Podcast appearances and mentions of John Wesley Powell

Clay's conversation with writer Craig Childs of western Colorado. Childs is the author of more than a dozen books about America's backcountry. He's spent months, even years, exploring the Grand Canyon and a hundred lesser but magnificent canyons in desert country. Childs has been a river runner, a guide, and a consultant, but mostly, he is a writer of beautiful, spare, sometimes mystical prose about the Colorado Plateau. Clay and Craig talked about how he became a writer, about taking risks in the backcountry, being lost, and getting oneself lost. They also discuss the great 19th-century explorer John Wesley Powell, Henry David Thoreau, and Edward Abbey — the author of the enormously influential book Desert Solitaire. Childs is currently wandering through mountain lion country in western Colorado, trying to understand the ways of these magnificent creatures. You'll love this quiet discussion of things unrelated to America's current politics. This interview was recorded March 20, 2025.

Jt follows JC joins me this week for an epic episode! From cities we aren't told about to the tunnels beneath us... between John Wesley Powell, Rockefeller, and others, the cover up of history & great shift of culture has been immense. History is indeed full of lies, hate to say it. But, JT helps us break it all down.JT FollowsJC: Youtube:⁠    / @jtfollowsjc  Spotify: ⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/2y27vDk...Instagram:⁠ https://www.instagram.com/jtfollowsjc...JT's Mixtape on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2y27vDk...My YouTube: ⁠   / @sixsensorypodcast  My Instagram:  ⁠⁠  / ⁠⁠⁠⁠  My patreon: ⁠⁠⁠⁠patreon.com/TimConstantine⁠⁠ Intro Music: Fantom '87JOIN THE PATREON FOR AD FREE EPISODES BEFORE THEY DROP AND BECOME PART OF THE GROWING COMMUNITY OF DANGEROUS RTRDs ON TELEGRAM:https://www.patreon.com/NephilimDeathSquadnephilimdeathsquad.com FIND US ON SOCIAL MEDIA:NEPHILIM DEATH SQUAD:Nephilim Death Squad / SpreakerNephilim Death Squad / YouTubeNephilimDeathSquad / Rumble(@NephilimDSquad) / X(@nephilimdeathsquad) / Instagram(@nephilimdeathsquad) | TikTokchroniclesnds@gmail.comX Community: Nephilim Watch https://twitter.com/i/communities/1725510634966560797TOPLOBSTA:(@TopLobsta) / X(@TopLobsta) / InstagramTopLobsta.com / MerchRAVEN: (@DavidLCorbo) / X(@ravenofnds) / InstagramWEBSITES:Nephilim Death Squad | Merchnephilimdeathsquad.com OUR SPONSORS:15% OFFRife Technology – Real Rife TechnologyPROMO CODE : NEPHILIM FOR 10% OFFParasiteMovie.com - Parasite Cleanse and Detox – Parasite MoviePROMO CODE: NEPHILIM 10% OFFEmergency Survival Food, Seed, & Supplies | Heaven's Harvest – Heaven's Harvest StorePROMO CODE: NEPHILIM 5% OFFINTRO ANIMATION DONE BY @jslashr ON XINTRO MUSIC: END OF DAYS BY VINNIE PAZBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/nephilim-death-squad--6389018/support.

3/24/25 This Week in Moab - Trail Mix's Joy Dannelly and Brendon Cameron talked about the spring spruce up -April 11th and 12th, an annual, community-wide day of service dedicated to enhancing Moab's trails, trailheads, parks, and recreational areas.; Next we were joined by Sandra Billie from Seekhaven to talk about this weekend's Resource Fair for the Indigenous Community and finally Clay S. Jenkinson - writer, professor, author and revivalist who is bringing John Wesley Powell and then J. Robert Oppenheimer to life for the Moab Museum's Gala April 3rd and a second event on April 4th.

If you ever buy or sell a parcel of land or build a home or business, you'll likely need a land surveyor. They are the first professionals on the scene when people need to find and document property lines, reservation boundaries, utilities, and topography. On a bigger scale, much of the American west was originally mapped and named by explorers like Lewis and Clark and John Wesley Powell in the 1800s. It's now up to Native American surveyors to include their unique understanding of the land going forward. We'll hear from Native land surveyors about their work and the need to recruit more Native people to their ranks. GUESTS Halbert Goldtooth (Diné), professional land surveyor and owner of Goldtooth Surveying Jake Stephens (member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians), manager of the Tribal Surveying Office for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Jamie Hansen, survey manager for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

If you ever buy or sell a parcel of land or build a home or business, you'll likely need a land surveyor. They are the first professionals on the scene when people need to find and document property lines, reservation boundaries, utilities, and topography. On a bigger scale, much of the American west was originally mapped and named by explorers like Lewis and Clark and John Wesley Powell in the 1800s. It's now up to Native American surveyors to include their unique understanding of the land going forward. We'll hear from Native land surveyors about their work and the need to recruit more Native people to their ranks.

Tonight's reading comes from First Through the Grand Canyon. Written by John Wesley Powell this story looks at his 1869 – 70 journeys into the Grand Canyon and his pioneer exploration of the Colorado River. My name is Teddy and I aim to help people everywhere get a good night's rest. Sleep is so important and my mission is to help you get the rest you need. The podcast is designed to play in the background while you slowly fall asleep. For those new to the podcast, it started from my own struggles with sleep. I wanted to create a resource for others facing similar challenges, and I'm so grateful for the amazing community we've built together.

Michael Versteeg joins the show for a wide-ranging conversation about ultrarunning. Timestamps:(0:52) - the story behind 2021 Cocodona 250 race report, Arizona trail running ambassadorship, countercultural tendencies(15:11) - more Cocodona 250 discussion - the direction the race is headed in, popularity, what makes it special, 2024 experience racing the likes of Harry, Jeff Browning, Arlen, Joe McConaughy, etc(34:26) - discussion about the sustainability of a competitive mindset and whether it interferes with mental health(59:57) - Saddles 100, philosophy about ultrarunning events, sponsorship, etc(94:26) - overall philosophy of living and building(141:20) - experience at the 2015 Ultramarathon Caballo Blanco (152:18) - experience at the Alaska Mountain Wilderness Classic(170:44) - inspiration from John Wesley Powell(180:09) - takeaways from the conversation, race directing ideas(200:01) - influence of parenthoodSponsors:Naak - use code SINGLETRACK20 at checkout on their website (https://www.naak.com/) to get 20% off your purchase.Rabbit - use code Singletrack20 at checkout on their website (https://www.runinrabbit.com/) to get 20% off your next order.deltaG Ketones - use code Singletrack20 at checkout on their website (https://www.deltagketones.com/SINGLETRACK20) to get 20% off your next order.Links:Follow Michael on Instagram, Saddles 100, Blog, Run Steep Get HighFollow Singletrack on Instagram, Strava, YoutubeKetone StudySupport the Show.

