Podcasts about CD14

In this episode, we sit down with Dr. John Lewis, a leading expert in nutritional research and the therapeutic potential of Aloe polysaccharides. Dr. Lewis shares insights from his groundbreaking studies on Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and the broader impacts of Aloe polysaccharides on immune function and brain health. Key Topics Discussed Understanding Aloe Polysaccharides What are Aloe polysaccharides? How are they extracted and formulated for nutritional supplements? Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis Overview of Dr. Lewis's studies on Alzheimer's disease and MS. Impact of Aloe polysaccharides on cognitive function and disease progression. Immune System Modulation Effects of Aloe polysaccharides on CD4 to CD8 ratios. Regulation of key cytokines: TNF-alpha, VEGF, and BDNF. Balancing TH1 and TH2 responses. Brain Care Formulation Detailed discussion on the Brain Care formulation developed by Dr. Lewis. Clinical results and patient outcomes. Challenges in Nutritional Research Funding difficulties for nutritional and supplement research. Issues with the pharmacological model of placebo-controlled randomized double-blind trials. Why this model is challenging for evaluating supplements and nutritional interventions. Future Directions and Innovations Potential future applications of Aloe polysaccharides in other health conditions. Innovations in nutritional research methodologies. Key Takeaways Aloe Polysaccharides: Naturally occurring compounds with significant therapeutic potential, particularly in modulating immune function and supporting brain health. Clinical Research: Dr. Lewis's studies highlight the positive effects of Aloe polysaccharides on Alzheimer's disease, MS, and overall immune health. Nutritional Research Challenges: The current pharmacological model of clinical trials poses challenges for the study of supplements, necessitating new research approaches. Research References Studies on Alzheimer's disease and Aloe polysaccharides: Positive impacts on cognitive function and disease markers. Research on MS: Aloe polysaccharides and their role in managing symptoms and progression. Immune modulation: Detailed findings on CD4/CD8 ratios, cytokines (TNF-alpha, VEGF, BDNF), and TH1/TH2 balance. Dr. John Lewis provides compelling evidence on the health benefits of Aloe polysaccharides and underscores the need for innovative research methodologies in nutritional science. This episode offers valuable insights for anyone interested in the intersection of nutrition, immune function, and brain health.Connect with Dr. John Lewis Website: Dr. John Lewis Nutrition If you want to get Daily Brain Care visit our online curated range of cutting edge longevity and anti-aging supplements at  BIO John E. Lewis, Ph.D. is the Founder and President of Dr Lewis Nutrition™. Dr. John E. Lewis has spent most of his career developing a unique approach as someone who "walks the walk" through all of his combined professional and personal experiences to attaining optimal health through nutrition, dietary supplements, and exercise. Throughout his research career, he has evaluated many different nutritional approaches to enhancing well-being, particularly for brain health, immune function, and counteracting aging. He can separate fact from fiction regarding how to utilize nutrition and dietary supplements to help you achieve and maintain optimal health. If you need a trusted source of information, products, and services, then look no further than Dr. Lewis and how he can help you achieve your health-related goals. Professional Career Dr. Lewis is past full-time Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the Founder and President of Dr Lewis Nutrition™. He is a Diplomate, Faculty Member, and Advisor of the Medical Wellness Association. He has been the principal investigator of over 30 different studies on human health in his research career. During that time, he either directly raised or indirectly supported raising over $23 million in grants, gifts, and contracts for research studies and clinical trials and educational programs for medical students. In addition to his research, Dr. Lewis has been an invited national and international lecturer and guest speaker at conferences and as a guest on television shows. He is a well-known author with over 180 peer-reviewed publications in some of the world's leading scientific journals. He has also mentored many different students, from undergraduates to post-doctoral trainees, in not only how to conduct clinical research but to apply the principles of health promotion into daily practice. Research Interests Much of Dr. Lewis's research has focused on evaluating the effects of nutrition, dietary supplements, and exercise on various aspects of human health. He and his colleagues have been continually searching for ways to help people achieve and maintain health through natural treatments that align with our physiology. A primary stimulus for the origin of Dr Lewis Nutrition™ occurred after Dr. Lewis ran his landmark study on how an aloe polysaccharide multi-nutrient complex improved cognitive and immune functioning after 12 months in persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, leading to the creation of the dietary supplement, Daily Brain Care. Daily Brain Care showed clinically and statistically significant improvements in cognition according to the ADAS-cog cognition score and statistically significant improvements in inflammation (according to TNFα and VEGF), immune function (according to the CD4/CD8 ratio), and adult stem cells (according to CD14+ cells). His seminal publication from the study in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease not only spurred him to leave academics and pursue a science-based business career, but also enabled him to be selected for a widely-acclaimed TEDxMiami talk. Founding Dr Lewis Nutrition™ While Dr. Lewis still maintains an academic affiliation, he chose to leave a full-time research career to pursue his true passion of helping people achieve health through nutrition, dietary supplements, and exercise. His research in brain health and immune function was key in the creation of Daily Brain Care, but afterward he chose to shift into business where the opportunity to reach a larger audience is greater. Dr Lewis Nutrition™ is the vehicle through which Dr. Lewis leverages his many years of personal and professional work to spread a message of health that is so desperately needed, particularly for those who are afflicted with an all-too-common chronic disease, e.g., neurodegeneration, immune dysfunction, or cardiac and metabolic disorder. Dr. Lewis will continue to be a thought leader to help people utilize the power of nutrition and dietary supplements and learn how to take control of and optimize their health.         Personalised Health Optimisation Consulting with Lisa Tamati Lisa offers solution focused coaching sessions to help you find the right answers to your challenges. Topics Lisa can help with:  Lisa is a Genetics Practitioner, Health Optimisation Coach, High Performance and Mindset Coach. She is a qualified Ph360 Epigenetics coach and a clinician with The DNA Company and has done years of research into brain rehabilitation, neurodegenerative diseases and biohacking. She has extensive knowledge on such therapies as hyperbaric oxygen,  intravenous vitamin C, sports performance, functional genomics, Thyroid, Hormones, Cancer and much more. She can assist with all functional medicine testing. Testing Options Comprehensive Thyroid testing DUTCH Hormone testing Adrenal Testing Organic Acid Testing Microbiome Testing Cell Blueprint Testing Epigenetics Testing DNA testing Basic Blood Test analysis Heavy Metals  Nutristat Omega 3 to 6 status and more  Lisa and her functional medicine colleagues in the practice can help you navigate the confusing world of health and medicine . She can also advise on the latest research and where to get help if mainstream medicine hasn't got the answers you are searching for whatever the  challenge you are facing from cancer to gut issues, from depression and anxiety, weight loss issues, from head injuries to burn out to hormone optimisation to the latest in longevity science. Book your consultation with Lisa    Join our Patron program and support the show Pushing the Limits' has been free to air for over 8 years. Providing leading edge information to anyone who needs it. But we need help on our mission.  Please join our patron community and get exclusive member benefits (more to roll out later this year) and support this educational platform for the price of a coffee or two You can join by going to  Lisa's Patron Community Or if you just want to support Lisa with a "coffee" go to  https://www.buymeacoffee.com/LisaT to donate $3   Lisa's Anti-Aging and Longevity Supplements  Lisa has spent years curating a very specialized range of exclusive longevity, health optimizing supplements from leading scientists, researchers and companies all around the world.  This is an unprecedented collection. The stuff Lisa wanted for her family but couldn't get in NZ that's what it's in her range. Lisa is constantly researching and interviewing the top scientists and researchers in the world to get you the best cutting edge supplements to optimize your life.   Subscribe to our popular Youtube channel  with over 600 videos, millions of views, a number of full length documentaries, and much more. You don't want to miss out on all the great content on our Lisa's youtube channel. Youtube   Order Lisa's Books Lisa has published 5 books: Running Hot, Running to Extremes, Relentless, What your oncologist isn't telling you and her latest "Thriving on the Edge"  Check them all out at  https://shop.lisatamati.com/collections/books   Perfect Amino Supplement by Dr David Minkoff Introducing PerfectAmino PerfectAmino is an amino acid supplement that is 99% utilized by the body to make protein. PerfectAmino is 3-6x the protein of other sources with almost no calories. 100% vegan and non-GMO. The coated PerfectAmino tablets are a slightly different shape and have a natural, non-GMO, certified organic vegan coating on them so they will glide down your throat easily. Fully absorbed within 20-30 minutes! No other form of protein comes close to PerfectAminos Listen to the episode with Dr Minkoff here:    Use code "tamati" at checkout to get a 10% discount on any of their devices.   Red Light Therapy: Lisa is a huge fan of Red Light Therapy and runs a Hyperbaric and Red Light Therapy clinic. If you are wanting to get the best products try Flexbeam: A wearable Red Light Device https://recharge.health/product/flexbeam-aff/?ref=A9svb6YLz79r38   Or Try Vielights' advanced Photobiomodulation Devices Vielight brain photobiomodulation devices combine electrical engineering and neuroscience. To find out more about photobiomodulation, current studies underway and already completed and for the devices mentioned in this video go to www.vielight.com and use code “tamati” to get 10% off     Enjoyed This Podcast? If you did, subscribe and share it with your friends! If you enjoyed tuning in, then leave us a review and share this with your family and friends. Have any questions? You can contact my team through email (support@lisatamati.com) or find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. For more episode updates, visit my website. You may also tune in on Apple Podcasts.  To pushing the limits, Lisa and team

