Podcasts about Smolensk

Polen war acht Jahre lang ein europäisches Labor des Rechtspopulismus. Martin Adam hat als ARD-Korrespondent in Warszawa miterlebt, wie die PiS-Partei Medien, Justiz und politische Kultur umbaute – und wie Donald Tusk mit einer breiten Anti-PiS-Koalition an die Macht zurückkehrte. In dieser Folge geht es um katholischen Nationalismus, Sozialpolitik, Propaganda, Smolensk, Grenzkontrollen, die Rolle der EU und den hohen Preis, den eine Demokratie zahlt, wenn Populisten erst einmal regieren. Eine Folge über Polen, aber auch über Deutschland. The post Polens Kampf gegen PiS: Was Deutschland daraus lernen kann – mit Martin Adam first appeared on Bartocast.

Vor 16 Jahren, am 10. April 2010, stürzte eine polnische Regierungsmaschine nahe dem russischen Smolensk ab. Alle 96 Insassen, darunter der polnische Präsident, kamen ums Leben. Teilt dieses Ereignis die polnische Gesellschaft bis heute?

From our An Adoption Story series. You can watch her documentary story on Alex Gilbert's YouTube channel. Oksana Rennie was born in 1991 in a small village in the western part of Russia's Smolensk region. In 1996, at five and a half years old, she was adopted from the Smolensk District Children's Home by her parents and raised in the city of Christchurch in New Zealand.Growing up far from her birthplace, she wanted to fit in like any other New Zealand child, while carrying only fragments of memory from her early years in Russia.In her early thirties, after becoming a mother herself, Oksana began searching for answers about what happened before she entered the children's home. With very little information too, she uncovers unexpected connections to her birth family, including a sister and cousin she never knew existed.This is her story.

Táto relácia vznikla vďaka našim podporovateľom. Pridajte sa k nim, prosím, teraz aj vy na: https://podpora.postoj.sk/podporte-najsilnejsie-konzervativne-medium?referral_source=youtube&referral_campaign=youtube&referral_content=ziarovsky&utm_source=youtube. Ďakujeme. Spolupracovník Postoja Andrej Žiarovský a redaktor Lukáš Krivošík rozoberajú ťaženie Napoleona Bonaparta do Ruska v roku 1812. Prečo francúzsky cisár napadol cárske Rusko? Aká bola stratégia obrancov i útočníkov? A prečo Napoleon napokon prehral, hoci dovtedy išiel takmer od jedného víťazstva k druhému? Prejdeme si aj významné bitky tejto vojny: Smolensk, Borodino, Berezina. A pozrieme sa aj na ruských vojvodcov: Neobľúbený cudzinec Barclay de Tolly verzus charizmazický Bagration. A dôjde samozrejme aj na generála Kuzutova.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

You can send a text, include contact info to get a response. Napoleon never intended to invade as far as Moscow.  It was just supposed to be the 2nd Polish campaign.  But Napoleon's hammer blows kept missing.Napoleon's blend of insightful planning and terrible planning for the invasion led to the temptation to do what the Empereur knew was wrong.  Just go a little deeper.There were at least 3 inflection points that historians point to that could have led to more success and a very different world for us.  These include the movement east from Smolensk, the long stay in Moscow, and finally the December 5 decision to leave Murat in command of the French army at Vilnius.And from the view of Russian decision making we have the quite severe limits on Alexander's freedom to make the kind of decisions Napoleon needed him to make.  And also there were the arguments made by Kutuzov, among others that Russia should not push into Germany.There will be another episode on the topic the following week.

Edition No215 | 05-08-2025 - Today we take apart the drama that unfolded in Sochi — and the unexpected fascistic pop‑culture fallout. Strap in. It's going to be weird — why the fall of Russia, and Putin, will be live streamed by idiots, and will hardly seem real. In the early hours of August 3, 2025, Ukraine launched a drone strike that ignited at least two fuel tanks at the Rosneft-Kubannefteprodukt oil depot near Sochi, Russia's Black Sea resort. According to Governor Veniamin Kondratyev, more than 120 firefighters fought the blaze. Flights at Sochi Airport were briefly halted as a precaution. (The Kyiv Independent)This episode marks a sharp intensification in Ukraine's campaign to disrupt Russian energy infrastructure in retaliation for Moscow's war operations since February 2022. Ukraine has hit facilities across Penza, Voronezh, Smolensk, and recently near Adler, Sochi—no longer the glamorous Olympic city, and showcase of Russia's economic and cultural power, sporting prowess and triumphant leadership – now it's a frontline target. Smouldering and ruined, a fitting metaphor for what Putin's Russia has become. (Financial Times)Russia's defence ministry claimed it shot down 93 Ukrainian drones overnight, though Kyiv later confirmed it had carried out the strike, targeting a fuel depot at Sochi Airport. (Reuters)----------SUPPORT THE CHANNEL:https://www.buymeacoffee.com/siliconcurtainhttps://www.patreon.com/siliconcurtain----------SOURCES: “Ukraine's drone strike reportedly sparks fire at oil depot in Russia's Sochi”, Kyiv Independent, 3 Aug 2025 “Ukrainian attack sparks blaze at Russian oil depot…”, The Guardian, 3 Aug 2025“Russian firefighters extinguish Sochi oil depot blaze …”, Reuters, 3 Aug 2025 “Ukraine's Drones Light Up Sochi Airport Fuel Depot”, Kyiv Post, 4 Aug 2025 “Young Woman Fined for Filming Oil Depot Fire…”, Moscow Times, 4 Aug 2025 )“Russian TikTokers … forced to issue grovelling apology …”, The Sun, 4 Aug 2025 Timeline context from Wikipedia of prior drone attacks (Los Angeles Times)----------TRUCK FUNDRAISER - GET A SILICON CURTAIN NAFO PATCH:Together with our friends at LIFT99 Kyiv Hub (the NAFO 69th Sniffing Brigade), we are teaming up to provide 2nd Battalion of 5th SAB with a pickup truck that they need for their missions. With your donation, you're not just sending a truck — you're standing with Ukraine.https://www.help99.co/patches/nafo-silicon-curtain-communityWhy NAFO Trucks Matter: Ukrainian soldiers know the immense value of our NAFO trucks and buses. These vehicles are carefully selected, produced between 2010 and 2017, ensuring reliability for harsh frontline terrain. Each truck is capable of driving at least 20,000 km (12,500 miles) without major technical issues, making them a lifeline for soldiers in combat zones.https://www.help99.co/patches/nafo-silicon-curtain-community----------TRUSTED CHARITIES ON THE GROUND:Save Ukrainehttps://www.saveukraineua.org/Superhumans - Hospital for war traumashttps://superhumans.com/en/UNBROKEN - Treatment. Prosthesis. Rehabilitation for Ukrainians in Ukrainehttps://unbroken.org.ua/Come Back Alivehttps://savelife.in.ua/en/Chefs For Ukraine - World Central Kitchenhttps://wck.org/relief/activation-chefs-for-ukraineUNITED24 - An initiative of President Zelenskyyhttps://u24.gov.ua/Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundationhttps://prytulafoundation.orgNGO “Herojam Slava”https://heroiamslava.org/kharpp - Reconstruction project supporting communities in Kharkiv and Przemyślhttps://kharpp.com/NOR DOG Animal Rescuehttps://www.nor-dog.org/home/----------

