Podcast appearances and mentions of Gustav Metzger

::CW: during the Kathe Kollwitz section, we discuss a print dealing with sexual assault::Jennifer and I are back with our bushel baskets of researched artists of the past to soothe our shattered nerves. Tune in to hear about 6 artists that made exceptional work under strained circumstances: Käthe Kollwitz, John of Arderne - medieval surgeon and margin doodler, Gustav Metzger, William Gropper, David Hammons and Joan Miró.Käthe Kollwitz notes:"Käthe Kollwitz" exhibtion at MOMA May-June 2024Emile Zola's novel "Germinal" 1885"Scene from 'Germinal" 1893"A Weavers' Revolt" series 1893-1897Gerhart Hauptmann's play "The Weavers" 1892"The Mothers" 1918"Never Again" 1924"R-ped" 1907Francisco de Goya's "Disasters of War" series Otto Dix "Der Krieg" 1924John of Arderne notes:Medical Treatises England: c.1376, re-copied and 1475-1500Sp Coll MS Hunter 251 (U.4.9) (see more here and here)Misericord seatrest carvings in English medieval churchesGustave Metzger notes:The Viennese ActionistsArtist, David Bomberg"Auto-destructive Art" 1961 London performance"Flailing Trees" 2009"Remember Nature" 2015"Table" c.1957-8The Fluxus movementDocumentary "Lifeline: Clyfford Still"William Gropper notes:"America: It's Folklore" 1946Francisco de Goya's "Los Caprichos" series 1798French political artist, Honoré Daumier"Blacklist" and "Environment" from Gropper's Capriccios series 1953–57David Hammons notes:"The Melt Goes on Forever: The Art & Times of David Hammons" Documentary 2022Artist, Charles WhiteArtist, Betye Saar"Bliz-aard Ball Sale" Performance New York, NY 1983"Body Prints" 1968–1979"Hair and Wire, Venice Beach" 1977"Untitled" circa 1980s"Higher Goals" 1983; 1986"Untitled (Night Train)" 1989Artist, Rachel WhitereadJoan Miró notes:Ballet RussesArtist, Henri Matisse"Mori el Merma" (Death to Merma) Theatrical collaboration with the Barcelona puppet troupe, La Claca, headed by Joan Baixas 1978 (watch here)"Ubu Roi" by Alfred Jarry 1896 Artist, Meg LipkeCurrent studio daemons: olm, volcano snail, and a rare algae of Blick Mead called HildenbrandiaThank you, Jennifer!Jennifer' website: https://www.jenniferlcoates.com/ Jennifer on IG: https://www.instagram.com/jennifercoates666/All music by Soundstripe----------------------------Pep Talks on IG: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@peptalksforartists⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Pep Talks website: ⁠⁠https://www.peptalksforartists.com/⁠⁠Amy, your beloved host, on IG: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@talluts⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Pep Talks on Art Spiel as written essays: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://tinyurl.com/7k82vd8s⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠BuyMeACoffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Donations always appreciated!

Schmitz, Rudolf www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Schmitz, Rudolf www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Fazit

Hello and welcome back to Jo's Art History Podcast. Today I'm joined by artist Phil Barton to discuss the groundbreaking artist Gustave Metzger. A pioneer of protest and political art activism, Metzger developed the concept of ⁠Auto-Destructive Art⁠ and the ⁠Art Strike⁠. He went on to forge a career which saw retrospectives held at TATE and The Serpentine Gallery. Metzger is an artist I had not come across and found endlessly fascinating as my conversation with Phil went on. It's an episode not to be missed. Thank you so much to Phil for being such a brilliant guest. Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_ONHWuusyA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ioYs20rnL8 Auto Destructive Art: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-destructive_art Artist Overview: https://www.jewthink.org/2021/05/18/the-auto-destructive-creative-world-of-gustav-metzger/ Exhibition: https://benuri.org/video/144/ GuardianArticle: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/nov/26/gustav-metzger-null-object-robot Remember Nature: https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/whats-on/remember-nature/ Phil Barton  Website: https://philbartonartist.c4cp.net/project/day-of-action-to-remember-nature/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/philbxyz/ https://philbartonartist.c4cp.net/project/day-of-action-to-remember-nature/ --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/jos-art-history-podcast/message

