Podcasts about Entente

Écoutez l'essentiel de l'émission La commission du jeudi 20 août 2026: Entente pour éviter de nouveaux droits de douane: «Carney a déjà tout cédé pour plaire aux Américains» -Yves-François Blanchet; Producteurs de lait du Québec: «On a beaucoup concédé et on est inquiets pour la suite des négociations»; «On a de très beaux cégeps, mais certains ont besoin d’amour»; TGV entre Québec et Toronto: «On rend le pays plus petit»; Père de deux enfants, il reçoit 456 courriels en une année. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Écoutez l'essentiel de l'émission La commission, du lundi 17 août: Entente historique à Churchill Falls entre Québec et Terre-Neuve jusqu'en 2077; Retour sur les sondages de l’été à l’approche des élections: «On se dirige à la vitesse grand V vers un gouvernement minoritaire»; Cinq milliards $ pour atteindre l’équilibre budgétaire: le ministre des finances commente le Rapport préélectoral sur l'état des finances publiques du Québec; «Il faut être archi-millionnaire pour être producteur de poulet» -Sylvain Charlebois, à propos de l’augmentation du prix du poulet. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

À l'occasion de sa revue de presse, jeudi, Paul Arcand se penche sur l'accord qui serait survenu entre Québec et Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador concernant la centrale hydroélectrique de Churchill Falls. Celle-ci pourrait être annoncée dès la semaine prochaine. D'après les informations obtenues par La Presse, les deux parties se sont entendues pour augmenter substantiellement la capacité de production électrique des futurs barrages du Labrador, permettant ainsi de meilleures retombées financières, tant pour le Québec que pour Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. Autres sujets abordés Les médecins ne sont pas plus disponibles le soir et la fin de semaine; La police et le profilage racial; Nouveau code vestimentaire pour les détenus dans les prisons du Québec. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Ce vendredi 7 août, Djilali Benchabane, analyste géopolitique et directeur de CEOS Stratégie & Conseil, était l'invité dans Le monde qui bouge - L'Interview, de l'émission Good Morning Business, présentée par Erwan Morice. Ils sont revenus sur le projet d'accord pour sécuriser Ormuz, la promesse non tenue du président des États-Unis concernant la réouverture du détroit et la volatilité des marchés, de plus en plus suspicieux sur la réalité de cet accord. Retrouvez l'émission du lundi au vendredi et réécoutez la en podcast.

Protégez votre vie privée en profitant de l'offre exclusive de Cyberghost VPN: https://www.cyberghostvpn.com/7JoursSurTerre   Alors que Donald Trump et Vladimir Poutine amorcent les négociations pour mettre un terme à la guerre entre la Russie et l'Ukraine, les implications pour l'ordre mondial deviennent impossible à ignorer.   Quelque part entre colonialisme et transactionalisme, les États-Unis tentent de s'approprier le potentiel extractif de l'Ukraine: le pétrole, le gaz, les métaux critiques et surtout, les terres rares. Dans cette production, Benjamin Tremblay et 7 jours sur Terre explorent les enjeux géopolitiques profonds dans la lutte pour le contrôle de l'Ukraine et de ses ressources.   Quelles sont les motivations stratégiques de chacun des acteurs? L'Europe peut-elle enfin se libérer de la camisole de force américaine? La normalisation avec la Russie sera-t-elle un nouveau point de rupture entre l'Europe et les États-Unis? Pour obtenir une émission d'une heure à chaque semaine: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRDafCFB27KOBXvgc6kgS0A/join Devenez membre exclusif de 7 Jours sur Terre et profitez de nombreux avantages, dont notre revue de presse : une émission hebdomadaire de plus d'une heure dans laquelle nous revenons sur les dernières nouvelles géopolitiques à travers le monde, avec des analyses approfondies : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRDafCFB27KOBXvgc6kgS0A/join

Unlocked after 1 year for patrons only: We reconstruct the complex divisions and conflicts in Italian society as the new state sought to realize the Risorgimento's unfulfilled promises of national unity and glory. We observe how the struggles among the Papacy, the Crown, and the powerful socialist movement led to Italy's momentous decision to break with the Triple Alliance and to enter World War One with the Entente powers, and laid the groundwork for the original rise of Fascism. Please sign up as a patron at any level in order to hear patron-only lectures, including the recent part 2 on the concept of the industrial revoltion: https://www.patreon.com/c/u5530632 Suggested further reading: John A. David, ed., "Italy in the Nineteenth Century”; Adrian Lyttleton, ed., “Liberal and Fascist Italy” Image: pro-intervention rally with Gabriele D'Annunzio, held at Quarto, Liguria, May 5, 1915

À l'occasion de sa revue de presse, mercredi, Paul Arcand fait le point sur cette série d'ententes conclues entre Québec et Ottawa qui totalise un investissement de 10 milliards de dollars en infrastructures. Les premiers ministres Mark Carney et Christine Fréchette en ont fait l'annonce mardi à Longueuil. Le fédéral va, entre autres, contribuer à la mise à niveau des infrastructures en transport collectif et au développement de nouveaux projets, comme le tramway de Québec à hauteur de 5,7 milliards. Autres sujets abordés Faire disparaître les taxes de vente au restaurant, une bonne ou une mauvaise idée?; Il frappe un arbitre, une juge l’envoie en prison pour 12 mois; Patrick Bruel annule ses concerts à Montréal. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

- Jour de la marmotte tarifaire américaine et du 51e État - Entente d’hier critiquée - Sol Zanetti à l’aise avec Boulerice qui touche son salaire La rencontre Robitaille-Dutrizac avec Antoine Robitaille et Benoit Dutrizac. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radioPour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Après de longues négociations, Ottawa et Québec annoncent un accord de 6 milliards pour le transport collectif. Ces fonds financeront la ligne bleue à Montréal et le tramway de Québec. Des investissements en infrastructures seront aussi confirmés par Carney et Fréchette. Les conditions fédérales restent toutefois à préciser.

Trump et les négociations avec l'Iran. Tour de table entre Isabelle Perron, Alexandre Dubé et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

À l'occasion de sa revue de presse, mercredi, Jean-Sébastien Hammal commente le tout nouveau sondage Léger selon lequel «l'effet Christine Fréchette» prend de l'ampleur. La nouvelle première ministre, qui tente de faire oublier le bilan de François Legault, permet à la Coalition avenir Québec (CAQ) de revenir en force dans une lutte à trois. En un mois seulement, la formation a bondi de neuf points pour atteindre 22 % des intentions de vote. Cette remontée s'explique par une percée chez les électeurs conservateurs et les femmes de la banlieue montréalaise, séduites par un style de gouvernance plus axé sur la conciliation. Bien que la CAQ regagne du terrain, le Parti québécois (PQ) de Paul St-Pierre Plamondon demeure au sommet avec 30 % d'appuis. Le Parti libéral (PLQ) de Charles Milliard suit de près à 28 %, alors que le Parti conservateur (PCQ) d'Éric Duhaime est à 11%, en baisse de trois points. Québec solidaire, avec Ruba Ghazal, stagne à 8 %. Autres sujets abordés Churchill Falls: Terre-Neuve en veut davantage; Primaire au Kentucky: victoire de Trump sur un républicain dissident; Les Québécois achètent de plus en plus sur des sites de produits bon marché comme Temu et Shein. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Ne manquez pas le meilleur de La commission du mardi 19 mai: Entente de Churchill Falls: Une entente compromise entre Québec et Terre-Neuve? Programme d’Expérience Québécoise : Un député français interpelle Christine Fréchette; Détecter un cancer avec une prise de sang; 190 ex-diplomates canadiens unissent leur voix pour freiner Israël. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Entente avec la FMSQ. La SAQ a atteint son plafond. Le CH de Montréal joue ce soir ! La rencontre Maréchal-Dumont avec Isabelle Maréchal et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radioPour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Campagne de vaccination contre la rage : une importance capitale pour la santé publique | La ville manque de transparence? Une citoyenne dénonce | De fausses origines autochtones? | De moins en moins d’entrepreneurs au Québec: une tragédie économique | | Entente avec les médecins: le Dr Oliva affirme que François Legault était l’élément qui bloquait les négociations | Julie Bélanger finit bien sa semaine ! Dans cet épisode intégral du 23 avril, en entrevue : Marianne Gagnier, biologiste à la direction de la santé et du bien-être des animaux sauvages au Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs. Patrizia Barbone, citoyenne de Beaconsfield. Me Audrey Mayrand, avocate représentant les membres de l’Association Tahishpuatenan et le Groupe de défense Adélaïde Matshiragan. Nicolas Duvernois, entrepreneur, président et fondateur de Pur Vodka. Dr Vincent Oliva, président de la Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec (FMSQ) Julie Bélanger, animatrice à la télévision. Une production QUB Avril 2026Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Retour sur le dernier sondage Léger. Dévoilement du conseil des ministres. Entente de principe avec les médecins spécialistes. Le point sur les inondations. Qu’attendre du CH pour le match 2 contre le Lightning? L’interdiction de livre atteint des records. Tout savoir en quelques minutes avec Alexandre Dubé, Isabelle Perron et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Écoutez le meilleur de l'émission La commission du 21 avril: Conseil des ministres: entre nouveaux visages et amères déceptions; Féminicides: l’appel pressant de 600 personnalités à Christine Fréchette; «Il vaut mieux une bonne entente plus tard qu'une mauvaise aujourd'hui» -Jean Charest; Les véhicules chinois pourraient avoir accès à vos informations. Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Retour sur le dernier sondage Léger. Dévoilement du conseil des ministres. Entente de principe avec les médecins spécialistes. Le point sur les inondations. Qu’attendre du CH pour le match 2 contre le Lightning? L’interdiction de livre atteint des records. Tout savoir en quelques minutes avec Alexandre Dubé, Isabelle Perron et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Entente avec les médecins spécialistes. Sondage : domination Carney au Québec, effondrement conservateur. La police de Longueuil lance un cri d’alarme. Postes Canada. Une histoire hallucinante d’un gars qui a attaqué des militaires dans un centre de recrutement des forces armées canadiennes. La rencontre Dutrizac-Dumont avec Benoit Dutrizac et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Entente avec les médecins spécialistes Le sondage des meilleurs PM Le cabinet de Christine Fréchette La rencontre Maréchal-Dumont avec Isabelle Maréchal et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Un sondage Léger à prendre… à la légère ! | Entente entre les médecins et le gouvernement : le problème était-il réellement François Legault? | L’asphalte va coûter de plus en plus cher: bonne nouvelle pour nos routes… | Les fonctionnaires auront droit à une prime pour contrer l’inflation… de même la poche des contribuables | Vers un été frais au Québec | De plus en plus de chiens violents à Montréal: la soeur de Christiane Vadnais peine à croire que rien n’a été fait depuis son décès Dans cet épisode intégral du 21 avril, en entrevue : Gaétan Barrette, ancien ministre de la Santé. Frédéric Noël, président de Bitume Québec. Gabriel Giguère, analyste senior en politiques publiques à l’Institut économique de Montréal (IEDM). Nicolas Lessard, météorologue chez MétéoMédia. Lise Vadnais, sœur de Christiane Vadnais, tuée par un pitbull en juin 2016, suivi de la tribune téléphonique. Pierre Verville, acteur, humoriste et imitateur. Une production QUB Avril 2026Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

D'Presidentin vun der Entente des offices sociaux iwwer d'Fro, awéiwäit déi aktuell Hausse vun den Energiepräisser d'Problemer vu Leit mat klengem Akommes nach verschäerft.

