Specifically, we discuss a long carbon cycle (can take 100,000's of years for this cycle) and a fast Carbon cycle (years or even seasons). Through this part of our discussion, we have only discussed what science has established as fact. The greenhouse effect, the gases involved, and the ways Earth regulates Carbon in cycles is a good thing for our planet. We can't help but point out that through continued Carbon emissions, humans will upset this balance. In fact, we have a nearby example in Venus as a case study of a runaway greenhouse effect. We hope you enjoy this episode. We sure had fun making it. Cheers!——————————————————Instagram: @planetgeocastTwitter: @planetgeocastFacebook: @planetgeocastEmail: planetgeocast@gmail.comWebsite: https://planetgeocast.buzzsprout.com/
Episode: 2115 The color of water, the color of air, the color of God. Today, let's measure the color of water.
"Das Klima”, der Podcast zur Wissenschaft hinter der Krise. Wir lesen den aktuellen Bericht des Weltklimarats und erklären den aktuellen Stand der Klimaforschung. Wir sind bei Kapitel 3 des IPCC-Berichts angekommen und damit dem, was wir Menschen so getrieben haben. Nix gutes, was das Klima angeht, das kann man sich denken. Um das ganze aber auch wissenschaftlich seriös abzusichern, geht es um dritten Kapitel ganzt explizit darum, welchen Anteil die diversen menschlichen Aktivitäten an den beobachteten Änderungen in allen Bereichen des Klimasystems haben. Darum klären wir zuerst einmal, wie man das eigentlich ausrechnet (Spoiler: Man braucht jede Menge Methoden mit seltsamen Akronymen). Danach schauen wir ein bisschen im Detail auf die Mechanismen des Klimawandels und vor allem zurück in die Geschichte seiner Erforschung. Wie lange wissen wir eigentlich schon, dass wir das Klima verändern? Und wer hat das rausgefunden? Am Ende erklärt Claudia noch ganz konkret, was an menschengemachten Veränderungen in der Atmosphäre stattfgefunden hat. Inklusive chaotischer Variabilitäten, der überraschenden Verbindung zwischen Monsun und Mikrochips und dem - zu Recht! - vernachlässigten Wasserdampf. Außerdem: Geht zur Wahl! Und zum Klimastreik!
Episode: 2063 Edward Youmans and 19th-century American education. Today, education in the outback.
Episode: 2051 In which we rediscover how to fit the music to the room. Today, music fills a room.
This episode of the Good Eye Podcast is a joint episode with the Synapse Hubcast. It features Jay speaking with representatives for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Renee Fairchild of ALSAC, the fundraising and awareness organization for St. Jude, and John Tyndall of the St. Jude Young Professionals of Richmond which unites with local leaders of tomorrow to help advance cures for pediatric cancer while providing young professionals an avenue to grow in their philanthropy and create the building blocks of a lifelong and diverse professional network. The conversation revolves around St. Jude's mission to advance cures, and means of prevention, for pediatric catastrophic diseases through research and treatment, and also around the first St. Jude Cycle Challenge hosted by the Young Professionals of Richmond in which Jay is participating. #StJudeYPRVA #ForStJude Sponsor Jay by clicking here. Find out more about St. Jude and get involved.
Episode: 1760 The Christmas Lectures: Michael Faraday's Gift to children. Today, the Christmas Lectures.
Episode: 1959 In which John Tyndall cuts through conflict to recognize both Mayer and Joule. Today, a nineteenth-century message for our times.
Today we celebrate the botanist who discovered the Rhododenrun minus growing in South Carolina. We'll also learn about the young German botanist who died on the Niger Expedition after valiantly trying to keep his plants alive. We’ll recognize an Irish doctor who was one of the first people to discover the greenhouse effect. We salute the naturalist of Germantown, Pennsylvania, whose love for wildflowers and nature was unsurpassed. We Grow That Garden Library™ with a downhome book dedicated to helping you with the family garden to make it a resounding success. And then we’ll wrap things up with the brilliant plantswoman who understood the subtleties of gardening and design. Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart To listen to the show while you're at home, just ask Alexa or Google to “Play the latest episode of The Daily Gardener Podcast.” And she will. It's just that easy. The Daily Gardener Friday Newsletter Sign up for the FREE Friday Newsletter featuring: A personal update from me Garden-related items for your calendar The Grow That Garden Library™ featured books for the week Gardener gift ideas Garden-inspired recipes Exclusive updates regarding the show and more. Plus, each week, one lucky subscriber wins a book from the Grow That Garden Library™ bookshelf. Gardener Greetings Send your garden pics, stories, birthday wishes, and so forth to Jennifer@theDailyGardener.org. Curated News David Domoney’s Fencing Guide | David Domoney Facebook Group If you'd like to check out my curated news articles and blog posts for yourself, you're in luck because I share all of it with the Listener Community in the Free Facebook Group - The Daily Gardener Community. So, there’s no need to take notes or search for links. The next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community, where you’d search for a friend… and request to join. I'd love to meet you in the group. Important Events December 4, 1788 On this day, Andre Michaux made his way from Georgia into South Carolina by crossing the Tugalo River. In his journal, Michaux wrote: "At dawn, I went to look at the banks of the river, and I recognized the yellow root, [a new species of rhododendron], mountain laurel, hydrangea, [and] hemlock spruce. . . ." Now Harvard's Charles Sprague Sargent remarked on the significance of this moment because it was the first time that Michaux laid eyes on the Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron grows naturally in the South from North Carolina to Alabama. With its soil and climate, Rhododendrons are perfectly suited to grow in South Carolina. The blossoms of rhododendrons have a wide color range from white to deep purple and blue. A versatile plant, Rhododendrons can be planted as specimens or even as hedges in gardens or natural settings. If you have oak or pine trees on your property, Rhododendrons are ideal for underplanting due to the filtered light from the tree canopy, the soil pH, and natural mulch. As the mulch breaks down, the organic matter provides the rhododendron with the perfect mix of nutrients. Finally, Rhododendrons need well-drained soil, and you should consider taking advantage of that fact by planting them on a slope. December 4, 