Varför slår Pete Townshend i The Who sönder sina gitarrer? Svaret är Gustav Metzger, den autodestruktiva konstens fader som dog 2017. Pontus Kyander tecknar ett porträtt av denne konstnärsaktivist. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Ursprungligen publicerad 2017-09-19.Alla med intresse för rockmusikens historia har sett bilderna. Pete Townshend, frontfiguren i the Who som drämmer gitarren i golvet, och sedan ränner gitarrhalsen in i en av jättehögtalarna på scen. Gitarren studsar, vägrar gå i stycken, men knäcks till sist efter att ha svingats rundhänt. Under tiden välter trummisen Keith Moon trumsetet överända. Det ryker, det vrålar, det skriker från ljudanläggningen.Det smittade av sig, och i USA satte Jimi Hendrix eld på sin gitarr på Monterey-festivalen 1967. För att inte tala om alla hotellrum som i svallvågorna skulle demoleras av andra ambitiösa musiker.Var det hela bara en gimmick, eller något som gick över styr? Senare har Townsend sagt att han fick idén från konstnären Gustav Metzgers föreläsningar om en Autodestruktiv konst. Som så många andra unga i London hade Townsend studerat på en konstskola, och The Who tänkte han sig som ett autodestruktivt, självförstörande band. Autodestruktiv konst iscensätter vår besatthet av förstörelseGustav Metzger var knappt tjugo år äldre än Townsend och hade med nöd och näppe undkommit Förintelsen genom en barntransport med buss från Nürnberg 1939. Sedan stängdes gränserna. Han och hans bror Max var vad vi idag kallar ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Det är inte svårt att se varifrån impulsen kom till att uppfatta destruktion som ett centralt element i vår civilisation.Det hade redan de italienska och ryska futuristerna hävdat, de som ville förhärliga kriget världens enda hygien och riva museerna och akademierna. Om vi lämnar Gustav Metzger en stund, kan man lätt se att konsten och litteraturen under hela 1900-talet och fortfarande har en underström som kretsat kring destruktion. Den finns som ett element i kubisternas sönderbrytande av världen i kalejdoskopiska delar, den är central i dadaisternas nihilistiska experiment i Zürich och Berlin.Destruktionen skär som ett snitt genom ögat i Dalís och Buñuels surrealistiska film Den andalusiska hunden från 1929, och tanken att bryta ner för att sedan bygga upp igen framgår med tydlighet i ryssen Dziga Vertovs montagefilm Mannen med filmkameran från samma år. Dessa verk och rörelser karakteriseras av ett slags nihilistisk optimism: världen ska börjas om, och då är det bestående bara en hämsko. På dess ruiner bygger vi en framtid, fräsch och fartfylld, utan plats för förlegade livsformer.Men Gustav Metzgers autodestruktiva konst är något annat. Han hade förvisso studerat för den futuristiskt inspirerade målaren David Bomberg i London på 1940-talet, och det är ingen tvekan om att han uppskattade språket i futuristernas många manifest, men politiskt var han snarare inspirerad av pacifism, vegetarianism och trotskism. Bildstormare var han inte, han ville varken lägga det förgångnas eller nuets konst i ruiner. Hans konst arbetar med sin egen förstörelse som en estetisk process. Därför är det logiskt att han i sina manifest även talade om autokreativ konst, som snart skulle bli en annan sida av hans praktik. Mannen på Regent Street är autodestruktiv.I sitt första manifest för en autodestruktiv konst, publicerat 1959 på ett källargalleri i London, skriver Gustav Metzger att:Autodestrutiv konst är främst en form av offentlig konst för industriella samhällen.Autodestruktiva målningar, skulpturer och konstruktioner förenar den desintegrerande processens idé [] till en totalitet./---/Autodestruktiva målningar, skulpturer och konstruktioner har en livstid som varierar från några ögonblick till tjugo år.När förstörelseprocessen är avslutad, ska verket flyttas från platsen och skrotas.I sitt andra manifest (1960) blir han friare och mer poetisk:Mannen på Regent Street är autodestruktiv.Raketer, kärnvapen är autodestruktiva.Autodestruktiv konst.De dropp dropp droppande vätebomberna.