La guerre que livre Donald Trump à Jérôme Powell.. Euphorie sur les marchés boursiers. Nouvelles de la guerre. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Envoyez moi un messageThis episode's guest is Alastair Ross, President of the Fondation Franco-Britannique de Sillery. We met to celebrate L'Entente Cordiale, whose anniversary falls on 8th April.Listen to Alastair discuss the Foundation's extraordinary historical mission. We trace its beginnings back to 1914, when British philanthropists succoured French soldiers wounded during World War 2, through to its vital work today dedicated to social inclusion and disability support.Many of the Foundation's activities revolve around the kitchen, accompanying young people into the professional world while building confidence and community. Alastair also candidly admits to a New Year culinary faux pas and shares his favourite British pudding—another fascinating vestige from the war years.Blog : www.lacremeanglaise.euInstagram : lacremeanglaise.podcastFacebook : lacremeanglaise.podcastLaisser un avis sur : Apple PodcastAussi sur Deezer et SpotifyVous avez une question ?Contactez-moi : saklesage@gmail.com

Terminer la guerre sans rouvrir le détroit d'Ormuz? Ne vous inquiétez pas pour les finances de Michael Rousseau ! Un appui pour le boss d’Air Canada. Réforme chez Air Canada. Sondage sur les intentions de vote. Entente de principe avec les pharmaciens propriétaires. Les médecins spécialistes ne bouderont plus le Dossier santé numérique. Les détails de Céline. Tout savoir en quelques minutes avec Alexandre Dubé, Isabelle Perron et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radio Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Terminer la guerre sans rouvrir le détroit d'Ormuz? Ne vous inquiétez pas pour les finances de Michael Rousseau ! Un appui pour le boss d’Air Canada. Réforme chez Air Canada. Sondage sur les intentions de vote. Entente de principe avec les pharmaciens propriétaires. Les médecins spécialistes ne bouderont plus le Dossier santé numérique. Les détails de Céline. Tout savoir en quelques minutes avec Alexandre Dubé, Isabelle Perron et Mario Dumont. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radioPour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¿Qué sucede cuando la ambición de dos superpotencias choca en el lugar más inhóspito del planeta? En este nuevo episodio de Antena Historia, nos alejamos de los salones de baile de Londres y de los palacios de San Petersburgo para adentrarnos en una mesa de ajedrez que se extiende por miles de kilómetros: las estepas de Asia Central y las cumbres del Hindu Kush. Acompáñanos a descubrir "El Gran Juego", un duelo de mapas, espionaje y sangre que definió la geopolítica moderna En este programa analizamos:Persia: El yugo de dos botas. Cómo la milenaria Persia se vio asfixiada entre el "aliento frío" de Rusia al norte y el peso del Raj británico al sureste. Analizamos las concesiones económicas que casi le cuestan su soberanía. La Marcha de los Zares. El avance implacable de los generales rusos sobre los janatos de seda: la caída de Taskent, la mítica Samarcanda y la agónica conquista de Jiva.El "Mervousness" británico. El estado de paranoia colectiva en Londres cuando el Oso Ruso llegó a las puertas de la India. Afganistán: El Cementerio de Imperios. El desgarrador relato de la Primera Guerra Anglo-Afgana y la columna de Elphinstone: 16.500 personas engullidas por el frío y el acero en las nieves de Gandamak. Los Rostros en la Sombra. La vida de espías como Alexander Burnes y el secreto de los Pundits, agrimensores nativos que medían el mundo con rosarios de oración modificados. El Cierre del Tablero. Cómo la amenaza de la Alemania del Káiser obligó a los viejos enemigos a repartirse el mundo en la Entente de 1907. Bibliografía recomendada: Para quienes deseen profundizar en este laberinto histórico, recomendamos: "El Gran Juego", de Peter Hopkirk. "El retorno de un Rey", de William Dalrymple. "Asia Central: Historia y Geopolítica", de Rafael Calduch. Soy Antonio Cruz Medina, y hoy la partida comienza en Antena Historia. ¿Te unes al movimiento de apertura? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 🎧 Antena Historia te regala 30 días PREMIUM Disfruta de todo el contenido sin interrupciones y con ventajas exclusivas en iVoox: 👉 https://www.ivoox.com/premium?affiliate-code=b4688a50868967db9ca413741a54cea5 📻 Producción y realización: Antonio Cruz 🎙️ Edición: Antena Historia 📡 Antena Historia forma parte del sello iVoox Originals 🌐 Visita nuestra web: https://antenahistoria.com 📺 YouTube: Podcast Antena Historia 📧 Correo: antenahistoria@gmail.com 📘 Facebook: Antena Historia Podcast 🐦 Twitter: @AntenaHistoria 💬 Telegram: https://t.me/foroantenahistoria 💰 Apoya el proyecto: Donaciones en PayPal 📢 ¿Quieres anunciarte en Antena Historia? Ofrecemos menciones, cuñas personalizadas y programas a medida. Más información en 👉 Antena Historia – AdVoices Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

¿Qué sucede cuando la ambición de dos superpotencias choca en el lugar más inhóspito del planeta? En este nuevo episodio de Antena Historia, nos alejamos de los salones de baile de Londres y de los palacios de San Petersburgo para adentrarnos en una mesa de ajedrez que se extiende por miles de kilómetros: las estepas de Asia Central y las cumbres del Hindu Kush. Acompáñanos a descubrir "El Gran Juego", un duelo de mapas, espionaje y sangre que definió la geopolítica moderna En este programa analizamos:Persia: El yugo de dos botas. Cómo la milenaria Persia se vio asfixiada entre el "aliento frío" de Rusia al norte y el peso del Raj británico al sureste. Analizamos las concesiones económicas que casi le cuestan su soberanía. La Marcha de los Zares. El avance implacable de los generales rusos sobre los janatos de seda: la caída de Taskent, la mítica Samarcanda y la agónica conquista de Jiva.El "Mervousness" británico. El estado de paranoia colectiva en Londres cuando el Oso Ruso llegó a las puertas de la India. Afganistán: El Cementerio de Imperios. El desgarrador relato de la Primera Guerra Anglo-Afgana y la columna de Elphinstone: 16.500 personas engullidas por el frío y el acero en las nieves de Gandamak. Los Rostros en la Sombra. La vida de espías como Alexander Burnes y el secreto de los Pundits, agrimensores nativos que medían el mundo con rosarios de oración modificados. El Cierre del Tablero. Cómo la amenaza de la Alemania del Káiser obligó a los viejos enemigos a repartirse el mundo en la Entente de 1907. Bibliografía recomendada: Para quienes deseen profundizar en este laberinto histórico, recomendamos: "El Gran Juego", de Peter Hopkirk. "El retorno de un Rey", de William Dalrymple. "Asia Central: Historia y Geopolítica", de Rafael Calduch. Soy Antonio Cruz Medina, y hoy la partida comienza en Antena Historia. ¿Te unes al movimiento de apertura? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 🎧 Antena Historia te regala 30 días PREMIUM Disfruta de todo el contenido sin interrupciones y con ventajas exclusivas en iVoox: 👉 https://www.ivoox.com/premium?affiliate-code=b4688a50868967db9ca413741a54cea5 📻 Producción y realización: Antonio Cruz 🎙️ Edición: Antena Historia 📡 Antena Historia forma parte del sello iVoox Originals 🌐 Visita nuestra web: https://antenahistoria.com 📺 YouTube: Podcast Antena Historia 📧 Correo: antenahistoria@gmail.com 📘 Facebook: Antena Historia Podcast 🐦 Twitter: @AntenaHistoria 💬 Telegram: https://t.me/foroantenahistoria 💰 Apoya el proyecto: Donaciones en PayPal 📢 ¿Quieres anunciarte en Antena Historia? Ofrecemos menciones, cuñas personalizadas y programas a medida. Más información en 👉 Antena Historia – AdVoices Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Marc-Antoine Dequoy annonce sa retraite. Défaite du CH au Minnesota. Départ de Barry Trotz avec les Preds. Une autre victoire des Sabres. Discussion sports avec Justine St-Martin, chroniqueuse sports. Regardez aussi cette discussion en vidéo via https://www.qub.ca/videos ou en vous abonnant à QUB télé : https://www.tvaplus.ca/qub ou sur la chaîne YouTube QUB https://www.youtube.com/@qub_radioPour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

En ce vendredi 30 janvier 2026, dans la chronique économique avec Pierre Rodrigue: Il exprime son scepticisme quant à l'issue rapide des nouvelles discussions entre le gouvernement Carney et Meta pour ramener l'information sur Facebook. Pendant ce temps, l'absence de sources journalistiques fiables sur Facebook laisse le champ libre à la désinformation, un enjeu social majeur.Voir https://www.cogecomedia.com/vie-privee pour notre politique de vie privée

Le premier ministre canadien rencontre aujourd'hui le président chinois, à Pékin. Les deux hommes disent vouloir forger un nouveau partenariat stratégique.

La grève est évitée chez Air Transat. Les deux parties sont parvenues à une entente, quelques heures seulement avant le débrayage prévu des 750 pilotes.