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Dr. John Lewis discusses The Benefits of Polysaccharides with Dr. Ben Weitz. [If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.]    Podcast Highlights 13:26  Polysaccharides.  Polysaccharides are complex sugars and some of them have unique health promoting properties, including those that come from aloe vera and from rice bran.  Aloe vera is 99% water, so you have to extract the polysaccharides out of the aloe vera plant and this acetylated polymannose has amazing properties. 20:25  Polymannose.  Dr. Lewis met Dr. Reg McDaniel who had been working on the aloe plant since the 1980s at the Texas A & M vet school, who is still doing research at 87 years of age.  Dr. McDaniel shared studies that these aloe derived polysaccharides were anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and have wound healing benefits.  He found that in addition to the wound healing and stem cell production boosting function of aloe vera, this polymannose is a key sugar when the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi of the cell are communicating with each other and making other bioactive compounds that you need.  This polymannose is similar to d-mannose, which is often recommended as part of a protocol along with L-carnitine and CoQ10 for supporting the heart muscle in patients with congestive heart failure, though Dr. Lewis's research was more focused on brain health. 25:51  Aloe polymannose multinutrient complex.  In their study on the polysaccharides for Alzheimer's patients, Dr. Lewis and colleagues used an aloe polymannose multinutrient complex, including aloe polymannose, rice bran, larch tree, cysteine, lecithin, tart cherry, inositol hexaphosphate, yam, flax seed, citric acid, and glucosamine.  They gave the patients this nutritional supplement four times per day in a powdered form that put into a liquid to drink. For the Alzheimer's study, they took patients with moderate to severe disease, which means the sickest of the sick and this group is the hardest to see improvements with.  The neuropsychological testing showed a significant improvement at nine and twelve months. 35:06  Alzheimer's study lab results. The lab results showed statistically significant reductions in VEGF and TNF alpha.  There was an improvement in CD4 to CD8 ratio, which obviously is very important for all of us.  They also showed an improvement of just under 300% in CD14 cells, which is a marker of adult stem cells.  And the average age of these patients were 79.9 years of age.  They theorized that these adult stem cells migrated to the brain and created new neurons, new synapses, and repaired damage to neurons.  Also BDNF levels went up by 11%, though this was not considered to be statistically significant.  They did not ask these Alzheimer's patients to change their diet or to exercise or do anything else to improve their lifestyles.  We can only imagine how much more benefit might have been derived if this nutritional intervention were used as part of a Functional Medicine approach that also put them on a healthy diet and had them perform vigorous exercise and do brain stimulating exercises as well, such as the approach used by Dr. Dale Bredesen. [The Effect of an Aloe Polymannose Multinutrient Complex on Cognitive and Immune Functioning in Alzheimer's Disease.] 44:45  MS study. These patients with relapsing remitting MS were placed on a similar aloe polymannose multinutrient complex four times per day for 12 months.  The FAMS (Functional Assessment for MS) questionaire was used for functional assessment and results showed very significant improvements in every scale.  MS patients frequently get infections and these patients who took the nutritional intervention had much fewer infections.  Serum biomarkers, quality of life, symptom severity, and functioning also improved.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.04.522609v1?rss=1 Authors: Loconte, L., Arguedas, D., Chipont, A., El, R., Guyonnet, L., Guerin, C., Piovesana, E., Vazquez-Ibar, J. L., Joliot, A., Thery, C., Martin Jaular, L. Abstract: Cell-cell communication within the complex tumor microenvironment is critical to cancer progression. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TD-EVs) are key players in this process. They can interact with immune cells and modulate their activity, either suppressing or activating the immune system. Understanding the interactions between TD-EVs and immune cells is essential for understanding immune modulation by cancer cells. Fluorescent labelling of TD-EVs is a method of choice to study such interaction. This work aims to determine the impact of EV labelling methods on the detection of EV interaction and capture by the different immune cell types within human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs), analyzed by imaging flow cytometry and multicolor spectral flow cytometry. EVs released by the triple-negative breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 were labeled either with the lipophilic dye MemGlow-488 (MG-488), with Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE), or through expression of a MyrPalm-superFolder GFP (sfGFP) that incorporates into EVs during their biogenesis using a genetically engineered cell line. Our results showed that these different labeling strategies, although analyzed with the same techniques, led to diverging results. While MG-488-labelled EVs incorporate in all cell types, CFSE-labelled EVs are restricted to a minor subset of cells and sfGFP-labelled EVs are mainly detected in CD14+ monocytes which are the main uptakers of EVs and other particles, regardless of the labeling method. Moreover, MG-488-labeled liposomes behaved similarly to MG-488 EVs, highlighting the predominant role of the labelling strategy on the visualization and analysis of TD-EVs uptake by immune cell types. Consequently, the use of different EV labeling methods has to be considered as they can provide complementary information on various types of EV-cell interaction and EV fate. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

