Podcasts about Westphalia

This week we're trawling through history to figure out how the international rules based order took shape. We've got The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the huge success that was The Concert of Europe plus the flurry of treaties, conferences, and international agreements, aimed at building a new, peaceful global order in the aftermath of WW2.And this week we're trying to figure out whether Macha or Mate is the health innovation we've all been waiting for to achieve our fitness dreams. If you've got anything to add on that or anything else: hello@ohwhatatime.comIf you fancy a bunch of OWAT content you've never heard before, why not treat yourself and become an Oh What A Time: FULL TIMER?Up for grabs is:- two bonus episodes every month!- ad-free listening- episodes a week ahead of everyone else- And much moreSubscriptions are available via AnotherSlice and Wondery +. For all the links head to: ohwhatatime.comYou can also follow us on: X (formerly Twitter) at @ohwhatatimepodAnd Instagram at @ohwhatatimepodAaannnd if you like it, why not drop us a review in your podcast app of choice?Thank you to Dan Evans for the artwork (idrawforfood.co.uk).Chris, Elis and Tom xSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Friday of the First Week of Lent Saint of the Day: St. Matilda; Tenth Century daughter of Count Dietrich of Westphalia and Reinhild of Denmark; married Henry the Fowler, son of Duke Otto of Saxony, in the year 909; he succeeded his father as Duke in the year 912 and in 919 succeeded King Conrad I to the German throne; she was noted for her piety and charitable works; she was widowed in 936; she was severely criticized by her sons Otto and Henry for what they considered her extravagant charities, so she resigned her inheritance to them, and retired to her country home; in 955, she built three convents and a monastery; she was left in charge of the kingdom when Otto went to Rome in 962 to be crowned Emperor (often regarded as the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire); she spent most of the declining years at the convent at Nordhausen she had built; she died at the monastery at Quedlinburg on March 14, 968 Office of Readings and Morning Prayer for 3/14/25 Gospel: Matthew 5:20-26

Patreon https://www.patreon.com/renegadefilesMerch https://www.bonfire.com/store/renegade-files/Website http://therenegadefiles.comYouTube https://www.youtube.com/@renegadefiles  Instagram https://www.instagram.com/renegadefiles/  X https://x.com/RenegadeFiles  If you like the show, please leave us a 5 star review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify if you think we deserve it. (It helps new listeners find the show.) Thank you. This is Renegade Files Episode 78, Illegal Drugs: Weapons of the Deep State.  Since the Treaty of Munster and the Peace of Westphalia combined to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire and create the Nation-State in 1648, some confederations and multinational states have evolved into empires. An Empire is a political unit made up of several territories and peoples, typically established through conquest, and marked by a dominant centralized government and subordinate peripheries. And regardless of religion, political organization, or ideological framework, all of our modern empires share a common source of colonial expansion and political power: Drugs.  From the 1790s to the present, the stories of Imperial territorial expansion, wealth accumulation, and wartime conquests have paralleled the story of illegal, recreational, and addictive drugs. In this episode of Renegade Files we will explore the ways that drugs are used to first build, and then control nations.  Along this seedy journey we'll encounter an unlikely cast of interconnected characters including the tobacco and alcohol companies, big sugar, network television, big pharma, Gangster Rap executives, the prison industrial complex, 60s counterculture hero's, and the CIA. We go deep on this one, to illuminate the links that make up what amounts to a generations-long psyop created to weaken oppositions, addict and divide populations, delude individuals, and ultimately convince free people to trade their freedom for security. The information here moves fast and connects quickly, and my plan is to leave no stone unturned. In this episode we're going to explore a few serious topics that will cause us to look at some very familiar subjects in totally new ways. You know that's something I enjoy doing.  So join me my friend, for this episode of Renegade Files, and prepare to have your mind blown, as together we explore the ways Drug-Built Empires Become authoritarian, with a deep look into illegal Drugs: Weapons of the Deep State. Help Crowdfund RF on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/renegadefiles Get cool RF Merch https://www.bonfire.com/store/renegade-files/Visit and Share the Website http://therenegadefiles.comDig us on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@renegadefiles  Follow RF on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/renegadefiles/  If you like the show, please leave us a 5 star review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify if you think we deserve it. (It helps the show find new listeners.) Thank you.Music and Audio Licensing:Theme Song: “Steve's Djembe” by Vani, FMA, licensed: Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 License.  “Disinformation Highway” by Flow Lab Cult, DV8NOW Records, licensed: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. RF078 © 2025 Lex Gordon - DV8NOW Publishing

Waardeer je onze video's? Steun dan Café Weltschmerz, het podium voor het vrije woord: https://www.cafeweltschmerz.nl/doneren/‘'The war in Ukraine and the Eurasian Worldorder'' written by Glenn Diesen. It is a historical book from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 to ‘'the Ukrainian war'' and gives a concept for the creation of ‘'a new multipolar worldorder''. Prof. Glenn Diesen is a Norwegian Scholar specialised on the subject. His book got fantastic critics from prominent international scolars like John Mearsheimer and Jeffrey Sachs. He presented in April 2022 as well a big study ‘Russophobia'. Welcome at Alternatief.TV in cooperation with Café Weltschmerz. We ask where the mainstream media is silent. I am Ab Gietelink, today in dialogue with Prof. Glenn Diesen.---Deze video is geproduceerd door Café Weltschmerz. Café Weltschmerz gelooft in de kracht van het gesprek en zendt interviews uit over actuele maatschappelijke thema's. Wij bieden een hoogwaardig alternatief voor de mainstream media. Café Weltschmerz is onafhankelijk en niet verbonden aan politieke, religieuze of commerciële partijen.Wil je meer video's bekijken en op de hoogte blijven via onze nieuwsbrief? Ga dan naar: https://www.cafeweltschmerz.nl/videos/Wil je op de hoogte worden gebracht van onze nieuwe video's? Klik hierboven dan op Abonneren!

