Podcasts about Fourteen Points

This Day in Legal History: Woodrow Wilson Arrives in FranceOn December 13, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson arrived in France to negotiate the terms of peace to conclude World War I, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to travel to Europe. Wilson's presence marked a historic moment in international diplomacy, as he sought to champion his vision for a postwar world order based on his Fourteen Points. These principles emphasized self-determination, free trade, disarmament, and the establishment of a League of Nations to prevent future conflicts.Wilson joined the Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference, where complex negotiations would ultimately shape the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty included harsh reparations against Germany, redrew national borders across Europe, and officially created the League of Nations. While the League was Wilson's most cherished goal, the treaty and its terms faced intense scrutiny back in the United States.Despite Wilson's efforts to garner support, the U.S. Senate, led by Republicans skeptical of the treaty's implications, rejected it in 1920. Key concerns included the League's potential to entangle the U.S. in foreign conflicts without congressional approval. This decision prevented the United States from joining the League of Nations, a significant blow to Wilson's vision and to the League's influence as a global peacekeeping body. The treaty's rejection highlighted the tension between internationalism and isolationism in American foreign policy.Wilson's involvement in the treaty process nevertheless underscored the growing role of the United States in global affairs and set a precedent for presidential diplomacy on the world stage.Aaron Siri, a lawyer aligned with Robert F. Kennedy Jr., has petitioned the FDA to revoke approval of the polio vaccine, challenging one of the most significant public health achievements in history. Siri, who has a long track record of opposing vaccines, argues that the polio vaccine, like others, lacks sufficient testing and transparency. His actions, including a request to pause distribution of 13 additional vaccines, align with the agenda of the Informed Consent Action Network, a nonprofit advocating for "medical freedom" and closely tied to Kennedy. Critics warn that such efforts undermine decades of progress in eradicating vaccine-preventable diseases.In the battle between children and polio, RFK Jr. has thrown his hat into the ring on the side of polio. Public health experts are alarmed by the potential consequences of withdrawing the polio vaccine, which has protected millions from paralysis and death. Recent polio cases in unvaccinated populations highlight the persistent threat of the virus, described by one expert as “an airplane ride away.”Siri's approach extends beyond polio, targeting the FDA's vaccine approval processes and inundating agencies with document requests that some view as an attempt to hinder their operations. Kennedy's consideration for health secretary in the incoming Trump administration raises fears that vaccine policy may shift dramatically. Critics argue that dismantling vaccine programs risks a resurgence of diseases that left children dead or in leg braces, a grim echo of past public health crises. Despite claims of merely seeking transparency and choice, Kennedy and Siri's actions are seen as a direct threat to public health infrastructure.RFK Jr.'s Lawyer Has Asked the FDA to Revoke Polio Vaccine Approval - The New York TimesWashington defense lawyers are preparing to represent Justice Department officials, prosecutors, and FBI agents who fear being targeted for investigations under Donald Trump's upcoming presidency. Lawyers report a surge in inquiries from current and former DOJ employees concerned about congressional scrutiny, criminal probes, or internal watchdog investigations as Trump vows to dismantle the so-called “deep state” and pursue individuals he perceives as politically disloyal. Though much remains uncertain, attorneys are advising federal workers on how to prepare for potential retaliation tied to politically sensitive cases. Some fear investigations from the DOJ's inspector general, which could harm careers without requiring courtroom evidence. High-profile threats, such as prosecuting Special Counsel Jack Smith, are seen as less likely due to the difficulty of meeting legal standards for criminal cases.Financial concerns loom large, as many DOJ employees cannot afford expensive legal defense. Discussions among attorneys have included providing pro bono or reduced-fee services to meet the anticipated demand. The nomination of Kash Patel as FBI director, who has openly advocated for firing and prosecuting certain federal employees, has intensified these preparations. Lawyers emphasize that these concerns are not paranoia, given public statements from Trump allies outlining plans to target DOJ personnel.Lawyers Prep to Defend DOJ Workforce From Trump-Directed ProbesA federal judge has ruled that Yintao “Roger” Yu, a former ByteDance executive suing the company for wrongful termination, engaged in serious misconduct during his lawsuit. Judge Susan Illston found that Yu fabricated a key witness, lied under oath during his deposition, and abused the judicial process. As a result, the court sanctioned Yu and ordered his claims to be resolved through arbitration rather than continuing in court.Yu, previously head of U.S. engineering for ByteDance, alleged he was fired for exposing the company's intellectual property theft and the Chinese Communist Party's influence on TikTok. He claimed TikTok suppressed pro-democracy content at the CCP's request. However, ByteDance presented evidence that Yu lied about signing arbitration agreements and fabricated a declaration from an alleged witness. The witness, a ByteDance HR employee, testified she never made the statements attributed to her.The judge stated Yu's actions caused delays, wasted court resources, and constituted egregious litigation misconduct. She denied Yu's attempt to withdraw his lawsuit after ByteDance exposed his alleged perjury, ruling that such behavior would further undermine the judicial process. The judgment forces Yu to resolve the case through private arbitration, as required by the disputed agreements he initially denied signing.ByteDance Whistleblower Abused Judicial Process, Faked EvidenceThe U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has reopened an investigation into Elon Musk's brain-chip startup, Neuralink, according to a letter shared by Musk on the social platform X (formerly Twitter). The letter, written by Musk's attorney Alex Spiro, was addressed to outgoing SEC Chair Gary Gensler and disclosed that Musk was given a 48-hour deadline to settle by paying an undisclosed monetary amount or face charges. However, the settlement demand is tied to the SEC's probe into Musk's $44 billion takeover of Twitter, not Neuralink.Musk and the SEC have a contentious history, including a 2018 lawsuit over Musk's statements about taking Tesla private, which was settled with a $20 million fine and other conditions. Neuralink has also been under scrutiny after lawmakers urged the SEC to investigate whether Musk misled investors about the safety of its brain implant technology. It remains uncertain how much traction the SEC will gain against Musk, especially given his growing political influence. Musk, who supported Donald Trump's recent presidential campaign with substantial financial contributions, is poised to play a significant role in shaping the regulatory landscape. Trump has appointed Musk to a task force for overhauling the U.S. government. Musk and his attorney have vowed to resist SEC pressure, stating they will not be "intimidated."SEC 'reopens' probe into Neuralink, Musk's lawyer says | Reuters This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

After an extended intermission, Dimitri and Khalid resume THE LAND BELONGS TO WHOM IT BELONGS and embark on a deep examination of the British Mandate in Palestine. We start with a close reading of epic TV showrunner David Simon's recent anti-Irish, anti-mook screeds about DA MUFTI and other Zionist tropes concerning the Mandate period, followed by some theoretical framing from “A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property and Insurgency” by Zeina Ghandour, the problem of epistemicide, Pete Shambrook's “Policy of Deceit”, British perfidy and gaslight diplomacy towards Faisal and the Arabs after World War One, sus Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (attempt to outflank Lenin), clever manipulation of antiquities laws to slander/erase the legacy of Ottoman rule, the Jewish Agency's COINTELPRO/Mockingbird-tier espionage activities, and more. For access to premium SJ episodes, upcoming installments of DEMON FORCES, live call-in specials, and the Grotto of Truth Discord, become a subscriber at patreon.com/subliminaljihad.

In this episode, we will talk about Woodrow Wilson's 14 points which were his route to peace.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1004, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Cold Words 1: This cool admonition to calm down has been paired with Netflix. chill. 2: It's the geographic area above the circle of latitude at 66 1/2 degrees north. the Arctic Circle. 3: Meaning briskly cold, it's also a frozen dessert from Wendy's. a Frosty. 4: A poem by William Carlos Williams begins, "I have eaten the plums that were in" this, not the refrigerator--it was 1934. the icebox. 5: Originally a nautical term meaning closer to the wind, it means to be unfriendly or reserved, distant and uninvolved. aloof. Round 2. Category: The Voice Of God 1: God promised Noah, "Neither shall there any more be" one of these "to destroy the Earth". Flood. 2: "The Lord said unto Moses, go in unto" this ruler: "for I have hardened his heart". Pharaoh. 3: Before setting a mark on him, the Lord promised, "Whoever slayeth" him, "vengeance shall be taken" sevenfold. Cain. 4: The Lord asked Satan if he had considered this servant, "A perfect and an upright man". Job. 5: At the start of this man's book, God tells him, "Moses my servant is dead: now therefore arise...". Joshua. Round 3. Category: Drive My Car 1: Its Wrangler wrangled an award--2019 MotorTrend SUV of the Year. Jeep. 2: This brand dropped its famous second name to combine with Maybach for the $200,000 S 650. Mercedes. 3: Take a ride in this Asian automaker's Telluride, or in its sportier K5. Kia. 4: It's letter perfect with the i8, surprisingly not made by Apple. BMW. 5: Its 488 Pista Spider has 710 horses under your foot and no roof over your head. Ferrari. Round 4. Category: Which Document Came First? 1: Hammurabi's Code,the Edict of Milan,the Koran. Hammurabi's Code. 2: The Treaties of Utrecht,the Magna Carta,the 95 Theses. the Magna Carta. 3: The Federalist Papers,the Articles of Confederation,the Declaration of Independence. the Declaration of Independence. 4: The Fourteen Points,the U.N. Charter,"Mein Kampf". the Fourteen Points. 5: NAFTA,the German Reunification Treaty,the Good Friday Agreement. the German Reunification Treaty. Round 5. Category: Name That Critter 1: Panthera tigris. a tiger. 2: Ursus arctos horribilis. a grizzly bear. 3: Mus musculus. a mouse. 4: Gymnogyps californianus. California condor. 5: Loxodonta africana. African elephant. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia! Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/

As poll after poll drops showing the Conservatives with, in some cases, a huge lead, the party meets in convention in Quebec City.  Can anything stop what seems like a steamroller for Pierre Poilievre? Bruce and Chantal bring their thoughts to the Good Talk conversation. Also should premiers be lobbying the Bank of Canada on interest rates?

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 919, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: an "f" in history 1: John Glenn's capsule on his famous 1962 flight was called this, which an old saying called the "best ship". Friendship. 2: From 1788 to 1790 Russia and Sweden fought over this country. Finland. 3: This 13th president's wife Abigail loved books and began a library at the White House around 1850. (Millard) Fillmore. 4: In 1918 Woodrow Wilson proposed this numbered set of principles, one being the removal of trade barriers between nations. the Fourteen Points. 5: On July 3, 1754 Fort Necessity was surrendered in one of the first battles in this 9-year war. the French and Indian War. Round 2. Category: toys and games 1: Miss Scarlet and Professor Plum are suspects in this classic whodunit game. Clue. 2: This plump doll with a top knot got its name from a pet form of "Cupid". Kewpie. 3: Because of an allergy alert, one ingredient of this soft modeling compound that's not a secret is wheat. Play-Doh. 4: When this brand was introduced in 1970, it was billed as the "first official indoor ball". Nerf. 5: At the 1939 World's Fair, the Sawyer family introduced this stereo slide scope that gives 3-D views. the View-Master. Round 3. Category: half a nice day 1: If you're a half pint, you've got this many ounces. 8. 2: In 2003 AMD introduced its 64-this chip; that's a lot of personal computing power and beats the standard 32. bit. 3: On the menu, "on the half shell" usually refers to a way of serving these, raw or Rockefeller. oysters. 4: If something is 50% gold, it has this many karats. 12. 5: We guess it would take 2 of this rapper's "Get Rich or Die Trying" CDs to equal 1 Buck Owens. 50 Cent. Round 4. Category: international shopping 1: It's illegal to buy goods with foreign currency in this Asian country. Red China. 2: The Witches' Market in this Bolivian capital has been called a "glorious adventure" for children. La Paz. 3: The duty-free shop of this Irish airport is 1 of the most famous in Europe. Shannon Airport. 4: Brussels and Bruges are world famous for making this fabric which the Belgians call "dentelles". lace. 5: (Video Daily Double)Among the most popular Russian souvenirs are wooden matryoshka dolls, which have this unique feature:. they fit within each other. Round 5. Category: corn-ucopia 1: The name of this brand of corn chips means "fried" in Spanish. Fritos. 2: This man who died in 1995 made the first significant genetic improvement in popcorn in more than 5,000 years. Orville Redenbacher. 3: Meat and vegetables are cooked with a masa dough and wrapped in a corn husk to make this Mexican dish. tamales. 4: These threadlike fibers that grow beneath the husk are used in herbal medicines and tea. corn silk. 5: Home to the Missouri Meerschaum Co., Washington, Missouri is hailed as this "capital of the world". corn pipe. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia! Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/

This week, Clay Jenkinson's conversation with Dr. Lindsay Chervinsky about the 28th President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. Best known for his Fourteen Points and the League of Nations, Wilson was one of the most pronounced idealists among American presidents. He said he wanted to make the world safe for democracy. Meanwhile, at home, he supported some of the most repressive censorship and anti-dissident programs in the history of America. He re-segregated the U.S. government bureaucracy and came late to women's suffrage. Before the end of his second term, Wilson had a massive stroke. His second wife Edith took over and in some respects became the first female chief executive in American history.   Support the show by joining the 1776 Club or by donating to the Thomas Jefferson Hour, Inc. You can learn more about Clay's cultural tours and retreats at jeffersonhour.com/tours. Check out our merch. You can find Clay's books on our website, along with a list of his favorite books on Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and other topics. Thomas Jefferson is interpreted and portrayed by Clay S. Jenkinson.

Born to Scots-Irish immigrants and raised in the Confederate South, Woodrow Wilson came into his own as a student at Princeton University. Armed with a Ph.D, he launched his career a historian and professor of political science and soon returned to Princeton, where he quickly became its most popular lecturer and was eventually named its president. His ambitious tenure garnered him national attention, and some Democratic party kingmakers saw him as an attractive candidate for national political office. Wilson had long harbored dreams of becoming a statesman, and in 1910 he allowed New Jersey's Democratic political machine to make him New Jersey's governor. Promptly repudiating the machine, he signed into law many progressive reforms and positioned himself to run for president in 1912. Up against a bitterly divided Republican party, Wilson coasted to an electoral college landslide victory. As president, he aggressively lobbied Congress to enact his New Freedom agenda (and turned a blind eye as his cabinet introduced widespread segregation into the federal bureaucracy), but his presidency reached a turning point in the summer of 1914 when the death of his wife coincided with the outbreak of the First World War in Europe. He resisted calls for the U.S. to enter the conflict and was re-elected in 1916 on the slogan "He Kept Us Out Of War," but in 1917 he felt forced to join the war in order to make the world "safe for democracy" (though his war effort was tinged by a sweeping suppression of civil liberties on the home front). Upon the Allied victory, Wilson hoped to shape a new world order with his idealistic Fourteen Points peace plan, but settled for a punitive peace propped up by a League of Nations. He failed to persuade a reluctant America to join the League and--after he suffered a debilitating stroke--his second wife led a conspiracy to hide his condition from the American people for the final year-and-a-half of his presidency. Clinging to fantasies of a third term, Wilson descended into bitterness and died soon after leaving office.   Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram Email us at deadpresidentspodcast@gmail.com Please rate & review, subscribe & share. Thanks for listening!

Keen to distance the United States from nationalistic disputes that fuelled European rivalries, Wilson's 14 Points sought a lasting peace by securing terms that avoided selfish ambitions of the ...