1841 On this day, the German botanist Theodore Vogel was laid low with dysentery. After joining the Niger (“nee-ZHER") expedition, Theodore recorded in his journal the difficulties of traveling without the benefit of a Wardian Case on board a naval warship called the Wilberforce: "As soon as I got on board... my first care was to… the plants gathered since we arrived at Cape Coast Castle. But though I had taken all possible care, much was spoilt and almost everything in a bad state. It has been my lot ... after endless labor. I mention this, on purpose, that in case my collection comes into other hands, I may not be accused of negligence. I have sacrificed every convenience to gain room and spared no trouble to overcome the dampness of the ship and of the atmosphere, but without success. The general arrangements of a man-of-war do not give many opportunities for such experiments. When will the time arrive, that ...naturalists [will receive] the appropriate and necessary support?" When Theodore became sick on this day in 1841, his friend and fellow German, the mineralogist, Charles Gottfried Roscher, tended to him for thirteen days and never left his bedside. On December 17th, about mid-day, Theodore woke to ask Charles if everything was ready for their excursion, and then he peacefully passed away. December 4, 1893 Today is the anniversary of the death of the Irish experimental physicist John Tyndall. In 1859, John discovered the link between atmospheric CO2 and what we call the Greenhouse effect. And Although John was often attributed as the first person to discover the Greenhouse effect, today we know that a female scientist named Eunice Foote discovered it in 1856 - a full three years earlier. That said, John is best known for learning why the sky is blue. It turns out that light scattering through molecules suspended in the atmosphere creates the color, which is sometimes referred to as Tyndall Blue. As all gardeners know, there is nothing more beautiful than the garden set against the backdrop of a brilliant blue sky. All in all, John was one of Ireland’s most successful scientists and educators. December 4, 1903 On this day, the Germantown historian, botanist, and writer Edwin Jellett wrote his final column for The Independent Gazette. Edwin’s charming column in The Independent Gazette appeared for forty weeks and shared his thoughts on his two passions: history and botany in Northwest Philadelphia. Gardeners will appreciate that every one of Edwin’s columns wrapped up with a list of the 30 to 40 plants shared in the post, along with both the Latin and common names. And if you'd like to read Edwin's work, you can - thanks to the Awbury Arboretum. In honor of its centennial in 2016, the Awbury Arboretum digitized all of Edwin's columns. Here’s an excerpt from his last column published today in 1903: “To me, the vale is stored with memories, and one of its most pleasing and tender is Thomas Meehan’s connection with it. In this region dwell many of our fairest and rarest wildflowers… Usually, about the middle of January, [there is] a new color in sweet-birch, sassafras, red maple, and many small plants... and the blushing glow is evidence of a renewed circulation. Hazelnut, if not in bloom at Christmas, is always so shortly after and is closely followed by alder, pussy willow, and silver maple; in favorable seasons, these always bloom before February first. In gardens, ice plant, sedums, and euphorbia appear early above ground, and evergreen native and exotic, Adam’s needle, Scottish heath, Japanese euonymus, retinospora, native and Chinese arborvitae, box and Japan privet, laurel and rhododendrons, holly and yew, cedar, juniper and evergreen cypress, fir, spruce, and pine, and other... evergreen plants, cast shadows upon the snow to remind us of pleasant days past, and of warmer, brighter ones to come.” Unearthed Words The way that leads to winter Will lead to summer too, For all roads end in other roads Where we may start anew. — Arthur St. John Adcock, English poet and novelist (1864-1930), The Travellers Grow That Garden Library The Family Garden Plan by Melissa K. Norris This book came out in 2020, and the subtitle is Grow a Year's Worth of Sustainable and Healthy Food. In this book, Melissa shares her expertise after growing up gardening - and now gardening with her family on almost 15 acres of land in the foothills of the North Cascade mountain range in Washington State. Melissa shares hard-won knowledge from decades of trial and error. She is an expert heirloom gardener, preserver, farmer, cook, and homemaker. Her book is personal and Inspirational. Melissa shares inspiring bible verses, family stories, and photography from her very own garden, which gives her book an authenticity that many garden books lack. Melissa’s book is meant to be used as a reference. She includes helpful tips and suggestions to keep you and your garden growing. This book is 224 pages of downhome advice from a genuine gardener with a passion for helping others. You can get a copy of The Family Garden Plan by Melissa K. Norris and support the show using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for around $19. Today’s Botanic Spark Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart December 4, 1896 Today is the birthday of the charismatic Australian gardener, designer, and writer Edna Walling. Remembered for her gorgeous garden designs, Edna wrote some wonderful books on Australian gardening & landscaping. After working nonstop for four decades between the 1920s and 1960s, Edna created over 300 gardens. Today many Australians regard Edna as the most excellent landscape designer that Australia has ever known. An ardent conservationist, Edna was ahead of her time. By advocating for native plants, Edna’s favorite plants were naturally drought-hardy - a must for Australia’s harsh climate. Peter Watts wrote about Edna’s work and legacy and said, "[Enda] was a gardener’s designer – a brilliant plantswoman who understood the subtleties of gardening and design… [She] always thought gardens should be just a bit bigger than they needed so that you couldn’t control them entirely." It was Edna Walling who said, "Nature is our greatest teacher." And, there’s an adorable story about Edna. In November of 1941, Edna received criticism from a friend for sharing her preference for perennials over annuals. "[I got] a letter from a friend the other day who addressed me: ‘Dear Anti-annual!... If you can't grow them yourself, you needn't be snippy about them.’ Oooooh, what have I said? Something rude about Iceland poppies or asters? How narrow-minded of me.” Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener. And remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."