A new research paper was published in Oncotarget on August 3, 2022, entitled, “A novel mechanism of regulation of the oncogenic transcription factor GLI3 by toll-like receptor signaling.” The transcription factor GLI3 is a member of the GLI family and has been shown to be regulated by canonical hedgehog (HH) signaling through smoothened (SMO). Little is known about SMO-independent regulation of GLI3. “Hedgehog (HH) signaling is well known for its role in embryonic development, cancer and inflammation [1–4]. At the center of HH signaling are the 2 receptors patched (PTCH1) and smoothened (SMO) along with GLI transcription factors [5]. In the absence of HH ligand, PTCH1 inhibits SMO.” In this study, researchers (Stephan J. Matissek, Mona Karbalivand, Weiguo Han, Ava Boutilier, Estefania Yzar-Garcia, Laura L. Kehoe, Devin Storm Gardner, Adam Hage, Krista Fleck, Vicki Jeffers, Ricardo Rajsbaum, and Sherine F. Elsawa) from the University of New Hampshire and University of Texas Medical Branch identified toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling as a novel pathway regulating GLI3 expression. The researchers showed that GLI3 expression is induced by LPS/TLR4 in human monocyte cell lines and peripheral blood CD14+ cells. Further analysis identified TRIF, but not MyD88, signaling as the adapter used by TLR4 to regulate GLI3. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, they identified IRF3 as the transcription factor regulating GLI3 downstream of TRIF. “Furthermore, using additional TLR ligands that signal through TRIF such as the TLR4 ligand, MPLA and the TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C), we confirm the role of TRIF-IRF3 in the regulation of GLI3.” They found that IRF3 directly binds to the GLI3 promoter region and this binding was increased upon stimulation of TRIF-IRF3 with Poly(I:C). Using Irf3−/− MEFs, the researchers found that Poly(I:C) stimulation no longer induced GLI3 expression. Finally, using macrophages from mice lacking Gli3 expression in myeloid cells (M-Gli3−/−), they found that in the absence of Gli3, LPS stimulated macrophages secrete less CCL2 and TNF-α compared with macrophages from wild-type (WT) mice. “Taken together, these results identify a novel TLR-TRIF-IRF3 pathway that regulates the expression of GLI3 that regulates inflammatory cytokines and expands our understanding of the non-canonical signaling pathways involved in the regulation of GLI transcription factors.” DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28261 Correspondence to: Sherine F. Elsawa – Email: sherine.elsawa@unh.edu Keywords: GLI3, inflammation, TLR About Oncotarget: Oncotarget (a primarily oncology-focused, peer-reviewed, open access journal) aims to maximize research impact through insightful peer-review; eliminate borders between specialties by linking different fields of oncology, cancer research and biomedical sciences; and foster application of basic and clinical science. To learn more about Oncotarget, visit Oncotarget.com and connect with us on social media: Twitter – https://twitter.com/Oncotarget Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/Oncotarget YouTube – www.youtube.com/c/OncotargetYouTube Instagram – https://www.instagram.com/oncotargetjrnl/ LinkedIn – https://www.linkedin.com/company/oncotarget/ Pinterest – https://www.pinterest.com/oncotarget/ LabTube – https://www.labtube.tv/channel/MTY5OA SoundCloud – https://soundcloud.com/oncotarget For media inquiries, please contact: media@impactjournals.com. Oncotarget Journal Office 6666 East Quaker Str., Suite 1A Orchard Park, NY 14127 Phone: 1-800-922-0957 (option 2)

Mariah talks to the Boyle Heights residents who watched as FBI agents raided Huizar's home and offices. Three months into the pandemic, he's arrested and pleads not guilty. The residents of CD14 are left in limbo. We look at what the FBI investigation reveals about Los Angeles's housing and homelessness crisis. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.30.362715v1?rss=1 Authors: Andreoletti, G., Lanata, C. M., Paranjpe, I., Jain, T. S., Nititham, J., Taylor, K. E., Combes, A. J., Maliskova, L., Jimmie Ye, C., Katz, P., Dall Era, M., Yazdany, J., Criswell, L. A., Sirota, M. Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease in which outcomes vary among different racial groups. The aim of this study is to leverage large-scale transcriptomic data from diverse populations to better sub-classify SLE patients into more clinically actionable groups. We leverage cell sorted RNA-seq data (CD14+ monocytes, B cells, CD4+T cells, and NK cells) from 120 SLE patients (63 Asian and 57 White individuals) and apply a four tier analytical approach to identify SLE subgroups within this multiethnic cohort: unsupervised clustering, differential expression analyses, gene co-expression analyses, and machine learning. K-means clustering on the individual cell type data resulted in three clusters for CD4 and CD14, and two clusters for B cells and NK cells. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between the transcriptomic clusters of each immune cell and clinical parameters including disease activity and ethnicity. We then explored differentially expressed genes between Asian and White groups for each cell-type. The shared differentially expressed genes across the four cell types were involved in SLE or other autoimmune related pathways. Co-expression analysis identified similarly regulated genes across samples and grouped these genes into modules. Samples were grouped into White-high, Asians-high (high disease activity defined by SLEDAI score >=6) and White-low, Asians-low (SLEDAI < 6). Random forest classification of disease activity in the White and Asian cohorts showed the best classification in CD4+ T cells in White. The results from these analyses will help stratify patients based on their gene expression signatures to enable precision medicine for SLE. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.20.212407v1?rss=1 Authors: Navarro, E., Udine, E., de Paiva Lopes, K., Parks, M., Riboldi, G., Schilder, B. M., Humphrey, J., Snijders, G. J. L., Vialle, R. A., Zhuang, M., Sikder, T., Argyrou, C., Allan, A., Chao, M., Farrell, K., Henderson, B., Simon, S., Raymond, D., Elango, S., Ortega, R. A., Shanker, V., Swan, M., Zhu, C., Ramdhani, R., Walker, R. H., Tse, W., Sano, M., Pereira, A. C., Ahfeldt, T., Goate, A. M., Bressman, S., Crary, J. F., de Witte, L., Frucht, S., Saunders-Pullman, R., Raj, T. Abstract: An increasing number of identified Parkinson's disease (PD) risk loci contain genes highly expressed in innate immune cells, yet their potential role in pathological mechanisms is not obvious. We have generated transcriptomic profiles of CD14+ monocytes from 230 individuals with sporadic PD and age-matched healthy subjects. We identified dysregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial and proteasomal function. We also generated transcriptomic profiles of primary microglia from autopsied brains of 55 PD and control subjects and observed discordant transcriptomic signatures of mitochondrial genes in PD monocytes and microglia. We further identified PD susceptibility genes, whose expression, relative to each risk allele, is altered in monocytes. These findings reveal that transcriptomic mitochondrial alterations are detectable in PD monocytes and are distinct from brain microglia, and facilitates efforts to understand the roles of myeloid cells in PD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.05.136275v1?rss=1 Authors: Harwood, J. C., Leonenko, G., Sims, R., Escott-Price, V., Williams, J., Holmans, P. Abstract: More than 50 genetic loci have been identified as being associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and many of these are involved in immune pathways and lipid metabolism. Therefore, we performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of immune-relevant cells, to study the mis-regulation of genes implicated in AD. We used expression and genetic data from naive and induced CD14+ monocytes and two GWAS of AD to study genetically controlled gene expression in monocytes at different stages of differentiation and compared the results with those from TWAS of brain and blood. We identified nine genes with statistically independent TWAS signals, seven are known AD risk genes from GWAS: BIN1, PTK2B, SPI1, MS4A4A, MS4A6E, APOE and PVR and two, LACTB2 and PLIN2/ADRP, are novel candidate genes for AD. Three genes, SPI1, PLIN2 and LACTB2, are TWAS significant specifically in monocytes. LACTB2 is a mitochondrial endoribonuclease and PLIN2/ADRP associates with intracellular neutral lipid storage droplets (LSDs) which have been shown to play a role in the regulation of the of immune response. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Jackie Speier is the only incumbent we're endorsing at the state or federal levels. Find out why!

Hi folks,It's been quite a few months since I've been at this solo podcasting thing. Here's a vibrant moment of clarity about why things don't pan out, and what the gameplan is moving forward. All good things! Hope you've been well.Much love,j Find out more at https://creativedrive.pinecast.co

Carter and Lizzy are Social Media influencers who have earned over 4.8 and 3.4 million subscribers on their YouTube channels. Their video content is best known for experiments, challenges, and vlogs. Carter and Lizzy met at Carnegie Mellon University and soon intertwined their adventurous personality with their knowledge of engineering and statistics to create fun and innovative video content. Creative Disruption Podcast with Ricky Ray Butler and Derral Eves Insights and stories from leading creators, writers, producers and marketers on how the worlds of advertising, entertainment, and data science are converging https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUA8eH81InvAPd9kNoHQtWw?sub_confirmation=1

CD14 - Teachable Moments And Heart To Heart Education by Shaare Mussar

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This week, the Carolina Desis dive into some of the history, importance, and influence of Dance as a performing art and institution within Desi culture. They differentiate between various fine arts and folk dances while staying true to each topic's religious, cultural, colorful, and emotive nature. How does dance play a tremendous role in a Desi’s life? Listen to this week’s episode to learn more about its rich history and Rashmili’s personal (emotional) attachment to it. For a quick overview on the performing arts in India, check out Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) India. Follow @thecarolinadesi on social media to join the conversation.