Tyler and I spoke about view quakes from fiction, Proust, Bleak House, the uses of fiction for economists, the problems with historical fiction, about about drama in interviews, which classics are less read, why Jane Austen is so interesting today, Patrick Collison, Lord of the Rings… but mostly we talked about Shakespeare. We talked about Shakespeare as a thinker, how Romeo doesn't love Juliet, Girard, the development of individualism, the importance and interest of the seventeenth century, Trump and Shakespeare's fools, why Julius Cesar is over rated, the most under rated Shakespeare play, prejudice in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare as an economic thinker. We covered a lot of ground and it was interesting for me throughout. Here are some excerpts. Full transcript below.Henry Some of the people around Trump now, they're trying to do DOGE and deregulation and other things. Are there Shakespearean lessons that they should be bearing in mind? Should we send them to see the Henriad before they get started?Tyler Send them to read the Henriad before they get started. The complicated nature of power: that the king never has the power that he needs to claim he does is quite significant. The ways in which power cannot be delegated, Shakespeare is extremely wise on. And yes, the DOGE people absolutely need to learn those lessons.Henry The other thing I'd take from the Henriad is time moves way quicker than anyone thinks it does. Even the people who are trying to move quite quickly in the play, they get taken over very rapidly by just changing-Tyler Yes. Once things start, it's like, oh my goodness, they just keep on running and no one's really in control. And that's a Shakespearean point as well.And.Henry Let's say we read Shakespeare in a modern English version, how much are we getting?Tyler It'll be terrible. It'll be a negative. It will poison your brain. So this, to me, will be highly unfortunate. Better to learn German and read the Schlegel than to read someone turning Shakespeare into current English. The only people who could do it maybe would be like the Trinidadians, who still have a marvelous English, and it would be a completely different work. But at least it might be something you could be proud of.Transcript (prepared by AI)Henry Today, I am talking to Tyler Cowen, the economist, blogger, columnist, and author. Tyler works at George Mason University. He writes Marginal Revolution. He is a columnist at Bloomberg, and he has written books like In Praise of Commercial Culture and The Age of the Infovore. We are going to talk about literature and Shakespeare. Tyler, welcome.Tyler Good to chat with you, Henry.Henry So have you ever had a view quake from reading fiction?Tyler Reading fiction has an impact on you that accumulates over time. It's not the same as reading economics or philosophy, where there's a single, discrete idea that changes how you view the world. So I think reading the great classics in its entirety has been a view quake for me. But it's not that you wake up one morning and say, oh, I turned to page 74 in Thomas Mann's Magic Mountain, and now I realize that, dot, dot, dot. That's a yes and a no for an answer.Henry So you've never read Bleak House and thought, actually, I do see things slightly differently about Victorian London or the history of the –?Tyler Well, that's not a view quake. Certainly, that happens all the time, right? Slightly differently how you see Victorian London. But your overall vision of the world, maybe fiction is one of the three or four most important inputs. And again, I think it's more about the entirety of it and the diversity of perspectives. I think reading Proust maybe had the single biggest impact on me of any single work of fiction if I had to select one. And then when I was younger, science fiction had a quite significant impact on me. But I don't think it was the fictional side of science fiction that mattered, if that makes sense to you. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It was the models embodied in the stories, like, oh, the three laws of robotics. Well, I thought, well, what should those laws be like? I thought about that a good deal. So that would be another part of the qualified answer.Henry And what was it with Proust? The idea that people only care about what other people think or sexuality or consciousness?Tyler The richness of the internal life, the importance of both expectation and memory, the evanescence of actual events, a sense of humor.Henry It showed you just how significant these things are.Tyler And how deeply they can be felt and expressed. That's right. And there were specific pages early on in Swan's Way where it just hit me. So that's what I would say. Bleak House, I don't think, changed my views at all. It's one of my three or four favorite novels. I think it's one of the great, great, greats, as you have written yourself. But the notion that, well, the law is highly complex and reality is murky and there are all these deep mysteries, that all felt very familiar to me. And I had already read some number of newer sort of pseudo-Victorian novels that maybe do those themes in a more superficial way, but they introduce those themes to you. So you read Bleak House and you just say, well, I've imbibed this already, but here's the much better version of it.Henry One of the things I got from Bleak House, which it took me a couple of reads to get to, was how comfortable Dickens was with being quite a rational critic of the legal system and quite a credulous believer in spontaneous combustion and other things.Tyler Did Dickens actually believe in spontaneous combustion or is that a plot device? Like Gene Roddenberry doesn't actually believe in the transporter or didn't, as far as weHenry know. No, I think he believed. Yeah. Yeah. He defends it in the preface. Yeah.Tyler So it's not so confusing that there's not going to be a single behavioral model that captures deviations from rationality. So you end up thinking you ought to travel more, you ought to take in a lot of diverse different sources about our human beings behave, including from sociology, from anthropology. That makes it harder to be an economist, I would say it scatters your attention. You probably end up with a richer understanding of reality, but I'm not sure it's good for your research. It's probably bad for it.Henry It's not a good career move.Tyler It's not good for focus, but focus maybe can be a bit overrated.Henry Why are you more interested in fiction than other sort of people of a broadly rational disposition?Tyler Well, I might challenge the view that I'm of a broadly rational disposition. It's possible that all humans are roughly equally irrational, madmen aside, but if you mean the rationality community as one finds it in San Francisco, I think they're very mono in their approach to reasoning and that tends to limit the interests of many of them, not all, in fiction and travel. People are regional thinkers and in that region, San Francisco, there is incredible talent. It's maybe the most talented place in the world, but there's not the same kind of diversity of talents that you would find in London or New York and that somehow spreads to the broader ethos and it doesn't get people interested in fiction or for that matter, the visual arts very much.Henry But even in London, if I meet someone who's an economist or has an economics degree or whatever, the odds that they've read Bleak House or something are just so small.Tyler Bleak House is not that well read anymore, but I think an economist in London is likely to be much more well read than an economist in the Bay Area. That would be my prediction. You would know better than I would.Henry How important has imaginative literature been to you relative to other significant writers like philosophers or theoretical economists or something?Tyler Well, I'm not sure what you mean by imaginative literature. I think when I was 17, I read Olaf Stapleton, a great British author and Hegelian philosopher, and he was the first and first man and star maker, and that had a significant impact on me. Just how many visions you could put into a single book and have at least most of them cohere and make sense and inspire. That's one of the most imaginative works I've ever read, but people mean different things by that term.Henry How objectively can we talk about art?Tyler I think that becomes a discussion about words rather than about art. I would say I believe in the objective when it comes to aesthetics, but simply because we have no real choice not to. People actually, to some extent, trust their aesthetic judgments, so why not admit that you do and then fight about them? Trying to interject some form of extreme relativism, I think it's just playing a game. It's not really useful. Now, is art truly objective in the final metaphysical sense, in the final theory of the universe? I'm not sure that question has an answer or is even well-formulated, but I would just say let's just be objectivists when it comes to art. Why not?Henry What is wrong with historical fiction?Tyler Most of it bores me. For instance, I don't love Hilary Mantel and many very intelligent people think it's wonderful. I would just rather read the history. It feels like an in-between thing to me. It's not quite history. It's not quite fiction. I don't like biopics either when I go to the cinema. Yeah, I think you can build your own combination of extremes from history and fiction and get something better.Henry You don't have any historical fiction that you like, Penelope Fitzgerald, Tolstoy?Tyler Any is a strong word. I don't consider Tolstoy historical fiction. There's a historical element in it, as there is with say Vassily Grossman's Life and Fate or actually Dickens for that matter, but it's not driven by the history. I think it's driven by the characters and the story. Grossman comes somewhat closer to being historical fiction, but even there, I wouldn't say that it is.Henry It was written so close to the events though, right?Tyler Sure. It's about how people deal with things and what humanity means in extreme circumstances and the situations. I mean, while they're more than just a trapping, I never feel one is plodding through what happened in the Battle of Stalingrad when I read Grossman, say.Henry Yeah. Are there diminishing returns to reading fiction or what are the diminishing returns?Tyler It depends what you're doing in life. There's diminishing returns to most things in the sense that what you imbibe from your teen years through, say, your 30s will have a bigger impact on you than most of what you do later. I think that's very, very hard to avoid, unless you're an extreme late bloomer, to borrow a concept from you. As you get older, rereading gets better, I would say much better. You learn there are more things you want to read and you fill in the nooks and crannies of your understanding. That's highly rewarding in a way where what you read when you were 23 could not have been. I'm okay with that bargain. I wouldn't say it's diminishing returns. I would say it's altering returns. I think also when you're in very strange historical periods, reading fiction is more valuable. During the Obama years, it felt to me that reading fiction was somewhat less interesting. During what you might call the Trump years, and many other strange things are going on with AI, people trying to strive for immortality, reading fiction is much more valuable because it's more limited what nonfiction can tell you or teach you. I think right now we're in a time where the returns to reading more fiction are rapidly rising in a good way. I'm not saying it's good for the world, but it's good for reading fiction.Henry Do you cluster read your fiction?Tyler Sometimes, but not in general. If I'm cluster reading my fiction, it might be because I'm cluster reading my nonfiction and the fiction is an accompaniment to that. Say, Soviet Russia, I did some reading when I was prepping for Stephen Kotkin and for Russ Roberts and Vasili Grossman, but I don't, when it comes to fiction per se, cluster read it. No, I don't think you need to.Henry You're not going to do like, I'm reading Bleak House, so I'll do three other 1852 novels or three other Dickens novels or something like that.Tyler I don't do it, but I suspect it's counterproductive. The other Dickens novels will bore you more and they'll seem worse, is my intuition. I think the question is how you sequence works of very, very high quality. Say you just finished Bleak House, what do you pick up next? It should be a work of nonfiction, but I think you've got to wait a while or maybe something quite different, sort of in a way not different, like a detective story or something that won't challenge what has been cemented into your mind from Bleak House.Henry Has there been a decline of reading the classics?Tyler What I observe is a big superstar effect. I think a few authors, such as Jane Austen and Shakespeare, are more popular. I'm not completely sure they're more read, but they're more focal and more vivid. There are more adaptations of them. Maybe people ask GPT about them more. Really quite a few other works are much less read than would have been the case, say as recently as the 1970s or 1980s. My guess is, on the whole, the great works of fiction are much less read, but a few of them achieve this oversized reputation.Henry Why do you think that is?Tyler Attention is more scarce, perhaps, and social clustering effects are stronger through the internet. That would just be a guess.Henry It's not that we're all much more Jane Austen than we used to be?Tyler No, if anything, the contrary. Maybe because we're less Jane Austen, it's more interesting, because in, say, a Jane Austen novel, there will be sources of romantic tension not available to us through contemporary TV shows. The question, why don't they just sleep together, well, there's a potential answer in a Jane Austen story. In the Israeli TV show, Srugim, which is about modern Orthodox Jews, there's also an answer, but in most Hollywood TV, there's no answer. They're just going to sleep together, and it can become very boring quite rapidly.Henry Here's a reader question. Why is the market for classics so good, but nobody reads them? I think what they're saying is a lot of people aren't actually reading Shakespeare, but they still agree he's the best, so how can that be?Tyler A lot of that is just social conformity bias, but I see more and more people, and I mean intellectuals here, challenging the quality of Shakespeare. On the internet, every possible opinion will be expressed, is one way to put it. I think the market for classics is highly efficient in the following sense, that if you asked, say, GPT or Claude, which are the most important classics to read, that literally everything listed would be a great book. You could have it select 500 works, and every one of them would really be very good and interesting. If you look at Harold Bloom's list at the back of the Western canon, I think really just about every one of those is quite worthwhile, and that we got to that point is, to me, one of the great achievements of the contemporary world, and it's somewhat under-praised, because you go back in earlier points of time, and I think it's much less efficient, the market for criticism, if you would call it that.Henry Someone was WhatsAppping me the other day that GPT's list of 50 best English poets was just awful, and I said, well, you're using GPT4, o1 gives you the right list.Tyler Yeah, and o1 Pro may give you a slightly better list yet, or maybe the prompt has to be better, but it's interesting to me how many people, they love to attack literary criticism as the greatest of all villains, oh, they're all frustrated writers, they're all post-modernists, they're all extreme left-wingers. All those things might even be true to some extent, but the system as a whole, I would say completely has delivered, and especially people on the political and intellectual right, they often don't realize that. Just any work you want to read, if you put in a wee bit of time and go to a shelf of a good academic library, you can read fantastic criticism of it that will make your understanding of the work much better.Henry I used to believe, when I was young, I did sort of believe that the whole thing, oh, the Western canon's dying and everyone's given up on it, and I'm just so amazed now that the opposite has happened. It's very, very strong.Tyler I'm not sure how strong it is. I agree its force in discourse is strong, so something like, well, how often is it mentioned in my group chats? That's strongly rising, and that delights me, but that's a little different from it being strong, and I'm not sure how strong it is.Henry In an interview about your book Talent, you said this, “just get people talking about drama. I feel you learn a lot. It's not something they can prepare for. They can't really fake it. If they don't understand the topic, you can just switch to something else.”Tyler Yeah, that's great advice. You see how they think about how people relate to each other. It doesn't have to be fiction. I ask people a lot about Star Wars, Star Trek, whatever it is they might know that I have some familiarity with. Who makes the best decisions in Star Wars? Who gives the best advice? Yoda, Obi-Wan, Luke, Darth Vader, the Emperor?Henry It's a tough question.Tyler Yeah, yeah.Henry I don't know Star Wars, so I couldn't even answer that.Tyler You understand that you can't fake it. You can't prepare for it. It does show how the person thinks about advice and also drama.Henry Right. Now, you're a Shakespeare fan.Tyler Well, fan is maybe an understatement. He's better. He deserves better than fans.Henry How much of time, how much of your life have you spent reading and watching this work?Tyler I would say most of the plays from, say, like 1598 or 99 and after, I've read four to five times on average, some a bit more, some like maybe only three times. There's quite a few I've only read once and didn't like. Those typically are the earlier ones. When it comes to watching Shakespeare, I have to confess, I don't and can't understand it, so I'm really not able to watch it either on the stage or in a movie and profit from it. I think I partially have an auditory processing disorder that if I hear Shakespeare, you know, say at Folger in DC, I just literally cannot understand the words. It's like listening to Estonian, so I've gone some number of times. I cannot enjoy what you would call classic Shakespeare movies like Kenneth Branagh, Henry V, which gets great reviews, intelligent people love it. It doesn't click for me at all. I can't understand what's going on. The amount of time I've put into listening to it, watching it is very low and it will stay low. The only Shakespeare movies I like are the weird ones like Orson Welles' Chimes at Midnight or Baz Luhrmann's Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. I think they're fantastic, but they're not obsessed with reciting the text.Henry So, you're reading with notes and you're piecing it together as you go.Tyler I feel the versions in my head are better than anything I see on the screen also, so that's another reason. I just think they're to be read. I fully understand that's not how Shakespeare seemed to view them, but that's a way in which we readers, in a funny way, can improve on Shakespeare's time.Henry No, I agree with you. The thing I get the most pushback about with Shakespeare is when I say that he was a great thinker.Tyler He's maybe the best thinker.Henry Right. But tell us what you mean by that.Tyler I don't feel I can articulate it. It's a bit like when o3 Pro gives you an answer so good you don't quite appreciate it yourself. Shakespeare is like o7 Pro or something. But the best of the plays seem to communicate the entirety of human existence in a way that I feel I can barely comprehend and I find in very, very little else. Even looking at other very great works such as Bleak House, I don't find it. Not all of the plays. There's very, very good plays that don't do that. Just say Macbeth and Othello. I don't feel do that at all. Not a complaint, but something like Hamlet or King Lear or Tempest or some of the comedies. It's just somehow all laid out there and all inside it at the same time. I don't know any other way of putting it.Henry A lot of people think that Shakespeare is overrated. We only read him because it's a status game. We've internalized these snobbish values. We see this stated a lot. What's your response to these people?Tyler Well, I feel sorry for them. But look, there's plenty of things I can't understand. I just told you if I go to see the plays, I'm completely lost. I know the fault is mine, so to speak. I don't blame Shakespeare or the production, at least not necessarily. Those are people who are in a similar position, but somehow don't have enough metarationality to realize the fault is on them. I think that's sad. But there's other great stuff they can do and probably they're doing it. That's fine.Henry Should everyone read Shakespeare at school?Tyler If you say everyone, I resist. But it certainly should be in the curriculum. But the real question is who can teach it? But yeah, it's better than not doing it. When I was in high school, we did Taming of the Shrew, which I actually don't like very much, and it put me off a bit. We did Macbeth, which is a much better play. But in a way, it's easy to teach. Macbeth, to me, is like a perfect two-minute punk rock song. It does something. It delivers. But it's not the Shakespeare that puts everything on the table, and the plot is easy to follow. You can imagine even a mediocre teacher leading students through it. It's to me still a little underwhelming if that's what we teach them. Then finally, my last year, we did Hamlet, and I'm like, whoa, okay, now I get it. Probably we do it wrong in a lot of cases, would be my guess. What's wrong with the Taming of the Shrew? It's a lot of yelling and screaming and ordinary. To me, it's not that witty. There's different views, like is it offensive to women, offensive to men? That's not my main worry. But those questions, I feel, also don't help the play, and I just don't think Shakespeare was fully mature when he wrote it. What was the year on that? Do you know offhand?Henry It's very early.Tyler It's very early. Very early, yeah. So if you look at the other plays that surround it, they're also not as top works. So why should we expect that one to be?Henry What can arts funding learn from the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatres?Tyler Current arts funding? I don't think that much. I think the situation right now is so different, and what we should do so depends on the country, the state, the province, the region. Elizabethan times do show that market support at art can be truly wonderful. We have plenty of that today. But if you're just, say, appointed to be chair of the NEA and you've got to make decisions, I'm not sure how knowing about Elizabethan theatre would help you in any direct way.Henry What do you think of the idea that the long history of arts funding is a move away from a small group, an individual patronage where taste was very important, towards a kind of institutional patronage, which became much more bureaucratic? And so one reason why we keep arguing about arts funding now is that a lot of it exhibits bad taste because the committee has to sort of agree on various things. And if we could reallocate somewhat towards individual patronage, we'd do better.Tyler I would agree with the latter two-thirds of that. How you describe earlier arts funding I think is more complicated than what you said. A lot of it is just people doing things voluntarily at zero pecuniary cost, like singing songs, songs around the campfire, or hymns in church, rather than it being part of a patronage model. But I think it's way overly bureaucratized. The early National Endowment for the Arts in the 1960s just let smart people make decisions with a minimum of fuss. And of course we should go back to that. Of course we won't. We send half the money to the state's arts agencies, which can be mediocre or just interested in economic development and a new arts center, as opposed to actually stimulating creativity per se. More over time is spent on staff. There are all these pressures from Congress, things you can't fund. It's just become far less effective, even though it spends somewhat more money. So that's a problem in many, many countries.Henry What Shakespeare critics do you like reading?Tyler For all his flaws, I still think Harold Bloom is worthwhile. I know he's gotten worse and worse as a critic and as a Shakespeare critic. Especially if you're younger, you need to put aside the Harold Bloom you might think you know and just go to some earlier Bloom. Those short little books he edited, where for a given Shakespeare play he'll collect maybe a dozen essays and write eight or ten pages at the front, those are wonderful. But Bradley, William Hazlitt, the two Goddard volumes, older works, I think are excellent. But again, if you just go, if you can, to a university library, go to the part on the shelf where there's criticism on a particular play and just pull down five to ten titles and don't even select for them and just bring those home. I think you'll learn a lot.Henry So you don't like The Invention of the Human by Bloom?Tyler Its peaks are very good, but there's a lot in it that's embarrassing. I definitely recommend it, but you need to recommend it with the caveat that a lot of it is over the top or bad. It doesn't bother me. But if someone professional or academic tells me they're totally put off by the book, I don't try to talk them out of that impression. I just figure they're a bit hopelessly stuck on judging works by their worst qualities.Henry In 2018, you wrote this, “Shakespeare, by the way, is Girard's most important precursor. Also throw in the New Testament, Hobbes, Tocqueville, and maybe Montaigne.” Tell us what you mean by that.Tyler That was pretty good for me to have written that. Well, in Shakespeare, you have rivalrous behavior. You have mimetic desire. You have the importance of twinning. There's ritual sacrifice in so many of the plays, including the political ones. Girard's title, Violence and the Sacred, also comes from Shakespeare. As you well know, the best Gerard book, Theater of Envy, is fully about Shakespeare. All of Girard is drenched with Shakespeare.Henry I actually only find Girard persuasive on Shakespeare. The further I get away from that, the more I'm like, this is super overstated. I just don't think this is how humans ... I think this is too mono-explanation of humans. When I read the Shakespeare book, I think, wow, I never understood Midsummer Night's Dream until I read Girard.Tyler I think it's a bit like Harold Bloom. There's plenty in Girard you can point to as over the top. I think also for understanding Christianity, he has something quite unique and special and mostly correct. Then on other topics, it's anthropologically very questionable, but still quite stimulating. I would defend it on that basis, as I would Harold Girard.Henry No, I like Gerard, but I feel like the Shakespeare book gets less attention than the others.Tyler That's right. It's the best one and it's also the soundest one. It's the truly essential one.Henry How important was Shakespeare in the development of individualism?Tyler Probably not at all, is my sense. Others know more about the history than I do, but if I think of 17th century England, where some strands of individualist thought come from, well, part of it is coming from the French Huguenots and not from Shakespeare. A lot of it is coming from the Bible and not from Shakespeare. The levelers, John Locke, some of that is coming from English common law and not from Shakespeare. Then there's the ancient world. I don't quite see a strong connection to Shakespeare, but I'd love it if you could talk me into one.Henry My feeling is that the 1570s are the time when diaries begin to become personal records rather than professional records. What you get is a kind of Puritan self-examination. They'll write down, I said this, I did this, and then in the margin they'll put, come back and look at this and make sure you don't do this again. This new process of overhearing yourself is a central part of what Shakespeare's doing in his drawing. I think this is the thing that Bloom gets right, is that as you go through the plays in order, you see the very strong development of the idea that a stock character or someone who's drawing on a tradition of stock characters will suddenly say, oh, I just heard myself say that I'm a villain. Am I a villain? I'm sort of a villain. Maybe I'm not a villain. He develops this great art of self-referential self-development. I think that's one of the reasons why Shakespeare became so important to being a well-educated English person, is that you couldn't really get that in imaginative literature.Tyler I agree with all that, but I'm not sure the 17th century would have been all that different without Shakespeare, in literary terms, yes, but it seemed to me the currents of individualism were well underway. Other forces sweeping down from Europe, from the further north, competition across nations requiring individualism as a way of getting more wealth, the beginnings of economic thought which became individualistic and gave people a different kind of individualistic way of viewing the world. It seems so over-determined. Causally, I wouldn't ascribe much of a role to Shakespeare, but I agree with every sentence you said and what you said.Henry Sure, but you don't think the role of imaginative literature is somehow a fundamental transmission mechanism for all of this?Tyler Well, the Bible, I think, was quite fundamental as literature, not just as theology. So I would claim that, but keep in mind the publication and folio history of Shakespeare, which you probably know better than I do, it's not always well-known at every point in time by everyone.Henry I think it's always well-known by the English.Tyler I don't know, but I don't think it's dominant in the way that, say, Pilgrim's Progress was dominant for a long time.Henry Sure, sure, sure. And you wouldn't then, what would you say about later on, that modern European liberalism is basically the culture of novel reading and that we live in a society that's shaped by that? Do you have the same thing, like it's not causal?Tyler I don't know. That's a tricky question. The true 19th century novel I think of as somewhat historicist, often nationalist, slightly collectivist, certainly not Marxist, but in some ways illiberal. And so many of the truly great novel writers were not so liberal. And the real liberal novels, like Mancini's The Betrothed, which I quite enjoy, but it's somewhat of a slight work, right? And it might be a slight work because it is happy and liberal and open-minded. There's something about the greatest of creators, they tend to be pessimistic or a bit nasty or there's some John Lennon in them, there's Jonathan Swift, Swift, it's complicated. In some ways he's illiberal, but he's considered a Tory and in many ways he's quite an extreme reactionary. And the great age of the novel I don't think of is so closely tied to liberalism.Henry One of the arguments that gets made is like, you only end up with modern European liberalism through a culture where people are just spending a lot of time reading novels and imagining what it is like to be someone else, seeing from multiple different perspectives. And therefore it's less about what is the quote unquote message of the story and more about the habitual practice of thinking pluralistically.Tyler I think I would be much more inclined to ascribe that to reading newspapers and pamphlets than novels. I think of novels as modestly reactionary in their net impact, at least in the 19th century. I think another case in point, not just Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, one of the great novelists, had bad politics, right, was through Germany in the first world war. So if you look at the very greatest novels, there's something a bit problematic about many of their