Join us as we discuss the science behind the greenhouse effect and how it all works.In this episode, we talk about the forgotten history of the greenhouse gases. The science behind greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water is 200 years old. What we began to understand two centuries ago came long before humans had any impact on the composition of our atmosphere and it certainly never occurred to Joseph Fourier and John Tyndall that humans could ever influence the greenhouse effect. The discussion then turns to what scientists know about the greenhouse effect and, more precisely, how it works. This natural phenomenon is a good thing as it makes our planet habitable by keeping it warm and preventing the oceans from freezing. We then turn our attention to the chemistry of burning fossil fuels using coal, natural gas, and gasoline as examples. The main gases produced by burning fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water. We use this knowledge to talk about the carbon cycle. By following Carbon atoms as they make their way through the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, we can clearly identify a Carbon cycle. Specifically, we discuss a long carbon cycle (can take 100,000's of years for this cycle) and a fast Carbon cycle (years or even seasons). Through this part of our discussion, we have only discussed what science has established as fact. The greenhouse effect, the gases involved, and the ways Earth regulates Carbon in cycles is a good thing for our planet. We can't help but point out that through continued Carbon emissions, humans will upset this balance. In fact, we have a nearby example in Venus as a case study of a runaway greenhouse effect. We hope you enjoy this episode. We sure had fun making it. Cheers
Let me know how you like the podcast! email me at rf@richardfriedman.net Here are the links to learn more about the topics featured on this episode https://www.5gyres.org/ (https://www.5gyres.org/) https://www.scientistswarning.org/ (https://www.scientistswarning.org/) https://heartland.org/ (https://heartland.org/) https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tyndall (https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tyndall) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/308366/green-house (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/308366/green-house) https://www.catan.com/game/catan-scenario-crop-trust (https://www.catan.com/game/catan-scenario-crop-trust) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/214887/co-second-chance (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/214887/co-second-chance) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/31260/agricola (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/31260/agricola) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/305383/energetic (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/305383/energetic) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/218603/photosynthesis (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/218603/photosynthesis) https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/504642-environmentalists-charged-with-terrorizing-oil-and-gas-lobbyist (https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/504642-environmentalists-charged-with-terrorizing-oil-and-gas-lobbyist) https://www.noaa.gov/ (https://www.noaa.gov/) https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063651049 (https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063651049) (this is an article about the National Environmental Policy Act) https://www.discovery.com/shows/dino-hunters (https://www.discovery.com/shows/dino-hunters) Support this podcastSupport this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/a-breath-of-fresh-earth/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