[intro music]   Host – Dan Keller Hello, and welcome to Episode Ninety-six of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, the podcast of the MS Discovery Forum. I’m Dan Keller.   Today's interview features Drs. Bibiana Bielekova, who is an investigator at the National Institutes of Health, and Mika Komori, a postdoctoral fellow in her lab. We caught up with the two physician-researchers at the ACTRIMS meeting in New Orleans earlier this year. At the meeting, Dr. Komori talked about a new and more sensitive way to evaluate what may be happening in the brains and spinal cords of people with progressive MS.   In a recent study, she examined samples of cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF, collected through a thin needle near the base of the spine. She was scouting for immunological biomarkers of progressive MS. In the analysis, a molecule called CD27, mostly from T cells, stood out, as did another marker specific to B cells. Even more revealing was the ratio of the CD27 molecule to the T cells. T cells are a big player in relapsing MS and not usually associated with the progressive, more neurodegenerative forms of MS. The unexpected results raise new questions about why immune-modulating drugs do not seem to be effective against progressive MS.   If validated, the new test may lead to better diagnosis and treatment of people with MS and other neurological disorders. And it may speed up clinical trials in progressive MS and reduce their cost. In fact, the same research team used their new biomarker test in a small phase 2 study of the anti-B cell drug, rituximab, delivered both intravenously in the blood and intrathecally in the spinal column. Unfortunately, the new biomarker test showed that the double delivery system did not work as expected to eliminate inflammatory B cells trapped in the brains of people with progressive MS. They stopped the study early for lack of efficacy.   In a change to our usual podcast format, Dr. Bielekova interviewed Dr. Komori about the specifics of the study and put the results in a larger context. Midway through the interview, Carol Morton, a past editor of MS Discovery Forum, asked both doctor-scientists about what the new test means for treating patients.   Interviewer – Dr. Bibiana Bielekova As a physician, when we see patients, we don’t really know what’s happening in their brains, right? We are using some tools that are supposed to help us to identify like, for example, MRI, but they are not perfect. So, how did you choose to address that problem?   Interviewee – Dr. Mika Komori So, when I saw patients, I can’t tell them that the drug, which are now available, is effective or not, especially for progressive MS patients, because currently so far all big clinical trials, they didn’t show any effects on them. Because of that result, we think progressive MS patients don’t have any intrathecal inflammation. So far we believe MS – multiple sclerosis – is inflammatory disease, but we don’t know if it’s true for progressive MS or not.   Dr. Bielekova Yes, and, in fact, it is because these tools are not that ideal, right? So, in fact, by using the tools that are available, such as MRI or these cerebrospinal fluid markers that have been developed more than 40 years ago, the conclusion is that there isn’t inflammation in progressive MS, right, because all of them are basically decreased, with exception of IgG index which, as you said, remains stable for many, many years. So somebody who had, for example, infection during childhood can have elevated IgG index for the rest of their life.   So that was really the reason why we wanted to develop something that is more sensitive. And also, I think, the question really was, does cerebrospinal fluid reflect what’s happening in the brain tissue? And can we somehow develop technology that can tell us what is happening in the brain tissue without taking, of course, the biopsy, which is extremely invasive, and we cannot really use it in people, right? So how did you address that problem?   Dr. Komori We developed a very good way to measure soluble biomarkers in the CSF with a new technique called Meso Scale Discovery.   Dr. Bielekova So I think we should probably step back a little bit and say that our goal was to really look at the biomarkers that can point towards a specific cell, right? Because there are proteins that can be released by all immune cells, such as for example, chemokines, and, in fact, the vast majority of cytokines. But we were especially interested in looking at the proteins than can specifically point to one particular cell type, and so you did something else to really measure that, right? In fact, we all helped you to do that because it was so difficult, right? So we employed the whole lab to do the separation of cells. And then you were looking at which cells are producing these biomarkers.   Dr. Komori Right.   Dr. Bielekova So tell us about those three that really panned out as the best.   Dr. Komori When we see the results of soluble CD27, soluble CD14, and soluble CD21, soluble CD27 correctly identified all inflammatory neurological disease and also only negative for noninflammatory neurological disease patients.   Dr. Bielekova Whereas all of the traditional markers together, if we put all of them together, they could identify only about two-thirds of the patients. We were really surprised, because – I mean, the field believed, as Mika had said, right, based on the fact you no longer have contrast-enhancing lesions; the treatments no longer work; you don’t have clear cytosis, meaning a large number of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid – the field and us, we believed that what we are going to see, once Mika unblinds these two cohorts of close to 200 patients each that we will see that progressive patients have significantly lower amount of inflammation. But that’s not what she saw. She saw something completely different and surprising. So what did you see?   Dr. Komori Well we saw almost comparable level of intrathecal inflammation in both PPMS/SPMS to RRMS.   Dr. Bielekova Not almost, right? There wasn’t any statistically significant difference.   Dr. Komori No.   Dr. Bielekova So on the group level, we saw the same level.   Dr. Komori Absolutely. Yes, and it was so significant compared to a healthy donor and noninflammatory neurological diseases. So all healthy donor and neuro-inflammatory neurological diseases, they didn’t have high level of especially soluble CD27. But almost 90% of each MS subtypes had very high soluble CD27.   Dr. Bielekova But when you did the ratios…   Dr. Komori Then we did the ratio and calculated soluble CD27 per T cell in CSF. We found that even higher level of ratio results in progressive MS patients, both in primary progressive and secondary progressive. And for our MS patients the ratio is almost comparable to healthy donor and noninflammatory neurological diseases. That means, although we don’t see many immune cells in the CSF for progressive MS patients, those cells are in the CNS tissue. And it cannot move, but just shedding the soluble markers like soluble CD27 into the CSF. And we can detect that marker when we measure the CSF.   Dr. Bielekova And I think it really nicely ties with the beautiful pathology studies that have been published that demonstrate that patients with progressive MS no longer have this very dense inflammation around the vessel, which is the type inflammation that is capable of opening blood-brain barrier, right? Which means that that’s the type of inflammation that is associated with contrast-enhancing lesions. But instead, when pathologists looked at normal-appearing white matter, they could see, you know, one T cell here, one T cell there, right? It’s really difficult to quantify it on the pathology level, because they never assay the whole brain. But your assay is, in fact, looking at the entire brain. And what your assay is saying is that the number of cells is basically the same in all of these different stages of MS disease process. What is really different is where they are located, right?   So, in relapsing/remitting MS, they are located in the perivascular aggregates, not much in the normal appearing white matter. That’s where they open the blood-brain barrier. But in the progressive MS they are located in the brain. And I think our conclusion was that, in fact, this may be the major reason why current treatments are not working for progressive MS, because basically we would expect that only those drugs can work in progressive MS that have very good penetrance into the brain tissue.   Now, I think that we also have to realize that just the presence of the cells in the tissue doesn’t tell us that they are pathogenic, right? So it may be that they are there, but something else is driving disability. But on the other hand, the data we have, for example, from recently announced ocrelizumab trial is really suggesting that these cells are indeed pathogenic, right? So I think that we can say that progressive MS is neurodegenerative disease only if we can eliminate inflammation from the brain of progressive MS patients, and it does not translate into stopping disability or significantly inhibiting disability.   But the data that we have published, and we are still collecting, are really suggesting that current treatments, in fact, do not eliminate cells from the brain of progressive MS patients, right? So I think the question of compartmentalized inflammation versus neurodegeneration in progressive MS is really open. And I mean my view is that probably both of them are going to be important, right? I think that just because there are immune cells in the CNS tissue, it doesn’t necessarily mean that neurodegeneration is also not present. But I think the hypothesis that progressive MS is no longer inflammatory disease, and it’s pure neurodegenerative disease – I think that hypothesis is, at the moment, not confirmed, right, because we don’t have the experiment where we would eliminate the inflammation.   MSDF So both of you are physicians. Does this influence how you would treat people with progressive MS at all?   Dr. Komori Yes, absolutely. So from now, when I see high ratio results of progressive MS patients – soluble CD27 per T cell – if they have high ratio, then I will not treat them with current immunomodulatory drugs. But may be a good idea to try more effective drugs to penetrate in the brain. But if the progressive MS patients, although they have high soluble CD27 but low ratio results, then it will be worthwhile to use some immunomodulatory drugs for them.   Dr. Bielekova I would even kind of take a step back and say that in order to be able to use your tool for the treatment decision, I think we need to gain another type of knowledge which we don’t have yet and that is what are current treatments really doing on these type of assays and this type of pathology, right? So we really need to quantify each individual drug, how much it can affect intrathecal inflammation in patients with the open blood-brain barrier, where the drug actually can get into the tissue versus patients with closed blood-brain barrier, where potentially the penetrance is much, much, much more limited, right. I think that it brings back that case that I mentioned where, you know, we are using, for example, cyclophosphamide, and we are assuming that just because the drug is inhibiting immune response in the blood, it will inhibit immune response in the cerebrospinal fluid. And I think that those assumptions are just not tested, right? And, in fact, when we tested them, we realized that the effect on the intrathecal inflammation is extremely limited.   So I think that there is a knowledge that we need to gain, which is this knowledge of which MS drug is doing what. And, if we conclude that they are not doing a sufficient job, which I am afraid that’s going to be the conclusion, then we can use this technology to in fact develop new drugs, right? Because your technology is looking at the type of inflammation that cannot be measured by contrast-enhancing lesions. In fact cannot be measured by anything that we have available thus far, right? So how are we going to even try to develop new drugs for progressive MS?   Well, we can do it by doing large, Phase 3 trials like we have been doing thus far and looking at disability. But of course, that’s incredibly expensive, and it’s just very inefficient way to do it. So instead, doing small trials where you take patients because they have intrathecal inflammation, right. So you now measure; (A) how much inflammation; and (B) its compartmentalized inflammation. Then you can give them the drug, and then you say, ‘okay so now I’m going to measure’ – and you can do it in 3 months or 6 months, in much, much, much shorter time periods – and say, you know, ‘how much is this drug inhibiting intrathecal inflammation?’ And, in fact, that’s precisely what you have done in our RIVITALISE trial, right? Which, unfortunately, we stopped precisely because your assays determined that we are not achieving as much inhibition of inflammation as we were hoping to achieve. So I think that that makes drug development very efficient. And hopefully it will allow us as a society, to screen many, many more treatments on a yearly basis than what we can do currently.   Dr. Komori I think if we can measure the cell-specific or pathophysiology-specific biomarkers, we can combine treatments.   Dr. Bielekova Absolutely.   Dr. Komori If, like interferon, it doesn’t work, let’s try natalizumab. If not, let’s try this, but if we know that interferon works for this side of the pathophysiology, but natalizumab works for this side of the pathophysiology, then we can combine them to more effective treatment.   Dr. Bielekova Yes, and I think that I would say ‘more to come,’ right? So far Mika published data that relate to inflammation, but the lab is working very hard on biomarkers that reflect, for example, mitochondrial dysfunction, or neurodegenerative processes. And we absolutely believe that treatments will have to be combined, and that this, you know, basically assaying cerebrospinal fluid is going to be that tool that will, on one hand allow us to develop these new treatments, and on the other hand, allow us to treat patients smartly at the bedside.   [transition music]   MSDF Thank you for listening to Episode Ninety-six of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery. This podcast was produced by the MS Discovery Forum, MSDF, the premier source of independent news and information on MS research. Msdiscovery.org is part of the nonprofit Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis. Robert McBurney is our President and CEO, and Hollie Schmidt is Vice President of Scientific Operations.   Msdiscovery.org aims to focus attention on what is known and not yet known about the causes of MS and related conditions, their pathological mechanisms, and potential ways to intervene. By communicating this information in a way that builds bridges among different disciplines, we hope to open new routes toward significant clinical advances.   [outro music]   We’re interested in your opinions. Please join the discussion on one of our online forums or send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to editor@msdiscovery.org.   For Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, I'm Dan Keller.

