Podcasts about Smolensk

About the Lecture It has been fifteen years since the Smolensk air disaster. On April 10, 2010, a Polish presidential plane crashed near the Smolensk military airport on Russian territory. The aircraft was carrying a delegation to Katyn to participate in the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the 1940 Soviet massacre, and all 96 passengers and crew members were killed. Among the victims were President Lech Kaczynski and his wife, Maria. The causes of the crash remain unknown and controversial. How has this event impacted politics in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe? What lessons can we learn from this tragic event? Professor Zurawski vel Grajewski will answer these and other questions. About the Speaker Professor Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski is a Polish political scientist, an academic, and an associate professor at the University of Lodz. Furthermore, he is an associate of the European Institute in Łódź, the Center for Political Thought, and a lecturer at the Natolin European Center and the National School of Public Administration. In 2015, Mr. Żurawski vel Grajewski became a member of the National Development Council, appointed by President Andrzej Duda. His main areas of research include international relations and geopolitics. **Learn more about IWP graduate programs: https://www.iwp.edu/academics/graduate-degree-programs/ ***Make a gift to IWP: https://interland3.donorperfect.net/weblink/WebLink.aspx?name=E231090&id=3

Từ ngày 01/01/2025 đến hết ngày 30/06/2025, Ba Lan đảm nhiệm vai trò chủ tịch luân phiên Liên Hiệp Châu Âu. An ninh của khối sẽ là ưu tiên hàng đầu, bởi vì với cuộc chiến xâm lược Ukraina, Nga lại trở thành một mối đe dọa cho Ba Lan. Sự việc cho thấy rõ mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa Matxcơva và Vacxava vì những vấn đề quá khứ lịch sử, những cạnh tranh chiến lược và địa chính trị tại vùng Đông – Trung Âu. « Chính sách Lịch sử »Tính chất phức tạp trong quan hệ Nga - Ba Lan được giải thích bởi nhiều yếu tố vừa mang tính lịch sử, vừa có tính địa chính trị.Trong một bài viết đăng trên trang Diploweb (ngày 09/03/2014), sau khi khủng hoảng Ukraina bùng nổ với việc Nga xâm chiếm và sáp nhập bất hợp pháp bán đảo Crimée, hai nhà nghiên cứu người Ba Lan thuộc trường đại học Silésie (Katowice, Ba Lan) là Kamil Golas, chuyên gia về không gian hậu Xô Viết và Mateusz Hudzikowski, chuyên ngành Quan hệ Quốc tế, trước hết đã nhấn mạnh rằng « Lịch sử » đóng một vai trò to lớn, thậm chí quyết định, trong chính sách đối ngoại của hai nước, trong đó có mối quan hệ Nga – Ba Lan.Nhiều sự kiện có liên quan trực tiếp đến Nga – được xem như là kẻ thù lâu đời của Ba Lan – hầu như ngự trị rộng rãi trên các mạng truyền thông và đời sống chính trị đất nước. Ba Lan thường xuyên bị đánh giá là một đất nước chỉ nhìn về quá khứ thay vì hướng đến tương lai. Hiện tượng này phổ biến đến mức được gọi là « chính sách lịch sử ». Cái nhìn tiêu cực về Nga là kết quả một lịch sử đế chế và chiếm đóng trong gần ba thế kỷ của Nga.Sách sử Ba Lan luôn nhắc đến những lần đất nước bị tước mất nền độc lập, bị chia để trị bởi ba đế chế Sa hoàng, Áo và Phổ vào thế kỷ XVIII, bởi hiệp ước giữa Stalin và Hitler năm 1939, còn được gọi là Hiệp ước Molotov – Ribbentrop, và đặc biệt là giai đoạn sau Đệ Nhị Thế Chiến, bị lệ thuộc vào Liên Xô và bị áp đặt chủ nghĩa cộng sản (1945 – 1989). Nhìn từ Ba Lan, chế độ Xô Viết sụp đổ năm 1991 thật sự là một phép mầu sau ba thế kỷ dưới mối đe dọa Nga và phụ thuộc vào Matxcơva.  Tương tự, tại Nga, quá khứ lịch sử cũng có một tầm quan trọng. Nga luôn nhắc đến giai đoạn từng bị đế chế Ba Lan đô hộ vào thế kỷ XVII. Rồi trong một thời gian dài, Nga đã từng là một siêu cường, và sức mạnh này cần phải được khôi phục. Sự sụp đổ của chế độ cộng sản đối với nhiều người Nga là một thảm họa thực sự cho đất nước. Nhưng ý tưởng khôi phục một « đế chế Nga », dù chỉ là trong các phát biểu của ông Vladimir Putin, các phát biểu tuyên truyền, hay trò chơi tâm lý, lại là điều khiến Ba Lan lo sợ.Thảm họa Smolensk: Một bước rẽ trong quan hệ Nga – Ba LanCác câu chuyện về xung đột đã trở thành một mặt đời sống chính trị ngày càng không thể thiếu trong suốt hơn một thập kỷ qua ở Ba Lan. Ngay từ năm 2008, sau khi Nga phát động cuộc chiến xâm lược chống Gruzia, tổng thống Ba Lan thời bấy giờ là Lech Kaczynski từng tuyên bố : « Ngày hôm nay là Gruzia, ngày mai là Ukraina, hôm sau nữa sẽ là các nước vùng Baltic, và có thể đến một thời điểm nào đó, sẽ là Ba Lan, đất nước tôi ! ».Tuyên bố này giờ còn mang nặng ý nghĩa khi nhìn vào những gì đang diễn ra tại Ukraina hiện nay, theo như nhận định từ nhà nghiên cứu về quan hệ Pháp – Đức, Paul Maurice, Viện Quan hệ Quốc tế Pháp (IFRI) trên đài truyền hình ARTE : « Không một nước nào lắng nghe Ba Lan cả, bởi vì, đối với Pháp, mối nguy an ninh là ở nơi khác, đến từ phía nam, vùng Sahel ở châu Phi hay từ các nước Bắc Phi. Nhưng Ba Lan đã cho thấy rằng nước này đã đúng về mối họa an ninh đến từ Nga. Điều này đã cho phép Ba Lan chủ động trên nhiều chủ đề ».Có lẽ sự kiện « thảm họa Smolensk » là bước rẽ quan trọng trong quan hệ Nga – Ba Lan. Ngày 10/04/2010, ông Lech Kaczynski, anh trai của Jaroslaw Kaczynski, lãnh đạo đảng PiS – Công lý và Pháp luật – cùng nhiều quan chức chính phủ cao cấp khác, tổng cộng 96 người, đã bỏ mạng trong một tai nạn hàng không tại thành phố Smolensk của Nga khi đến dự lễ tưởng niệm vụ « thảm sát Katyn ».Đây là một tranh chấp lịch sử chưa bao giờ được Nga thừa nhận: 22 ngàn sĩ quan Ba Lan bị Bộ Dân ủy Nội vụ (NKVD) hành quyết theo lệnh của Staline năm 1940. Tai nạn hàng không này cho đến giờ vẫn chưa được làm sáng tỏ, Nga vẫn luôn từ chối giao phần các mảnh vỡ máy bay còn lại cho phía Ba Lan để điều tra.IMBMN : Nút thắt chiến lược cho Ba LanĐiểm thứ hai gây khó khăn cho quan hệ Nga – Ba Lan là giữa hai nước có các lợi ích, các tầm nhìn địa chiến lược và địa chính trị rất khác biệt, thậm chí là đối nghịch. Ba Lan xem việc gia nhập NATO – Liên minh Bắc Đại Tây Dương, là một cơ hội để tăng cường năng lực phòng thủ và hiện đại hóa quân đội. Nhưng đối với Matxcơva, quyết định này của Vacxava là một hành động cản trở Nga thực hiện các tham vọng của mình tại châu lục, do vị trí địa lý chiến lược của nước này tại châu Âu.Trong vấn đề này, yếu tố lịch sử một lần nữa được nhắc đến. Những tham vọng này của Nga thúc đẩy Ba Lan khám phá lại một thực tế chính trị được dựa trên huyền thoại : Nút thắt chiến lược của Dải đất biển Baltic – Hắc Hải (IMBMN). Đây là một dự án chưa kịp hoàn thành, nhằm xây dựng liên minh các nước nằm trên dải đất đi từ biển Baltic đến Hắc Hải (IMBMN), từng được Jozef Pilsudski, Quốc trưởng Đệ Nhị Cộng Hòa Ba Lan (1918-1922) đưa ra sau khi đế chế Sa hoàng sụp đổ năm 1918. Theo dự án, Liên minh các nước vùng biển quy tụ Ba Lan, Litva, Belarus và Ukraina nhằm mục tiêu tăng cường sức mạnh của vùng và để chống Nga.Ông Maciej Bukowski, chuyên gia về an ninh năng lượng, trên trang Le Grand Continent, ngày 18/03/2021, từng giải thích : « Chỉ khi Chiến tranh lạnh kết thúc, một cường quốc, hiển nhiên là Hoa Kỳ, mới thấy được tầm quan trọng của dải đất đi từ biển Baltic đến Hắc Hải (IMBMN) và dùng chúng để ngăn cản các thế lực thống trị trên bộ mà Liên Xô đã từng có. »   Việc Ba Lan trở thành thành viên của NATO và Liên Hiệp Châu Âu đã phần nào giúp thực hiện chiến lược mà Mỹ đề ra sau Đệ Nhị Thế Chiến : Kiểm soát viền hàng hải Á – Âu. Liên Xô sụp đổ, Mỹ đã có thể can dự chính trị vào vùng lãnh thổ IMBMN. Sau khi mở rộng NATO năm 1999 và bất chấp phản đối của Nga, vùng Đông – Trung Âu, đã và vẫn được Mỹ che chở bởi các bảo đảm an ninh, mà phần đông các nước tại IMBMN xem như là một nền tảng trung tâm cho cơ cấu an ninh của vùng.Niềm tin vào năng lực triển khai sức mạnh quân sự Mỹ tại vùng Á – Âu đã cho phép các nước trong vùng IMBMN dành được 30 năm sau cùng để hội nhập với thị trường thế giới cũng như là hội nhập với Liên Âu. Đối với Ba Lan, tiến trình này giúp cho đất nước đạt được một số mục tiêu kinh tế và chính trị được xác định là « không thể thiếu » để có thể đuổi kịp quãng thời gian bị mất dưới thời kỳ cộng sản.A2AD : Đối sách của Nga chống IMBMNRõ ràng giữa Ba Lan và Nga các lợi ích địa chính trị là không tương thích. Sự phụ thuộc của Vacxava vào Washington, hình thành trong những năm 1990, được thể hiện rõ qua mối quan hệ đồng minh bền vững, dù là bất cân đối. Trong nhãn quan của Mỹ, Ba Lan có vai trò lá chắn hàng đầu chống lại thế mạnh quân sự Nga tại vùng địa lý giáp với IMBMN. Ngược lại, đối với Nga, IMBMN cũng nằm trong vùng triển khai lực lượng quan trọng của nước này. Matxcơva ý thức được rằng bài toán duy trì vị thế cường quốc lớn của đất nước tại châu Âu sẽ phải được giải quyết ở điểm này.Liệu đó có là nguyên nhân để giải thích cho cuộc chiến xâm lược Ukraina hiện nay? Nhìn vào thế trận hiện nay, ngoài Belarus đã nằm trong vòng kềm tỏa của chủ nhân điện Kremlin, quả thật, chỉ còn mỗi Ukraina vẫn chưa hoàn toàn hội nhập vào thế giới phương Tây như hai nước còn lại của IMBMN là Ba Lan và Litva.Trong cuộc đối đầu này, Nga dường như đã có bước đi trước là hoàn thiện các hệ thống chống tiếp cận A2AD, và khôi phục các năng lực chiến tranh đối xứng (nhờ vào chương trình cải cách quân đội của Serdyukov), trong khi Mỹ và NATO mất một thập niên để bắt kịp binh pháp bất cân xứng phổ biến của quân đội Nga. Bức tường chống xâm nhập được Nga thiết lập đi từ phía bắc Biển Baltic và dọc theo sườn phía đông của NATO, của Ukraina, của bán đảo Crimée, Hắc Hải, eo biển Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ cho đến tận đông Địa Trung Hải.Theo ông, Maciej Bukowski, chiến lược này sẽ khiến hải quân Mỹ khó thể triển khai lực lượng một cách hiệu quả trong vùng trong trường hợp xảy ra xung đột giữa một thành viên của NATO và Nga. Ông viết : « Ví dụ, hạm đội Hoa Kỳ có nguy cơ không thể tiến vào Biển Baltic qua eo biển Đan Mạch. Khả năng hỗ trợ Ba Lan và/hoặc các nước vùng Baltic của Hoa Kỳ khi đó sẽ phụ thuộc vào một thỏa thuận với Đức cho phép quân đội Mỹ đi qua lãnh thổ của nước này nếu cần thiết. Nếu không có thỏa thuận như vậy, các lữ đoàn hạng nặng của Mỹ sẽ khó có thể tới được Ba Lan ».Tự chủ quốc phòng là quốc sách ?Trong trường hợp này, NATO khó thể giúp được các quốc gia vùng Baltic, nơi Nga có hệ thống A2AD để bảo vệ và vô hiệu hóa các tuyến đường hàng không và đường biển của liên minh. Điều này có nghĩa là nền độc lập của các quốc gia vùng Baltic phụ thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố, trong đó có vị trí địa lý và chính trị của Ba Lan.Thực tế địa chính trị này đã xác nhận một ý tưởng ngày càng lưu hành phổ biến tại Ba Lan, theo đó, chính quyền Vacxava không những phải củng cố chính sách an ninh được tiến hành song song với Mỹ, mà còn phải phát triển các phương tiện của riêng mình để khẳng định vai trò lãnh đạo của Ba Lan tại vùng IMBMN. Nói một cách khác, Ba Lan phải gia tăng mua sắm và sản xuất vũ khí.Tuy nhiên, ông Paul Maurice, lưu ý, điều này không đồng nghĩa với việc Ba Lan sẽ tự chủ hoàn toàn và độc lập với chiếc ô an ninh của Mỹ : « Thủ tướng Ba Lan Donald Tusk từng có những lập trường như chúng ta thấy qua các dòng tweet của ông ngay trước khi bầu cử Mỹ kêu gọi tỉnh thức và nhấn mạnh tính cần thiết về sự tự chủ của châu Âu trước nỗi lo Donald Trump trở lại. Nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là ông Tusk muốn cắt đứt tất cả các mối quan hệ xuyên Đại Tây Dương. Ông ấy bám chặt sâu sắc vào mối quan hệ này, bởi vì đó là vấn đề an ninh của Ba Lan. » Hiện Ba Lan là quốc gia duy nhất trong khối NATO dành nhiều ngân sách nhất cho quốc phòng với 4,12% của GDP. Vacxava hy vọng các thể lôi kéo các nước thành viên khác có chính sách tương tự !