Let me know how you like the podcast! email me at rf@richardfriedman.net Here are the links to learn more about the topics featured on this episode https://www.5gyres.org/ (https://www.5gyres.org/) https://www.scientistswarning.org/ (https://www.scientistswarning.org/) https://heartland.org/ (https://heartland.org/) https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tyndall (https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tyndall) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/308366/green-house (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/308366/green-house) https://www.catan.com/game/catan-scenario-crop-trust (https://www.catan.com/game/catan-scenario-crop-trust) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/214887/co-second-chance (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/214887/co-second-chance) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/31260/agricola (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/31260/agricola) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/305383/energetic (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/305383/energetic) https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/218603/photosynthesis (https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/218603/photosynthesis) https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/504642-environmentalists-charged-with-terrorizing-oil-and-gas-lobbyist (https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/504642-environmentalists-charged-with-terrorizing-oil-and-gas-lobbyist) https://www.noaa.gov/ (https://www.noaa.gov/) https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063651049 (https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063651049) (this is an article about the National Environmental Policy Act) https://www.discovery.com/shows/dino-hunters (https://www.discovery.com/shows/dino-hunters) Support this podcast
今天为大家介绍的这本书，是罗伯特·麦克法伦他所写的《心向群山》，这本书原名叫做《Mountain of the Mind》，因为罗伯特·麦克法伦要让我们了解在人类的历史上面，人是如何认识山。更进一步的，如何改变了对于山的不同的态度，乃自于从恐惧群山到变成走向群山，或者是拥抱高山。 其中依照他的整理，非常重要的关键，也就在于泼纳特开始提出了地质上面的概念。泼纳特从山峦的景致当中看到了巍峨庄严，并且把这种感受传达给了读者。由此为人类对于群山的全新感性奠定了基础。然后另外，他是第一位地质上的时间旅人，帮我们去整理了到底山是怎么样形成的，这种时间感。 在泼纳特之后，接下来很重要的是，出生在1726年，在1797年去世的苏格兰人James Hutton（詹姆斯·哈顿）。他是老派地质学之父。他写出了三大卷的巨著，叫做《地球的理论》。我们可以说，从1785年到1799年，也就是在十八世纪的末叶，詹姆斯·哈顿他的《地球的理论》打下了地质学的基础。更重要的是，因为有了地质学，地质学向世人指出了地球已经有几百万年的历史——当时认为几百万年——而且地球是一直不断地在变化当中。从此人看待高山的心态就不一样了。 忽然之间，原来高山是象征永恒。高山就在那里，它不会有所任何的变动。这个永恒的景象得到了可变性，所以就令人特别感觉到兴奋，就特别感觉到困惑。山岳看起来那么样的经久永恒，实际上地质学告诉我们，是在过去几千年、几万年、几十万年受力成型毁坏，然后又重新成形。侵蚀跟隆起的无尽的循环，决定了地球的形态，而山岳目前的外观只是其中的一个阶段。 从对于山的认识，慢慢的，我们知道了大自然的景观，或者是大自然的变化的时间感，跟我们人活着顶多只有几十年的生命是如何的不同。这种时间观念，或者是不同时间的尺度，更进一步到了十九世纪，让西方人如此的着迷。 麦克法伦的书里面提出了冰河，冰河一方面是冰——它是一个地理，或者是一个空间这样的现象；但是冰河另外极度迷人的地方，它也是一个时间的现象。在我们从空间的角度上面，用我们的时间的尺度，我们所看到的冰河是不动。但是用另外一种不一样的，更大尺度的时间，却告诉我们，冰河是缓慢在移动的。冰河不会永远停在那里，冰河随时都在动。这种时间上面的吊诡，我们小的尺度看不出，感觉上像是永恒的。在大的尺度当中，它却是随时在变化当中。 这对于十九世纪的浪漫的想象，又开启了另外一个巨大的空间。所以在书里面有一则非常有趣，那就是引用了马克·吐温所写的一段幽默的文章。那是1878年，马克·吐温跟家人到瑞士去旅游，然后他就爬上了策马特山谷的东侧（编按：策马特即阿尔卑斯山小镇采尔马特，有冰川之称美称）。 接下来呢，在马克·吐温他所写的，这本书叫做《A Tramp Abroad》（《浪迹海外》），他就回忆，其实他故意用这种方式说：“那我们当时上到山下，我就在想，可不可以有比较轻松的方式可以下山呢？”文章里面接着就说，“我打定主意，这样，我要搭乘高纳冰河前往策马特。我沿着单调无趣的陡坡罗道往下走，然后在冰河中央尽可能占据最好的位置。因为地质学家——他的朋友叫做贝德克尔（Karl Baedeker卡尔·贝德克尔）——他说冰河中间的部分行进得最快。不过出于经济的考量，我把比较重的行李放在靠近岸边的位置，那当作那是慢速的货运。所以我自己搭快车，我的行李慢点到没关系，可以放在这个慢速的货车上。我等了又等，可是冰河毫无动静。” “到了晚上，黑暗开始集结，而我们还是动也不动。然后我就想到说：贝德克尔的指南当中，可能会有时刻表，我最好查一下出发的时间。然后呢，我发现了一个句子，真相瞬间大白。这个句子是说：‘高纳冰河以每天略低于2.5公分的速度向前移动。'”他说“我很少那么生气，我信任冰河可以把我载下去，我的信任被辜负了。”所以我做了一个简单的计算，一天2.5公分，那一年多算一点，算九公尺吧，到策马特呢，估计有510公里，所以搭乘冰河到那里所需要的时间，五百年再多一点。