»Ihr schlagt den Besiegten kurz und klein und laßt ihn verdorren und sticken. Ihr raubt an der Weichsel und am Rhein, wir sollen ein Amen euch nicken. Ihr sprecht vom Säbel und seiner Gefahr, von teuflischen deutschen Listen, die Schuld am Kriege sei klipp und klar – Und ihr? Die dicksten Imperialisten!« Diese Zeilen stammen – überraschend – von Kurt Tucholsky, einem Autor, der dem linken Spektrum zugerechnet wird und später von den Nationalsozialisten verfolgt wurde. Während Tucholsky selbst noch rechtzeitig nach Schweden fliehen konnte, gehörten seine Bücher zu den ersten, die den Flammen der nationalsozialistischen Bücherverbrennungen zum Opfer fielen. Doch stellt er in diesem Gedicht tatsächlich die von der Entente behauptete deutsche Alleinschuld am Ersten Weltkrieg infrage? Die Antwort bleibt rätselhaft: Eindeutig ist lediglich, dass Tucholsky die Schuldzuweisung mit dem Vorwurf des »Imperialismus« gegenüber den Siegermächten verbindet. Dadurch verleiht er seiner Kritik am Versailler Vertrag eine rationalere Grundlage, als es ein bloßer Appell an nationale Empfindungen vermocht hätte. Tucholsky stand damit auf einer Linie, die auch die intellektuellen Gegner des Versailler Vertrags insgesamt prägte: Während der rechte Flügel jegliche deutsche Schuld weitgehend bestritt, leugnete der linke Flügel zwar die Alleinschuld, erkannte jedoch eine deutsche Mitschuld an – und grenzte sich zugleich scharf von nationalistischen Positionen ab. So wird deutlich, dass der Weg in den Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime und letztlich ins Exil selten geradlinig verlief, sondern von Ängsten, Zweifeln und inneren Widersprüchen begleitet war.

Vous aimez notre peau de caste ? Soutenez-nous ! https://www.lenouvelespritpublic.fr/abonnementUne émission de Philippe Meyer, enregistrée au studio l'Arrière-boutique le 21 novembre 2025.Avec cette semaine :Jean-Louis Bourlanges, essayiste, ancien président de la Commission des Affaires étrangères de l'Assemblée nationale.Matthias Fekl, avocat et ancien ministre de l'Intérieur.Antoine Foucher, consultant, spécialiste des questions sociales, auteur de Sortir du travail qui ne paie plus.Béatrice Giblin, directrice de la revue Hérodote et fondatrice de l'Institut Français de Géopolitique.Y A-T-IL EN FRANCE UNE GAUCHE DE GOUVERNEMENT ?Le 16 octobre, le choix du Parti socialiste de ne pas censurer Sébastien Lecornu a réinterrogé les alliances au sein du bloc non mélenchoniste. Ce vote a profondément divisé la gauche. Une partie de ce camp, incarnée par les socialistes, a décidé de jouer le jeu du compromis avec l'exécutif, obtenant la promesse d'une suspension de la réforme des retraites et un abandon du 49.3. Une victoire sur les retraites accueillie favorablement par la direction de la CFDT perçue comme un jalon dans le rétablissement de liens, aujourd'hui ténus, avec le mouvement social-réformateur. Pour L'historien Mathieu Fulla, ce choix de la non-censure par le Parti socialiste s'inscrit dans « une mémoire partisane qui associe socialisme et défense de la République ». Les socialistes considèrent qu'il vaut mieux faire des concessions, contre quelques victoires. Une autre partie de la gauche, celle emmenée par La France Insoumise mais composée d'une écrasante majorité des députés écologistes et communistes, n'a pas souhaité épargner le gouvernement et entend voter la censure. Les Insoumis, avec leur héritage de la gauche radicale, estiment que tout compromis est un « piège ».Dimanche dernier, à Pontoise dans le Val-d'Oise, l'ancien Premier ministre Bernard Cazeneuve organisait un rassemblement, présenté comme « inédit », des « différentes composantes de la gauche réformiste », avec un casting qui ne manquait pas de présidentiables, à dix-huit mois de l'échéance. Outre le président du mouvement la Convention, fondé en 2022 après sa rupture avec le Parti socialiste, on comptait l'ancien président de la République François Hollande, la présidente PS de la région Occitanie, Carole Delga, et le député européen et coprésident de Place publique, Raphaël Glucksmann. Une étude publiée par l'IFOP pour L'Opinion et Sud Radio, le 30 septembre, sur le premier tour de l'élection présidentielle de 2027 donne pour la première fois, une longueur d'avance à Raphaël Glucksmann par rapport à Jean-Luc Mélenchon et, dans certains scénarios, place l'eurodéputé au second tour du scrutin face à l'extrême droite. Les participants de ce rassemblement de la gauche réformiste partagent un même refus obstiné de l'alliance avec La France Insoumise. Ici, la culture du compromis continue de tenir lieu de boussole, en opposition à ce qu'ils nomment la « gauche de l'outrance ».Quoiqu'invité au rassemblement de Pontoise, le premier secrétaire du PS a privilégié, la veille, une autre rencontre. Celle qui réunissait à Trappes dans les Yvelines la gauche dite « unitaire », qui prépare l'organisation d'une primaire afin de désigner un candidat commun en 2027 : PS, Écologistes, Génération.s, L'Après, parti de Clémentine Autain, et Debout, de François Ruffin, autour de l'ex-première ministrable du Nouveau Front populaire, Lucie Castets. Mais, d'une primaire, tous les participants au raout social-démocrate de dimanche n'en veulent pas. À dix-huit mois de la présidentielle, la gauche avance toujours en ordre dispersé.L'ALGÉRIE ET LA FRANCE : ENTENTE IMPOSSIBLE, RUPTURE IMPROBABLEEntre embellies et tensions, la relation entre la France et l'Algérie oscille sans cesse. Après une série de différends entre les deux pays, le 31 juillet 2024 allait marquer un tournant majeur : à la surprise générale, le président français est sorti de sa traditionnelle neutralité sur le dossier ultrasensible du Sahara occidental en reconnaissant la souveraineté marocaine sur ce territoire disputé par Rabat et les indépendantistes du Front Polisario, soutenus par Alger. Ce revirement spectaculaire provoqua la colère de l'Algérie, qui rappela son ambassadeur et suspendit la coopération entre les deux pays, notamment en matière de politique migratoire, de sécurité et d'accords économiques. Ce fut le début d'une des crises diplomatiques les plus graves depuis l'indépendance en 1962.Après plus d'un an de cette crise émaillée par l'arrestation à Alger en novembre 2024 de l'écrivain franco-algérien Boualem Sansal, gracié le 12 novembre dernier et de retour en France, le nouveau ministre français de l'Intérieur, Laurent Nuñez, multiplie les déclarations exprimant sa volonté de renouer « le dialogue » avec l'Algérie. Il se démarque ainsi de son prédécesseur, Bruno Retailleau et assume d'engager une politique de détente avec l'Algérie pour reprendre la coopération sécuritaire sur les questions de terrorisme et de narcotrafic. Il compte aussi sur Alger pour faciliter les expulsions d'Algériens en situation irrégulière.Le Premier ministre français a regretté le vote par l'Assemblée nationale, le 30 octobre, pour la première fois de la Vème République, d'un texte du Rassemblement national, en faveur de la dénonciation de l'accord franco-algérien de 1968 – qui régit les règles du séjour des Algériens en France. Sébastien Lecornu s'est toutefois dit favorable à une renégociation de l'accord, que deux rapports parlementaires de 2025 ont jugé trop favorable aux Algériens et ne se justifiant plus, soixante-trois ans après l'indépendance. Les immigrés algériens en France représentent la plus importante communauté immigrée dans le pays, avec près de 900.000 personnes.Si l'heure semble à la décrispation, cependant, l'historien Benjamin Stora estime que « la crise entre l'Algérie et la France a été très dure et très profonde. D'un côté comme de l'autre, elle va laisser des traces. » Il pointe les écueils qui demeurent : à commencer par l'incarcération du journaliste français Christophe Gleizes, arrêté en mai 2024 alors qu'il réalisait des reportages sur le football en Kabylie, mais aussi la position de Paris sur le Sahara-Occidental, la question des obligations de quitter le territoire français (OQTF), les questions sécuritaires dans le Sahel et les questions migratoires.Chaque semaine, Philippe Meyer anime une conversation d'analyse politique, argumentée et courtoise, sur des thèmes nationaux et internationaux liés à l'actualité. Pour en savoir plus : www.lenouvelespritpublic.frHébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

fWotD Episode 3081: Georg Karo Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Saturday, 11 October 2025, is Georg Karo.Georg Heinrich Karo (11 January 1872 – 12 November 1963) was a German archaeologist who specialised in Mycenaean and Etruscan civilisation. He was twice director of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens (DAI), in which capacity he excavated the Mycenaean site of Tiryns and the Temple of Artemis on Corfu. A colleague of Wilhelm Dörpfeld, who had worked with Heinrich Schliemann at Troy, Karo published the findings from Schliemann's excavations of Grave Circle A at Mycenae. The work was considered Karo's greatest contribution to scholarship.Karo was born in a prosperous merchant family; both of his parents were non-practising Jews, who raised him as a Protestant Christian. Initially inclined towards classical philology, he became interested in archaeology as a student of Georg Loeschcke at the University of Bonn. Following the receipt of his doctorate from Bonn in 1896, Karo travelled widely in the Mediterranean region, developing interests in Minoan civilisation, the Etruscans and ancient biblical commentaries. He taught at Bonn between 1902 and 1905, before moving to the DAI in Athens as Dörpfeld's deputy. Known for his urbane manner and fluency in several languages, he became well connected in the international circles of Greek archaeology, and maintained the favour of both the Greek and the German royal families. His outspoken German nationalism led to his dismissal from the DAI in 1916: he spent some time in the Ottoman Empire, where he worked to conserve cultural heritage and was linked with various efforts to appropriate ancient artefacts and bring them to Germany.Karo's views made him unpopular with the Entente-backed government that ruled in Greece after the First World War, and he took an academic post in Germany at the University of Halle, which he held until 1930. That year, he returned to Athens as director of the DAI. Although an early supporter of the Nazi government of Germany, Karo was forced from his post in 1936 by antisemitism against his Jewish ancestry. In 1939, he fled to the United States, supported by American associates including Carl Blegen and Bert Hodge Hill, and obtained a series of visiting professorships at the University of Cincinnati, Oberlin College and Claremont Colleges. He was also accused of collaborating with the Nazi regime: though no evidence for this allegation was found, he was denied US citizenship and listed as an "Enemy Alien". He returned to Germany in 1952, and became an honorary professor at the University of Freiburg.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:31 UTC on Saturday, 11 October 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Georg Karo on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Kajal.