Prince Vasíli is on the precipice of enticing Pierre to ask for his daughter's hand.   He hardly let a day go by without hosting an event at which Pierre was present. For six weeks, the new Count was lured into making a home of Vasíli's mansion.   Vasíli was planning to get two of his children married, Anatole as well as Hélène.  Vasíli felt compelled to finalize matters with Pierre before touring his neglected provincial estates. He then desired to pick-up Anatole from his regiment and take him to Smolensk to arrange a match with Gen. Bolkónski's daughter.  Pierre's conduct was as a young lover's should be - excited and foolish. Vasíli thought, “Youth, frivolity... God be with him.” He surmised the right time to push for resolution was at Hélène's upcoming name-day celebration. Pierre's mixed emotions persisted. He realized how devastating it could be to tie his fate to Hélène. Yet he had no ability to leave her orbit. He was overpowered by desire. In Society's eyes Pierre was more and more connected with Hélène. All were waiting for him to propose. Terror seized Pierre upon realizing how close he was.  When the celebration arrived, the guests included close friends and family. All were in high spirits. Vasíli merrily went round the table, chatting about the Imperial Council, where the military governor read a missive about the war from Czar Alexander.  The governor was overjoyed the letter was directed to him.   As much as such trifling interests united the aristocrats, all this was sideshow to Pierre and Hélène. Pierre found the dynamic intoxicating. He thought, “They are all expecting it, so…I cannot disappoint them!”  He considered himself a Paris possessed of Helen of Troy.  Deep down, Pierre knew that only since becoming the Count did he receive favor.  Still, in the moment, he believed that it was he who was unusually striking. He was taken out of this mindset when Vasíli asked when he last heard from Andrei, who had written from Olmütz.    After supper, Pierre & Hélène followed others to the drawing room.  Pierre had had never spoke to Hélène of love but knew it was time to.  He first made some small talk. Vasíli, hovering, came up to them and again brought up the proud governor. Pierre smiled and gave a look that assured he was doing what was expected. In the next room, the Kuragin family spoke on how “marriages are made in heaven.”   The couple kept the family waiting and eventually Vasíli lost patience and decided to drag Pierre across the line. Vasíli's manifested a triumphant countenance upon his approach and congratulated Pierre on what Pierre could not bring himself to do.  He proclaimed, “Thank God! My wife has told me everything!” (though his wife did no such thing). He put his arms around the two and continued, “My dear boy... Lëlya... I am very pleased. I loved your father...and she will make you a good wife...God bless you!” He embraced and kissed them.    Pierre reflected. “All this had to be…so it is useless to ask whether it is good or bad.”  At least he was rid of the doubt.  Pierre held Hélène's hand and confidently called her name.  He knew “something special is always said in such cases”. He looked deep into her eyes and she drew nearer to him and told him to take of his spectacles.  Pierre did so and was about to stoop and kiss her hand but with a rapid movement of her head, Hélène intercepted his lips with her own.  “It is too late now, it's done, besides I love her,” thought Pierre. He then uttered those forgotten special words, Je vous aime, but they sounded so weak he was ashamed.   Six weeks later Pierre was married, and settled in his newly furnished Petersburg mansion.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

Offerta Black Friday di NordVPN! Vai su https://nordvpn.com/dentrolastoria per ottenere l'esclusivo sconto Black Friday + 4 mesi extra sui piani biennali +30gg soddisfatti o rimborsati! Il nostro canale Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1vziHBEp0gc9gAhR740fCw Sostieni DENTRO LA STORIA su Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/dentrolastoria Abbonati al canale: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1vziHBEp0gc9gAhR740fCw/join Il nostro store in Amazon: https://www.amazon.it/shop/dentrolastoria Sostienici su PayPal: https://paypal.me/infinitybeat Dentro La Storia lo trovi anche qui: https://linktr.ee/dentrolastoria Aprile 1943: soldati tedeschi della Wehrmacht scoprono all'interno di una foresta situata a circa venti chilometri da Smolensk un'enorme fossa comune. All'interno, circa tremila cadaveri di uomini giustiziati con un colpo alla nuca, tutti accomunati dall'indossare l'uniforme regolare di ufficiale dell'esercito polacco. Il massacro di Katyn irrompe nello scenario della Seconda Guerra Mondiale come prova di atrocità sovietica, salvo venire riscritto a conflitto finito come ulteriore esempio della barbarie nazista. Soltanto col tempo e con la paziente ricerca condotta da studiosi anche sovietici si giungerà alla scioccante verità di una strage ordinata personalmente da Stalin. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

