Podcasts about scientific process

Heute wieder eine Episode in der ich kurz über eine Thema der Wissenschaftspraxis reflektieren möchte, den meisten Zuhörern wahrscheinlich nicht klar ist, dessen Konsequenzen sich auch mir noch nicht völlig erschließen, ich freue mich also auf Emails und Kommentare. Das Thema ist wenig erbaulich, ist aber ein Puzzlestein, der gut in das Bild passt, das wir in einigen früheren Episoden schon angesprochen haben. Die Qualität des wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesens scheint sich im Sturzflug zu befinden und dies seit vielen Jahren. Die deutsche Physikerin Sabine Hossenfeldern sagt leicht polemisch: »Scientific Process is slowing down and most of what gets published in academia is now bullshit.« Was erleben wir in den letzten Jahrzehnten und warum hat mich eine persönliche Beobachtung zu dieser Episode gebracht? Warum ist das Motto der 1660 gegründeten Royal Society heute aktueller als je zuvor. »Nullius in Verba« Referenzen Andere Episoden Episode 106: Wissenschaft als Ersatzreligion? Ein Gespräch mit Manfred Glauninger Episode 104: Aus Quantität wird Qualität Episode 91: Die Heidi-Klum-Universität, ein Gespräch mit Prof. Ehrmann und Prof. Sommer Episode 86: Climate Uncertainty and Risk, a conversation with Dr. Judith Curry Episode 84: (Epistemische) Krisen? Ein Gespräch mit Jan David Zimmermann Episode 79: Escape from Model Land, a Conversation with Dr. Erica Thompson Episode 71: Stagnation oder Fortschritt — eine Reflexion an der Geschichte eines Lebens Episode 68: Modelle und Realität, ein Gespräch mit Dr. Andreas Windisch Episode 47: Große Worte Episode 41: Intellektuelle Bescheidenheit: Was wir von Bertrand Russel und der Eugenik lernen können Episode 39: Follow the Science? Fachliche Referenzen Report of the Investigation Committee on the Possibility of Scientific Misconduct in the Work of Hendrik Schön And Coauthors Publikationen von Jan Hendrik Schön (Google Scholar) John Ioannidis, Das Gewissen der Wissenschaft, Ö1 Dimensionen (2024) John Ioannidis, The scientists who publish a paper every five days, Nature Comment (2018) John P. A. Ioannidis, Why Most Published Research Findings Are False (2005) Jesse Singal, Quick Fix, Picador (2022) Erica Thompson, Escape from Model Land, Basic Books (2022) Sabine Hossenfelder, Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray (2020) Beall's List Jeffrey Beall Sabine Hossenfelder, Science is in trouble and it worries me (2024)