[...]Autodestruktiv konst iscensätter vår besatthet av förstörelse, den ständiga bastonad som individen och massorna är föremål för.1959 var London fortfarande präglat av krigsårens destruktion man rev och byggde bland ruinerna runt om i staden. Metzger hade sett bomberna falla, och över huvudet på alla hängde den ultimata bomben: atombomben, som utplånat miljoner i Hiroshima och Nagasaki.Men det var också ett swinging London, med en undergroundscen som det började ryka kring. Här passerade varje konstnär, musiker och poet av någon betydelse, bland dem Lucio Fontana känd för att skära djupa skåror i sina dukar och Jean Tinguely, som också han arbetade med självförstörande konst.Men Metzgers metoder rymmer även ett moraliskt ställningstagande. Han hade under 1950-talet ryckts med i freds- och antikärnvapenrörelsen, ledd av bland andra filosofen och Nobelpristagaren Bertrand Russell. Tillsammans med Russell var han med och grundade Committee of 100 och tillbringade en månad i fängelse efter en av organisationens demonstrationer.Inför rätten 1961 sade Metzger:Jag kom till det här landet från Tyskland som 12-åring. Mina föräldrar var polska judar, och jag är tacksam för att regeringen lät mig komma hit.Mina föräldrar försvann 1943 och jag skulle ha delat deras öde. Men dagens situation är mer barbarisk än Buchenwald, för utplåningen kan ske ögonblickligen. Jag har inget annat val än att hävda min rätt att leva, och vi har i denna kommitté valt ett sätt att slåss som är den absoluta motsatsen till krig den absoluta ickevåldsprincipen.Man kan tycka att talet om ickevåld och manifestens referenser till bomber och förstörelse innehåller en motsägelse. Men här är Metzger systematisk, i den meningen att han återkommande använder en omvänd trop i sitt konstnärskap. Det destruktiva skildras med konstruktiva grepp, sönderfallet blir mer än sönderfall, det blir vårt bestående intryck även efter att verket fysiskt utplånats.Där ville han föra samman 120 bilar i en plastinklädd byggnad, där de i två faser slutligen skulle fatta eld, sprängas och förstöras.Det handlar det om att konstnären överger rollen som skapare av egentliga bilder. Istället sätter han igång processer där slumpen får en viktig roll. Mest kända är hans autokreativa verk Liquid Crystal Projections, där ljusprojektioner av flytande kristall skapar slumpartade färgkaskader och som snabbt togs i bruk i ljusshowerna för band som Pink Floyd, Cream och The Who.I detta tog Metzger med sig rollen som politisk aktivist. Hans föredrag och manifest rymmer ett radikalt credo, och i konsten från de mer än femtio år som följde är engagemanget i politik och miljöfrågor en springande punkt. Där är han en föregångare till dagens konst, där aktivism blivit ett honnörsord.Metzgers mest massiva autodestruktiva projekt var ett förslag för FN:s miljökonferens i Stockholm 1972. Där ville han föra samman 120 bilar i en plastinklädd struktur, där de i två faser slutligen skulle fatta eld, sprängas och förstöras. Förslaget möttes med iskall tystnad.Våren 2017 dog Gustav Metzger, 91 år gammal, efter att under de sista tjugo åren ha lyfts från undanskymt original till världskänd konstnär. Medan han själv tynade bort, steg världen fram i ny självdestruktiv skepnad. Gustav Metzgers konst har mer aktualitet än någonsin, när klimathotet ifrågasätts och atombombshotet används som ersättning för mjukare diplomati.Pontus Kyander, kritiker och utställningskurator

A wide-ranging discussion with Hans Ulrich Obrist on ecology and contemporary art. Hans discusses his work as at the Serpentine Gallery in London which has made an important commitment to ecology. He highlights the  Gallery's ongoing exploration of an idea of communion with the environment through is exhibitions and activities—and how he has been inspired by the work of artist and political activist Gustav Metzger. Hans also explores the potential fo climate and environmental art --and the role of the avante garde-- within an increasingly financialised global art market. Hans Ulrich Obrist is a Swiss art curator, critic and historian of art. He is artistic director at the Serpentine Galleries, London, which has embedded environmental and ecological concerns across its programmes and activities-- and research around ecology and climate change. He is the author of The Interview Project, an extensive ongoing project of interviews: so far, some 2000 hours of interviews have been recorded. He is also co-editor of the Cahiers d'Art review. He recently edited the book 140 Artists' Ideas for Planet Earth.  