“Figuras do Louco, da Idade Média aos Românticos” é uma nova exposição do Museu do Louvre, em Paris, a respeito desse personagem que povoa o imaginário visual do século 13 ao século 16. O louco é uma figura que invade literalmente todo espaço artístico e se impõe como personagem fascinante, perturbada e subversiva, em uma época de grandes rupturas. “Esta exposição nasceu de uma interrogação. Por que houve uma tal proliferação de loucos nos tempos góticos e na Renascença? Qual o significado dessa figura às vezes sorridente, ou dançante, às vezes os dois ao mesmo tempo?”, questiona Elisabeth Antoine-König, co-curadora da exposição.“Os loucos são representados nos objetos mais variados, desde os mais modestos aos mais preciosos. Como nosso ponto de partida foram as representações, o nosso objetivo não foi escrever a história da loucura na era pré-clássica. Isso os historiadores já fizeram”, explica a conservadora geral do departamento de objetos de arte do Louvre.“Além disso, os homens da Idade Média não estavam abordando a loucura sob o aspecto patológico ou médico. Ao tratar a figura multiforme do louco, o objetivo desta exposição foi também revelar uma Idade Média inesperada, ou melhor, mal conhecida, uma Idade Média que faz rir, refletir sobre nós mesmos e sobre nossas relações com outros”, diz Antoine-König, no vídeo de apresentação da mostra.A exposição traz cerca de 350 obras emprestadas por instituições da França, Europa e Estados Unidos, com peças raras e excepcionais. Entre as preciosidades expostas, está a “Nau dos Loucos”, do holandês Jerônimo Bosch, conhecido por pinturas que misturam fantasia e grotesco.O ser louco, endemoniado, meio homem, meio bicho, começa a aparecer nas bordas de livros sagrados, ricamente copiados e ilustrados à mão na Idade Média. Dali passa a figurar em livros impressos, gravuras, tapeçarias, pinturas, esculturas, objetos preciosos ou do cotidiano. Ele ganha outras vidas e formas com o passar do tempo, geralmente calcadas no grotesco e no ridículo.A mostra aborda também a loucura do amor dos romances de cavalaria, com personagens célebres como Lancelote, um dos cavaleiros da Távola Redonda, e Tristão – de Isolda."Vim pelo tema. Acho interessante, pois é um tema que nunca foi tratado e, além disso, a loucura é algo muito relativo. A exposição mostra muito bem a loucura, o amor louco, a loucura religiosa. Ela mostra também o bobo da corte, que com suas loucuras vai salientar a sabedoria do rei. São oposições muito interessantes”, diz François, um visitante.“E há também os códigos de cores, como os bobos da corte se vestiam com cores vibrantes, com guizos. A exposição cita Michel Pastoureau, que é um especialista das cores e que tratou do assunto de maneira excepcional. Depois, na última parte, temos o Dr. Philippe Pinel, que foi o primeiro a abordar a doença psiquiátrica de maneira inovadora, com a ideia de que muitos considerados loucos não precisavam ser internados, mas apenas ter uma adaptação ou viver um ambiente favorável”, acrescenta.Já Catherine, visitante assídua do Louvre, aponta para a obra que mais a impressionou, a penúltima do extenso percurso: “Stanczyk durante um baile após a queda de Smolensk”, de Jan Matejko, 1862.“É um bobo da corte polonês do século 16, que agoniza sobre o futuro de seu país enquanto os líderes fazem a festa nos fundos. Acho que é simbólico, pois ao longo da exposição a gente se questiona as razões e motivações e se este personagem não seria o fio condutor de todos os outros que estão à margem. São tantas fases e etapas diferentes – e talvez o resumo seja essa última figura”, conclui.

Iakov Djougachvili, le fils aîné de Joseph Staline, est une figure tragique de l'histoire soviétique, notamment en raison des circonstances entourant sa mort pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Né en 1907 d'un premier mariage de Staline avec Ekaterina Svanidzé, Yacov a toujours eu une relation compliquée avec son père. Staline le considérait comme faible et inadapté à la discipline militaire, en contraste avec ses attentes pour ses enfants, en particulier dans un contexte d'autoritarisme soviétique. Capture et captivité Yacov s'engage dans l'armée rouge au début de la guerre contre l'Allemagne nazie en 1941, au moment où l'Union soviétique fait face à l'invasion de l'opération Barbarossa. Lors de la bataille de Smolensk en juillet 1941, Yacov est capturé par les forces allemandes. Sa capture a un impact considérable, car les nazis réalisent rapidement qu'ils détiennent le fils du dirigeant soviétique et essaient de l'utiliser comme monnaie d'échange. Les Allemands proposent alors un échange entre Yacov et le maréchal allemand Friedrich Paulus, capturé lors de la bataille de Stalingrad en 1943. Cependant, Staline rejette catégoriquement cette proposition en affirmant que « Je n'échangerai pas un maréchal contre un lieutenant ». Cette réponse montre la nature froide et impitoyable de Staline, qui, malgré l'évidence du lien familial, privilégie sa politique et l'image d'un leader inflexible. Il est aussi rapporté que Staline aurait dit : « Tous les soldats de l'Armée rouge sont mes enfants ». Mort à Sachsenhausen Pendant sa captivité, Yacov est transféré au camp de concentration de Sachsenhausen, où il est soumis à des conditions extrêmement difficiles. La cause exacte de sa mort, survenue le 14 avril 1943, reste débattue. La version officielle allemande indique qu'il se serait suicidé en se jetant sur une clôture électrifiée du camp après une dispute avec des gardes. D'autres théories suggèrent qu'il aurait été tué par les nazis ou que sa mort aurait été orchestrée pour l'empêcher de devenir un embarras pour son père ou un outil de propagande. Le "sacrifice" Yacov Djougachvili a été sacrifié en raison du choix calculé de Staline, qui voulait maintenir son autorité et éviter toute concession à ses ennemis. Échanger son fils contre un prisonnier allemand aurait été vu comme un acte de faiblesse, ce que Staline ne pouvait tolérer. Ainsi, la mort de Yacov symbolise la brutalité du régime de Staline et sa détermination à ne jamais compromettre son image ou son pouvoir, même au prix de la vie de son propre fils. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Ikona je súčasťou novej výstavy pod názvom "Z Teba sa raduje všetko tvorstvo," ktorá sa uskutoční od 1.9.2024 v priestoroch Expozície Ikony v Žiline. Ikonu v plnom rozlíšení si môžete zhliadnuť tu: bit.ly/smolenska ref. č. 17-2017-09

Hansan var ett lösligt handelsförbund av köpmannahus och städer, med centrum i Lübeck, som dominerade handel och politik i norra Europa under medeltiden. Utan egentliga fasta institutioner och regler kom Hansan att skapa enorma förmögenheter.Hansan växte fram underifrån utifrån ett behov att skapa trygghet för handelsmän. Hansan prioriterade nätverkstänkande och samarbete framför viljan att styra, ställa och diktera villkor för medlemmarna - ett vinnande koncept under medeltiden, men på 1500- och 1600-talen blev utmaningarna från omvärlden till slut för stora.I detta första av två avsnitt om Hansan samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med Dick Harrison, professor i historia vid Lunds universitet. Han är aktuell med boken Hansan – Ett handelsimperiums uppgång och fall.Hansan hade sitt ursprung i Tyskland, närmare bestämt i områdena kring floderna Rhen, Weser och Elbe. Till en början bestod den av flera enskilda intresseorganisationer för olika grupper av köpmän. Dessa organisationer erbjöd varandra skydd längs farofyllda transportvägar och stödde varandras handel. Hansans framgång byggde på ett system av privilegier och handelsmonopol som sträckte sig från London till Novgorod, med Visby som en viktig knutpunkt i Östersjön. Under 1100- och 1200-talen utvecklades Hansan till att bli Nordeuropas ledande politiska och ekonomiska maktcentrum.År 1161 slöt Norge ett handelsavtal med Lübeck, vilket markerade början på Hansans expansion i Norden. Birger jarl följde efter genom att ingå överenskommelser med Lübeck omkring 1250 och med Hamburg 1261. Dessa avtal gav tyska affärsmän möjlighet att verka i Sverige på gynnsamma villkor, bland annat genom befrielse från skatter och tullar.Hansan drog också nytta av Tyska ordens expansion i Baltikum under början av 1200-talet och knöt till sig vitryska och litauiska områden i sitt handelsnät. År 1227 slöt man handelsavtal med fursten av Smolensk. Vid mitten av 1200-talet fanns ett dussintal städer med lybsk rätt i Östersjöområdet, däribland Reval, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Greifswald, Kolberg, Danzig och Elbing.Till Bergen seglade nordtyska fartyg lastade med korn, öl, vin och salt. På tillbakavägen fraktade de torkad fisk, en eftertraktad vara i Europa. Denna handel genererade stora vinster för Hansan och gynnade även norrmännen, vars fisk nådde europeiska marknader.Hansan inrättade kontor i städer som inte var anslutna till förbundet men som ändå var viktiga för dess handel. Inom kontorets område gällde Hansans lagar. Det äldsta kontoret, Petershof, inrättades i Novgorod 1259. Londonkontoret, The Steelyard, växte fram under 1200-talet. Kontoret i Brygge inrättades 1347 och omkring 1360 etablerades kontoret i Bergen, där Hansan lyckades konkurrera ut så gott som alla andra utländska handelsmän och helt kontrollera den norska exporten och importen.Trots att Hansan saknade en gemensam armé eller flotta hade förbundet förmågan att mobilisera militära resurser när det behövdes. Konflikter med omvärlden föregicks ofta av långvariga debatter mellan borgmästare och rådmän från olika hansestäder, vilket speglar förbundets lösa struktur. Hansans militära styrka var dock begränsad jämfört med framväxande territorialstater. Från 1400-talet och framåt minskade hansestädernas möjligheter att försvara sin självständighet militärt, då krig blev allt dyrare att föra.Bild: Lübeck som illustreras i Nürnbergkrönikan, 1493 Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, redaktör) – Illustration från Nürnbergkrönikan, Wikipedia, Public Domain.Musik: Medieval Harp Kingdom Instrumental av OKO, Storyblock AudioKlippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