creators. They're not Nazis, they're not Stalinists, but they're not where I'm at either.Henry Now in 2017, a lot of people were complaining about Donald Trump as Julius Caesar and there was some farce about a production, I think it was put on in New York or DC maybe. And you said, no, no, no, he's not Caesar. He's more like a Shakespearean fool because he's the truth teller. What do you think of that view now?Tyler That was a Bloomberg column I wrote, I think in 2017. And I think that's held up quite well. So there's many criticisms of Trump that he's some kind of fascist. I don't think those have held up very well. He is a remarkable orator, coiner of phrase, coiner of insults, teller of truths, combined with a lot of nonsense and just nonsense talk, like the Covfefe tweet or whatever it was. And there's something tragic about Trump that he may well fail even by his own standards. He has a phenomenal sense of humor. I think people have realized that more and more. The fact that his popularity has persisted has forced a lot of people to reexamine just Trump as an individual and to see what a truly unique talent he is, whether you like him as your president or not. And that, I think, is all Shakespearean.Henry Some of the people around Trump now, they're trying to do DOGE and deregulation and other things. Are there Shakespearean lessons that they should be bearing in mind? Should we send them to see the Henriad before they get started?Tyler Send them to read the Henriad before they get started. The complicated nature of power: that the king never has the power that he needs to claim he does is quite significant. The ways in which power cannot be delegated, Shakespeare is extremely wise on. And yes, the DOGE people absolutely need to learn those lessons.Henry The other thing I'd take from the Henriad is time moves way quicker than anyone thinks it does. Even the people who are trying to move quite quickly in the play, they get taken over very rapidly by just changing-Tyler Yes. Once things start, it's like, oh my goodness, they just keep on running and no one's really in control. And that's a Shakespearean point as well.Henry Yeah. Here's another quote from the Bloomberg column, “given Shakespeare's brilliance in dramatizing the irrational, one of my biggest fears is that Shakespeare is indeed still a thinker for our times.” Has that come more true in recent years?Tyler I think more true. So from my point of view, the world is getting weirder in some very good ways and in some very bad ways. The arbitrary exercise of power has become more thinkable. You see this from Putin. We may see it from China. In the Middle East, it's happened as well. So the notion also that rulers can be their own worst enemies or human beings can be their own worst enemies. I think we see more when the world is volatile than when the world is stable, almost definitionally.Henry You once said Julius Caesar was an overrated play. Tell us why.Tyler You know, I read it again after I wrote that and it went up in my eyes. But I suppose I still think it's a bit overrated by people who love it. It's one of these mono plays like Macbeth or Othello. It does one thing very, very well. I think the mystical elements in it I had underappreciated on earlier readings and the complexity of the characters I had underappreciated. So I feel I was a little harsh on it. But I just wouldn't put it in the underrated category. Julius Caesar is such a well-known historical figure. It's so easy for that play to become focal. And Brutus and, you know, the stabbing, the betrayal, it's a little too easy for it to become famous. And I guess that's why I think within the world of Shakespeare fans, it still might be a little overrated.Henry It's written at a similar time to Hamlet and Twelfth Night, and I think it gets caught up in the idea that this was a great pivotal moment for Shakespeare. But actually I agree, over the years I've come to think it's really just not the equal of the other plays it's surrounded by.Tyler Yeah, that's still my view. Absolutely. Not the equal of those two, certainly.Henry What is the most underrated play?Tyler I'm not sure how they're all rated. So I used to think Winter's Tale, clearly. But I've heard so many people say it's the most underrated, including you, I think. I don't know if I can believe that anymore. So I think I have to go with The Henriad, because to me that's the greatest thing Shakespeare ever did. And I don't think it's commonly recognized as such. I mean, Hamlet or King Lear would typically be nominated. And those are top, top, top, top. But I'll still go with The Henriad.Henry You are saying Henriad above Hamlet, above Lear, above Twelfth Night.Tyler Maybe it's not fair because you have multiple plays, right? What if, you know, there were three Hamlets? Maybe that would be better. But still, if I have to pick, no one of The Henriad comes close to Hamlet. But if you can consider it as a whole in the evolution of the story, for me it's a clear winner. And it's what I've learned the most from. And a problem with Hamlet, not Shakespeare's fault, but Hamlet became so popular you hear lesser versions of themes and ideas from Hamlet your whole life. It's a bit like seeing Mondrian on the shopping bag. That does not happen, really, with The Henriad. So that has hurt Hamlet, but without meaning it's, you know, a lesser play. King Lear, you have less of that. It's so bleak and tragic. It's harder to put on the shopping bag, so to speak. In that sense, King Lear has held up a bit better than Hamlet has.Henry Why do you admire The Winter's Tale so much? What do you like about it?Tyler There's some mysterious sense of beauty in it that even in other Shakespearean plays I don't feel. And a sense of miracle and wonder, also betrayal and how that is mixed in with the miracle and wonder. Somehow he makes it work. It's quite an unlikely play. And the jealousy and the charge of infidelity I take much more seriously than other readers of the play do. I don't think you can say there's a Straussian reading where she clearly fooled around on the king. But he's not just crazy, either. And there are plenty of hints that something might have happened. It's still probably better to infer it didn't happen. But it's a more ambiguous play than it is typically read as.Henry Yes, someone said to me, ask if he thinks Hermione has an affair. And you're saying maybe.Tyler Again, in a prediction market, I'll bet no, but we're supposed to wonder. We're not supposed to just think the king is crazy.Henry I know you don't like to see it, but my view is that because we believe in this sudden jealousy theory, it's often not staged very well. And that's one reason why it's less popular than it ought to be.Tyler I've only seen it once. I suspect that was true. I saw it, in fact, last year. And the second half of the play was just awful. The first half, you could question. But it was a painful experience. It was just offensively stupid. One of the great regrets of my life is I did not drive up to New York City to see Bergman present his version of Winter's Tale in Swedish. And I'm quite sure that would have been magnificent and that he would have understood it very deeply and very well. That was just stupid of me. This was, I think, in the early 90s. I forget exactly when.Henry I think that's right. And there's a theater library where if you want to go and sit in the archive, you can see it.Tyler I will do that at some point. Part of my worry is I don't believe their promise. I know you can read that promise on the internet, but when you actually try to find the person who can track it down for you and give you access, I have my doubts. If I knew I could do it, I would have done it by now.Henry I'll give you the email because I think I actually found that person. Does Romeo actually love Juliet?Tyler Of course not. It's a play about perversion and obsession and family obligation and rebellion. And there's no love between the two at all. And if you read it with that in mind, once you see that, you can't unsee it. So that's an underrated play. People think, oh, star-crossed teen romance, tragic ending, boo-hoo. That's a terrible reading. It's just a superficial work of art if that's what you think it is.Henry I agree with you, but there are eminent Shakespeare professors who take that opinion.Tyler Well maybe we're smarter than they are. Maybe we know more about other things. You shouldn't let yourself be intimidated by critics. They're highly useful. We shouldn't trash them. We shouldn't think they're all crummy left-wing post-modernists. But at the end of the day, I don't think you should defer to them that much either.Henry Sure. So you're saying Juliet doesn't love Romeo?Tyler Neither loves the other.Henry Okay. Because my reading is that Romeo has a very strong death drive or dark side or whatever.Tyler That's the strong motive in the play is the death drive, yeah.Henry And what that means is that it's not his tragedy, it's her tragedy. She actually is an innocent young girl. Okay, maybe she doesn't love him, it's a crush or it's whatever, but she actually is swept up in the idea of this handsome stranger. She can get out of her family. She's super rebellious. There's that wonderful scene where she plays all sweetness and light to her nurse and then she says, I'm just lying to you all and I'm going to get out of here. Whereas he actually is, he doesn't have any romantic feeling for her. He's really quite a sinister guy.Tyler Those are good points. I fully agree. I still would interpret that as she not loving him, but I think those are all good insights.Henry You've never seen it staged in this way? You've never seen any one?Tyler The best staging is that Baz Luhrmann movie I mentioned, which has an intense set of references to Haitian voodoo in Romeo and Juliet when you watch the movie. The death drive is quite clear. That's the best staging I know of, but I've never seen it on the stage ever. I've seen the Zeffirelli movie, I think another film instance of it, but no, it's the Haitian voodoo version that I like.Henry He makes it seem like they love each other, right?Tyler In a teenage way. I don't feel that he gets it right, but I feel he creates a convincing universe through which the play usefully can be viewed.Henry The Mercutio death, I think, is never going to be better than in that film. What do you like about Antonin Cleopatra?Tyler It's been a long time since I've read that. What a strong character she is. The sway people can exercise over each other. The lines are very good. It's not a top Shakespeare favorite of mine, but again, if anyone else had done it, you would just say this is one of the greatest plays ever, and it is.Henry I think it's going to be much more of a play for our times because many people in the Trump administration are going to have that. They're torn between Rome and Egypt, as it were, and the personal conflicts are going to start getting serious for them, if you like.Tyler There's no better writer or thinker on personal conflict than Shakespeare, right?Henry Yes. Now, you do like Measure for Measure, but you're less keen on All's Well That Ends Well. Is that right?Tyler I love Measure for Measure. To me, it's still somewhat underrated. I think it's risen in status. All's Well That Ends Well, I suspect you need to be good at listening to Shakespeare, which as I've already said, I'm not. It's probably much better than I realize it is for that reason. I'm not sure on the printed page it works all that well.Henry Yeah. That's right. I think it's one of the most important plays. Why? Because I think there are two or three basic factors about Shakespeare's drama, which is like the story could often branch off in different directions. You often get the sense that he could swerve into a different genre. The point Samuel Johnson made about whenever someone's running off to the tavern, someone else is being buried, right? And a lot of the time he comes again and again to the same types of situations, the same types of characters, the same types of family set up. And he ends the plays in different ways and he makes it fall out differently. And I think Helena is very representative of a lot of these facets. Everyone thinks she's dead, but she's not dead. Sometimes it looks like it's going badly for her when actually it's going well. No one in the play ever really has an honest insight into her motives. And there comes a point, I think, when just the overall message of Shakespeare's work collectively is things go very wrong very quickly. And if you can get to some sort of happy ending, you should take it. You should be pragmatic and say, OK, this isn't the perfect marriage. This isn't the perfect king. But you know what? We could be in a civil war. Everyone could be dead. All's well that ends well. That's good advice. Let's take it.Tyler I should reread it. Number one in my reread pile right now is Richard II, which I haven't read in a long time. And there's a new biography out about Richard II. And I'm going to read the play and the biography more or less in conjunction. And there's a filming of Richard II that I probably won't enjoy, but I'll try. And I'm just going to do that all together, probably sometime over this break. But I'll have all's well that ends well is next on my reread list. You should always have a Shakespeare to reread list, right?Henry Always. Oh, of course. Is Shakespeare a good economic thinker?Tyler Well, he's a great thinker. I would say he's better than a good economic thinker. He understands the motive of money, but it's never just the motive of money. And Shakespeare lowers the status of economic thinking, I would say, overall, in a good way. He's better than us.Henry What are your thoughts on The Merchant of Venice?Tyler Quite underrated. People have trouble with it because it is very plausibly anti-Semitic. And everyone has to preface any praise they give it with some kind of disavowal or whatever. The way I read the play, which could be wrong, but it's actually more anti-anti-Semitic than it is anti-Semitic. So the real cruel mean people are those who torment the Jew. I'm not saying Shakespeare was not in some ways prejudiced against Jews and maybe other groups, but actually reading it properly should make people more tolerant, not because they're reacting against Shakespeare's anti-Semitism, but because the proper message of the play understood at a deeper level is toleration.Henry You teach a law and literature class, I think.Tyler Well, I did for 20 years, but I don't anymore.Henry Did you teach Merchant of Venice?Tyler I taught it two or three times, yes.Henry How did your students react to it?Tyler Whenever I taught them Shakespeare, which was actually not that much, they always liked it, but they didn't love it. And there's some version of Shakespeare you see on the screen when it's a decent but not great filmed adaptation where there's the mechanics of the plot and you're held in suspense and then there's an ending. And I found many of them read Shakespeare in those terms and they quite enjoyed it, but somehow they didn't get it. And I think that was true for Merchant of Venice as well. I didn't feel people got hung up on the anti-Semitism point. They could put that aside and just treat it as a play, but still I didn't feel that people got it.Henry Should we read Shakespeare in translation?Tyler Well, many people have to. I've read some of the Schlegel translations. I think they're amazing. My wife, Natasha, who grew up in the Soviet Union, tells me there are very good Russian language translations, which I certainly believe her. The Schlegels are different works. They're more German romantic, as you might expect, but that's fine, especially if you know the original. My guess is there are some other very good translations. So in that qualified way, the translations, a few of them can be quite valuable. I worry that at some point we'll all need to read it in some sort of translation, as Chaucer is mostly already true for Chaucer. You probably don't have to read Chaucer in translation, but I do.Henry I feel like I shouldn't read it in translation, I think.Tyler But you do, right? Or you don't?Henry No, I read the original. I make myself do the original.Tyler I just can't understand the original well enough.Henry But I put the time in when I was young, and I think you retain a sense of it. Do you think, though, if we read, let's say we read Shakespeare in a modern English version, how much are we getting?Tyler It'll be terrible. It'll be a negative. It will poison your brain. So this, to me, will be highly unfortunate. Better to learn German and read the Schlegel than to read someone turning Shakespeare into current English. The only people who could do it maybe would be like the Trinidadians, who still have a marvelous English, and it would be a completely different work. But at least it might be something you could be proud of.Henry I'd like to read some of that. That would be quite an exciting project.Tyler Maybe it's been done. I don't know. But just an Americanized Hollywood version, like, no, that's just a negative. It's destructive.Henry Now, you're very interested in the 17th century, which I think is when we first get steady economic growth, East India Company, England is settling in America.Tyler Political parties. Some notion of the rule of law. A certain theory of property rights. Very explicit individualism. Social contract theories. You get Hobbes, Isaac Newton, calculus. We could go on. Some people would say, well, Westphalia, you get the modern nation state. That to me is a vaguer date to pin that on. But again, it's a claim you can make of a phenomenal century. People aren't that interested in it anymore, I think.Henry How does Shakespeare fit into this picture?Tyler Well, if you think of the years, if you think of the best ones, they start, like what, 1598, 1599. And then by 1600, they're almost all just wonderful. He's a herald. I don't think he's that causal. But he's a sign, the first totally clear sign that all the pieces have fallen into place. And we know the 17th century gave us our greatest thinker. And in terms of birth, not composition, it gave us our greatest composer, Bach.Henry So we can't have Shakespeare without all of this economic and philosophic and political activity. He's sort of, those things are necessary conditions for what he's doing.Tyler He needed the 16th century, and there's some very good recent books on how important the 16th century was for the 17th century. So I think more and more, as I read more, I'll come to see the roots of the 17th and the 16th century. And Shakespeare is reflecting that by bridging the two.Henry What are the recent books that you recommend about the 16th century?Tyler Oh, I forget the title, but there's this book about Elizabethan England, came out maybe three or four years ago, written by a woman. And it just talks about markets and commerce and creativity, surging during that time. In a way, obvious points, but she put them together better than anyone else had. And there's this other new German book about the 16th century. It's in my best of the year list that I put up on Marginal Revolution, and I forget the exact title, but I've been reading that slowly. And that's very good. So I expect to make further intellectual moves in that direction.Henry Was Shakespeare anti-woke?Tyler I don't know what that means in his context. He certainly understands the real truths are deeper, but to pin the word anti on him is to make him smaller. And like Harold Bloom, I will refuse to do that.Henry You don't see some sense in which ... A lot of people have compared wokeness to the Reformation, right? I mean, it's a kind of weak comparison.Tyler Yes, but only some strands of it. You wouldn't say Luther was woke, right?Henry But you don't see some way in which Shakespeare is, not in an anti way, in a complicated way, but like a reaction against some of these forces in the way that Swift would be a reaction against certain forces in his time.Tyler Well I'm not even sure what Shakespeare's religion was. Some people claim he was Catholic. To me that's plausible, but I don't know of any clear evidence. He does not strike me as very religious. He might be a lapsed Catholic if I had to say. I think he simply was always concerned with trying to view and present things in a deeper manner and there were so many forces he could have been reacting against with that one. I don't know exactly what it was in the England of his time that specifically he was reacting against. If someone says, oh, it was the strand of Protestant thought, I would say fine, it might have been that. A la Peter Thiel, couldn't you say it's over determined and name 47 other different things as well?Henry Now, if you were talking to rationalists, effective altruists, people from Silicon Valley, all these kinds of groups, would you say to them, you should read Shakespeare, you should read fiction, or would you just say, you're doing great, don't worry that you're missing out on this?Tyler Well, I'm a little reluctant to just tell people you should do X. I think what I've tried to do is to be an example of doing X and hope that example is somewhat contagious. Other people are contagious on me, as for instance, you have been. That's what I like to do. Now, it's a question, if someone needs a particular contagion, does that mean it's high marginal value or does it mean, in some sense, they're immue from the bug and you can't actually get them interested? It can go either way. Am I glad that Peter Singer has specialized in being Peter Singer, even though I disagree with much of it? I would say yes. Peter had his own homecoming. As far as I know, it was not Shakespearean, but when he wrote that book about the history of Vienna and his own family background, that was in a sense Peter doing his version of turning Shakespearean. It was a good book and it deepened his thought, but at the end of the day, I also see he's still Peter Singer, so I don't know. I think the Shakespearean perspective itself militates a bit against telling people they should read Shakespeare.Henry Sure. Patrick Collison today has tweeted about, I think, 10 of the great novels that he read this year. It's a big, long tweet with all of his novels.Tyler Yeah, it's wonderful.Henry Yeah, it's great. At the end, he basically says the reason to read them is just that they're great. Appreciation of excellence is a good thing for its own sake. You're not going to wrench a utilitarian benefit out of this stuff. Is that basically your view?Tyler I fully agree with that, but he might slightly be underrating the utilitarian benefits. If you read a particular thing, whatever it is, it's a good way of matching with other people who will deepen you. If it's Shakespeare, or if it's science fiction, or if it's economics, I think there's this big practical benefit from the better matching. I think, actually, Patrick himself, over time in his life, he will have a different set of friends, somewhat, because he wrote that post, and that will be good.Henry There's a utilitarian benefit that we both love Bleak House, therefore we can talk about it. This just opens up a lot of conversation and things for us that we wouldn't otherwise get.Tyler We're better friends, and we're more inclined to chat with each other, do this podcast, because we share that. That's clearly true in our case. I could name hundreds of similar cases, myself, people I know. That's important. So much of life is a matching problem, which includes matching to books, but also, most importantly, matching to people.Henry You're what? You're going to get better matching with better books, because Bleak House is such a great book. You're going to get better opportunities for matching.Tyler Of course, you'll understand other books better. There's something circular in that. I get it. A lot of value is circular, and the circle is how you cash in, not leaving the circle, so that's fine.Henry You don't think there's a ... I mean, some of the utilitarian benefits that are claimed like it gives you empathy, it improves your EQ or whatever, I think this is all complete rubbish.Tyler I'd love to see the RCTs, but in the prediction markets, I'll bet no. But again, I have an open mind. If someone had evidence, they could sway me, but I doubt it. I don't see it.Henry But I do think literature is underrated as a way of thinking.Tyler Yes, absolutely, especially by people we are likely to know.Henry Right. And that is quite a utilitarian benefit, right? If you can get yourself into that mindset, that is directly useful.Tyler I agree. The kind of career I've had, which is too complicated to describe for those of you who don't know it, but I feel I could not have had it without having read a lot of fiction.Henry Right. And I think that would be true for a lot of people, even if they don't recognize it directly in their own lives, right?Tyler Yes. In Silicon Valley, you see this huge influence of Lord of the Rings. Yes. And that's real, I think. It's not feigned, and that's also a great book.Henry One of the best of the 20th century, no doubt.Tyler Absolutely. And the impact it has had on people still has. It's an example of some classics get extremely elevated, like Shakespeare, Austen, and also Tolkien. It's one of them that just keeps on rising.Henry Ayn Rand is quite influential.Tyler Increasingly so. And that has held up better than I ever would have thought. Depends on the book. It's complicated, but yes, you have to say, held up better than one ever would have thought.Henry Are you going to go and do a reread?Tyler I don't think I can. I feel the newspaper is my reread of Atlas Shrugged, that suffices.Henry Is GPT good at Shakespeare, or LLMs generally?Tyler They're very useful for fiction, I've found. It was fantastic for reading Vassily Grossman's Life and Fate. I have never used them for Shakespeare, not once. That's an interesting challenge, because it's an earlier English. There's a depth in Shakespeare that might exceed current models. I'd love to see a project at some point in time to train AI for Shakespeare the way some people are doing it for Math Olympiads. But finding the human graders would be tough, though not impossible. You should be one of them. I would love that. I hope some philanthropist makes that happen.Henry Agreed. We're here, and we're ready.Tyler Yes, very ready.Henry What do you think about Shakespeare's women?Tyler The best women in all of fiction. They're marvelous, and they're attractive, and they're petulant, and they're romantic, and they're difficult, and they're stubborn, or whatever you want, it's in there. Just phenomenal. It's a way in which Shakespeare, again, I don't want to say anti-woke, but he just gives you a much deeper, better vision than the wokes would give you. Each one is such a distinctive voice. Yeah, fantastic. In a funny way, he embodies a lot of woke insights. The ways in which gender becomes malleable in different parts of stories is very advanced for his time.Henry It's believable also. The thing that puzzles me, so believable. What puzzles me is he's so polyphonic, and he represents that way of thinking so well, but I get the sense that John Stuart Mill, who wrote the Bentham essay and everything, just wasn't that interested in Shakespeare relative to the other things he was reading.Tyler He did write a little bit on Shakespeare, didn't he? But not much. But it wasn't wonderful. It was fine, but not like the Bentham Coleridge.Henry I think I've seen it in letters where he's like, oh, Shakespeare, pretty good. This, to me, is a really weird gap in the history of literature.Tyler But this does get to my point, where I don't think Shakespeare was that important for liberalism or individualism. The people who were obsessed with Shakespeare, as you know, were the German romantics, with variants, but were mostly illiberal or non-liberal. That also, to me, makes sense.Henry That's a good point. That's a good challenge. My last question is, you do a lot of talent spotting and talent assessing. How do you think about Shakespeare's career?Tyler I feel he is someone I would not have spotted very well. I feel bad about that. We don't know that much about him. As you well know, people still question if Shakespeare was Shakespeare. That's not my view. I'm pretty orthodox on the matter. But what the signs would have been in those early plays that he would have, say, by so far have exceeded Marlowe or even equaled Marlowe, I definitely feel I would have had a Zoom call with him and said, well, send me a draft, and read the early work, and concluded he would be like second-tier Marlowe, and maybe given him a grant for networking reasons, totally missed the boat. That's how I assess, how I would have assessed Shakespeare at the time, and that's humbling.Henry Would you have been good at assessing other writers of any period? Do you think there are other times when you would have?Tyler If I had met young Thomas Mann, I think there's a much greater chance I would have been thrilled. If I had met young Johann Sebastian Bach, I think there's a strong chance I would have been thrilled. Now, music is different. It's like chess. You can excel at quite a young age. But there's something about the development of Shakespeare where I think it is hard to see where it's headed early on. And it's the other question, how would I have perceived Shakespeare's work ethic? There's different ways you could interpret the biography here. But the biography of Bach, or like McCartney, clearly just obsessed with work ethic. You could not have missed it if you met young Bach, I strongly suspect. But Shakespeare, it's not clear to me you would see the work ethic early on or even later on.Henry No, no. I agree with that, actually.Tyler Same with Goethe. If I met early Goethe, my guess is I would have felt, well, here's the next Klopstock, which is fine, worthy of a grand. But Goethe was far more than that. And he always had these unfinished works. And you would, oh, come on, you're going to finish this one. Like you'd see Werther. OK, you made a big splash. But is your second novel just going to bomb? I think those would have been my hesitations. But I definitely would have funded Goethe as the next Klopstock, but been totally wrong and off base.Henry Right. And I think the thing I took away from the A.N. Wilson biography, which you also enjoyed recently, was I was amazed just how much time Goethe didn't spend working. Like I knew he wasn't always working, but there was so much wasted time in his life.Tyler Yes, but I do wonder with that or any biography, and I don't mean this as a criticism of Wilson, I think we know much less than we think we do about earlier times in general. So he could have been doing things that don't turn up in any paperwork. Sure, sure, sure. So I'm not sure how lazy he was, but I would just say, unlike Bach or say Paul McCartney, it's not evident that he was the world's hardest worker.Henry And Mozart, would you have? How do you feel about Mozart's early career?Tyler Well, Mozart is so exceptional, so young, it's just very easy to spot. I don't I don't even think there's a puzzle there unless you're blind. Now, I don't love Mozart before, I don't know, like the K-330s maybe, but still as a player, even just as a lower quality composer, I think you would bet the house on Mozart at any age where you could have met him and talked to him.Henry So you think K-100s, you can see the beginnings of the great symphonies, the great concertos?Tyler Well, I would just apply the Cowen test at how young in age was this person trying at all? And that would just dominate and I wouldn't worry too much about how good it was. And if I heard Piano Concerto No. 9, which is before K-330, I'm pretty sure that's phenomenal. But even if I hadn't heard that, it's like this guy's trying. He's going to be on this amazing curve. Bet the house on Mozart. It's a no-brainer. If you don't do that, you just shouldn't be doing talent at all. He's an easy case. He's one of the easiest cases you can think of.Henry Tyler Cowen, this was great. Thank you very much.Tyler Thank you very much, Henry. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.commonreader.co.uk/subscribe