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Den 22 juni 1941 inledde Nazityskland en av de mest omfattande militära operationerna i historien: Operation Barbarossa. Med över tre miljoner soldater, tusentals stridsvagnar och flygplan korsade tyska trupper den sovjetiska gränsen, vilket öppnade östfronten under andra världskriget. Målet var att snabbt besegra Sovjetunionen och säkra "Lebensraum" – livsrum – för det tyska folket.Adolf Hitler drevs av en kombination av ideologiska och strategiska motiv. Han betraktade kommunismen som ett existentiellt hot och ansåg att det tyska folket behövde expandera österut för att få tillgång till livsviktiga resurser såsom olja, stål och spannmål. Dessutom såg han slaverna som underlägsna och ämnade förslava eller eliminera dem för att ge plats åt tyskarna.Detta är det sjätte avsnittet i en serie av sju om andra världskriget från podden Historia Nu. Programledaren Urban Lindstedt samtalar med Martin Hårdstedt, professor i historia, om Operation Barbarossa.Sovjetunionen var inte helt oförberedd på ett tyskt anfall, men graden av beredskap var otillräcklig. Trots underrättelserapporter om en förestående invasion valde Josef Stalin att ignorera många av varningarna, delvis på grund av misstro mot västerländska källor och en önskan att undvika provokation. Den sovjetiska armén var dessutom försvagad av tidigare utrensningar av officerare och led av bristande modernisering.Inledningsvis hade tyskarna stora framgångar genom sin "blitzkrieg"-taktik, vilket ledde till snabba framryckningar och inringningar av stora sovjetiska styrkor. Städer som Kiev och Smolensk föll, och tyska trupper närmade sig Moskva. Men den hårda sovjetiska vintern, långa försörjningslinjer och envist sovjetisk motstånd försvårade ytterligare framryckningar.Under invasionen begick de tyska styrkorna omfattande krigsbrott. Einsatzgruppen, mobila insatsstyrkor, följde efter de framryckande trupperna och genomförde massavrättningar av judar, romer, kommunister och andra grupper. Civila utsattes för brutala övergrepp, och många städer och byar förstördes systematiskt.Vändpunkten kom med slaget vid Stalingrad vintern 1942–1943. Efter månader av intensiva strider omringades och kapitulerade den tyska 6:e armén, vilket markerade början på en stadig sovjetisk offensiv västerut. Sovjetunionens förmåga att mobilisera sina resurser, den hårda vintern och Tysklands överskattning av sin egen kapacitet bidrog till denna vändning.Bild: Även om delar av den tyska armén var mekaniserad var man 1941 fortfarande i hög grad beroende av hästar och en stor del av soldaterna avancerade till fots. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-136-0882-13 / Albert Cusian / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. Public Domain.Musik: If the war breaks out tomorrow av The Red Army Chorus of the U.S.S.R. Dm. & Dan. Pokrass; K. Listov; A. V. Alexandrov; V. Lebedev; Kumach; Red Army Choir of the U.S.S.R.; Internet Archive, Public Domain.Lyssna också på Hitlers och Stalins koloniala projekt krävde planerade massmord.Klippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/russian-studies

Michael David Fox's Crucibles of Power: Smolensk under Stalinist and Nazi Rule (Harvard UP, 2025) provides a local, close-up look at the everyday workings of Nazi and Soviet power, in a particular region. It discusses such themes as the Soviet Terror of the late 1930's and the trauma of the collectivization of agriculture, earlier in the decade, as well as the further traumas of Nazi occupation. Especially interesting is its focus on life-trajectories of specific individuals who had daily to navigate the intricate workings of power, in brutalized, violent circumstances. Aaron Weinacht is Professor of History at the University of Montana Western, in Dillon, MT. He teaches courses on Russian and Soviet History, World History, and Philosophy of History. His research interests include the sociological theorist Philip Rieff and the influence of Russian nihilism on American libertarianism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

About the Lecture It has been fifteen years since the Smolensk air disaster. On April 10, 2010, a Polish presidential plane crashed near the Smolensk military airport on Russian territory. The aircraft was carrying a delegation to Katyn to participate in the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the 1940 Soviet massacre, and all 96 passengers and crew members were killed. Among the victims were President Lech Kaczynski and his wife, Maria. The causes of the crash remain unknown and controversial. How has this event impacted politics in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe? What lessons can we learn from this tragic event? Professor Zurawski vel Grajewski will answer these and other questions. About the Speaker Professor Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski is a Polish political scientist, an academic, and an associate professor at the University of Lodz. Furthermore, he is an associate of the European Institute in Łódź, the Center for Political Thought, and a lecturer at the Natolin European Center and the National School of Public Administration. In 2015, Mr. Żurawski vel Grajewski became a member of the National Development Council, appointed by President Andrzej Duda. His main areas of research include international relations and geopolitics. **Learn more about IWP graduate programs: https://www.iwp.edu/academics/graduate-degree-programs/ ***Make a gift to IWP: https://interland3.donorperfect.net/weblink/WebLink.aspx?name=E231090&id=3