We watched #71 on the “filth” list so you don't have to… … … you're welcome.Support us at our podcasting network, Podcastio Podcastius at https://www.patreon.com/podcastiopodcastius.  You'll get early episodes of this and out other podcasts, along with a live chat here and there.Speaking of our other podcasts - seriously, you could only listen to various other configurations of us:Luke Loves Pokemon: https://lukelovespkmn.transistor.fm/Time Enough Podcast (Twilight Zone): https://timeenoughpodcast.transistor.fm/Game Game Show (a game show gaming games): https://gamegameshow.transistor.fm/Occult Disney: https://occultdisney.transistor.fm/Podcast: 1999 (where Mark and Matt rap about Space: 1999): https://podcast1999.transistor.fm/And Matt makes music here:https://rovingsagemedia.bandcamp.com/Coming Soon:September 25: Your NameOctober 2: Crossroads (2002)October 9: Coco

#72 on the "film" list.. ... ... wait, what?  It's on the "filth" list?  That's not right... or is it?Support us at our podcasting network, Podcastio Podcastius at https://www.patreon.com/podcastiopodcastius.  You'll get early episodes of this and out other podcasts, along with a live chat here and there.Speaking of our other podcasts - seriously, you could only listen to various other configurations of us:Luke Loves Pokemon: https://lukelovespkmn.transistor.fm/Time Enough Podcast (Twilight Zone): https://timeenoughpodcast.transistor.fm/Game Game Show (a game show gaming games): https://gamegameshow.transistor.fm/Occult Disney: https://occultdisney.transistor.fm/Podcast: 1999 (where Mark and Matt rap about Space: 1999): https://podcast1999.transistor.fm/And Matt makes music here:https://rovingsagemedia.bandcamp.com/Coming Soon:September 11: Digimon 02: The Beginning September 18: 3 Idiots September 25: Smolensk

In this episode, we look at the summer of 1941, specifically the battles for Smolensk, Leningrad, and Kiev. The Germans move forward and the Soviets attempt to push back. Visit me at my website. Discover the resources at Fiverr. Get Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 (Amazon affiliate link) Support me through Patreon.

5 de Agosto de 1941. Finaliza la Batalla de Smolensk. 6 de Agosto del 523. Muere Hormisdas. 7 de Agosto de 1560. Nace Isabel de Bathory. 8 de Agosto de 1895. Nace Fray Justo Perez de Urbel. 9 de Agosto de 1601. Muere Miguel el Valiente. 10 de Agosto de 1723. Muere el Abad Dubois. 11 de Agosto de 1718. Tiene lugar la batalla del Cabo Passaro. Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. Las músicas utilizadas han sido: Karstenholymoly de Karsten and Javalaus de su disco Planet Earth. Heart of Heroes de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. I am a Soldier de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. We all Stand for Freedom de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. You saved my Child, Doctor de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. The Volunteers de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. The Solidarity Chain de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes. Theme for the Firemen de Gregoire Lourme de su album Heart of Heroes.

Send us a Text Message.In February 1943, Hans and Sophie Scholl, students calling themselves ‘The White Rose', were arrested for distributing leaflets calling for peace. The Nazis tried them for treason – and they were executed.In March 1943, in ‘Operation Flash', conspirators made several attempts to assassinate Hitler. This culminated when they secreted an armed bomb onto his plane when he took off from Smolensk, in Russia. The failure of the bomb to explode remains a mystery. The following week they tried a suicide bombing in Berlin. It all came to nothing.In April, the Gestapo raided the headquarters of the Abwehr, German military intelligence, and arrested several key leaders of the German resistance, leaving the opposition to Hitler leaderless.Claus von Stauffenberg – having lost his right hand, his left eye, and two fingers of his left hand, recovered in hospital, and was eventually able to move home to recuperate, spending time with his family. Many senior commanders sought him out to serve as their chief of staff, but Claus turned them down, until he eventually agreed to a position as chief of staff to General Friedrich Olbricht, a leading conspirator and head of the General Army Office. Claus hoped the new position would give him ‘opportunities for decisive intervention'. Written and narrated by Brian WaltersOriginal music, editing and sound design by the amazing Sam LoyEpisode TranscriptA full transcript of the episode is available hereResources and LinksYou can read more about Claus von Stauffenberg and the German resistance to Hitler, in the book Treasonby Brian Walters.For those with iPads, Treason is available as an interactive Apple Book hereThe hard copy can be bought hereIf you live out of Australia, the hard copy is best purchased from Blurb - There is also a Kindle version.For a list of the music and sound effects used in this episode, head here.Finally …If you liked the episode, please share it: the episode link is here.And you can help us by writing a brief review and giving us a (five star!) rating.By all means contact me, Brian Walters, by email on walters@vicbar.com.auTREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the plot to kill Hitler

Berlingske har fået et brev. Det er blevet smuglet ud fra straffekoloni IK-3 i Smolensk, vest for Moskva. Afsenderen er den russiske oppositionspolitiker Ilja Jasjin. Han er en af de sidste Putin-kritiske russere, der ikke enten er blevet slået ihjel eller flygtet ud af landet. Jasjin svarer på 15 spørgsmål, som Berlingske har fået smuglet den anden vej.  Berlingskes Ruslandskorrespondent, Emil Rottbøll, læser højt fra brevet og fortæller om manden bag ordene.  Vært: Kaare Svejstrup See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

LAS NOTICIAS: Rusia pone contra las cuerdas a Europa, Ucrania ataca depósitos de combustible e IránLa presidenta de Georgia, Salome Zurabishvili, ha denunciado que Rusia ha estado llevando a cabo una campaña de guerra híbrida para subyugar nuevamente a Georgia y frustrar sus ambiciones de unirse a la Unión Europea (UE). Además, la oposición pro-rusa en Moldavia ha anunciado la formación de una coalición política con miras a las próximas elecciones presidenciales, que habrán coincidido el 20 de octubre con un referéndum sobre la adhesión a la UE.Una fuente del sector de defensa ucraniano ha informado el miércoles a la AFP que Ucrania ha llevado a cabo un ataque con drones a instalaciones energéticas en la región rusa de Smolensk, ubicada a unos 400 kilómetros de sus fronteras. La fuente ha enfatizado que se ha tratado de "objetivos legítimos". Durante esta operación, los drones ucranianos han atacado "dos depósitos de petróleo" que "almacenaban 26.000 metros cúbicos de combustible", según lo indicado por la misma fuente. Es importante mencionar que esta declaración se ha producido en un momento de tensiones con Washington, que ha criticado públicamente los ataques de Kiev a instalaciones energéticas ubicadas en suelo ruso.En una declaración conjunta con Pakistán, Irán ha solicitado el miércoles al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (CSNU) que frene el "aventurerismo" de Israel en Oriente Medio. Los dos países han afirmado que Israel debería cesar sus "ataques ilegales" contra instalaciones diplomáticas extranjeras.#noticiasdelamañana #noticias #rusia #guerra #europa #ucrania #ukrainewar #iran #petroleo #energia #orientemedio #geopolitica #israel #negociostv Si quieres entrar en la Academia de Negocios TV, este es el enlace:   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwd8Byi93KbnsYmCcKLExvQ/join Síguenos en directo ➡️ https://bit.ly/2Ts9V3pSuscríbete a nuestro canal: https://bit.ly/3jsMzp2Suscríbete a nuestro segundo canal, másnegocios: https://n9.cl/4dca4Visita Negocios TV https://bit.ly/2Ts9V3pMás vídeos de Negocios TV: https://youtube.com/@NegociosTVSíguenos en Telegram: https://t.me/negociostvSíguenos en Instagram: https://bit.ly/3oytWndTwitter: https://bit.ly/3jz6LptFacebook: https://bit.ly/3e3kIuy

En flygande farkost, ett kraschat flygplan och märkliga sammanträffanden står på schemat i detta avsnitt av konspirationsteorier. Reportrarna står redo och alla vill de fånga den bästa bilden. Alldeles strax ska planet med Polens president landa här på flygplatsen i Ryssland. Men istället för att få se planet landa i dimman hör åskådarna ett skrikande motorljud följt av en hög krasch, då planet kolliderar med marken. Den officiella utredningen kommer senare att komma fram till att olyckan skedde till följd av dåligt väder och dumma beslut fattade i cockpit. Men trots att utredningen sedan länge är klar fortsätter det att gå rykten bland Polens invånare. Rykten om att det här inte alls var en olycka, utan en välplanerad attack utförd av Ryssland. Solen har precis gått ner över horisonten och framför honom ligger ön King Island, dit han är på väg i sitt flygplan. Men så plötsligt ser han något stort. En stor avlång metallisk farkost med fyra stark lampor som lyser. Ett pulserande ljud hörs, ett metalliskt skrapande och sändningen bryts. Det är det sista någon hör från Frederick Valentich. Rör det sig om naturens krafter? Ett frivilligt försvinnande? Eller kanske en konspiration som rör en av de farligaste och bäst hållna hemligheterna i mänsklighetens historia. Att vi inte är ensamma i universum.Fall: Flygkraschen i Smolensk & Frederick Valentich[REKLAM] Länk Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spoktimmen Källor: https://www.spoktimmen.se/182 KontaktInstagram: @spoktimmen@linnek@jennyborg91 Facebook: Spöktimmen Mail: spoktimmenpodcast@gmail.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Katyn là tên một cánh rừng nằm ở phía tây thành phố Smolensk của nước Nga, cách biên giới Nga-Belarus khoảng 60 km. Nơi đây vào tháng 4-5 năm 1940 từng xảy ra vụ xử bắn 25 nghìn người Ba Lan. Xem thêm.