Welcome back! Thank you for listening to me for long! We cover the end and effects of the Thirty Years War this week. The war that devastated Germany for thirty years finally came to and end, and the European world would be changed, whether it wanted or not. No area sees this much war and doesn't change as a result. I hope you enjoyed this episode, and I'll see you next time with my continued epilogue!Support the show Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

Metz, France was host to one of the most prominent Jewish communities in the world at one point in history. An ancient Jewish community, it experienced a flourishing during medieval times before the Jews were expelled in 1365. Jewish settlement was again permitted in the mid-16th century and from 1648 following the Peace of Westphalia until the French Revolution in 1789, Metz experienced a golden age for its Jewish community. As one of the wealthiest Jewish communities in the world during this time, it attracted prestigious rabbinical talent with some of the greatest rabbis of the 18th century having served at its helm, including the Pnei Yehoshua, Rav Yonasan Eybuschitz, the Shaagas Aryeh and many others. It also funded a large yeshiva, and the town itself enjoyed demographic and economic growth. Following the French Revolution, the Metz community continued to thrive, but not as a center that it once was. Although much of the Metz Jewish community was decimated during the Holocaust, it was rebuilt and the Metz Jewish community continues to flourish until this very day.   Cross River, a leading financial institution committed to supporting its communities, is proud to sponsor Jewish History Soundbites. As a trusted partner for individuals and businesses, Cross River understands the importance of preserving and celebrating our heritage. By sponsoring this podcast, they demonstrate their unwavering dedication to enriching the lives of the communities in which they serve. Visit Cross River at https://www.crossriver.com/   Subscribe to Jewish History Soundbites Podcast on: PodBean: https://jsoundbites.podbean.com/ or your favorite podcast platform Follow us on LinkedIn, Twitter or Instagram at @Jsoundbites For sponsorship opportunities about your favorite topics of Jewish history or feedback contact Yehuda at:  yehuda@yehudageberer.com  