Prince Vasíli is on the precipice of enticing Pierre to ask for his daughter's hand.   He hardly let a day go by without hosting an event at which Pierre was present. For six weeks, the new Count was lured into making a home of Vasíli's mansion.   Vasíli was planning to get two of his children married, Anatole as well as Hélène.  Vasíli felt compelled to finalize matters with Pierre before touring his neglected provincial estates. He then desired to pick-up Anatole from his regiment and take him to Smolensk to arrange a match with Gen. Bolkónski's daughter.  Pierre's conduct was as a young lover's should be - excited and foolish. Vasíli thought, “Youth, frivolity... God be with him.” He surmised the right time to push for resolution was at Hélène's upcoming name-day celebration. Pierre's mixed emotions persisted. He realized how devastating it could be to tie his fate to Hélène. Yet he had no ability to leave her orbit. He was overpowered by desire. In Society's eyes Pierre was more and more connected with Hélène. All were waiting for him to propose. Terror seized Pierre upon realizing how close he was.  When the celebration arrived, the guests included close friends and family. All were in high spirits. Vasíli merrily went round the table, chatting about the Imperial Council, where the military governor read a missive about the war from Czar Alexander.  The governor was overjoyed the letter was directed to him.   As much as such trifling interests united the aristocrats, all this was sideshow to Pierre and Hélène. Pierre found the dynamic intoxicating. He thought, “They are all expecting it, so…I cannot disappoint them!”  He considered himself a Paris possessed of Helen of Troy.  Deep down, Pierre knew that only since becoming the Count did he receive favor.  Still, in the moment, he believed that it was he who was unusually striking. He was taken out of this mindset when Vasíli asked when he last heard from Andrei, who had written from Olmütz.    After supper, Pierre & Hélène followed others to the drawing room.  Pierre had had never spoke to Hélène of love but knew it was time to.  He first made some small talk. Vasíli, hovering, came up to them and again brought up the proud governor. Pierre smiled and gave a look that assured he was doing what was expected. In the next room, the Kuragin family spoke on how “marriages are made in heaven.”   The couple kept the family waiting and eventually Vasíli lost patience and decided to drag Pierre across the line. Vasíli's manifested a triumphant countenance upon his approach and congratulated Pierre on what Pierre could not bring himself to do.  He proclaimed, “Thank God! My wife has told me everything!” (though his wife did no such thing). He put his arms around the two and continued, “My dear boy... Lëlya... I am very pleased. I loved your father...and she will make you a good wife...God bless you!” He embraced and kissed them.    Pierre reflected. “All this had to be…so it is useless to ask whether it is good or bad.”  At least he was rid of the doubt.  Pierre held Hélène's hand and confidently called her name.  He knew “something special is always said in such cases”. He looked deep into her eyes and she drew nearer to him and told him to take of his spectacles.  Pierre did so and was about to stoop and kiss her hand but with a rapid movement of her head, Hélène intercepted his lips with her own.  “It is too late now, it's done, besides I love her,” thought Pierre. He then uttered those forgotten special words, Je vous aime, but they sounded so weak he was ashamed.   Six weeks later Pierre was married, and settled in his newly furnished Petersburg mansion.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