Hyperstyles. CD14 | Full-On Fusion |Tracklist can be found at: https://soundcloud.com/lentej/Enjoy and dance on!

The cell type-, organ-, and species-specific expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well described, but little is known about the respective expression profiles of their accessory molecules. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of LBP, MD2, CD36, CD14, granulin, HMGB1, LL37, GRP94, UNC93b1, TRIL, PRAT4A, AP3B1, AEP and the respective TLRs in human and mouse solid organs. Humans and mice displayed significant differences between their respective mRNA expression patterns of these factors. In addition, the expression profiles in transient tissue inflammation upon renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, in spleens and kidneys from mice with lupus-like systemic autoimmunity, and in progressive tissue fibrosis upon unilateral ureteral obstruction were studied. Several TLR co-factors were specifically regulated during the different phases of these disease entities, suggesting a functional involvement in the disease process. Thus, the organ-and species-specific expression patterns need to be considered in the design and interpretation of studies related to TLR-mediated innate immunity, which seems to be involved in the tissue injury phase, in the phase of tissue regeneration, and in progressive tissue remodelling.

Thu, 20 May 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11548/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11548/1/Beeck_Stefan.pdf Beeck, Stefan

Background: Inflammatory lung diseases are a major morbidity factor in children. Therefore, novel strategies for early detection of inflammatory lung diseases are of high interest. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized via Toll-like receptors and CD14. CD14 exists as a soluble (sCD14) and membrane-associated (mCD14) protein, present on the surface of leukocytes. Previous studies suggest sCD14 as potential marker for inflammatory diseases, but their potential role in pediatric lung diseases remained elusive. Therefore, we examined the expression, regulation and significance of sCD14 and mCD14 in pediatric lung diseases. Methods: sCD14 levels were quantified in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with infective (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, CF) and non-infective (asthma) inflammatory lung diseases and healthy control subjects by ELISA. Membrane CD14 expression levels on monocytes in peripheral blood and on alveolar macrophages in BALF were quantified by flow cytometry. In vitro studies were performed to investigate which factors regulate sCD14 release and mCD14 expression. Results: sCD14 serum levels were specifically increased in serum of children with pneumonia compared to CF, asthma and control subjects. In vitro, CpG induced the release of sCD14 levels in a protease-independent manner, whereas LPS-mediated mCD14 shedding was prevented by serine protease inhibition. Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time the expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases and suggests sCD14 as potential marker for pneumonia in children.