Greg and Dan welcome Dan Matisa and Samantha Macauley to preview Bradley University's production of Men on Boats from April 17-21 at the Hartmann Center for the Performing Arts.  Men on Boats captures the 1869 expedition of John Wesley Powell, a one-armed captain, and his crew of wild volunteers who set out to chart the course of the Colorado River. Jaclyn Backhaus' true-ish tale is a loving and humorous take on this historic journey where the explorers are played only by women. Visit bradley.edu/theatre for tickets and more information. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode, Peter Lehner, head of the food and farming sustainability program at Earthjustice, gives his expert perspective on the upcoming Farm Bill and its potential impact on agricultural decarbonization in the US.(PDF transcript)(Active transcript)Text transcript:David RobertsAs longtime subscribers know — indeed, as the name makes plain — Volts is primarily focused on the energy side the climate fight. I haven't paid much attention to agriculture over the years. I understand that agriculture is a huge piece of the puzzle, both for decarbonization and for sustainability more generally. It's just not really been my jam.However! The Farm Bill — which requires reauthorization every five years — is likely to pass in coming months, and it is arguably the most important climate bill Congress will address this session.To talk me through the agriculture/climate nexus and discuss opportunities in the upcoming Farm Bill, I contacted Peter Lehner. He is the head of Earthjustice's food and farming sustainability program, and the author of Farming for Our Future: The Science, Law, and Policy of Climate-Neutral Agriculture.We talked about how US agriculture has evaded environmental laws and become the source of 30 percent of US greenhouse gas emissions, ways that the upcoming Farm Bill can be tweaked to better fight climate change, and what's next for agriculture decarbonization.Peter Lehner of Earthjustice, welcome to Volts. Thank you so much for coming on.Peter LehnerGreat to be here, Dave.David RobertsAs you may know, if you have read my work over the years or followed me at all, I'm pretty heavily, deeply into the energy world as the source of most of my time and attention in the climate fight. I know on some level, partially because I've been lectured by people numerous times over the years, that agriculture is a big piece of the puzzle — and land use and oceans, which are other things that I also don't spend much time on. And I fully acknowledge that they're important, they're just not my personal passion. However, I've felt vaguely guilty about that for years.And I know the Farm Bill is coming up, which is a significant marker, I think, possibly the source of some significant action. We'll discuss that in a while. But at the very least a good excuse, I think, for me to check in and just sort of see like, what's the state of climate and agriculture, you know, action stuff, what's going on there? So, that's what you're here for, Peter, because you are the expert author of a book on the subject, numerous podcasts, been studying this for a long time. So before we get into the Farm Bill, just maybe — I know that the subject of the ties between agriculture and climate and carbon and methane greenhouse gases is very complicated.You've written entire books on the subject. But I wonder, for people like me who have had their nose mostly in the energy world, if you could just summarize relatively quickly what are the big kind of buckets where agriculture overlaps with carbon and decarbonization and climate generally? What are the big areas of concern that people should have their eyes on?Peter LehnerSure, you know, I should say, Dave, that I came to this really the same as you. I'd been working on energy issues for a very long time. For three decades, I've sued many power plants. I've worked on many different environmental laws dealing with regulation of the power sector. And what happened is, over time, doing general environmental law for New York State, for NRDC, for Earthjustice where I am now, I kept seeing the impact of agriculture as really being enormous and impeding our ability to achieve our environmental and health goals unless it was addressed. So that's why I'm focusing on this now.But like you, I think most environmentalists focus much more on the industrial sector, the power sector, the transportation sector. And part of what I've come to realize is that we all should pay a lot more attention to the agriculture sector. And we'll talk about the Farm Bill coming up. But really the Farm Bill is the biggest environmental law Congress will address that most people have never heard of. Now why is that? So, I'll tell you quickly. First, agriculture uses most of our land. It uses about two thirds of the contiguous U.S.David RobertsCan I pause you there?Peter LehnerSure.David RobertsThat took me two or three seconds to catch up with that before my mind blew. Two thirds of the land of the contiguous United States is devoted to agriculture?Peter Lehner62%, yeah. And that's about using rounder numbers, about 400 million acres of cropland. About half of that is used to grow food that people eat, and about half of that is growing food that animals eat. And close to 800 million acres of grazing land, some of that is federal land, some of that is state land. A lot of that is private land. But all told, it's over a billion acres of land, almost all in the lower 48 is used for agriculture.David RobertsThat is wild.Peter LehnerSo think about it. If you fly anywhere and look out the window, what do you see? You really see agriculture, whether it be the irrigation circles or just the fields or whatever. That's what has transformed our landscape. And part of the result of that, of course, is agriculture is really the biggest driver of biodiversity loss. So much of biodiversity loss is habitat loss. And look, I've spent decades working on issues like grizzly bears and wolves. But what those issues are at bottom is agriculture because we are grazing in grizzly and wolf territory. And so much of habitat loss, whether it be land or polluted waters, is driving other biodiversity loss.So in addition to that, what I was going to mention is the environmental laws that you're probably familiar with, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act have actually done a pretty good job of addressing air and water pollution from industrial sources, from the energy sector. But they really have not done a very good job addressing air and water pollution from agriculture, whether it be these hundreds of millions of acres of row crops. Or these hundreds of million acres of grazing. Or these more industrial scale facilities where thousands or tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of animals are crammed together into buildings — those are called concentrated animal feeding operations. Those are now the largest source of water pollution in the country.David RobertsDid the laws pass over them or just inadequately address them?Peter LehnerA little bit of both. What happened was in 1972, say, when the Clean Water Act was passed, Congress really wasn't thinking that much about agriculture. But also agriculture has changed tremendously since then. It has become so much more industrial. So that a small number of facilities that are gargantuan produce, for example, almost all of our meat, but those didn't exist in 1970. And as you probably know, in the Clean Water Act, it did a good job dealing with pollution coming out of a pipe. But pollution, say, coming off of city streets, that's called non-point source pollution.The regulation was much less strong, and they relied more on grants and education and sort of nudges, as we say. And much of agriculture — 400 million acres of cropland, 800 million acres of grazing land — that's not, by and large, water pollution coming out of a pipe. So essentially, the Clean Water Act doesn't cover it. And similarly, the Clean Air Act does a great job of addressing stuff coming out of smokestacks. And while there's some, like from these concentrated animal feeding operations, there's very concentrated air pollution coming out of the vents. But out of all of those acres of cropland and grazing land, those are called area sources under the Clean Air Act and are addressed much, much less.But still, air pollution from agriculture, I bet this would surprise most of your readers, kills about 17,000 people a year. It's a major source of air pollution in this country.And that is mostly methane or other criteria pollutants?Methane is actually one of the ways agriculture drives climate change. It's actually other pollutants, largely ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which come from overfertilization and animal waste. And ammonia is a major precursor to the fine particulate matter that gets into our lungs and causes disease and kills us.David RobertsWhich we're finding out, as I've covered on the pod, is worse. You known, every time a new round of science comes out, we find out it's worse than we thought.Peter LehnerYeah. And in a place like, say, the San Joaquin Valley in central California, which has some of the worst air quality in the country, almost all of that PM, that fine particulate matter, is driven by animal agriculture.David RobertsAnd I'm also going to guess maybe you're going to get to this, but that when you take wild land and make it into agricultural land, the land subsequently captures and holds less carbon.Peter LehnerMuch less carbon. So one of the reasons why I think people don't realize that agriculture drives about as much climate change as our transportation sector is — and think about that for a minute, it drives as much climate change as our transportation sector — and yet most of the time there are conversations about climate change and conversations about agriculture. But until recently, those have been two separate conversations. Say in 2018, when we were working on the Farm Bill then, there was virtually no discussion of climate change in the 2018 Farm Bill.David RobertsI'll admit I don't think of it that way in the mental category in my head when I'm thinking about major sources.Peter LehnerYeah, well, why is that? I think that's because when we think about climate change, most people think about climate change, you think about burning fossil fuels and releasing carbon dioxide.David RobertsRight.Peter LehnerAnd that's climate change for most people. Agriculture's contribution to climate change has some of that. Agriculture uses actually a fair amount of energy for, say, irrigation and tractors and of course, food processing later on down the road. But most of agriculture's contribution to climate change is from other sources.David RobertsRight. Which is to say that even if we clean up energy sources, which everybody is working on, and even if the energy inputs to agriculture, you drive the tractors with whatever, electric tractors or electric irrigators, whatever, even if it's zero carbon energy fueling agriculture, that still leaves most of agriculture's contribution to climate change untouched.Peter LehnerExactly, that's true. And even more frightening, even if we do clean up our energy system and our industrial system to a no carbon situation where we hope to of course, that's where we're putting so much effort into, we will still almost certainly face catastrophic climate change because of the contribution of agriculture alone. In other words, if we do everything else perfectly and we don't change our agriculture system and don't address agriculture's contribution to climate change, we are blowing past 1.5 degrees centigrade, blowing past two degrees.David RobertsSo you think just taking the U.S.: The U.S. can't meet its stated Paris climate targets without reforming agriculture?Peter LehnerThat's basically correct. So let me explain a minute why this is the case. Agriculture's contribution to climate change: First, think about methane, which you've mentioned most people think about methane, oil and gas, right?David RobertsYeah.Peter LehnerActually, cows and animal agriculture emit more methane in the U.S. and around the world than the oil and gas sector. Most of that methane is called enteric methane. It's essentially belching and exhaling of cows. And their stomachs are different than ours. That's why they can eat grass in a way that you and I can't. But every time they breathe out, they're breathing out a lot of methane. So that is an enormous source of methane, which I'm sure your listeners know is more than 80 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide over 20 years.David RobertsNobody thought they're innovating a better cow, are they? That seems like fewer cows is the only solution to that. I mean, maybe we're going to touch on solutions later so maybe we should save this. But just like that doesn't seem like a technologically solvable problem. You just need fewer cows.Peter LehnerMost studies have shown that fewer cows, and therefore the consequent part of that is shifting diets to less beef-heavy is one of the fastest, most effective and cost-effective climate strategies and really has to be a part of any strategy. There are things you can do. Breeding has reduced the methane emissions per pound of beef. The way you raise the cows can make a difference. The way you graze them can make a difference. How long they live before they're slaughtered can make a difference. There is some research into feed additives that you'd feed cows, and that changes the bacteria in their gut to produce a little less methane.David RobertsOh, interesting.Peter LehnerAnd all of these are important. There's not one solution. But I think what is unfortunate is sometimes it's viewed by industry as only a technical solution. And the reality is it has to be both technical and essentially demand side. So, the other way methane is produced is manure. There's all those animals. We've got about 50 times more waste produced by animals than by humans in the United States.David Roberts50 times more?Peter LehnerYeah. Those animals produce a lot of waste. One dairy cow, for example, can produce about as much waste as 200 people.David RobertsJesus Christ.Peter LehnerSo all that waste, most of it sits in lagoons or essentially is handled in such a way that it creates a lot of methane. So that's another way that methane is produced and agriculture contributes to climate change.David RobertsWhen people talk about lagoons, I just want to clarify here, they just take all the manure and slough it into a giant pond of manure where it then sits. Is that what people are talking about when they talk about lagoons? There's not any fancy technical. It's just a big pool full of crap.Peter LehnerThat's basically correct. And that's the dominant way in both pig farms and dairy farms, we handle our waste. To get technical, when you put the manure into a big pit like this, because it's wet, there's water, it's transported by water, it is anaerobic. That means it doesn't have oxygen. So as it decomposes, it releases methane. And that is a really significant source of methane all around the country and contributes both locally, but also obviously, majorly to climate change. And I should say rice, also, rice production, also, if you think about it again, you have the image of a rice patty, it's flooded. So you have organic matter decomposing in an anaerobic, without oxygen, system releasing methane. But by far, most methane is from cow belching.David RobertsThat's the big source.Peter LehnerYes.David RobertsBigger than manure.Peter LehnerBigger than manure. Although manure is also very big, I don't want to minimize that. And the two together, again, are more than the oil and gas sector.David RobertsThat is wild. There's so much attention going to oil and gas methane right now, EPA rules coming, there's international treaties being signed, like on and on.Peter LehnerYep. And there should be. We obviously need to address those sources of methane. I think that what is often forgotten is we also have to address these other sources of methane. So the other reason it gets confusing is the other two ways agriculture contributes to climate change are also very different than burning fossil fuels. The second is that almost all of that cropland uses a lot of fertilizer. By and large, in the U.S. and around the world, people put on a lot more fertilizer than the plants take up, and a lot of nitrogen is added to the ground that is not absorbed by the plant.So where does that nitrogen go? Some of it runs off into the water, and then it causes eutrophication, algae outbreaks. It causes the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. It seeps into groundwater: You have heard of blue baby syndrome, which is too much nitrate in the groundwater. But some of it also goes into the air. And some of it goes into the air as NOx, which is sort of a local smog causing pollution. And some of it goes into the air as nitrous oxide. N2O nitrous oxide, which is about 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and also one of the major drivers of ozone depletion, stratospheric ozone depletion.So this is a major source of climate change, nitrous oxide pollution alone, virtually all of which comes from agriculture, virtually all of which is this overfertilization and some coming from these manure pits that we talked about before. That alone is about 5% or six percent of U.S. greenhouse gases.David RobertsOh, wow.Peter LehnerSo again, it's not burning fossil fuels, but a major contribution to climate change. And then the last way agriculture contributes to climate change is what you alluded to earlier. When you convert land, say, native grasslands or forest in Brazil or forest in the U.S. to cropland, you take this carbon that is in those healthy soils or in the grass or in the trees, and you release it, and that goes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. So you get two things: One is you get this slug of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when you convert land, this conversion of land from grassland to forest.But then the second part, which EPA is only beginning to really pay attention to, is what you can think of as the lost sequestration capacity. Healthy land, grassland, forest, land is this very dynamic, wonderful system that is sequestering carbon and storing carbon. And by contrast, cropland is really — the way we treat it often is largely biologically dead. It has very little carbon life in it. And that's why we have to put so many fertilizers in it.David RobertsIs that just because of monocrops? Is that just an inevitable result of monocrops?Peter LehnerI'm not sure it's absolutely inevitable. It's in large part because of the way we grow in these sort of chemical dependent monocultures, for sure. So you have both this slug of carbon when you convert land. But, hey, look, a lot of our cropland in the U.S. was converted 100 years ago. Every year, that is not sequestering nearly as much as it could. So you were losing the sequestration capacity. That 800 million acres of grazing land — think about that, it's about 40% of the contiguous U.S. And it has been overgrazed for decades. There are reports of John Wesley Powell going out west and saying, "Whoa!"He was sent out to look after exploring some more remote areas. But everywhere he saw cattle, he said the land is getting degraded. In 1934, Congress tried to address overgrazing and erosion and soil degradation. And then 1976, they tried to do it again, so far, really not to much avail, with the result that you have hundreds of millions of acres that aren't sequestering the carbon they could.David RobertsYeah, this came up in our Biofuels discussion a few weeks ago, too. A lot of new thinking about biofuels is taking that sort of counterfactual sequestration into account.Peter LehnerExactly. And you did a great podcast with my colleague Dan Lashof, and we're working together on biofuels. That was a great podcast you did there. So if you add all of this up, what you see is that agriculture has this enormous contribution to climate change, but it's so different than the way most people think about climate change. And what happens also is EPA sort of thinks about it differently. So, first of all, their classic greenhouse gas inventory puts, say, on farm energy in a different category. They don't put that in agriculture. They put that in energy, or they put that in the manufacturer fertilizer, which itself is enormously energy intensive and releases a lot of CO2.That's in a different chapter. Land use conversion, that carbon that I was telling you about, they put that in a different chapter, and they don't even think about, in their greenhouse gas inventory about the lost sequestration capacity, this opportunity cost. So if you just look at the inventory, EPA says that agriculture contributes about 11% of U.S. greenhouse gases. But if you actually think of agriculture as a sector all, what really goes into agriculture, and you include the land use impacts, which, as I said, are usually left out, that's where you get that agriculture is basically in a par with transportation and is about a quarter drives about a quarter of climate change.And then, if you include the rest of the food system, the processing, et cetera.David RobertsFood waste.Peter LehnerAnd food waste, of course, rotting in landfills, you've got about a third or more of climate change is driven by our food system. And that's why unless we change our food system, we're not going to address climate change adequately.David RobertsWild, okay. I want to get to the Farm Bill, but one final question, which is just my — and again, this is sort of my impression from the outside over the year — is that the agriculture industry has a level of power and influence in political circles that I think most people don't appreciate. That sort of makes the oil and gas sector look like patty cakes. It's amazing. I will never forget that Oprah — I don't know if other listeners are old enough to remember this — but Oprah said on her show once, basically, "You know, beef's bad, it's not very healthy and it destroys the environment."And got taken to task by the agriculture industry and they basically took her down and forced her to publicly apologize. And if you can take Oprah down, you've got muscle.Peter LehnerYeah. And it is certainly true. There's no question that the conventional or industrial agriculture lobby is very powerful in Congress. I would point out that there's a lot of great farmers who are trying to do things right and are working to produce food, healthy food, in a sustainable way. And we work with groups like the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, which is itself a coalition of a lot of these groups, I wish they had the political power that conventional AG does because they do great stuff and they are really examples of what we want to be doing, how we can produce food in a way that doesn't pollute our air and water and that rebuilds soil health.But unfortunately, the political power is with the agrochemical industries, which are very dominant. They say the meat processing companies, four companies control 85% of the beef market. These are enormously politically powerful.David RobertsSo the Farm Bill then, before we get into the details of what the Farm Bill might do or what you want it to do, let's just talk about the Farm Bill as such. This is something that they pass every year or a set number of years because it just like comes up periodically. Is this something they have to do every session?Peter LehnerNo. So, the Farm Bill is so important, and for a long time, really, when it comes up, it's really only the farm community that pays attention to it. And I think what I hope you've heard is that everybody should pay attention to it. And that's why the Farm Bill is far more important than people realize. For all of us who eat, for all of us who breathe, for all of us who drink, the Farm Bill has an enormous impact. So what is the Farm Bill? The Farm Bill was first passed actually in the Depression in 1933. There was the Depression and hunger.There was the Dust Bowl, there was the crisis on farms. And so Congress stepped in. And I can give you a long history and I won't. But basically Congress did two things. One, they tried to address the hunger and they also tried to restrict supply, pay farmers not to produce, to keep prices high. And sometimes also buy some surplus to give that to the hungry also, but as a way of keeping the surplus off the market and keeping prices high.David RobertsThat's why the Farm Bill has this weird structure where it has food subsidies for the poor in it, which I think, on the surface, seems like just an odd artifact.Peter LehnerYeah. And it's also essentially a political marriage. So, the Farm Bill, on one hand, provides nutrition assistance, now called SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance, formerly Food SNAP, that helps feed about 45 million Americans every year, and that right now provides about $75-80 billion a year. It also then provides about $20 billion a year in farm subsidies. And ever since it was passed in 1933, it was amended a few times. But basically, it has to get reenacted, reauthorized every five years. And if it doesn't, these programs on which so many people depend basically stop. They won't continue without being reauthorized.So the last Farm Bill that was fully enacted was in 2018, and so it expired September 30, 2023. There was still a little extra money hanging around, so we had a couple of months. But then what Congress just did a couple of weeks ago in the continuing resolution that funded the government up to January 19, they also agreed to extend the Farm Bill until September 30, 2024.David RobertsSuch a rational —Peter LehnerYeah, exactly. We're covered right now. But it ends up being enormously important because it provides this nutrition assistance for, as I said, 45 million Americans. Really important. And it also has a series of different programs that provide enormous subsidies to farmers. And those subsidies, when you put them together, have an enormous impact on what is grown, where it's grown, how it's grown, and all of that for the reasons I was just explaining about how agriculture affects our environment, and climate change has an enormous impact on the environment. And that's why the Farm Bill is actually the most important environmental law Congress is going to address in the next couple of years.And unlike our other environmental laws that haven't been amended for decades, this one is amended every five years.David RobertsI'm so interested in the SNAP thing. I mean, it's a big safety net program, correct? That's been around since 1933, I am assuming, in fact, I know to be the case that conservatives hate social safety programs generally, and I bet they hate SNAP. So what is the magic sauce that has allowed this extremely large subsidy for poor people to survive what I can only assume are repeated conservative attempts to weaken or get rid of it? Is there some reason it has stayed in? How has it survived, I guess, is what I'm asking.Peter LehnerLook, I'm not the super political expert here, but what people have said who know this and have worked with this is, you essentially have a marriage. You have the Democrats that support the Nutrition Assistance Program, and by and large, Republicans support