Not(PolicyWTF): Trade Deals Are GoodThis section looks at policies that are surprisingly sane.- RSJWe signed a trade deal with Australia yesterday. For over a decade now, we have been trying to get this going. The deal falls just short of a free trade agreement (FTA) but that’s a minor quibble that should get sorted in future. Australia’s desire to reduce its dependence on China as the primary trading partner and India’s willingness to have a stronger link with the Quad on economic matters seem to have brought the deal to fruition. There is a small matter of upcoming national elections in Australia too where the economy will play a key role in setting the agenda. The deal is significant in what it signals about the Indian government’s view on global trade. For the past few years, we have gone on and on about atmanirbhar Bharat whose primary manifestation was an increase in import duties across a range of goods taking us back to the pre-liberalisation era. We have lamented about this wrong turn. As Pranay argues we must focus on atmashakti instead of atmanirbharta. So, reading the key terms of the deal warms my heart. As Reuters reports:“The deal with India removes tariffs on more than 85% of Australian goods exports to India, worth A$12.6 billion, rising to almost 91% over 10 years. Tariffs will be scrapped on sheep meat, wool, copper, coal, alumina, fresh Australian rock lobster, and some critical minerals and non-ferrous metals to India.It will see 96% of Indian goods imports enter Australia duty-free.”That’s good. What’s better was the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) that India signed last month with the UAE. There were the usual agreements on tariffs and duties which is in line with the agreement with Australia. From Mint:“The CEPA between India and the UAE covers almost all the tariff lines dealt in by India (11,908 tariff lines) and the UAE (7581 tariff lines) respectively. India will benefit from preferential market access provided by the UAE on over 97% of its tariff lines which account for 99% of Indian exports to the UAE in value terms, especially for all labour-intensive sectors such as Gems and Jewellery, Textiles, leather, footwear, sports goods, plastics, furniture, agricultural and wood products, engineering products, medical devices, and Automobiles. India will also be offering preferential access to the UAE on over 90% of its tariff lines, including lines of export interest to the UAE.As regards trade in services, India has offered market access to the UAE in around 100 sub-sectors, while Indian service providers will have access to around 111 sub-sectors from the 11 broad service sectors.”But the eye-popping section in this agreement was on government procurement where the UAE based companies will be treated on par with domestic companies. This is a first and quite remarkable when you consider India hasn’t even signed the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) as a member of WTO. UAE companies will now have the ability to bid for government contracts of value greater than Rs. 200 Crs while being seen as an equivalent to a domestic company. The unwillingness to agree on government procurement has stalled other FTAs between India and the EU, UK, and Japan. So, the UAE agreement appears like a watershed moment.There has been the usual noise in some quarters about how this will impact the domestic producers, but that swadeshi lobby has been having it good for the last few years. So, maybe they will have to lump it this time. Having sat out of the RCEP much to my disappointment and raising the protectionist rhetoric in the past few years, these two agreements signal a shift in the government’s thinking. This is for the good. Indian manufacturers must see the world as their market. They must learn to compete with the best in domestic markets, improve the quality of their products and use the existing factor cost advantage to win in global markets. Also, opening up government procurement to suppliers from other countries will help improve the quality of government projects. The shoddiness we have come to associate with such projects owes its origins to colonial-era L1 (lowest cost) guidelines that are being dismantled, and to the jugaad mindset that’s prevalent among the suppliers to the government. Things can only get better if there is a global competition for such projects with best-in-class project management and governance practices. And like we have often argued here, voluntary trade doesn’t happen between countries. People transact with one another. And all voluntary trade is a win-win as has been demonstrated over and over again. The Indian consumer will eventually benefit.There is also a geostrategic element to these trade deals. Closer integration with Australia on the eastern Quad and stronger relations with Israel and UAE on the so-called ‘western’ QUAD are good measures to build a counter to China on trade. They also provide these countries with access to India and the Indian subcontinent markets. Lastly, stronger trade integration is the best counterweight to bigotry in domestic politics. There is no credible domestic political force that’s left that can stem the tide on this. We need global markets and trade deals for growth. And closer economic cooperation with other nations will mean a responsibility to behave well on the domestic front. It may sound optimistic at this stage. But in the long run, global trade and the broader trend of decentralisation are the key countervailing forces to a fast-narrowing domestic polity.But…—Pranay KotasthaneThe trade agreements with the UAE and Australia deserve praise. However, my worry stems from inadequate state capacity. A multilateral trade agreement is useful also because it can override points of bilateral contention. Moreover, multilateral agreements also make it easier for a government to convince its domestic stakeholders (recall Putnam’s paper Diplomacy and Domestic Politics). India seems to have opted for a bilateral approach instead where it will fine-tune the deal specifics with countries. Such an approach will be protracted. It will face opposition from domestic lobbies, who will want to keep their products out of deals with states having competing suppliers. Finally, this approach would require immense and sustained political, intellectual, and administrative capacity. Without building this capacity, the Commerce and External Affairs ministries are likely to satisfice rather than maximise. So, I remain sceptical of the outcomes. India Policy Watch: The Paradoxes of India’s Westernophobia Insights on burning policy issues in India- Pranay KotasthaneOnce again, the Russia-Ukraine war has brought India's geopolitical stance into focus. The last two weeks witnessed visits by delegations from the US, UK, European Union, Japan, Russia, and China. High profile visits by the Russian and Chinese foreign ministers, in particular, have led to heated debates about India's position. Some commentators in the West see these visits as further proof of India's Westernophobia. In contrast, some Indian commentators interpret that the Russia-India-China (RIC) grouping is not dead after all.I think Westernophobia is self-defeating and RIC is good riddance. What K Subrahmanyam said with characteristic incisiveness in a Pragati interview fourteen years ago still remains a sound principle for guiding India’s foreign policy:“India has to leverage this situation and change the US-EU-China triangle into a rectangle. Until then it is in our interest to help America to sustain its pre-eminence. After all, in a three-person game, If America is at Number One, China is at Number Two and we are lower down, it is in our best interest to ensure that it is America that remains Number One.”With intense US-China contestation in play, the convergence of interests and values between the West and India is at an all-time high. A deeper collaboration with the West is critical for improving India’s economic, technological, and security futures. China and the East Asian countries benefited massively from a deeper relationship with the West over the last forty years. India now has the opportunity to play the same game. Nevertheless, it does seem that a streak of Westernophobia, particularly its subset anti-Americanism, still exists in India. Why so? Let’s explore. In my view, we should begin the analysis of India-US relationship using a tri-axis framework: state-to-state relations, state-to-people relations, and people-to-people relations.As far as state-to-state relations are concerned, I’m less worried. India’s foreign policy establishment of India adroitly shifted its weight behind the Quad 2.0 as the China threat increased. With Pakistan having moved itself out of the equation, the job of the US and Indian officials has become far easier than it was in the past. The sensible statements made by the US spokespersons in response to India’s stance on Russia in the UN are indicative of the mutual understanding and trust between the two sides. On the people-to-people relationship, there was never any doubt in the first place. On this front, ties between the West and India are absolutely no match for the ties between India and Russia or India and China. Indian elites’ reference network for everything from music to education is American. There is a robust movement of ideas, people, goods and services that has outpaced the state-to-state relationship for nearly three decades. This twitter thread by Brookings Senior Fellow Tanvi Madan gives a good idea of the deep connections.It’s the state-to-people axis which is problematic. Many Indians still seem to harbour a deep frustration with the American state. Charges of unreliability (hint: the 1971 War) or hypocrisy (hint: Afghanistan) always make an appearance in casual discussions on India-US relations. The lesson people derive from such arguments is that if India were to throw its weight behind the US, it would get sucked into fighting America’s wars all over the world, only to be ditched by the US in one fell swoop soon after.Here on, let’s focus on this third axis—the state-people relationship. Without going into the psychoanalytical reasons for why we think this way, there are three paradoxes implicit in this anti-American strand that I want to emphasise. Paradox 1: Vishwaguru and VictimThe flurry of official diplomatic visits over the last two weeks has filled some Indians with pride. Notwithstanding India’s poor and declining economic potential over the last decade, many seriously believe that India’s concurrence is indispensable for any future global order. And that all sides desperately need the vishwaguru on their side. The paradox is that the same people also hold the view that India is a victim of circumstances at the global stage. Hence, it should neither call out Russia’s invasion and revisionism for fear of losing cover in the UN or military supplies, nor should it ally with the US lest it becomes a mere pawn in the global machinations of an unreliable superpower.Clearly, only one of these conceptions can be true. Either way, the conclusion remains the same: India need not stick to its old stance of non-alignment. If India truly is a swing power, it has enough leverage to go against its partners without necessarily facing the worst consequences. It can partner with the US without necessarily committing itself to all the global wars that America indulges itself in. It can also call out the Russian invasion for what it is, without the fear of a proportional retaliation from Russia. On the other hand, if the dominant conception is that India is a victim of global machinations, gaining economic and military power in the shortest possible time remains the only way out. This approach again needs collaboration with richer and more powerful countries with which we have no major divergence on interests and values i.e. the West.Paradox 2: Three is Better than TwoMany Indians seriously believe that a closer India-Russia partnership can wean Russia away from China. Hence, they argue that the answer to India’s current problems lies not in collaborating with the West, but by reinvigorating the Russia-India-China grouping. This argument is often couched under multipolarity mumbo-jumbo that I fail to grasp.It is a paradox for two reasons. First, India’s ability to influence the Russia-China collaboration is exaggerated. India’s GDP per capita is a fifth of both Russia and China. The Russia-India partnership is a single-tracked one, relying on one way movement of defence goods. Contrast that with Russia’s China dependence, which is set to rise further due to the economic sanctions. There’s no scenario in which India would be able to drive a wedge between Russia and China on its own accord. Second, the notion that Russia and China would create a world order that is in India’s interests is truly fantastical. With RIC, the successor to the West’s unipolarity will not be multipolarity, but a Sinocentric world order. Paradox 3: Silent Majority vs the Vocal MinorityThe Westernophobia seen on India Twitter might not be a true representation of the state-to-people axis. I say this based on the first edition of the Global Outlook Survey conducted by my colleagues at Takshashila. To a question ‘Which of these bilateral relationships is the most important for India to achieve its strategic objectives?’, 64 per cent of the non-expert survey takers answered India-US. Russia came a distant second at 10 per cent. Notably, the survey sample is skewed towards the young (63 per cent of recipients) and towards South and West India (57 per cent of recipients). To another question ‘What sort of international order best serves India’s interests?’, 84 per cent of the non-expert respondents opted for ‘a multipolar order with an expanded UNSC’. These two data points highlight an interesting dynamic. While many Indians consider the India-US partnership as supremely important, they also believe that the current world order is inimical to India’s interests. Therein lies an opportunity for the US. Backing India’s inclusion in UNSC, reducing barriers for technology transfer to India, and deeper technology alliance might make the vocal minority irrelevant. In any case, resolving these three paradoxes on the state-to-people axis is a key policy challenge for India.I want to end this essay with a question for all of you: what event, decision, or circumstance would make you reverse your current thinking on the India-Russia relationship? India Policy Watch: Nehru-Jinnah DebatesInsights on burning policy issues in India- RSJI was reading Nehru: The Debates That Defined India by Adeel Hussain and Tripurdaman Singh this week. The book has Nehru debating four of his contemporaries with whom he had differences about the fundamental question of the idea of India. Two things struck me. One, the civility of exchanges that were otherwise marked by huge differences in views. Two, how the fundamental questions of that era (1930-50) remain relevant today. In many ways, they have come back to bite us. I will touch upon some of the debates in other editions. The book is a must-read.Today, I will reproduce extracts from the book on the Nehru-Jinnah debate about the question of Muslim representation in a democratic India. I have touched upon this in a previous edition. Quoting from the book:“In Nehru’s view, the Hindu-Muslim problem or communalism was at its core a problem of ‘upper middle-class people’ who only made up a small fraction of the Indian population. If the ‘mass elements take part in the election of the constituent assembly’, communal issues would ‘recede into the background’. Broadly secular in his political outlook, Nehru never warmed to the idea that religion deserved a place in progressive politics. ‘The so-called Hindu-Muslim problem,’ Nehru disclosed his position in usual frankness, ‘is not a genuine problem concerning the masses, but it is the creation of self-seekers, job-hunters, and timid people, who believe in British rule in India till eternity.’For Nehru, therefore, it was telling that Muslim politicians preferred to discuss the communal question from a numerical perspective and connect it to reserved seats in the legislature or the colonial administration. Nehru openly raged against the Communal Award of 1932, the chief institution that the British had established to ensure the retention of separate electorates for Indian Muslims. At its core, Nehru saw reservations opposed to the egalitarian principles of nationalism.‘It is absurd to consider this question [of communalism] from the point of view of numbers,’ Nehru declared in the presence of Jinnah. ‘If there was a question of numbers we thirty five crores [350 million] of people would not have become a slave country being dominated by a small number of people in Britain.’Against the Nehru Report (on Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms), Jinnah proposed his Fourteen Points, which sought, among other things, a federal constitutional make-up of India with residual power vested in the provinces, a fixed Muslim representation in the Central legislature and the upholding of separate electorates. However, Jinnah signalled that he was willing to consider joint electorates if the Congress met his other demands. Clothed into concrete modifications to the Nehru Report during an ‘All Parties Conference’ in Calcutta, Jinnah pressed the committee members who were deciding on the merits of the Nehru Report that at least ‘one-third of the elected representatives of both the Houses of the Central Legislature should be Musalamans’.In a moving speech on the fifth day of the convention, Jinnah clarified that his desire was not to overwhelm the Congress with demands that would make it look soft on Muslims in front of the Hindu Mahasabha. Instead, Jinnah’s demands were guided solely by dry constitutional observations from other countries. According to Jinnah, by the 1920s, it had become conventional wisdom that ‘majorities are apt to be oppressive and tyrannical and minorities always dread and fear that their interests and rights, unless clearly and definitely safeguarded by statutory provisions, would suffer […].’Jinnah reasoned that because the Nehru Report predicted that a third of the legislature would consist of Muslim delegates anyway, there would be no harm in implementing this figure as a formal constitutional safeguard. Such a written anchor would also allow Indian Muslims to distribute those seats more evenly and distribute the excess seats that they would receive in the Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Punjab to regions where Muslims were numerically weaker.The delegates roundly rejected Jinnah’s proposal. Dissent to his suggestions even emerged from within the ranks of the Muslim League. Other parties rejoiced over the open split in the Muslim League. M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha, for instance, poked right into this wound. In his response to Jinnah’s speech, Jayakar cautioned the audience to ‘bear in mind that the demands, as set forth by Mr Jinnah, do not proceed on behalf of the entire Muslim Community, not even a large bulk of it’. With some justification, Jayakar reiterated that the position Jinnah voiced reflected the desires of ‘a small minority of Muhammadans’.This speech left a mark on Jinnah. Responding to Jayakar, he moved away from his otherwise carefully measured statements that tended to evoke constitutional principles as an acid test for minority protections. Now Jinnah asserted that lasting harmony between communities could not be established in ‘a Court of Law’ or through a constitution ‘however perfect from a theoretical point of view it may seem’. Instead, it could only turn into a reality through ‘the highest order of statesmanship and political wisdom’ and the recognition that ‘there is no progress for India until the Musalmans and Hindus are united’. The alternative Jinnah presciently predicted was ‘a revolution and civil war’.When Jinnah re-emerged on the political scene in 1934, after an extended hiatus to heal from the humiliation in the aftermath of the Nehru Report, he began to filter politics more squarely through the lens of war and peace….Moving from contractual obligations to honour was reflective of Jinnah’s changed perspective. Earlier, he had viewed Indian Muslims primarily as a minority community, constantly vying to petition for rights from the British crown or the Congress party. Now he saw Indian Muslims as a distinct and separate nation capable of ensuring their rights through force. This view clashed severely with the secularist outlook of Jawaharlal Nehru, who could only interpret Jinnah’s religious posturing as a profound symptom of political alienation: a desperate attempt to plaster over existential anxieties that ranged from colonial oppression to unemployment and food scarcity. With constitutional reforms bringing more and more Indians into the realm of electoral politics, Jinnah and Nehru’s contradictory ideas of India clashed soon after their joint appearance in Lucknow.In the 1937 provincial elections, the Indian National Congress secured a resounding victory. At the polls of India’s first large-scale election campaign that departed from the established system of dyarchy and increased the vote to thirty-six million Indians, including some women, the Indian National Congress secured more than 750 of some 1,500 seats. This sweeping success did more than underline the Congress’s claim of being a national party. It altogether transformed the Congress from a mass movement to a political party. Congress members now occupied ministries in five provinces outright and constituted coalition governments in another two.Jinnah suffered a crushing defeat. His All-India Muslim League secured less than 5 per cent of the Muslim vote, although this slim vote share amounted to some 108 seats from 485 reserved for Muslims under the Communal Award….In full awareness that the Congress did not require the League to rule, Nehru conducted this communication from a position of strength. Jinnah refused to acknowledge that the election result was an adequate measure of the political value of the Muslim League. To him, the communal question remained the most critical issue to determine India’s future. Jinnah’s cold responses were his way to shake Nehru out of this false sense of security that the Hindu-Muslim issue had receded into the background and given way to lofty ideas around socialism and constitutional democracy. Perhaps for this reason, Jinnah refused to lay the Muslim case to Nehru anew.”Advertisement: If you enjoy the themes we discuss in this newsletter, consider taking up the Graduate Certificate in Public Policy course. Intake for the next cohort is open. 12-weeks, fully online, designed with working professionals in mind, and most importantly, guaranteed fun and learning. Do not miss.HomeWorkReading and listening recommendations on public policy matters[Article] Check out our take on Hypocrisy in International Relations in edition #52.[Article] This post by Yiqin Fu has some cool insights on the consequences of a mobile-first internet with Chinese characteristics. [Podcast] On Puliyabaazi, we discussed organic farming troubles in Sri Lanka. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit publicpolicy.substack.com

In this episode, Dr. Jerby discusses evidence-based foods and food additives to avoid in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nutrient deficiencies should also be avoided and Dr. Jerby discusses the testing that should occur in every case of IBD. This is part of an ongoing series intitled "The Fourteen Points of Comprehensive IBD Treatment." If you have IBD, this information is absolutely essential to successful treatment.

Exploring what fun historical event took place on this day

S14-E18 Topics: WWI consequences, WWI bridges to WWII, the catalyst for Russian Communist Revolution, and Treaty of Versailles. PDF documents: Aftermath of WWI, President Wilson's Fourteen Points, and Treaty of Versailles. The following links allow you to subscribe: iTunes and Apple Podcast, Amazon Music/Audible, Castbox.fm, Deezer, Facebook, Gaana, Google Podcast, iHeartRadio, Player.fm, Radio Public, Samsung Listen, Stitcher, TuneIn, Twitter, Vurbl, and YouTube. Automatically available through these podcast apps: Castamatic, iCatcher, Overcast, Pocket Casts, RSSRadio, and more. Please post comments to the individual episodes, post to the iTunes podcast review and rating section, and email to me, arendale@umn.edu You can also check out my other four podcasts and other social media at www.davidmedia.org 

(Bonus) The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.