In this episode, we explore an engaging teaching exercise designed to help children understand the concepts of challenge and perseverance. A teacher sets out pieces of paper on the floor, guiding a young boy to give him a high five by stepping only on those papers. As the exercise progresses, the teacher gradually removes pieces of paper, increasing the distance the boy must jump to reach his goal. Each attempt illustrates the importance of overcoming obstacles and adapting to more challenging situations. The moral of the story emphasizes that while goals may become harder to reach, persistence and creativity can lead to success. Tune in to discover how playful learning can teach valuable life lessons! Follow a career in conservation: https://www.conservation-careers.com/online-training/ Use the code SUFB to get 33% off courses and the careers program.   Do you want to join my Ocean Community? Sign Up for Updates on the process: www.speakupforblue.com/oceanapp   Sign up for our Newsletter: http://www.speakupforblue.com/newsletter   Facebook Group: https://bit.ly/3NmYvsI Connect with Speak Up For Blue: Website: https://bit.ly/3fOF3Wf Instagram: https://bit.ly/3rIaJSG TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@speakupforblue Twitter: https://bit.ly/3rHZxpc YouTube: www.speakupforblue.com/youtube Achieving Large Goals: The Importance of Breaking Them Down In the pursuit of significant objectives, such as addressing climate change, it is essential to recognize that these goals can often feel overwhelming. A recent podcast episode illustrates this concept through a relatable analogy involving a teacher and a group of elementary school children. The teacher lays out pieces of paper on the floor, and the students must step only on these papers to reach the teacher for a high five. This exercise serves as a metaphor for how we can approach large goals by breaking them down into smaller, manageable steps. The Analogy of the Pieces of Paper The pieces of paper represent smaller goals or milestones that lead to the ultimate objective—giving the teacher a high five. Initially, the papers are placed close together, making it easy for the child to step from one to the next. As the exercise progresses, the teacher removes some pieces of paper, increasing the distance between the remaining ones. This change illustrates how, as we strive for larger goals, we may encounter obstacles that make the journey more challenging. When faced with a larger gap to jump, it becomes evident that without the smaller steps (the pieces of paper), reaching the final goal becomes significantly more difficult. This analogy can be applied to various life goals, such as: Achieving a big house: Instead of focusing solely on the end goal of homeownership, one can break it down into smaller steps like saving for a down payment, improving credit scores, and researching neighborhoods. Pursuing a professional sports career: Aspiring athletes can set smaller goals such as improving specific skills, participating in local leagues, and seeking coaching. Building a music career: Musicians can focus on smaller milestones like writing songs, performing at local venues, and networking within the industry. The Importance of Small Goals in Climate Change The podcast emphasizes that the same principle applies to addressing climate change. The challenge of combating climate change can feel insurmountable, leading to feelings of confusion and helplessness. However, by breaking down the larger goal of reducing climate change into smaller, actionable steps, individuals can contribute meaningfully to the cause. Steps to Take Look Inward: Start by assessing personal habits and making changes to reduce individual carbon footprints, such as minimizing plastic use and opting for reusable products. Get Involved Locally: Engage with local organizations focused on environmental conservation. This could involve volunteering for clean-up events or supporting community initiatives aimed at sustainability. Educate Yourself and Others: Stay informed about climate issues and share knowledge with friends and family. Understanding the science behind climate change can empower individuals to take action. Advocate for Change: Support policies and politicians that prioritize environmental protection. Voting for representatives who align with conservation values is crucial for systemic change. Participate in Community Projects: Join or initiate local projects that aim to address climate issues, such as tree planting, habitat restoration, or educational programs about sustainability. Conclusion The journey to achieving large goals, particularly in the context of climate change, requires patience and persistence. Just as the child in the podcast must step on each piece of paper to reach the teacher, individuals must take small, deliberate steps to make a difference. By recognizing that progress is made through incremental achievements, we can collectively work towards a healthier planet. Each small action contributes to the larger goal, and together, we can create meaningful change in the fight against climate change.

In this episode, I sit down with Leah Elson, a brilliant scientist and author, whose passion for science communication and advocacy for women in STEM resonates deeply. Leah discusses her unique path balancing athletics with scientific pursuits, and the critical role of effective communication in bridging the gap between the scientific community and the public. Together, we explore how early exposure to science and public speaking can empower individuals, and reflect on the personal and societal impact of fostering curiosity and critical thinking in young minds.We also address the pressing need to rebuild trust in science and promote diversity within scientific communities. Leah and I share insights on how to make science more accessible and engaging, especially for marginalized groups, and discuss the broader implications of inclusivity on scientific progress. This episode is a poignant reminder that true fulfillment lies beyond wealth and fame, in the essence of our inner values and the legacy of our contributions to society. Support the Show.Warmly,Nico Barraza@FeedTheSoulNBwww.nicobarraza.com

My faith in the scientific review process of generating results that are meaningful is actually very low. I talk about what this actually means and what we can do about this.

David Kipping is an Assistant Professor of Astronomy at Columbia University where he researches extrasolar planetary systems. Kipping got his Ph.D. from University College London. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/jake-newfield/support