the farmer subsidies and neither has enough support to get either of those through separately. And in some ways there's something good there, which is that the Farm Bill has always been pretty bipartisan. And for example, right now Senator Stabenow, who is the Democratic Chair of the Senate AG Committee, and Senator Boozman who's the Republican ranking member of the Senate AG Committee, are really trying to work together because history is that this Farm Bill doesn't get passed unless it's bipartisan.David RobertsDefinitionally it will have to be this time, right?Peter LehnerExactly.David RobertsIt's going to have to go through a Republican House and a Democratic Senate. I mean, is it viewed is it widely accepted as sort of must pass, like they are going to figure something out or is there any chance at all that it could just lapse?Peter LehnerI don't think there's really any chance it would just lapse because that would largely end these programs on which so many Americans, both the Americans who need it for food — and by the way, it's often thought of as though those are urban Americans and rural Americans are the farmers. That's not the case. There are people all around the country and in many places rural communities at even higher rates that depend on SNAP assistance, on food assistance. So this is really important to everybody. And of course producing food is important. So the farm safety net is important.What could happen is, I suppose, even though I think both the House and the Senate agriculture leaders are saying they're going to work very hard to get a new Farm Bill out in the spring of 2024, if that doesn't happen, potentially they could just extend it for another year the way they just did.David RobertsThat does seem like the way we do things.Peter LehnerRight. It's not ideal, but I don't think, and people who know this area better than I do, I don't think the chances of the law just ending completely is really in the cards.David RobertsSo they're going to figure something out, so they're going to pass something. So this is a chance to get some good things through.Peter LehnerRight. And there's some good things in. And I should say one of the important elements here is the Inflation Reduction Act. And you've probably talked about that a lot and mostly focused on the many billions of dollars that went to clean energy programs. But the Inflation Reduction Act also put $20 billion into essentially Farm Bill programs, preexisting Farm Bill programs, which pay farmers to implement conservation measures. And those have always been oversubscribed, which means more farmers apply for this assistance than can get it. So the Inflation Reduction Act put an extra close to $20 billion over four years into these conservation programs, but with a twist, which we think is terrific.Most of these conservation programs are for a wide range of resource concerns: water quality, air quality, habitat, and others. In the Inflation Reduction Act these have to be conservation practices focused on reducing net greenhouse gases.David RobertsInteresting.Peter LehnerSo this was the first time — in the Inflation Reduction Act — that Congress really, in any way, really linked agriculture and climate change and said, "Here's $20 extra billion, but you got to spend it on climate change."David RobertsRight. So AG did not get completely overlooked then, in this last session, in this last round, because yeah, I hadn't really paid attention to that. I had kind of thought it was like the redheaded stepchild that got passed over. So there is $20 billion is not pocket change either.Peter LehnerNo, it's a lot of money. As I said, right now, the core Farm Bill gives farmers about $20 billion in subsidies every year. But most of those subsidies are not for conservation programs. A lot of that is for what are called either commodity support, where essentially a farmer gets paid, based on what he grew in the past, if the market price or his revenue goes below a certain price. So it's essentially a price guarantee called the reference price.David RobertsIt's an extremely Soviet sector of our economy.Peter LehnerYeah. And it's largely almost three-quarters of that goes to corn and soybean, which of course, is largely used either for animal feed or for ethanol. And then we also have crop insurance, which, again, that makes a lot of sense. We all want to eat. We need food security, there should be crop insurance. In this case, the premiums are very heavily subsidized by the taxpayer. Over 60% subsidized. And again, over about three-quarters of crop insurance went to corn, soy, wheat and cotton, those four big crops. And what happens, the environmental impact of that is it encourages farmers to essentially plant in riskier areas, which tend to be the more ecologically sensitive areas, because if it works out, they get all the benefit, and if it doesn't work out, the taxpayer funded crop insurance pays them off.David RobertsLittle moral hazard there.Peter LehnerRight, exactly. And then the last bit is these conservation programs, which got this big boost in the Inflation Reduction Act.David RobertsIs there any reason to think that that 20 billion is threatened in some way, or is that pretty secure? Is that part of the Farm Bill fight those subsidies?Peter LehnerYou nailed it. Absolutely. Much of what we've been hearing are ideas of how to essentially — we think of it as a raid on that money, that $20 billion. And some would say, well, let's put it to a broader range of conservation issues like irrigation or something, and others would say keep it within agriculture, but instead let's use it to sort of lift, say, the price guarantee that peanut farmers get. And we have been pushing very hard to try to keep this money and keep it climate focused. And fortunately, Senator Stabenow, who, as I said, is the chair of the Senate AG Committee, has been very, very firm.She has repeatedly said that it's not going to happen that we're going to lose this. Because this is really an extraordinary investment. It's big boost in conservation funding and the fact that it is climate focused is really important because this is where there has not been enough attention over the past and where there's really great opportunities. I think it's important just to pause for a moment and just remind there's a lot of things farmers can do, and some farmers are already doing, that can make a big difference in how much nitrous oxide you release, how much methane you release, how much carbon is stored in your soil. And the trouble is most of those practices are only used on about 2% or 3% of American farmland.So we know what we want to do and this is a way to really accelerate the adoption of those practices.David RobertsSo would you say that's the biggest priority here, the biggest fight, the biggest priority for the Farm Bill is preserving that money for its intended purpose?Peter LehnerYes, with a slight caveat. One is we definitely want to save the Inflation Reduction Act money, but the Farm Bill money is separate. The Inflation Reduction Act directed additional money into Farm Bill programs. But the Farm Bill itself provides money. And so we're going to want to be sure that we continue what's called the baseline amount of funding for the conservation programs in the Farm Bill and ideally make sure that those are better targeted, also more closely targeted to climate issues. And actually the federal government itself, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resource Conservation Service has studied these practices that they're funding and they themselves have found that some of them are actually counterproductive.Needless to say, we'd like to say let's not have the taxpayer subsidize practices that the government itself recognizes are counterproductive. Let's focus on the best practices, the ones that have the best climate and environmental impact. And since there's a lot of farmer interest in these, let's really put our money where it can make the biggest difference.David RobertsYeah. So fights over the money and you mentioned also in your blogs on this subject, speaking of research, that AG research in general is undercooked, underfunded. Is there a chance to get more of that in the Farm Bill?Peter LehnerWe are certainly hoping. And again, there's two or three elements of that under President Obama, he started these climate hubs which were really areas to focus on climate aspects of agriculture. There's been a lot of research but most of it has been on productivity and what you can think of as just classic conventional agriculture chemicals. So one is to get more research. Unfortunately, publicly funded research has dropped in the U.S. And when that gets its place taken by private funded research; it's not on things like climate change, it's on things like seeds that you can sell.And then the other is that that research — so, we need more, we need it to be better focused on sustainable practices rather than on unsustainable practices. And we need it to be essentially guaranteed because research is a long-term process. If you just do it for a couple of years, you may not, especially in agriculture, things take time. And so, we need a long-term commitment to these climate hubs and to research and sustainable agriculture. There was a study done by, I think it was UC Davis — I'm not sure — that every dollar in agricultural research has over $20 in payback.It's one of the most cost-effective ways we can spend research dollars. So that's a real opportunity for us.David RobertsAnd you also mentioned the crop insurance program, which I think most — even if you just explain that to a person on the street, the opportunities for that to encourage bad behavior seem quite obvious from the structure of the thing. Are substantial reforms to that on the table at all, or is that a subject of discussion?Peter LehnerI think it's a subject of some discussion and a lot of people in different ways want to make sure we get the best benefit. They recognize we do want crop insurance because it's important to recognize crops are sort of different. Most insurance is sort of trying to pool risk. So if my house burns down, I get covered. But if my house burns down, it probably doesn't mean your house is burning down. But with crops, if I have a bad crop, chances are my neighbor does too. That's why I think some amount of government involvement in crop insurance makes sense.You really have to sort of spread the risk around. And of course, food security is really important for our country. So we want to keep crop insurance, but we also want to do it to incentivize behavior that minimizes risk. And in particular, as climate change is affecting farmers more and more with droughts and floods and changing weather patterns and increased pests, we'd like to ensure that our crop insurance system is encouraging farmers to use practices that minimize risk. Unfortunately, right now a lot of the practices that farmers use actually enhance risk. They make them more vulnerable to floods and droughts.And the good news here is that many of the same practices that the Inflation Reduction Act will be funding that will help mitigate or curb climate change will also help farmers adapt or prepare for climate change or better respond and manage climate change. The same ones that mitigate can help build resilience. And that's a real opportunity.David RobertsAnd what about the Rural Energy for America program, REAP as it's called? This came up when I raised the subject on Twitter. This came up a couple of times. Is that on your radar?Peter LehnerIt is not as much. So, I'm not an expert. But there again, there was money in the Inflation Reduction Act to help convert some of the rural energies, which I remember from my time working on energy are some of the dirtiest parts of the power sector and there's great opportunity in rural communities. One thing they have is a lot of land. And so it's a great opportunity to shift from, say, an old dirty coal plant to solar and wind. And I think that's what the Inflation Reduction Act funding will help accelerate.David RobertsAnd the final thing you mentioned in your blogs was transparency. This is another thing where on the energy side I've been following, there's a lot of talk about this, a lot of talk about like California just passed a law that forces large industrial users to report their scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions. So there's a lot of work on transparency on the energy side, I'm guessing giant AG corporations are not super transparent. What can be done on that front?Peter LehnerWell, we need to keep pushing that. That is a real problem. And I think it's a problem both in the specifics that there's very little transparency and it's not over agriculture's contribution to climate change, but agriculture's conventional air pollution. I mentioned earlier that say these concentrated animal feeding operations are the country's largest sources of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, which are poisonous gases. And EPA for a long time exempted them from reporting under the federal statutes. And we actually sued EPA and said that exemption was illegal and the court agreed with us. And then the industry was powerful enough during the Trump administration to get Congress to amend the environmental laws —David RobertsHoly crap.Peter Lehnerto exempt them from — and again, this is just reporting their poisonous emissions.David RobertsIs there any plausible cover story for that or is that just a pure power play like we don't want to?Peter LehnerIt's hard not to see it as a power play because of course, reporting is, I think, by industry seen as the first step to potential oversight or regulation.David RobertsHeaven forbid.Peter LehnerWe were talking earlier how nobody really understands how much agriculture contributes to climate change. And of course, if they don't understand that, there's going to be no pressure politically to address that contribution. And unfortunately, right now, agriculture doesn't have to report their greenhouse gas emissions. There's been a rider in Congress for almost a decade prohibiting EPA from making industrial agriculture report its greenhouse gas emissions. And there's already proposals in Congress that if the SEC rule requiring reporting ever comes out to try to exempt agriculture from that, there has been pushback in almost every way of having agriculture to report their emissions.And the sad reality is these emissions are real. They're either causing climate change or they're causing local air pollution or both. And not reporting them doesn't mean they don't cause climate change. It just means we're not going to address them as effectively. So it's really important that people begin to understand that this is a sector that has tremendous impact and we've got to be much more open about it so that we can address it in a way that makes sense. And look, we all eat: We need to have a food sector. Nobody is saying that we should get rid of the food sector in any way.Agriculture is super important, not only to the country overall, but to every state. But we also know enough today to be able to produce healthier food in a much more sustainable way.David RobertsYeah, you've laid out some specific stuff that sort of climate aware people are pursuing here. Preserving the IRA money for conservation programs, beefing up those conservation programs, aiming those conservation programs more at climate change, beefing up research, reforming the federal crop insurance program, increasing transparency. Give me a sort of realpolitik assessment. How should we think about the chances of these good things happening? Unlike on the energy side, where nothing passing at all was always an extremely real and looming possibility here, something's got to pass. Right? So what do you think are the chances of this good stuff getting in there?Like what's? Sort of the balance of political forces? And I'm thinking specifically about the House, the Republican House, which is, as you might have heard, insane and incompetent.Peter LehnerSo I think breaking it into two pieces: Senator Stabenow is so strong on protecting the climate focused conservation funding of the Inflation Reduction Act that I would like to feel that we can think that that will remain. And that's really important. And that, of course, is going to be helping. I think it's important to remember this is money that then goes to hundreds of thousands of farmers who want to spend the money in good ways.David RobertsThis is not against farmers. None of this is against farmers.Peter LehnerNot at all. More farmers have applied for these programs than could get it. Two out of three farmers in the past have been turned away because we didn't have enough money. So this is money that is going right to farmers doing exactly what they want and what we as a country want. So that's really great. I think 2018 may be a bit of a lesson for us. In 2018, the House of Representatives passed a Farm Bill with one party. The Republicans passed a very extreme Farm Bill, unlike any before. It had always been bipartisan in both houses.And then the Senate sort of ignored that and passed a bipartisan bill that was really much, much better. And then the House came around and adopted the Senate bill. So I hope something like that may happen again. I think the Senate is going to be working hard to come up with a bipartisan bill that will make some climate improvements along the way. There's also, I should say, a long history of discrimination and of unequal access to Farm Bill programs for farmers of color. And this administration is doing a lot to try to address that, to really make sure the money is getting to farmers that have been underserved in the past.And I think we will see some improvements on that score in the Senate Farm Bill. And my guess is that although there may be some noise at the House beforehand, one can be hopeful that at the end of the day, the House will go in the direction of a more reasonable bill from the Senate.David RobertsYeah, it seems like clowning around and embarrassing themselves for a while and then just sheepishly doing what they should have done all along seems to be the pattern they've set so far. So maybe that'll happen again.Peter LehnerYeah, that happened in 2018.David RobertsYes, I know. It's like the House Republican special. I hate to be in a position where I'm depending on the U.S. Senate for anything good in life, but here we are. So a lot of this seems like I don't want to say small ball, but let's say there's nothing fundamental here on the table in the Farm Bill. We're nibbling around the edges, beefing up existing programs, tweaking existing programs. So I want you to imagine — free yourself from the fetters of politics for a while — imagine some bright future day when Democrats have another trifecta and they have, for whatever reason, power to do big things, another big swing at climate, because there are a lot, I think everybody sort of acknowledges, IRA was a big deal, but there are definitely pieces of the puzzle that IRA did not get to.And so say there's Democratic majorities and Democratic will to do big things on climate in the next Farm Bill. Think big for me here, just for a few minutes. What kind of things would you like to see that would be more transformative?Peter LehnerWell, I would focus on two. One, I mentioned earlier we would have a crop insurance program that really benefits crop risk reducing behavior, which also is climate change mitigating behavior. And so instead of just having the conservation programs encouraging behavior or practices on farms that we want to encourage, you have the much bigger and much more important crop insurance program doing that.David RobertsAnd that's stuff like just rotating crops and —Peter LehnerRotating crops, cover crops, adding trees to pasture land and to crops. Having a diversity. Part of the way you can be more resilient is having a diversity of crops if you have nothing but one crop, if there's any problem there, you're in big trouble. And diversity is both biologically much more stable, but it's also economically a lot more stable.David RobertsAnd we should note and this is, I guess, implied and obvious, but I'm just going to say it explicitly anyway if farmers were not completely insured against the risks of giant monocropping, they would naturally be moving towards more variety just to protect themselves, right? It's only because they are protected entirely by this crop insurance program that they're not buffering themselves more against risk in this way.Peter LehnerThat's certainly what you're seeing, that the farmers that are using more sustainable approaches tend to be growing a much wider range of crops and products. So they have that economic as well as biological diversity. But the other big thing that would be great to change right now, the Farm Bill directly and indirectly, very heavily supports animal agriculture. And for the reasons that I mentioned, that is where most of the climate change contribution from agriculture comes from. It's the animal manure, it's the cows belching, it is the production of animal feed. And it's animal feed is very inefficient.It takes about 15 pounds of grain to get a pound of beef. And corn is the most heavily fertilized with nitrogen fertilizer crop. And all of that nitrogen fertilizer, as I mentioned, not all of it, but a lot of it is running off as nitrous oxide. So all of this animal agriculture, which also uses up that 800 million acres of grazing land and therefore losing carbon, has this huge climate impact. It also, frankly, is unhealthy. It also isn't great for biodiversity.David RobertsYeah, I mean, beef is bad. People hate to hear this and no one wants to say it publicly, but beef is bad down the line. Pick your lens: health, you know, ecology, economics, concentration of wealth. I mean, name it.Peter LehnerWRI has some great charts. They're a great organization that compares the climate, water and land use footprint of different foods. And you will see that beef is just far more than any other food that we have. So right now, the Farm Bill really heavily supports that and provides almost no support to plant-based alternatives to a healthier diet. And if you think of what we've done in the energy system, we tried to clean up coal plants, we tried to switch to inherently clean energy like solar and wind, and we tried to reduce demand by energy efficiency.Right now, most of what we talk about in agriculture is just that first one, just trying to clean up existing production. We have to think about both shifting to inherently cleaner way of getting food and that is, for example, a plant-based diet or plant-based alternatives. And it doesn't have to be going vegan. This is just Americans eat many times more meat than any other culture. We could still have plenty of meat and eat much less than we are now, with much less of an impact. And the Farm Bill can make a big difference there.People love to think that this is all cultural, but it's also economic. Right now, meat is cheap because taxpayers pay for a lot of the bill. And that can be balanced in a Farm Bill where taxpayer subsidies, the subsidies in the farm Bill are supporting a healthier, more climate friendly food system rather than a food system that is so focused on these products that have a very big climate impact.David RobertsYeah, I hate that cultural argument. I just have to say you see that in transportation too. You have decades of public policy supporting automobile infrastructure such that average people just living normal lives have to drive all the time. And then you get a bunch of people saying, "oh, it's just cultural, Americans just like their cars." That's not really it. And I think it's really the same with beef. This whole idea that Americans just have some sort of inherent love of big steaks, big meat, it's so ridiculous. I always find that absurd, although that is a real third rail.Peter LehnerYeah, that's where economics makes a difference. And right now, as I said, we're subsidizing foods that tend to have a larger environmental impact and frankly, are less healthy, and we could and should be subsidizing food that is healthier. For example, good old fruits and vegetables get comparatively much, much less support in the Farm Bill.David RobertsYeah, that's crazy. When do you think, and this will really be the final question, but when I think about all the kind of cultural hot button issues that are involved in climate change and decarbonization, I mean, there are millions. Like, we just went through this gas stove nonsense last year. But no hot button issue is hotter of a button for some reason than diets and meat. Meat in diets is just like — we're talking about Oprah — just like you can't go there. So when do you think we'll reach a point where a mainstream politician will actually broach the subject, "hey, we should encourage Americans to eat less meat" and just say it outright?Is that ever going to happen?Peter LehnerWell, Cory Booker is already saying that to some extent, and he's very aware of this impact. Part of the reason it gets so derailed is people tend to view it as an all or nothing. And we make food choices three times a day. There are a lot of chances to just slightly shift to a diet with more fruits and vegetables. And it doesn't have to mean you're going 100% vegan and just in the same way that we can shift our transportation system — and maybe you drive a little less and you take mass transit a little more — it doesn't mean you will never, ever get into a car again.So I think the conversation about diets has been, unfortunately, torqued, and actually it makes even less sense. You will only buy a car maybe once every ten years, but, as I said, you make dietary choices three times a day, and you also have the health benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables. So it's a great opportunity. But again, I think it's important in terms of what policy can do is partly it's what foods say, for example, the federal government itself buys. But it's also in the farm Bill, which is so important to every environmental matter that we care about.It can also be supporting healthier foods and more so than it does today. That way you'd have a farm Bill that is encouraging farmers to grow different foods in places with less environmental impact in a way that is more sustainable. And that's, again, it's why this Farm Bill, most people don't think about, has this environmental impact far in excess of virtually anything else that Congress will be addressing.David RobertsAwesome. Well, Peter, thanks so much for coming on. I've been meaning to do this for ages, and it sounds like this was the right time to do it. So thank you so much for clarifying this whole subject matter for me more. As you could tell, I wandered into it more or less ignorant. So this has been absolutely fascinating. Thank you for taking the time.Peter LehnerThank you for your interest. It's great to spread the word on this; it's so important.David RobertsThank you for listening to the Volts podcast. It is ad-free, powered entirely by listeners like you. If you value conversations like this, please consider becoming a paid Volts subscriber at volts.wtf. Yes, that's volts.wtf. So that I can continue doing this work. Thank you so much, and I'll see you next time. Get full access to Volts at www.volts.wtf/subscribe