This collection of non-fiction and fiction pieces is the third volume commemorating the First World War. The majority of the items, all chosen by the readers, are in English, but the collection also includes pieces in Dutch, French, German, Italian and Portuguese. Please note that some works are still protected by copyright in countries which observe copyright laws based on the author's date of death. Most items were written during or shortly after the war, but one or two have been included for their relevance in other ways. For more information about each piece, please see this document (PDF format), which also shows the authors' dates of death. (Summary by Ruth Golding) Genre(s): War & Military Fiction, War & Military Language: Multilingual Get Audible: https://amzn.to/3fZZT4p Crypto Opportunities: https://bit.ly/3bB2yAu Grow your Social Following: https://bit.ly/3wJi70U ManySwap: https://bit.ly/3yGUVSP --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/freeaudiobooks/support

In our 44th "Deming Lens" episode, host Tripp Babbitt shares his interpretation of wide-ranging aspects and implications of Dr. Deming's theory of management. This month he looks at the audience demographics of the Deming Institute Podcast. Show Notes [00:00:14] Deming Lens - Episode 44 [00:01:09] The US [00:02:58] By Country Breakout [00:06:14] Top 5 Downloaded Episodes     Transcript [00:00:14] In the 44th episode of The Deming Lens, we'll take a look at the audience that listens to the Deming Insitute podcast.   [00:00:31] Hi, I'm Tripp Babbitt, hosts of the Deming Institute podcast, and in this final episode of our covid filled year of Twenty Twenty, I wanted to cover the audience that the Deming Institute podcast has been playing to.   [00:00:55] And I'm not at liberty to share what the numbers are, but I can share kind of what the coverage is for the world.   [00:01:09] Basically, first of all, shouldn't be any surprise to anyone that all 50 states in the United States have at least listen to the Deming Institue podcast over the years. And it's been almost it'll be seven years, I believe, in April that we started the podcast. But just some kind of interesting statistics and maybe not statistics, but rankings the top states, which shouldn't surprise anyone. Top three states that listen to the podcast are California, Texas and New York.   [00:01:54] And then the states with the fewest downloads are North Dakota, Montana and Alaska.   [00:02:05] And I just every once in a while, I'll go back and I look at some of these statistics and I find them interesting just to kind of and I never I don't can't remember that I've shared these before. But again, I think they're they're interesting now, the top five cities in the US that as far as listenership or downloads are New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C. and Chicago. So I don't know that there be any particular surprises with regards to what the top five cities would be in the US listening to the podcast. Now, this I did find interesting. I did. I also ran data on the top five countries. Well, no surprise the United States has over 50 percent of the listenership.   [00:02:58] Now, at one point when we first started the downloads in the in the US represented 80 percent or more of all downloads. And over the last few years, especially over the last three years, the US number percentage has gone down. It's just a little over 50 percent now. Then you have the U.K., which kind of stands alone at second. And then if I were to probably group the next group and this is where it got a little surprising for me was Canada, which doesn't surprise me, but India, Australia and the Philippines, of all places, I, I kind of expected the India listenership to go up over time as we've interviewed some folks from from India. But the Philippines kind of surprised me. I would guess that as far as the rate of increase of the downloads, India is has definitely shot up the list the fastest the Philippines. I haven't done all the analysis on it, but in essence, kind of came out of nowhere. So it just it just kind of surprised me. And and so that makes basically the top six with the US, UK, Canada, India, Australia and the Philippines. And then there's kind of another group and I'll just kind of round up the top ten, which are Germany, Mexico, Ireland and Brazil. Now, the thing I got curious about were which countries were listening. And then that became a little bit of an overwhelming exercise. So I try to go look at it a different way, which is which countries aren't listening. And there are three and maybe four.   [00:05:04] And I explain that in a second. But the first one is Chad in Africa and the Western Sahara. And there have never been anybody from those countries. So if you knew somebody in that country, have them listen to the podcast and and then we can check them off the list. Another one is Turkmenistan. Hopefully I'm saying that correctly has not. Had anyone from that particular country listen to the podcast and then this one is the one that I'm not sure about, and it's it's Svalbard, which is actually part of Norway. So we've we've had a lot of listeners from Norway and I sometimes some of these ancillary and I don't know what you would call them. I think they reference them as an archipelago kind of standalone, but they're part of Norway doesn't show up.So I'm wondering if it just is something within. Libsyn too. We put our podcast on.   [00:06:14] So those are some of the things that I found looking through here now, the top five podcast episodes, not surprisingly.   [00:06:24] And this one created, I think at the time, some degree of controversy was the conversation I had with Ron Moen about the PDSA cycle where Dr. Deming, he had notes from from Dr. Deming and communications with them that PDC AI was I forget the exact words Dr. Deming used, but something to the effect of, you know, a an abomination of PDSA.   [00:06:54] And that particular episode, it, I think I say, shocked me. But I've seen PDK over the years so often.   [00:07:05] And I started seeing people change over from PDCA to PDSA based on just that podcast alone, that podcast episode alone, the second most listen to podcast kind of surprise me. And some of these are skewed. And I explained that here in just a minute. But what was lujah on who owns a automotive repair shop? And we did an interview with him back in 2015 and it was a good interview. I was a little surprised of the amount of people that had listened to it. But then as I started thinking about it and looking at the Deming Institute website, a lot of these top five that I'm going to go through are promoted on their particular website so they'll show up on a particular page or a popular page.   [00:08:01] So they're people naturally click on them and listen to them.   [00:08:07] The third most listen to podcast episode was Paula Marshall. And I really need to go back in there and do some of the work that I do today on fixing that particular episode. But that whole conversation about how Dr. Deming took Paula Marshall, who owns Bamma companies, and they make apple pies, it was really interesting to me and I learned a lot by listening to that not long after and when I went to the Library of Congress and actually looked through Dr. Deming's files that are there at the Library of Congress for folks to be able to read. But it was a good episode. But I just need to clean up the audio on that a little bit. I didn't have the knowledge I have today and how to do that. I was really early on in doing interviews and podcast episodes. The fourth is the one I did with the Deming Lens, which was point one of Dr. Deming's Fourteen Points.   [00:09:17] I did a whole series on the 14 points where we went through each of the 14.   [00:09:25] I pulled some of the information from the blog. I pulled it from out of the crisis. I pulled it from my notes that I took during Dr. Deming's four day seminar back in the late eighties and.   [00:09:43] So that one obviously shows up on some of the Deming Institute pages also, and then fifth was David Langford on using Dr. Deming's ideas and improving education.   [00:09:54] And David, as someone that I interviewed several times over the years, talking about how he how he applies Dr. Deming's ideas to education. And David is definitely someone who worked with Dr. Deming and, you know, trying to promote his ideas within education.   [00:10:19] So I just thought it was interesting and kind of the end to end the year. I have like I like I said, I haven't really talked about these. And as I mentioned, I'm not at liberty to give the actual volume that are out there.   [00:10:36] But I felt it was OK to at least share some of the things that about the podcast itself and relatively neutral terms. And so that's it for twenty twenty. And I hope everyone has a good into a tough year as far as twenty twenty goes. And as we go into twenty, twenty one, you have a lot of great hopes.   [00:11:05] We have a vaccination now, we have a vaccine now and so there's hope out there again. And getting out of this particular crisis that we're in which is going to lead to a whole series of new problems and individual countries that they're going to be facing in the upcoming years. And a lot of them have to do with the amount of money printing that that is going on, a lot of countries to just kind of keep things going. So best wishes for twenty, twenty one.   [00:11:43] Hi, this is Tripp Babbitt, one way that you can help the Deming Institute and this podcast is by providing a reading on Apple podcasts. If you have additional comments, you can reach me at Tripp@Deming.org.  

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com.

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is a Special Series on Third World Nationalism. In the wake of a rise in nationalism around the world, and its general condemnation by liberals and the left, in addition to the rise of China and Russia, we have put together this series on Third World Nationalism to nuance the present discourse on nationalism, note its centrality to anti-imperial, anti-colonial politics around the world, the reconfiguration of global power, and its inextricability from mainstream politics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Today my guest is Erez Manela, author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford UP, 2009). During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today. Kirk Meighoo is a TV and podcast host, former university lecturer, author and former Senator in Trinidad and Tobago. He hosts his own podcast, Independent Thought & Freedom, where he interviews some of the most interesting people from around the world who are shaking up politics, economics, society and ideas. You can find it in the iTunes Store or any of your favorite podcast providers. You can also subscribe to his YouTube channel. If you are an academic who wants to get heard nationally, please check out his free training at becomeapublicintellectual.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Chris, Zack, and Melanie get together to talk about former Secretary of Defense Bob Gates’s Foreign Affairs article, “The United States Must Recover the Full Range of Its Power.” Against the backdrop of domestic and worldwide protests spurred by the murder of George Floyd, they ask whether we rely too much on the military to carry out America’s foreign policy goals. If so, why? Are we willing to establish criteria for when force should be used? Is it time to reassess the design of our national security bureaucracies? Do Gates’s calls for stronger American leadership ultimately undermine or enhance his hopes for a more diplomatic foreign policy? The gang also reviews the Netflix original Space Force and Chris gives a shout out to all the high school, college, and other graduates experiencing the big day virtually (including his son!). Finally, Zack congratulates Gen. Charles Brown on his unanimous confirmation as chief of staff of the Air Force and thanks him for sharing his personal experiences with discrimination and challenging us to be better.   Links Bob Gates, “The United States Must Recover the Full Range of Its Power,” Foreign Affairs, June 2, 2020 David H. McCormick, Charles E. Luftig, and James M. Cunningham, “Economic Might, National Security, and the Future of American Statecraft,” Texas National Security Review, Summer 2020 Robert Gates, “Landon Lecture,” Kansas State University, November 26, 2007 Emma Ashford, “Build a Better Blob,” Foreign Affairs, May 29, 2020 Edward Fishman, “How to Fix America’s Failing Sanctions Policy,” Lawfare, June 4, 2020 Kaleth O. Wright, Tweet, June 01, 2020 Gen. CQ Brown, Jr., "What I'm Thinking About," June 5, 2020 "CSAF/CMSAF Dialogue on Race," June 4, 2020 "America's Top Brass Break with Donald Trump," The Economist, June 6, 2020 Mike Mullen, "I Cannot Remain Silent," The Atlantic, June 2, 2020 Richard Immerman and Jeffrey Engel, Fourteen Points for the Twenty-First Century: A Renewed Appeal for Cooperative Internationalism, (University Press of Kentucky, 2020) Chris Cioffi, “McConnell Sets Vote for Trump Media Agency Pick, Who Has Ties to Steve Bannon,” Roll Call, June 4, 2020            Colbert King, “Trump’s attack on the VOA reeks of McCarthyism,” Washington Post, April 18, 2020

Welcome to PEACEMAKING IN PARIS, presented by PROFESSOR SIR HEW STRACHAN for UCL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION and introduced by SIMON BENDRY, Director of UCL Institute of Education's First World War Centenary Battlefield Tours Programme. In 1919, the United States and Allied Powers met in Paris to decide the terms of the peace settlements with the defeated Central Powers. A century on, Sir Hew reflects on the Paris Peace Conference and its legacy. In this podcast, he considers President Wilson's principle of national self-determination - one of Wilson's Fourteen Points for an enduring peace - and the challenges its implementaiton presented for the peacemakers in Paris. ALSO FROM UCL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION | FROM AMIENS TO ARMISTICE (soundcloud.com/chromeradio/sets/from-amiens-to-armistice), in which PROFESSOR SIR HEW STRACHAN looks at the sequence of Allied victories from the Battle of Amiens on 8 August 1918 to the Armistice negotiated by Germany on 11 November 1918. MUSIC | LE TOMBEAU DE COUPERIN (Toccata) from RAVEL, Gaspard de la nuit / Sonatine / Le Tombeau de Couperin performed by VLADO PERLEMUTER on VOX LEGENDS, licensed courtesy of NAXOS - www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp…tem_code=CDX2-5507 IMAGE | WWI Paris peace conference, May 27, 1919; from L-R British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, US President Woodrow Wilson; by Edward N Jackson, US Army Signal Corps; Wikimedia Commons. PRODUCTION | ChromeRadio for UCL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION | Executive Producer - Simon Bendry | Producer - Catriona Oliphant | Post-production - Chris Sharp.

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the victorious Allied powers met to reenvision the map of Europe in the aftermath of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's influence on the remapping of borders was profound. But it was his impact on the modern political structuring of Eastern Europe that would be perhaps his most enduring international legacy: neither Czechoslovakia nor Yugoslavia exist today, but their geopolitical presence persisted across the twentieth century from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. They were created in large part thanks to Wilson's advocacy, and in particular, his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, which hinged in large part on the concept of national self-determination. But despite his deep involvement in the region's geopolitical transformation, President Wilson never set eyes on Eastern Europe, and never traveled to a single one of the eastern lands whose political destiny he so decisively influenced. Eastern Europe, invented in the age of Enlightenment by the travelers and philosophies of Western Europe, was reinvented on the map of the early twentieth century with the crucial intervention of an American president who deeply invested his political and emotional energies in lands that he would never visit. Larry Wolff's new book Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe (Stanford University Press, 2020) traces how Wilson's emerging definition of national self-determination and his practical application of the principle changed over time as negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference unfolded. Larry Wolff exposes the contradictions between Wilson's principles and their implementation in the peace settlement for Eastern Europe, and sheds light on how his decisions were influenced by both personal relationships and his growing awareness of the history of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Steven Seegel is a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On the 8th January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson made a speech to Congress in which he outlined his principles for world peace, known as the Fourteen ...

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points promised self-determination to colonies around the globe, raising hopes of independence and freedom for millions. But Wilson and the Allies had no intention of letting occupied peoples throw off imperialism. What would be the long-term consequences of raising the hopes and then dashing the dreams of so many people? Nguyễn Ái Quốc, aka Nguyễn Tất Thành, was born in French Indochina and fled to find better opportunities. He was living in Paris in 1919 and working as a busboy at the Ritz. His declaration on the rights of the people of Annam, a land better known today as Vietnam, was ignored by the Western delegates. Rudyard Kipling wrote his poem "The White Man's Burden." (https://www.bartleby.com/364/169.html) His purpose was to exhort the United States to join the colonial system by taking over and "civilizing" the Philipplines, which had recently come under American control. It is a deeply racist text, as is the cartoon above from Judge magazine, which shows John Bull (aka England) and Uncle Sam carrying "barbarians" over the rocks of oppression, ignorance and superstition toward the gleaming beacon of civilization. Mandates in the Pacific were all former German colonies. They included: 1. The South Pacific Mandate 2. Territory of New Guinea 3. Nauru 4. Western Samoa Mandates in Western Asia and Africa included: 1. Syria 2. Lebanon 3. Palestine 4. Transjordan 5. Mesopotamia (Iraq) 6. British Togoland 7. French Togoland 8. British Cameroon 9. French Cameroon 10. Ruanda-Urundi 11. Taganyika 12. South West Africa The Japanese delegates to the Paris Peace Conference wanted two things from the Allies: a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant and Shandong in China. Australia was one of the most vocal opponents to the racial equality clause. The country was dominated by the White Australia movement, which called to limit immigration to the continent to whites only. This is the cover of a popular song about this topic. When news reached China that the Allies had granted Shandong to Japan, protests erupted across the country. This photo shows a demonstration in Beijing. The May the Fourth movement led directly to the creation of the Chinese Communist Party. Protests also broke out across Korea, then under Japanese rule, in what became known as the March First Movement. The date is still celebrated in Korea as National Liberation Day. All of these photos of protests begin to look alike, but this one stands out because it shows women. It depicts a demonstration in Cairo in 1919 against British. What really alarmed the British about these demonstrations was that so many people, both Christian and Muslim, male and female, participated. Gabriele D'Annunzio was short and balding but incredibly charismatic. After years of fame as a poet, novelist, and playwright, he became a geuine war hero. In 1919, he adopted the cause of the Italian claim on Fiume. D'Annunzio's invasion of Fiume more closely resembled a picnic outing, except for all of the weapons. The new leader of city became known as "Il Duce" and surrounded himself with Italian special forces troops. Benito Mussolini closely followed D'Annunzio's conquest of Fiume and adoped many of his strategies in his March on Rome in 1922, right down to the black shirts and palm-down salute. D'Annunzio was dismissive of Fascism--he had done it all himself first--but Mussolini made a point of paying D'Annunzio's bills, giving him gifts, and appearing in photographs with the poet. Here they are in 1925, with Mussolini on the left and D'Annunzio, showing his age, on the right. Please note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.