Le président Donald Trump a annoncé que les deux parties sont d'accord sur une première phase du plan de paix.

Dominique LeBlanc a fait le bilan de sa rencontre avec le secrétaire américain au Commerce à Washington. Selon le ministre, la guerre commerciale avec les États-Unis n'est pas sur le point de se régler.

“They will never see their gold again, just as they do not see their own ears.”Josef StalinGold's strength is that its value exists in and of itself. It's nobody else's liability. Unlike money in the bank or a bond, it carries no promise from a third party, and its value is not dependent on the creditworthiness of any issuer or guarantor. Hand it to someone else and its value is transferred. It is a “bearer” asset, effectively owned by whoever has possession of it. For this reason gold has been the target of many a heist. Quickly resmelt it, and its provenance is very hard to prove.So there is one obvious problem with gold: that is keeping it safe. It's all very well having a pot of gold, but if somebody comes along and takes it from you, as Alexander did from the Persians, or the Conquistadors from the Incas, then you're left with nothing at all.When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the Soviet Union, under Joseph Stalin, supported the Spanish Republican government. The Nazis supported their opponents, the revolutionary fascist forces led by General Franco. At the time Spanish gold reserves, some 635 tonnes, were the fourth largest in the world.Much of that treasure had been accumulated during WWI, when Spain had stayed neutral. Selling stuff to the British seems to have been the really big earner: 70% of Spanish gold holdings were British sovereigns.With Franco just 20 miles from the capital, the Republicans were on the verge of defeat. Never mind the fascists, there were also rumours that Catalan separatists had hatched plans to take the gold from Madrid to Barcelona. All that gold was at risk.Finance minister, Juan Negrín, and Prime Minister, Francisco Largo Caballero, leant on President Azaña to sign a secret decree to move the gold - some 10,000 cases - to a place “which in his [Negrín's] opinion offers the best security”. Azaña signed and the gold was moved, starting the next day, to Cartajena on the south coast, as far from Franco's armies as possible. The Spanish soldiers who transported the cases thought they were lifting munitions. A fifth of it was then shipped to Marseille where it was traded for French francs, which the Republicans used to fund their side of the war. The rest, 510 tonnes, would be sent to Joseph Stalin in Moscow for safekeeping.Even if Bolshevik sympathisers, what were Negrín and Caballero thinking? The Russians had already demonstrated that they had no qualms about seizing other people's gold. In 1916, the Romanian government sent its treasury of 91 tonnes of gold to Tsarist Russia for safekeeping, worried that it was vulnerable to the Axis powers when Romania had just joined WWI on the side of the Entente. Shortly afterwards, during the Great October Revolution, communists, led by Lenin, seized power, sequestered the gold and refused to give it back. Though small amounts were returned in 1935, 1956, and 2008, “as a gesture of goodwill”, the large majority was retained. As you can imagine, it has been something of a sore spot in diplomatic relations between the two nations ever since.It seems Negrín and Caballero did not know the story. In any case, Caballero actually wrote to Stalin asking if he would “agree to the deposit of approximately 500 tonnes of gold.” Two days later, he got a reply from the Soviet leader, not previously known for his prompt responses. No surprise: Stalin would be “glad” to take the gold.Buying gold or silver to protect yourself in these ‘interesting' times? The bullion dealer I use and recommend is the Pure Gold Company. Pricing is competitive, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, the US, Canada and Europe or you can store your gold with them. More here.Alexander Orlov was the Russian agent in charge of transporting the booty. Negrín gave him fake documents to show he was an US official from the Bank of America, in case he should be stopped. Negrín, who, remember, was finance minister, had thought Bank of America was the US central bank. That would be the Federal Reserve. Russian agent Orlov didn't realise either. It's extraordinary.Four Russian ships came to Cartagena to collect the bounty, and the gold was loaded on. There was a discrepancy of 100 cases between Orlov and Spanish treasurer Mendez Aspe's number: Aspe said 7,800 cases, Orlov 7,900. Orlov said nothing. He reported the discrepancy to his superiors, who told him, “Do not worry about figures. Everything will be counted anew in Moscow. Do not mention your figure to anybody.” Aspe didn't even get a receipt off Orlov (who had been instructed not to give him one). “Don't worry, my friend,” said Orlov, “it will be issued by the State Bank of the Soviet Union, when everything is checked and weighed.” We will never know whether Orlov miscounted or whether those 100 boxes went missing.It took them three nights to load the four ships. The Russians then left Cartagena for Odessa in the Black Sea, escorted by the Spanish as far as Italy. From Odessa it was loaded onto a freight train bound for Moscow. "If all the boxes of gold that we piled up on the wharfs of Odessa were to be placed here side by side,” said one of the officials. “They would completely cover up the Red Square".When the gold arrived in Moscow, Stalin celebrated with a banquet at the Kremlin. “They will never see their gold again”, he laughed. “Just as they do not see their own ears.”The Spanish eventually got their receipt: for 5,619 standard cases and 126 damaged. Some distance below both Aspe and Orlov's figure. But three months later the Russians completed the audit, calculating that the shipments totalled 510 tonnes of gold coins and ingots, 90% pure, thus around 460 tonnes of pure gold. There were gold coins from across Europe and Latin America, especially those British sovereigns and Portuguese escudos, but also Spanish pesetas, French, Swiss and Belgian francs, German marks,, Russian rubles, Austrian schillings, Dutch guilders, and Mexican, Argentine and Chilean pesos. The numismatic value of the coins was higher than their gold content.The following year Spain met with a currency crisis. With exceptional chutzpah, even by the standards of politicians, Republicans blamed the inflation on the free market. Nothing to do with the absence of all that gold!Later, the Franco regime was happy to let the story of the "Moscow gold" stolen by Russia spread, as part of its anti-communist propaganda. And yet it appears sell orders from Negrín were actually carried out in 1937 and 1938, for which Spain received pounds, dollars and francs. Spain also received planes, tanks, machine guns, artillery, rifles, cartridges, food and fuel from Russia. The Soviets demanded some compensation for what they had sent during the war, but it's believed that aside from various expenses, the Soviets did not abuse their position and defraud the Spanish. Ultimately then, most of the gold went, one way or another, on the cost of the civil war. Such is the way with war. It is expensive.And just a couple or three years later, as Nazi forces advanced through Europe, the farce of transporting gold would be repeated many times over, and across the continent.Stories like this fill the pages of The Secret History of Gold (although this one didn't actually make the cut).The Secret History of Gold is available to pre-order at Amazon, Waterstones and all good bookshops. I hear the audiobook, read by me, is excellent. The book comes out on August 28. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

durée : 00:13:53 - La Question du jour - par : Astrid de Villaines - Une nouvelle "Entente cordiale" est-elle en train de voir le jour… dans l'espace ? Vendredi 11 juillet, le Royaume-Uni a annoncé un investissement de 163 millions d'euros dans le capital de l'opérateur français Eutelsat. - réalisation : Félicie Faugère - invités : Jean-Pierre Diris Sous-directeur Télécommunications et navigation au CNES, Coordinateur Interministériel IRIS2

With this week's state visit to Britain by Emmanuel Macron, we're looking at the state of UK-Franco relations, and how important a new ‘entente cordiale' is to Keir Starmer as he deals with political problems both home and abroad.Joining host Alain Tolhurst to discuss why the French president is open to a rapprochement after a pretty frosty few years post-Brexit, what both sides have been able to agree on, and what still divides them, are Sir Peter Westmacott, a former UK ambassador to France, as well as Ben Lake, Plaid Cymru MP and chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on France.Alongside them are Francois-Joseph Schichan, director at Flint Global and former career diplomat in the French diplomatic service, Adam Plowright, ex-deputy editor-in-chief for Europe at Agence France Presse and a biographer of Emmanuel Macron, and Matilda Martin, reporter at PoliticsHome.To sign up for our newsletters click herePresented by Alain Tolhurst, produced by Nick Hilton and edited by Ewan Cameron for Podot

durée : 00:03:02 - Géopolitique - par : Pierre  Haski  - Le visite d'État d'Emmanuel Macron au Royaume-Uni bat son plein. C'est une première depuis bien longtemps… Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

durée : 00:03:02 - Géopolitique - par : Ingrid Therwath - Le visite d'État d'Emmanuel Macron au Royaume-Uni bat son plein. C'est une première depuis bien longtemps… Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Et c'est reparti pour un tour ! Non seulement ce matin on commence une nouvelle semaine, mais en plus on commence un nouveau mois ! On vient de sortir du mois de mai qui aura été le meilleur mois de mai depuis 1990 – autant dire que PERSONNELLEMENT je n'avais jamais vécu le moindre mois … Continued

The eastern front of the first world war was much busier than its western counterpart and the stakes for one nation were much higher. When the war finally ended with the Entente triumphant, Japan was poised to enjoy the advantages of supporting the winning side.Support the show My latest novel, "Califia's Crusade," is now available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Kobo, Apple Books, Bookshop.org, and many other online platforms!

Ce vendredi 7 mars, le mécontentement de la Russie face à l'union des dirigeants européens, leur implication dans la situation en Ukraine et surtout la position d'Emmanuel Macron sur l'extension de la dissuasion nucléaire, a été abordé par Caroline Loyer dans sa chronique, dans l'émission Good Morning Business, présentée par Laure Closier, sur BFM Business. Retrouvez l'émission du lundi au vendredi et réécoutez la en podcast.