According to a 2015 Pew Research study, 59 percent of Americans believe that science and religion are often in conflict. This perceived tension between the two can be especially challenging for students in fields such as biology, who may encounter scientific theories that seem to contradict their faith. As a biology professor at Brigham Young University, Jamie Jensen has seen firsthand how science can either deepen or diminish students' spirituality. In this week's episode, she shares strategies for helping students approach science in a way that enhances their understanding of God's wonders, rather than detracting from it. “When you're building a testimony and you're gathering spiritual evidence, that evidence is still real, it's still measurable, but the instrumentation we use is different. So instead of using thermometers, or rulers or calipers, we're using our spiritual eyes, personal revelation, feelings that are inside, and it's just as real, but it's not as tangible.” —Jamie Jensen Show Notes 1:45- Teaching Science to Students of Faith6:02- Scientific Process and Spiritual Process8:42- Big S Science and Little S Science10:56- Science is Agnostic?19:18- Comfortable in Uncertainty24:19- Dogmatism26:17- Correct Evidence and False Evidence29:37- Teaching Science in the Home32:17- One Take on Evolution43:03- What Does It Mean To Be All In the Gospel of Jesus Christ? Links & References: Let's Talk About Science and Religion bookSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Part of the thinking behind the open science movement is that, if science is open, more people will trust the scientific process. But, as previous guests have pointed out, opening up science requires more than just the act of making it open. It also requires letting people know the science is out there, and ensuring it is findable, accessible, and reproducible! In today's episode, we speak with Professor Christopher Jackson, Director of Sustainable Geoscience at Jacobs, Visiting Professor of Basin Analysis at Imperial College, and regular face on the BBC, about how we can use science communication to increase the general public's understanding of science. We also talk to Dr. Sara El-Gebali, Project leader at SciLifeLab-Data Centre and co-founder of FAIRPoints, about applying the FAIR principles to ensure that the science we communicate about is ethical and findable!

We laugh at Google's scramble, check in on the Twitter collapse, and how one developer's little mistake screwed millions.

In this episode of NDO Podcast Cayla makes her return with Casey and they visit with Stephanie Tucker, Department game management section leader, and RJ Gross, Department upland game biologist, about the Department's research philosophy, new turkey research in collaboration with University of North Dakota, other ongoing Department research projects and spring gobbler plans.

Cancer is a lifechanging experience - it does not discriminate and can impact anyone from any walk of life. However, it does not deserve to stop your life. Sure, it can and probably will slow your progress in life, but it has no say in your accomplishments and what you are capable of. Also, whether or not you studied science, you can create your own scientific business. These two facts are what we discuss today with Jeff Bevin, childhood cancer survivor and beard-care brand owner. He also has ADHD and has a superhuman child as well. He doesn't let anyone but himself define him or determine the heights he can reach, and neither should you. You are superhuman - don't let anyone tell you differently. Find Jeff: Web - Affect Beard Care IG - Affect IG - Jeff Bevan Find Courtney: Email: ynqpod@gmail.com IG Website Twitter

This school student wants you to know how the scientific process discerns fact from fiction.

This school student wants you to know how the scientific process discerns fact from fiction.

Dave is joined by Chris Walker (CEO, Refine Labs) to share a scientific process/framework you can use to build, prove, and scale marketing programs they call Revenue R&D. This is a great listen for anyone thinking about marketing planning, where to make bets for the year, how to prove new channels, and how to think like an executive when it comes to revenue generation.Thanks to Demandwell, our presenting sponsor for the Exit Five podcast.https://www.demandwell.com/Demandwell is the best SEO solution for B2B SaaS marketers. They've helped customers like Lessonly drive 40% of their revenue from organic search. And they helped Terminus's make organic search their number one source of demosHere's how it works: Results: Demandwell is built for driving the outcomes that b2b marketers care about - demand, traffic, leads, and revenue.  Ease and control: Junior team members can follow recommended steps in the platform, while experts can customize and maintain full control over their work.  Speed: With everything in one platform, Demandwell helps you crank out content that ranks and drives leads in minutes rather than hours.  SEO expert or not, you should give Demandwell a try, and listeners of the Exit Five podcast can get a free competitive SEO Audit to see how you're ranking relative to your competitorsGo to demandwell.com/fomo to get your free SEO consultation today.Thanks to my friends at hatch.fm for producing the podcast for me. They give you unlimited podcast editing and strategy for your B2B podcast.Get unlimited podcast editing and on-demand strategy for one low monthly cost. Just upload your episode, and they take care of the rest.