Il y a 60 ans, on ne connaissait encore que peu de choses sur l'espace. Neil Armstrong n'avait pas encore fait son premier pas sur la Lune, Mars n'avait pas été explorée et aucun humain n'avait voyagé au-delà de la Terre. Le 13 avril 1961, un homme va ainsi marquer l'histoire. Il est Russe, jeune, c'est un citoyen comme les autres. Mais il va réaliser le premier vol autour de la Terre. Son nom : Youri Gagarine. Autour de cette expédition hors du commun, découvrez son incroyable histoire. Fasciné par l'aviation Youri Alexeïevitch Gagarine a une grande passion : l'aviation. Et il s'en souvient clairement, cela remonte à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a 9 ans et vit alors dans le Smolensk, une région de l'ouest de la Russie ravagée par les nazis. Ses frères et sœurs aînés ont été déportés dans un camp de travail forcé, lui et sa famille ont été expulsés de leur maison, son petit frère a failli être pendu… Mais au milieu de ce théâtre de barbarie, Youri assiste à une scène qui va le marquer à vie. Un avion de secours vient de se poser aux abords du village pour aider un compatriote dont l'engin a été endommagé. Il est fasciné, autant par les appareils que par leurs pilotes. Les deux soldats prennent le temps de répondre à ses questions et il lui montrent même les commandes à l'intérieur du cockpit. Le petit garçon rentre chez lui brûlant d'un nouveau feu... Pour découvrir d'autres récits passionnants, cliquez ci-dessous : Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : un petit libraire parisien (1/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : un grimoire énigmatique (2/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : le mystère enfin résolu (3/4) Nicolas Flamel, le créateur de la pierre philosophale : le plus grand des alchimistes (4/4) Ecriture : Karen Etourneau Réalisation : Celia Brondreau Voix : Andréa Brusque Première diffusion : 6 avril 2021 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Battle of Smolensk is over. Another German victory, but before the panzers can move out again, many of them are sent to help the other Army Groups and Gen. Timoshenko is about to launch a series of massive of counter attacks against Von Bock. Enough, to drive the Germans back for the first time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The German invasion of the USSR went brilliantly for the first 2-3 weeks, but instead of collapsing as expected, the Red Army only got stronger.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

fake11.com/vicsim RealitySceptic www.bitchute.com/channel/Yrmyu… Polish president’s plane crash. PsyOp? – Cluesforum—Exposing Mass Deception cluesforum.info/viewtopic.php?… Anyone know any ex-truthers? – Page 3 – Fakeologist Forums fakeologist.com/forums2/viewto… Smolensk plane crash 2010, Polish President “dead” – Fakeologist Forums fakeologist.com/forums2/viewto… www.bitchute.com/video/tRIsgQ8… iFrame is not supported! $ $ $ $ $ Please donate! $ $ $ $ $No tags for this […]

This is a 28-minute analysis of the 25 chapters of Part 1 of Book 1. It describes the context of the events Tolstoy brings to life, which starts in July of 1805. The analysis delves into major themes including war always seemingly on the horizon as well as the psychological battle of war & peace (voyna i mir) we all face. The discussion highlights how Tolstoy portrays the dying era of Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) with fictional characters such as Count Kirill Bezukhov (the first character to die) and retired General Nikolai Bolkonsky. Their sons, Pierre & Andrei, are the protagonists and two of the great characters of literature. At the outset of the novel, they are enamored with the chief adversary or the work, Napoleon. Russian aristocracy, as well as French exiles, view Napoleon as a malevolent threat. However, Pierre and Andrei view him of as a champion of a new era. More progressive minds of the time saw the status quo in the Russian Empire as a handful of nobles being supported by a peasant class tied to the land.Given what Ukraine is being put through (and has historically suffered) by Russian aggression and policy, context is given to how a large number of the serfs referenced by Tolstoy were located in Ukraine and also how the Cossacks referenced have traditionally formed a basis of Ukrainian identity.Pierre begins the novel as the illegitimate but favored son of Count Bezukhov and quickly winds up receiving the entire Bezukhov estate. This is despite efforts of the Count's other relatives (Vissily Kuragin & the Count's nieces) to deprive him of same. Tolstoy also contrasts the metropolitan areas, (St. Petersburg & Moscow) with the country-side, Smolensk, where General Bolkonsky lives. The General has two children, Andrei & Mayra. Andrei readies to set out in his father's footsteps, taking his first military position as an aide to historic General Mikhail Kutuzov. Andrei admires Pierre as he sees within him a transcendent spirit.  Andrei has a beautiful wife who is pregnant, but he has never developed an affinity for her.   Andrie's sister, Mayra, is religiously devoted and exemplifies Tolstoy's faith, as she runs her life by the teachings of Christ. This was not always the case but Scripture very much became Tolstoy's guiding light. Marya faults her father and brother for not having sufficient devotion.This section brings the reader closer to war with France. Russia is allied with Austria and plans are to march westward and link up. Most of the young men we meet, either already have or will take up a position that will get them involved in the conflict. This includes Andrei, Nikolai Rostov (Hussars); Boris (Imperial Guard); Lt. Alphonse Berg, Anatole Kuragin and Fyodor Dolokhov (Semyonovsky regiment), and Hippolyte Kuragin (Diplomat).  It remains a mystery where Pierre will find himself. In this early “peace” of the novel, we get a look at a soirée in St. Petersburg, the Rostov name-day celebration in Moscow, a night of gambling and hijinks, young love surrounding the Rostov children, as well as a lot of talk of the coming war.Thank you very much for listening and it is my hope you find benefit of using this material as a supplement to your reading.

GET‌ ‌EVERY‌ ‌EPISODE‌ ‌AD FREE PLUS BONUS‌ ‌CONTENT‌ ‌AT:‌ ‌‌www.patreon.com/crackpotpodcast‌ Join us as we uncover the shocking events surrounding the alleged assassination of Polish President Lech Kaczyński and its profound impact on Poland and the international community.  On April 10, 2010, tragedy struck as President Lech Kaczyński's plane crashed near Smolensk, Russia, claiming the lives of all 96 individuals on board. What was meant to be an ordinary official trip to commemorate the Katyn Massacre turned into a devastating incident, shrouded in conflicting narratives and conspiracy theories. In this episode we delve into the lingering doubts and unanswered questions surrounding the crash, shedding light on ongoing debates and the relentless pursuit of truth. We examine the series of events leading to the untimely death of Lech Kaczyński, unraveling the intricate web of circumstances surrounding his alleged assassination. Additionally, we explore the various theories that have emerged, speculating on who might have been behind this tragic event. With modern day implications this is one you won't want to miss!  

This edition features stories on the ground breaking for a new Fisher House at Dover Air Force Base, the funeral for the late Polish air force commander, Andrez Blasik, who was recently killed in a military air craft crash in Smolensk, Russia. Polish president, Lech Kaczynski, and many other top Polish military leaders were also killed in the crash, and Airmen known as the Hurricane Hunters preparing for their important mission as Hurricane season nears. Hosted by Senior Airman Brad Sisson.

The prime minister visited the USA for important meetings, Poland surprisingly halted agricultural products from Ukraine, the country investigates more about the Smolensk plane crash, the president continues to gather support for Ukraine, and much more!Thanks for tuning in!Let us know what you think and what we can improve on by emailing us at poland@rorshok.com or follow us on Instagram and Twitter @rorshokpoland or Mastodon @poland@rorshok.socialLike what you hear? Subscribe, share, and tell your buds.Substackhttps://rorshok.com/newsletter/

This month marks 80 years since the government of Nazi Germany announced the shocking discovery of a series of mass graves in the Katyń Forest in the occupied USSR. Thus began one of the most tangled and disturbing of WW2 stories. Just what had happened? In this episode from our archive, the writer Jane Rogoyska, author of Surviving Katyń, takes us back to the year 1940 to find out. *** In April 1943 the discovery of a series of mass graves in the Katyń Forest near Smolensk in the Soviet Union ignited one of the most explosive rows of the Second World War. The identity of the victims was clear enough. They were the Polish military elite and significant figures – academics, writers, industrials, doctors - from wider Polish society. But who was responsible? The Germans instantly blamed the Soviets. The Soviets retaliated that the accusation was a ‘vile slander', intended to mask yet another instance of Nazi wickedness. In this episode the writer Jane Rogoyska takes us back to the scene of a sinister and bitterly contested crime: the Katyń Massacre. Jane Rogoyska is the author of Surviving Katyn: Stalin's Polish Massacre and the Search for Truth   As ever, much, much more about this episode is to be found at our website tttpodcast.com. Show notes Scene One: March 1940, Starobelsk camp, Soviet Ukraine. Bronisław Młynarski and his friends find a mysterious message tied to the collar of a stray dog. Scene Two: April 1940, Starobelsk camp. NKVD Commissar Kirshin stands on the steps of the ruined church watching the transports of men depart: ‘You are leaving,' he says, ‘for a place where I would like to go myself.' Scene Three: July 1940, Griazovets camp near Vologda in the far north of Russia. The artist Józef Czapski gives an informal lecture about Marcel Proust, delivered entirely from memory, to a group of friends lying on the grass in the sun. Memento: One of the Christmas decorations created by graphic artist Edward Manteuffel while he was a prisoner in Starobelsk camp. People/Social Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Jane Rogoyska Production: Maria Nolan Podcast partner: Colorgraph Follow us on Twitter: @tttpodcast_ Or on Facebook See where 1940 fits on our Timeline