New elections and a final peace treaty with the Entente both loom as the struggle over who will control Bulgaria in the new post-war world begins to take shape. Supporters like you make this podcast happen! Check out www.patreon.com/bulgarianhistorypodcast to see the great perks you can get for supporting us. You can find images for this episode at: www.bghistorypodcast.com/post/218-stamboliiski-takes-charge Support the English version of Na Oko! https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/therory/na-oko-a-culinary-adventure-in-a-lost-country

It's 1917. The French are suffering mutinies and the Entente is desperate for a breakthrough anywhere. It's not to be. Arras, Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, Cambrai, and Caporetto – hundreds of thousands of men killed and no breakthrough. At the end of the year, the Germans have reason to believe they could win the whole war … Continue reading "World War Civ 44: The Agony of the Allies"

Once again, Bulgaria faces fighting on multiple frontlines, with Entente forces attempting to put more pressure on them. This has transformed the war in the Balkans and now Bulgaria faces the prospect of losing an important city and potentially gaining an important region. The stakes have never been higher as the country stretches its capabilities to the limits. Supporters like you make this podcast happen! Check out www.patreon.com/bulgarianhistorypodcast to see the great perks you can get for supporting us. You can find images for this episode at: www.bghistorypodcast.com/post/209-war-on-two-fronts

Last time we spoke about the Southern Warlords.  Yuan Shikai's abuse of power prompted declarations of independence from several southern regions, leading to the Second Revolution of 1913. Despite initial successes, Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army ultimately crushed the uprisings. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, after various setbacks and political maneuvers, founded the Chinese Revolutionary Party and later resurrected the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-Shek emerged as a significant figure within the KMT, navigating through alliances and conflicts. Meanwhile the formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) paralleled these events, driven by figures like Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, and later, Mao Zedong. Concurrently, various regional warlord cliques, including the Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Hunan cliques, vied for power, often aligning with or against larger political entities like the KMT or the CCP. We have met the warlords now its time to tell their story.   #97 The Manchu Restoration of the Pigtail General   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War.   Now where to begin, you sort of have to speak about someone we already have spoken to death about, the father of the warlords, Yuan Shikai. He “helped” with quotation marks usher in the republic of china and had a very heavy hand creating the New Army. He was a man of the 19th century, he had served in the First-Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, then during the Boxer Rebellion. If you remember, back during the Boxer Rebellion, when Empress Dowager Cixi began frantically calling for an alliance with the Boxers to fight off the foreigners, Yuan Shikai like most governors at the time, put his head down. As the foreigners marched from Tientsin to Beijing, Yuan Shikai spent his time strengthening his position as Viceroy of Shandong. During this time he also received the Viceroy of Zhili and Commissioner for North China Trade. He had very lucrative posts and he used the money to set up military colleges. He hired foreign instructors, procured modern armaments and managed to create a professionally trained military. When the Xinhai revolution broke out, Yuan Shikai was made commander-in-chief and he brought his Beiyang Army to quell the rebels at Wuchang. Yet Yuan Shikai was not a moron and could see where the tides were turning, so he began a plot to take control of the new emerging republic. During his tenure, better said dictatorship, he strengthened his personal rule and suppressed any who could threaten him. Now we have already covered most of his story, during the last year of his life, Yuan Shikai increasingly began relying on the support of his military commanders in the capital and in various provinces. Many of these commanders betrayed him, the first one was General Cai E, the emerging warlord of Yunnan. On January 1st of 1916, Cai E declared independence for Yunnan and indeed Sichuan province thus threatening Yuan Shikai's rule over central China. After this Guangxi and Guangdong declared independence. As Yuan Shikai's subordinates began to betray him one by one, the most significant man amongst them would turn out to be Duan Qirui. Duan Qirui was a very talented young officer in command of the artillery corps of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang army. He distinguished himself during the Boxer Rebellion, helping suppress the Boxers, then in 1911 he was sent against the Wuhan rebels. In 1912 as peace talks were being held between Nanjing and Beijing, Duan was an envoy for Beijing and here he personally declared he was in favor of Emperor Puyi abdicating. This earned him an appointment as Minister for the Army in the northern republican government headed by Yuan Shikai. He soon earned himself governorship over Hubei province. Yuan Shikai increasingly began to isolate himself while in power and he often turned to Duan to help rally support. In April of 1916 Duan was appointed premier over the Beijing government. This was the first real taste of power for Duan, and although he would be quite authoritarian, he was no lover of public office. He had buddhist inclinations, and enjoyed the quiet life. Thus he delegated much of his authority to his subordinates and usually stood by their decisions. One of his primary interests was training soldiers and he made sure to grab the position of Ministry of War alongside his premiership. He managed to convince Yuan Shikai to adopt a cabinet style of government, taking major issues behind closed doors amongst trusted elites. Here was born the fabric of warlord era politics. While Duan was premier had led a cabinet, it was of course at the whim of Yuan Shikai who directed its actions. While Duan could not exact real power in the cabinet, what he did do was perform lesser actions using a smaller cabal of loyal ruling elites, mostly subordinate officers to him. Duan also tried to get Yuan Shikai to give up his title as Grand Marshal and to place all military power in the hands of the War Ministry. That last part is an eye opener to be sure, but Duan never tried to overthrow his master. But while under Yuan Shikai he did transfer a detachment of troops loyal to him to guard against his enemies. Now when Yuan Shikai died he left a sealed box and inside it were three names, Xu Shichang, Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui. None of the three men were eager to take the Presidency, Duan was the first to suggest Li take the job. Li was not keen about the idea, but it is said Duan coerced him into it. Duan spoke with all his senior military officers, they were not at all pleased with the idea of Li Yuanhong as president, but Duan explained to them, it was better to govern in the shadows. Li would be a very useful puppet, he was a southerner not liked by the other northerners, thus very easy to manipulate. Better yet, blame would be cast upon him, and not those like Duan. Yet Duan was very authoritarian and irritated by having to explain his actions to a state council and to president Li, who himself was not always content to give his rubber stamp of approval. Thus the easy puppet began to not be so easy. Worse, Li began taking an interest in military affairs and in relations with other warlords. Duan once in anger exclaimed 'I ask him to sign things and put his  seal on them, not to sit on my head!' Regardless, there was a fail safe system. The president of the republic was not permitted to put his seal on any measures not already passed by the State Council which Duan dominated. Now the entire sealed box thing was certainly not how a President gets elected. Just because Li had automatically become president did not mean he would not have to soon face an election to continue it. Now before his death Yuan Shikai had suspended the constitution. Prominent members of the Southern factions in Guangzhou, such as Liang Qichao demanded the 1912 constitution be held up accordingly, ie: that Li face an election. On June 15th of 1917, the commander of the first fleet, Admiral Li Tingxin, at that time based in Shanghai, alongside other admirals declared support for the old constitution being restored and threatened to ignore orders from Beijing if it was not reinstated. This snowballed into the formation of a National Protection Army in the Southwest. This was seriously bad news for Duan. While there were three fleets, the 1st Fleet was the dominant one. Despite protest from other northern warlords, Duan capitulated, the old constitution was restored.  This was not the only crisis Duan faced at the time, there were also calls for army reduction nationwide. After years of uprisings, rebellions and regional wars, some many different military groups were established and it no longer made any sense. As you can imagine, many of these so called armies, were in fact Warlords personal armies and any talk of reduction brought Duan directly in confrontation with other warlords. Of course Duan wanted to take the opportunity to weaken his enemies. Duan sought to create a national  army consisting of 40 divisions, roughly 10,000 men each and 20 independent brigade of 5000 men each, thus a force of 500,000 or so. Each province was also to supply their local garrisons with 200 battalions nation-wide, a battalion being roughly 5000 men making a total of 100,000 provisional troops. This of course was based on the old Qing system, have provincial armies that did not stray from their respective provinces and a mobile main force. This would not at all be representative of warlord China. Duans plan to weaken the south did not seem feasible politically, I mean, if you were a southern warlord would you go along with this? Duan quickly realized it would be impossible to disarm his enemies, thus he would have to defeat them on the battlefield. Yet in order to do so he required circumstances, such as provinces refusing to pay taxes to Beijing or claiming independence. Now in 1917, Duan was being pressured by the Entente powers to sever relations with Germany and better yet, declare war. As we saw in the previous episodes, a lot of events unfolded during WW1, Japan invaded Qingdao, then Japan unleashed the 21 demands, and in 1917 Germany resumed unrestricted U-boat warfare. The United States invited China to join her in formal protest over this. On March 10th, Duan addressed parliament urging to sever ties to Germany, but parliament was reluctant. For the Chinese military elite, the idea of declaring war on Germany was very attractive. It could possibly open up foreign subsidies, and perhaps a renegotiation of some unequal treaties with Entente powers. It would turn out this was a very popular stance amongst the civilian population as they overwhelmingly voted for a declaration of war later on. However discussions on the matter were quite chaotic. While Duan Qirui wished to declare war on Germany, Li Yuanhong did not.  