这座冰河的客运区，也就是中央部分的急速特快车要到西元2378年的夏天，才能够抵达策马特。而我的行李沿着缓慢的边缘前进，可能要到几个generations，几个世代之后才能够送到。作为客运的运输工具，我认为这座冰河是失败的。 冰河当然不是拿来当做客运的运输工具，但是重点是，马克·吐温用他特有的这种幽默，也就是讽刺了当代人对于大自然的普遍的态度。我们期待大自然会听从我们人类的命令，跟我们的人类步调一致，又或者以科技来任意作贱大自然，而使得大自然的节奏变得无用。人类对于速度的需要，导致我们看重所有流线型以及具备有动力的东西，但那样的价值观加剧了我们和自然世界当中的不同步。这是人开始对于山之所以有了这种fascination，非常重要的一个变化。我们在山里边，我们既感受到永恒，同时我们又感受到变化。 所以，十九世纪是人对山的态度非常关键的变化的时刻。过去，在这个过程当中，人要登到山上面去，包括人要能够成功的登山所具备的质素——都到了十九世纪，就被认为是最高贵的，或者是最具有正面价值的。一个成功的登山客，或者是一个探险家，需要什么样的质素呢？ 十九世纪的人马上会回答第一件事情，他必须要有男子气概。这就是维多利亚时代，非常重要强调的一种正面的特色。登上一座山，让人得以确认自己的力量，是胆量跟能力的证书。然后另外，你需要有机敏的态度，你需要在非常荒凉的环境当中自给自足，这也就是一个男子汉的保证。 所以在十九世纪的时候，登山用了很多跟男性，或者是跟男女关系相关的比喻。像是John Tyndall（约翰·廷德尔）他回忆他自己第一次登上了Weisshorn（魏斯峰），他说，说的就好像是在夺走女人的贞操。他的确切的句子说：“我压碎山上最高的那朵雪花，魏斯高高在上的魅力就此消失了。” 然后H.B.George（H.B.乔治）他在十九世纪快结束的时候，谈起高山旅行，他断言就是：“想要去探索并制服地球的那股动力，使得英国成为世界伟大的殖民者，并且带领英国人深入每一块大陆的蛮荒秘境。”更进一步，登山的素质竟然也就跟爱国性给联系上，Leslie Stephen（莱斯利·史蒂芬）他所说的是：“英国男人的本色是乐于整天漫游于岩石和雪堆之间，也乐于在问心无愧的情况底下竭尽全力。” 不过因为置身大地显露出来的素质当中，最可贵的是tenacity（坚韧）以及self control（自我控制），是这种韧性跟智识的结合。然后呢，今天我们称之为叫做拥有坚毅的个性。坚毅，也就是无论多久，你都坚持一步一步、一直不断地向前的这种能力。追随前人的脚印，不断地踏步向前。你知道什么时候你应该挺身而出，发挥自己的功用。更重要的是绝不抱怨，换句话说，在登山的过程当中，你抱怨，山不会听到你；另外，抱怨不会帮助你能够更成功地登上高山。所以，一上前去，投入其中。 Tennyson (阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生)在他的一首诗标题叫做“Ulysses（尤利西斯）“，其中有一行是这样写的：“去努力、去追求、去寻找，永不放弃。”这就是登山的态度。大英帝国时代的子民，从小就在心里面埋下了这种坚毅的理念。 高山对于登山者的要求就是坚毅，1843年Forbes（福布斯）他把他去到阿尔卑斯山的旅程，描述成为“也许就是普通公民能够遇上最接近军事行动的体验”。廷德尔在爬魏斯峰最后那几段雪坡的时候，他的体力已经耗尽了。但是他牢记英国男人闻名战场的特性，继续地前进，主要就是要不知道何时放弃的素质。甚至到了任何希望都不再能够鼓舞了自己的时候，仍然为了职责而战。都用这种方式来描述登山。 对于许多十九世纪的登山客来说，置身山区跟玩角色扮演游戏也就相差无几。高山提供了虚构幻想的王国，一个替代现实的世界。你可以把自己改造成为你想要的，像是一个英雄，或者是一个战士的这种角色。用这种方式，人发生了跟山不同的关系。这种关系是存在在心里面的、在想象力的。这就是为什么Robert Macfarlane他这本书，要叫做《Mountains of the Mind》，中文的书名叫做《心向群山》。 注1：音频内讲者使用书籍为中国台湾版译名《心向群山》；内地版书名为：《心事如山》。 注2：“杨照书话”系列节目由杨照和方所联合制作。本音频和文字稿由方所剪辑和编写而成，版权所有。若需转载，请注明来源及出处。
Episode: 1870 John Tyndall as teacher: the metaphor of the mountain. Today, ice and snow -- mountains and learning.
Astrophysicist Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, poets Sam Illingworth and Sunayana Bhargava, and C19 expert and New Generation Thinker Greg Tate from the University of St Andrews join Anne McElvoy to discuss the parallels between poetry and Victorian laboratory work. Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, is perhaps most famous for first discovering Pulsars - strange spinning massively dense stars that emit powerful regular pulses of radiation. she has been President of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Institute of Physics, and more recently was recipient of the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Alongside, she collects poetry related to Astronomy. Greg Tate's next book looks at the physical and metaphysical part of rhythm in verse by C19 physical scientists. Sam Illingworth's book "Sonnet to Science" looks at several scientists who have resorted to poetry in their work. Sunayana Bhargava works at University of Sussex studying distant galactic clusters, and is also a practising poet. Previously she was Barbican young Poet. You can hear Greg discussing the 19th-century scientist and mountaineer John Tyndall in a Free Thinking programme which also looks at mountains through the eyes of artist Tacita Dean https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b3fkt3 and a short feature about poetry and science in the 19th century https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04n2zcp Tristram Hunt, Director of the V&A Museum and Sir Paul Nurse, Director of the Francis Crick Institute, debate the divide and the links between arts and science in a Free Thinking debate recording at Queen Mary University London https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0001f5f Producer: Alex Mansfield.