The most important task at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the drafting of peace terms for the losers of the war. Germany and Austria assumed Woodrow Wilson would insist on a fair, respectful compromise peace based on the Fourteen Points. So they were shocked when the Treaty of Versailles demanded territory, demilitarization, and reparations. Is this what caused World War II? Show Notes The story about the police horse in Vienna is recounted by author Margaret MacMillan, author of the book Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, in a 2007 speech to the National World War I Museum. MacMillan's speech, like her book, is fantastic--you can see it here (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7iXNZJsa6s&t=797s). This map depicts the hunger levels of Europe in December 1918. It was created by the US Food Administration in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Education. Germany and Austria-Hungary (which, in fact, no longer existed) were labeled "Unclassified" because when this map was prepared, two two countries were still classified as enemies and the food blockade was still in effect. Austria, at least, would have fallen into the black zone. Food riots became common across the Central Powers countries. This photo depicts a delicatessan in Berlin that has been looted by a mob. This cartoon, published in 1917 in the Österreichische Volkszeitung, is about the food conflict between Austria and Hungary. The Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire ("Cis") is represented by the Viennese Mayor Richard Weiskirchner (1861-1926) and the Federal Minister of Food Anton Höfer begging for food deliveries. On the other side of the river Leitha, the Hungarian part ("Trans") is shown as a fat man stone-heartedly withholding his herd of animals and boxes of supplies. This cartoon reflects Viennese popular sentiment toward Hungarians, who they believed were selfishly withholding critical supplies. In fact, Hungary did restrict shipments to Austria in order to safeguard food for its own people. However, the attitude of paranoia extended to numerous ethnic groups and poisoned relations between the multiple nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian empire. German Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff fully understood that his troops had been defeated in late September 1918. This diary entry (http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=814) by a German General Staff officer makes it clear that Ludendorff had no illusions about Germany's ability to go on fighting. However, by the spring of 1919, Ludendorff had convinced himself that the army had never been truly defeated in battle. Instead, the military had been betrayed by sinister forces at home, most likely Communists and Jews. The Fry and Laurie sketch on the Treaty of Westphalia is pure fantasy--no, Luxembourg was not divided between Sweden and France--but it accurately depicts the attitude of diplomats for most of European history. To the winners of war went the spoils, and never mind what the people who actually lived there thought about the matter. You can watch the entire sketch (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-WO73Dh7rY), which was originally broadcast on BBC 1 in January 2000, on YouTube. The Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference argued heatedly and at length about the fate of Germany and Austria. French Premier Georges Clemenceau (second from right) believed Germany would inevitably rise again and seek revenge for its defeat; he wanted the country to be stripped of land and resources, its industry destroyed, and its economy crippled. American President Woodrow Wilson (far right) on the other hand, argued for a more just and fair peace, based on the Fourteen Points, that would prevent future conflicts--although he held more resentment and animosity against Germany than he liked to admit. British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George (far left) fell in the middle; he was in favor of reparations but also wanted Germany to recover and again trade with Britain. Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando had little input on real decision-making. Germany lost about 13 percent of its territory after World War I. Alsace-Lorraine, at the far western edge of Germany, was returned to France; Germany had seized the provinces in 1871. The Rhineland was occupied after the war by the Allies, but despite Clemenceau's vehement arguments, it remained German territory. The Polish Corridor runs along the eastern edge of the country. You can see that it allowed the new nation of Poland access to the Baltic Sea but separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. This map is among the resources on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website (https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/german-territorial-losses-treaty-of-versailles-1919), German Foreign Minister Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau made a terrible first impression on the Allies when he began by complaining that Germany was being treated unfairly. His stern and cold personality didn't help. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The room was packed with diplomats, delegates, academic advisors, journalists, soldiers, and smattering of spies. The signing was captured by a film crew. You can watch some of the original footage (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMwKnM8j6co) on YouTube. British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote the blockbuster bestseller The Economic Consequences of Peace in a rage after the Paris Peace Conference. He argued that the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and vindictive and would ruin the economy of Europe. Keynes' book helped convince the public that Germany had been mistreated in 1919 and deserved justice in the 1930s. Keynes went on to become one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, with an entire school of economics bearing his name. Please note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.

Woodrow Wilson believed he and he alone could end war--forever. His plan for the League of Nations would usher in an era of eternal peace. So it really hurt the president's feelings when not everyone agreed with his vision. American author John Dos Passos in his World War I uniform. Dos Passos spent 1919 traveling around Europe and wrote about the adoration of ordinary people for Woodrow Wilson. The story about the baker from Belfort was included in essay titled "America and the Pursuit of Happiness" and published in The Nation on December 29, 1920. The essay is included in John Dos Passos: The Major Nonfictional Prose. The book is out of print, but you can find it at libraries. President Woodrow Wilson believed himself a pure and shining force for good. He had many fine traits, including an inspiring faith in the potential of humankind, but modesty was not among them. Wilson outlined his Fourteen Points in a speech on January 8, 1918. General Principles 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined. Territorial Issues 6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. 8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 10. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. 11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. 12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. 13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. The League of Nations 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Decisions at the Paris Peace Conference were supposed to be made by a council of four, pictured here. Left to right, they were British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. In reality, Orlando had very little influence. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican from Massachusetts, opposed the League of Nations covenant as it had been written but was willing to accept it with amendments and reservations. He deeply disliked Wilson, once stating, "I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel for Wilson." Senator Hiram Johnson of California was one of the "irreconcilables" who considered the League of Nations unconstitutional. He fought hard against the League throughout 1919. The speech that I excerpted was read by an actor in a production called "Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations" by the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. You can see the entire documentary here (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TAswhH3D7Q&t=34s). Senator William Borah, a Republican from Idaho, was another Irreconcilible who rejected American involvement in the League of Nations in any form. His speech denouncing the League was one of the most emotional moments during the final push for a vote on the Senate Floor. The excerpt from Borah's speech is also read by actor and from "Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations." (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TAswhH3D7Q&t=34s) First Lady Edith Wilson was fiercely protective of her husband after his stroke in October 1919. She controlled all access to the president for months. She passed along decisions that she claimed had been made by her husband, but it's not clear if he was capable of even of communicating during this time. Some historians have suggested that in a weird, unconstitutional way, Edith Wilson was the first female president of the United States. * Please note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only suggest books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.

Leon Trotsky challenged the Allies to state what great cause they were fighting for that justified continuing the war. With the Central Powers showing signs of readiness to negotiate, Woodrow Wilson lays out his conditions.

Join me and other history friends on Flick - a great app for history friends and important conversations! My agora friends and others are going to be in New York for a special conference on 29th June - meet Mike Duncan, Kevin Stroud, David Crowther and more! Search Intelligent Speech Conference now! Use the code WDF to get 5% off your ticket!On This Day in history a century ago, a significant milestone in the history of the Paris Peace Conference was reached, and like so many others we have come across, its significance is largely lost in the narrative. This allied response, examined in this episode, represented a solid defence of their peace treaty, and a rebuke of Germany’s pretences to be standing for the Fourteen Points. The allied response was devastating and formidable, in that it was effectively the answer to Germany's claims to any moral high ground. Germany could claim no such high ground, said the allies, for their past behaviour disqualified them from any such claims.The historian George Creel wrote on the allied response: "It is to be wished that the two documents – the German of May 29th and the Allied reply of June 16th – could be printed in every language and placed in every school and library, for they furnish in themselves a complete and dramatic exposition of the whole Peace Treaty, permitting the formation of an intelligent and independent opinion with respect to the confused question of justice or injustice."The significance of the communications could never be in doubt. What was in doubt was what might happen next. The allied language was certainly arranged to leave no doubt: "It is only justice that restitution should be made and that these wronged peoples should be safeguarded for a time from the competition of a nation whose industries are intact and have even been fortified by machinery stolen from occupied territories. If these things are hardships for Germany, they are hardships which Germany has brought upon herself. Somebody must suffer for the consequences of the war. Is it to be Germany, or only the peoples she has wronged?" There could be no doubt according to the big three - the Germans had to admit their wrongdoing, and what was more, this was the end of the debate. "In conclusion", their reply said, "the Allied and Associated Powers must make it clear that this letter and the memorandum attached constitute their last word."Failing the successful adherence by the Germans to these terms, "The said Armistice will then terminate, and the Allied and Associated Powers will take such steps as they think needful to enforce their Terms." It was, in short, do or die for the German government, and On This Day the scales finally fell from the German eyes...or did they? Listen to this fascinating examination of this forgotten moment to find out...********The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Become a delegate and play the Delegation Game for just $6 a month!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on... See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

At long last, the German delegation has arrived in Paris, and resides in the exact same hotel where in 1871, the French government was forced to kowtow to Bismarck. What a coincidence! Leading the delegation was Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, a Wilhelmian German official of the old order, so it seemed. Brockdorff-Rantzau was the German Foreign Minister, and was utterly determined to get what he believed was Germany's just deserts - a peace treaty based on the Fourteen Points. Anything less than that, and he was bound to be unhappy. Yet, even as the German delegation arrived, a key problem was brought out into the open - the peace treaty STILL wasn't ready! This was far from the only problem which lay in store...***********The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Become a delegate and play the Delegation Game for just $6 a month!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on Twitter! ->Join the Facebook group!->Subscribe on iTunes! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

What was the outcome at the Paris Peace Conference? What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points are an integral part of what made the end of the First World War so fascinating, but also so confusing. Did the President want to go easy on Germans for the sake of it, or did he have more ambitious goals in mind? Was he as determined to remake the post-war order as we are often told, or were these fourteen points simply a smokescreen for the imperialistic policies which the president wished to pursue? The answers to these questions are not clear cut, but join us for episode twelve where we discuss each of these points in turn, assess how they were received by the international community, examine the impact of each point, and then detail the president's feelings on the document which he had just communicated to the world. The Fourteen Points were supremely important, not least because they represented the first true statement of peace terms revealed by any of the allies. Coming as they did in January 1918, the end of the war was some way off, but it is impossible to understate their importance as the months ticked by. As the provided image shows, Germany made use of these points as the basis for a peace settlement which, they hoped, would grant them what they wanted. For a variety of reasons, they were to be sorely mistaken...************The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Become a delegate and play the Delegation Game for just $6 a month!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on Twitter! ->Join the Facebook group!->Subscribe on iTunes! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Welcome to Woodrow Wilson's United States of America. As we build towards a key concept, the Fourteen Points, here we set some background and ask some pertinent questions, such as - why did the US intervene in the war, and why did Wilson wait so long before doing so?Woodrow Wilson is a character we must understand if we are to grasp the nuances of the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles which that created. Wilson was an integral part of what made the end Treaty so significant, but he can also be blamed for its uninspired record in America, and its ultimate failure. All the while, his message was one of firm but fair treatment for a defeated Germany, and this message was one which many at the top levels of Germany's government could not fail to heed.To understand where such high minded ideals came from, we must examine Woodrow Wilson before he arrived in Paris in late 1918. More than that, we must investigate whether Wilson's ideals were developed not to meet the crisis of the Great War, but as a repeat of what he had done before, in Mexico.Thus, we take a seemingly strange detour into the Mexican American border over 1913-1914, to get to the bottom of what the President was doing and why. Why did he care so much about what government was represented in Mexico? Why did he feel compelled to work against big businesses when they could have cut him a tidy profit? Wilson's actions led to turmoil along the border with Mexico, and even some Mexican raids into American soil, which Uncle Sam had to meet directly, as this cartoon suggests.My point is, in history, nothing is ever so straightforward as we might think. Wilson's famed ideals did not come from nowhere, and here we debate whether we can see their origins in the tumultuous relationship which America's southern neighbour had with the President. It's quite a journey, so I hope you'll join me to see where it takes us... ***********The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Become a delegate and play the Delegation Game for just $6 a month!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on Twitter! ->Join the Facebook group!->Subscribe on iTunes! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Remember - check out the Delegation Game, and find out how you can participate in this exciting new way to make the very most out of this incredible centenary era...Sometimes, it isn't always the best idea to take vain people at their word. In the case of Edward House, the situation which he claimed to have created in Paris, in the run up to the signing of the armistice, and the situation he ACTUALLY created, proved to be two very different things.After several days meeting intimately with European leaders, House may have believed that he understood and could read these men, but in reality, they were the ones reading and manipulating him! In episode 4, 'Vision of Division', we examine this disconnect between what House believed he had achieved, and what had actually taken place during the preliminary peace negotiations.This episode is essential for establishing the foundations of what would take place later on at Versailles. House, indeed, had wrested from the allies a concession to make the Fourteen Points the basis for all peace settlements. However, this was qualified with several reservations, and House gave so much in return, particularly to the harsh armistice document, which was being drawn up at the same time, that his gains appear inconsequential in contrast to what he had been forced to sacrifice. The story, as ever, is one of intrigue, personal diplomacy, lobbying, disappointment, lies and frustration, and represents a prelude to the Paris Peace Conference which was to come. By the end, the allies had their armistice in hand, and the Germans were expected to agree to make peace within a few days, but at what cost? *********The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on Twitter! ->Join the Facebook group!->Subscribe on iTunes! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Now THIS is exciting - click here to learn more about the aforementioned Delegation Game which I talked about for a great deal in this episode, and remember to connect with me if you have any questions! To everyone else, I hope you weren't too bothered by my rambling about it for ten minutes - I'm just super excited, and I think it could really be something special!Onto this episode at hand though, and we come to Edward House, Woodrow Wilson's best friend; a man whom the president could truly talk to like no other man. Wilson and House had been friends for years, and this friendship had grown and blossomed ever since Wilson became President. Considering their relationship, it seems bizarre to me that Wilson would send his friend to a place like Paris in late October 1918, and task him with arranging the preliminary negotiations for an armistice. Not only that, House was also tasked with paving the way forward for a peace conference that upheld the Fourteen Points as its basis.This was quite the mission, even for a formidable man like House, yet according to one source in particular (namely, House's diary), he was more than up to the task. From 26 October to 3 November, House represented his President to the British and French premiers, as the terms of an armistice, and an agreement about the foundations for a peace settlement were hammered out. House proclaimed a diplomatic triumph, but on closer inspection, the American diplomatic position was not as strong as the President may have liked to believe.Listening to this episode, 'The House That House Built' is a must for those interested in the American diplomatic approach, and in characters like Edward House, who were to dominate the peace negotiations for the next six months. House is the first of many vibrant characters which the era threw up, and while he was far from perfect, his actions would create an indelible mark upon the proceedings which were to follow, for better and for worse... Interested in reading Edward House's diary online for free? Click here, and thanksss again to Yale for making it all possible! *******The Versailles Anniversary Project is possible because of your support and interest - make sure to spread the word, engage with the debate, and look at the different ways you can help this project succeed!->Visit the homeland for this new project!->Support the podcast financially and access ad free episodes with transcripts from just $2 a month! ->Follow WDF on Twitter! ->Join the Facebook group!->Subscribe on iTunes! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

[Warning] This episode contains explicit language and explicit themes. Listener discretion is advised. The final episode of the Centennial celebration special series is a doozy. Danny and the Tsar go off on one of the most hypocritical and complicated men to ever be elected President of the United States. Likewise Danny illuminates what a grand job the author did on hamming up his idol and how that should never be the cause of a true historian. Enjoy as the boys march forward towards peace! Tune in every Tuesday for a new episode of The Broken Shelf. ~Follow all the Legionaries on Twitter~ Danny: twitter.com/legionsarchive The Tsar: twitter.com/TsarAlexander6 Allen: twitter.com/blkydpease Spangar: twitter.com/LSFspangar ~Credits~ Original Sound Cloud image provided by Image provided by Amazon.com at www.amazon.com/Woodrow-Politics-…phy/dp/B001LY7DZY Original cover art owned by John Morton Blum, The Library of American Biography, Oscar Handlin, and Little, Brown and Company. The Broken Shelf icon created and published by "The Broken Shelf" and Danny Archive. Podcast Opening recorded by Delayne Archive and edited by Danny Archive. Accompanying Opening music: Title - "Dreams Electric" Artist - Geographer Provided free from YouTube Audio Library Interlude Song - [8 BITS] Iron Maiden - Paschendale Mixer - OitoBitProject Original Artist - Iron Maiden Album - Dance of Death Date - 2003 Publisher - EMI Outro Song - "St. Francis" Artitst - Josh Lippi & The Overtimers Provided free from YouTube Audio Library ~Check out "The Great War" YouTube videos~ Fourteen Points: www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QUyujJ6iRI Wilson: www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwGD-BTmpqI Armistice: www.youtube.com/watch?v=xa1ALtQqrVs ~Amazon Prime Documentaries~ The Great War: www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B…ef=atv_wtlp_wtl_9 Podcast edited by Danny Archive using Audacity. Download Audacity here: https://www.audacityteam.org/ This podcast is fair use under U.S. copyright law because it is (1) transformative in nature, the audio is a journalistic commentary on popular media (2) uses no more of the original work than necessary for the podcast's purpose, the claimed duration is an edited clip for rhetoric, and (3) does not compete with the original work and could have no negative affect on its market. DISCLAIMER: We do not own any of the materials (music/artworks). All rights belong to the original artists. If you are the content owner and want to remove it, please contact us at legionssoulfood@gmail.com. Thank you! ~Do Us A Favor~ If you downloaded the podcast via anything else other than Sound Cloud, maybe check out our Sound Cloud, give us a follow, and listen to a few more of our other tracks. Sound Cloud was there from the beginning for us and no matter what the others provide it was and is our host. Thanks! Sound Cloud: https://soundcloud.com/user-377177156