After the March 10th declaration a large series of quarrels began. Duan Qirui in fury offered his resignation as Premier, while vice president Feng Guozhang tried desperately to mediate between him and Li Yuanhong. Most of the parliament team including Liang Qichiao worked to alienate Duan Qirui during the process. In a true Yuan Shikai fashion, Duan Qirui attempted to intimate the parliament into declaring war. Then suddenly in May, an English language newspaper in Beijing published details of a large loan Duan Qirui had secretly negotiated with the Japanese, the infamous Nishihara loans. To the public this looked like Yuan Shikai's Reorganization Loan all over again. Li Yuanhong thus got all of parliament on his side and chose to use his new power to dismiss Duan Qirui. This was honestly a huge gamble as Li Yuanhong had no military support of his own. He was betting on the Beiyang commanders to respect the constitutional president and parliament. Duan Qiruir's supporters as expected all declared independence of their respective provinces and followed Duan Qirui to Tientsin where he established a new HQ. Thus Duan Qirui and his loyal military governor left Beijing and set up shop in Tientsin, gathering forces to rebel against Li Yuanhong and retake the capital. Realizing he was screwed, Li Yaunhong looked for another strongman to defend the capital against Duan. Li had few he could turn to in the north, most of the Beiyang Generals were loyal to Duan. Then suddenly out of the blue, General Zhang Xun offered to mediate the conflict between Li and Duan. Zhang Xun was an eccentric general who had served as a military escort for Empress Dowager Cixi during the Boxer Rebellion and afterwards a Beiyang General in Yuan Shikai's army. He fought on the Qing side in 1911, after the Qing dynasty fell he remained loyal to Yuan Shikai. Despite being a general in the new Republic, he refused to cut his Manchu queue, thus he earned the nickname the “pigtailed general”. Why might he still carry this hairstyle you might ask, well he was a die hard Qing loyalist. He had served Yuan Shikai, more or less to get back at the revolutionaries that had taken down the Qing. Zhang Xun supported Yuan Shikai's emperor phase and earned himself a 1st Class Duke title for it. Now when Duan Qirui expressed his desire to sever ties to Germany, Zhang Xun opposed this. Zhang Xun had few allies as one would guess. There was the leader of the royalist party, Kang Youmei who attempted to restore a monarchy politically and there was the Japanese. From the Japanese point of view, they wanted someone like Emperor Puyi to be placed back on the Manchu throne, simply because they believed he would be easy to control. Japanese prime minister Masaki Terauchi appointed Japan's deputy chief of military staff, Tanaka Giichi and even got some Black Dragon members to go over to brush shoulders with those like Zhang Xun to prod them into restoring the monarchy. Thus Zhang Xun had some political help, and Japanese funding. One story has it that Zhang Xun went to Duan in Tientsin first, and offered to support him if Duan restored the Manchu monarchy. Duan allegedly pretended to agree to this. Zhang Xun then discussed matters with Li Yuanhong and pressured him to dissolve parliament on June 13th, stating if he did so he would help defend Beijing and Li agreed to this allowing him to bring his army over.  Thus at midnight on June 30th of 1917, Zhang Xun's army arrived outside Beijing, whereupon Zhang apparently came into the city alone to listen to a play. Zhang Xun then ordered his subordinate officers to invite the temporary garrison commander in chief of Beijing and Tientsin, Wang Shizhen, deputy commanders Jiang Chaozong, Chen Guangyuan and director of the Beijing police department Wu Bingxiang over. He announced to them in a meeting "I am leading the troops to Beijing this time. We are not here to mediate with someone, but to restore the emperor to the throne and restore the Qing Dynasty." He then told them all he planned to enter the palace to ask the emperor if he would retake the throne. He looked at the men and asked what they thought. Wang, Jiang, Chen and Wu were frightened by this sudden statement. Wang Shizhen asked: "Have the provinces and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs contacted each other?" Zhang Xun replied: "The diplomacy is indeed sure. Feng Guozhang and Lu Rongting both expressed their approval and sent messages to urge them. The provincial governors also unanimously supported it." Wang Shizhen and others sat silent and speechless. Zhang Xun added: "I am determined to do it. If you agree, then open the city gate and let my troops in. Otherwise, please go back to your arrangements and fight to the death!" Wang Shizhen and others looked at each other and did not dare to say anything else, to them all he seemed to be insane. Zhang Xun went to the gates and demanded they be opened as his 5000-man army entered Beijing. Then Zhang Xun donned a blue gauze robe with a yellow mandarin jack, a red crown and marched with Kang Youwei, Wang Shizhen, Jiang Chaozong, Chen Guangyuan and Wu Bingxiang amongst other civil and military officials to the palace in the early morning of July 1st. At 3am, 12 year old Puyi met with Zhang Xun and the others. Upon seeing Puyi, Zhang Xun kowtowed 3 times with everyone else following. Zhang then asked him to go ahead with a restoration stating "Five years ago, Empress Dowager Longyu couldn't bear to let the people suffer for the honor of her surname , so she issued an edict to establish a republic. Unexpectedly, the people would not live in peace... A republic is not in line with our national conditions. Only when the emperor is restored can all the people be saved..." Puyi followed Chen Baochen's instructions and said humbly: "I am too young and have no talent or virtue to take on such a big position." Zhang Xun immediately praised: "The emperor is wise and sage, and everyone in the world knows it. In the past, the Holy Ancestor Emperor (referring to Kangxi) also practiced Zuo in his early years." Puyi quickly followed Chen Baochen's instructions and said: "In this case, I will do whatever it takes!" So Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei and others knelt down on the ground and shouted long live the emperor, Wang Shizhen and others had no choice but to kneel down and cheer casually. At 4am Zhang Xun sent Liang Dingen, an old minister in the Qing Dynasty to go to the presidential palace with an edict conferring the title of 1st class Duke for Li Yuanhong alongside a memorial Kang Youwei wrote reading "Li Yuanhong petitioned to return the state affairs" Li Yuanhong was asked to sign it. Li Yuanhong was shocked by all of this. Li Yuanhong would recall thinking “I drove away the wolf Duan Qirui at the front door, but attracted the tiger Zhang Xun at the back door”. Li Yuanhong sternly refused stating "I hold the position of president. I am entrusted by the people and dare not do such a thing. If the restoration issue is proposed by Zhang Xun alone, I am afraid that China and foreign countries may not recognize it. How can I dare to agree to it privately?" Liang Dingfen threatened: "If you don't agree, you may regret it." Li Yuanhong refused again, prompting Liang Dingfen to leave in anger. The next day, Li Yuanhong called Vice President Feng Guozhang, who was in Nanjing, to take over as acting president as he fled to the Japanese Embassy District in Dongjiaomin Lane for refuge. People within the city scrambled at the news. The old Huanglong shop that had been out of business for 5 years at that point returned to business but could not meet the demands of the citizens scrambling for traditional paper dragon flags. All the old princes, nobles and such came out of the woodwork as they say looking to celebrate the restoration in front of the palace waiting to see the emperor. Apparently a ton of people scrambled to find queue wigs and mandarin jackets. For the vast majority of China, the restoration was met with absolute outrage. Dr Sun Yat-Sen at the very moment of hearing the news over in Shanghai, simply got up and declared a rebellion…because of course he did…its what he did for a living honestly. Dr Sun Yat-Sen grabbed his colleagues and they all agreed to rush over to Guangzhou to form a crusade against Zhang Xun. Everyone across china did similar actions, in all the major capitals in the south angry leaders got together to form plans. After Li Yuanhong fled for his life, he sent a telegram to Duan Qirui begging him to save Beijing. Duan Qirui who was already organizing a full blown invasion to seize the capital for himself probably smiled. Duan Qirui quickly got his Anhui army together and marched upon Beijing. Back in Beijing within 48 hours of the restoration, numerous edicts were proclaimed trying to bolster the Manchu restoration. As you can imagine this was all very shocking to the general public. Feng Guozhang in Nanjing publicly opposed the restoration as Duan Qirui swore a public oath to end the Qing dynasty again. On July 5th, Duan's forces stormed the Beijing-Tientsin railway just 40 km's from the capital. That same day, Zhang Xun ordered all those loyal to him to bolster Beijing defenses, however he was very outnumbered. Just about all the Beiyang troops opposed him, and that was kind of a duh moment. Honestly this entire event is typically told in a comedic narrative. Feng Guozhang officially took the office of presidency on July 6th while still in Nanjing and by July 11th, Duan Qirui's army surrounded Beijing. Within the city those like Wang Shizhen begged Zhang Xun to surrender, but he refused. On July 12th, Duan Qirui ordered an aerial bombardment upon the Forbidden City. A French WW1 era Caudron Type D aircraft piloted by Pan Shizhong and bombardier Du Yuyuan launched from Nanyuan Airbase and dropped three bombs over the Forbidden city, killing a single eunuch, but doing little damage whatsoever. There are sources that claim the pilot was actually the principal of the Nanyuan Aviation school, Qin Guoyong, regardless this was the first recorded instance of aerial bombardment deployed by the Republican era Chinese Air Force. Li Yuanhong publicly stated he refused to retake his position as president. The newly restored Manchu Court immediately prepared an edict of abdication for Emperor Puyi, but did not dare proclaim it lest Zhang Xun or his loyalist forces kill them. Officials of this imperial court managed to secretly negotiate with Duan Qirui's besieging forces, begging them not to assault the capital. The imperial court officials even began beginning foreign legations to help. Boy a lot had changed since 1900 haha. With Zhang Xun not budging, the courts negotiations fell apart, prompting Duan to announce a general assault would begin the next day. The assault saw Qing loyalists manning the wall of the Temple of Heaven firing at the invaders, but nearly as soon as guns began to fire, negotiations were resumed. It turned out Zhang Xun had fled to the Dutch embassy, so his men begged Duan for a ceasefire. Duan granted it immediately and peacefully entered Beijing, establishing control over the government and police forces. Zhang Xun hid himself in the Dutch legation and would never participate in politics ever again. Zhang first fled to the German concession in Tientsin, then in March of 1918 the Beiyang government pardoned him. With his freedom in hand, Zhang Xun lived a life of seclusion in an apartment in Tientsin. He tried to run a business until 1923 when he got sick and died at the age of 68. He was posthumously given the title “Zhongwu” and buried in his hometown of Chitian Village, Fengxin county.  Thus ended the 12 day old Manchu restoration and the Manchu Clique. When approached on the subject, Emperor Puyi stated he never wanted the throne in the first place, who knows the truth of said matter. Li Yuanhong had resigned as president, making Feng Guozhang the new president of the Beiyang government, still no election had been held, mind you. Duan Qirui took back his position as Premier, but refused to restore parliament nor the old constitution. Duan Qirui forced the Beiyang government to declare war on the Central Powers and began sending laborers to the Entente powers alongside a token force to Siberia. Now he was free to use the Nishihara loans uninhabited, building up what would become the dominant army in China, the Anhui army. Meanwhile Dr Sun Yat-Sen and countless others began rebellious activity in the south. Duan Qirui flocked many to his banner, creating his power base in Anhui province. His clique would be the first to organize themselves properly and he had a lot of funding behind him. Zhang Xun's failed Manchu restoration was honestly one of the greatest strokes of luck imaginable for Duan Qirui. Yet as he promoted and appointed family and close friends to prestigious positions, he overlooked many. These military officers and civil servants felt slighted by this and many turned to Feng Guozhang. Feng Guozhang had come back to Beijing to assume the presidency, but not before he had made sure to set up his proteges as military commanders in Jiangsu, Hubei and Guangxi. These three provinces formed the basis strength of his new Clique, the Zhili Clique. Thus two players placed their pieces on the board, there were many more to come. Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang both were inspired to unify China in their own image. Wars would be fought against the Southerners, but wars would also be fought in the north. Duan Qirui felt confident he had achieved supremacy and could now act against his enemies, but what if his enemies all banded together to beat him?   I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Qing loyalist, Zhang Xun attempted a Manchu Restoration, and well, he did restore it for roughly 12 days.  However Zhang Xun could have no idea what he really ushered in, for his actions had much more dire consequences. Duan Qirui was given a golden opportunity to seize more and more power, and he did, now his Anhui Clique was king of the hill, but we all know what happens in that game.   