Thu, 7 May 2009 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10138/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10138/1/Schickinger_Veronika.pdf Schickinger, Veronika

Thu, 9 Oct 2008 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9157/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9157/1/Joeinig_Anke.pdf Joeinig, Anke ddc:600, ddc:610, Med

Infektionen und postinflammatorische Prozesse scheinen bei einer Untergruppe von Tourette-Patienten ein wichtiger pathogenetischer Faktor zu sein. Einige Studien berichten von Streptokokken- und Mykoplasmeninfektionen im Zusammenhang mit dem Tourette-Syndrom. Auch zeigten sich Erfolge entzündungshemmender und antibiotischer Therapien. Monozyten, Makrophagen und deren proinflammatorische Zytokine spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der angeborenen Immunität und der ersten Abwehr von Bakterien. Deshalb sollten in dieser Arbeit Monozyten und deren proinflammatorische Zytokine bei Tourette-Patienten im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe untersucht werden. Bei 43 Tourette-Patienten und 46 gesunden Kontrollpersonen wurden in einer explorativen, prospektiven Studie Monozyten im Differentialblutbild und Monozytensubpopulationen durchflusszytometrisch bestimmt. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgte zusätzlich im Serum die Messung von CRP und Neopterin als Entzündungsparameter, sowie die Bestimmung von monozytären Zytokinen, Rezeptoren, Rezeptorantagonisten wie TNF-α, sTNF-R1 und IL-1-ra. Das lösliche CD14 wurde ebenso als monozytenassoziierter Aktivierungsmarker gemessen. Die Monozyten/nl waren bei Tourette-Patienten im Vergleich zu Gesunden signifikant höher, die Verteilung der Monozytensubpopulationen war in beiden Gruppen nicht unterschiedlich. CRP und Neopterin lagen bei Patienten und Gesunden im Normbereich, waren aber in der Tourette-Gruppe signifikant höher. TNF-α, sCD14 und IL-1-ra-Konzentrationen zeigten sich bei den Tourette-Patienten signifikant niedriger. Trotz höherem CRP und Neopterin bei Tourette-Patienten, was auf eine latente subklinische Entzündungsreaktion hinweisen könnte und im Vergleich zu Gesunden erhöhten Monozytenzahlen, waren weitere primär von Monozyten sezernierte proinflammatorische Zytokine und Aktivierungsmarker wie TNF-α, sCD14 und IL1-ra bei Tourette-Patienten niedriger. Diese Ergebnisse deuten möglicherweise auf eine Störung der Monozytenfunktion bei Tourette-Patienten hin. Die höhere Konzentration der Monozyten/nl könnte als Kompensationsmechanismus gedeutet werden. Eine vermehrte Anfälligkeit für Infektionen wäre dadurch denkbar.

Der Kontakt mit Mikroorganismen im frühen Kindesalter oder bereits in utero kann die Entwicklung des Immunsystems und folglich die Entstehung von atopischen Erkrankungen beeinflussen. Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLR) - wie das TLR2 und TLR4 - und das Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14) sind maßgeblich an der Erkennung von Mikroorganismen beteiligt. Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass mütterliche Allergien mit erniedrigten mRNA-Expressionsniveaus für TLR2, TLR4 und CD14 im Blut der Mütter sowie im Nabelschnurblut ihrer Kinder einhergehen. Für die vorliegende Arbeit konnten im Rahmen einer europäischen Multizentrum-Studie 185 gesunde schwangere Probandinnen aus Deutschland (n = 48), Ungarn (n = 50) und Spanien (n = 87) untersucht werden. Bei Geburt wurde peripheres Blut der Probandinnen sowie Nabelschnurblut derer Kinder gewonnen. Nach RNA-Isolation und cDNA-Synthese wurde mittels Real-Time RT-PCR die mRNA-Expression von TLR2, TLR4 und CD14 quantifiziert. Bei 42 Nabelschnurblutproben in der deutschen Subpopulation bestimmten wir außerdem den Anteil der TLR2+-, TLR4+-und CD14+-Monozyten in der Durchflusszytometrie. Zur Auswertung wurden bivariate und multivariate Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Mütterliche Allergien waren assoziiert mit signifikant erniedrigten mRNA-Expressionsniveaus für TLR2, TLR4 und CD14 in mütterlichem sowie im Nabelschnurblut. Ferner korrelierten die mRNA-Expressionsniveaus in mütterlichem Blut signifikant mit denen in fetalem Blut. Der durchflusszytometrisch untersuchte Prozentsatz der TLR2+-, TLR4+-und CD14+-Monozyten korrelierte mit den dazugehörigen mRNA-Expressionsniveaus für TLR2 (r = 0,5 ; p < 0,01) und TLR4 (r = 0,61 ; p < 0,01), jedoch nicht mit CD14 (r = 0,1 ; p = 0,34).