Today we celebrate one of the first botanists to explore South Carolina and a German botanist who met his end during the 1841 Expedition to Niger. We'll learn about the man who discovered why the sky is blue, and one of Australia's top garden designers, in addition to the monument to one of Australia's greatest botanical collectors. We'll hear some thoughts on the birds of winter and, we Grow That Garden Library with a book that helps us become a seed starting and saving champion. I'll talk about my favorite brand for wooden plant labels (the come in a pack of 60!) and then we'll end today with a garden club story out of Davenport Iowa. But first, let's catch up on a few recent events. Today's curated articles: Branching Out: The Arborists Behind (and in) Central Park’s Trees - The Official Website of Central Park NYC I think that I shall never see... a team as lovely as @centralparknyc Arborists! Bookmark this Great Post w/ A+ Video ~ Meeting the Arborists Behind (and IN) Central Park’s Trees! As we talk to kids about careers, Arborist needs to be on the list! Dahlias -Overwintering Dilemmas | Bramble Garden Hi Dahlings! Here's a great behind-the-scenes post with advice and tips from @kgimson on Dahlias: “I’ll take basal softwood cuttings when shoots are 1″ tall...Cuttings will make good size tubers and will flower in one season.” Plantlife: Mission to save gin plant Juniper a recipe for success | @Love_plants This is great news for Junipers and a fascinating post. "No wonder the English ‘gin plant’ is under threat - the battle really begins at birth. Juniper seeds require two winters before they even germinate and seedlings then require very specific conditions to grow. If they survive childhood, it takes another 10 years or more before these ‘teenagers’ mature and begin producing those lovely gin-flavored berries.” I'll never look at gin the same way! Now, if you'd like to check out these curated articles for yourself, you're in luck- because I share all of it with the Listener Community in the Free Facebook Group - The Daily Gardener Community. There’s no need to take notes or search for links - the next time you're on Facebook, just search for Daily Gardener Community and request to join. I'd love to meet you in the group. Brevities #OTD On this day in 1788, Andre Michaux made his way from Georgia into South Carolina by crossing the Tugalo River. In his journal, Michaux wrote: "At dawn, I went to look at the banks of the river and I recognized the yellow root, [a new species of rhododendron], mountain laurel, hydrangea, [and] hemlock spruce. . . ." Harvard's Charles Sprague Sargent concluded this moment was significant because it was the first time that Michaux laid eyes on the Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron minus grows naturally in Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama along streams and rocky ridges. Four years after first seeing it, Andre Michaux described the Rhododendron minus in detail. He called it the minus meaning smaller, due to the size of its leaves as compared to Rhododendron maximum. #OTD On this day in 1841, the German botanist Theodore Vogel was laid low with dysentery. Vogel was botanizing in Niger (“nee-ZHER") after joining the Niger expedition in May of that year. By August, Vogel recorded the hardships of traveling by naval warship in his journal: "As soon as I got on board the Wilberforce, my first care was to shift my entire collection, especially the plants gathered since we arrived at Cape Coast Castle. But though I had taken all possible care, much was spoilt and almost everything in a bad state. It has been my lot ... that after endless labor, I could only get together ill-conditioned plants; for dampness and want of room are obstacles impossible to be overcome... I mention this, on purpose, that in case my collection comes into other hands, I may not be accused of negligence. I have sacrificed every convenience to gain room, and spared no trouble to overcome the dampness of the ship and of the atmosphere, but without success. The general arrangements of a man-of-war do not give much opportunity for such experiments. When will the time arrive, that expeditions, whose result must depend on the observations of naturalists, will afford them, from the outset, the appropriate and necessary support? At present, the vessels are fitted up for other purposes, and it is left to chance, to discover a little nook for the philosopher. I was now obliged to devote the two days remaining which we spent at Accra, to the drying of my collection, that all might not be lost." When Vogel became sick on this day in 1841, his friend and fellow German, the mineralogist, Charles Gottfried Roscher, tended to him for thirteen days and never left his bedside. On December 17th, about mid-day, Vogel asked his friend if everything was ready for their excursion and then a few minutes later, he peacefully passed away. #OTD Today is the anniversary of the death of the Irish experimental physicist John Tyndall who died on this day in 1893. Tyndall made many discoveries in the field of infrared radiation, including discovering the link between atmospheric CO2 and what is now known as the Greenhouse effect in 1859. Today, we know that a female scientist named Eunice Foote was actually the first to discover the effect - three years before Tyndall in 1856. That said, Tyndall is best known for learning why the sky is blue. It turns out that light scattering through molecules suspended in the atmosphere creates the color which is sometimes referred to as Tyndall Blue. As all gardeners know, there is nothing more beautiful than the garden set against the backdrop of a brilliant blue sky. John Tyndall was one of Ireland’s most successful scientists and educators. #OTD Today is the birthday of the charismatic Australian gardener, designer & writer Edna Walling who was born on this day in 1896. Edna created some gorgeous gardens in Australia. She is remembered for her wonderful books on gardening & landscaping. Edna worked nonstop for four decades between the 1920s and 1960s; creating over 300 gardens. Many Australians regard her as the greatest landscape designer that Australia has ever known. Her books and garden designs continue to be an inspiration. Edna was a conservationist at heart. And, Edna was ahead of her time. She advocated for the use of native plants which were naturally drought-hardy - a must for the harsh climate of Australia. And, given her pragmatism, Edna naturally preferred perennials over annuals. She wrote about the backlash that she received from a friend in November 1941: "[I got] a letter from a friend the other day who addressed me "Dear Anti-annual!" Oooooh, what have I said? Something rude about Iceland poppies or asters? How narrow-minded of me. "If you can't grow them yourself you needn't be snippy about them", she thinks." It was Edna Walling who said, "Nature is our greatest teacher." Edna's work and legacy were brought to light by Peter Watts who wrote about Edna as part of his thesis in college. The paper became the basis for a book published by the National Trust and it fueled Peter's love for historic gardens. In an article for ThePlantHunter.com by Georgina Reid, Watts said that, "Walling would be regarded now as a bit old-fashioned. She was a gardener’s designer – a brilliant plantswoman who understood the subtleties of gardening and design... [and that Edna] always