Offerta Black Friday di NordVPN! Vai su https://nordvpn.com/dentrolastoria per ottenere l'esclusivo sconto Black Friday + 4 mesi extra sui piani biennali +30gg soddisfatti o rimborsati! Il nostro canale Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1vziHBEp0gc9gAhR740fCw Sostieni DENTRO LA STORIA su Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/dentrolastoria Abbonati al canale: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1vziHBEp0gc9gAhR740fCw/join Il nostro store in Amazon: https://www.amazon.it/shop/dentrolastoria Sostienici su PayPal: https://paypal.me/infinitybeat Dentro La Storia lo trovi anche qui: https://linktr.ee/dentrolastoria Aprile 1943: soldati tedeschi della Wehrmacht scoprono all'interno di una foresta situata a circa venti chilometri da Smolensk un'enorme fossa comune. All'interno, circa tremila cadaveri di uomini giustiziati con un colpo alla nuca, tutti accomunati dall'indossare l'uniforme regolare di ufficiale dell'esercito polacco. Il massacro di Katyn irrompe nello scenario della Seconda Guerra Mondiale come prova di atrocità sovietica, salvo venire riscritto a conflitto finito come ulteriore esempio della barbarie nazista. Soltanto col tempo e con la paziente ricerca condotta da studiosi anche sovietici si giungerà alla scioccante verità di una strage ordinata personalmente da Stalin. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Iakov Djougachvili, le fils aîné de Joseph Staline, est une figure tragique de l'histoire soviétique, notamment en raison des circonstances entourant sa mort pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Né en 1907 d'un premier mariage de Staline avec Ekaterina Svanidzé, Yacov a toujours eu une relation compliquée avec son père. Staline le considérait comme faible et inadapté à la discipline militaire, en contraste avec ses attentes pour ses enfants, en particulier dans un contexte d'autoritarisme soviétique. Capture et captivité Yacov s'engage dans l'armée rouge au début de la guerre contre l'Allemagne nazie en 1941, au moment où l'Union soviétique fait face à l'invasion de l'opération Barbarossa. Lors de la bataille de Smolensk en juillet 1941, Yacov est capturé par les forces allemandes. Sa capture a un impact considérable, car les nazis réalisent rapidement qu'ils détiennent le fils du dirigeant soviétique et essaient de l'utiliser comme monnaie d'échange. Les Allemands proposent alors un échange entre Yacov et le maréchal allemand Friedrich Paulus, capturé lors de la bataille de Stalingrad en 1943. Cependant, Staline rejette catégoriquement cette proposition en affirmant que « Je n'échangerai pas un maréchal contre un lieutenant ». Cette réponse montre la nature froide et impitoyable de Staline, qui, malgré l'évidence du lien familial, privilégie sa politique et l'image d'un leader inflexible. Il est aussi rapporté que Staline aurait dit : « Tous les soldats de l'Armée rouge sont mes enfants ». Mort à Sachsenhausen Pendant sa captivité, Yacov est transféré au camp de concentration de Sachsenhausen, où il est soumis à des conditions extrêmement difficiles. La cause exacte de sa mort, survenue le 14 avril 1943, reste débattue. La version officielle allemande indique qu'il se serait suicidé en se jetant sur une clôture électrifiée du camp après une dispute avec des gardes. D'autres théories suggèrent qu'il aurait été tué par les nazis ou que sa mort aurait été orchestrée pour l'empêcher de devenir un embarras pour son père ou un outil de propagande. Le "sacrifice" Yacov Djougachvili a été sacrifié en raison du choix calculé de Staline, qui voulait maintenir son autorité et éviter toute concession à ses ennemis. Échanger son fils contre un prisonnier allemand aurait été vu comme un acte de faiblesse, ce que Staline ne pouvait tolérer. Ainsi, la mort de Yacov symbolise la brutalité du régime de Staline et sa détermination à ne jamais compromettre son image ou son pouvoir, même au prix de la vie de son propre fils. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Hansan var ett lösligt handelsförbund av köpmannahus och städer, med centrum i Lübeck, som dominerade handel och politik i norra Europa under medeltiden. Utan egentliga fasta institutioner och regler kom Hansan att skapa enorma förmögenheter.Hansan växte fram underifrån utifrån ett behov att skapa trygghet för handelsmän. Hansan prioriterade nätverkstänkande och samarbete framför viljan att styra, ställa och diktera villkor för medlemmarna - ett vinnande koncept under medeltiden, men på 1500- och 1600-talen blev utmaningarna från omvärlden till slut för stora.I detta första av två avsnitt om Hansan samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med Dick Harrison, professor i historia vid Lunds universitet. Han är aktuell med boken Hansan – Ett handelsimperiums uppgång och fall.Hansan hade sitt ursprung i Tyskland, närmare bestämt i områdena kring floderna Rhen, Weser och Elbe. Till en början bestod den av flera enskilda intresseorganisationer för olika grupper av köpmän. Dessa organisationer erbjöd varandra skydd längs farofyllda transportvägar och stödde varandras handel. Hansans framgång byggde på ett system av privilegier och handelsmonopol som sträckte sig från London till Novgorod, med Visby som en viktig knutpunkt i Östersjön. Under 1100- och 1200-talen utvecklades Hansan till att bli Nordeuropas ledande politiska och ekonomiska maktcentrum.År 1161 slöt Norge ett handelsavtal med Lübeck, vilket markerade början på Hansans expansion i Norden. Birger jarl följde efter genom att ingå överenskommelser med Lübeck omkring 1250 och med Hamburg 1261. Dessa avtal gav tyska affärsmän möjlighet att verka i Sverige på gynnsamma villkor, bland annat genom befrielse från skatter och tullar.Hansan drog också nytta av Tyska ordens expansion i Baltikum under början av 1200-talet och knöt till sig vitryska och litauiska områden i sitt handelsnät. År 1227 slöt man handelsavtal med fursten av Smolensk. Vid mitten av 1200-talet fanns ett dussintal städer med lybsk rätt i Östersjöområdet, däribland Reval, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Greifswald, Kolberg, Danzig och Elbing.Till Bergen seglade nordtyska fartyg lastade med korn, öl, vin och salt. På tillbakavägen fraktade de torkad fisk, en eftertraktad vara i Europa. Denna handel genererade stora vinster för Hansan och gynnade även norrmännen, vars fisk nådde europeiska marknader.Hansan inrättade kontor i städer som inte var anslutna till förbundet men som ändå var viktiga för dess handel. Inom kontorets område gällde Hansans lagar. Det äldsta kontoret, Petershof, inrättades i Novgorod 1259. Londonkontoret, The Steelyard, växte fram under 1200-talet. Kontoret i Brygge inrättades 1347 och omkring 1360 etablerades kontoret i Bergen, där Hansan lyckades konkurrera ut så gott som alla andra utländska handelsmän och helt kontrollera den norska exporten och importen.Trots att Hansan saknade en gemensam armé eller flotta hade förbundet förmågan att mobilisera militära resurser när det behövdes. Konflikter med omvärlden föregicks ofta av långvariga debatter mellan borgmästare och rådmän från olika hansestäder, vilket speglar förbundets lösa struktur. Hansans militära styrka var dock begränsad jämfört med framväxande territorialstater. Från 1400-talet och framåt minskade hansestädernas möjligheter att försvara sin självständighet militärt, då krig blev allt dyrare att föra.Bild: Lübeck som illustreras i Nürnbergkrönikan, 1493 Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, redaktör) – Illustration från Nürnbergkrönikan, Wikipedia, Public Domain.Musik: Medieval Harp Kingdom Instrumental av OKO, Storyblock AudioKlippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

We watched #71 on the “filth” list so you don't have to… … … you're welcome.Support us at our podcasting network, Podcastio Podcastius at https://www.patreon.com/podcastiopodcastius.  You'll get early episodes of this and out other podcasts, along with a live chat here and there.Speaking of our other podcasts - seriously, you could only listen to various other configurations of us:Luke Loves Pokemon: https://lukelovespkmn.transistor.fm/Time Enough Podcast (Twilight Zone): https://timeenoughpodcast.transistor.fm/Game Game Show (a game show gaming games): https://gamegameshow.transistor.fm/Occult Disney: https://occultdisney.transistor.fm/Podcast: 1999 (where Mark and Matt rap about Space: 1999): https://podcast1999.transistor.fm/And Matt makes music here:https://rovingsagemedia.bandcamp.com/Coming Soon:September 25: Your NameOctober 2: Crossroads (2002)October 9: Coco