Last time we spoke about the New Culture Movement. China had seen humiliation after humiliation and her population was fed up. The leaking of secret dealings by foreign powers, Japan and members of the Chinese government alongside a weak stance at the Paris Peace Conference broke the camels back. The New Culture Movement that was brewing under these circumstances saw the Chinese public begin to question their traditions, confucianism and this feeling of always looking into the past, rather than the future. Things simply could not keep going on the way that they were. Numerous intellectuals began demanding major reforms to really modernize China. From vernacular writing systems, to the emancipation of women and egalitarian rights, the Chinese people were angry and they were soon going to demonstrate their anger towards their government. It would all start with youthful students who would change China forever.    #93 The May Fourth Movement of 1919   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 had given rise to the spirit of Chinese nationalism, demanding resistance to foreign encroachment and the elimination of domestic autocracy. While the Manchu's were overthrown, Yuan Shikai was quick to seize the movement hostage. He silenced opposition when the Beiyang Republic was formed. Then WW1 came crashing in like a wrecking ball upon China. The Empire of Japan defeated the Germans and now occupied the Shandong Peninsula. Yuan Shikai protested this of course, but from the publics point of view not too strongly. Taking full advantage of the international situation the Japanese then imposed the twenty-one demands upon China. This was leaked to the world, enraging the Chinese populace. Though Yuan Shikai did negotiate them down into the Thirteen Demands, it was yet again another humiliation and a sign of how weak the Chinese government was. When this occurred Chinese intellectuals, students and workers were beginning to form groups and argue about what should be done. There was a sense of national survival at stake.  In response to the Twenty-One Demands situation a boycott of Japanese goods was organized in Shanghai, and this rapidly began to spread to other cities. Yuan Shikai ordered the boycotts to seize as they spread to Yangtze port cities. Regardless the people of China still had high hopes by joining the Entente during the war, this would see China reverse her misfortunes and regain things like the Shandong Peninsula. When WW1 ended on November 11 of 1918, there was such widespread hope the national disgrace would come to an end. Chinese intellectual leaders, and leading businessmen believed the defeat of Germany had finally brought an end to the disgusting practice of secret diplomacy, foreign encroachment on their nation, militarism and the dictatorship that was pretending to be a republic. It was assumed the Shandong Peninsula lease that originally was given to the Germans, currently held by the Japanese illegally, would simply be handed back over to China. China had done a lot for the Entente war effort, she had provided hundreds of thousands of laborers at critical moments of the war, many believed, and I would say rightfully so, China earned certain demands. Well those hopes were torn to shreds at the Paris Peace Conference. News of the conference reached China, particularly that of Japan being awarded the Shandong Peninsula. The Chinese public found out about the secret Sino-Japanese Treaty deal that Duan Qirui had signed and that of Britain's secret double promising deal to Japan to award her the Shandong Peninsula. There were also the secret Nishihara loans that had first been signed by Yuan Shikai and were then inherited by Duan Qirui. Because of all of this on April 30th, 1919 China lost her entire case at the conference, Japan was awarded the Shandong Peninsula and on top of that, there was zero mention of when the lease would return to China. All of these developments had been followed closely by Chinese intellectuals, political leaders and businessmen who were genuinely concerned about their nation's survival. When the Chinese public found out, the first instinct was to demand those responsible for the terrible outcomes be brought to justice. Because of all the secret dealing and other exchanges between leading Beiyang officials in Beijing and Japan, they were the first culprits cited for the failure of China to regain her lost territories and there was a large suspicion there were Chinese individuals basically selling out their country to Japan. It had now become the general feeling of the people, foreign powers had hurt China, but also traitors within her government. Intellectual leaders and students who had been exposed to foreign ideologies were extremely disappointed.  By the turn of the century, countless Chinese students had gone abroad studying in Japan, the United States and Europe. They encountered new ideas, and they reflected upon them, before proposing how such ideas could be used to solve China's problems. In the last episode I spoke a lot about the intellectuals who brought these ideas to China. Hu Shih studied in the United States, Chen Duxiu studied in Japan, both men would become leaders of what will become known as the May Fourth Movement and other events later on. Both men would go very different paths, but at this point in time they both understood the dangers facing their nation and wanted to save it. It was within this time period the New Culture Movement sprang up. The leaders of the movement believed China's traditional confucian based culture was holding her back from actually modernizing into a modern state. Many of them advocated for western ideas to modernize China. Chen Duxiu returned from Japan in 1915 where he had established the New Youth magazine, basically creating the vehicle for intellectuals to bring new ideas to the Chinese public. He was soon joined by Li Dazhao who also returned from Japan in 1916.  When these intellectuals returned to China, they found her in a highly repressive state. Under Yuan Shikai, there were severe laws governing the press and these laws would survive him until the early 1920s. Yuan Shikai's dictatorship charade of a republic became even worse when he proclaimed himself Emperor. 83 days of that disaster simply proved to the people of China, the same old tyrants that they had apparently overthrown in 1911 were still large and in charge. Laws restricted speech, association and the press, forcing publishers like the New Youth to constantly reiterate they were not creating political criticisms, just simply talking to the youth of the nation. Both Hu Shih and Chen Duxiu knew the most egregious problems facing China was her inability to toss the yoke of 2000 years of Confucianism. Both men believed it was necessary to destroy some of the old traditions to awaken their countrymen, particularly the Chinese youth so they could build a new modern state. Chen Duxiu was perhaps more inclined to want to destroy the confucian ideological bases that held up the monarchy. In 1917 his New Youth began to carry out a program calling for dramatic reforms. At first the New Youth evaluated the pro's and con's of vernacular writing over classical; of western science vs chinese traditional beliefs; the virtues of confucianism and so forth. The New Culture leaders began calling for a rejection of the old traditional values and adoptions of western ideals, something they colloquially called “Sai xiansheng /Mr. Science” and “De Xiansheng / Mr. Democracy” who would replace “Mr. Confucius”. Doing such things they argued would strengthen the new Chinese state. Lu Xun wrote famous essays like the Diary of a Madman and the True Story of Ah Q criticizing classical Chinese writing and confucianism. Lu Xun would soon be regarded as one of modern China's first great writers. The effectiveness of his stories drew from a sort of anger towards Confucianism. For example with the Diary of a Madman, the narrator slowly goes insane, convinced the Chinese people around him are all cannibals. Here is a sort of translated exurb ‘It has only just dawned on me, that all these years I have been living in a place where for four thousand years human flesh has been eaten. They eat human beings, so they may eat me. I look up the history of cannibalism in a book of Chinese history, but all he finds in the book are the two phrases Confucian virtue and morality and eat people. Finally convinced that I may have eaten several pieces of my sister's flesh unwittingly….Perhaps there are still children who haven't eaten men? Save the Children”. Within Chinese history, cannibalism has been a powerful image of when a society has lost all of its values and morality and for Lu Xun he was basically assaulting the entire basis of the Beiyang government and their society using this metaphor. Others like Li Dazhao by 1918 began expressing support of the October Revolution in Russia and in september of 1918, a young Mao Zedong became his assistant at the Peking University Library where they organized the Marxist Research Society.  The Twenty-One Demands had ushered anti-japanese campaigns and the New Cultural movement. Western ideas of science, democracy, criticisms of traditional chinese customs, literature, history, philosophy, religion, social and political issues were all argued over. Political and social ideas like liberalism, pragmatism, utilitarianism, anarchism, socialism, communism all the “isms” were being measured against China's traditional culture like one of them held the answer to solve her problems. The youthful students were caught up in all of this, and they decided to hold mass demonstrations on May 7th of 1919, the fourth anniversary of Japan's ultimatum for the Twenty-One Demands. Events however forced these students to initiate their plans 3 days earlier on the morning of May 4th. Student leaders met at Peking college of Law and Political Science. They came from 13 colleges and universities, including the University of Peking, the heart of them all. During their meetings they came up with 5 resolutions to press upon their government: Number 1) To oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions. Number 2) To draw and increase awareness of China's precarious position to the masses in China. Number 3) To recommend a large-scale gathering in Beijing. Number 4) To promote the creation of a Beijing student union. And Number 5) To hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Of the five resolutions, two had special importance: to awaken the Chinese people to the facts of foreign oppression and domestic treachery, and to create a permanent organization of Peking students. At 1:30pm on the 4th, over 3000 students gathered at Tiananmen square. They represented 13 colleges and universities in Beijing. The Beiyang Government tried to prevent their mass meeting by dispatching the Ministry of Education to Peking University at 11am, but he was unsuccessful at stopping the students. By 2pm, the students began to march while distributing leaflets along their way. They carried large placards with slogans written in French, English and Chinese. Slogans read “struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home” “do away with the twenty-one demands” “don't sign the treaty of versailles”. They also demanded the Japanese collaborationists Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang be brought to justice. They made their way to Beijing foreign Legation quarter, but they were blocked at the gates and refused entry. They waited over 2 hours, demanding entry into the quarter until they were told it was never going to happen. The students then headed north towards the residence of Cao Rulin, the Minister of Finance at the time. They considered him the worst of the treacherous bunch. They rushed into his residence hunting him down and the police intervened. Students were beaten up and 32 were arrested. After the arrests, martial law was enacted around the area surrounding the Legation Quarter.  Immediately after everything had gone down, the students began to organize the intellectual leaders to support their cause. They tried to win over the public through more demonstrations, mass meetings,  public lectures and so forth. The established contacts amongst the masses of less educated, illiterate peoples to try and secure support from the business sector to boycott Japanese products. Their ideals began to spread throughout all of China. Chow Tse-tung a harvard graduate had this to say about the feeling of the time. country. "The Movement's aims, soon won sympathy from the new merchants, industrialists, and urban workers, and the Peking Government was forced to compromise in its foreign and domestic policies. This victory of the new coalition facilitated the expansion of the cultural and intellectual reforms it advocated”. Within two months of the incident, a series of student demonstrations and strikes managed to form an alliance between students, businessmen, industrialists and workers. Though on the surface it looked like a purely student movement, the May Fourth Movement was the logical result of the efforts of the intellectual leaders of the New Culture Movement. It was the professors, teachers and writers who had inspired the youthful students to form the mass movement. They were supported wholeheartedly by the intellectual leaders and this formed a de facto alliance between reformists and revolutionaries. The New Culture Movement swelled from this alliance, drawing in people who would have been indifferent to it. Everyone began questioning the old traditional culture, it was like an ideological virus.  