John Wesley Powell was a pioneer American explorer, ethnologist, and geologist in the 19th Century. In 1869 he set out to explore the Colorado and the Grand Canyon. He gathered nine men, four boats and food for ten months and set out from Green River, Wyoming, on May 24. Passing through dangerous rapids, the group passed down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River (then also known as the Grand River upriver from the junction), near present-day Moab, Utah.The expedition's route traveled through the Utah canyons of the Colorado River, which Powell described in his published diary as having …wonderful features—carved walls, royal arches, glens, alcove gulches, mounds and monuments. From which of these features shall we select a name? We decide to call it Glen Canyon. (Ironically, now almost completely submerged by Lake Powell, behind the Glen Canyon Dam.)One man (Goodman) quit after the first month and another three (Dunn and the Howland brothers) left at Separation Rapid in the third, only two days before the group reached the mouth of the Virgin River on August 30 after traversing almost 1,500 km. The three who left the group late in the trip were later killed—probably by Indians.Powell retraced the route in 1871-1872 with another expedition, producing photographs, an accurate map, and various papers, including ethnographic reports of the area's Native Americans and a monograph on their languages.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/librivox1/support

Donald Worster is one of the founders of, and leading figures in, the field of environmental history.Worster’s books include Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas; Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s; Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West; A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell; and A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir; along with several books of collected essays including The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination.