Prince Andrei and his pregnant wife (Lise) arrive Andrei's father's Smolensk estate known as “Bald Hills.” Andrei only plans to spend the night, as he is rushing toward the career path of his father, Nikolai, who performed a lifetime of (fictional) military service. Nikolai Bolkonsky (nicknamed “The King of Prussia”) is symbolic of the era of expansion and colonization under Catherine the Great.West of Moscow, this involved partitions of Poland, which was split between Russia, Prussia and Habsburg-Austria. A good portion of the territory of modern Ukraine was moved from Polish to Russian influence. These partitions motivated many Poles to join Napoleon's army. This period also involved Russians battling the Ottoman Empire, where Russia gained control of territory north of the Black Sea. The elder Bolkonsky would have internalized all this “glory.” With this epic age passing, Andrei is experiencing a new world ushered in by Napoleon, where Russia is on the precipice of major change. Tolstoy questions whether it is the man himself (Bonaparte) or the vast movement of men that created an inevitable new age. As Andrei arrived to the estate by horse-drawn-carriage, he could hear his sister practicing her clavichord. They are greeted by Mademoiselle Amelie Bourienne, who takes them to Marya, as her father is taking his afternoon nap. It is a warm meeting between sisters-in-law. They discuss the latest gossip and news in the big cities (like who is marrying who). Andrei stood by, the subject of his sister's warm gaze.  Lise feels abandoned with her husband leaving for war, as she is progressing in her pregnancy. The house servant, old Tikhon, takes Andrei to his father, who is getting dressed for a formal meal. The old man sarcastically notes how his son is off to “conquer” Napoleon. Andrei then greets his father with a respectful kiss. They talk about the upcoming conflict with the General revealing what he has learned about the military Coalition against Napoleon. He speaks about who is leading the efforts and name drops a "General Tolstoy," who was likely an ancestor of the author. He asks his son to give his understanding of the overarching plan against Napoleon. Andrei notes that the strategy is that Russia intends to invade Prussia, to “convince” them to align -- a forced treaty. Some units will also unite with Sweden (already an ally). it is expected that 220,000 Austrians and 100,000 Russians will operate in Italy and the Rhine. Other forces, including the English, will land in Naples. In total, the Coalition will be 500,000 strong in a simultaneous attack. The Old General astutely responds that Napoleon surely has a plan of his owe -- and his demeanor implies that it is likely better. He then sings himself a nursery song about a men who go off to war, while family awaits news of their fate. He sings: “Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre" written after the battle of Malplaquet in France in 1709, during the war of Spanish Succession. It is about the supposed death of the Duke of Marlborough – John Churchill. It has a similar structure as “For He's a Jolly Good Fellow.” Napoleon is rumored to have sung the song to himself on occasion.

In 1961, a small Irish contingent were sent to the Congo by the United Nations. 155 Irish soldiers held off 3,000 men while waiting for relief. The Secretary-General of the United Nations died in a plane crash in September 1961. The circumstances still remains unclear. There is evidence the plane was shot down and a CIA report claimed the KGB was responsible. The US Secretary of Commerce, Ronald H. Brown, perished in a plane crash into a mountain near Dubrovnik, Croatia. April 2010- 96 people were killed when their Polish Air Force Flight 101 crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk. The president of Poland was on board. The plane was enroute to pay their respects to the victims of the Katyn Massacre. Former Senator Ted Stevens was one of 9 people on board a small plane in Alaska when into a brush and rock-covered mountainside. There were 4 survivors.  If you enjoyed this episode, check out Riker's Island Prisoners Rescue a Plane Crash — Misdeeds & Intrigue (misdeedsandintrigue.com) Follow Misdeeds & Intrigue Podcast on Social Media Twitter: www.twitter.com/misintriguepod Facebook: www.facebook.com/misintriguepod Instagram: www.instagram.com/misintriguepod   Follow for Curated Collections of Articles Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/MisIntriguepod Flipboard: https://flipboard.com/@misintriguepod Watch Related Videos & Clips TikTok: @misintriguepod https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMeD9hE5u/ YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkBIxvkybymGErnYs-7XL0g IMDB Playlist: http://www.imdb.com/list/ls088470884/ This episode in general may contain certain copyrighted works that were not specifically authorized to be used by the copyrighted holder(s), but which we believe in good faith are protected by general law and the fair use doctrine for one or more of the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research.

[NEW] World War 1 Stories & Real Battle - ⁠Listen Here⁠ In the summer of 1941, amidst the vast and brutal Eastern Front of World War II, the First Battle of Smolensk emerged as a pivotal confrontation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The strategically significant city of Smolensk became the stage for a relentless two-month struggle that tested the mettle of both the invading German forces and the resolute Soviet defenders. With the fate of the road to Moscow hanging in the balance, the outcome of this ferocious battle would have far-reaching consequences, shaping the course of the war and foreshadowing the immense challenges that lay ahead on the unforgiving Eastern Front. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ww2-stories/support

En abril de 1943, con la derrota en Stalingrado aún resonando, el gobierno nazi anunció el hallazgo cerca de Smolensk, en la zona rusa aún ocupada por la Wermacht, de una fosa que albergaba miles de cadáveres, principalmente oficiales polacos, asesinados por la NKVD soviética. Este anunció en su momento fue rechazado por la mayoría de los aliados por tratarse aparentemente de un movimiento desesperado del ministerio de propaganda de Goebbels para generar una brecha en la unidad de sus enemigos que estaban dándole la vuelta al devenir de la guerra, pero con la guerra fría occidente recuperó el asunto y se acumularon una serie de documentos, corroborados por los nuevos gobiernos de la transición soviética y rusa hacia el capitalismo, que acusaban con claridad a las fuerzas soviéticas de una masacre propia de los mecanismos de exterminio nazis. Desde que las propias autoridades rusas pidieran perdón a Polonia por aquel hecho todo parecía zanjado. Pero en los últimos años la denuncia en la propia DUMA rusa de que podrían haberse falsificado documentos de la época de Stalin para favorecer el cambio de régimen, o el hallazgo de algunos restos arqueológicos que no encajan con la documentación, podrían hacer dudar, al menos de parte, de la autoría de esta masacre, apuntando de nuevo al nazismo. Hoy vamos a tratar de poner sobre la mesa algunos datos que conocemos sobre este hecho que, como tantos otros de la historia del Siglo XX, sigue levantando demasiadas ampollas aunque simplemente se trate de conocer la historia como fue y no como le interesa a unos sectores u otros. Hoy, en este especial que intenta complementar nuestra serie de la Unión Soviética, el Abrazo del Oso se queda en el Bosque de Katyn. Si te gusta el Abrazo del Oso y quieres acceder a más contenidos extra, puedes ayudarnos pinchando en el botón 'apoyar' aquí en iVoox. O pásate por www.patreon.com/elabrazodeloso ¡GRACIAS! www.elabrazodeloso.es Programa publicado originalmente el 15 de marzo de 2023. www.latostadora.com/elabrazodeloso Canal de Telegram para estar informado: https://t.me/+T6RxUKg_xhk0NzE0 Grupo abierto de Telegram para conversar con el equipo y la audiencia: https://t.me/+tBHrUSWNbZswNThk Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/elabrazodeloso Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

This episode involves Marya Bolkonskaya reading Julie Karagina's letter and covers Marya's response. Each missive is written in French and the content serves as a way to bring the reader up-to-speed on the time transpiring since Count Bezukhov's death. Each letter also serves as an exposition of the nature of the characters: Julie is revealed as a somewhat vapid heiress and Marya, the ideal daughter of her father and God.Julie begins through speaking about her affinity for Marya and commenting on how Julie draws moral strength from Marya's penetrating eyes. Tolstoy notes how Marya has something of a sickly look and thin features. Yet Marya has deep, luminous eyes, which usually express her melancholy demeanor. Her eyes are so lovely that in spite of the plainness of her face, Marya holds a charm more attractive than beauty. As has often been said, the eyes are the window to the soul. Julie reminisces about the happy times the two spent when Julie visited Bald Hills. Julie relays that in Moscow the talk is focused on war. The Emperor and one of Julie's brothers have already left for the front. Julie expressed great affinity for Nikolai Rostov. His leaving for the war caused her grief. She describes Nikolai as having so much nobility, candor and heart. Their short acquaintance was one of her sweetest enjoyments. She found the relationship poetic and pure. She expresses that while Nikolai is too young to be considered for marriage, being around him is what her heart needed.Julie notes that the Count's death has left Pierre with the finest fortune in the country. The Count's three nieces got very little and Prince Vissily received nothing. Attitudes have changed toward Pierre. Every mother is lining up their daughter to be near him. Julie never thought that much of the new Count, though she is in the running for a possible match with him. She notes that Marya is also being considered for Anatole Kuragin, Prince Vassily's son. Julie warns that Anatole is handsome but wild.  Julie then advices Marya to read the Christian mystical book, A Key to the Mysteries of Nature, which has a Masonic or occult bent to it. This is likely referring to the work of German author, Karl Von Eckartshausen, who was influential in German romanticism.The Princess was energized and immediately wrote back. She notes that she is lonely in Bald Hills and states “If we had not religion to console use, life would be very sad.”  Marya can't relate to the romantic love Julie writes about; but relates to Christian love, namely the love of one's neighbor and love of one's enemies, as the highest form. Marya speaks how the news of the Count's death affected her father deeply, as the Count and her father were the last of an elite social class. Marya relays how she has known Pierre since a boy and that he has an excellent heart. She quotes the Gospel (Mathew 19:23-24), noting that it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. She finds this verse explains Vassily's behavior in trying to usurp the Count's fortune.  She worries that Pierre will now be burdened with temptation. Marya thanks Julie for the book but says it will not bear good fruit, as opposed to traditional lessons from Scripture. She will stick to the Gospels & Epistles and submit to those principles. She warns against letting “our feeble minds” wander.Marya acknowledges Vassily has called upon her father. She is not excited but regards marriage as a divine institution and is ready for the obligations if called upon to fulfill them. Marya describes her brother (Andrei) will be visiting, but will be headed off to War. She notes how war affected Smolensk, where one expects to find Nature's peace.  She witnessed peasants from her estate being conscripted. She was horrified by mothers, wives and children watching their men go off to war. Humanity has forgotten He who preached love and forgiveness; and Marya can't see how men ascribe the greatest merit to the art of killing.As Marya finished her letter, Mlle. Bourienne interrupted, warning that her father was in a foul mood. Marya responds that she will not tolerate anyone critiquing him. 