In this episode, on top of all the wargaming news, we dive into a common challenge for wargamers of all experience levels: finding new people to share the tabletop battlefield with. Whether you're new to the hobby or a seasoned wargamer looking to expand your circle, we discuss tips, tactics, and resources for finding like-minded players, from local clubs to online communities. Links: Vanguard Normandy (Warlord) https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/warlordgames/vanguard-normandy The Silver Bayonet: Italy: The Shades of Calabria (Osprey) The Armies of Westphalia and Wurzburg 1807-1814 The Fall of Berlin (RKX Miniatures) Des tranchées aux barricades: Revolt in the Desert Warfare 2024 Battleground Firestorm Games Footsore Miniatures

Welcome back! We come to the end to the war as the last fights of the war come to an end, the Treaty of Westphalia coming into being. The Siege of Prague was the last major battle of the war, and one of the most famous battles of the war. Thirty years of war has come to an end, and everyone will soon need to deal with the consequences of the war. Thank you for listening, and I'll see you guys next time!Support the show Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

State transportation officials say I-44 near Rolla remains closed this morning due to river flooding. Parts of southern Missouri have received a foot of rain, and two poll workers were swept to their deaths in southern Missouri's Wright County on election day. Missouri Secretary of State-elect Denny Hoskins (R-Warrensburg) joined us live on 939 the Eagle's "Wake Up Mid-Missouri." Senator Hoskins, who represents Cooper and Howard counties in mid-Missouri, captured about 58 percent of the vote in a four-way race to win secretary of state. He'll be sworn-in in January. Senator Hoskins tells listeners that he'll work with county clerks next year to come up with an emergency plan to prepare for flooding, tornadoes and other severe weather on election day. He expresses his condolences to the two flooding victims, a married couple. Senator Hoskins also discussed other priorities when he is sworn-in. He tells listeners that he wants to see am Office of Election Integrity at the four secretary of state offices in Jefferson City, Kansas City, St. Louis and Springfield. He also says no-excuse absentee voting, which he calls early voting, has been very popular. He plans to have an advisory panel with Missouri's 114 county clerks to see what worked well, what didn't work well and what needs improvements. Hoskins grew up in the small mid-Missouri town of Westphalia and is a Fatima high school graduate. We believe he's the first statewide officeholder to come from Westphalia, and Senator Hoskins thinks so too:

IMAGE Uriel jesusfb, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons LINKS Carlos Gustavo CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO on Catholic-Hierarchy.org: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcasmat.html   Carlos CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO on Gcatholic.org: https://gcatholic.org/p/62393  2019 Official Biographical Summary of Carlos Gustavo CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO (Italian): https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/01/25/190125a.html 2021 Catholic News Agency feature on Archbishop CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO: https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248671/lima-archbishop-proposes-replacing-priests-with-laity-as-pastors  2024 Pillar Catholic coverage including Cardinal-Elect CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO: https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/who-are-latin-americas-new-cardinals  Cruxnow coverage of Catacos community situation: https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2024/04/peru-farmers-meet-lima-archbishop-amid-dispute-with-catholic-group  NOTE: Free Adobe Podcast AI was used to help clean up some of the audio on this episode, as my setup and voice were both struggling this recording session but the show must go on. https://podcast.adobe.com/enhance#  TRANSCRIPT GREGG: Hello everyone, welcome to Cardinal Numbers, a rexypod reviewing and ranking all the Cardinals of the Catholic Church from the Catacombs to Kingdom Come. Today we're looking at our second bishop from the list of new Cardinals Pope Francis will be officially elevating on December 7th 2024, the vigil of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, because apparently the schedule was already too full for the 8th itself, despite that being the originally announced date of the consistory. Thankfully, through the magic of vigils, it's still falling on the same important feast day, but it's a glimpse into how closely guarded such things are until they are announced that the apparent scheduling conflict wasn't caught earlier. Anyways…   Carlos Gustavo CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO was born on February 28th 1950 in Lima, Peru. He's *our* first Cardinal from Peru, though of course that's not to be confused with being *the* first Cardinal from Peru. Not counting Carlos, there have been five Cardinals who were born in Peru, most of then, like Carlos, hailing from Lima specifically, including two who both happen to turn 80 this year, freeing up spots for more Peruvian electors in the college. Attentive listeners may also recall the case of Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost, who, though originally from Chicago, spent much of his career in Peru before being called to Rome.   But enough about Peru's other Cardinals, let's get back to young Carlos, our Cardinal of the day. By 1968, he was 18 and studying at the Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences at the San Marcos Higher National University of Lima, eventually obtaining a bachelor's degree in social sciences, graduating in 1973. You may have noticed that that's not a seminary, but don't worry, Carlos rectified that with his next move, entering the Santo Toribio di Mogrovejo major seminary of the archdiocese of Lima. Soon enough he was sent to the Gregorian in Rome, getting a degree in philosophy in 1979 and one in theology in 1983. Finally, he was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Lima in 1984 at the relatively advanced age of 34.   Carrying on at the Gregorian, Father Castillo followed up with a licentiate and then a doctorate in 1987 before returning to Peru for decades of pastoral work at various parishes and posts. Accompanying his pastoral work, Father Castillo served as assessor of the National Union of Catholic Students as well as lecturing in theology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. That last role brings some real spice to the conversation, as one bit that his Vatican bio just happens to leave off is the part where Father Castillo was suspended by the then-Archbishop of Lima Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani in 2013  due to vague “allegations of heterodoxy” and slightly more specific “attacks on the ecclesiastical hierarchy”, that is, the bishops. BENJAMIN JACOBS: Mein Gott! What a twist! GREGG Yes indeed, cohost Ben from Wittenberg to Westphalia. It's funny you've been silent the last, oh I don't know, forty odd episodes, but I appreciate you giving a good reaction there Just when I really needed my cohost to step up. Anyways, I should say, Archbishop Cipriani *tried* to suspend him, but the University didn't enforce the ban, so Castillo kept teaching. I'msure there's more to this story, especially because six years later Archbishop Cipriani was helping consecrate Father Castillo as his successor as Archbishop of Lima. *That* was *probably* awkward.   We get a bit more insight on what now-Archbishop Castillo's “heterodoxy” may have looked like with some quotes from 2019, his first year as Archbishop: for example when he acknowledged “abortion is the destruction of a life” but indicated that “people should reflect and decide freely” rather than having legal bans and interference from the Church, which is definitely an eyebrow-raising take coming from a Catholic Archbishop. The old “attacks on the ecclesiastical hierarchy” charge might also be clarified when we see that he was also then calling for the Vatican to give him permission to quote “appoint families, couples or groups of spouses or lay older people to lead parishes.” You know, stuff generally very much reserved for priests.   One aspect of Archbishop Castillo's tenure that definitely made it onto Pope Francis' radar is his engagement with the Catacaos peasant farming community from Piura in the north of the country. You see, in a nutshell, developers are trying to seize control of their lands and drive them off. And when I say “their lands”, I mean like this farming community was established in 1578, so we're talking many generations. Unfortunately from what I can tell they may not have full proper legal title for the land, which any lawyer will tell you is bad news.      One of the groups attempting to take over the land is a Catholic group known as the Saint John the Baptist Civil Association, which could not be happy with the Archbishop posing for photos with a delegation from Catacaos, although that would have been a drop in the ocean compared with a video message from Pope Francis to Catacaos, in which the Holy Father said “I know what happened to you.” and “Defend your land, don't let it be stolen”, a deeply personal level of involvement in what comes across as a fairly tangential crisis for the Pope to be getting involved in, but then again it's disadvantaged folk--unabashedly his favorite demographic–in his old stomping grounds of Latin America. In any event, clearly Pope Francis *did* choose to get briefly involved to personally show his support for the Catacaos traditional farmers, alongside their more local ally, Archbishop Castillo. Whether this all put Archbishop Castillo on Pope Francis' red hat radar is an open question–it did go down earlier this year, so I'd say you can make a case for it, though I think a stronger case can be made for two other Peruvian Cardinals turning 80 and the Archbishopric of Lima being the most prominent see in the country.   Now, after I wrote my first draft of this, I went back and made a note that I should talk about Fr. Gustavo Guitérrez (whose name I am obviously botching here). Then, Fr. Guitérrez died. Now, I'm not saying I killed Fr. Guitérrez–the man was 96–but I'm taking it as a sign that rather than shoehorn in him and liberation theology here, I should do something more to mark the occasion. So, allow me a few month's time for research, as I definitely didn't have anything going, but sometime next year I'll be posting a special episode on Gustavo Gutiérrez and Liberation Theology on the main Popeular History feed. That'll also mark the last time I check off an episode from the original original request list, back in 2016 or so when I told my friends I was planning a Popeular podcast and asked for topic suggestions. I'm not saying I crossed everything else off the list, but I *am* saying I've lost track of the list and can't recall what else was on it to keep checking things off. It's a very special kind of milestone. In any event, when you eventually do hear that special, just recall that Cardinal CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO, was, like many others, influenced by Fr. Gutiérrez, a fellow cleric from Lima.   After he is officially elevated on December 7th, Carlos Gustavo Cardinal CASTILLO MATTASOGLIO will be eligible to participate in future conclaves until he turns 80 in 2030.   Today's episode is part of Cardinal Numbers, and there will be more Cardinal Numbers… well actually, later today, since this episode got put on hold last week due to my voice being a mess so we're doing a double header today. Anyways, thank you for listening, God bless you all! And thanks, Joe!

Welcome back! I just realized this the 100th episode! Thank you all for listening for so long! This week we cover the start of the campaign that leads to the Siege of Prague, the last campaign of the war. It was the last gasp of major fighting as the Peace of Westphalia comes together. Both sides struggle as the allies advance upon their enemy. I hope you guys enjoy and I'll see you next time!Support the show Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

У нас в гостях Наталья Высоцкая, практикующий инвестор и финансовый эксперт. Бизнес-клуб Westphalia https://www.instagram.com/businessclub_westphalia Westphalia в Telegram: https://t.me/businessclubwestphalia Экскурсии по Аахену: https://t.me/excursions_aachen Новости Германии

The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and started what we think of as modern nation-states. Listen to today's episode for more! Center for Civic Education

PILOT#2 - Audio Recording of AAS Magazine - 9 Oct 2024 - Vol26 No 41

Send me a text!Why the Peace of Westphalia and the Nation State is critical and what war without sovereignty looks like.  Different quotes Support the Show.war102podcast@gmail.comhttps://www.reddit.com/r/War102Podcast/https://war102.buzzsprout.com

Mauler sends you and your cardboard to the hallway, Rush gets the school year started by making our collective eyes roll, the Hot Tub holds a Gossip Girl intervention for Jenni, and Brady gets abducted while doing camping stuff. Love the podcast? Leave us a review!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Send me a text!A purely academic definition and discussion of the theory of terrorism, from HOAs to global communism.Different quotes Support the Show.war102podcast@gmail.comhttps://www.reddit.com/r/War102Podcast/https://war102.buzzsprout.com

Con la Rivoluzione industriale, si pone sempre più pressante la questione su come pianificare le città in piena espansione, ben al di là dei loro ancestrali confini "murati". Nasce l'urbanistica moderna che, tra novità, errori, tragedie e rinascite, definisce lo spazio pubblico delle nostre città contemporanee.Ne parliamo con Ben Jacobs di "Wittemberg to Westphalia" che - oltre ad essere un podcaster - è anche un urbanista di professione (e di passione). Puntata in inglese. ---Per ascoltare W2Whttps://open.spotify.com/show/022k8I5T2QCidLiNokDLBC?si=6083467e80754466---Per ascoltare "Guerre incivili": 30 giorni gratuitiLink al podcast su Storytel: https://www.storytel.com/it/books/la-guerra-civile-americana-guerre-incivili-s2-2806576---Tutti i link di "Storia d'Italia": sito, libri, guerre incivili, patreon, tipeee...https://linktr.ee/italiastoria---Per comprare "Il miglior nemico di Roma":Amazon libro: https://amzn.to/3Zgzy8wAmazon audiolibro: https://amzn.to/46cJmm6Amazon ebook: https://amzn.to/3PgOEGw---Per comprare "Per un pugno di barbari":https://amzn.to/3rniBwd---Per supportarmi:www.patreon.com/italiastoriahttps://en.tipeee.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This is a great show! The penultimate Page/Plant gig, December 2, 1998 Oberhausen, Westphalia. Unbelievable chemistry between all band members. Jimmy Page is absolutely on fire, and super precise in his tone, and delivery. The band has never sounded better and they are ending their Walking Into Everywhere Tour with a hell of a bang. I play Heartbreaker, Walking Into Clarksdale (insane whammy work in this), and a How Many More Times for the ages.