thought gardens should be just a bit bigger than they needed so that you couldn’t control them entirely." #OTD On this day in 1897, executors for the botanist Baron von Mueller's estate posted a request for donations in newspapers. The plan was to raise money for a monument over von Mueller's grave in the St. Hilda Cemetery in Melbourne. Four years later, by the end of November in 1901, newspapers announced that the monument was unveiled at a small ceremony with friends and government officials. The effort to establish the monument was led by Mueller's friend, Reverand Potter. Potter recalled that Mueller had "expressly desired that only wildflowers and grasses should grow upon his grave until such time as a worthy monument could be erected." Mueller's monument is a tall stone obelisk topped with an urn. A copper medallion shows his profile and the inscription on the monument ends with these words by Friedrich Schiller, the Baron’s favorite poet: "Despair not! There are still noble hearts that glow for the august and sublime." Unearthed Words The American naturalist, Edwin Way Teale has given us some marvelous prose about birds and winter in his books. During World War II, Teale’s son, David, was killed in Germany. Teale and his wife began traveling across the country by automobile. The trips helped them cope with their grief and became an integral part of Teale's writing. Their 1947 journey, covering 17,000 miles in a black Buick and following the unfolding spring, led to Teale's book North with the Spring. Additional road trips lead to more books: Journey Into Summer, Autumn Across America, and Wandering Through Winter. Wandering Through Winter won the Pulitzer Prize in 1966. Here are some of Teale's thoughts on winter and birds: “The "dead of winter" ----- how much more dead it would be each year without the birds!” “On the roughest days of winter, when life seems overwhelmed by storm and cold, watch a chickadee, observe in good cheer and take heart.” “Bluebird blue....one of the loveliest manifestations of the color blue.” My favorite Edwin Way Teale quote honors his thoughts about life. They are especially poignant when one thinks that he wrote them after losing his son: “How strangely inaccurate it is to measure the length of living by length of life! The space between your birth and death is often far from a true measure of your days of living.” It's Time to Grow That Garden Library with Today's Book: Starting & Saving Seeds by Julie Thompson Adolf The subtitle to this book is Grow the Perfect Vegetables, Fruits, Herbs, and Flowers for Your Garden. Julie's book is a great gift for anyone who wants to start growing plants from seed. It's a whole 'nother world and it can be scary for gardeners to attempt starting & saving seeds on their own. I get it. Well, here's why Julie's book is a great guide: she gets it. She totally relates to the newbie seed starter anxieties and questions around this topic. Best of all, she is 100% approachable. As she says in the introduction to her book: "Think of me as your new friend or the neighbor next door who loves to garden. Together we'll banish any fears of failure and create a beautiful, healthy, delicious, self-sufficient garden - from seed." Yay! So, now that intimidation is off the table, let Julie walk you through how to handle bigger challenges like dealing with seeds that are stubborn germinators - seeds that I call the "Terminator Germinators." Even better, Julie recognizes that not everyone wants to set up shop indoors. If you don't want to grow lights or have limited space, let Julie teach you how to seed outdoors - because direct sowing couldn't be simpler. Did someone say zinnias? Better yet, as your confidence grows, let Julie convince you of the many benefits of starting plants from seeds - the cost savings, the increased variety options, and the appreciation factor. When you start a plant from seed - you really appreciate the entire life cycle of the plant and that deepens your understanding. Today's Recommended Holiday Gift for Gardeners: HOMENOTE 60pcs Bamboo Plant Labels (6 x 10 cm) with Bonus a Pen Vegetable Garden Markers T-Type Plant Tags for Plants $12.99 Great Value Pack. Compared to other brands, the HOMENOTE plant labels include 60 pieces and bonus a marking pen for you, which could help you mark sorts of plants, seeds, or vegetables with the garden markers. Eco-friendly Material. The garden markers are made by 100% natural bamboo that does not harm the earth like plastic plant labels, which is an eco-friendly and renewable resource to the environment. Easy to write, not Easy to Wash Off. The plant labels are so easy to write on the smooth surface with this bonus permanent marking pen, and please don’t worry at all about the ink in the plant tags wash off in the rain or fade in the sunshine. Perfect Design and Size. Measuring in at 4" tall x 2.36" wide on top (1.4" tall on the top part), these T-type plant markers have enough room to label more than just the plant's names on them. Each marker is 1/16" thick rendering them very durable and standing the test of time. Great Gift for Gardener. These bamboo plant tags will add charm to your garden while letting you know exactly what the plants are or their grow situation. Personalize the plant tags with a short message/wording whatever you like is the perfect finishing touch to your potted garden. A good choice of gift for your friends, colleagues, lovers and family members who love gardening. You can get the HOMENOTE Plant Labels and support the show, using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for under $13. Something Sweet Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart On this day in 1930, the Quad-City Times shared a sweet little update from the garden department of the Davenport Woman's club. "[The group] added a special holiday gesture to its December program this morning at the Davenport Municipal Art Gallery, when the seed and bulb committee composed of E. A. Johnson and Mrs. R. E. Albrecht, presented each member with a dainty Christmas package in bright-hued Christmas wrappings, containing seeds for next spring's sowing. Fifty seed packages and ten sacks of dahlia bulbs went to the women who attended." But that's not all. Their education program was spot on: "Mrs. Charles Irwin spoke on the Arnold Arboretum at Cambridge, Mass., and its former keeper, the late E. H. Wilson, who passed away in October, and who was known as "Chinese" Wilson from his travels and long residence in China. Mrs. P. T. Burrows suggested that the department send to the new keeper and ask for seeds from rare plants to be used in Davenport gardens and public park as experimental plantings on this Mississippi Valley region." "[Then,] Mrs. Mathilde P. Koehler spoke on "Famous Gardens." Mrs. Koehler [who] has traveled extensively told of the wonderful gardens one finds in different parts of the United States... She also paid a tribute to the late John Temple, a well-known florist of Davenport and told of the lilac tree which he had planted in her garden, this being one of [only] a few in [this] city." "[Finally,] Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Cassling gave songs to the accompaniment of Miss Lois McDermott at the piano. [And] decorations were of prettily trimmed Christmas trees." Now that's a meeting! Thanks for listening to the daily gardener, and remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."