For the first 20 chapters the action centered around the major cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, circa 1805. This chapter heads to the countryside to one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, Smolensk, founded in 863 A.D. It is west of Moscow and a bit south, not that far east of the Belarusian border. Smolensk was part of the Kyivan Rus', the first state to rise among Eastern Slavs. While the early history of Ukraine is the history of Russia, the converse is not true. Generally, many think “Russia,” when they hear “Rus''” but there is so much more to the Rus', who were Scandinavian Vikings. Rus' is also thought to be a navigational term meaning “rudder.” Smolensk was also part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire. It has remained on an important trading and invasion route. The story moves to the fictional “Bald Hills,” in Smolensk, the estate of Prince Andrei's father, Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky. Nikolai is a fictional general who had a falling out with a historical emperor not held in high regard – Paul.  Tolstoy desires to build up Nikolai's status, so he puts him at odds with the hapless Paul, who was likely killed by his own officers. Paul was Catherine the Great's son and Alexander's brother. The Old General was banished by Paul from the major cities. Even though he is now free (under Alexander I) to go where he wishes, Nikolai chooses not to leave Bald Hills. He lives with his daughter Maria/Marya, whom he tutors, and Mayra has a companion of French derision, Mademoiselle Amelie Bourienne. There are also a number of serfs on his estate.The first part of this chapter is a character study in Nikolai and this episode will concentrate on him, leaving a second part of chapter 22 to deal with his daughter Marya. Unlike a writer like Hemingway, who often lets the action tell the story, Tolstoy is descriptive of his characters' traits.Nikolai is industrious and orderly, which perhaps earned him the nickname “The King of Prussia.” Nikolai is full of energy and intelligence and does not tolerate idleness nor superstition.He spends his time managing his property, serving as superintendent, architect, and even doing gardening. He also spends hours at his lathe, as a carpenter. He exercises the mind as much as the body, writing a military memoir and working out math problems. In his study, books and plans are all over. He keeps himself busy at every moment with continuous, varied and regulated activity. It keeps his body and mind strong.While exacting, Nikolai is not cruel. He inspires both fear and respect. One area that he lacks impressiveness is his physical appearance. He is described as quite clownish or at least out-of-date. He is short, has bushy grey eyebrows and wears a powdered wig. He carries the odor of tobacco and old age. Nevertheless, he retains a spark in eyes, one demonstrating youthful energy. He is the type who appears for his meals at exactly the same time, which brings him to the morning he expects the arrival of his son, who is traveling westward to war. Andrei is also dropping off his pregnant wife, Lise.After his own geometry studies, Nikolai comes to meet his daughter, Marya. Knowing he is coming, Marya makes the sign of the cross in hopes he is in a decent mood. Nikolai tells his daughter she has a letter for her from Julie Kuragin. He goes out of his way to say that he won't read it. He reads every third or fourth letter to see if she is involved in idle gossip and needs correction. Marya doesn't mind if he reads all her letters.He then draws her attention to a geometry problem and she quickly becomes embarrassed at lacking understanding. Sometimes, he flings the math book across the room when frustrated. After a mild outburst, he gave his daughter a comforting touch. He explained the answer and importance of mathematics. He suggests she persevere and rise above those who don't work at such problems.  Nikolai also notes Julie sent Marya a religious book called “The Key to The Mystery.” It is clear he wasn't impressed with the selection.The Princess left with her letter and book to her room and we get a description of her. She looks in the mirror and sees her sickly and plain face. Nevertheless, there is something majestic about her magnificent eyes. She put the book down and opened her letter with eagerness.  

Max Pearson presents a collection of this week's Witness History episodes from the BBC World Service. Our guest is Chiara Sangiorgio, Death Penalty Adviser at Amnesty International, who tells us about the history of the death penalty and its effectiveness. The programme begins with two perspectives on capital punishment: Yoshikuni Noguchi recounts his time as a prison guard on death row in Japan in the 1970s; then we hear archive recordings of Albert Pierrepoint, Britain's most famous hangman. Poland's former-Minister for Foreign Affairs, Radosław Sikorski, describes how close he came to death in the 2010 Smolensk air disaster, in which the country's President was killed. Paul McLoone, the frontman of The Undertones, a punk-rock band, tells the bizarre story of how he became the broadcasting voice of IRA commander Martin McGuinness when the organisation was banned from British airwaves in 1988. Finally, Karlheinz Brandenburg explains how he revolutionised the way we listen to music through his invention of the MP3. Contributors: Chiara Sangiorgio - Death Penalty Adviser at Amnesty International Yoshikuni Noguchi - Japanese death row prison guard. Albert Pierrepoint - British executioner. Radosław Sikorski - former-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland. Paul McCloone - band member of The Undertones and the voice of Martin McGuinness. Karlheinz Brandenburg - inventor of the MP3. (Photo: Nooses. Credit: Rebecca Redmond/EyeEm via Getty Images)

In 2010, a plane carrying the Polish president, Lech Kaczyński, crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk, killing everyone on board. It was one of the most tragic moments in modern Polish history. The country's minister of foreign affairs, Radoslaw Sikorski was one of the first people to hear about it. He's been sharing his memories of the disaster with Matt Pintus. (Photo: Smolensk air crash wreckage. Credit: Getty Images)

He was a soldier from Byzantium, one of the defenders of Smolensk when it was besieged by the Tatars in 1238. One day the Mother of God appeared to Mercurius and told him that the Tatars were preparing a surprise attack — and, further, that he must take up arms and attack the enemy singlehandedly. Placing all his trust in God, the lone soldier threw himself against the Tatar host crying 'Most Holy Mother of God, help me!' He was quickly surrounded and cut down, and it appeared that his action had been as foolhardy as it had seemed, when a woman at the head of a glorious host, all of them surrounded by light, appeared and threw back the Tatar army. The next morning the people of Smolensk found the ground covered with the bodies of their enemies. They buried Mercurius in the Cathedral, where he has been venerated as a Martyr ever since.

Vera Startseva was born in the city of Smolensk. Graduated from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. Worked as a teacher and organizer at the Smolensk Academy of Vocational Education. Then she was the chief specialist in the Department of Education and Science of the Smolensk Region. Moved to Moscow in 2016. She immediately went to work at the Skolkovo Business School as a sales manager at Startup Academy program

REDIFF - À l'été 1812, l'empereur des Français se présente sur les rives du Niémen, à la tête de 680.000 hommes, la plus grande armée jamais levée. Après le brasier de Moscou, la Grande Armée sombre dans un enfer de glace. Le thermomètre chute jusqu'à - 30°, comme à Smolensk. Le froid colle les lèvres et gèle les membres. Celui qui s'assoupit ne se réveille pas. La faim tenaille les ventres. Les plus désespérés se livrent au cannibalisme. C'est l'horreur absolue. Napoléon laisse le commandement à Murat et regagne Paris en urgence, car on l'a informé d'une tentative de coup d'État. L'empereur des Français entrevoit une cruelle vérité du pouvoir : du triomphe à la chute, il n'y a qu'un pas.