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der funktionellen und molekularen Charakterisierung von humanen CD34- Zelllinien aus dem peripheren Blut (V54/1, V54/2) im Vergleich zu den aus dem Knochenmark etablierten Zelllinien (L87/4, L88/5). Die Klone V54/1 und V54/2 wurden aus dem peripheren Blut nach Stammzellmobilisierung und CD6 Depletion durch Zugabe eines Faktorengemisches aus IL-1b, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 und IL-11 erzeugt. L87/4 und L88/5 hingegen sind adhärente und wachstumsarretierte Stromazellen, die die Erhaltung und Differenzierung von hämatopoetischen Vorläuferzellen durch Mediatoren ermöglichen (Thalmeier et al. 2000). Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Stammzelleigenschaften bei den Zelllinien L87/4, L88/5, V54/1 und V54/2. Dazu soll die Färbung mit den Farbstoffen Rhodamin 123 (Rh123) und Hoechst 33342 zeigen, ob Subpopulationen innerhalb der Klone mit unterschiedlichen Färbeeigenschaften, bestehen. Die biologische Bedeutung der beiden Farbstoffe liegt darin, dass Sie dazu geeignet sind frühe Stammzellen zu identifizieren. Als Substrat der P-Glykoproteinpumpe, die u.a. auf frühen Vorläuferzellen mit stark erhöhter Repopulationskapazität gefunden wird, werden diese Farbstoffe aus der Zelle gepumpt. Der Farbstoff-Efflux kommt durch die mdr-Gen-kodierte (multi-drug-resistance) und Kalzium-abhängige P-Glykoproteinpumpe zustande. Das P-Glykoprotein hat neben der Bedeutung in der Stammzellbiologie in der angewandten Medizin eine wichtige Funktion in der Resistenzentwicklung von Tumoren. Des weiteren wurden bei den Zelllinien stammzellrelevante Oberflächenantigene (CD10, CD34, CD14, CD105, SH3 und CD117) untersucht, um Unterschiede zwischen L87/4, L88/5 und den Klonen V54/1, V54/2 zu erkennen. Versuche zur Induktion der Differenzierung sollten Hinweise auf die Plastizität der Zelllinien geben. Experimente an den durch den Rh123-Efflux unterscheidbaren Subpopulationen der Zelllinie V54/2 dienen der Aufklärung von Unterschieden in Morphe, zellulären Transportfunktionen und Funktionseinheiten von Transkriptionsfaktor Netzwerken. Methodisch wurde für die Analyse der Epitope und der Färbungen mit Rh123 und Hoechst 33342 ein Durchflußzytometer verwendet. Die Analyse der Funktionseinheiten von Transkriptionsfaktor Netzwerken wurde mittels Reverse Transkriptase Polymerase Ketten Reaktion durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Färbeexperimente zeigten, dass bei allen untersuchten Zelllinien durch eine unterschiedliche Anfärbbarkeit der Zellen mit dem Farbstoff Rh123 zwei Subpopulationen unterschieden werden können. Die jeweils größere Subpopulation der Zelllinien färbt sich mit Rh123 an und bleibt auch nach einer definierten Inkubationszeit, die den Rh123-Efflux ermöglichen soll, gefärbt. Sie wird Rh123high genannt. Die übrigen Zellen, die bei allen Zelllinien unter 10% der Gesamtpopulation betragen, sind in der Lage den Farbstoff aus der Zelle zu pumpen. Diese Subpopulation wird Rh123low genannt und ist mit Stammzelleigenschaften wie tausendfach erhöhter Repopulationsfähigkeit in NOD/SCID-Mäusen assoziiert. Es konnte also innerhalb der untersuchten monoklonalen Linien eine Rh123low Subpopulation identifiziert werden, die sich durch zahlreiche biologische Eigenschaften von der Gesamtpopulation unterscheidet. Da der Rh123 Efflux durch eine Kalzium-abhängige Pumpe zustande kommt, lässt sie sich durch den Kalziumantagonisten Verapamil hemmen. Eine Hemmung der Pumpe bewirkt, dass die Rh123low Zellen nicht mehr in der Lage sind Rh123 aus der Zelle zu pumpen, so dass sie nach einer definierten Inkubationszeit mit Rh123 gefärbt bleiben. Neben diesem funktionellen Beweis für die P-Glykoproteinpumpe konnte durch den strukturellen Nachweis der Pumpe mittels eines Antikörpers gegen P-Glykoprotein ein definitiver Beweis für das Vorhandensein der aktiven P-Glykoproteinpumpe bei der Rh123low Population erbracht werden. Mit dem anderen Farbstoff Hoechst 33342 können die jeweiligen Anteile der Zelllinien in den einzelnen Stadien des Zellzyklus nachgewiesen und zudem ein kleiner Anteil an Zellen bestimmt werden, der als „Side Population“ (SP-Zellen) definiert wird. Diesen SP-Zellen werden Eigenschaften von aktiven Stammzellen zugeschrieben. Hierbei besteht ein Unterschied zwischen den aus dem Knochenmark und den aus dem peripheren Blut etablierten Linien, da die Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut nicht nur ein anderes Zellzyklusmuster aufweisen, sondern auch einen höheren Anteil an SP-Zellen besitzen. Es wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen zwischen den Zelllinien und zwischen den Rh123high und Rh123low Subpopulationen innerhalb einer Zelllinie mit Antikörpern gegen die Epitope CD14, CD45, HLA-DR, CD10, CD117, CD105 und SH3 durchgeführt. Dabei waren CD14 und CD45 auf allen Zelllinien negativ, wobei alle Zelllinien eine positive Expression für den mesenchymalen Marker Endoglin (CD105) und für SH3 (CD73) zeigten. CD117 konnte nur auf den aus dem Knochenmark etablierten Zelllinien L87/4 und L88/5 nachgewiesen werden. CD34, ein charakteristischer Marker für hämatopoetische Vorläuferzellen, aber auch für Endothelzellen, konnte nur auf den Zellen der Rh123low Subpopulation nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz dazu exprimieren die Rh123high Zellen kein CD34. Da es sich bei den Zelllinien um Klone handelt, ist der Unterschied in der Expression von CD34 zwischen der Rh123low und der Rh123high Population ein deutlicher Hinweis auf die Plastizität der Zelllinien und das Fließgleichgewicht zwischen Rh123low und Rh123high. Durch eine Zellsortierung der Zelllinie V54/2 wurde die Rh123low von der Rh123high Subpopulation getrennt, um sie dann bezüglich ihrer Morphologie, dem Wachstum in Methylzellulose und der Expression ausgewählter Funktionseinheiten von Transkriptionsfaktor Netzwerken zu untersuchen. Dabei erhärtete sich die Hypothese, dass es sich bei der Rh123low Subpopulation um aktivere Zellen mit einer gesteigerten Expression von erythroid/myeloischen und mesodermalen Eingaben (z.B. VEGF, BMP-4), Rezeptoren (z.B. tie-1), vernetzter Transkriptionsfaktoren (z.B. GATA, ETS) und letztendlich Ausgaben (z.B. PECAM) handelt. Diese fungieren in Netzwerken mit dem Ziel, stammzellrelevante Funktionen zu ermöglichen. Die Morphologie zeigte in den Zytozentrifugationspräparaten deutliche Unterschiede zwischen Zellen der Rh123low und der Rh123high Subpopulation. Die Rh123low Subpopulation besteht aus lymphoid-ähnlichen Zellen, was für Zellen mit Stammzellfunktion charakteristisch ist. Die Rh123high Subpopulation dagegen hat ein insgesamt größeres Zellvolumen und einen gebuchteten Kern mit perinukleärer Aufhellung. Untersuchungen des klonalen Wachstums in der Methylzellulose ergaben bei keiner der Subpopulationen eine wesentliche Koloniebildung. Durch die Inkubation der Zelllinie V54/2 mit dem Neurotropen Wachstumsfaktor (NGF) konnte eine morphologische Änderung in Richtung einer neuronalen/glialen Differenzierung nach 8-12 Stunden induziert werden. Der immunhistochemische Nachweis von Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) bestätigte die mesenchymale Potenz zumindest in Richtung einer glialen Differenzierung. Das unterschiedliche Expressionsmuster ausgewählter, für die Differenzierung notwendiger Zusammenspieler innerhalb von Transkriptionsfaktor Netzwerken innerhalb der Rh123high und der Rh123low Population bei V54/2 war ein weiterer Hinweis, dass es sich bei der Rh123low Subpopulation um aktive Vorläuferzellen mit möglicher Stammzellpotenz handelt. In der Rh123low Subpopulation wurde im Gegensatz zur Rh123high Population eine Expression von BMP4, GATA1, GATA3 nachgewiesen, die essentiell für die Hämatopoese und für eine mesenchymale Differenzierung ist. Die Faktoren für GATA2, GATA3, beta globin, Elf-1 und PECAM1 wurden in einem stärkeren Maß in der Rh123low als in der Rh123high Population exprimiert. BMP-Rez., Myb, sowie die Endothel-assoziierten Faktoren Tie-1 und VEGF waren in beiden Subpopulationen gleich stark vorhanden. Bei den wenigen Funktionseinheiten der größeren und Rh123high Population handelt es sich vor allem um angiogenetische Faktoren, was auf eine limitierte Differenzierungseigenschaft der Rh123high Subpopulation und die enge Beziehung zwischen Blut- und Endothelzellen („Hämangioblast“) hinweist. Ein Nachweis für die Plastizität der Stammzellen innerhalb der von uns etablierten Zelllinien wurde dadurch erbracht, dass die zellsortierten Subpopulationen Rh123low und Rh123high nach dem Sortierexperiment getrennt rekultiviert wurden, wobei das Wachstum der Rh123low Subpopulation deutlich langsamer war als das der Rh123high Subpopulation. Nach zwei Wochen wurden die zellsortierten Subpopulationen erneut einer Rh123 Färbung unterzogen, wobei sich wiederum das ursprüngliche Verhältnis zwischen den Rh123low und Rh123high Subpopulationen einstellte. So kann man aus der Transdifferenzierung der Zelllinien von Rh123low in Rh123high und umgekehrt die Plastizität der hier untersuchten adulten Stammzelllinien ableiten. Die Ergebnisse sollen zum grundlegenden Verständnis der Biologie adulter (nicht embryonaler) Stammzellen beitragen und damit die Möglichkeit schaffen, adulte Stammzellen bzw. deren Subpopulationen gezielt für einen reparativen Gewebe- und Organersatz zu verwenden. Dabei liefern sie die Basis für weitergehende Untersuchungen zum besseren Verständnis der physiologischen und regenerativen Vorgänge, z.B. auch bei Alterung oder bei gesteigerter Funktion. Darüber hinaus kann aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse durch weitere Untersuchungen möglicherweise besser verstanden werden, ob es gelingen kann das Potential adulter Stammzellen zur therapeutischen Gewebereparation, z.B. zur Verhinderung oder Verringerung einer Narbenbildung, zu nutzen.