Welcome back! Today we cover the events of 1646 as the war starts to come to an end. Granted the beginning of the end is still three years, but after nearly thirty years of on-and-off war, just having an end in sight is a relief. But like always, peace negotiations take time, and war continues as the fighting enters Westphalia, the sight of the negotiations. Thank you for listening and I'll see you guys next time!Support the Show. Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

Welcome back! The year of 1645 comes to an end as all the battles and diplomacy of 1645 shows what effect it had. This war has been long, but we only have three years left as the factions inch closer to a full peace. That doesn't mean that we don't have battles to go, but the negotiations at Westphalia will become more tangible. Thank you for listening and I'll see you guys next time!Support the Show. Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

Was Jerome a failure as a navy commander, an army commander, and a king? Special guest Graeme Callister joins the program to discuss the youngest son of the Bonaparte family. X/Twitter: @graemecallister, @andnapoleon *Please follow us on YouTube, Spotify, and Facebook --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/generalsandnapoleon/support

The castle of Wewelsburg overlooks the village of the same name in Westphalia, Germany. It once belonged to the prince-bishops of Paderborn, and after that to the Kings of Prussia. In 1933 it came into the hands of Heinrich Himmler, a leading member of the Nazi Party and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), the elite […] The post Franklin Case -Michael Aquino, US Army military intelligence officer specialized in PSYCHOLOGICAL warfare NOW Founder & High Priest of the Temple of Set…….Nazi Castle (Wewelsburg) To Be The ‘Centre of The World** Ukraine WAR Trafficking** appeared first on Psychopath In Your Life.

Napoleon's youngest brother Jerome was an endless headache for him. Lacking ambition but loving luxury, he fled a stint in the French navy (after nearly sparking a war with England) for America to wait out his brother's wrath. It was in Baltimore that he met the woman who would become his first wife, socialite Elizabeth Patterson. Marrying her against both her father's wishes and his brother's permission created quite a conundrum for all involved. Worse, when the young couple, now pregnant, tried to return to Europe to smooth things over, Jerome abandoned Betsy in order to be brought back into the fold - and eventually made King of Westphalia. Betsy gave birth to their son in London, the only harbor that would let her ship dock, and returned to America to build a fortune through canny real estate investing. She and her son spent decades splitting their time between America and Europe, where the Bonaparte women decided - finally - that they liked the headstrong Betsy, though she and Bo really wanted nothing to do with them. Perhaps that was the secret all along. Listen ad-free at patreon.com/trashyroyalspodcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The 100th returns from the Bremen mission after taking heavy casualties. Lt. Crosby replaces Captain Payne as the lead navigator and is promoted. Major Egan leads another bombing raid to Münster just days after the Bremen mission. The mission ends disastrously for the 100th after they are intercepted by swarms of fighters. All but one B-17, piloted by Lt. Rosenthal, are shot down. Having bailed from his doomed plane, Major Egan parachutes alone into the German countryside of Westphalia. Join Sean and James as they discuss this second transitional episode, in which  Lt. “Rosie” Rosenthal replaces Cleven and Egan as the heart and soul of the “Bloody 100th”

Revolutionary and monumental treaties, signed in 1648, ended several European Wars and created the framework for moderm international relations, including the administration of North American colonies. These influential agreements and the resulting Westphalian tradition of sovereignty and precedents greatly impacted the Western world and the development of North America.  Check out the YouTube version of this episode at xxxxx which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Everything Everywhere Daily podcast at https://amzn.to/3XHj20A Peace of Westphalia books available at https://amzn.to/45az1YT      THANKS for the many wonderful comments, messages, ratings and reviews. All of them are regularly posted for your reading pleasure on https://patreon.com/markvinet where you can also get exclusive access to Bonus episodes, Ad-Free content, Extra materials, and an eBook Welcome Gift when joining our growing community on Patreon or Donate on PayPal at https://bit.ly/3cx9OOL and receive an eBook GIFT. SUPPORT this series by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at no extra charge to you). It costs you nothing to shop using this FREE store entry link and by doing so encourages & helps us create more quality content. Thanks! Mark Vinet's HISTORICAL JESUS podcast is available at https://parthenonpodcast.com/historical-jesus                                                            Mark's TIMELINE video channel at https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Twitter: https://twitter.com/MarkVinet_HNA  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 YouTube Podcast Playlist: https://www.bit.ly/34tBizu Podcast: https://parthenonpodcast.com/history-of-north-america TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@historyofnorthamerica Books: https://amzn.to/3j0dAFH                                                                              Linktree: https://linktr.ee/WadeOrganization                                                                Audio Credit: Everything Everywhere Daily podcast with Gary Arndt: The Peace of Westphalia (episode 857; Glassbox Media). Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Trevor and Ben Jacobs (@w2wpodcast) of the Wittenberg to Westphalia and Why Tho? podcasts talk about the United States' weird military history in the Falkland Islands with guest appearances from Irish rebels, the War of 1812, and the Argentinian Revolution.Patreon | Twitter | Facebook | InstagramLorton – Falkland Wars – The History of the Falkland IslandsBarnard – A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Capt. Charles H. Barnard…Cawkwell – The History of the Falkland IslandsDickens – The Falkland Islands Dispute Between the United States and ArgentinaDrexler – Monroe Doctrine: Primary Documents in American HistoryFalklands.info – A Brief History of the Falkland Islands Part 3Fitzroy – Voyages of the Adventure and BeagleHolt – Memoirs of Joseph Holt: General of the Irish Rebels, in 1798Maisch – The Falkland/Malvinas Islands Clash of 1831-32…Silbey – The Incomplete World of American Politics, 1815-1829…Tatham – The Dictionary of Falklands BiographyUSS Duncan – Silas Duncan and the Falklands' Island Incident

Trevor and Ben Jacobs (@w2wpodcast) of the Wittenberg to Westphalia and Why Tho? podcasts to talk about the United States' weird military history in the Falkland Islands with guest appearances from Irish rebels, the War of 1812, and the Argentinian Revolution.Patreon | Twitter | Facebook | InstagramLorton - Falkland Wars - The History of the Falkland IslandsBarnard - A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Capt. Charles H. Barnard…Cawkwell - The History of the Falkland IslandsDickens - The Falkland Islands Dispute Between the United States and ArgentinaDrexler - Monroe Doctrine: Primary Documents in American HistoryFalklands.info - A Brief History of the Falkland Islands Part 3Fitzroy - Voyages of the Adventure and BeagleHolt - Memoirs of Joseph Holt: General of the Irish Rebels, in 1798Maisch - The Falkland/Malvinas Islands Clash of 1831-32…Silbey - The Incomplete World of American Politics, 1815-1829...Tatham - The Dictionary of Falklands BiographyUSS Duncan - Silas Duncan and the Falklands' Island Incident

Don't have a lot of time to review and just need a memory refresh? Try out the Quick Hits! If you need a detailed dive into content, check out the regular episodes. The descriptions contain time stamps for the included content. Overview of the causes of the 30 Years' War, the Defenestration of Prague, Richelieu, politique, and the Peace of Westphalia

If You Ever Wondered What Connor McGregor Was Really Like… This week on the podcast, Brian and Darryl are reviewing the Amazon Prime Original Road House, Episodes 5 & 6 of Shogun, and Apple’s Masters of the Air. Episode Index Intro: 0:07 Road House: 8:21 Shogun: 28:39 Masters of the Air: 47:40 Road House (Amazon Prime, 2024) Out of 10 I Really Missed All the Throats Being Ripped Outs Darry: 4/10 Brian: 5.5/10 Summary The 2024 remake of the classic 1989 film “Road House” follows Dalton (Jake Gyllenhaal), a former UFC fighter who takes a job as a bouncer at a roadhouse in the Florida Keys. However, Dalton soon discovers that the paradise-like setting hides a more sinister underbelly, as a group of criminals led by the ruthless Ben Brandt (Billy Magnussen) and his enforcer Knox (Conor McGregor) attempt to take over the bar and the surrounding land. Dalton must use his fighting skills and wits to protect the roadhouse and its staff, including Ellie (Daniela Melchior) and Frankie (Jessica Williams). Cast & Crew Director Doug Liman Cast Jake Gyllenhaal as Dalton Daniela Melchior as Ellie Conor McGregor as Knox Jessica Williams as Frankie Lukas Gage as Billy Billy Magnussen as Ben Brandt Joaquim de Almeida as Sheriff B.K. Cannon as Laura Arturo Castro as Moe Darren Barnet as Sam Dominique Columbus as Reef Post Malone as Carter Production Notes The 2024 “Road House” is a remake of the 1989 cult classic film starring Patrick Swayze. Conor McGregor makes his acting debut as the villainous Knox, providing a physical threat to Gyllenhaal’s Dalton. The film updates the setting from a small town in Missouri to the Florida Keys, giving it a more tropical and modern feel. While following the basic premise of the original, the 2024 version introduces new characters and a more fleshed-out backstory for Dalton. Amazon’s MGM Studios produced the film and is an exclusive release on Prime Video starting March 21, 2024. Shogun (FX) Episode 5: “Broken to the Fist” Out of 5 A Dead Husbands Untimely Returns Darryl: 4.25/5 Brian: 4.25/5 Summary Toranaga returns to Ajiro with his entire army, and upon learning of Nagakado’s killing of Jozen, he strips him of his command of the cannon regiment and gives the position to Omi. Having survived the ordeal in Osaka to escape to Edo, Buntaro moves in to live with Blackthorne and Mariko. Blackthorne is gifted a freshly killed pheasant by Toranaga, which he hangs in the front yard of his house to age and instructs the household not to touch it until it matures. During dinner, Blackthorne and Buntaro engage in a sake-drinking binge before Buntaro proves his archery skills while drunk and forces Mariko to tell Blackthorne about how her father, Akechi Jinsai, murdered Lord Kuroda Nobuhisa, the previous ruler of Japan before the Taikō, and was forced to execute his family before committing seppuku, and that she married Buntaro and was forced to live as atonement for her father’s crime. Later that night, upon learning that Mariko has been assaulted by Buntaro, Blackthorne confronts him outside, but Buntaro lays down his sword and apologizes for disturbing his home. The next day, after a long discussion with Mariko, Blackthorne returns home to discover that Uejiro, the house’s gardener, took down the rotting pheasant to bury and was executed as a result. Blackthorne declines Fuji’s request to kill her for disobeying his order regarding the pheasant and approaches Toranaga with a request to permanently leave Japan. A massive earthquake causes a landslide and Blackthorne rescues Toranaga from being buried alive. Blackthorne returns to a heavily damaged Ajiro and discovers that Fuji had been injured. The following day, Muraji leads Yabushige and Omi to Uejirou’s hut and manages to convince them that he is the spy that they were searching for. In Osaka, the remaining regents debate on who will take Toranaga’s place on the council. Ochiba finally arrives and reunites with Yaechiyo before telling Ishido that the council will now listen to her. Episode 6: “Ladies of the Willow World” Out of 5 Crimson Sky has Arriveds Darryl: 4/5 Brian: 4.15/5 Summary In 1578, Mariko is sent by Jinsai to live at the home of Nobuhisa, where she becomes friends with his daughter – the future Ochiba. One night, Mariko watches as her father’s allies are executed by Nobuhisa while he looks on in a rage. In 1600, at a funeral for those killed by the earthquake, Toranaga promotes Blackthorne to chief admiral and general of his cannon regiment. Toranaga also bestows upon him a fief as a token of gratitude for saving his life. The following morning, Toranaga reprimands Buntaro for assaulting Mariko and orders him to stay away from her for one week. Blackthorne approaches Toranaga again with a request to leave Japan in order to continue warring against the Portuguese, but his request is denied. Sensing tension between Mariko and Blackthorne, Toranaga orders her to take Blackthorne to see a courtesan. That night, Mariko brings Blackthorne to a brothel but she leaves once the courtesan began escorting Blackthorne to her room. Later, Toranaga reveals to Mariko that Jinsai wanted her to continue his work of protecting Japan after his death. At Osaka Castle, the remaining three regents and their families have been taken hostage by Ochiba and Ishido, under the guise of an unspecified plot on Yaechiyo’s life. Hiromatsu manages to escape but was forced to leave Kiri and others behind. At a stage performance by Ito, an influential daimyō, Ochiba recalls being taken in as a consort by the Taikō after Nobuhisa’s death and producing an heir for him. After the play, Ochiba and Ishido offer Ito a position on the council. The council convenes to vote on Ito as regent, however, Sugiyama refuses to confirm him and leaves. Later, Ochiba explains to Ishido that she believes Toranaga plotted her father’s death. When Sugiyama tries to flee Osaka, he and his family are killed by Ishido and his retinue. Arriving in Ajiro, Hiromatsu informs Toranaga of the situation in Osaka. Toranaga’s war council wants to use the Crimson Sky plan, which involves assaulting Osaka Castle and forming a new government in the wake of the attack. Toranaga initially refuses to launch such an assault as he understands that he will most likely become the new Shōgun if the plan succeeds. When news of Sugiyama’s death reaches Ajiro, Toranaga realizes that his impeachment is inevitable and announces that he will invoke the Crimson Sky plan to protect Yaechiyo and limit future bloodshed. Masters of the Air (Apple) Out of 10 Real American Heroes Darryl: 8.5/10 Brian: 8.25/10 Summary “Masters of the Air” is a World War II drama that follows the story of the 100th Bomb Group of the United States Eighth Air Force in 1943. The series depicts the harrowing experiences of these young American airmen as they take on the dangerous task of bombing targets in Nazi Germany, facing constant threats from anti-aircraft fire and enemy fighters. The show explores the emotional toll of combat, portraying the varying fates of these heroes – some were captured, wounded or killed, while others made it home, all paying a heavy price in the fight against Hitler’s Third Reich. Episode Breakdown Episode 1 (January 26): In spring 1943, USAAF majors Gale Cleven and John Egan of the 100th Bombardment Group deploy to England to join the allied war effort against Nazi Germany. In June, the 100th, comprising four squadrons of B-17s from RAF base Thorpe Abbotts, is sent on a daytime bombing mission to destroy military targets in Bremen, Germany. Despite the use of the advanced Norden bombsight, the bombardiers are unable to confirm the targets due to heavy cloud cover, and the mission is aborted. The 100th is forced to fly through heavy anti-aircraft fire, and is then attacked by Luftwaffe fighter pilots. The failed mission results in the loss of three B-17s and thirty men, while the 100th commanding officer, Colonel Harold Huglin, is relieved of command due to illness. Episode 2 (January 26): The 100th copes with its first combat losses. At a pub, RAF members challenge the American tactic of daytime raids; feeling disrespected, Lieutenant (Lt.) Curtis Biddick defeats a British pilot in a bare-knuckle boxing match. When Major Marvin Bowman is incapacitated by illness, Major Cleven is tasked with leading the 100th on their second mission: bombing German U-boat pens in Norway. Lt. Harry Crosby, despite airsickness, successfully navigates the mission. Lt. Biddick’s B-17 is damaged; the other planes reduce airspeed to stay with Biddick’s, which makes a controlled landing without power in Scotland. Episode 3 (February 2): In August 1943, the 100th participates in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission to destroy aircraft manufacturing plants deep within Germany before traveling to North Africa. Lt. Biddick and his co-pilot are killed during an emergency landing in a forest. Sergeant Quinn parachutes to safety after his B-17 is destroyed; he lands in Belgium and is met by resistance members from an escape line. Major Egan and Cleven arrive in Africa along with the surviving members of the 100th. Episode 4 (February 9): In October 1943, fresh B-17 crews, including Lt. Robert Rosenthal, arrive. The 100th bombs Bremen once again. Feeling the effects of combat exhaustion, Major Egan is sent on leave to London, where he has a one-night stand with a Polish war widow. Learning that Major Cleven did not return from Bremen, Egan returns to duty early. Meanwhile, Sgt. Quinn is guided by Belgian resistance smugglers. He also meets two other American airmen, including Bob, who is killed after being exposed as a German infiltrator. Quinn and the others arrive via train to German occupied Paris on the way to Spain. Episodes 5 (February 16): The 100th returns from the Bremen mission after taking heavy casualties. Lt. Crosby replaces Captain Payne as the lead navigator and is promoted. Major Egan leads another bombing raid to Münster just days after the Bremen mission. The mission ends disastrously for the 100th after they are intercepted by swarms of fighters. All but one B-17, piloted by Lt. Rosenthal, are shot down. Having bailed from his doomed plane, Major Egan parachutes alone into the German countryside of Westphalia. Episode 6 (February 23): Major Egan is taken prisoner and almost dies after he and other downed pilots are attacked by enraged German civilians in Rüsselsheim after a bombing. He is taken to Dulag Luft for interrogation before being transferred to Stalag Luft III. There, he meets other comrades from the 100th, including Cleven. Lt. Rosenthal and his crew are sent to a country estate for relaxation and counseling, which Rosenthal resists. Captain Crosby attends a conference at the University of Oxford where he meets a British ATS officer whom he bonds with before she is unexpectedly called away. Episode 7 (March 1): In March 1944, the 100th loses fifteen B-17s and one-hundred-fifty men during a mission over Berlin. Their next attack proves more successful when the bombers are guarded by P-51 Mustang fighter squadrons. They are upset to learn that the number of missions required for a crew to be discharged is being increased to twenty-eight. Captain Rosenthal completes his twenty-fifth mission, but decides to reenlist. He learns General Doolittle is planning to use the B-17 crews as bait to draw the Luftwaffe into the sky to face the P-51s; Rosenthal is placed in command of the 350th. Captain Crosby begins an affair with ATS officer Wesgate. Sgt. Quinn returns to base and is exempted from further missions due to his knowledge of the escape lines. In Stalag Luft III, Major Cleven and other prisoners of war build a crystal radio to tune into the BBC news. A large group of British prisoners escape; Cleven, Egan and the other American officers are threatened that the camp will be turned over to the SS and Gestapo if there are further escape attempts. Episode 8 (March 8 ) : In June 1944, Captain Crosby conducts operational planning for two hundred bombing missions against Wehrmacht positions in France in preparation for Operation Overlord. Working for three straight days, he passes out and sleeps through D-Day. There is virtually no resistance from the Luftwaffe. During Operation Dragoon, the Tuskegee Airmen of the 99th Fighter Squadron are downed attacking German positions at the Côte d’Azur; 2nd lieutenants Richard Macon, Robert Daniels, and Alexander Jefferson are transferred to Stalag Luft III, now under control of the SS. They are invited by Cleven to join with preparations for a potential breakout, now that the Red Army is approaching. Episode 9 (March 15): In February 1945, Major Rosenthal’s plane is shot down over Berlin; he parachutes into no man’s land and is rescued by the Red Army. The Germans evacuate Stalag Luft III, forcing the prisoners to march in freezing conditions; they are taken via train to Nuremberg before being interned at Stalag XIII. When they are again forced to march, Majors Cleven and Egan try to escape, but only Cleven succeeds. Cleven survives an attack by Volkssturm children before encountering U.S. Army units. Egan and the other prisoners are taken to Stalag VII and are liberated soon after. In Poznań, Major Rosenthal enters Fort VII and witnesses the horror of The Holocaust. Majors Cleven, Egan, Rosenthal and Crosby reunite at Thorpe Abbotts; they participate in Operations Manna and Chowhound to supply food to the Dutch population stricken by Hongerwinter. After the German surrender, the 100th departs for home. The series ends with a montage explaining the future lives of its central characters. Infamous Shirts for Naked Bodies… You’ll feel “shirty” when you buy our gear from the Flying Pork Apparel Co. Contact Us The Infamous Podcast can be found wherever podcasts are found on the Interwebs, feel free to subscribe and follow along on social media. And don't be shy about helping out the show with a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts to help us move up in the ratings. @infamouspodcast facebook/infamouspodcast instagram/infamouspodcast stitcher Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Play iHeart Radio contact@infamouspodcast.com Our theme music is ‘Skate Beat’ provided by Michael Henry, with additional music provided by Michael Henry. Find more at MeetMichaelHenry.com. The Infamous Podcast is hosted by Brian Tudor and Darryl Jasper, is recorded in Cincinnati, Ohio. The show is produced and edited by Brian Tudor. Subscribe today!