#72 on the "film" list.. ... ... wait, what?  It's on the "filth" list?  That's not right... or is it?Support us at our podcasting network, Podcastio Podcastius at https://www.patreon.com/podcastiopodcastius.  You'll get early episodes of this and out other podcasts, along with a live chat here and there.Speaking of our other podcasts - seriously, you could only listen to various other configurations of us:Luke Loves Pokemon: https://lukelovespkmn.transistor.fm/Time Enough Podcast (Twilight Zone): https://timeenoughpodcast.transistor.fm/Game Game Show (a game show gaming games): https://gamegameshow.transistor.fm/Occult Disney: https://occultdisney.transistor.fm/Podcast: 1999 (where Mark and Matt rap about Space: 1999): https://podcast1999.transistor.fm/And Matt makes music here:https://rovingsagemedia.bandcamp.com/Coming Soon:September 11: Digimon 02: The Beginning September 18: 3 Idiots September 25: Smolensk

In this episode, we look at the summer of 1941, specifically the battles for Smolensk, Leningrad, and Kiev. The Germans move forward and the Soviets attempt to push back. Visit me at my website. Discover the resources at Fiverr. Get Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 (Amazon affiliate link) Support me through Patreon.

Berlingske har fået et brev. Det er blevet smuglet ud fra straffekoloni IK-3 i Smolensk, vest for Moskva. Afsenderen er den russiske oppositionspolitiker Ilja Jasjin. Han er en af de sidste Putin-kritiske russere, der ikke enten er blevet slået ihjel eller flygtet ud af landet. Jasjin svarer på 15 spørgsmål, som Berlingske har fået smuglet den anden vej.  Berlingskes Ruslandskorrespondent, Emil Rottbøll, læser højt fra brevet og fortæller om manden bag ordene.  Vært: Kaare Svejstrup See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

En flygande farkost, ett kraschat flygplan och märkliga sammanträffanden står på schemat i detta avsnitt av konspirationsteorier. Reportrarna står redo och alla vill de fånga den bästa bilden. Alldeles strax ska planet med Polens president landa här på flygplatsen i Ryssland. Men istället för att få se planet landa i dimman hör åskådarna ett skrikande motorljud följt av en hög krasch, då planet kolliderar med marken. Den officiella utredningen kommer senare att komma fram till att olyckan skedde till följd av dåligt väder och dumma beslut fattade i cockpit. Men trots att utredningen sedan länge är klar fortsätter det att gå rykten bland Polens invånare. Rykten om att det här inte alls var en olycka, utan en välplanerad attack utförd av Ryssland. Solen har precis gått ner över horisonten och framför honom ligger ön King Island, dit han är på väg i sitt flygplan. Men så plötsligt ser han något stort. En stor avlång metallisk farkost med fyra stark lampor som lyser. Ett pulserande ljud hörs, ett metalliskt skrapande och sändningen bryts. Det är det sista någon hör från Frederick Valentich. Rör det sig om naturens krafter? Ett frivilligt försvinnande? Eller kanske en konspiration som rör en av de farligaste och bäst hållna hemligheterna i mänsklighetens historia. Att vi inte är ensamma i universum.Fall: Flygkraschen i Smolensk & Frederick Valentich[REKLAM] Länk Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spoktimmen Källor: https://www.spoktimmen.se/182 KontaktInstagram: @spoktimmen@linnek@jennyborg91 Facebook: Spöktimmen Mail: spoktimmenpodcast@gmail.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Katyn là tên một cánh rừng nằm ở phía tây thành phố Smolensk của nước Nga, cách biên giới Nga-Belarus khoảng 60 km. Nơi đây vào tháng 4-5 năm 1940 từng xảy ra vụ xử bắn 25 nghìn người Ba Lan. Xem thêm.

Il y a 60 ans, on ne connaissait encore que peu de choses sur l'espace. Neil Armstrong n'avait pas encore fait son premier pas sur la Lune, Mars n'avait pas été explorée et aucun humain n'avait voyagé au-delà de la Terre. Le 13 avril 1961, un homme va ainsi marquer l'histoire. Il est Russe, jeune, c'est un citoyen comme les autres. Mais il va réaliser le premier vol autour de la Terre. Son nom : Youri Gagarine. Autour de cette expédition hors du commun, découvrez son incroyable histoire. Fasciné par l'aviation Youri Alexeïevitch Gagarine a une grande passion : l'aviation. Et il s'en souvient clairement, cela remonte à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a 9 ans et vit alors dans le Smolensk, une région de l'ouest de la Russie ravagée par les nazis. Ses frères et sœurs aînés ont été déportés dans un camp de travail forcé, lui et sa famille ont été expulsés de leur maison, son petit frère a failli être pendu… Mais au milieu de ce théâtre de barbarie, Youri assiste à une scène qui va le marquer à vie. Un avion de secours vient de se poser aux abords du village pour aider un compatriote dont l'engin a été endommagé. Il est fasciné, autant par les appareils que par leurs pilotes. Les deux soldats prennent le temps de répondre à ses questions et il lui montrent même les commandes à l'intérieur du cockpit. Le petit garçon rentre chez lui brûlant d'un nouveau feu... Pour découvrir d'autres récits passionnants, cliquez ci-dessous : Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : un petit libraire parisien (1/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : un grimoire énigmatique (2/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : le mystère enfin résolu (3/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : le plus grand des alchimistes (4/4) Ecriture : Karen Etourneau Réalisation : Celia Brondreau Voix : Andréa Brusque Première diffusion : 6 avril 2021 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Battle of Smolensk is over. Another German victory, but before the panzers can move out again, many of them are sent to help the other Army Groups and Gen. Timoshenko is about to launch a series of massive of counter attacks against Von Bock. Enough, to drive the Germans back for the first time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The German invasion of the USSR went brilliantly for the first 2-3 weeks, but instead of collapsing as expected, the Red Army only got stronger.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

fake11.com/vicsim RealitySceptic www.bitchute.com/channel/Yrmyu… Polish president’s plane crash. PsyOp? – Cluesforum—Exposing Mass Deception cluesforum.info/viewtopic.php?… Anyone know any ex-truthers? – Page 3 – Fakeologist Forums fakeologist.com/forums2/viewto… Smolensk plane crash 2010, Polish President “dead” – Fakeologist Forums fakeologist.com/forums2/viewto… www.bitchute.com/video/tRIsgQ8… iFrame is not supported! $ $ $ $ $ Please donate! $ $ $ $ $No tags for this […]