Episode one hundred and thirty-six of A History of Rock Music in Five Hundred Songs is a special long episode, running almost ninety minutes, looking at "My Generation" by the Who. Click the full post to read liner notes, links to more information, and a transcript of the episode. Patreon backers also have a fifteen-minute bonus episode available, on "The Name Game" by Shirley Ellis. Tilt Araiza has assisted invaluably by doing a first-pass edit, and will hopefully be doing so from now on. Check out Tilt's irregular podcasts at http://www.podnose.com/jaffa-cakes-for-proust and http://sitcomclub.com/ Errata I mispronounce the Herman's Hermits track "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" as "Can You Hear My Heartbeat". I say "Rebel Without a Cause" when I mean "The Wild One". Brando was not in "Rebel Without a Cause". Resources As usual, I've created a Mixcloud playlist of the music excerpted here. This mix does not include the Dixon of Dock Green theme, as I was unable to find a full version of that theme anywhere (though a version with Jack Warner singing, titled "An Ordinary Copper" is often labelled as it) and what you hear in this episode is the only fragment I could get a clean copy of. The best compilation of the Who's music is Maximum A's & B's, a three-disc set containing the A and B sides of every single they released. The super-deluxe five-CD version of the My Generation album appears to be out of print as a CD, but can be purchased digitally. I referred to a lot of books for this episode, including: Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 by William Strauss and Neil Howe, which I don't necessarily recommend reading, but which is certainly an influential book. Revolt Into Style: The Pop Arts by George Melly which I *do* recommend reading if you have any interest at all in British pop culture of the fifties and sixties. Jim Marshall: The Father of Loud by Rich Maloof gave me all the biographical details about Marshall. The Who Before the Who by Doug Sandom, a rather thin book of reminiscences by the group's first drummer. The Ox by Paul Rees, an authorised biography of John Entwistle based on notes for his never-completed autobiography. Who I Am, the autobiography of Pete Townshend, is one of the better rock autobiographies. A Band With Built-In Hate by Peter Stanfield is an examination of the group in the context of pop-art and Mod. And Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere by Andy Neill and Matt Kent is a day-by-day listing of the group's activities up to 1978. Patreon This podcast is brought to you by the generosity of my backers on Patreon. Why not join them? Transcript In 1991, William Strauss and Neil Howe wrote a book called Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. That book was predicated on a simple idea -- that there are patterns in American history, and that those patterns can be predicted in their rough outline. Not in the fine details, but broadly -- those of you currently watching the TV series Foundation, or familiar with Isaac Asimov's original novels, will have the idea already, because Strauss and Howe claimed to have invented a formula which worked as well as Asimov's fictional Psychohistory. Their claim was that, broadly speaking, generations can be thought to have a dominant personality type, influenced by the events that took place while they were growing up, which in turn are influenced by the personality types of the older generations. Because of this, Strauss and Howe claimed, American society had settled into a semi-stable pattern, where events repeat on a roughly eighty-eight-year cycle, driven by the behaviours of different personality types at different stages of their lives. You have four types of generation, which cycle -- the Adaptive, Idealist, Reactive, and Civic types. At any given time, one of these will be the elder statespeople, one will be the middle-aged people in positions of power, one will be the young rising people doing most of the work, and one will be the kids still growing up. You can predict what will happen, in broad outline, by how each of those generation types will react to challenges, and what position they will be in when those challenges arise. The idea is that major events change your personality, and also how you react to future events, and that how, say, Pearl Harbor affected someone will have been different for a kid hearing about the attack on the radio, an adult at the age to be drafted, and an adult who was too old to fight. The thesis of this book has, rather oddly, entered mainstream thought so completely that its ideas are taken as basic assumptions now by much of the popular discourse, even though on reading it the authors are so vague that pretty much anything can be taken as confirmation of their hypotheses, in much the same way that newspaper horoscopes always seem like they could apply to almost everyone's life. And sometimes, of course, they're just way off. For example they make the prediction that in 2020 there would be a massive crisis that would last several years, which would lead to a massive sense of community, in which "America will be implacably resolved to do what needs doing and fix what needs fixing", and in which the main task of those aged forty to sixty at that point would be to restrain those in leadership positions in the sixty-to-eighty age group from making irrational, impetuous, decisions which might lead to apocalypse. The crisis would likely end in triumph, but there was also a chance it might end in "moral fatigue, vast human tragedy, and a weak and vengeful sense of victory". I'm sure that none of my listeners can think of any events in 2020 that match this particular pattern. Despite its lack of rigour, Strauss and Howe's basic idea is now part of most people's intellectual toolkit, even if we don't necessarily think of them as the source for it. Indeed, even though they only talk about America in their book, their generational