As a tool, a ratchet is wonderfully useful. It allows you to tighten or loosen objects much more efficiently. For example, if you need to tighten a nut several full revolutions, a ratchet will allow you to do it in a fraction of the time normally required, eliminating many boring, repetitive actions. In the world of tools, what makes a ratchet so useful is that it turns in only one direction. It always advances one way, and cannot go in back the other direction, until and unless the craftsman, the person using the tool, makes a deliberate change, reversing the direction. There is a ratchet effect, the one-way-only effect, in other areas as well. Inflation is often associated with the one-way ratchet effect. Almost always, inflation goes up--one direction. Some time periods it goes up more or less than others, but up nonetheless. One way. Like a ratchet. But this is not a podcast about tools or inflation. We are going to talk about things like politics, respect for authority, education, and work ethic. The key point in this podcast is that each of these things have been heading in one direction for a long time--and the ratchet effect will continue to hold each of them to that direction. Unless we, the craftsmen, like the one required to change the direction of a ratchet tool, make a deliberate move to change things. Regardless of where you see yourself on the political spectrum, it is undeniable that the shift has been ever leftward. The move started with Woodrow Wilson, more noted by historians for his part in WW I, his Fourteen Points and his failed attempt to bring the US into the League of Nations. His Fourteen Points failed abroad, and his League of Nations push failed at home. However, Wilson’s progressive domestic policies stuck. Franklin Roosevelt, president from 1933 until 1945, would hardly recognize his Democratic party today. Yes, he started Social Security, but saw it only as a supplement. Concepts like Social Security being your retirement plan, Medicare For All and free college would no doubt shock him. Today, FDR, as he is commonly called, would be a moderate to somewhat conservative Republican. Similarly, President John Kennedy would have been taken aback at the current state of affairs in his party. Kennedy, commenting on his tax cuts (yes, cuts) said, “It is a paradoxical truth that tax rates are too high today, and tax revenues are too low. The soundest way to raise revenues in the long run is to cut the tax rates.” And he was right; that is exactly what his deep tax cut did. He cut the tax rates, and raised more money for the government. Arthur Laffer, a conservative, supply-side economist, created the controversial Laffer curve, illustrating exactly this point, tax rates down, revenue up, long after Kennedy’s death. Even two-time California Governor and two-time President Ronald Reagan, did nothing more than momentarily slow the political ratchet effect which continues apace. BTW, can you imagine California voters ever again voting for anyone even remotely like Reagan? Ever? Speaking of the ratchet effect. Now, let’s take a look at respect for authority. Tell me that during Roosevelt’s, Kennedy’s or Reagan’s times that someone pulled over at a traffic stop would have hauled out a camera and started snapping pictures of the officer. Or, if sober, would have started talking back to the inquiring officer. And what’s going on in K-12 schools? The evidence, both hard data and anecdotal, is about kids more and more having the run of the place, with the teachers’ hands tied by litigious parents, political correctness and administrators not wanting to rock the boat before their retirements. Not coincidentally, the level of useful education is inversely proportional to the level of discipline in our schools. The quality of education in our K-12 schools is dropping continuously, with teachers’ unions and school districts calling for more money as the solution.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The United States in World War I. Let’s dive in.   The presidency of Woodrow Wilson  - And Presidential podcast Gabe - Woodrow Wilson was the first southern president since James Polk He was in the KKK he segregated the federal government and in his 1st term the KKK had a revival he went for the democratic side and and went by the slogan he kept you out of the war which is ironic because we went into world war one in his second term.(g(h 2.-Ethan- He was the 28th president of the US. Wilson made the Federal Reserve System. Which allowed the government control over currency so that we didn’t experience a second great depression. He also tried to lower tariffs and improve worker protection. - Blake - Although Woodrow Wilson was very racist he shared a lot of the same views as Theodore Roosevelt in which he wanted to go after the big business’. 4.Ricky-As everyone here can agree, Woodrow Wilson was a racist. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28th, 1856. His family was extremely religious. President Woodrow Wilson was a progressive democrat. He served two terms in office from 1913 to 1921. Woodrow wanted to expose corruption, regulate economy, eliminate unethical business practice, and improve the conditions of society. Wilson campaigned for “new freedom”. He promised banking, tariff, and business reform. Elijah- President Woodrow Wilson was serving in office from 1913 to 1921. As a young boy he experienced the civil war and his mother treated the wounded Confederate soldiers. When he started to grow up he attended Princeton. As Blake said Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt shared views on big business but Teddy Roosevelt believed that some monopolies are good and Woodrow Wilson did not think this, he thought all monopolies are bad for a economy. Ben- Corrupt businessmen exist and eventually there would be a president that’s a bit fishy. But in his second term he went against child labor and liked the idea of establishing a minimum possible wage. His slogan was, “He kept us out of war.” even though world war 1 started during his presidency. Blockades, u-boats and sinking of the Lusitania Gabe - The germans had these things called u boats which were the submarines of that day. Germans also had  unrestricted submarine warfare starting with the sinking of the Lusitania which had many americans on board and started us joining the war mexicans trying to take land and a few others.(hunter) 2.-Ethan- The Lusitania was also known as the RMS or Royal Mail Ship since it carried some mail. It was set to sail from New York to Great Britain. This kind of allowed Germany to take the advantage and say that they were going into active war territory. This meant that Germany would attack this ship and everyone on it. - Blake - At this early point in the war the Germans had blood on their hands, innocent blood. This made the U.S. angry of course which is how we got into the war. 4.Ricky-they sunk the Lusitania in under 18mins, which I find insane. The Titanic sunk in 2hours and 40mins.` Skylar - The British declared the entire north sea a war zone in November of 1914. They said any ship that comes in here may or may not get blown up, sunk, shot up, ect. You could not bring any contraband and if you did you would for sure get blown up, contraband included food. This was basically started the Germany and Austria-Hungary. Elijah- The submarines of the time were U boats and the german people used these U boats. The main thing that brought us into WWI was germany using unrestricted submarine warfare sinking Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram. Ben- The Lusitania was the biggest ship in the world at the time, until being passed up by the Mauretania, then the Mauretania got passed up by the Olympic. Technology was advancing fast, and they used it for good and bad. Zimmermann Telegram Gabe -  mexicans sent the zimmerman Telegram asking the germans to help them straight after the germans started sinking our boats reclaim texas new mexico and arizona which was short lived when we entered the war Woodrow(hunter) - Blake - The Zimmermann Telegram was like Gabe said a telegram sent by the Germans asking Mexico for support in return for their lost territories. The telegram was intercepted and make public to the American people to make them angry and want war. 3.-Ethan- Mexico didn’t really think they could back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, so this deal didn’t seem so sweet to them. All it really did was make America angry. The Zimmerman telegram was kind of what brought the US into the war along with the “unrestricted submarine warfare” and the Lusitania sinking. 4.Ricky-this was basically Germany asking support from Mexico, and when America got wind of it it boosted support to go to war with germany. Elijah-The Zimmerman Telegram was a telegram from the Germans asking Mexico to help them in the war and to take down the United States and if they do so they can reclaim all the territory that they lost. Skylar - Germany was getting desperate for help. Arthur Zimmerman is the man who sent the telegraph to the Mexicans in January of 1917. This was a cry for help. Germany needed the mexicans to help slow down the US from staying out of the war, obviously because the US had a strong army and the Germans knew they were going down. 7.Ben - The telegraph was encrypted, so that any postal services in america or england, but then it was caught and decoded, then sent to america, then published for all of america to see. I think America was scared of losing their land.   United States enters World War I The United States in World War I - Blake - Woodrow Wilson had originally planned to keep the U.S. out of the world war but unfortunately this changed with the Zimmermann Telegram and the use of “Unrestricted submarine warfare” was not taken lightly.  Gabe - once the germans started shooting down our ships starting with the Lusitania And the mexicans wanted to fight us with the germans we had to join cause we didn't want to get destroyed by everybody 3.-Ethan- When entering the war, Wilson tried to keep from the war as much as he could, but with Germany’s increasing aggression, he had no choice but to get involved. The US officially went to war on April 6th, 1917. 1.3 million men and 20 thousand women joined up. 4.Ricky-this is going to be fun since we can finally talk about GUNS. Like the Gewehr 98 which now that I think about it was a german weapon, and the Colt ACP.45 M119 pistol, Basically this was a time where as weapons changed war. As they usually say “war never changes” but experimental weapons like the first kind of handheld machine guns were used. This war was the first and the last to world war to include chemical weapons like Ammonia and chlorine, and mustard gas, there was a reason chemical weapons were banned. And what was so weird about WW1 was all the world leaders were connected by family or friendship. After Merica’ broke diplomatic relations with Germany, they immediately, using a U-Boat, sunk the American liner Housatonic. 5.Elijah- As tensions were building with Unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram The United States had no choice but to join in the war. Wilson planned to keep the United States out of the war but these factors caused the US to join. Skylar - like they said Woodrow tried to keep the United States out of the war. The germans messed with the States too much so they had to do what they had to do and joined the war on april 6th, 1917. World War I was the deadliest conflict in human history, claiming tens of millions of deaths on both sides.   Ben - Many different things made America decide to go to war, propaganda about Germany was going around and America just couldn’t handle it anymore. Many people thought it would be another painful but fairly short war, but it ended up being a long hard overall bad experience. Hunter- WW1 was the bloodiest war during that time period and also the shortest.   Can you name one point in the fourteen points? Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Gabe - Woodrow had this thing called fourteen points it was what he wanted to happen instead of wars well he died and he never got to see it happen and some of his idea didn't happen but a lot of his fourteen points were used in the United Nations. - Blake - While President Wilson made several good points in his Fourteen Points not everyone supported them like the prime minister of france George Clemenceau who said: “Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points; why, God almighty only has Ten!”. 3.-Ethan- The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s peace terms for ending the World War. The Europeans agreed with these terms but Wilson’s Allied didn’t really agree with the “Wilson Idealism”. He said to reduce military forces and he put it there twice for emphasis. 4.Ricky-this was basically Woodrow Wilson’s Gettysburg address, it was his famous speech. It was a speech about peace, about ending this war to end all wars. 5.Elijah-The Fourteen Points was Wilson's peace terms for ending the first World War And these were used in the United Nations but many other Countries did not join these terms. Wilson died before ever getting to see this happen and used. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points are Abe Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation. They were basically just how Woodrow felt at peace with his words. 7.Hunter- The 14 points are all points of Woodrow Wilson's thought of peace to end WW1. Ben- With something as big as World War 1, there was something about it that didnt let it end, and the Fourteen Points understood that concept and addressed every single major problem. Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles More detail on the Treaty of Versailles and Germany The League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles - Blake - Although the League of Nations was mostly viewed as weak for failing to prevent the second world war they were able to come together to write the Treaty of Versailles which ended the first world war although this didn’t last long until Adolf Hitler came into power and broke the treaty. 2.-Ethan- The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of The Allied to make the Treaty of Versailles. During this conference they made the League of Nations which their goal was to maintain world peace. It consisted of Britain, Italy, France, US, and Japan. 3.Ricky-The Treaty of Versailles severely limited the military of Germany and made them pay a fine SOOO big it took 96 years to pay off. Of course in WW2 they disobeyed these rules. Elijah-The league of Nations were made to stop any world wars and was founded on January 10th 1920. The League was able to make the Treaty of Versailles and the peace conference which ended the First World War. Skylar - The Treaty Of Versailles was a little extreme in my opinion. The made a limit on how many soldiers Germany could have which was 100,000. As well as bullets, boats, and U-boats. Germany couldn’t form a Union with Austria either. The treaty also put all the “war guilt” on Germany which they deserved that. The rest of it was just really Extra. 6. Hunter- the paris peace conference was in 1919, also known as the Versailles peace conference, was the meeting of the allied powers after WW1 to set a peace treaty with the Axis powers.   Ben - This was kind of the time where everything started to eventually end. After all the fighting, different countries declared peace, and many things were sorted out. It was a big relief to people around the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The United States in World War I. Let’s dive in.   The presidency of Woodrow Wilson  - And Presidential podcast Gabe - Woodrow Wilson was the first southern president since James Polk He was in the KKK he segregated the federal government and in his 1st term the KKK had a revival he went for the democratic side and and went by the slogan he kept you out of the war which is ironic because we went into world war one in his second term.(g(h 2.-Ethan- He was the 28th president of the US. Wilson made the Federal Reserve System. Which allowed the government control over currency so that we didn’t experience a second great depression. He also tried to lower tariffs and improve worker protection. - Blake - Although Woodrow Wilson was very racist he shared a lot of the same views as Theodore Roosevelt in which he wanted to go after the big business’. 4.Ricky-As everyone here can agree, Woodrow Wilson was a racist. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28th, 1856. His family was extremely religious. President Woodrow Wilson was a progressive democrat. He served two terms in office from 1913 to 1921. Woodrow wanted to expose corruption, regulate economy, eliminate unethical business practice, and improve the conditions of society. Wilson campaigned for “new freedom”. He promised banking, tariff, and business reform. Elijah- President Woodrow Wilson was serving in office from 1913 to 1921. As a young boy he experienced the civil war and his mother treated the wounded Confederate soldiers. When he started to grow up he attended Princeton. As Blake said Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt shared views on big business but Teddy Roosevelt believed that some monopolies are good and Woodrow Wilson did not think this, he thought all monopolies are bad for a economy. Ben- Corrupt businessmen exist and eventually there would be a president that’s a bit fishy. But in his second term he went against child labor and liked the idea of establishing a minimum possible wage. His slogan was, “He kept us out of war.” even though world war 1 started during his presidency. Blockades, u-boats and sinking of the Lusitania Gabe - The germans had these things called u boats which were the submarines of that day. Germans also had  unrestricted submarine warfare starting with the sinking of the Lusitania which had many americans on board and started us joining the war mexicans trying to take land and a few others.(hunter) 2.-Ethan- The Lusitania was also known as the RMS or Royal Mail Ship since it carried some mail. It was set to sail from New York to Great Britain. This kind of allowed Germany to take the advantage and say that they were going into active war territory. This meant that Germany would attack this ship and everyone on it. - Blake - At this early point in the war the Germans had blood on their hands, innocent blood. This made the U.S. angry of course which is how we got into the war. 4.Ricky-they sunk the Lusitania in under 18mins, which I find insane. The Titanic sunk in 2hours and 40mins.` Skylar - The British declared the entire north sea a war zone in November of 1914. They said any ship that comes in here may or may not get blown up, sunk, shot up, ect. You could not bring any contraband and if you did you would for sure get blown up, contraband included food. This was basically started the Germany and Austria-Hungary. Elijah- The submarines of the time were U boats and the german people used these U boats. The main thing that brought us into WWI was germany using unrestricted submarine warfare sinking Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram. Ben- The Lusitania was the biggest ship in the world at the time, until being passed up by the Mauretania, then the Mauretania got passed up by the Olympic. Technology was advancing fast, and they used it for good and bad. Zimmermann Telegram Gabe -  mexicans sent the zimmerman Telegram asking the germans to help them straight after the germans started sinking our boats reclaim texas new mexico and arizona which was short lived when we entered the war Woodrow(hunter) - Blake - The Zimmermann Telegram was like Gabe said a telegram sent by the Germans asking Mexico for support in return for their lost territories. The telegram was intercepted and make public to the American people to make them angry and want war. 3.-Ethan- Mexico didn’t really think they could back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, so this deal didn’t seem so sweet to them. All it really did was make America angry. The Zimmerman telegram was kind of what brought the US into the war along with the “unrestricted submarine warfare” and the Lusitania sinking. 4.Ricky-this was basically Germany asking support from Mexico, and when America got wind of it it boosted support to go to war with germany. Elijah-The Zimmerman Telegram was a telegram from the Germans asking Mexico to help them in the war and to take down the United States and if they do so they can reclaim all the territory that they lost. Skylar - Germany was getting desperate for help. Arthur Zimmerman is the man who sent the telegraph to the Mexicans in January of 1917. This was a cry for help. Germany needed the mexicans to help slow down the US from staying out of the war, obviously because the US had a strong army and the Germans knew they were going down. 7.Ben - The telegraph was encrypted, so that any postal services in america or england, but then it was caught and decoded, then sent to america, then published for all of america to see. I think America was scared of losing their land.   United States enters World War I The United States in World War I - Blake - Woodrow Wilson had originally planned to keep the U.S. out of the world war but unfortunately this changed with the Zimmermann Telegram and the use of “Unrestricted submarine warfare” was not taken lightly.  Gabe - once the germans started shooting down our ships starting with the Lusitania And the mexicans wanted to fight us with the germans we had to join cause we didn't want to get destroyed by everybody 3.-Ethan- When entering the war, Wilson tried to keep from the war as much as he could, but with Germany’s increasing aggression, he had no choice but to get involved. The US officially went to war on April 6th, 1917. 1.3 million men and 20 thousand women joined up. 4.Ricky-this is going to be fun since we can finally talk about GUNS. Like the Gewehr 98 which now that I think about it was a german weapon, and the Colt ACP.45 M119 pistol, Basically this was a time where as weapons changed war. As they usually say “war never changes” but experimental weapons like the first kind of handheld machine guns were used. This war was the first and the last to world war to include chemical weapons like Ammonia and chlorine, and mustard gas, there was a reason chemical weapons were banned. And what was so weird about WW1 was all the world leaders were connected by family or friendship. After Merica’ broke diplomatic relations with Germany, they immediately, using a U-Boat, sunk the American liner Housatonic. 5.Elijah- As tensions were building with Unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram The United States had no choice but to join in the war. Wilson planned to keep the United States out of the war but these factors caused the US to join. Skylar - like they said Woodrow tried to keep the United States out of the war. The germans messed with the States too much so they had to do what they had to do and joined the war on april 6th, 1917. World War I was the deadliest conflict in human history, claiming tens of millions of deaths on both sides.   Ben - Many different things made America decide to go to war, propaganda about Germany was going around and America just couldn’t handle it anymore. Many people thought it would be another painful but fairly short war, but it ended up being a long hard overall bad experience. Hunter- WW1 was the bloodiest war during that time period and also the shortest.   Can you name one point in the fourteen points? Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Gabe - Woodrow had this thing called fourteen points it was what he wanted to happen instead of wars well he died and he never got to see it happen and some of his idea didn't happen but a lot of his fourteen points were used in the United Nations. - Blake - While President Wilson made several good points in his Fourteen Points not everyone supported them like the prime minister of france George Clemenceau who said: “Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points; why, God almighty only has Ten!”. 3.-Ethan- The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s peace terms for ending the World War. The Europeans agreed with these terms but Wilson’s Allied didn’t really agree with the “Wilson Idealism”. He said to reduce military forces and he put it there twice for emphasis. 4.Ricky-this was basically Woodrow Wilson’s Gettysburg address, it was his famous speech. It was a speech about peace, about ending this war to end all wars. 5.Elijah-The Fourteen Points was Wilson's peace terms for ending the first World War And these were used in the United Nations but many other Countries did not join these terms. Wilson died before ever getting to see this happen and used. Skylar - Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points are Abe Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation. They were basically just how Woodrow felt at peace with his words. 7.Hunter- The 14 points are all points of Woodrow Wilson's thought of peace to end WW1. Ben- With something as big as World War 1, there was something about it that didnt let it end, and the Fourteen Points understood that concept and addressed every single major problem. Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles More detail on the Treaty of Versailles and Germany The League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles - Blake - Although the League of Nations was mostly viewed as weak for failing to prevent the second world war they were able to come together to write the Treaty of Versailles which ended the first world war although this didn’t last long until Adolf Hitler came into power and broke the treaty. 2.-Ethan- The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of The Allied to make the Treaty of Versailles. During this conference they made the League of Nations which their goal was to maintain world peace. It consisted of Britain, Italy, France, US, and Japan. 3.Ricky-The Treaty of Versailles severely limited the military of Germany and made them pay a fine SOOO big it took 96 years to pay off. Of course in WW2 they disobeyed these rules. Elijah-The league of Nations were made to stop any world wars and was founded on January 10th 1920. The League was able to make the Treaty of Versailles and the peace conference which ended the First World War. Skylar - The Treaty Of Versailles was a little extreme in my opinion. The made a limit on how many soldiers Germany could have which was 100,000. As well as bullets, boats, and U-boats. Germany couldn’t form a Union with Austria either. The treaty also put all the “war guilt” on Germany which they deserved that. The rest of it was just really Extra. 6. Hunter- the paris peace conference was in 1919, also known as the Versailles peace conference, was the meeting of the allied powers after WW1 to set a peace treaty with the Axis powers.   Ben - This was kind of the time where everything started to eventually end. After all the fighting, different countries declared peace, and many things were sorted out. It was a big relief to people around the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