GET‌ ‌EVERY‌ ‌EPISODE‌ ‌AD FREE PLUS BONUS‌ ‌CONTENT‌ ‌AT:‌ ‌‌www.patreon.com/crackpotpodcast‌ Join us as we uncover the shocking events surrounding the alleged assassination of Polish President Lech Kaczyński and its profound impact on Poland and the international community.  On April 10, 2010, tragedy struck as President Lech Kaczyński's plane crashed near Smolensk, Russia, claiming the lives of all 96 individuals on board. What was meant to be an ordinary official trip to commemorate the Katyn Massacre turned into a devastating incident, shrouded in conflicting narratives and conspiracy theories. In this episode we delve into the lingering doubts and unanswered questions surrounding the crash, shedding light on ongoing debates and the relentless pursuit of truth. We examine the series of events leading to the untimely death of Lech Kaczyński, unraveling the intricate web of circumstances surrounding his alleged assassination. Additionally, we explore the various theories that have emerged, speculating on who might have been behind this tragic event. With modern day implications this is one you won't want to miss!  

This edition features stories on the ground breaking for a new Fisher House at Dover Air Force Base, the funeral for the late Polish air force commander, Andrez Blasik, who was recently killed in a military air craft crash in Smolensk, Russia. Polish president, Lech Kaczynski, and many other top Polish military leaders were also killed in the crash, and Airmen known as the Hurricane Hunters preparing for their important mission as Hurricane season nears. Hosted by Senior Airman Brad Sisson.

This month marks 80 years since the government of Nazi Germany announced the shocking discovery of a series of mass graves in the Katyń Forest in the occupied USSR. Thus began one of the most tangled and disturbing of WW2 stories. Just what had happened? In this episode from our archive, the writer Jane Rogoyska, author of Surviving Katyń, takes us back to the year 1940 to find out. *** In April 1943 the discovery of a series of mass graves in the Katyń Forest near Smolensk in the Soviet Union ignited one of the most explosive rows of the Second World War. The identity of the victims was clear enough. They were the Polish military elite and significant figures – academics, writers, industrials, doctors - from wider Polish society. But who was responsible? The Germans instantly blamed the Soviets. The Soviets retaliated that the accusation was a ‘vile slander', intended to mask yet another instance of Nazi wickedness. In this episode the writer Jane Rogoyska takes us back to the scene of a sinister and bitterly contested crime: the Katyń Massacre. Jane Rogoyska is the author of Surviving Katyn: Stalin's Polish Massacre and the Search for Truth   As ever, much, much more about this episode is to be found at our website tttpodcast.com. Show notes Scene One: March 1940, Starobelsk camp, Soviet Ukraine. Bronisław Młynarski and his friends find a mysterious message tied to the collar of a stray dog. Scene Two: April 1940, Starobelsk camp. NKVD Commissar Kirshin stands on the steps of the ruined church watching the transports of men depart: ‘You are leaving,' he says, ‘for a place where I would like to go myself.' Scene Three: July 1940, Griazovets camp near Vologda in the far north of Russia. The artist Józef Czapski gives an informal lecture about Marcel Proust, delivered entirely from memory, to a group of friends lying on the grass in the sun. Memento: One of the Christmas decorations created by graphic artist Edward Manteuffel while he was a prisoner in Starobelsk camp. People/Social Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Jane Rogoyska Production: Maria Nolan Podcast partner: Colorgraph Follow us on Twitter: @tttpodcast_ Or on Facebook See where 1940 fits on our Timeline

In 1961, a small Irish contingent were sent to the Congo by the United Nations. 155 Irish soldiers held off 3,000 men while waiting for relief. The Secretary-General of the United Nations died in a plane crash in September 1961. The circumstances still remains unclear. There is evidence the plane was shot down and a CIA report claimed the KGB was responsible. The US Secretary of Commerce, Ronald H. Brown, perished in a plane crash into a mountain near Dubrovnik, Croatia. April 2010- 96 people were killed when their Polish Air Force Flight 101 crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk. The president of Poland was on board. The plane was enroute to pay their respects to the victims of the Katyn Massacre. Former Senator Ted Stevens was one of 9 people on board a small plane in Alaska when into a brush and rock-covered mountainside. There were 4 survivors.  If you enjoyed this episode, check out Riker's Island Prisoners Rescue a Plane Crash — Misdeeds & Intrigue (misdeedsandintrigue.com) Follow Misdeeds & Intrigue Podcast on Social Media Twitter: www.twitter.com/misintriguepod Facebook: www.facebook.com/misintriguepod Instagram: www.instagram.com/misintriguepod   Follow for Curated Collections of Articles Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/MisIntriguepod Flipboard: https://flipboard.com/@misintriguepod Watch Related Videos & Clips TikTok: @misintriguepod https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMeD9hE5u/ YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkBIxvkybymGErnYs-7XL0g IMDB Playlist: http://www.imdb.com/list/ls088470884/ This episode in general may contain certain copyrighted works that were not specifically authorized to be used by the copyrighted holder(s), but which we believe in good faith are protected by general law and the fair use doctrine for one or more of the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research.