On the Evolution of Language First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-80, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1881, pages 1-16

The Spoiled Bacon and Coffee Diet: A Discusssion of The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons by John Wesley Powell Doug is counting oars and Dani is planning on making one. This week we discuss The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons by John Wesley Powell and are honored to be joined by seasoned rafter Katja Hurt of http://EveryAndNowhere.com. We paddle through the book and discuss its merits and flaws without too many portages. Hold onto your oars, keep your flour divided and dry, and it would make a pretty good movie. Check out what Katja is up to! http://EveryAndNowhere.Com Join us on Patreon for bonus episodes, videos, and more! https://www.patreon.com/ALifeOutside We've merch! https://teespring.com/stores/a-life-outside-podcast Find out more about us and access our stories and episodes: https://www.alifeoutsidepod.com/ Follow us: TikTok https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMeApskrU/ YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8azr4noqQqB164qOh3MAoA Twitter http://Twitter.com/alifeoutsidepod Instagram http://Instagram.com/alifeoutsidepod Theme song performed by Jason Shaw https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Jason_Shaw/Audionautix_Acoustic/BACK_TO_THE_WOODS____1-03

TESTICULAR FORTITUDE is brought to you by HAINES KNIVES - http://hainesknives.com Imagine taking a lead musketball to your arm, having it sawn off in a field hospital, and then going on to explore uncharted and impassable rivers on a raft with only one good arm… As his name would suggest, John Wesley Powell was the son of a Methodist preacher. He grew up with a fascination for exploration and nature, and as a young man, went on several river expeditions to study fossils and geology along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. But then the Civil War broke out, and he earned a commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the Union Army. At the battle of Shiloh, his right forearm was shattered by a minie-ball, and his arm was amputated. He continued to serve in the army throughout the war, helping with Sherman's artillery. After the war, he assumed the role of professor of natural sciences at Illinois Wesleyan University and curator of the Illinois Natural History Society Museum. But you can't keep a man like Powell contained to the classroom. With one arm, he went on to explore Pike's Peak and the front range of the Rockies. In 1868 he put together an expedition to explore the Colorado River from Wyoming down through the Grand Canyon. Powell, along with a crew of hunters, trappers, civil war vets. He was begged not to go. One arm through dangerous uncharted rapids is dangerous business. But he went anyway. And that trip was worthy of those warnings. One of the party's rafts sank in Utah, tanking about a fourth of their supplies and most of their scientific equipment. Four days later, the party entered the Grand Canyon, and marveled at the beautiful rock formations… but they almost lost another boat, and in that mishap, they lost even more of their food. Three men left the expedition, tired of the hard journey. Those three men were killed by a band of natives who thought they were invading their territory. As Powell and the remaining crew made it to area that is known now as Lake Mead in Nevada, he halted the expedition, returning two years later with another crew to make accurate maps of the Colorado River. These expeditions yielded much geographic information, as well as linguistic and cultural information about the Native Americans living in the area. Anytime we look at history, we can see positives and negatives. Critics of Powell's work say that some of his ideas and opinions about the native population dehumanized them and had a large impact on the public policies that would have a brutal effect on their relationship with the US Government and the Westward Expansion. And while I may not agree with everything Powell said, did or thought, we can certainly agree that he was a man whose courage and relentless adventuring spirit show that he had testicular fortitude! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/manlihood/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/manlihood/support

A scientist who lost his arm in the American Civil War wants to conquer The Grand Canyon. He needs a life-saving assist from his friends underwear. From the Upcoming Book "I See Lincoln's Underpants" due in the winter of 2022-23.

Mormonism, Kinderhook, Native American mounds, Mormon perspective of, theurgy, Mormonism as high ritual magick, Utah SRA allegations, LeBaron family, Peter Levenda, Discordianism, OTO, Kenneth Grant, Twin Earth, Cosmic Joker, Sinister Forces, mythmaking, John Wesley Powell, Smithsonian, Ephraim George Squier, Edwin Hamilton Davis, American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, Lewis Henry Morgan, VIP obsession with Mounds, Mormon connection Mounds controversy, what was really being covered up, Kensington rune stone, Freemasonry, Cryptic Masonry, the rune stone cipher, 33, Minnesota, other Masonic forgeries across the US, Illuminati, Society of Cincinnati, Illuminati vs Cincinnati Get bonus content on Patreon Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

  Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart   Support The Daily Gardener Buy Me A Coffee    Connect for FREE! The Friday Newsletter |  Daily Gardener Community   Historical Events   1686  Birth of Antoine de Jussieu ("Ann-twan do Jyou-sue"), French naturalist, botanist, and physician. Born in Lyon, Antoine was the son of an apothecary.  After touring Spain, Portugal, and southern France with his brother Bernard, he went to Paris and ultimately succeeded Joseph Pitton de Tournefort as director of the royal gardens.  In 1713, Antoine shared the first scientific reference to coffee with the Royal Academy of Sciences of France. He called it Jasminum arabicanum, but Carl Linneaus gave the official botanical classification forty years later in 1753. Antoine once wrote about finding plant fossils in a quarry. I observed on most collected stones the imprints of innumerable plant fragments which were so different from those which are growing in the Lyonnais, in the nearby provinces, and even in the rest of France, that I felt like collecting plants in a new world...  The number of these leaves, the way they separated easily, and the great variety of plants whose imprints I saw, appeared to me... as many volumes of botany... [in] the oldest library of the world.   1865 On this day, members of the John Wesley Powell expedition raided a garden on an island in the Green just above the mouth of the White River. The expedition had just thrown out more spoiled food, and the group faced the constant fear of hunger. In Powell of the Colorado (2015), William Culp Darrah wrote, Fresh fruit had been mighty scarce and the temptation to steal some greens was irresistible. The Major, Andy, and Bill Dunn filled their arms with young beets, turnips, carrots, and potatoes. The men rowed a few miles down the river and paused to enjoy the stolen fruit. Of course the season was not advanced enough to yield sizable vegetables, so Andy cooked up the whole mess as greens. It was a not-quite-unpleasant stew. After eating their fill and disposing of the remainder, the men resumed the journey. They had not gone a mile before all hands except Bradley and Howland were violently nauseated. Bradley explained that the potato tops were so bitter he had not eaten any. The Major said their illness was caused by a narcotic in the potato leaves, but Hall swore that it was all his fault; in their haste he had only half-cooked the stuff. Sumner wrote in his diary, "We all learned one lesson--never to rob gardens."   1887 Birth of Marc Chagall (born Moishe Shagal)(books about this person), Russian-French artist of Belarus. He was an early modernist and created in various formats, including paintings, drawings, stained glass, ceramics, and tapestries, among many others. The art critic Robert Hughes called Chagall "the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century."  And Pablo Picasso once said, When Matisse dies, Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what color really is.   It was Marc Chagall himself who once wrote, Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers – and never succeeding.   1907 Birth of Frida Kahlo (books about this person), Mexican painter. Frida is remembered for her portraits, self-portraits, and work inspired by Mexican nature and artifacts. She once wrote, I paint flowers so they will not die.   She also wrote, I wish I could do whatever I liked behind the curtain of “madness”.  Then I'd arrange flowers, all day long.  I'd paint pain, love and tenderness.  I would laugh as much as I feel like at the stupidity of others, and they would all say: “Poor thing, she's crazy!   Grow That Garden Library™ Book Recommendation The Ultimate Flower Gardener's Guide by Jenny Rose Carey  This book came out in 2020, and the subtitle is Simple Ideas For Small Outdoor Spaces. In this book, Jenny Rose Carey is essentially teaching a master class on ornamental gardening. If you are looking for ways to add interest, color combinations that are guaranteed to work instead of clash, and how to incorporate favorite blossoms or aspects of flowers, you'll find everything you're looking for in this very inspiring and jam-packed book on all kinds of beautiful flowers. Most flower experts teach color first. Jenny brings new dimensions into play - namely shape and texture. But Jenny's focus on texture and shape works surprisingly well - especially if you are someone who struggles with color in the garden. Shape and texture are two often overlooked floral elements, but they are equally important as color in garden design. Without shape and texture, gardens would lack that sense of excitement, mystery, and magnetism that exist in our most beloved gardens. Jenny also does a great job of keeping today's gardener in mind. She selected the annuals and perennials that she recommends in her book based on their ease of care, appeal to pollinators, and wildlife friendliness.  This book is 364 pages of beautiful flower gardening all season long - no matter how big or small your space - giving you the confidence you need to make flowers the focus of your dream garden. You can get a copy of The Ultimate Flower Gardener's Guide by Jenny Rose Carey and support the show using the Amazon link in today's show notes for around $27.   Botanic Spark 1932 Death of Kenneth Grahame, Edwardian British writer, and conservationist. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Kenneth is most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. The book celebrates nature, friendship, loyalty, and adventure among four anthropomorphizing animals: Mole, Rat, Toad, and Badger. Kenneth had a lifelong appreciation of nature and landscapes.  Throughout Kenneth's life, the beauty of nature was a balm to his many sorrows, including the death of his mom and alcoholic father. When he was five, after his mom died, Kenneth and his siblings went to live with their grandmother, who lived in an old, dilapidated house with a huge attic to explore and an entire garden to play in. The garden backed up to willows that framed the shores of the Thames river and would later serve as the inspiration for the setting of The Wind in the Willows. During his miserable married life, Kenneth once confided in his wife that he felt a better understanding of nature and wildlife than of his own species, writing, I like most of my friends among the animals more than I like most of my friends among mankind. As a father, Kenneth began telling the story of The Wind in the Willows in installments at bedtime and in letters to his only son, Alastair, who Kenneth nicknamed "Mouse."    In the story, Kenneth wrote of 'the pageant of the river bank,' referring to the array of wildflowers in bloom: purple- and white-flowered comfrey, willow-herb, purple loosestrife, dog roses, and meadowsweet. Throughout his life, Kenneth's favorite indulgence was reading books in his garden. Sadly, Mouse's life story was tragic. He grew up battling chronic illness and blindness in one eye. He had challenging behaviors and was bullied in school. After his struggles grew worse in college, Alastair committed suicide at 19. At his funeral, Kenneth scattered lilies of the valley over his coffin. For twelve long years, Kenneth lived out the rest of his days with his wife. Kenneth never got over the loss of his darling Mouse, and he stopped writing altogether. Aside from lengthy trips to Italy to avoid friends and family,  Kenneth and his wife lived reclusively in their house along a riverbank until Kenneth's death from a stroke on this day in 1932. At Kenneth's funeral, the church was decorated with gifts of willow branches and flowers from children across England. Kenneth was buried next to his beloved Mouse in the cemetery at St. Cross Church.   Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener And remember: For a happy, healthy life, garden every day.

John Wesley Powell explored the Colorado River by boat over the dangerous rapids of the Grand Canyon. He is also one of the reasons so many Dams were built in the west to save water.

With the huge tornadoes that brought disaster to 6 States happened last week we were shocked to find out that these tornadoes didn't occur in tornado alley, wondering if climate change had anything to do with itit turns out that there are more tornadoes outside tornado alley than in! we discuss how does climate change impact tornadoes, as well as other things which such as the distinct line that separates the arid from the humid zones of America.This was described John Wesley Powell the famous geologist and explorer. this sharp climatic Boundary is slowly shifting east and we have seen this this week with the devastating tornadoes in Kentucky and other states. The famous tornado alley now has moved a couple of hundred miles east. This change is solely due to climate change and it is also seen in the Sahara desert as that has grown by 10% over the last 30 years. The US boundary which was on the 100th Meridian now sits well and truly on the 98th meridian and it will continue to move east as the global warming temperatures increase the evaporation from the soil and the precipitation patterns across United States continue. So states like Kentucky can expect more tornadoes in the near future.

As the machine of Manifest Destiny churned west in the late 1800's, John Wesley Powell dedicated his life to understanding the region's complexities, fueling his passionate warnings to the U.S. Congress that the stories of a verdant Eden had little basis in fact. Were these lands to be settled with European-style sedentary agriculture, he urged that one would need to proceed with extreme caution as there “was not sufficient water to irrigate all this arid land.”In this episode, Ten Across founder Duke Reiter talks to historian and author John F. Ross about Powell's prophetic work and perilous adventures as an explorer and ardent scientist—what he knew to be true about America's drought prone region, why nobody listened, and what can still be learned today.For more information about the Ten Across initiative visit www.10across.com.

John Wesley Powell isn't usually mentioned in the same breath as Lewis and Clark, but he should be. His expedition through the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon put the last uncharted area of the contiguous United States on the map. And he did it all with one arm... well, not tied behind his back, but amputated two inches below the elbow after getting shot during the Battle of Shiloh. It never once stopped him from doing anything - like founding the National Geographic Society.Less is known about his wife, Emma Dean, who lived a slightly quieter life, but was an accomplished ornithologist in her own right, and  one of (if not the) first women to summit Colorado's 14,000 foot Pikes Peak. Talk about a power couple!This week's Ghost of Arlington are: Army Major John Wesley Powell (Section 1, Grave 408)Emma Dean Powell (Section 1, Grave 408) Also, a very special thanks to Mountain Up Cap Company for its continued help to spread the word about the podcast on Facebook at: https://www.facebook.com/MountainUpCapCompany Climb to Glory!For more information about the podcast visit: ·       The GoA website: https://www.ghostsofarlingtonpodcast.com    ·       Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ghostsofarlingtonpodcast·       Twitter: https://twitter.com/ArlingtonGhosts·       Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ghostsofarlington/

A map of the United States is a familiar sight in Utah's classrooms. But if we had listened to one of America's most visionary scientists more than one hundred years ago, Utah's state borders would look totally different today.

Will John Wesley Powell make it out of the Grand Canyon? Probably, otherwise we wouldn't be talking about it. https://www.teepublic.com/user/how-the-west-was-fucked-podcast --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/htwwf/support

Who has one arm and one thumb and was the first person down the Grand Canyon? This guy, John Wesley Powell. https://www.teepublic.com/user/how-the-west-was-fucked-podcast --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/htwwf/support

White Ash Flies is back with the first installment of Diary of the First Trip Through the Grand Canyon by John Wesley Powell (1834-1902), read by Colin Mahoney.