"Cleo is trying to apologize now but that don't go with me. I would like for you to see the letters she wrote. They remind me of the notes the Kaiser used to [send] to the president..." In his twenty-third letter home from Camp Lee, Virginia, to his sister Minnie Riggle, US Army Wagoner (mule team driver) Lester Scott, a World War I soldier from Wheeling, West Virginia, writes that he's out of the hospital, feels fine, weighs the same, has lots of friends in camp, and probably won't be coming home. A five-day furlough just isn't enough time. He hears they might be moving the troops to Pennsylvania. They won't be going overseas at least until summer. Les got two letters from Cleo, who is trying to apologize. But Les isn't buying it. Minnie will see him when she's not expecting him.   Elsewhere on the same day, President Woodrow Wilson addressed a Joint Session of Congress, assessing the Central Powers's reaction to his Fourteen Points, and adding what are now known as the "Four Principles," which included "adjustments as are most likely to bring a peace that will be permanent;" "that peoples and provinces are not to be bartered about from sovereignty to sovereignty as if they were mere chattels and pawns in a game;" that "every territorial settlement involved in this war must be made in the interest and for the benefit of the populations concerned;" and "that all well-defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction that can be accorded them without introducing new or perpetuating old elements of discord and antagonism that would be likely in time to break the peace of Europe and consequently of the world."   Lester Scott was drafted in 1917 and trained at Camp Lee, where so many Wheeling soldiers were trained. And, like so many of his Ohio Valley comrades, he served in the 314th Field Artillery Supply Company, Battery “A,” 80th (Blue Ridge) Division in France. This is his twenty-fourth letter from Camp Lee, dated 100 years ago today, February 11, 1918. Digital scans and a transcript of Lester Scott's February 11, 1918 letter can be viewed at: http://www.archivingwheeling.org/blog/from-camp-lee-to-the-great-war-february-11-1918-podcast Credits: "From Camp Lee to the Great War: The letters of Lester Scott and Charles Riggle" is brought to you by http://archivingwheeling.org in partnership with the Ohio County Public Library (http://www.ohiocountylibrary.org) and the WALS Foundation (http://walswheeling.com). Jeremy Richter is the voice of Lester Scott. The letters of Lester Scott and Charles Riggle were transcribed by Jon-Erik Gilot. This podcast was edited and written by Sean Duffy, audio edited by Erin Rothenbuehler. Music: "Castle's half and half," James Reese(composer), 1916, courtesy Library of Congress: www.loc.gov/item/ihas.100010715 Many thanks to Marjorie Richey for sharing family letters and the stories of her uncles, Lester Scott and Charles “Dutch” Riggle, WWI soldiers from West Virginia.

Highlights Government shuts down US Industries, shocking nation | @01:40 America Emerges: Military Stories From WWI - Dr. Edward Lengel | @11:25 Wilson’s 14 points examined - Mike Shuster | @17:05 US Mint releases commemorative coins and service collector sets | @22:40 A Century In The Making - Sabin Howard Part 2 | @24:50 Speaking WWI - Conk Out! | @30:55 Eagle Scout Memorial Project - Benjamin Woodard | @32:15 The Sunken Gold - Joseph A. Williams | @37:25 Erik Burro’s “Legacy of Remembrance” photo exhibit | @44:30 The messenger birds of WW1 | @45:25 Centennial of WW1 in Social Media - Katherine Akey | @46:30----more---- Opening Welcome to World War 1 centennial News - episode #55 - It’s about WW1 THEN - what was happening 100 years ago this week  - and it’s about WW1 NOW - news and updates about the centennial and the commemoration. Today is January 19th, 2018 and we have a great show for you this week including: Dr. Ed Lengel, joining us for our new weekly history segment: America Emerges - Military stories from WWI Mike Shuster, from the great war project blog looking deeper into Wilson’s 14 Points Sculptor Sabin Howard in our “A century in the Making” segment talking about integrating high tech 3D resources with a traditional master sculptors hands, eyes and clay Eagle Scout Benjamin Woodard (Wood-dard) shares his WW1 eagle scout project ... Author Joseph A. Williams introduces us to the fascinating story behind his new book, The Sunken Gold And Katherine Akey, with some great selections from the centennial of WWI in social media All that and more --- this week -- on WW1 Centennial News -- which is brought to you by the U.S. World War I Centennial Commission, the Pritzker Military Museum and Library and the Starr foundation. I’m Theo Mayer - the Chief Technologist for the Commission and your host. Welcome to the show. [MUSIC] Preface [MUSIC] Our theme this week is one that many of you will be able to relate to in a very direct way….. nasty, freezing, snowy, cold weather --- and its dramatic effect on the war effort. According the the National Weather Service - when the ball dropped in times square this past new year’s eve - it was the most frigid new years in exactly 100 years - and back in 1918 that frigid weather carried on through January. Let me set this up… In our episode #50 that we produced in Mid December, we were joined by Dr. Sean Adams - a historian expert on coal in america. He told us that there was plenty of coal production in the US, but there was a big problem with delivering it where it was needed because of the intense demand by the war effort on the national railroad systems. This week, 100 years ago it all comes to a head with freezing temperatures, blizzards, and an already overburdened rail system breaking down. The wartime government, driven by the Energy Administration choose this moment to step in   - and as they were wont to do 100 years ago - they step in with a pretty heavy foot - to the protest of a lot of very unhappy citizens, industries and communities. There is a lot to unpack here as as we jump into our wayback machine to look at 100 years ago this week - in the war that changed the world! [SOUND EFFECT TRANSITION] World War One THEN 100 Year Ago This Week It’s the second week of January, 1918. Just last month, in December, the Government took over and nationalized the railroads and put them under the direction of Treasury Secretary McAdoo.  It has become quickly obvious that there is a big problem with a lack of available railroad cars in the Midwest and West - the cars are were all bunched up in the east coast ports.  McAdoo’s new US Railroad Administration is working to alleviate this problem, by dedicating a week - starting January 14th to re-organizing the rail cars from where they are to where they are needed… but the plan freezes up thanks to minus 10 to minus 20 degree fahrenheit temperatures across the midwest accompanied by nasty blizzards. Everything grinds to a halt… [SOUND EFFECT] DATELINE: Sunday January 13, 1918A Headline in the NY Times proclaims:GARFIELD TO CUT COAL --- TO NEEDS And the story reads: Federal Agents of the fuel administration in NY have received full authority to employ every facility at their command to move coal from the New Jersey Terminal to Manhattan. Officials here tonight were told that there would be 262,000 tons available tomorrow but that only 20,000 tons would be moved because of the unusual weather conditions The next day - the challenges continue on the eastern seaboard DATELINE: Monday, January 14, 1918A Headline in the NY Times reads:AMPLE COAL FOR CITY'S NEEDS AWAITS FUEL ADMINISTRATORS ON JERSEY SHORE And the story includes: Reeve Schley, New York County Fuel Administrator was asked why they feared an acute coal crisis in the next few days - He replied that he does not doubt the reports of 465,000 tons available at New Jersey’s Tidewater, but that only 20-30 thousand tons were being brought into the city a day - which is only 1/2 enough - but ice in the harbor and many tugs damaged by the ice floes are preventing more. The same day another articles sets the stage for the following week’s bombshell: [SOUND EFFECT] Headline: FUEL AND FOOD FOR NEW YORK FIRST; THEN COAL FOR SHIPS, MCADOO ORDERS;INDUSTRIES MAY CLOSE The story reads: Coal for domestic use and vital public utilities in New York Districts shall receive preference. Foodstuffs shall come second and coal for bunkering of the overseas fleet third. This drastic action will make necessary the temporary suspension of many of the industries of New York not directly essential to the war program and that some of the other industries might have to operate only part time. In other words, the government is setting a priority: coal for personal heating, food for the people and coal for the ships waiting to head to europe while it is willing to shut down a major portion of New York's industries, This will put 10s of thousands out of work as employers shut down their factories and facilities. This is a precursor for Thursday’s big announcement that takes these ideas onto a national scale to a shocked nation! [SOUND EFFECT] Dateline: Thursday - January 17, 1918From the Official Bulletin - the government’s War Gazette - published by George Creel for the Wilson Administration:HEADLINE:FUEL ORDER STOPS CERTAIN INDUSTRIESFROM BURNING COAL ON DESIGNATED DAYSNECESSARY WAR WORK NOT INCLUDED The story leads with: The order of the United States Fuel Administrator directs the curtailment In consumption of fuel by certain businesses starting Tomorrow and For Five Consecutive Days and Thereafter on Every Monday Beginning January. 28th. In other words, the government has stepped in, and is telling the majority of US industries - except those they specifically exempt - that US Industry is shutting down for 5 days and then every Monday coming up. This is a lightning bolt through the heart of the nation. [SOUND EFFECT] The front page of the NY Times reads: SHUT-DOWN OF INDUSTRIES FOR FIVE DAYS;BEGINS FRIDAY; NINE IDLE MONDAYS FOLLOW;WASHINGTON ORDER STARTLES THE COUNTRY! The next day newspapers from all around the country react…. Here are some examples: Utica, NY: This is a staggering blow. By stopping the mills and factories here, it throws thousands of people out of employment. It takes thousands of dollars away from working people who have never needed it more than this winter. Baltimore, Maryland: No such extreme measure as this was ever dreamt of by the American People Chicago, Illinois: At a word of command from Washington - the greatest industrial sections of the nation stand idle.. A catastrophe to be faced bravely! St. Louis, Missouri: Fuel Administrator Garfield's drastic order is a confession of incompetency and also an indication of lack of courage and ability to deal with the coal situation Hartford, Connecticut: The news seems almost incredible - if it had come from Germany's Kaiser William it would be more easily understood! Wheeling, West Virginia: The administration's coal measure is the most drastic industrial order issued in the history of the nation and is without precedent, but it is justified by the prevailing conditions Boston, Massachusetts: We had hoped we should not have to resort to such extreme measures, but hesitate to characterize them as unwise or unnecessary! And from Charleston SC: The Coal Conservation Order issued from Washington will put the patriotism of the American People and especially of American Business to a very stern test. The next day President Wilson chimes in: [SOUND EFFECT] DATELINE: Saturday January 19, 1918In the Official Bulletin the headline reads:President Upholds Fuel Curtailment Order,Declaring It Was Absolutely Necessaryto Relieve Railroad Traffic Congestion President Wilson issues the following statement I was, of course, consulted by Mr. Garfield before the fuel order was issued, and fully agreed with him that it is necessary, much as I regret the necessity. This war calls for many sacrifices, and sacrifices of the sort called for by this order are infinitely less than sacrifices of life which might otherwise be involved. It is absolutely necessary to get the ships away, it is absolutely necessary to relieve the congestion at the ports and upon the railways, it is absolutely necessary to move great quantities of food, and it is absolutely nec- essary that our people should be warmed in their homes if nowhere Else. Halfway measures would not have accomplished the desired ends. I have every confidence that the result of action of this sort will justify it and that the people of the country will loyally and patriotically respond to necessities of this kind as they have to every other sacrifice involved in the war. We are upon a war footing, and I am confident that the people of the United States are willing to observe the same sort of discipline that might be involved in the actual conflict itself. President Woodrow Wilson Links: http://today-in-wwi.tumblr.com/post/169680916343/winter-storms-paralyze-us-railroads Full Text of Gardner’s Testimony before the Senate: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B04E6D7133FE433A2575BC1A9679C946996D6CF Articles leading up to: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F01E1D9133FE433A25757C1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9801E1D9133FE433A25757C1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F00E1D9133FE433A25757C1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9807E6DB1031E03ABC4D52DFB7668383609EDE http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A07E6DB1031E03ABC4D52DFB7668383609EDE http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E2D8133FE433A25754C1A9679C946996D6CF Press from around the country condemning the order/aftermath: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0DE2D8133FE433A25754C1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0CE7D7133FE433A2575BC1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE7D7133FE433A2575BC1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D05E6D7133FE433A2575BC1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F00E2D7133FE433A2575AC1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A0DE2D7133FE433A2575AC1A9679C946996D6CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=950DE2D7133FE433A2575AC1A9679C946996D6CF America Emerges: Military Stories from WW1 Those are some pretty dramatic events on the homefront driven by the need to get men and equipment to increasingly desperate allies in Europe. America needs to get into the fight - pronto! To cover that side of the story we are launching a new segment called: America Emerges: Military Stories from WWI --- with Military Historian, author and storyteller, Dr. Edward Lengel. Ed - welcome to WW1 Centennial News! [Exchange greeting] So Ed this week you are bringing us a story from NY city’s 77th Division.. It’s a great story about fighting - but not the Kaiser - this is about World Champion Boxer Benny Leonard - Who was he and what is the story? [ED LENGEL]  [Ed.. What are you going to tell us about next week?] Ed Lengel is an American military historian, author, and our new segment host for America Emerges: Military Stories from WWI. There are links in the podcast notes to Ed’s post about Benny Leonard and his website as an author. Links:http://www.edwardlengel.com/benny-leonard-trained-lost-battalion/ https://www.facebook.com/EdwardLengelAuthor/ http://www.edwardlengel.com/about/   [SOUND EFFECT] Great War Project Joining us now is Mike Shuster - former NPR correspondent and curator for the Great War Project Blog. Mike is going to expand on President Wilson’s 14 points. You know Mike, we run around living our lives in the world without thinking a lot about how it got to be what it is - But when you read Wilson’s 14 points - it really feels like you are seeing the blueprint and the foundation for the modern world order…. He really helped define a new world - didn’t he!? MIKE: Yes he did, Theo  and the headline for my post this week is: A BLUE PRINT FOR POST-WAR PEACE - Wilson’s Fourteen Points Excite the World. The American President an Instant Hero [MIKE POST] Mike Shuster from the Great War Project blog. LINK: http://greatwarproject.org/2018/01/14/a-blue-print-for-post-war-peace/   [SOUND EFFECT] The Great War Channel As many of you know, we have this commemoration partner over on YouTube called “The Great War Channel” They launched the channel way back in 2014 around the centennial of the war breaking out in Europe. We are always promoting them, and the other day someone asked me why - I thought it was a good question - first of all they do a great job! Their stories are clean, short, well researched and really accessible. Also, being over in Europe, they come at the subject from a really great broad perspective - and have continued to do so for the past 4 years. If you haven’t  checked them out - you should. Their new episodes this week, include: Of course… Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. It’s a really worthy subject!! And - POWs in Japan And finally - Life on the Isonzo Front To see their videos about WWI Follow the link in the podcast notes or search for “the great war” on youtube. Link: https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGreatWar World War One NOW It is time to fast forward into the present with WW1 Centennial News NOW - [SOUND EFFECT] this section is not about history, but rather - it explores what is happening NOW to commemorate the centennial of the War that changed the world! Commission News/Coin In commission news this week: We have an awesome numismatic opportunity for you!!! WHAAA!? Whadhee say!? According to Merriam Webster, Numismatics is “ the study or act of collecting of coins, paper money, and medals.” Numismatic coins are essentially rare or valuable coins that have an external value above and beyond the base value of the precious metal they are made out of. And this week - by an act of congress -  The U.S. Mint released  a new 2018 World War I Centennial Silver Dollar - that honors the 4.7 million American men and women who served in uniform and the 116,516 who lost their lives in the war that changed the world. But they went even further and created limited edition coin and service medal collectors sets - one each for the Army, the Navy, the Marines, the Air Service and the Coast Guard - These limited edition special service sets are only available for a short time - Its a once-in-a-lifetimer collectors opportunity. Now personally - I’ve ordered two of the Commemorative coin and Air Service sets showing this beautiful engraving of a SPAD XIII biplane. I bought the second set for my 2 year old grandson --- because around 12 years from now, he is going to wonder about these coins and medals his grand dad bought him back in 2018 - and my son can tell him all about his GREAT GREAT Grandfather who flew bi-planes that looked like that - over in europe during WWI. These awesome combo sets are only available for 1 month! So grab your piece of history right now by going to ww1cc.org/coin /C O I N or by following the link in the podcast notes. Best of all - by law, part of the proceeds from the sale of each coin go to the memorial - so with every coin or set you buy, you are helping build America’s WWI Memorial in Washington DC. Don’t wait - orders yours today at ww1cc.org/coin - and thank you! link:www.ww1cc.org/Coin https://catalog.usmint.gov/coins/commemoratives/ A century in the making - America’s WW1 Memorial in Washington DC Speaking of the memorial - it’s time for our new segment - A century in the making - America’s WWI Memorial in Washington DC. Last week we introduced you to the segment --- and Sabin Howard told you how he met Richard Taylor from New Zealand’s WETA workshop. This week we learn how he is blending his traditional sculpting techniques with WETA’s high tech 3D tools to create the 9 foot maquette of the memorial sculpture: [Sabin Howard Interview] We are going to continue to bring you an insider’s view with stories about the epic undertaking to create America’s WWI memorial in our nation’s capital. Learn more at ww1cc.org/memorial Link: www.ww1cc.org/memorial [SOUND EFFECT] Speaking WW1 And now for our feature “Speaking World War 1” - Where we explore the words & phrases that are rooted in the war  --- This week’s word in an onomatopoeia - Again with the long words!? Yea…. An onomatopoeia is a word that imitates the sound something makes - like buzz or Meow or boom…. So After a large meal, or maybe at the end of a long, hard week at work -- don’t you just love to crash on the couch and conk out? Well -  people aren’t the only things that can conk out -- World War One airplane engines did too - and the word describes the sound the engines made when then flooded out, or seized up  - Conk - Conk - Conk - Having a machine “conk out” midair was unfortunately - not uncommon. The term first appears around 1911 in British Motorcycling Magazines, describing the problems early motorcyclists faced going uphill; Specific advice given in the magazine is to “give a bit more throttle ...when the engine starts to "conk, conk, conk,” The phrase made its way into common use during WWI, and soon was applied to exhausted individuals as well. Conk Out - this week’s speaking WWI phrase - See the podcast notes to learn more! link: https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/100097/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-conk [SOUND EFFECT] Remembering Veterans Interview with Eagle Scout Benjamin Wood-dard In our Remembering Veterans section  -- This week we’re joined by an amazing young man…. Benjamin Wood-dard, an Eagle Scout from Boy Scout Troop 62, in Huntington, West Virginia. Benjamin is here to tell us about his Eagle Scout project, which involved researching and commemorating local WW1 veterans. Welcome, Benjamin! [greetings] [Benjamin - what made you decided to make commemorating local WW1 veterans your Eagle Scout project?] [What do you think is the most important thing you learned from doing this project?] [Any advice to other scouts if they want to do a WWI project?] You're a great guy! Thanks so much for telling us your story! [goodbyes] Benjamin Wood-dard is an Eagle Scout from Troop 62, Huntington, West Virginia. Learn more about this project and the men whose service Benjamin has helped commemorate ---  by visiting the links in the podcast notes. Link:cabellwwi.wordpress.com http://www.herald-dispatch.com/scout-shares-history-of-memorial-trees/article_1f3d66aa-087c-5a31-98cf-2917b212b4ee.html http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/commemorate/family-ties/stories-of-service/3918-walter-verlin-dial.html [SOUND EFFECT] Spotlight in the Media Sunken Gold This week in our Spotlight on the Media -- we’re joined by library administrator, archivist, historian and author Joseph A. Williams. He is here to tell us about his new book, The Sunken Gold: A Story of World War One Espionage and the Greatest Treasure Salvage in History. Welcome, Joe! [Joe-- can you start by giving us a brief set up to the story - told in your book? ] [How did you come by the story?] [It really sounds like a great movie-- It’s got sunken treasure, enemies, covert expeditions, obsession-- if it were to be made into a film, who would you cast as Lieutenant Commander Damant?] Thank you so much for joining us! [goodbyes] Joseph Williams, archivist, historian and author of several books including The Sunken Gold. He will be speaking at the International Spy Museum in Washington DC on Tuesday, January 23rd, but if you can’t catch him there we’ve included links to the event and his book in the podcast notes. Link: https://www.amazon.com/Sunken-Gold-Espionage-Greatest-Treasure/dp/1613737580 https://www.spymuseum.org/calendar/detail/the-sunken-gold--a-story-of-world-war-i-espionage/2018-01-23/ [SOUND EFFECT] Articles and Posts Doughboy statue sparks NJ historian's mission to photograph WWI monuments In articles and posts-- from our rapidly growing website at ww1cc.org -this week, there is an article about a photography project inspired by a WW1 Memorial. For years, Erik Burro would pass the statue of a WWI U.S. soldier on his commute just a few blocks from his city home and office --- but he paid it little attention to it. In 2016 - the centennial of WWI made him stop and take a closer look at the statue depicting a Doughboy, and the memorial hall behind it. This led Erik on a mission to find and photograph other World War I monuments, first in South Jersey and then statewide, a quest that has resulted in traveling photography exhibits of major WWI monuments in the state. Read more about Erik Burro and his  "Legacy of Remembrance" at the link in the podcast notes. Link: http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/3957-doughboy-statue-sparks-historian-s-mission-to-photograph-wwi-monuments.html Unsung heroes of World War I: how carrier pigeons saved American lives Also in Articles and posts this week, a story shared from the National Archives “Pieces of History” blog about some of the unsung heroes of World War 1: messenger birds. The carrier pigeons of both the Allied and Central Powers assisted their respective commanders with an accuracy and clarity unmatched by technology. The National Archives has a vast collection of messages that these feathered fighters delivered for American soldiers. Using these messages and the history of the carrier pigeon in battle, we can look at what hardship these fearless fowls endured and how their actions saved American lives. One of the most impressive things about the war records of the carrier pigeons was how widely the birds were used. Their service as battlefield messengers is their most known use, and the pigeons found homes in every branch of service. Read more about these essential feathered flying communicators by following the link in the podcast notes. Link: http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/3959-unsung-heroes-of-world-war-i-the-carrier-pigeons.html The Buzz - WW1 in Social Media Posts And that brings us to the buzz - the centennial of WW1 this week in social media with Katherine Akey - Katherine, what do you have for us this week? Short Film: The Hun We picked up on a short-film that was shared by The Great War channel on Facebook. The film comes from Tyler Mendelson, a young filmmaker and Marine Corps veteran. The twelve minute short tells the story of a young American soldier who has just become his company’s new message runner as a German attack is imminent. You can watch the short by following the link in the podcast notes. link:https://vimeo.com/249587230 Tanks tanks tanks Last week in our Speaking WW1 segment we looked at the origin of the word “tank”. We happened to find, and share, a cool webpage on Facebook last week that lays out weird and interesting tank designs from Leonardo Da Vinci to the modern day. Among our favorites are the pre-wwi “Tsar”-- a rolling turret with wheels five times the size of a man; the “rolling ball tank”; and the submarine land dreadnought, an aircraft carrier sized ship, covered with cannons, rolling over land. Check them out at the link in the notes. link:http://www.twilighthistories.com/2012/08/17/top-20-weird-tanks-alternate-history-of-design/ Coin Drop Game Last for the week-- the US Mint released a special game for kids in coordination with the release of the WW1 Commemorative Silver Dollar. It’s called Peter The Eagles Coin Drop and the premise is simple: you fly a plane, piloted by an Eagle, and maneuver to drop “liberty loans” onto trenches, field hospitals and banks. But watch out-- seagulls appear and can block your drop, or run into your plane! Follow the link in the notes to play-- or to share with your kids. link:https://www.usmint.gov/learn/kids/games/coin-drop And that’s it this week for the Buzz! Outro So Thank you all for listening to another episode of WW1 Centennial News. We want to thank our guests... Ed Lengel, military historian, Author and storyteller Mike Shuster from the Great War Project Blog Master sculptor Sabin Howard Eagle Scout Benjamin Wood-dard Author Joseph A. Williams Katherine Akey, the shows line producer and the commission's social media director… And I am Theo Mayer - your host. The US World War One Centennial Commission was created by Congress to honor, commemorate and educate about WW1. Our programs are to-- inspire a national conversation and awareness about WW1; this podcast is a part of that…. Thank you! We are bringing the lessons of the 100 years ago into today's classrooms; We are helping to restore WW1 memorials in communities of all sizes across our country; and of course we are building America’s National WW1 Memorial in Washington DC. We want to thank commission’s founding sponsor the Pritzker Military Museum and Library and the Starr foundation for their support. The podcast can be found on our website at ww1cc.org/cn   on  iTunes and google play ww1 Centennial News, and on Amazon Echo or other Alexa enabled devices. Just say: Alexa: Play W W One Centennial News Podcast. Our twitter and instagram handles are both @ww1cc and we are on facebook @ww1centennial. Thank you for joining us. And don’t forget to share the stories you are hearing here today about the war that changed the world! [music] Numismatics, onomatopoeia - You know….  long words just make me want to conk out!   So long! SUBSCRIPTIONS WW1 Centennial News Video Podcast on iTunes https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/ww1-centennial-news/id1209764611?mt=2 Weekly Dispatch Newsletterhttp://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/2015-12-28-18-26-00/subscribe.htm