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In this episode of UX coffee break, you will be listening about: Is design fundamentally mathematical in nature? What is the difference between science and design? Patterns are not Mathematical Principle of familiarity and much more interesting stuff... --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/uxanudeep/message --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/uxanudeep/message

Decentralizing Science - Using Blockchain to Reinvent the Scientific Process with Niklas Rindtorff(LabDAO), Patrick Joyce(ResearchHub) and Mike P. Sinn (CureDAO) moderated by Eleanor Sheekey during the 1st VitaDAO Crypto meets Longevity Symposium!

Today on the Ferment we will be tackling the I”I do my own research” trope by talking to someone who does their own research. In a lab. On COVID. Zachary and I begin by discussing his background, professional work, and involvement on COVID-19. From there he goes on to explain what is involved in the … Continue reading S06E02: “I Do My Own Research” with Dr. Zachary Arden

In today's episode I'll take you through a 12 step scientific process that will help you grow your practice. The process that I'll teach you is the same scientific process used in physics, chemistry and biology. This process has stood the test of time because it gets results and removes the guess work. I get it, growing your chiropractic practices can be daunting, there's a lot of moving pieces and what worked yesterday often doesn't work today. It doesn't have to be that way though.  If you'd like to say goodbye to the confusion and overwhelm, then follow these 12 steps. Enjoy the show. Thanks for all you do, keep saving lives. Angus See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Kathlena, the Allergy Chef, has over 200 food allergies and intolerances, so many more than others can even imagine. And having been through this complex and hard journey, brings a uniquely empowered and scientific mindset to working with food restrictions.  I can truly say that talking to Kathlena changed my perspective on how to work with foods. If you want to understand how to make cooking a precise science - done with the passion of an art - look no farther. Episode notes at www.functionalnutritionforkids.com/2021/82 Use code functional50 for 50% off your first month of membership at RAISE (Kathlena's Recipe Finder) https://goraise.net/ That code is good for 1 year. Free Ebook on gut health at www.functionalnutritionforkids.com/guthealth 

The psychedelics industry is booming. Everyone wants a piece of it — between the startup companies, the regulatory bodies, the university medical schools, and ultimately, the people in need of these products and services. As Chief Medical Officer at MINDCURE, Dr. Joel Raskin provides deep insight into the interactions between these institutions as well as his robust knowledge of the scientific process: Intro (0:00 – 2:10) Exciting Times (2:11 – 3:50) Two Sides of the Same Coin (3:51 – 5:12) First Encounters with Psychedelic Treatments (5:13 – 7:16) A Rigorous Process (7:17 – 10:37) Integrating Psychedelics' History into Western Science (10:38 – 13:51) Excitement About the Unknown (13:52 – 16:34) What It's Like in Startup-Land (16:35 – 19:27) Getting Past Your Own Interests To Help People (19:28 – 22:31) A New Chapter (22:32 – 25:08) End (25:09 – 25:52)

Welcome to Yoga Boss Episode 55 "The Scientific Process." The scientific process is the process that successful entrepreneurs use in their business. The only way to know what works in your business is to create a hypothesis, test it and evaluate. You never know what is working, until it does. Use this podcast to tap into the scientific process and create success, for good. Enjoy this podcast? Share with your friends and other yoga teachers. Every single yoga teacher belongs here, and every single yoga teacher who wants a successful business is capable of creating one. Or leave a review on Apple iTunes.Join us in the Yoga Boss Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/yogabossGet on the waitlist now to build your thriving yoga business in 2021: https://www.jackiegskinner.com/waitlist