Political organizations, such as the Communist Party of China developed during this time. Among the masses caught up in the movement was a young Mao Zedong who became an active member of the New People's Study Society. At the time he was the editor of the Student Union Publication of Hunan province which promoted students cause and was critical of the Beiyang government. The weekly publication was quickly suppressed by the military governor of Hunan. This only further intensified Mao Zedong's anti government activities and drove him further and further towards Marxism. Later in 1939, as the CCP senior leader Mao Zedong would claim the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading toward the fulfillment of the Chinese Communist Revolution “The May Fourth Movement twenty years ago marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. The cultural reform movement which grew out of the May Fourth Movement was only one of the manifestations of this revolution. With the growth and development of new social forces in that period, a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie. Around the time of the May Fourth Movement, hundreds of thousands of students courageously took their place in the van. In these respects the May Fourth Movement went a step beyond the Revolution of 1911”.Other prominent CCP figures would be born from the movement. In fall of 1919 at Wuchang, Lin Biao became an organizer for the Social Welfare Society and the Social Benefit Book Store. In September of 1919 a young Zhou Enlai returned from studying in France and joined the Awakening Society in Tientsin. Yet while I just emphasized the communist leaders that emerged, the May Fourth Movement was dominated primarily by western ideas. Liberalism, anarchism, utopian socialism and marxism gradually saw a wedge drive between them forming two competing factions. Mr. Chow Tse-Tung said of this ''The Movement, gradually became involved in politics, and the united front of new intellectuals collapsed. The liberals (reformists) lost their zeal or turned away from political activity, whereas the left wing (the revolutionary intellectuals) of the Movement took the expedient political step of allying itself with the nationalists to overthrow the warlord Peking regime . " Prior to the May Fourth Movement, marxism was not really picking up much speed amongst the intellectuals in China. Li Dazhao just a few months prior to the May fourth movement was the only real Bolshevik in China. Excluding his students, Li Dazhao's views of the Bolshevik revolution that had recently occurred in Russia was not really taken seriously as a tool to reconstruct China, let alone the world. In January of 1919, Li Dazhao called upon the people of Asia “to rise against the European imperialist robbers, only by overthrowing the capitalist classes of the whole world”. With this he argued the oppressed peoples would do away with the injustice of the international order that allowed the great powers to continue humiliating China. In February of 1919, while everyone was anticipating the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, Li Dazhao called it “the european division of the spoils conference”. Many intellectuals in China still pinned their hopes on Versailles, when the outcome came many were driven to radicalism. Many were driven to socialism and there are many reasons why it was so attractive. Many of the intellectuals saw within socialism many of the same ideals of western democracy. However many of them rejected the existing political and social order of the west…and why wouldn't they, the west was exploiting their nation and others. In many ways they viewed socialism as a sort of marriage between their nationalistic ideals and anti-imperialism. China had suffered greatly due to imperialism from the west and Japan. When they heard about the Bolshevik revolution against their tyrannical Tsarist government it was seen very much as a anti-imperialist movement. In so many ways, the May Fourth Movement of 1919 was akin to a Chinese Renaissance, certainly with its focus upon science and democracy.  Following the May Fourth Movement came the creation of the CCP in 1921, but also the revitalization of the Kuomintang. Now this is also right smack dab in the middle of the Warlord Era. I am choosing to keep these things separated because the podcasts would just go all over the place, but beginning roughly in 1919 major Warlords would commence in this episode Game of Thrones scenario. Wars, propaganda, diplomacy, alliances, its a crazy history with numerous big figures and it will rage all the way until the Japanese invasion of 1931. We will be stuck in this period for…well I have no idea haha. On my personal channel I tried to tackle the warlord Era, it ended up being 7 episodes long, with one long format to encompass it around an hour and 47 minutes long. Even with that, I barely scratched the Warlord Era, I only tackled the most well known battles and figures, I missed countless ones, thus I am hoping in this podcast series to do a much more full job. I will admit its difficult to get good sources as a non Mandarin speaker, but during my experience researching for my youtube channel I luckily came across a lot. Not to toot my own horn, but other than literally CCTV run channels, I think I am the only person on Youtube who even tried to cover the warlord period effectively. I will give credit to a fellow Quebecois Jesse Alexander from the Great War Channel, they did do a large summarization of the Warlord Era. Anyways getting off track, I now want to finish this episode up just explaining the greater influence the May Fourth Movement would have. The emergence of the CCP on the political stage as a form of anti-imperialism was foreshadowed by Li Dazhao. Li Dazhao had been one of the main advocates emphasizing anti-imperialism and political action. His students were pressed to go out and influence the common people of China, from the urban cities to the rural villages. After the May Fourth Movement, Li Dazhao became a major leader and many flocked to him. Li Dazhao's library at the Peking University where Mao Zedong was working as an assistant became the regular meeting place for student leaders. There they came under his influence. The Marxist Research Society organized by Li Dazhao sent its members across China to spread their ideals. I am no fan at all of communism, but like it or not, this is a hell of a grassroots movement that obviously would become successful in the end. Its important to learn how such mechanism came to be, how they operated and so forth. Li Dazhao did not have the firmest understanding of Marxism when he began championing it to China, but he ignited the flame that would turn China ultimately in the Peoples Republic of China. He offered Marxism as a sort of revolutionary ideology that would save China. He did this in a very anti-imperialistic environment, thus it was highly palatable. Chen Duxiu was also drawn to Marxism, a lot so because of the Shandong Problem. He was disgusted with what he saw as treachery on the part of the imperialistic nations and leaders within the Beiyang government. Now Chen Duxiu took up a stance of not getting political involved, that was until the May Fourth Movement. After this he quite literally jumped into the heck of it.  Chen Duxiu was so politically active, he was arrested on June 11th of 1919 after being caught distributing leaflets across Beijing. He spent 83 days in prison, once he got out he resigned from his position as a professor at Peking University and moved to Shanghai which was becoming a Marxist hub. Numerous Chinese intellectuals became radicalized and this gradually broke the unity of the movement apart. Hu Shih for example had studied in the United States and was deeply influenced by John Dewey and thus came to represent the reformist intellectual side. Hu Shih would go on to write countless articles arguing against the adoption of “isms” and doctrines and instead to suggest it be better to study the practical social problems. Doctrines that advocated fundamental solutions to social problems, were not entirely irrelevant, but probably hindrances to their solutions according to Hu Shih. Li Dazhao once wrote a letter to Hu Shih arguing that specific social problems could not be solved without the participation of the masses, thus there was a need to instill a consciousness of society's problems as a whole, so they could relate this to their own individual problems. Li Dazhao asserted “intellectuals need to go out and work in the practical movement, which to him meant the propagation of socialist theory and its advocacy as a tool to eliminate the non-laboring bureaucratic robbers." Li Dazhao furthered this by arguing to his followers like Mao Zedong the necessity for those studying revolutionary ideals to really study the conditions of the world, so they could adapt the theory to said conditions.  So there was kind of a battle between Hu Shih and Li Dazhao. Hu Shih advocated for solving China's problems gradually through social reforms, while Li Dazhao wanted revolution. Now again Hu Shih was deeply influenced at the time by John Dewey, and as American Sinologist Maurice Meisner said about the debates between Hu Shih and Li Dazhao  “"Hu Shih had formulated his ideas in terms of the American philosophical and sociological tradition . . . The philosophy and sociology of John Dewey did not need to be concerned with the structure of society as a whole because in the American social context it could be optimistically assumed that the whole world would take care of itself. Dewey's program was essentially conservative, assuming that reform would take place within the framework of existing institutions; but it was a product of a society that could afford conservatism, a society that could solve particular social problems because there already existed a viable social structure and a general consensus on the direction of social progress . . .As applied to China, Dewey's program was neither conservative nor radical but largely irrelevant. After the Revolution of 1911 China was confronted with a crisis of social, cultural and political disintegration of massive proportions. The extreme poverty and widespread illite:racy of the masses of the Chinese people and the lack of even the rudiments of responsible political authority negated the possibility of the general social consensus that Dewey's program presupposed. Because of the overwhelming social crisis within and the threat of foreign aggression from without, the very existence of the Chinese nation was in doubt at the time . . . To advocate the study of particular social problems and to call for social reform (piecemeal) was to assume that there existed or would soon arise a viable social and political structure within which problems could be and reforms implemented. This assumption was unwarranted either by the existing situation or by any realistic hopes for the immediate future. In view of the total crisis of Chinese society, Dewey's program was doomed to failure."  The debate between the two revealed a crucial issue, the necessity of changing words into action. You can criticize Marxism on multiple grounds and rightfully so, but I don't think anyone would disagree its not effective action wise. By its very nature Marxism enforces real action to take place. By the mid 1920's Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu easily looked like they would assume leadership positions in the CCP, and of course in the background was Li Dazhao's assistant Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was greatly influenced by the May Fourth Movement and he saw it as a great dividing line between the earlier stage of a bourgeois-democratic revolution in China and for him a later stage, the awakening of the working class in alliance with progressive bourgeoisie. As said by Mao Zedong in his essay on New Democracy:   " China's cultural or ideological front, the period preceding the May fourth Movement and the period following it form two distinct historical periods. Before the Movement, the struggle on China's cultural front was a struggle between the new culture of the bourgeoisie and the old culture of the feudal class ... the ideology of the new learning played the revolutionary role of fighting the Chinese feudal ideology and was in the service of the bourgeois democratic revolution of the old period ... But since the May fourth Movement, things have gone differently. Since then a brand new cultural force of fresh strength has appeared in China, namely, the ideas of Communist culture guided by the Chinese Communists: · the Communist world outlook and the Communist theory of social revolution. The May fourth Movement occurred in 1919, and in 1921 the Chinese Communist Party was founded and China's labor movement actually began . . . Before the May fourth Movement, the new culture of China was a culture of the old-democratic character and a part of the capitalist cultural revolution of the world bourgeoisie. Since the May fourth Movement, it has become a culture of new-democratic character and a part of the socialist cultural revolution of the world proletariat . . . What is called new democratic culture is the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal culture of the broad masses of the people . ·· . New democratic culture is, in a word, the and anti-feudal culture of the broad masses of the people under the leadership of the world proletariat”. Overall the May Fourth Movement had a profound effect on the development of modern China. It convinced many Chinese intellectuals, correctly or incorrectly, the only adequate response to imperialism was revolutionary action seen in form of Communism. Yet something stood in the way of turning China into a communist nation. Warlords. Then after the Warlords were defeated, Chiang Kai-Shek emerged as the leader of the fractured nation, forced to lead the fight for China's survival against the Empire of Japan. Yet the CCP put its head down, they worked, worked very hard and waited for the right moment. When it came, they struck, and they won.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The May fourth movement was a watershed moment for modern Chinese history. In many ways it was the great moment where two dividing forces emerged that would be embodied later in Chiang Kai-Shek's nationalists and Mao Zedong's CCP. The fight for the future of China had begun, though it remains in the background as the age of the Warlords has come.