Highlights 1917 key events in review |@ 01:30 Wilson’s 14 points |@ 07:50 Crisis for the allies - Mike Shuster |@ 11:45 A Century in the Making - Sabin Howard |@ 16:45 Speaking WW1 - Tank |@ 25:00 The Education Program - Dr. Libby O’Connell |@ 26:30 100 Cities / 100 Memorials Round #2 deadline |@ 32:40 The Chaplains Corps in WW1 - Dr. John Boyd |@ 33:15 American Women Physicians in WW1 |@ 39:10 PAFA at Frist |@ 40:30 The Buzz - Katherine Akey |@ 41:15----more---- Opening Welcome to World War 1 centennial News episode #54 - It’s about WW1 THEN - what was happening 100 years ago this week  - and it’s about WW1 NOW - news and updates about the centennial and the commemoration. Today is January 12th, 2018 and our guests this week include: Mike Shuster discussing the situation facing Allied forces at the outset of 1918 Master sculptor Sabin Howard telling us about how, meeting a man named Richard Taylor is transforming his approach to creating the sculpture for the National World War One Memorial in Pershing Park Dr. Libby O’Connell speaking with us about the commission’s Education program Dr John Boyd with the history of chaplains in the Armed Forces during WWI And Katherine Akey, with the Buzz - with some great selections from the centennial of WWI in social media WW1 Centennial News is brought to you by the U.S. World War I Centennial Commission and the Pritzker Military Museum and Library. I’m Theo Mayer - the Chief Technologist for the Commission and your host. Welcome to the show. [MUSIC] Preface You know---- Our way-back machine not only travels in time, but also in space so as we roll back 100 years, but are also going up to 10 thousand feet to get a high level view of what happened in 1917 and a glance into the future for what to expect for this upcoming year ---  in the war the changed the world! [SOUND EFFECT] World War One THEN 100 Year Ago This Week [MUSIC TRANSITION] Looking back across 1917 from way up here,  we can see: Wilson being sworn in as the President who promises to keep us out of the war, but events early in the year, pressure from the allies, aggressive and presumptuous actions by Germany, builds up by spring to a declaration of war. We see a massive rush to mobilize for war. We see our allies struggling with ever more massive and devastating loss of treasure and men - standing on the brink of devastation - and we see the eastern allie - Russia - go through two revolutions in one year - the first - which collapses the Tsarist government - the second - late in the year -- when Lenin and the bolsheviks take over and effectively drop Russia out of the war, This is to Germany’s great delight, anticipating the freeing up of massive resources -- with which Germany can deal the allies - a knock-out punch - in an upcoming spring.   Let’s zoom down for a bit closer look at 1917   In late January, early February Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare - reneging on promises made to Wilson after the 1915 sinking of the Lusitania. The US severs diplomatic ties with Germany.   In an attempt to draw the US into the fight, Britain passes along a secret telegram showing an offer by Germany to Mexico promising great rewards including Texas and New Mexico - if Mexico will toss in with Germany - and help take down the US. This does not sit well. By March with Germany attacking shipping everywhere - the Wilson asks congress to put Navy armaments and sailors aboard US merchant ships. Congress doesn’t go for it - so he issues an executive order to the same effect. While over in Russia - Revolution #1 - and Tsar Nicholas II abdicates.. By the end of march, Germany’s blatant aggression against the US gets Wilson’s cabinet to vote unanimously in favor of declaring war. April is big… On the 2nd Wilson delivers a war address to congress, and four days later -  on April 6th -- congress votes to go to war. Over in Europe - French Commander in Chief General Robert Nivelle cranks up a strategic plan that is so flawed and costly in french soldiers lives --- it sets up a French army mutiny ----  NIvelle gets the boot - and the French forces come back online. In May America cranks up the war machine in a big way! Wilson appoints George Creel to head the Committee on Public Information.. Creating a historic government propaganda machine. Congress also passes the selective service act and all men between 18 and 32 have to register. Meanwhile - John J. Pershing is appointed to head of the American Expeditionary Force and goes over to France to assess the situation. June - To deal with strong war opposition at home -  congress passes the US Espionage Act - A massive attacks on “freedom of speech” that makes {QUOTE) all false statements intended to interfere with the military forces of the country or to promote the success of its enemies (UNQUOTE)  illegal. In other words - if you speak up against the draft or the war - you are going to prison. And people do. Same month, the first US troop arrive in France - but not yet to fight - they are there to prepare the way for our army. In July Pershing makes a request for an army of a million men - then just a few weeks later --- revises his request upwards to 3 million. On the fighting front, July, August and september see the first use of Mustard Gas on the battlefield --- and campaigns in the Belgic regions of Ypres and Passchendaele. America is busy building and equipping the largest fighting force of its young history. Money is raised, Industries are nationalized, units are mobilized, the population is galvanized by Mr. Creel and his minions. October marks a disastrous war effort for the italians at the battle of Caporetto --- and in November -  Revolution #2 - the bolsheviks take over  under Lenin and end the battle on the Eastern Front. November also sees the expanded use of a new war machine in the battlefield - the Tank! And at the end of the year - the Brits bring home a little holiday surprise as they finally turn around their struggle with the ottoman empire and defeat the Turks, taking Jerusalem in December. Wow -   Ok… now we’re gonna  zoom back up and look forward at 1918 from overview. Germany’s kaiserslacht, is their big offensive - hoping to deal the allies a death blow… it includes five major offensives over the spring and early summer; The allies lose ground - then gain it back with help of Americans who are coming online Things turn around --- and over the fall, the central powers admit defeat -- one by one so that in November, an armistice is declared… The fighting stops and now some of WWI’s most fascinating stories emerge - as the aftermath of the war, the negotiations, and America’s war cranked economy try to settle on and into a new world order. Wilson’s fourteen points It all actually starts this week. On January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson addresses the U.S. Congress with what would later become known as his "Fourteen Points" the fundamental to America's War Aims.   Inconceivably … up until now, there has been no explicit statement of war aims by any of the nation’s who engaged in this mad destruction.   At his request, a team, led by Walter Lippmann --- and longtime Wilson advisor Colonel House generate a memorandum called “The War Aims and the Peace Terms it Suggests.” from which Wilson crafts one of his most important and influential speeches of his administration - the Fourteen Points. The first six enumerate the causes of world war, and urge: The elimination of secret treaties in favor of open agreements Free navigation of the seas Removal of all economic barriers and established equal trade between nations The reduction of armaments The adjustment of colonial claims and the self-determination of colonized populations in regard to their own sovereignty The evacuation of all Russian territory by the German armies The next seven proceed to rearrange the map of Europe, effectively eradicating the old imperial borders of specific territories and creating independent states. This included: the evacuation of Belgium, the release of French territory, (particularly Alsace-Lorraine), the readjustment of the frontiers of Italy into “clearly recognizable lines of nationality,” the autonomy of Austria-Hungary, the release of occupied territories in the Balkan states, the establishment of political and economic independence along “historically established lines of allegiance,” as well as access to the sea -  for the Serbs Assured sovereignty of Turkey from the Ottoman empire, as well as the right of other nationalities to develop autonomy The establishment of an independent Polish state, with access to the sea And, finally, his fourteenth point -- the creation of a world organization that would provide a system of collective security for all nations - the foundations of the League of Nations. An auspicious beginning for 1918, establishing  a world changing doctrine in what TRULY IS the war that changed the world! [poignant audio hit]   All year, we will be bringing you with us,. on an incredible journey through these amazing times for our national and our global heritage. There are stories of suffering and heroism, humanity and technology, defeat and triumph, diplomacy ...and diplomatic failures. Introducing Dr. Edward Lengel So --- To help us understand all this, starting next week, we will be joined regularly by Dr. Edward Lengel. Dr. Lengel is an American military historian, Chief Historian of the White House Historical Association and sits on the US WWI Centennial Commission’s historical advisory board. Ed gives historians a good name! He is smart, well spoken, an author, and a devout storyteller. We look forward to his contributions to WW1 Centennial News THEN… State of the war front end of 1917: http://today-in-wwi.tumblr.com/post/169156769262/state-of-the-war-end-of-1917 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel [SOUND EFFECT] Great War Project Back with us now is Mike Shuster - former NPR correspondent and curator for the Great War Project Blog. Mike - first of all - welcome back - we missed you over the Holidays -  so… your January post CRISIS FOR THE ALLIES is a great setup piece for 1918 - what are they facing as they roll into the new year? [Mike Shuster] Mike Shuster from the Great War Project blog. We also put some links in the Podcast notes to the articles we missed from Mike over the Holidays. LINK: http://greatwarproject.org/2018/01/07/american-force-resists-integration/ http://greatwarproject.org/2017/12/21/starvation/ http://greatwarproject.org/2017/12/18/the-grim-reality-facing-the-british/   [SOUND EFFECT]   The Great War Channel Over to the Great War Channel on Youtube - They have been producing videos about WW1 since 2014  from a european perspective. A bunch of new episodes were released over the last weeks, including: Transcaucasia in World War One The Sopwith Snipe - WW1 Pilot’s Gear Machinations in the British High Command Inside the Rolls Royce Armoured Car German Anti Tank Units And more. To see their videos about WWI Follow the link in the podcast notes or search for “the great war” on youtube. Link: https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGreatWar World War One NOW It is time to fast forward into the present with  WW1 Centennial News NOW - [SOUND EFFECT] this section is not about history, but rather - it explores what is happening now to commemorate the centennial of the War that changed the world!   A century in the making For 2018 we are introducing a new segment - It’s called: A century in the making - America’s WW1 Memorial in Washington DC. As our regular listeners know, we are building a   national WWI Memorial at Pershing Park in the capitol. It’s a big project. It’s complicated. It’s hard. It’s been a long time coming. So over the coming weeks, we are going to be bringing you along on an insider’s journey that explores this grand undertaking and adventure. The centerpiece of the memorial -  located in this urban park -  just two blocks from the White House -  is planned as a massive bronze bas-relief sculpture that tells the story of both the human and the national experience of the war that changed the world. Joe Weishaar - our brilliant young visionary, who won the international design competition for this memorial -- brought in an incredibly talented artist and sculptor onto his team - Sabin Howard… a traditionally trained - modern classicist sculptor - Sabin has taken on the challenge of telling the American WWI story at scale, in bronze, and for posterity. Sabin Howard - Meeting Richard Taylor So we are going to kick off this series with an interesting story about how Sabin - the traditionalist - has gotten hooked up with Richard Taylor - a tech visionary who has helped Directors Peter Jackson and James Cameron manifest their visions for Lord of the Rings and Avatar…. Welcome, Sabin! Sabin, You are a traditionally trained sculptor - a Modern Classicist - you work with the human form - in a very traditional way - but for this project you are combining classic sculpture with some very high tech. How did that happen, and how are you using cutting edge technology in creating this master work for America? [SABIN INTERVIEW PART I] That was the first installment of “A century in the making - America’s WW1 Memorial in Washington DC” Next week, Sabin will tell us how he is integrating his traditional sketch and clay sculpture process with 3D imaging, programmable milling and additive manufacturing technologies to literally cut years into months for the test / iterate / and retest process in creating a maquette - a 9 foot manifestation of the sculpture. Only YOU can build this memorial “A century in the making” has another part to it that is unique for our weekly podcast. You are more involved in this project than you may realize. Congress - who authorized this memorial - made it the LAW that the National WWI memorial has to be built with individual and corporate funding - no government funding allowed!  Only you can build this memorial -- So I’m going to be asking you to go to WW1CC.org/memorial --- to help honor the memory of those who shaped the world we enjoy today -- with their honest and genuine commitment to our American ideals --- and their personal sacrifice of effort and blood - Now Wer’e not asking you to jump into a bunker with mud and lice ---- all we are asking you to do is to go to wwicc.org/memorial or just pick up your cell phone - heck- it’s probably in you hand right now! Go to your texting app and text the letters ww1 to the number 91999. You can give any amount - Give once or “subscribe to the project” with a monthly gift ===  because you see - this really IS America’s WWI Memorial. Thank you - link:http://www.sabinhoward.com/WW1cc/ https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-next-step-in-a-soldiers-journey_2397769.html https://fineartconnoisseur.com/ www.ww1cc.org/memorial Events As we enter 2018, many commemorations, both big and small, are coming up to remember and honor the service of America and Americans during WW1. You’ll find many of these in the U.S. National WW1 Centennial Events Register at ww1cc.org/events. There are events all across the US and we are now beginning to add key events from abroad as well. On any given day you’ll find literally dozens of WWI related events listed - small, local commemorations and large, international ones. The register is America’s official record of commemorations of the centennial of WWI And you can add your OWN WWI centennial event to the register - with the big red SUBMIT MY EVENT button on the page - even including livestream and social media events. And finally, we wanted to share with you that the American Battle Monuments Commission has published its upcoming commemorative events in France and Belgium. The link to that calendar is included in the podcast notes. Link: www.ww1cc.org/events https://www.abmc.gov/news-events/news/world-war-i-centennial-ceremonies-abmc-sites#.WkzlsdKnFlZ Speaking WW1 And now for our feature “Speaking World War 1” - Where we explore the words & phrases that are rooted in the war  --- One of most iconic new weapon technologies of WWI is the tank. “They rode into WWI on Horses and rode out on Tanks” is a popular phrase that describes the times. This is the grand evolution of the Armored car,  and every side in the conflict tried to create an effective machine. but the British beat everyone to the punch with their Landship, premiering the Mark I in September, 1916. Until then - this was a new secret weapon! The machines were called "tanks" in a ruse describing the big metal things as "water carriers," supposedly for use on the Mesopotamian Front. So in conversation --  the engineers referred to them as "water tanks" or, simply, "tanks." Interestingly, the British Landships Committee even decided to change its name for the same secretive reason, renaming itself the Tank Supply Committee. By the time the machines rolled over the fields of Cambrai in the winter of 1917, not only did the tanks get stuck - but so did the name… no one went for the name land ships - they were simply known then and are still today --- as Tanks -- this week’s word for Speaking WW1. See the podcast notes to learn more! link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank Education Interview with Dr. Libby O’Connell In our Education section  -- As we tell every week in our closing - bringing the lessons of WWI into the classroom is one of the Commission’s prime goals - and here to tell us more about the Commission’s education program is Commissioner Dr. Libby O’Connell. Welcome, Libby! [greetings] To start, could you tell us a bit about the education initiative at the commission?  What’s happening now and what are the goals for 2018? Libby - I understand you are now tying the education program to the Memorial program - how does that work? Thanks so much for being on the show again! Dr. Libby O’Connell, World War One Centennial Commissioner, historian and author. Learn more about the education program at ww1cc.org/edu or by following the link in the podcast notes. link:http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/educate-home.html 100 Cities/100 Memorials [SOUND EFFECT Moving on to our 100 Cities / 100 Memorials segment about the $200,000 matching grant challenge to rescue and focus on our local WWI memorials. This coming Monday - January 15, 2018 - the submission period for the second and final round of grant application-- closes. Then we will start the process of selecting the second 50 Awardees to round out the 100 awardees. Check the podcast notes for a link to the program or go to ww1cc.org/100memorials. Link: www.ww1cc.org/100memorials Remembering Veterans Chaplains in the War This week in our Remembering Veterans section -- we’re joined by Dr John "Jay" Boyd,  Historian for the United States Army Chaplain Corps. He is here to tell us more about the history of chaplains in the armed forces and their special role during World War One. Welcome, Dr. Boyd! Dr. Boyd, just to start us off -- What IS a chaplain and what is their role in the military? In WW1- we suddenly had an army - and it was made up of a very diverse group of soldiers -  Was any attention given to the increasing diversity of the troops? There are many stories about the chaplains of World War 1-- does any one in particular stand out to you? Do you have a favorite? Thank you so much for joining us. Dr. John Boyd is the Historian for the United States Army Chaplain Corps. Learn more about chaplains in the military by following the links in the podcast notes. Link: http://usachcs.tradoc.army.mil/ http://bpnews.net/48738/us-entry-to-wwi-remembered-as-chaplaincy-catalyst http://archnyarchives.org/2015/11/10/military-chaplains-in-world-war-i/ http://mentalfloss.com/article/29695/12-heroic-us-military-chaplains [SOUND EFFECT] Articles and Posts American Women Physicians Calling all women doctors - This story is for you!! In articles and posts-- from our rapidly growing website at ww1cc.org -this week, this week there is an article about the American Medical Women’s Association (AMWA) - Now they have created a remarkable new online exhibit, "American Women Physicians in World War I". When the United States entered the war in 1917, women physicians numbered less than 5% of all doctors. Many were eager for the chance to serve their country. But when the Army Surgeon General sent out a call for physicians to serve in the Medical Corps, the women who applied were rejected. Women physician leaders across the country protested this decision and petitioned the government, but the War Department didn’t budge. Despite the stance of the Government, women physicians found ways to participate. Some became civilian contract surgeons in the U.S. Army or served with the French Army. Others volunteered with humanitarian relief organizations. Learn about this amazing story and women physician’s contributions and legacy in WWI by reading the article or by visiting the online exhibit using the links in the podcast notes. Link: http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/3926-new-online-exhibit-explores-american-women-physicians-in-world-war-i.html https://www.amwa-doc.org/wwi-exhibition/   WW1 And American Art: Interview Also in Articles and posts this week, we recently interviewed the staff of the Frist Center in Nashville, Tennessee, to discuss the landmark exhibition World War One and American Art, which was organized by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The exhibition has been touring the country for the last year and is on view at the Frist through January 21st. The exhibit includes 140 works in all kinds of media, including the monumentally large John Singer Sargeant piece -- Gassed. Frist Center curators and directorial staff responded to our questions about the show, about the war, and about impact on the local region. Read the interview by following the link in the podcast notes. Link: http://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/3923-last-chance-to-experience-world-war-i-and-american-art-exhibit-at-the-frist-center-in-nashville.html   The Buzz - WW1 in Social Media Posts And that brings us to the buzz - the centennial of WW1 this week in social media with Katherine Akey - Katherine, what did you pick to tell us about this week? [Katherine Akey] Hi Theo! Follow up to the Halifax Explosion Happy New Year, everyone! We’re glad to be back. Before we broke for the holidays in December, we talked a fair amount about the disastrous Halifax explosion of 1917. Recently, we shared an article on our Facebook page with some interesting contemporary news about that very incident. The article outlines the discovery by a Canadian arborist of some odd material lodged in a large pine tree near Halifax -- debris from the explosion 100 years ago. Shards of unidentified flying objects got lodged into the city’s canopy when the explosion occurred and to this day, lumber mills as far as the southern United States still don’t dare touch logs from Halifax, knowing some hidden metal artifact could wreck their machinery. Read more about the history hidden in the trees around Halifax by visiting the article at the link in the podcast notes. link:http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/a-century-after-the-halifax-explosion-grim-reminders-can-still-be-found-in-trees/ The Poilu Censorship Workaround Lastly this week, I wanted to share a really amazing article from the Centenaire website, the official national centennial organization in France. The story comes from the Municipal Archives of Marseille, where one archivist discovered a sneaky and smart strategy to get around the heavy censoring of wartime letters. Jean Bouyala, who went on after the war to become a prominent surgeon, was one of several Poilus who found a way to write secret messages on their letters. It sounds bizarre, but by writing first using their saliva, then having the letter’s recipient brush black ink over the page, the saliva stanzas become legible, a darker black writing in the midst of the ink wash on the page. This way, the Poilu were able to send home messages that would otherwise have been blocked by the censor. A link to the article is in the podcast notes along with photographs of the magic-ink letters. Saliva-- the key to clandestine correspondence! And that’s it this week for the Buzz! Llink:http://centenaire.org/fr/tresors-darchives/le-secret-des-poilus-pour-dejouer-la-censure Outro Thank you all for listening to another episode of WW1 Centennial News. We want to thank our guests... Mike Shuster from the Great War Project Blog Sabin Howard, master sculptor and artist Dr. Libby O’Connell, World War One Centennial Commissioner, author and Historian Dr John Boyd, Historian for the United States Army Chaplain Corps And Katherine Akey, the shows line producer and the commision’s social media director… And I am Theo Mayer - your host. The US World War One Centennial Commission was created by Congress to honor, commemorate and educate about WW1. Our programs are to-- inspire a national conversation and awareness about WW1; this podcast is a part of that…. Thank you! We are bringing the lessons of the 100 years ago into today's classrooms; We are helping to restore WW1 memorials in communities of all sizes across our country; and of course we are building America’s National WW1 Memorial in Washington DC. We want to thank commission’s founding sponsor the Pritzker Military Museum and Library for their support. The podcast can be found on our website at ww1cc.org/cn   on  iTunes and google play ww1 Centennial News, and on Amazon Echo or other Alexa enabled devices. Just say: Alexa: Play W W One Centennial News Podcast. Our twitter and instagram handles are both @ww1cc and we are on facebook @ww1centennial. Thank you for joining us. And don’t forget to share the stories you are hearing here today about the war that changed the world! [music] We’ll the only thing I can think to say is.. Tanks a lot... So long!