Episode 99:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-10]3. From February to October 1917Dual PowerLenin and the BolsheviksThe Aspirations of Soldiers and WorkersThe Provisional Government in Crisis[Part 11 - This Week]Revolution in the Village - 0:25The Nationalist Challenge - 10:43Class, Nation and Gender - 26:04[Part 12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFootnotes:55) 0:32Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); John Channon, ‘The Peasantry in the Revolutions of 1917', in E. R. Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 105–30.56) 2:41Graeme J. Gill, Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), 46–63, 75–88.57) 3:29J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York: Norton, 1976), 179.58) 5:35Keep, Russian Revolution, 160.59) 7:52Channon, ‘The Landowners', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 120–46.60) 8:47Aaron B. Retish, Russia's Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); John Channon, ‘The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule', Slavonic and East European Review, 66:4 (1988), 593–624.61) 10:20V. V. Kabanov, Krest'ianskaia obshchina i kooperatsiia Rossii XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1997), 81.62) 10:59Ronald G. Suny, ‘Nationalism and Class in the Russian Revolution: A Comparative Discussion', in Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia, 219–46; Ronald G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), ch. 2.63) 11:21Mark von Hagen, ‘The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire', in B. R. Rubin and Jack Snyder (eds), Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building (London: Routledge, 1998), 34–57.64) 12:58John Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952); Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), ch. 1.65) 15:35Steven L. Guthier, ‘The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917', Slavic Review, 38:1 (1979).66) 16:11David G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century (London: Hurst, 1979), 46; Anthony F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), ch. 6.67) 22:57Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), ch. 9.68) 24:06Tadeusz Świętochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 4.69) 29:23Boris I. Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda and Anti-“Burzhui” Consciousness in 1917', Russian Review, 53 (1994), 183–96 (187–8).70) 29:44Donald J. Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).71) 30:20T. A. Abrosimova, ‘Sotsialisticheskaia ideeia v massovom soznanii 1917g.', in Anatomiia revoliutsii. 1917 god v Rossii: massy, partii, vlast' (St Petersburg: Glagol', 1994), 176–87 (177).72) 30:46Steinberg, Voices, 17.73) 31:22Michael C. Hickey, ‘The Rise and Fall of Smolensk's Moderate Socialists: The Politics of Class and the Rhetoric of Crisis in 1917', in Donald J. Raleigh (ed.), Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–53 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 14–35.74) 32:57Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 190, 191.75) 32:49Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 189.76) 33:00Figes and Kolonitskii, Interpreting, 154.77) 34:00A. Ia. Livshin and I. B. Orlov, ‘Revolutsiia i spravedlivost': posleoktiabr'skie “pis'ma vo vlast' ”, in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira: Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 254, 255, 259.78) 34:12Howard White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 64–85.79) 34:35Bor'ba za massy v trekh revoliutsiiakh v Rossii: proletariat i srednie gorodskie sloi (Moscow: Mysl', 1981), 19.80) 35:18O. N. Znamenskii, Intelligentsiia nakanune velikogo oktiabria (fevral'-oktiabr' 1917g.) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1988), 8–9.81) 35:53Bor'ba za massy, 169.82) 36:45Michael C. Hickey, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 387.83) 38:05Michael Hickey, ‘Discourses of Public Identity and Liberalism in the February Revolution: Smolensk, Spring 1917', Russian Review, 55:4 (1996), 615–37 (620); V. V. Kanishchev, ‘ “Melkoburzhuaznaia kontrrevoliutsiia”: soprotivlenie gorodskikh srednikh sloev stanovleniiu “diktatury proletariata” (oktiab'r 1917–avgust 1918g.)', in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira, 174–87.84) 39:14Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 258.85) 40:53Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste 1917g. (razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha) (Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959), 407.86) 41:58V. F. Shishkin, Velikii oktiabr' i proletarskii moral' (Moscow: Mysl', 1976), 57.87) 42:18Steinberg, Voices, 113.88) 44:32O. Ryvkin, ‘ “Detskie gody” Komsomola', Molodaia gvardiia, 7–8 (1923), 239–53 (244); Krupskaya, ‘Reminiscences of Lenin'.89) 45:58Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 227.90) 46:36Engel, Women in Russiā, 135; Ruthchild, Equality, 231.91) 47:49Jane McDermid and Anna Hillyard, Women and Work in Russia, 1880–1930 (Harlow: Longman, 1998), 167.92) 48:31Engel, Women in Russia, 141.93) 49:01Sarah Badcock, ‘Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia during 1917', International Review of Social History, 49 (2004), 47–70.94) 49:19Steinberg, Voices, 98.95) 50:03D. P. Koenker and W. G. Rosenberg, Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 314.96) 50:21Smith, Red Petrograd, 193.97) 51:37Z. Lilina, Soldaty tyla: zhenskii trud vo vremia i posle voiny (Perm': Izd-vo Petrogradskogo Soveta, 1918), 8.98) 51:59L. G. Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel'noe sobranie: istoriia rozhdeniia i gibeli (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 233.99) 52:31Beate Fieseler, ‘The Making of Russian Female Social Democrats, 1890–1917', International Review of Social History, 34 (1989), 193–226.

Today, we begin a two-part series on the cities of old Russia. It begins in Kyiv, moving on to Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Sundial, and Tver.School Reading ListThe School Reading List Podcast - presented by Tom Tolkien.Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify

Uno a uno y a sangre fría, 22.000 polacos, incluidos políticos, oficiales del ejército, artistas e intelectuales, fueron ejecutadas con un tiro en la nuca entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 1940. Tras recibir el "tiro de gracia", los cuerpos fueron arrojados en fosas comunes en territorio de lo que entonces era la Unión Soviética. En contra de lo que quiso hacer creer el gobierno de Stalin, aquellas personas fueron víctimas de la policía secreta soviética, la temida y siniestra NKVD. La tristemente conocida como "matanza de Katyn" (un bosque próximo a la ciudad soviética de Smolensk donde fueron hallados los primeros cadáveres), supuso el exterminio, en menos de un año, de toda la élite polaca. Durante medio siglo, el crimen fue censurado por el régimen comunista, que siempre acusó a la Gestapo, la policía secreta del régimen nazi, de esa terrible carnicería.Leer más:  https://culturizando.com/la-masacre-de-katyn-la-mayor-operacion-de-falsa-bandera-en-la-historia/• CULTURIZANDO.COM/PODCAST • Podcast de Historia Bélica • Podcast en Español •  Conéctate con Culturizando: Visita: https://culturizando.com/  Twitter: https://twitter.com/Culturizando   Instagram: https://instagram.com/Culturizando  Facebook: https://facebook.com/Culturizando   Youtube: https://youtube.com/Culturizando    Trivia Culturizando: Aprende con nuestras trivias de cultura general https://triviaculturizando.com/ 

Le massacre, en 1940, de milliers d'officiers polonais par les Soviétiques, dans la forêt de Katyn, a longtemps été nié par l'URSS. Il s'inscrit sans doute dans la politique de soviétisation menée par les dirigeants russes dans ces territoires de l'Ouest.La Pologne doublement envahieEn août 1939, l'Allemagne nazie et l'URSS signent un pacte de non agression. Ce pacte germano-soviétique contient une clause secrète, selon laquelle les Russes pourront envahir la partie orientale de la Pologne, après que l'Allemagne lui aura déclaré la guerre.Le 17 septembre, alors que les troupes allemandes progressent depuis deux semaines dans le pays, les Soviétiques entrent à leur tour en Pologne. Ils ne lui déclarent pas la guerre, mais motivent leur intervention par la nécessité de protéger les minorités ukrainienne et biélorusse vivant en Pologne.Déjà décimée par l'attaque allemande, l'armée polonaise décide de n'opposer aucune résistance aux Russes. Les Polonais se rendent donc, et les Soviétiques capturent environ 250.000 hommes.Le massacre des officiers polonaisLes prisonniers sont regroupés dans de vastes camps. Les simples soldats sont relâchés assez rapidement. Mais le sort des officiers est plus tragique. Plus de 20.000 sont aux mains des Soviétiques.Dans la première quinzaine de mai 1940, une partie de ces officiers est transférée depuis les camps de détention jusqu'à la forêt de katyn, près de Smolensk. Là, les militaires sont emmenés devant des fosses communes et exécutés d'une balle dans la nuque.En 1943, plus de 4.000 corps sont retrouvés par l'armée allemande, qui a déclaré la guerre à la Russie et progresse alors sur son territoire. Les Allemands accusent les Russes d'avoir perpétré ce massacre. Il faudra attendre 1990 pour que l'URSS reconnaisse son implication dans ces crimes.Si Staline a ordonné l'exécution de ces officiers, c'est sans doute pour éliminer les membres d'une élite polonaise peu réceptive à la propagande soviétique et susceptible d'organiser une éventuelle résistance à l'invasion russe.Dans le but de justifier ces meurtres auprès de la population russe, ces officiers étaient présentés comme des aristocrates, exploiteurs du peuple et imbus de leurs privilèges. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.

À l'été 1812, l'empereur des Français se présente sur les rives du Niémen, à la tête de 680.000 hommes, la plus grande armée jamais levée. Après le brasier de Moscou, la Grande Armée sombre dans un enfer de glace. Le thermomètre chute jusqu'à - 30°, comme à Smolensk. Le froid colle les lèvres et gèle les membres. Celui qui s'assoupit ne se réveille pas. La faim tenaille les ventres. Les plus désespérés se livrent au cannibalisme. C'est l'horreur absolue. Napoléon laisse le commandement à Murat et regagne Paris en urgence, car on l'a informé d'une tentative de coup d'État. L'empereur des Français entrevoit une cruelle vérité du pouvoir : du triomphe à la chute, il n'y a qu'un pas. Ecoutez Entrez dans l'Histoire avec Lorànt Deutsch du 11 février 2022

80 years ago Operation Barbarossa marked the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In this episode Chris talks to Ben Tracey about his experiences taking part in a recent reenactment of the Battle of Smolensk in Indiana, USA.  As ever thanks to all our Patrons for their support - why not sign up and become one of our growing band of supporters.. www.patreon.com/reenactorpodcast Thanks to Mike (Rhett Roman) for editing this podcast. www.soldatenforum.com  

This week, on the Russian History Podcast, we'll be covering events at Smolensk, where Alexei, and the Russian army, are hoping to capture one of their main war aims. Questions and queries can be emailed to therussianhistorypodcast@gmail.com or by following @ruhipoca on Twitter. You can support the show on Patreon, where for $2.50 a month, you can help the show continue with increased costs as more and more sources are now available; please find further details here: https://www.patreon.com/therussianhistorypodcast

This week, on the Russian History Podcast, we'll be wrapping up the siege of Smolensk and covering the final part of the war, as the Commonwealth once more marches on Moscow. Questions and queries can be emailed to therussianhistorypodcast@gmail.com or by following @ruhipoca on Twitter. You can support the show on Patreon, where for $2.50 a month, you can help the show continue with increased costs as more and more sources are now available; please find further details here: https://www.patreon.com/therussianhistorypodcast