Learn about the safest way to ride in a car with someone during a pandemic; the science of the "home team advantage" and the surprising impact time zones can have on sports performance; and the failed COVID-19 vaccines you may not have heard about.  This is the safest way to ride in a car with someone during a pandemic by Kelsey Donk Airflow modeling suggests driving with all windows down safest to prevent COVID-19 transmission. (2020). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/aaft-ams120420.php  Riding in a car in the pandemic: which windows to open? (2020). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/uoma-ria120320.php  Mathai, V., Das, A., Bailey, J. A., & Breuer, K. (2020). Airflows inside passenger cars and implications for airborne disease transmission. Science advances, 7(1), eabe0166. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/11/30/sciadv.abe0166  Sports performance on the road depends on your body's alignment with the time zone by Kelsey Donk NBA “bubble” reveals the ultimate home court advantage, study finds. (2020). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/ohs-nr120920.php  McHill, A. W., & Chinoy, E. D. (2020). Utilizing the National Basketball Association’s COVID-19 restart “bubble” to uncover the impact of travel and circadian disruption on athletic performance. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78901-2  Why are there no failed COVID-19 vaccines? by Ashley Hamer (Listener question from Pranav) Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. (2021). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html  BBC News. (2020, September 9). Coronavirus: Oxford University vaccine trial paused after participant falls ill. BBC News; BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54082192  ‌Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 vaccine study paused due to illness. (2020, October 13). STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/12/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-study-paused-due-to-unexplained-illness-in-participant/  3 Covid-19 Trials Have Been Paused for Safety. That’s a Good Thing. (2021). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/health/covid-clinical-trials.html  Australia Scraps Covid-19 Vaccine That Produced H.I.V. False Positives. (2021). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/world/australia/uq-coronavirus-vaccine-false-positive.html  Aristos Georgiou. (2020, December 11). Why Australia’s Failed COVID Vaccine Is an Example of Science at Its “Best.” Newsweek; Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/australia-failed-covid-vaccine-hiv-science-best-1554131  Office of the Commissioner. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19  Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer. You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThe Scientific Method as we understand it today, wasn't developed until well into the 19th century. If you've been listening to the podcast long, you know that witch hunting and spectral evidence are clear indications of that, but somewhat surprisingly, the idea behind the scientific method was described as early as the 4th century BCE. Because of this, Aristotle is considered the inventor of this methodology. So what exactly is it and how do we even know it's working? ReferencesO’Brian, M.; Analysis: Retractions and Controversies Over Coronavirus Research Show the Scientific Process is Working. PBS News Hour. 09-Jul-2020. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/analysis-retractions-and-controversies-over-coronavirus-research-show-the-scientific-process-is-working

Emeritus Professor Rich Condit returns to discuss the latest updates on the vaccine front! With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging, we felt like this update was too important not to release immediately. Rich helped us understand the SARS-CoV-2 virus a few months ago, and we were so grateful to him to return to discuss our best ways to combat the virus, especially with mRNA vaccines, which we find endlessly fascinating. We HIGHLY recommend the podcast that he co-hosts, TWiV, which is a masterful piece of scientific art, and has helped us personally understand the current pandemic, and learn lessons for the future!Rich has been kind enough to give his personal email to answer questions. You can reach him at-condit.ufl.eduCheck out these resources as well-This Week In Virology (TWiV) podcast, I can't recommend this show enough. CDC UpdatesModerna's website with fantastic educational materials

Stay up to date and join the mailing list for amazing content in health, wellness, spirituality & personal development! http://www.mattbelair.com   Guest Website's: http://www.alfavedic.com & https://skeptiko.com/   ✅Join our community and get cutting edge tips and tools for human optimization, health, wellness, and personal development

Does the myth of the maverick scientist help or hinder science? In this episode we take an in depth look at what makes a maverick scientist and the effect the trope has on scientists and the public perception of research. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/further-research-needed/message

Today our expert Infectious Disease and Community Medicine doctors discuss the latest on COVID-19. Today we reexamine Herd Immunity, or Herd Resistance, looking at the ways in which societal action affects the percentage of the population which is required to reach it. We dig into testing system challenges and find an unexpected culprit in the fax machine, and we take a moment to remind listeners of the importance of following the scientific process and relying on our best knowledge, even as new evidence is constantly being made available. As always, join us for all the COVID-19 information you need, explained in clear terms by health experts. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/noisefilter/message

In this episode of the #snailmailsuperstarpodcast I'm interviewing my friend Sus who is a real life scientist! She has lots of wisdom to share about her field of immunology and cell biology, and what it's like to experience this pandemic as a scientist. We also talk about vulnerability, mental health, meditation, and lots more! --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/snailmailsuperstar/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/snailmailsuperstar/support

Hypothesis, experiment, observations, analysis, peer review - that’s performing an experiment and gauging the effects on your life and health. Then repeat. It’s a good way to progress and not get stuck

Professor Garland (Gar) Allen is a highly distinguished historian of biology; indeed he was there for the inception of the very field itself within the mid-20th Century! I'm particularly interested in the different ways of approaching the idea of 'life,' and Gar helps me to understand some of the context in which ideas have been at play over the years. We talk about the mechanistic views, as well as more holistic and vitalistic accounts that have been debated through the history of biology. I get the feeling that we only scratched the surface, however this will be a fantastic introduction for anyone interested in the big picture of biological thought. For more information, check out his very intuitive and comprehensive 2017 book, Scientific Process and Social Issues in Biology Education.