The Fourteen Points, US President Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace negotiations at the end of World War I, were an incredibly audacious statement of idealistic foreign policy principles. Most audacious of all was that Wilson announced the Fourteen Points in a speech to Congress just months after America entered the war and well before the war was actually over. Yet Wilson was outlining a way to prevent another World War by focusing on the ideals of national determinism, free trade, and open diplomacy. Wilson also outlined a plan for a League of Nations to watch over the international community. Largely, these ideas all were kept in the Treaty of Versailles when peace negotiations really were made after the war, but the hope that they would prevent another world war was tragically misguided.

"Don't look for me until you see me coming. I will get a car to bring me out. I may be out at any time..." In his eighteenth letter home from Camp Lee, Virginia, to his sister Minnie Riggle, US Army Wagoner (mule team driver) Lester Scott, a World War I soldier from Wheeling, West Virginia, writes that he's sorry he asked Minnie to meet him as his planned furlough to Wheeling has once again been canceled. He's going to try to come home with Dutch [our second letter writer, Charles Riggle]. He's afraid he might be getting the mumps now, a mandatory 19-day hospital stay. He's sending a photo home and trying to get one of the mule team. Elsewhere on the previous day, US President Woodrow Wilson had announced his Fourteen Points programme, an idealistic blueprint for peace meant to bring an end to the war. Wilson wanted to address the causes of the war, including an end to the "secret understandings" among nations (the alliance system) and to make the postwar world "fit and safe to live in...for every peace-loving nation." Among other things, the Fourteen Points called for "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at," "absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas" (inspired by German submarine attacks), "equality of trade conditions among all the nations," a reduction of armaments, an adjustment of colonial claims, numerous territorial adjustments including an independent Polish state, and "a general association of nations" (which would become the ineffective League of Nations). Importantly, Wilson called upon the Allied Powers to be fair with Germany, a caveat that would be ignored, and the harsh terms imposed on a defeated Germany would help ensure that the Great War would not be the hoped-for "War to End All Wars." Though Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts, the Fourteen Points were largely ignored at the Paris Peace Conference. Lester Scott was drafted in 1917 and trained at Camp Lee, where so many Wheeling soldiers were trained. And, like so many of his Ohio Valley comrades, he served in the 314th Field Artillery Supply Company, Battery “A,” 80th (Blue Ridge) Division in France. This is his eighteenth letter from Camp Lee, dated 100 years ago today, January 9, 1918. Digital scans and a transcript of Lester Scott's January 9, 1918 letter can be viewed at: http://www.archivingwheeling.org/blog/from-camp-lee-to-the-great-war-january-9-1918-podcast Credits: "From Camp Lee to the Great War: The letters of Lester Scott and Charles Riggle" is brought to you by http://archivingwheeling.org in partnership with the Ohio County Public Library (http://www.ohiocountylibrary.org) and the WALS Foundation (http://walswheeling.com). Jeremy Richter is the voice of Lester Scott. The letters of Lester Scott and Charles Riggle were transcribed by Jon-Erik Gilot. This podcast was edited and written by Sean Duffy, audio edited by Erin Rothenbuehler. Music: "The U.S. Field Artillery March," Sousa, John Philip (arranger), New York Military Band (performer), 1921, courtesy Library of Congress: www.loc.gov/item/00694042/ Many thanks to Marjorie Richey for sharing family letters and the stories of her uncles, Lester Scott and Charles “Dutch” Riggle, WWI soldiers from West Virginia.

It’s a crazy time, but Bruce’s Fourteen Points about Politics in 2017 seeks to provide some clarity on what’s going on and where both parties stand.  The points include going Back to the Past, Clarity on Reelections and Midterms, About Town Halls, The 8 Million Ignored People and Getting a Media Game. We discuss: Presidents are […]