The climate change-stricken Colorado River Basin not only provides water to forty-million people, including along Utah's Wasatch Front. It also contains ancestral homelands of 29 Native American tribes as well as pervasive, sublime public lands such as Grand Canyon National Park. Vision & Place: John Wesley Powell & Reimagining the Colorado River Basin—a recent volume commemorating the historic 1869 Powell Expedition's sesquicentennial—explores the basin's past, present, and future. A panel of authors will discuss Powell's distinct vision for the basin and broader “Arid Region,” the ways that vision has and has not shaped the landscape, and ultimately what lies ahead for the basin's water, public lands, and Native Americans. Moderated by Jason Robison Originally broadcast February 18, 2021 @ 12:00 pm Jason Robison is a Professor in the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources program at the University of Wyoming College of Law, and a Visiting Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law this spring 2021. His writing revolves around water, public lands, and Native Americans, particularly in the western United States. Professor Robison is lead editor of Vision & Place: John Wesley Powell & Reimagining the Colorado River Basin (Univ. of California Press, 2020). He is also author of Law of Water Rights & Resources (Thomson Reuters, 2020) and editor of a forthcoming volume commemorating the 1922 Colorado River Compact's centennial—Cornerstone: The Next Century of the Colorado River Compact.

Greg and Patrick again subcontract out their own work by inviting a range of experts from different disciplines to share their perspectives on the future of teaching quantitative methods. They also discuss revenge, cryogenics, evacuation com...., American Idiot, 11 reasons why we blink, being hardly sorry, Googling how to fly a 737, machine directed latent mixture basket weaving...in R, the Levy Series, no half measures, penguin freezers, the Suez Canal, John Wesley Powell, Pacific Naval Warfare, and ignoring Dan McNeish.

In Vocabulary Builder 22 | John Wesley Powell episode, you will learn the words: anonymous, browse, dupe, dynamic, eradicate, frustrate, grim, inimitable, makeshift, marginal, pending, prescribe, preview, prominent, quaint, reluctant, scrimp, snare, utmost, and vengeance.Episode Notes/Transcript Link: https://www.dannyballan.com/vocabulary-builder-22-john-wesley-powell/Please support us by sharing the podcast and telling your friends about it.

In Vocabulary Builder 22 | John Wesley Powell episode, you will learn the words: anonymous, browse, dupe, dynamic, eradicate, frustrate, grim, inimitable, makeshift, marginal, pending, prescribe, preview, prominent, quaint, reluctant, scrimp, snare, utmost, and vengeance. Episode Notes/Transcript Link: https://www.dannyballan.com/vocabulary-builder-22-john-wesley-powell/ Please support us by sharing the podcast and telling your friends about it.

John Wesley Powell byl synem imigrantů z Anglie, venkovským učitelem, vojákem, bezrukým veteránem, geologem a badatelem, který zorganizoval a vedl první skutečně vědeckou výpravu do Velkého kaňonu. Zde je jeho příběh, který je s tímle jedinečným místem nerozlučně spjatý.

Show Notes:We're starting our little journey today NOT in 1869 when the transcontinental railroad was completed, but rather in 1862 when Lincoln signed into law the very aptly named, ”Pacific Railway Act of 1862.”  From there, we'll see how that impacted exploration, and more importantly, the effects of John Wesley Powell's exploration of the Arid Regions. Transcontinental Railroadhttps://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=32https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=31https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/transcontinental-railroadhttps://www.history.com/news/transcontinental-railroad-changed-america#:~:text=The%20transcontinental%20railroad%20had%20a,transformative%20moments%20in%20American%20history.%E2%80%9Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad#Aftermathhttps://www.loc.gov/collections/railroad-maps-1828-to-1900/articles-and-essays/history-of-railroads-and-maps/the-transcontinental-railroad/ Report on the Lands of the Arid Regionshttps://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039240/report.pdfhttps://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039240https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_on_the_Lands_of_the_Arid_Region_of_the_United_Stateshttps://eos.org/features/green-and-grand-john-wesley-powell-and-the-west-that-wasnt

This episode is Part One of a three-part series on the proposed Lake Powell Pipeline. Historian Greg Smoak joins us to discuss water law in the west, John Wesley Powell, and provide an overall historical context for the pipeline. Greg Smoak is a Professor of History at the University of Utah and the director of the American West Center. He’s the author of many articles and essays on various American west topics including water rights, Native American law, environmental policy, and American Indian policy among other things. He’s the author of the book Ghost Dances and Identity: Prophetic Religion and American Indian Ethnogenesis in the Nineteenth Century."

Episode: 3027 Crossing the Colorado River.  Today, a country divided.

It's Thursday and time again for theater critic J. Wynn Rousuck, who joins us each week with her reviews of the Maryland stage. Today, we hear her take on Baltimore Center Stage's new production of Men On Boats. The 2015 play by Jaclyn Backhaus, directed at Center Stage by Jenny Koons, is based on the published journals of John Wesley Powell, who led an 1869 expedition down the Green and Colorado Rivers into the then-unknown geological wonders of the Grand Canyon. In Backhaus' comedic retelling of the historic wild-water journey, Powell's all-white-male expeditionary team is played by a gender-nonconforming ensemble of color, featuring Ceci Fernandez as John Wesley Powell, Kai Heath as Hall, and Haruna Lee as Old Shady, among the cast of ten. Scenic design credits go to Stephanie Osin Cohen. Men On Boats continues at Baltimore Center Stage through Sunday, December 22. For location and ticket information, click here. The special Baltimore Center Stage benefit event discussed by Tom and Judy -- a special celebrity reading/discussion of Thornton Wilder's revered but rarely produced classic, The Long Christmas Dinner -- happens on Monday, December 16 at 7pm at Baltimore Center Stage. The cast and discussants will include R. Eric Thomas, the Barrymore Award-winning playwright, humorist and Elle Magazine contributor; Tracie Thoms, an acclaimed actor known for her performances in Rent, The Devil Wears Prada, and Cold Case; and Paula Vogel, the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright of How I Learned to Drive and a Tony Award nominee for Indecent. For event & ticket information, click here. Because of NPR's special live coverage Thursday of the House Judiciary Committee's mark-up of the Articles of Impeachment, this week's theater review could not be broadcast live, so we are posting it as an online-only feature, available here and on Midday's regular podcast.

John Wesley Powell is the first American of European descent to conquer the Grand Canyon, and he did it with one arm! Also, Paris was a pretty stinky place until they upgraded the sewers. Learn about poop, nightmen, and a couple of clever civil engineers who eventually got people to dress their best as they toured the stinky sewers in boats. All this and more!

Sierra Goddard’s latest challenge as an actress is to portray a man in the 1800s. Goddard, 23, of Freeport, is the latest guest on the Register Star’s “Meet the Artist” podcast where we meet the artists who make our community a more beautiful place.  During the podcast discussion, Goddard explains how she gets into character as Powell, the lead protagonist in the West Side Show Room’s newest stage production of “Men On Boats” - a production written by Jacklyn Backhaus and directed by Rockford’s own Mike Werckle. In real life, John Wesley Powell led the first government-sanctioned expedition through the Grand Canyon, called the Powell Geographic Expedition in the 1860s. It was a 3-month river paddle down the Green and Colorado Rivers. In the play, the all-female cast helps to highlight the ridiculousness of male bravado and questions male values. Hilarity and tragedy ensues. Goddard attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in Los Angeles and in New York City. She tells the story of how she ended up living in Freeport to attend Highland Community and Kishwuakee Colleges. Listen to the podcast online at rrstar.com, and subscribe to "From the Newsroom: Rockford Register Star" wherever you find your podcasts. More information Rockford Register Star: www.rrstar.com Host: Scott P. Yates; 815-987-1348; syates@rrstar.com; @scottpyates Sierra Goddard: https://www.backstage.com/u/sierragoddard/ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9919314/  Instagram: @thewritersierra West Side Show Room: www.thewssr.org Music: The episode’s theme music was recorded live during the “Men on Boats” performance at the West Side Show Room in Rockford on November 21, and replayed here with the director’s permission.

He was a soldier, geologist, professor, scientist and explorer. Facing dangerous rapids, he floated the Green River in Wyoming down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon and after three months and 900 miles finished his first expedition. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Every now and then, plants can surprise you.   In this case I’m talking about more than just a beautiful bloom or general survival. I’m talking about variations that could lead to exciting new varieties. This topic was covered in the newspaper out of Richmond Indiana on this day in 1938.   Here’s what it said:  "Black Hull Wheat - the wheat that increased production by millions of bushels in the Southwest - came from just one plant discovered in his wheat field by Earl Clark in Sedgwick county, Kans. The Wayzata ever-bearing strawberry came from just one plant discovered in a patch of June-bearing strawberries in Hennepin county, Minn. And, John Brown discovered an entirely new kind of watermelon - and a dandy - in his melon patch in White county, Illinois. Keep your eyes open."     Brevities   #OTD  It was on this day that the German botanist and internationally-regarded landscape architect Ludwig Winter was born.   Winter taught Karl Forrester - of Karl Forrester grass fame - when he came to visit him in Italy.  Early on, Winter was drawn to exotic plants.  When he began gardening in Italy he experimented with them. Instead of letting them go crazy or turn into a jungle, Winter's tropical gardens were very controlled and created a scene.    Winter's reputation is inextricably bound to palm trees and Palm Gardens became symbolic of the seaside resorts along the Italian Riviera. Ultimately, Winter’s contribution was making exotic plants accessible to all gardeners, not just to the wealthy.   Winter also created new concepts in the marketing of nurseries. Winter came up with the idea of using nurseries to permanently exhibit plants. This would help his clients imagine the end result of garden designs and to promote various schemes that could  be replicated in the clients garden.   Winter's best gardens were created along the Italian Riviera - some exist still today.   When Monet saw the area, he wrote:  "Water, flowers, and poetry merge into a musical harmony of colors that my eyes have never met…. In addition, to paint certain landscapes you should have a palette of gems and diamonds. It is wonderful."       #OTD  It was on this day in 1854 that two years of simple living near Walden Pond in Massachusetts was shared with the world in the form of a book; Henry David Thoreau's Walden was published. It was Henry David Thoreau who said:   ”The question is not what you look at, but what you see."    "Gardening is civil and social, but it wants the vigor and freedom of the forest and the outlaw."      #OTD   Today, in 1869, the explorer John Wesley Powell named an area of the Grand Canyon after his botanist George Vasey. Known as Vasey’s Paradise,water spills out from the north rim of the Grand Canyon into the Colorado river. It’s a spectacularly beautiful waterfall.   A year earlier, in 1868, during Powell‘s preliminary expedition, Vasey had accompanied him and collected a large number of plants. Vasey returned to Illinois where he became the curator of the Illinois State University Natural History Museum and ultimately the chief botanist of the USDA.    Here’s what Powell wrote in his about Vasey's Paradise, on August 9, 1869:   "The river turns sharply to the east, and seems enclosed by a wall, set; with a million brilliant gems. What can it mean? Every eye is engaged, everyone wonders.    On coming nearer, we find fountains bursting from the rock, high overhead, and the spray in the sunshine forms the gems which bedeck the wall.    The rocks below the fountain are covered with mosses, and ferns, and many beautiful flowering plants.    We name it Vasey's Paradise, in honor of the botanist who traveled with us last year."       #OTD Today is the birthday of the Belgium botanical illustrator, Helen Durand, who was born on this day in 1883. After taking classes in art and botany, Durand worked full-time in the garden of the royal Belgian Institute.   Durand was meticulous and her work as an artist.   Once she spent more than 105 hours drawing the cone of the Abies nobilis - commonly called the red fir, noble fir or Christmas Tree.     #OTD Today is the birthday of Rachel Lowe Lambert Lloyd Mellon also known as Bunny Mellon.   She got her nickname from a family nurse. Bunny's earliest memory was shared in the preface in one of her books. Bunny wrote that she remembered,   "... being very small near a bed of tall, white, phlox in my godmothers garden. This towering forest of scent and white flowers was the beginning of ceaseless and trust, passion, and pleasure in gardens and books.“   Bunny’s greatest passion was garden design.    She became well known after designing the White House Rose garden. Bunny was a close friend of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.   One of Bunny's first gardens was designed for Hattie Carnegie, who was a clothing designer. At the age of 23, Bunny designed her garden and even planted it. In exchange, Carnegie gave her a coat and a dress from her salon.   A woman after my own heart, Bunny loved books and she had a wonderful collection of rear garden books, manuscripts and botanical prints.   In fact, Bunny credited her books for inspiring her designs. She said,   “my beginning, started with rare books on plants and garden plants, mostly French or Italian. They were like my Bibles.“         Unearthed Words Fairest of months ! ripe Summer's Queen ! The hey-day of the year, With robes that gleam with sunny sheen Sweet August doth appear. With rosy fruit her skirts are drest, Flowers her glory swell, And birthday wishes are most blest, Breathed 'neath her potent spell. - Richard Combe Miller     Today's book recommendation: Complete Illustrated Guide to the Holistic Herbal by David Hoffmann    This book offers advice on how to gather herbs and prepare remedies. Also includes a lovely reference in an A to Z format. For each herb, it tells how to grow, harvest, dry store and use each plant.   Beginners using herbs will appreciate the step-by-step instructions for making tinctures, decoctions, infusions, and other types of homemade medicines.     Today's Garden Chore   If you’re looking to add more shrubs to your garden, consider adding Black Lace Black Elder.     Black lace is a very versatile plant. It handles tough conditions with ease. When it flowers it really goes overboard and tt looks extra-fantastic against the finally cut foliage.   Each of the flowers has five stamens; the fragrance is lovely and it’s extremely popular with pollinators.   Black Lace is perfect for growing in a hedge and if you chop it back in spring to keep it more compact, you'll get even darker leaves - Bonus!       Something Sweet  Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart   Today in 1945, the Japanese arborist, Masayuki, propagated a new generation of flame trees from the mother tree.   The mother tree had survived the atomic bomb on Nagasaki.   One of the trees is now located at the Glasgow botanic garden. It is planted at the entrance of the herb garden.        And also here’s some bonus sugar for you today:   Today in 1967, the song San Francisco, performed by Scott McKenzie, started a four-week run at the number one spot on the UK singles chart. It’s also referred to as the unofficial anthem of the counter culture movement of the 60s.     The song starts out with these lyrics:   "If you’re going to San Francisco be sure to wear some flowers in your hair. If you’re going to San Francisco you’re going to meet some gentle people there."       Thanks for listening to the daily gardener, and remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."