I am joined by Ben, the host of Wittenberg to Westphalia, and together we discuss the Myth of King Muzarbi. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/historysaqartvelogeorgia/support

Welcome back! This week we got a long one, and this episode was a lot, though it was fun. I cover the start of the Congress of Westphalia, which would ultimately lead to the Treaty of Westphalia, though that is a few years out. There is a lot going on, but I hope this summarizing lets you guys get a grasp on it. Please review and comment, and I'll see you guys next time!Support the show Email: 3decot@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3DecadesoftragedyWebsite: https://threedecadesoftragedy.com

Recorded February 27, 2024. Trinity Long Room Hub Visiting Research Fellow Professor Bassey Edem Antia (University of the Western Cape, South Africa) in conversation with Professor Lorna Carson (School of Linguistic, Speech and Communication Sciences, TCD). Bassey Edem Antia is Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. An alumnus of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and a fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, he holds a PhD from the University of Bielefeld (Germany). His teaching, research and publications in Applied Linguistics span across a number of areas, including translation pedagogy, terminology, public health, and educational language policy and multilingualism. In a current project, he is interested in using Applied Linguistics approaches to understand how school textbooks were pressed into the service of the imperial curriculum and Apartheid ideology in Apartheid South Africa, and how this knowledge might inform our understanding of what it means at a textual level to colonise and to decolonise the curriculum. He is a B1 rated researcher of the National Research Foundation, South Africa. Recognition for his scholarship and teaching includes: award for excellence in teaching and learning of the Higher Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa/Centre on Higher Education (2017); institutional teaching excellence award of the University of the Western Cape (2017); teaching excellence award of the Faculty of Arts, University of the Western Cape (2017); the Eugen Wüster prize for outstanding achievement in research and teaching in terminology and multilingualism (2016); prize for excellent doctoral dissertation of the University Society of Westphalia and Lippe (Germany, 1999), international INFOTERM award for outstanding achievement in applied research and development in the field of terminology (awarded for excellent doctoral dissertation) – co-sponsored by the European Commission (within the framework of its programme on Multilingual Information Society) and the European Association for Terminology. 1999). He has taught and/or researched in various capacities at a number of universities, including University of Maiduguri (Nigeria), Universität Bielefeld (Germany), University of Education Heidelberg (Germany), Université de Montréal (Canada), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain), University of Surrey, Guildford (UK), and Tshwane University of Technology (South Africa). He has attracted funding internationally, from Germany, USA, Belgium, South Africa, and the EU.

In this episode, Xavier Bonilla has a dialogue with Burak Kadercan about territory and nation states. They define territory and nation states, discuss empire, healthy nationalism, and ethnic groups in territories. They also define borders and discuss Westphalia, mosaic and monolithic order, Ottoman empire, war and conflict, Russia and Ukraine conflict, and many more topics. Burak Kadercan is Associate Professor of Strategy and Policy at the United States Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He has his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. He was an inaugural fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies, The Fletcher School, Tufts University. He was also a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Reading (UK) and Assistant Professor in International Relations and coordinator for the Master Program in International Security at Institut Barcelona D'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI). He is also Senior Associate at the Center on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups (CIWAG). His main interest are in territoriality, international security, and state-formation. He is the author of Shifting Grounds: The Social Origins of Territorial Conflict.Website: http://www.burakadercan.com/ Get full access to Converging Dialogues at convergingdialogues.substack.com/subscribe

Next Friday on Before the Downbeat we have our first official episode with our new co-host Scott Hurst! For their first outing Mackenzie and Scott are off to Westphalia to learn why this is the best of all possible worlds and to discuss the complex musical Candide! Hear them discuss why this musical's overture is so iconic and may even be the best part of the whole show. They breakdown the many revisions this show as gone through and they debate which version is the best. Plus find out which song Scott and Mack can't get out of their heads! All of this and an auto-da-fé on next Friday's all new episode! Don't forget to leave us a review and share your thoughts on this episode on our social media pages. Follow the links below to reach our pages. ⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Twitter

Democracy in Question? is brought to you by:• Central European University: CEU• The Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy in Geneva: AHCD• The Podcast Company: scopeaudio Follow us on social media!• Central European University: @CEU• Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy in Geneva: @AHDCentre Subscribe to the show. If you enjoyed what you listened to, you can support us by leaving a review and sharing our podcast in your networks!  GlossaryNation-state(07:01 or p.2 in the transcript)Nation-state is a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self-determination. Members of the core national group see the state as belonging to them and consider the approximate territory of the state to be their homeland. Accordingly, they demand that other groups, both within and outside the state, recognize and respect their control over the state. As a political model, the nation-state fuses two principles: the principle of state sovereignty, first articulated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which recognizes the right of states to govern their territories without external interference; and the principle of national sovereignty, which recognizes the right of national communities to govern themselves. National sovereignty in turn is based on the moral-philosophical principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples. The latter principle implies that legitimate rule of a state requires some sort of consent by the people. That requirement does not mean, however, that all nation-states are democratic. Indeed, many authoritarian rulers have presented themselves—both to the outside world of states and internally to the people under their rule—as ruling in the name of a sovereign nation. source The Yellow Vests Protests(37:51 or p.10 in the transcript)In France, in November 2018, the gilets jaunes started as a movement directed against what was considered to beexcessive taxation, especially on fuel. Protesters wearing gilets jaunes – yellow high visibility vests which motorists are legally obliged to have in their car and wear in case of accident or breakdown – blocked major roads as a sign of protest. This thus led to the collective name of the movement: the gilets jaunes (or yellow vests in English). Beyond the sustained blocking of some roads, the movement developed into regular demonstrations on Saturdays across the country blocking roads and city centers. At their peak in November 2018, the movement mobilized between 300,000 and 1.3 million people, depending on sources. Not unsurprisingly, considering the fractured, spontaneous and leaderless nature of the protests, the demands of the protesters spread to include the resignation of the French president, a general reduction in taxes, increases in public services and state pensions, and so on. Some gilets jaunes even called for revolution and said the movement was the start of a civil war. The polymorphous, uncontrolled and uncontrollable nature of the movement also provided an opportunity for some of its supporters to engage in violence against the police and symbols of the state such as motorway tollbooths, police speed cameras (over 50% of which were destroyed), government buildings, locations associated with the elite (such as Fouquet's restaurant on the Champs-Elysées) and so on. This violence is said to have cost the French economy an estimated at €200 million according to the French insurance industry and has resulted directly or indirectly in 12 deaths and 4000 injured. source  

News You Can Use and Share The Genealogy Guys Learn site is still on sale through January 1, 2024! MyHeritage announces the release of a new exclusive collection: marriage certificates for North Rhine and Westphalia from 1874 through 1899. MyHeritage announces the release of AI Record Finder™, an interactive, free text chat to help locate historical records about an ancestor among MH's 20 billion records. MyHeritage announces the release of AI Biographer™, which compiles a Wikipedia-like article about a person's life. It uses details from matching historical records and family tree profiles. The Society of Genealogists has officially reopened at its new address on Wharf Road in London, England. The Society of Genealogists has launched a brand-new search tool called SoG Explore. The Guys give a shout-out to Graham Walter, who has been named Chairman of the Society of Genealogists' Trustees. Scottish Indexes reached a new milestone with the addition of 180,000 prison record entries among over half a million records from 38 Scottish Prisons. Visit https://www.scottishindexes.com/ScotlandsCriminalDatabase.aspx. Drew recaps the highlights of the newest record releases at FamilySearch from October and November 2023. Listener Email Ashley asks about uploading Ancestry DNA results to MyHeritage as compared with taking a test there. Ashley also asks about searching probate court books for records of the institutionalization of a great-grand-uncle in Dayton, Ohio, and needs suggestions to help find his records. Jean Daniel from Metz, France, asks for suggestions about locating records for a 4x grandfather who spent some years in the U.S. Kelly is looking for ideas to help locate records about her great aunt, Wilhemine Mae Rauch (b. 1909 in Dayton, Montgomery, Ohio, USA), and twice married to Floyd Stevens. Listener suggestions are also requested. The Guys give a shout-out to Scott Fisher for his years of work on the Extreme Genes Podcast, which is ending this month. The Guys recommend a new podcast by Mike Scozzari called “Roots: Everyone Has a Story,” which can be found at https://www.michaelscozzari.com/podcast. Drew and George talk about some of the topics most likely to dominate in 2024, including AI, DNA, and conferences. Thank you to all our Patreon supporting members for their support. Your Patreon support helps us improve our technology and provide even more podcast content to you! You can join us for as little as $1 a month or as much as you'd like to contribute. Visit https://www.patreon.com/genealogyguys to get started. Please also tell your friends and your genealogical society about our free podcasts, blog, and our Genealogy Guys Learn subscription education website. And don't forget to order Drew's new book, Generation by Generation: A Modern Approach to the Basics of Genealogy, from Genealogical Publishing Company (https://genealogical.com/) or Amazon.com. Please let us hear from you at genealogyguys@gmail.com.