Join us as our guest Jon Kelley shares how he used a real evironmental and public health issue, car idling, to teach students about the scientific process. Hear how he was able to engage community experts and excite students around this challenge! Jon is based out of Delaware, OH where he is a middle school science instructor. Keep up with him on Twitter @mrkelley64!j

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

We solve all the puzzles in The Witness. Developer: Thekla Inc. | Publisher: Thekla Inc. | Release Date: January 26th, 2016 Jacob, Mike, Moe and Special Guest CourtFTW travel to a deserted island, use "2 Brainz", get stuck, feel like geniuses and then get stuck again. You can now join our Discord server! Go to LeftBehindGame.Club and scroll down to the Discord section of the homepage! Here's is our upcoming release schedule: June 6th: E3 2018 Special June 13th: Star Wars: Republic Commando June 27th: Vanquish June 29th: The 1-Year Anniversary of the Podcast! Players: Jacob McCourt (@JacobMcCourt), Michael Ruffolo (@ruffolom) and Moe Murtadi (@mmurtadi) Special Guest: Courtney G. (@CourtFTW) Website: LeftBehindGame.Club | Twitter: @LeftBehindClub | Instagram: @LeftBehindGameClub Show Notes (spoilers): 2:10 We introduce you to CourtFTW! 3:55 We rip off the band-aid... how did we play the game? 5:30 Court talks about streaming the game on Twitch 7:10 What is The Witness? 8:55 "Twisted Logic" and the Scientific Process 11:20 Starting the game 13:10 The game's difficulty (Quarry and Jungle) 15:30 Nausea (shout-out to Kevin) and how we tackled the game 18:10 The beauty of the game world (and game engine) 20:20 What Remains of Edith Finch and recordings of philosophers 22:20 The different types of puzzles in the game 27:20 Timers and Treehouses 30:40 Monastery, Anger and Art Museums 34:10 Pacing ourselves through the Witness 38:40 Lasers and Mirrors 40:10 Finishing the game 45:20 Our least favorite parts of the game 47:45 The secret ending (with a Virginia call-back) 52:35 Our closing thoughts... 58:35 ...just kidding... what about the puzzles in the environment? 59:40 The game's achievements 1:01:25 A final section of puzzle talk

How does our brain remember things? Neuroscientist Andre Fenton found that question has no easy answers. Andre has spent years experimenting with PKMZeta, a tiny molecule he believes is the key to forming memories. But what if he’s wrong? This is a personal story of the scientific process, and the bumps along the journey that lead to knowledge. Welcome back to Season 3 of Tumble! We're so excited to be back with all new episodes - from Barcelona, Spain! To kick it off right, we're doing a Patreon pledge drive to get to 100 Patrons! You can donate any amount to vote on where we'll go in Barcelona and what we'll share with you on our Patreon blog. To pledge, go to patreon.com/tumblepodcast. Send your questions, drawings, and recordings to tumblepodcast@gmail.com

There is a replication "crisis" in psychology: many findings simply do not replicate. Some critics take this as an indictment of the entire field — perhaps the best journals are only interested in publishing the "sexiest" findings, or universities are pressuring their faculty to publish more. But this week on Hidden Brain, we take a closer look at the so-called crisis. While there certainly have been cases of bad science, and even fraudulent data, there are also lots of other reasons why perfectly good studies might not replicate. We'll look at a seminal study about stereotypes, Asian women, and math tests.