One hundred and fifty years ago, a group of explorers led by civil war veteran John Wesley Powell set out to document the canyons of the Green and Colorado Rivers. To commemorate the journey, a group of scientists have been retracing his steps this summer. Our partners at Rocky Mountain Community Radio spoke by phone with the trip’s leader during one of their stops. [Photo: The confluence of the Green River and the Yampa in northwestern Colorado was on Powell's route. Powell named the spot Echo Park after his crew members shouted at the surrounding cliffs. Luke Runyon/KUNC]

An ignored people who, despite all odds, were instrumental in the success of John Wesley Powell's Expeditions. Immortalized in the only existing collection outside the Smithsonian of John Hillers' 116 original 1872 albumen photographs. Now the photos are preserved and this people's incredible story of surviving and thriving in the most inhospitable place in North America can be told.

"You feel the wonderment of nature at its finest … it's a deep, deep, deep cultural memory of the miracle of the seed." — Clay S. Jenkinson We answer listener mail about John Wesley Powell, David Thompson, Daniel Flores, Jefferson’s theft of upland rice while he was in Italy, and suggestions for educating young people.  Find this episode, along with recommended reading, on the blog. Support the show by joining the 1776 Club or by donating to the Thomas Jefferson Hour, Inc. You can learn more about our Cultural Tours & Retreats with Clay S. Jenkinson at jeffersonhour.com/tours. Thomas Jefferson is interpreted by Clay S. Jenkinson.

Are we creating human/hamster hybrids for the low, low price of $55? And is there any truth to the conspiracy that the Smithsonian is destroying proof of ancient cultures and giant skeletons? MERCH STORE!!! https://www.redbubble.com/people/deadrabbitradio/works/35749420-dead-rabbit-radio?asc=u   Help Promote Dead Rabbit! Dual Flyer https://i.imgur.com/OhuoI2v.jpg "As Above" Flyer  https://i.imgur.com/yobMtUp.jpg   Hamster zona-free ovum test https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamster_zona-free_ovum_test   Hamster Eggs Test Men's Fertility https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/14/archives/hamster-eggs-test-mens-fertility-treated-with-serum.html   CHIMERAS, HYBRIDS, AND INTERSPECIES RESEARCH http://press.georgetown.edu/book/georgetown/chimeras-hybrids-and-interspecies-research   A Mysterious Hole Appeared on Mt. Shasta. Each Theory Behind It Tells a Different Story https://www.kqed.org/news/11684091/the-whole-story-faith-and-fraud-in-mt-shasta A Dweller on Two Planets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dweller_on_Two_Planets   Harvey Spencer Lewis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Spencer_Lewis   Do Lemurians Live Inside Mt. Shasta? An Active NorCal Investigation http://activenorcal.net/blog/do-lemurians-live-inside-mt-shasta-an-active-norcal-investigatio/   Legends of Mount Shasta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Mount_Shasta   Stockton and Lemuria: Case Closed https://www.recordnet.com/news/20170603/stockton-and-lemuria-case-closed   Telos: The Underground City of Mount Shasta http://www.thewatcherfiles.com/telos.htm   The Smithsonian Cover-up https://www.starmythworld.com/mathisencorollary/2014/04/the-smithsonian-cover-up.html   Smithsonian Institution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution   John Wesley Powell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell   ON LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF SOME ANTHROPOLOGIC DATA. http://scienceviews.com/lostcivilizations/powelldoctrine.html Clear evidence of ancient trans-oceanic contact on every US map https://www.starmythworld.com/mathisencorollary/2014/04/clear-evidence-of-ancient-trans-oceanic.html   THIS CONSPIRACY CLAIMS THE SMITHSONIAN DESTROYS GIANT SKELETONS https://www.gaia.com/article/this-conspiracy-claims-the-smithsonian-destroys-giant-skeletons   Listen to the daily podcast anywhere you listen to podcasts!   ------------------------------------------------   Logo Art By Ash Black   "As Above" Art By Grant Scott   Opening Song: "Atlantis Attacks" Closing Song: "Bella Royale" Music By Dr. Huxxxtable Rabbitron 3000 created by Eerbud   http://www.DeadRabbit.com Email: DeadRabbitRadio@gmail.com Twitter: @JasonOCarpenter Facebook: www.Facebook.com/DeadRabbitRadio   Paranormal, Conspiracy, and True Crime news as it happens! Jason Carpenter breaks the stories they'll be talking about tomorrow, assuming the world doesn't end today.   All Contents Of This Podcast Copyright Jason Carpenter 2018

Sara Dant is a historian, professor, and chair of the history department at Weber State University. She’s also the author of one of my new favorite books: Losing Eden: An Environmental History of the American West. Sara’s work touches many of the topics we discuss regularly on this podcast, including conservation, water, public lands, building consensus around divisive issues, historical figures of the West, and much more. As you’ll hear in our conversation, Sara has a unique ability to explain complex and potentially dry topics regarding the American West in an engaging and easy-to-understand manner. • Whether you’re like me and have read dozens of books on the history of the West or simply have a general interest the subject, I think Losing Eden should be mandatory reading. It lays out the history of the region, starting with human migration into North America 15-30,000 years ago and ends in the present-day West with our scramble to find solutions to natural resource shortages and climate change. For me, the book connected many different time periods and concepts into one cohesive narrative, while simultaneously introducing me to new ideas and people, all in just under 200 pages. • Sara and I had a great conversation covering key concepts from her book, as well as her life as a historian, teacher, and life-long Westerner. We chat about the concept of the "tragedy of the commons,” conservation versus preservation, and the myth that the West was a sort of Garden of Eden prior to European settlement. We also dig into some of the key historical figures of the West, including Brigham Young, John Wesley Powell, Theodore Roosevelt, and John Muir. Most of you know that I’m weirdly obsessed with Teddy Roosevelt—I’ve got a life-sized cardboard cut-out of him in my office, for Pete’s sake—so Sara gently offers a more “balanced" examination of his conservation legacy. We also discuss Sara’s upbringing in Arizona, love of trail running, favorite books, and much more. Be sure to visit the episode notes for links to everything we discuss, because there’s a lot. • And since many of you are members of the Mountain & Prairie Book Club, I wanted to let you know that Losing Eden will be the November/December selection. Sara has graciously offered to answer questions about the book or even participate in some sort of online discussion, so I’ll be sorting out those details in the coming weeks. In the meantime, start reading the book and visit the book club webpage for more information as it becomes available. But for now, please enjoy this fun and educational conversation with Sara Dant. ••• Episode Notes: http://mountainandprairie.com/sara-dant/ Losing Eden: An Environmental History of the American West: http://a.co/d/8rCRHS8 Book Club: http://mountainandprairie.com/book-club/ ••• TOPICS DISCUSSED: 3:55 - How Sara describes her work 4:45 - Where Sara grew up 6:15 - Background on the book 7:30 - The myth of the West as “Eden” 9:40 - The tragedy of the commons explained 13:10 - The Morman’s settlement of the West 17:00 - John Wesley Powell explained 22:00 - Ambition and the settlement of the West 23:00 - The significance of the 1890s 27:55 - Conservation versus preservation 34:00 - A more balanced view of Theodore Roosevelt 40:00 - Growing up in Arizona 41:25 - Early influences 44:15 - The book that most influenced Sara’s career 46:20 - Pursuing her Phd and the choice to teach 49:00 - Sara’s optimism about current college students 52:45 - Trail running 54:25 - Working at Grand Teton and Denali National Parks 56:30 - Public lands 1:01:30 - Favorite books 1:03:00 - Favorite films 1:05:00 - Hobbies 1:05:50 - Most powerful outdoor experience 1:07:25 - Favorite location in the West 1:08:00 - Best thing Sara ever learned 1:09:00 - Sara’s words of wisdom 1:10:15 - Connect with Sara online

By Davy Crockett Both a podcast and a full article (Listen to the podcast episode which includes the bonus story about my love for the Grand Canyon, and the 1,000 miles I've run down in it.) Crossing the Grand Canyon on foot is something many visitors of the spectacular Canyon wonder about as they gaze across its great expanse to the distant rim. Crossing the Canyon and returning back is an activity that has taken place for more than 125 years. Each year thousands of people cross the famous canyon and many of them, return the same day, experiencing what has been called for decades as a “double crossing,” and in more recent years, a "rim-to-rim-to-rim." In 1891, crossings of the Grand Canyon using rough trails on both sides of the Colorado River, in the "corridor" area, were mostly accomplished by miners and hunters.  Double crossing hikes, in less than 24 hours started as early as 1949. More were accomplished in the 1960s and they started to become popular in the mid-1970s. Formal races, for both single and double crossings, while banned today, are part of ultrarunning history. This article tells the story of many of these early crossings and includes the creaton of the trails, bridges, Phantom Ranch, and the water pipeline  Grand Canyon Today - note the dates Introduction For those who have not yet had the experience of crossing the Grand Canyon, this overview will help understand the history.  Today if you hike or run across the Grand Canyon you have choices.  You can start from the South Rim or from the North Rim. It depends where you are traveling from. A South start is more common. On the South side, you can use either the Bright Angel Trail from Grand Canyon Village, or the South Kaibab Trail that starts a few miles to the east, using a shuttle to Yaki Point. On the North side, the North Kaibab Trail is used. These are the main trails into the Grand Canyon and referred to as the "Corridor Trails," used by the masses and mule trains. There are two bridges along the Corridor to cross the Colorado River, Black Bridge (used by mules and South Kaibab Trail) or Silver Bridge (Bright Angel Trail). When this history story starts, there was no Grand Canyon Village, no Phantom Ranch at the bottom, and these trails didn't exist. There were few visitors to either Rim because they lacked roads and there were no automobiles yet.  It is believed that Native Americans crossed the Canyon for centuries in many locations up and down the canyon and early miners used many places to cross, including the Bass location. I have run double crossings using the Grandview Trail (twice) and Hermit Trail, so there are many possibilities. This article will concentrate on the corridor region near Grand Canyon Village where most modern crossings are taking place. Creation of Bright Angel Trail (South Side) South Rim about 1890 The upper part of Bright Angel Trail, coming down from the South Rim, was originally a route used by the Havasupai to access Garden Creek, 3,000 feet below. In 1887, Ralph Cameron (1863-1953), future US senator for Arizona, prospected and believed he found copper and gold near Indian Garden. The original idea for a trail was for mining. Work began on December 24, 1890 and it would take 12 years to complete. In 1891 Peter D. Berry (1856-1932) obtained rights for the trail, including collecting tolls. By 1892 it was called the “Bright Angel Trail.” It cost about $100,000, and at its height was worked on by 100 men. How did the trail get its name? This is a subject of legend and folklore. One story was told by "Captain" John Hance (1840-1919) who came to live at the canyon in about 1883 and was famous for his stories and yarns about the canyon. He said that a beautiful girl who the men thought looked like an angel came to stay at the canyon who would descend often down the trail. One day she never came back up and wasn't seen again. The truth is that John Wesley Powell (1834-1902) named the creek ...