En abril de 1943, con la derrota en Stalingrado aún resonando, el gobierno nazi anunció el hallazgo cerca de Smolensk, en la zona rusa aún ocupada por la Wermacht, de una fosa que albergaba miles de cadáveres, principalmente oficiales polacos, asesinados por la NKVD soviética. Este anunció en su momento fue rechazado por la mayoría de los aliados por tratarse aparentemente de un movimiento desesperado del ministerio de propaganda de Goebbels para generar una brecha en la unidad de sus enemigos que estaban dándole la vuelta al devenir de la guerra, pero con la guerra fría occidente recuperó el asunto y se acumularon una serie de documentos, corroborados por los nuevos gobiernos de la transición soviética y rusa hacia el capitalismo, que acusaban con claridad a las fuerzas soviéticas de una masacre propia de los mecanismos de exterminio nazis. Desde que las propias autoridades rusas pidieran perdón a Polonia por aquel hecho todo parecía zanjado. Pero en los últimos años la denuncia en la propia DUMA rusa de que podrían haberse falsificado documentos de la época de Stalin para favorecer el cambio de régimen, o el hallazgo de algunos restos arqueológicos que no encajan con la documentación, podrían hacer dudar, al menos de parte, de la autoría de esta masacre, apuntando de nuevo al nazismo. Hoy vamos a tratar de poner sobre la mesa algunos datos que conocemos sobre este hecho que, como tantos otros de la historia del Siglo XX, sigue levantando demasiadas ampollas aunque simplemente se trate de conocer la historia como fue y no como le interesa a unos sectores u otros. Hoy, en este especial que intenta complementar nuestra serie de la Unión Soviética, el Abrazo del Oso se queda en el Bosque de Katyn. Si te gusta el Abrazo del Oso y quieres acceder a más contenidos extra, puedes ayudarnos pinchando en el botón 'apoyar' aquí en iVoox. O pásate por www.patreon.com/elabrazodeloso ¡GRACIAS! www.elabrazodeloso.es Programa publicado originalmente el 15 de marzo de 2023. www.latostadora.com/elabrazodeloso Canal de Telegram para estar informado: https://t.me/+T6RxUKg_xhk0NzE0 Grupo abierto de Telegram para conversar con el equipo y la audiencia: https://t.me/+tBHrUSWNbZswNThk Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/elabrazodeloso Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Max Pearson presents a collection of this week's Witness History episodes from the BBC World Service. Our guest is Chiara Sangiorgio, Death Penalty Adviser at Amnesty International, who tells us about the history of the death penalty and its effectiveness. The programme begins with two perspectives on capital punishment: Yoshikuni Noguchi recounts his time as a prison guard on death row in Japan in the 1970s; then we hear archive recordings of Albert Pierrepoint, Britain's most famous hangman. Poland's former-Minister for Foreign Affairs, Radosław Sikorski, describes how close he came to death in the 2010 Smolensk air disaster, in which the country's President was killed. Paul McLoone, the frontman of The Undertones, a punk-rock band, tells the bizarre story of how he became the broadcasting voice of IRA commander Martin McGuinness when the organisation was banned from British airwaves in 1988. Finally, Karlheinz Brandenburg explains how he revolutionised the way we listen to music through his invention of the MP3. Contributors: Chiara Sangiorgio - Death Penalty Adviser at Amnesty International Yoshikuni Noguchi - Japanese death row prison guard. Albert Pierrepoint - British executioner. Radosław Sikorski - former-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland. Paul McCloone - band member of The Undertones and the voice of Martin McGuinness. Karlheinz Brandenburg - inventor of the MP3. (Photo: Nooses. Credit: Rebecca Redmond/EyeEm via Getty Images)

In 2010, a plane carrying the Polish president, Lech Kaczyński, crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk, killing everyone on board. It was one of the most tragic moments in modern Polish history. The country's minister of foreign affairs, Radoslaw Sikorski was one of the first people to hear about it. He's been sharing his memories of the disaster with Matt Pintus. (Photo: Smolensk air crash wreckage. Credit: Getty Images)

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

Vera Startseva was born in the city of Smolensk. Graduated from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. Worked as a teacher and organizer at the Smolensk Academy of Vocational Education. Then she was the chief specialist in the Department of Education and Science of the Smolensk Region. Moved to Moscow in 2016. She immediately went to work at the Skolkovo Business School as a sales manager at Startup Academy program