Alex Barker Jaime Jay welcomes Alex Barker to the show today. Jaime met Alex at Podcast Movement 2016 in Chicago and was blown away by his story. Therefore, today's podcast is all about Alex Barker talks about Learning from Mistakes as a Scientific Process. Alex Barker's Career Path Alex began his journey to success in undergrad and grad school in order to become a pharmacist. After grad school he went into his residency program but discovered he had no idea what he was going to do. Alex was not in love with pharmacy or what that future held. He was kind of lost. Alex and his wife took a financial course which led him down the path of self development. He read two books by Steven Covey and Dale Carnegie, the links are below, that were a tremendous influence upon him. The impact of the seminar and the books were life changing for Alex. It really made him look at himself as a person and the legacy he wanted to leave behind. This led him down the path to where he is now. Journey to Success Alex has paid of his house as a result of the financial seminar. He has three companies and a full-time job. Through that one financial seminar, Alex and his wife came to realize how much more money they could have, how much more they could invest and how much more they could give away because of paying off their debt sooner. Tweet Alex's Episode 85 Despite the fact they were budgeting, they were not getting ahead. They cut out things like Starbucks and applied that to their debt. He knew he needed a bigger shovel to dig out of debt sooner. So he began by building businesses. If you would like to learn what Alex Barker says next about his journey to success, then download and listen to the Alex's episode 85 of Stop Riding the Pine. If you want connect with Alex Barker and see how Learning from Mistakes as a Scientific Process, then check out his links below and remember he welcomes all questions, comments and inquiries! Don't forget to mention you heard about Alex on Stop Riding the Pine:-) Connect with Alex on Facebook  Tweet Alex Alex Barker on LinkedIn Join Alex's Free Mastermind 66 Day Experiment Pharmacy Life Radio The Book: 7 Habits of Highly Effective People The Book: How to Win Friends and Influence People Here are the highlights of my conversation with Alex Barker says Learning from Mistakes as a Scientific Process if you are in a hurry: Who is Alex Barker? (5:04 Mark) Most American's are paying 3x's the value of their homes! (10:20 Mark) Why podcasting? (12:40Mark) Applying the scientific process (16:25 Mark) Alex's Break Away Moment (24:31 Mark) Special Mentions: (iTunes Shout Out) Sir Don! Thank you to Alexis Ayala, for providing the incredible editing for this episode. If you need to find an audio editor, send Alexis an email at lex@slapshotstudio.com. Thank you to our awesome sponsor, Interview Valet, A professional concierge guest booking podcast service for hosts and guests - You be the Guest, We do the Rest! Check out their new website at InterviewValet.com. This episode of Stop Riding the Pine Podcast was brought to you by Done4YouWP.com Are you a busy coach, professional or agency looking to have your WordPress website headaches handled by your very own development team for wholesale prices? Then you should visit Done4YouWP.com to find the solution that best fits your current challenges with a full-scale approach to managing your WordPress website. Stop Riding the Pine is a lot of fun and we love sharing the shows we've done. We would greatly appreciate your assistance in helping us grow this show by not only downloading the episodes, but also sharing them. Leave comments and rate our show so we can make the show even better.

Science journalism generally focuses on new discoveries. But this leaves out a part of the process that will make or break you as a scientist: how do you come up with the right questions to ask in the first place? In today’s episode, we talk to Charles Zuker of Columbia University about this process. Listen to find out the two questions he asks to determine whether an experiment is worth doing.

Lots of psychology studies fail to produce the same results when they are repeated. How do scientists know what's true?

In the second part of their discussion, Michael Meyer and Suzanne Aigrain talk about the way they, as working physicists, think of fine-tuning in complex planetary systems. This discussion was conducted at Trinity College, Oxford, on February 12, 2016.

One of the foundational values of this show is emphasizing the importance of using the best available evidence when making decisions about medical care.  Unfortunately the drive to publish has driven some to game the scientific publishing system. From circumventing the peer-review process to outright fraud, scientific literature is plagued with misinformation. The scientific community is responding, though. With tools like retraction databases, research reproducibility efforts and post-publication peer review, scientists are working to maintain the highest level of inegrity in the scientific literature. Be sure to listen all the way to the end, we get a littel personal. Nature Magazine on the Peer Review Scam Retraction Watch Leaderboard Retraction Watch Timeline of Events Regarding Dr. Macchiarini PubPeer The Reproducibility Initiative Why Asparagus Makes Your Pee Stink