Comedians Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds are joined by Wil Anderson live in Salt Lake City to examine John Wesley Powell and his trip down the Grand Canyon. Tour Dates Sources Official Dollop Merch 

This episode in particular was recorded on a raft while floating down the Colorado River in the heart of Grand Canyon National Park. We attached our rafts together & captured the human history from rim to river in various sections of the river. Learn about Georgie White, the original river rat & woman who first started running the river commercially. Listen to stories about John Wesley Powell's expeditions in 1869 & 1871. Get the full story on the original river running badass, George Flavell and Ramon Montez who arrived in Needles in their handmade wooden boat in 1897. This episode features Glenn Goodrich, a man who has run over 450 rivers of the world since 1977. Glenn has been guiding since 1977 & when he is not guiding on the river... he is thoughtfully running rivers all over the world just for fun! Glenn has made multiple first descents around the world and doesn't have any plans for slowing down. Glenn's personal goal is to run 500 rivers before he retires. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

John Wesley Powell, Union Civil War vet, amputee, and valiant adventurer, set off with his crew to do something that had never been done (and shouldn’t have been replicated). They navigated the Colorado River (and Green) from Wyoming all the way through the Grand Canyon. They did it in rowboats. Almost everybody survived. The source … Continue reading How to Explore the Grand Canyon in Rowboats (John Wesley Powell) →

On this episode of The American West Podcast, we discuss the restoration of Butch Cassidy's boyhood home, the unfortunate demise of Joe "Hooch" Simpson and discuss John Wesley Powell in a new segment entitled "Explorers of the West"

On this episode of The American West Podcast, we discuss the restoration of Butch Cassidy's boyhood home, the unfortunate demise of Joe "Hooch" Simpson and discuss John Wesley Powell in a new segment entitled "Explorers of the West"

In Shakespeare's time, all the world was a stage, but only men were actors. The play “Men on Boats,” a comedic take on the real-life 1869 expedition led by John Wesley Powell to chart the Colorado River, flips that script with a story of determined male explorers performed by a cast of multi-gendered actors. The play has received plenty of attention for its inventive casting, its contemporary language and its commentary, and it has received critical acclaim from the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. Boston's SpeakEasy Stage is currently producing "Men on Boats" at the Calderwood Pavilion at the Boston Center for the Arts. Guests: Dawn Simmons, director of the SpeakEasy Stage production of “Men on Boats”; Jaclyn Backhaus, playwright of “Men on Boats"; and Alicia Anstead, associate director for programming at the Office for the Arts at Harvard University, editor-in-chief and co-founder of the student-driven Harvard Arts Blog, and Under the Radar's arts contributor.

The Grand Canyon as seen from the South Rim. (Photo by Roger Bolsius via Wikimedia Commons) On this date in 1908, the Grand Canyon was designated a national monument. Here are some things you may not have known about the natural wonder. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, its width varies from four to 18 miles across and it is more than 6,000 feet deep at some points. The canyon was created by erosion caused by the Colorado River and uplift of the surrounding plateau over the course of 5 to 6 million years. The Grand Canyon has been inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years. The latest research suggests that the first people lived there around 1200 BC. Among the groups who have lived in and around the canyon are the Hualapai, the Havasupai, the Navajo and the Southern Paiute. The first European to see the Grand Canyon was Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, who arrived from Spain in 1540. The first European Americans to reach the Grand Canyon were part of a group of trappers led by James Ohio Pattie in 1826. In 1869, John Wesley Powell led an expedition down the Green River and Colorado River, starting in Wyoming. Following the expedition, Powell became the first person to use the term “Grand Canyon.” Until 1871, it had been known as the slightly less impressive “Big Canyon.” U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the canyon in 1903, and protected the area as a federal game preserve in 1906. He re-designated it as a national monument in 1908. Claims by landowners and miners prevented the area from becoming a national park until 1919, when it became the 17th U.S. National Park. In 2015, the park was the second most-visited national park in the U.S., with about 5 and a half million visitors. Our question: What U.S. National Park is the most-visited? Today is National Human Trafficking Awareness Day in the United States, Children’s Day in Tunisia and Republic Day in Albania. It’s unofficially National Apples Day in Germany, and in the U.S. it’s National Milk Day, and National Hot Toddy Day. It’s the birthday of U.S. founding father Alexander Hamilton, who was born in 1755; women’s rights activist Alice Paul, who was born in 1885; and singer Mary J. Blige, who turns 46. Because our topic happened before 1960, we’ll spin the wheel to pick a year at random. This week in 1974, the top song in the U.S. was “The Joker” by the Steve Miller Band. The No. 1 movie was “The Exorcist,” while the novel “Burr” by Gore Vidal topped the New York Times Bestsellers list. Now for our weekly question: Who was the first person to appear in a commercial for the iPhone? Submit your answer at triviapeople.com/test and we’ll add the name of the person with the first correct answer to our winner’s wall … at triviapeople.com. We'll reveal the correct answer on Friday’s episode.   Links Follow us on Twitter, Facebook or our website. Also, if you’re enjoying the show, please consider supporting it through Patreon.com Please rate the show on iTunes by clicking here. Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Americas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River https://www.checkiday.com/01/11/2017 http://www.biography.com/people/groups/born-on-january-11 http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/numberonesongs/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1974_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Fiction_Best_Sellers_of_1974 iOS: http://apple.co/1H2paH9 Android: http://bit.ly/2bQnk3m

Civil War veteran, John Wesley Powell wanted to row boats down the Colorado River. After facing dangerous rapids, near starvation they became the first to explore the length of the mighty Colorado River. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On March 12, 1909, The Arizona Gazette published an article titled, "G. E. Kincaid Reaches Yuma." It was a short, mildly interesting announcement that Mr. "Kincaid" was only the second person to make the perilous boat trip down the entire course of the Colorado River, starting from Green River, Wyoming and eventually reaching Yuma, Arizona. A feat worthy of mention in the papers of course, but aside from stating that he took over 700 photographs and "Some interesting archaeological discoveries were unearthed," there was not much indication of the news which was to come next. Twenty four days later, on April 5, 1909, the newspaper ran a follow-up to their first article on the adventurous Mr. Kincaid, except this time it was full, front-page coverage on just what discoveries he'd unearthed previously. This article (also uncredited) reported that along with "G.E. Kinkaid" (his name now spelled with a "k") a "Professor S.A. Jordan" and a team from the Smithsonian had investigated what appeared to be a large network of tunnels and rooms, some filled with ancient mummies and artifacts that did not appear to be from the Western Hemisphere. And that was the end of the story. No further stories were printed by the newspaper, no knowledge by the Smithsonian about any such expedition, and no one knows if "Kinkaid" or "Jordan" ever existed, let alone the cave itself. That leaves us with two questions: is this story real, and if real, what would be the implications to world history? Tonight's Quote: "First, I would impress that the cavern is nearly inaccessible. The entrance is 1,486 feet down the sheer canyon wall. It is located on government land and no visitor will be allowed there under penalty of trespass." "G.E. Kincaid," Explorer, referring to a cave full of anomalous artifacts he discovered in the Grand Canyon. Show Links: We've found that some sites are not showing these links as clickable unless they are URLs, so until those outlets improve their show notes section, we are providing actual URLs next to the clickable description of each link to make things easier for our listeners! THE DEVIL IN THE DINER - http://bit.ly/1T0vNNv -- An animated short by Peter Sabatino & Zeke O'Donnell and the first video on our newly launched YouTube channel as mentioned in the intro of this episode. Blog entry containing a photocopy image of the first AZ Gazette article to mention "G.E. Kincaid" http://bit.ly/1V2PzGA Text of the 1st Arizona Gazette article that mentions "Kincaid's" trip, from The Isis Journals website http://bit.ly/1JVQkkc Text of the 2nd AZ Gazette article describing "G.E. Kinkaid's" find http://bit.ly/1PiJnpk "Canyonitis: Seeing evidence of ancient Egypt in the Grand Canyon" by Philip Coppens http://bit.ly/1NgNPnc Article on io9 about Kinkaid's Cave http://bit.ly/1nuIUdH David Hatcher Childress' article on the Kinkaid Cave http://bit.ly/1JdJlTw "The Location of Kincaid's 'Cave' Revealed" by Jack Andrews http://bit.ly/1KnT70v Ancient American magazine http://bit.ly/1P1s28C "Egyptian Grand Canyon Connection" - article by CNY Artifact Recovery http://bit.ly/1Qaakig “Looks Like a Mulhatton Story” from the Grand Canyon Historical Society newsletter by Don Lago http://bit.ly/1SZozt3 Hoaxes of Joseph Mulhattan http://bit.ly/1OBATdI "Joe Mulhatton" article in The Chicago Tribune, dated April 22, 1891 http://trib.in/1PBSSR0 Larry Walters, the "Lawn Chair Pilot" http://bit.ly/23aOMt7 Reprints of the Gazette's articles and brief commentary from Jason Colavito http://bit.ly/1RQ0tBQ Jason Colavito's critical view of the legend http://bit.ly/1JdJlTw John Wesley Powell http://bit.ly/1Zx3Ht0 Brief history of the Smithsonian Institution http://s.si.edu/1OtSVBA Cataldo Mission http://bit.ly/1Kodc6M The El Tovar Hotel http://bit.ly/1OsSbvz The Mississippian Culture of North America http://bit.ly/1ZxDbzy Russell Burrrows' Cave http://bit.ly/1P1KJt3 Aztalan State Park in Wisc...

Dr. Worster is the Hall Professor of U.S. History and Environmental Studies at the University of Kansas. He has taught at Yale University and the University of Hawaii and has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Australian National University, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Mellon Foundation, and the American Council of Learned Societies. He is the author of many highly acclaimed books including biographies on John Muir and John Wesley Powell. He is primarily interested in the emerging field of environmental history – the changing perception of nature, the rise of conservation and environmentalism, but especially the ways that the natural world has impinged on human society and provided the context for human life over time.

In 1869, John Wesley Powell led a small party down the Green and Colorado Rivers in a bold attempt to explore the Grand Canyon for the first time. After their monumental expedition, they told of raging rapids, constant danger, and breathtaking natural beauty of the American landscape at its most pristine. Jon Waterman combines sheer adventure and environmental calamity in this trailblazing cautionary account of his 2008 trip down the overtaxed, drying Colorado. Dammed and tunneled, forced into countless canals, trapped in reservoirs and harnessed for electricity, what once was untamed and free is now humbled, parched, and so yoked to human purposes that in most years it trickles away 100 miles from its oceanic destination. Waterman writes with informal immediacy in this eye-witness account of the many demands on the Colorado, from irrigating 3.5 million acres of farmland to watering the lawns of Los Angeles. He shows how our profligacy and inexorable climate change spark political conflict, and how we can avert this onrushing ecological crisis. As he follows Powell afloat and afoot, Waterman reaches out both to adventure travelers and to scientists, conservationists, environmentalists, and anyone interested in the fragile interplay between nature and humans. Jonathan Waterman is the author of nine books, has made four television films, and works as a freelance author and filmmaker. In 2004, his writing about the Arctic won the prestigious National Endowment of the Arts Literary Fellowship.

In 1869, John Wesley Powell led a small party down the Green and Colorado Rivers in a bold attempt to explore the Grand Canyon for the first time. After their monumental expedition, they told of raging rapids, constant danger, and breathtaking natural beauty of the American landscape at its most pristine. Jon Waterman combines sheer adventure and environmental calamity in this trailblazing cautionary account of his 2008 trip down the overtaxed, drying Colorado. Dammed and tunneled, forced into countless canals, trapped in reservoirs and harnessed for electricity, what once was untamed and free is now humbled, parched, and so yoked to human purposes that in most years it trickles away 100 miles from its oceanic destination. Waterman writes with informal immediacy in this eye-witness account of the many demands on the Colorado, from irrigating 3.5 million acres of farmland to watering the lawns of Los Angeles. He shows how our profligacy and inexorable climate change spark political conflict, and how we can avert this onrushing ecological crisis. As he follows Powell afloat and afoot, Waterman reaches out both to adventure travelers and to scientists, conservationists, environmentalists, and anyone interested in the fragile interplay between nature and humans. Jonathan Waterman is the author of nine books, has made four television films, and works as a freelance author and filmmaker. In 2004, his writing about the Arctic won the prestigious National Endowment of the Arts Literary Fellowship.

Ray, Deborah Kogan. DOWN THE COLORADO : JOHN WESLEY POWELL, AND THE ONE-ARMED EXPLORER

Clay Jenkinson, the cultural commentator, author, and first-person impersonator, appears in character as John Wesley Powell and offers contemporary comments on Powell's reactions to the challenges facing the Rocky Mountain region today. Jenkinson is the scholar behind the Thomas Jefferson of public radio's The Thomas Jefferson Hour and winner of the Charles Frankel Prize. Recorded April 13, 2006.