A few years ago, we inadvertently started a D&D anniversary trend, and as a result, we've gotten to play in a lot of fun history themed one shots! This was one such adventure. Helmed by Ben, the wonderful host of Wittenberg to Westphalia, we explored 10th-century Italy from a whole new perspective... which mostly involved wrestling.  This adventure also includes Roberto from Tsar Power, David from The Siècle, and Josh from Grand Dukes of the West https://wittenbergtowestphaliapodcast.weebly.com/ https://pontifacts.podbean.com/  https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/tsar-power/id1632832824  https://granddukesofthewest.com/  http://thesiecle.com/ 

Chapter 1 Delve deeper into World Order's message"World Order" is a non-fiction book written by Henry Kissinger, a renowned American diplomat and political scientist. Published in 2014, the book explores the concepts and principles that have shaped international politics and the global order throughout history.Kissinger provides an analysis of the evolution of global politics, examining the balance of power among nations, the rise and fall of empires, and the constant struggles for dominance and stability. He delves into the historical background of various civilizations, drawing insights from their unique philosophies, political systems, and interactions with others.The book also delves into the challenges and complexities of maintaining a stable global order in the 21st century. Kissinger emphasizes the need for a collective effort by major world powers to establish a new world order that takes into account emerging nations and reconciles the interests of diverse civilizations. He advocates for the development of a global system that promotes peace, stability, and mutually beneficial cooperation.Throughout "World Order," Kissinger draws upon his vast experience as a former U.S. Secretary of State and an advisor to several U.S. presidents. He offers his perspectives on the importance of diplomacy, negotiation, and the understanding of historical precedents in shaping geopolitics and international relations.The book has been both praised and criticized for its deep historical analysis, but also for the controversial policies that Kissinger advocated during his time in government. Nevertheless, "World Order" remains a significant contribution to the understanding of global politics and the challenges faced by nations in forging a sustainable international order.Chapter 2 Is World Order Worth Reading?World Order by Henry Kissinger has received generally positive reviews and is considered a good book by many readers and critics. It offers a comprehensive analysis of the global order and the challenges faced by international relations in the 21st century. Kissinger's vast experience as a diplomat and his deep understanding of geopolitics provide valuable insights into the complexities of the world's power dynamics. However, as with any book, opinions may vary depending on the reader's interests and perspectives. It is recommended for those interested in international relations and global politics.Chapter 3 Brief Description of World Order "World Order" is a book written by Henry Kissinger, the former U.S. Secretary of State and National Security Advisor. In the book, Kissinger analyzes the concept of world order and provides insights into how it has evolved over time.The central argument of the book is that world order is a complex and delicate equilibrium between different nations, each pursuing their own interests while also acknowledging the need for collective security. Kissinger explores the historical development of world order, from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to the present day. He emphasizes the importance of balance of power and the role of diplomacy in maintaining stability.Kissinger discusses the challenges faced by the global order in the contemporary world, such as the rise of non-state actors and the increasing influence of technology. He also delves into the different perspectives on world order held by major powers like the United States, China, and Russia.Throughout the book, Kissinger draws on his extensive knowledge and experience in international diplomacy to provide a nuanced analysis of various geopolitical issues. He examines the tensions...

The Peace of Westphalia confirmed the autonomy of states with the Holy Roman Empire and redefined the borders and sovereignty of numerous European ...

In this episode we look at the form and shape that absolutism will take in the Holy Roman Empire (Austria) after the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia with Leopold I. Lyndeurozone.com  Patreon If you use this podcast regularly would you please consider supporting us on Patreon for as little as a dollar a month?  The Euro Simplified Podcast has no advertising revenue and is produced by a public school teacher.  We love and appreciate our supporters on Patreon as our supporters help us meet the costs associated with the production of this free resource for students. Episodes will be released on the following schedule: Unit 1 and Unit 2 - August/September Unit 3: October Unit 4: November Unit 5: November and December Unit 6: January Unit 7: Late January & February Unit 8 : March Unit 9: April   If you have any questions you can contact Robert Lynde at Lyndeurozone.com.   Instagram: @Lyndeurozone  

In this episode of the I Can't Sleep Podcast, fall asleep learning about North Rhine-Westphalia. Yep, I had no idea that was a place in Germany either. While I think the German landscape must be wonderful, I can't say much for how boring I am while reading this Wikipedia article. Happy sleeping! Ad-Free Episodes Want an ad-free experience? Follow this link to support the podcast and get episodes with no ads: https://icantsleep.supportingcast.fm/ Jupiter CBD Oil Save 20% off your first purchase by entering GETSLEEP upon checkout, or click here: https://www.getjupiter.com/share/icantsleep SleepPhones Follow this affiliate link to purchase headphones you can fall asleep with: https://www.sleepphones.com/?aff=793 then enter the code ICANTSLEEP10 at checkout to receive a discount. This content is derived from the Wikipedia article North Rhine-Westphalia, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license. The article can be accessed at https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Think about the world. You might be picturing a globe in a classroom, with its patchwork of multi-colored nations. Or perhaps you have an image of a 2-D map in your head, the famous Mercator projection, a static jigsaw puzzle of borders and countries. From elementary school classrooms to the Olympic stage, the globe and the map tell a story of how the world works, one in which state sovereignty reigns supreme, from the Treaty of Westphalia until now. But what if that's only part of the story? As Quinn Slobodian writes, “The modern world is pockmarked, perforated, tattered and jagged, ripped up and pinpricked. Inside the containers of nations are unusual legal spaces, anomalous territories and peculiar jurisdictions..”Lawfare Managing Editor Tyler McBrien spoke with Quinn, Professor of History at Wellesley College, to discuss his new book, “Crack-Up Capitalism: Market Radicals and the Dream of a World Without Democracy.” They talked about some of these sites of exception—the city-states, havens, enclaves, free ports, high-tech parks, duty-free districts, and other spaces Quinn calls zones; why states give up these slivers of sovereignty; and how the world actually works, as Quinn sees it. Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/lawfare. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week we talk about what happens after the fight for independence is won. As had happened countless times before in history, precious freedoms gained in bloody struggles can be lost easily in the subsequent peace, not to the old adversary, but to new, homegrown usurpers. That is at least one way of telling the story, the other being, that every major political upheaval is followed by a period of consolidation that embeds the gains made and truncates the excesses that appeared during the revolutionary period.Something like that happened following the Saxon wars when Lothar of Supplinburg, a hitherto minor count from Westphalia is raised to ducal authority in 1106. Before he took the reins of the duchy, Saxony had turned into a free for all. Whenever a rich count or margrave fell victim to the various dangers a civil war generated, his cousins and peers would race to first seize his wife or daughter and then use their claim to grasp as much of his property as possible. A process not much more dignified than the opening of the doors on a Black Friday pre-pandemic.Lothar established a central authority for the duchy that calms things down considerably. It is during this time that four of the five great princely dynasties in the North get established, the Welf, the Wettins, the Ascanier and the counts of Holstein. The rise of these four was however not a given. There were others, like the counts of Stade and Wiprecht of Groitzsch whose burning ambitions came to nought as they stumbled in the race between reproduction and their near inevitable violent death. The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comFacebook: @HOTGPod Twitter: @germanshistoryInstagram: history_of_the_germansReddit: u/historyofthegermansPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/Historyofthegermans

As one of the most famous and bizarre moments in papal history, we had to spend some extra time digging through the Cadaver Synod! In this special bonus episode, we are joined by Gregg of the Popeular History podcast, to explore and review many things that this event inspired. We'll discuss sources, paintings, music, musicals, and more! Images:  Jean Paul Laurens, “Pope Formosus and Stephen VI, the Cadaver Synod”, 1870 At the Musee des Beaux Arts in Nantes: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg/1280px-Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg  Unknown Alamy: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Cadaver_Synod.jpg The Cadaver Synod, the posthumous ecclesiastical trial of Pope Formosus, 897, engraving from the Middle Ages, 1892, by Francesco Bertolini (1836-1909), with illustrations by Lodovico Pogliaghi (1857-1950). Biblioteca Ambrosiana: https://discovery-assets-production.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/app/uploads/2022/11/23121220/GettyImages-935422378-770x1091.jpg.webp Cadaver Synod by Hippolite Magen 1857 https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en-US/noartistknown/title/notechnique/asset/4944939 "Le pape Formose et Etienne VII". Le concile cadaverique Gravure pour illustrer Histoire des papes par Maurice Lachatre (1814-1900), librairie du progres, Paris. https://www.alamy.com/le-pape-formose-et-etienne-vii-le-concile-cadaverique-897-le-cadavre-du-pape-formose-formoso-formosus-pape-de-891-a-896-revetu-de-ses-habi-image331922551.html?imageid=6B83FC86-C1F1-4AFB-A17B-3CBB25432BED&p=1169799&pn=1&searchId=856dd054def096977f5ecc6bd8180f46&searchtype=0 Wild Ambition Brewing: https://wildambition.beer/  Cadaver Synod Musical IndieGogo: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-cadaver-synod-a-pope-musical#/  Guests and Readings:  Gregg of Popeular History: https://popeularhistory.podbean.com/  Liutprand - Brendan of Tsar Power: https://open.spotify.com/show/49JyFkdWvSy0sKv37W8YX6  Platina - Ben of Wittenberg to Westphalia: https://play.acast.com/s/wittenbergtowestphalia#:~:text=by%20Benjamin%20Jacobs%20Go%20to,Modern%20Period%20of%20European%20history.  Mann - Rob of Totalus Rankium: https://totalusrankium.podbean.com/ 

Gyles is fresh back from Jamaica and after visiting the spiritual home of James Bond, he's channeling his 007 spirit and taking Susie to the casino for a touch of Gambling.  In our trip to 'the little casa', we will find out why trumps are so triumphant, why a gimmick at the gaming table might be magic and how your poker face is connected to your bragging rights and - as so often happens in English - we encounter ‘Jack' in the form of the 'Jackpot' and 'Blackjack'. We love hearing from you, find us @SomethingRhymes on Twitter and Facebook, @SomethingRhymesWith on Instagram or you can email us here: purple@somethinelse.com Want even more purple, people? Join the Purple Plus Club by clicking the banner in Apple podcasts or head to purpleplusclub.com to listen on other platforms' Don't forget that you can join us in person at our upcoming tour, tap the link to find tickets: www.somethingrhymeswithpurple.com  Enjoy Susie's Trio for the week:  Ignotism: A mistake due to ignorance Grampus: One who breathes heavily/noisily Efflagitate: To demand eagerly Gyles' poem this week was 'Any Part of Piggy' by 'Noel Coward' Any part of the piggy Is quite alright with me. Ham from Westphalia, ham from Parma Ham as lean as the Dalai Lama Ham from Virginia, ham from York, Trotters, sausages, hot roast pork. Crackling crisp for my teeth to grind on Bacon with or without the rind on Though humanitarian I'm not a vegetarian. I'm neither a crank nor prude nor prig And though it may sound infra dig Any part of the darling pig Is perfectly fine by me. A Somethin' Else & Sony Music Entertainment production.   Find more great podcasts from Sony Music Entertainment at sonymusic.com/podcasts     To bring your brand to life in this podcast, email podcastadsales@sonymusic.com  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Battle of Jankau in 1645, followed by Allerheim later in the year, confirmed that the Emperor could expect few miracles from the battlefield. Bavaria seemed teetering on the edge, making secret moves towards the French, while the Spanish buckled, and the Swedes rampaged throughout the Habsburg Hereditary Lands. Ferdinand III understood that his greatest chances for self preservation lay in Westphalia, and his agent, Trauttmansdorf, was sent with very specific instructions. Here, we cover this figure's arrival, the Emperor's hopes, and the hints of what was to come in the future for the increasingly fractured Habsburg dynasty.**FOLLOW THESE LINKS!**1) To support the podcast financially in return for some extra audio content, check out Patreon!2) To find a community of history friends, look at our Facebook page and group!3) To keep up to date with us, follow us on Twitter!4) Matchlock and the Embassy, our new historical fiction novel, is out NOW! Get it here5) Researcher? Student? Podcaster? Use Perlego to access a massive online library of books, and get a week for free! Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The wide range of interests and powers that gathered at the two Westphalian cities each tell a fascinating story. Whether it was the two French agents that loathed one another; the Dutch tradition of representing each of the seven provinces; Swedish desires to legalise its control over Pomerania; Johan Oxenstierna's frequently drunken state, when he wasn't insisting on trumpets blasting to announce his presence; the Franco-Swedish request on having all Imperial estates represented at Westphalia, regardless of their size; French plans to court Bavaria; the Emperor's plan to prevent the smaller states from attending, and the confusion over exactly what religious settlement would be pushed for - all of these issues made the negotiations dynamic, unpredictable, and occasionally hilarious. Join me as we cover their early phase, while the war carried on in the background.**DON'T FORGET TO FOLLOW THESE LINKS!**1) To support the podcast financially in return for some extra audio content, check out Patreon!2) To find a community of history friends, look at our Facebook page and group!3) To keep up to date with us, follow us on Twitter!4) Matchlock and the Embassy, our new historical fiction novel, is out NOW! Get it here5) Researcher? Student? Podcaster? Use Perlego to access a massive online library of books, and get a week for free! Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

After so long dancing around the issue, here we finally look at the moment when the Westphalian towns of Osnabruck and Munster hosted delegates from all across Europe and the Empire. Why were the French so eager to arrive with an enormous entourage? How did the delegates get their mail? How did warmer creatures cope with the cold, rainy mud of Germany? We get into it here, as well as contextualising these key early steps of the most famous peace congress of the early modern era.**DON'T FORGET TO FOLLOW THESE LINKS!**1) To support the podcast financially in return for some extra audio content, check out Patreon!2) To find a community of history friends, look at our Facebook page and group!3) To keep up to date with us, follow us on Twitter!4) Matchlock and the Embassy, our new historical fiction novel, is out NOW! Get it here5) Researcher? Student? Podcaster? Use Perlego to access a massive online library of books, and get a week for free! Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.