Episode 99:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-10]3. From February to October 1917Dual PowerLenin and the BolsheviksThe Aspirations of Soldiers and WorkersThe Provisional Government in Crisis[Part 11 - This Week]Revolution in the Village - 0:25The Nationalist Challenge - 10:43Class, Nation and Gender - 26:04[Part 12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFootnotes:55) 0:32Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); John Channon, ‘The Peasantry in the Revolutions of 1917', in E. R. Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 105–30.56) 2:41Graeme J. Gill, Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), 46–63, 75–88.57) 3:29J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York: Norton, 1976), 179.58) 5:35Keep, Russian Revolution, 160.59) 7:52Channon, ‘The Landowners', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 120–46.60) 8:47Aaron B. Retish, Russia's Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); John Channon, ‘The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule', Slavonic and East European Review, 66:4 (1988), 593–624.61) 10:20V. V. Kabanov, Krest'ianskaia obshchina i kooperatsiia Rossii XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1997), 81.62) 10:59Ronald G. Suny, ‘Nationalism and Class in the Russian Revolution: A Comparative Discussion', in Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia, 219–46; Ronald G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), ch. 2.63) 11:21Mark von Hagen, ‘The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire', in B. R. Rubin and Jack Snyder (eds), Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building (London: Routledge, 1998), 34–57.64) 12:58John Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952); Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), ch. 1.65) 15:35Steven L. Guthier, ‘The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917', Slavic Review, 38:1 (1979).66) 16:11David G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century (London: Hurst, 1979), 46; Anthony F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), ch. 6.67) 22:57Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), ch. 9.68) 24:06Tadeusz Świętochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 4.69) 29:23Boris I. Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda and Anti-“Burzhui” Consciousness in 1917', Russian Review, 53 (1994), 183–96 (187–8).70) 29:44Donald J. Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).71) 30:20T. A. Abrosimova, ‘Sotsialisticheskaia ideeia v massovom soznanii 1917g.', in Anatomiia revoliutsii. 1917 god v Rossii: massy, partii, vlast' (St Petersburg: Glagol', 1994), 176–87 (177).72) 30:46Steinberg, Voices, 17.73) 31:22Michael C. Hickey, ‘The Rise and Fall of Smolensk's Moderate Socialists: The Politics of Class and the Rhetoric of Crisis in 1917', in Donald J. Raleigh (ed.), Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–53 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 14–35.74) 32:57Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 190, 191.75) 32:49Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 189.76) 33:00Figes and Kolonitskii, Interpreting, 154.77) 34:00A. Ia. Livshin and I. B. Orlov, ‘Revolutsiia i spravedlivost': posleoktiabr'skie “pis'ma vo vlast' ”, in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira: Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 254, 255, 259.78) 34:12Howard White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 64–85.79) 34:35Bor'ba za massy v trekh revoliutsiiakh v Rossii: proletariat i srednie gorodskie sloi (Moscow: Mysl', 1981), 19.80) 35:18O. N. Znamenskii, Intelligentsiia nakanune velikogo oktiabria (fevral'-oktiabr' 1917g.) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1988), 8–9.81) 35:53Bor'ba za massy, 169.82) 36:45Michael C. Hickey, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 387.83) 38:05Michael Hickey, ‘Discourses of Public Identity and Liberalism in the February Revolution: Smolensk, Spring 1917', Russian Review, 55:4 (1996), 615–37 (620); V. V. Kanishchev, ‘ “Melkoburzhuaznaia kontrrevoliutsiia”: soprotivlenie gorodskikh srednikh sloev stanovleniiu “diktatury proletariata” (oktiab'r 1917–avgust 1918g.)', in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira, 174–87.84) 39:14Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 258.85) 40:53Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste 1917g. (razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha) (Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959), 407.86) 41:58V. F. Shishkin, Velikii oktiabr' i proletarskii moral' (Moscow: Mysl', 1976), 57.87) 42:18Steinberg, Voices, 113.88) 44:32O. Ryvkin, ‘ “Detskie gody” Komsomola', Molodaia gvardiia, 7–8 (1923), 239–53 (244); Krupskaya, ‘Reminiscences of Lenin'.89) 45:58Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 227.90) 46:36Engel, Women in Russiā, 135; Ruthchild, Equality, 231.91) 47:49Jane McDermid and Anna Hillyard, Women and Work in Russia, 1880–1930 (Harlow: Longman, 1998), 167.92) 48:31Engel, Women in Russia, 141.93) 49:01Sarah Badcock, ‘Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia during 1917', International Review of Social History, 49 (2004), 47–70.94) 49:19Steinberg, Voices, 98.95) 50:03D. P. Koenker and W. G. Rosenberg, Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 314.96) 50:21Smith, Red Petrograd, 193.97) 51:37Z. Lilina, Soldaty tyla: zhenskii trud vo vremia i posle voiny (Perm': Izd-vo Petrogradskogo Soveta, 1918), 8.98) 51:59L. G. Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel'noe sobranie: istoriia rozhdeniia i gibeli (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 233.99) 52:31Beate Fieseler, ‘The Making of Russian Female Social Democrats, 1890–1917', International Review of Social History, 34 (1989), 193–226.

Today, we begin a two-part series on the cities of old Russia. It begins in Kyiv, moving on to Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Sundial, and Tver.School Reading ListThe School Reading List Podcast - presented by Tom Tolkien.Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify

Le massacre, en 1940, de milliers d'officiers polonais par les Soviétiques, dans la forêt de Katyn, a longtemps été nié par l'URSS. Il s'inscrit sans doute dans la politique de soviétisation menée par les dirigeants russes dans ces territoires de l'Ouest.La Pologne doublement envahieEn août 1939, l'Allemagne nazie et l'URSS signent un pacte de non agression. Ce pacte germano-soviétique contient une clause secrète, selon laquelle les Russes pourront envahir la partie orientale de la Pologne, après que l'Allemagne lui aura déclaré la guerre.Le 17 septembre, alors que les troupes allemandes progressent depuis deux semaines dans le pays, les Soviétiques entrent à leur tour en Pologne. Ils ne lui déclarent pas la guerre, mais motivent leur intervention par la nécessité de protéger les minorités ukrainienne et biélorusse vivant en Pologne.Déjà décimée par l'attaque allemande, l'armée polonaise décide de n'opposer aucune résistance aux Russes. Les Polonais se rendent donc, et les Soviétiques capturent environ 250.000 hommes.Le massacre des officiers polonaisLes prisonniers sont regroupés dans de vastes camps. Les simples soldats sont relâchés assez rapidement. Mais le sort des officiers est plus tragique. Plus de 20.000 sont aux mains des Soviétiques.Dans la première quinzaine de mai 1940, une partie de ces officiers est transférée depuis les camps de détention jusqu'à la forêt de katyn, près de Smolensk. Là, les militaires sont emmenés devant des fosses communes et exécutés d'une balle dans la nuque.En 1943, plus de 4.000 corps sont retrouvés par l'armée allemande, qui a déclaré la guerre à la Russie et progresse alors sur son territoire. Les Allemands accusent les Russes d'avoir perpétré ce massacre. Il faudra attendre 1990 pour que l'URSS reconnaisse son implication dans ces crimes.Si Staline a ordonné l'exécution de ces officiers, c'est sans doute pour éliminer les membres d'une élite polonaise peu réceptive à la propagande soviétique et susceptible d'organiser une éventuelle résistance à l'invasion russe.Dans le but de justifier ces meurtres auprès de la population russe, ces officiers étaient présentés comme des aristocrates, exploiteurs du peuple et imbus de leurs privilèges. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.