Fragestellung: Um mögliche proinflammatorische Zeichen bzw. Frühindikatoren (sog. Mikroinflammation) bei Patienten mit chronischem Nierenversagen und nierentransplantierten Patienten aufzuspüren, die an späteren Organkomplikationen (chronische Transplantatdysfunktion, Herz-Kreislaufmorbidität, endotheliale Dysfunktion, Infektanfälligkeiten) beteiligt sein können, untersuchten wir die Expression funktioneller monozytärer Oberflächenantigene. Als immunologischen Marker der Aktivität einer Entzündungsreaktion verglichen wir die in der Durchflusszytometrie (fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS))gemessene Expression sog. mCD14-Rezeptoren und der CD14+CD16++-Rezeptoren auf peripheren Blut-Monozyten mit serologischen Parametern wie C-reaktives Protein und Leukozytenzahl. Die Frage, ob die beiden Oberflächenantigene CD14 und CD16 sowie die Koexpression beider Antigene (proinflammatorisch aktivierte Monozyten) zum „immunologischen Monitoring“ geeignet sind, sollte erstmalig klinisch an Gesunden, Patienten nach Nierentransplantation sowie Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz im Endstadium ohne Dialysebehandlung untersucht werden. Ergänzend wurden nichtorgantransplantierte Patienten mit akuten infektiösen Komplikationen auf mögliche Modulationen proinflammatorischer Blutmonozyten (CD14+/CD16++-Zellen) hin untersucht. CD14 existiert membrangebunden (mCD14) und in löslicher Form (sCD14) und ist verantwortlich für die Interaktion von Endotoxin (LPS) mit Monozyten und Neutrophilen. LPS ist ein Glykoprotein der äußeren Membranschicht gramnegativer Bakterien. CD14 ist der wichtigste Rezeptor für gram-negative bakterielle Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin), jedoch auch für Peptidoglykan und Lipoteichonsäure gram-positiver Erreger. CD 16 ist der funktionell wichtige Fcγ–Rezeptor Typ III (FcγRIII, IgG-Rezeptor Typ III), der mit niedriger Affinität monomeres IgG sowie polymeres IgG oder Immunkomplexe bindet. Er vermittelt wichtige immunphysiologische Funktionen wie antikörperabhängige zellvermittelte Zytotoxizität, Beseitigung zirkulierender Immunkomplexe, Superoxidbildung und ist auch an der Signaltransduktion beteiligt. Die untersuchten CD14+CD16++-Monozyten bewirken im Zusammenwirken von TNFα, IL-1, IL-6 und IL-10 bewirkt eine stärkere Entzündungsreaktion als die konventionellen CD14++CD16negativen-Zellen; sie sind sehr potente Antigen-präsentierende Zellen, besitzen eine hohe Phagozytoseaktivität und verstärken die endotheliale Adhäsion. Untersuchungsaufbau: Wir untersuchten 69 Patienten nach Nierentransplantation (23 Frauen, 46 Männer) im Alter von durchschnittlich 52,63 +/- 11,42 Jahren (Median 53,84 Jahre). Die Patienten erhielten durchschnittlich vor 6,38 +/- 5,2 Jahren ein Nieren- Transplantat (Median 8,16 Jahre). Wir unterschieden diese Patienten hinsichtlich ihrer Immunsuppression in folgende Gruppen: 1) Mycophenolat-Mofetil-Monotherapie (MMFmono), 2) Cyclosporin-Monotherapie (CyAmono) und 3) einer Kombination aus MMF und CyA (MMF-CyAkombi). In die Gruppe mit MMF-Monotherapie wurden16 Personen eingeschlossen (3 Frauen, 13 Männer) im Alter von durchschnittlich 51,29 +/- 10,47 Jahren (Median 51,15 Jahre). In der Gruppe der CyA-monotherapierten Patienten befanden sich 11 Personen (3 Frauen, 8 Männer) im Durchschnittsalter von 58,43 +/- 8,01 Jahren (Median 59,96 Jahre). Zur Gruppe der MMF-CyA-kombinationstherapierten Patienten gehörten 18 Patienten (3 Frauen, 15 Männer) im Alter von 46,69 +/- 10,22 Jahren (Median 47,44 Jahre). Des weiteren wurden 13 Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (12 Männer, eine Frau) im Alter von 32 bis 74 Jahren (Median 65,0 Jahre; Mittelwert 63,5 Jahre +/- 10,3 Jahre) in die Analysen miteinbezogen. Parallel wurden 8 Patienten (6 Frauen, 2 Männer) im Verlauf einer akuten Infektion erfasst (Mittelwert 74,6 +/- 10,53 Jahre; Median 78 Jahre). Unser Kontrollkollektiv bestand aus 18 klinisch gesunden freiwilligen Probanden im Alter zwischen 24 und 54 Jahren (Median 31Jahre; Mittelwert 33,42 +/- 9,91 Jahre; 10 Frauen, 8 Männer). Ergebnisse: 1. Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz hatten signifikant höhere CRP-Serumkonzentrationen als Gesunde (p=0,010)(Gesunde 0,33 mg/dl vs. Urämiker 0,7 mg/dl). 2. Die mCD14-Expression auf peripheren Blutmonozyten war bei Urämikern (p=0,024) und bei nierentransplantierten Patienten (p=0,026) signifikant niedriger als bei Gesunden.(Gesunde 517 MFI vs. Urämiker 426 MFI vs. NTX 433 MFI) 3. Der prozentuale Anteil CD14+CD16++-Monozyten im Blut war sowohl bei Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (p=0,00000487; MFI= 13,0%) als auch bei Patienten nach Nierentransplantation (p=0,00298; MFI=9,3%) signifikant höher. 4. Die Leukozytenzahl im Blut war weder bei immunsupprimierten Nierentransplantierten noch bei Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz im Endstadium signifikant gegenüber Gesunden verändert. 5. Hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Strategien der immunsuppressiven Therapie ließen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen der MMF-mono, der CyA-mono und der MMF-CyA-kombi-behandelten Nt-Patienten feststellen. 6. Die Absolutzahl CD14+CD16++-Monozyten war sowohl bei urämischen Patienten (p=0,003; 430/µl) als auch bei nierentransplantierten Patienten (p=0,005; 413/µl) gegenüber Gesunden signifikant erhöht. 7. Bei Nierentransplantierten fiel die CRP-Konzentration im Serum mit steigendem Alter des Transplantates logarithmisch ab (p=0,065), die mCD14-Expression fiel linear ab (p=0,063) wohingegen der prozentuale Anteil der CD14+CD16++- Monozyten invers ansteigt (p=0,0036). 8. Im Verlauf akuter infektiöser Erkrankungen war der Anteil der CD14+CD16++- Monozyten signifikant höher als bei Gesunden (p=0,000049) und fiel bis zur stationären Entlassung so signifikant ab (p=0,012), so dass kein Unterschied mehr zwischen Gesunden und Kranken mehr nachweisbar war. Schlußfolgerungen: 1. Sowohl bei Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz wie bei Nierentransplantierten finden sich anhand erhöhter Zahlen proinflammatorischer Blutmonozyten (CD14+CD16++-Phänotyp) eindeutig Zeichen einer sog. „Mikroinflammation“; dies ausdrücklich auch bei NTX-Patienten, obwohl diese unter einer dauerhaften immunsuppressiven Behandlung stehen. 2. Proinflammatorische Blutmonozyten sind Ziel- und Effektorzellen der Immunabwehr. Darüber hinaus sind sie pathophysiologisch an den Vorgängen einer Atheromatose beteiligt. CD14+CD16++-Blutmonozyten entsprechen dem Phänotyp von Gewebsmakrophagen. Erhöhte Anteile CD14+CD16++-Blutmonozyten gehen möglicherweise parallel mit der erhöhten Progressionsrate der Atheromatose von Organtransplantierten und Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz. Andererseits sind sie an der Auslösung und Perpetuation der chronischen Transplantatdysfunktion (chronisches Transplantatversagen) ursächlich beteiligt, was aus Biopsiedaten hervorgeht. Die hier erfolgten Blutzellanalysen unterstützen diese These. 3. Dauerimmunsuppression bei Nierentransplantierten vermag nicht den proinflammatorischen Status diese Patienten zu unterdrücken. Damit gilt für alle NTXPatienten, dass sich mehr oder weniger schnell trotz potenter Immunsuppression irgendwann ein Transplantatversagen einstellt. Es spricht alles dafür, dass aktivierte Blutmonozyten hier die Schlüsselrolle spielen. Wir postulieren, dass dies nur dann abgeschwächt oder vermindert werden könnte, wenn sich die zellulären Marker, die auf chronische inflammatorische Aktivität hinweisen, pharmakologisch günstig beeinflussen ließen.