John Tyndall è il fisico più burbero, nevrotico e scontroso di tutto il Regno Unito, ma vive un grande amore spirituale: la montagna. Raccontando la sua bizzarra storia, offriamo uno spaccato della storia dell'alpinismo europeo. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
You won't believe your ears. A hidden herstory in the history of science.
This week we first hear about John Tyndall who understood climate change over a 100 years ago and talk about how Francis get things wrong while in Poland. We then have a short catch up with Spanish skeptical activist Antonia de Oñate, before we dig into the regular news. In here we lean about homeopathy getting a beating in both Hungary and Austria, about a Swedish quack who is also a sex offender, a pro-vaccine campaign in Italy and a rather depressing measles update. At the end the Daily Mail gets a Really Wrong Award for spreading fake Brexit news. Segments: Intro; Greetings; This Week in Skepticism; Pontus Pokes the Pope; Interview with Antonia de Oñate; News; Really Wrong; Farewell and Quote; Outro; Out-takes
You won't believe your ears. A hidden herstory in the history of science.
Das Universum ist voll mit Sternen, Galaxien, Planeten und jeder Menge anderer cooler Dinge. Jedes davon hat seine Geschichten und die Sternengeschichten erzählen sie. Der Podcast zum Blog "Astrodicticum Simplex"
Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough meets the British artist Tacita Dean. ‘Tacita Dean: Landscape' has just opened at the Royal Academy in London and features vast chalk mountains and cloudscapes and a film made in Cornwall, Yellowstone and Wyoming. And what does an artist do when she travels hundreds of miles to film a total eclipse of the sun… and finds there's no film in the camera. Then focus on mountains and those who climb them. New Generation Thinker Ben Anderson reflects on an interplay between climbing and photography in the late nineteenth century, the age of Being Still. Plus John Tyndall who took his mountaineering and poetic meditations back to the lab and proved why the sky is blue and mountains are cooler at the top than at the bottom. With Tyndall's biographer, Roland Jackson and literary scholar Gregory Tate. Tacita Dean Landscape is at the Royal Academy until August 12th. Last chance to see Tacita Dean: Portrait is at the National Portrait Gallery, 15 March-28 May; Still Life is at the National Gallery, 15 March-28 MayRoland Jackson, Visiting Fellow at the Royal Institution THE ASCENT OF JOHN TYNDALL: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer and Public Intellectual is out now. Greg Tate lectures in Victorian Literature at the University of St Andrews and was chosen as a New Generation Thinker in 2013.Ben Anderson is a 2018 New Generation Thinker from Keele University who is writing a book Modern Natures: Mountain Leisure and Urban Culture in England and Germany, c. 1885-1918.New Generation Thinkers is a scheme run by BBC Radio 3 and the Arts and Humanities to select ten academics each year who can turn their research into radio.Presenter: Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough Producer: Jacqueline Smith
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall's “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin's ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall’s “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin’s ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall’s “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin’s ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall’s “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin’s ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall’s “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin’s ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
David N. Livingstone‘s new book traces the processes by which communities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that shared the same Scottish Calvinist heritage engaged with Darwin and Darwinians in different local contexts. Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics, and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) locates evolutionary debates in particular sites and situations as a way of understanding the history of science in terms of “geographies of reading” and “speech spaces.” The chapters introduce episodes that bring us into specific localities of reading and talking about Darwin, from Edinburgh in the 1870s, to Belfast during the “Winter of Discontent” following John Tyndall’s “Belfast Address,” to Toronto, to South Carolina, and finally to Princeton, NJ. These episodes collectively move readers away from understanding Darwin and his histories in terms of “isms,” instead looking carefully at the roles of three interrelated factors in shaping public encounters with Darwin’s ideas: place, politics, and rhetoric. The book concludes with a look at the ways that these factors continue to be pervasive in more recent dealings with Darwin. With its vibrant language, careful research, and compelling argument, Dealing with Darwin will be a must-read for historians of science, especially those interested in evolution, religion, Darwin, and/or locality. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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