concept gets applied willy-nilly to much of the Western world. And likewise, for the most part we tend to think of the generations, whether American or otherwise, using the names they used. For the generations who were alive at the time they were writing, they used five main names, three of which we still use. Those born between 1901 and 1924 they term the "GI Generation", though those are now usually termed the "Greatest Generation". Those born between 1924 and 1942 were the "Silent Generation", those born 1943 through 1960 were the Boomers, and those born between 1982 and 2003 they labelled Millennials. Those born between 1961 and 1981 they labelled "thirteeners", because they were the unlucky thirteenth generation to be born in America since the declaration of independence. But that name didn't catch on. Instead, the name that people use to describe that generation is "Generation X", named after a late-seventies punk band led by Billy Idol: [Excerpt: Generation X, "Your Generation"] That band were short-lived, but they were in constant dialogue with the pop culture of ten to fifteen years earlier, Idol's own childhood. As well as that song, "Your Generation", which is obviously referring to the song this week's episode is about, they also recorded versions of John Lennon's "Gimme Some Truth", of Johnny Kidd and the Pirates' "Shakin' All Over", and an original song called "Ready Steady Go", about being in love with Cathy McGowan, the presenter of that show. And even their name was a reference, because Generation X were named after a book published in 1964, about not the generation we call Generation X, but about the Baby Boomers, and specifically about a series of fights on beaches across the South Coast of England between what at that point amounted to two gangs. These were fights between the old guard, the Rockers -- people who represented the recent past who wouldn't go away, what Americans would call "greasers", people who modelled themselves on Marlon Brando in Rebel Without A Cause, and who thought music had peaked with Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran -- and a newer, younger, hipper, group of people, who represented the new, the modern -- the Mods: [Excerpt: The Who, "My Generation"] Jim Marshall, if he'd been American, would have been considered one of the Greatest Generation, but his upbringing was not typical of that, or of any, generation. When he was five, he was diagnosed as having skeletal tuberculosis, which had made his bones weak and easily broken. To protect them, he spent the next seven years of his life, from age five until twelve, in hospital in a full-body cast. The only opportunity he got to move during those years was for a few minutes every three months, when the cast would be cut off and reapplied to account for his growth during that time. Unsurprisingly, once he was finally out of the cast, he discovered he loved moving -- a lot. He dropped out of school aged thirteen -- most people at the time left school at aged fourteen anyway, and since he'd missed all his schooling to that point it didn't seem worth his while carrying on -- and took on multiple jobs, working sixty hours a week or more. But the job he made most money at was as an entertainer. He started out as a tap-dancer, taking advantage of his new mobility, but then his song-and-dance man routine became steadily more song and less dance, as people started to notice his vocal resemblance to Bing Crosby. He was working six nights a week as a singer, but when World War II broke out, the drummer in the seven-piece band he was working with was drafted -- Marshall wouldn't ever be drafted because of his history of illness. The other members of the band knew that as a dancer he had a good sense of rhythm, and so they made a suggestion -- if Jim took over the drums, they could split the money six ways rather than seven. Marshall agreed, but he discovered there was a problem. The drum kit was always positioned at the back of the stage, behind the PA, and he couldn't hear the other musicians clearly. This is actually OK for a drummer -- you're keeping time, and the rest of the band are following you, so as long as you can *sort of* hear them everyone can stay together. But a singer needs to be able to hear everything clearly, in order to stay on key. And this was in the days before monitor speakers, so the only option available was to just have a louder PA system. And since one wasn't available, Marshall just had to build one himself. And that's how Jim Marshall started building amplifiers. Marshall eventually gave up playing the drums, and retired to run a music shop. There's a story about Marshall's last gig as a drummer, which isn't in the biography of Marshall I read for this episode, but is told in other places by the son of the bandleader at that gig. Apparently Marshall had a very fraught relationship with his father, who was among other things a semi-professional boxer, and at that gig Marshall senior turned up and started heckling his son from the audience. Eventually the younger Marshall jumped off the stage and started hitting his dad, winning the fight, but he decided he wasn't going to perform in public any more. The band leader for that show was Clifford Townshend, a clarinet player and saxophonist whose main gig was as part of the Squadronaires, a band that had originally been formed during World War II by RAF servicemen to entertain other troops. Townshend, who had been a member of Oswald Moseley's fascist Blackshirts in the thirties but later had a change of heart, was a second-generation woodwind player -- his father had been a semi-professional flute player. As well as working with the Squadronaires, Townshend also put out one record under his own name in 1956, a version of "Unchained Melody" credited to "Cliff Townsend and his singing saxophone": [Excerpt: Cliff Townshend and his Singing Saxophone, "Unchained Melody"] Cliff's wife often performed with him -- she was a professional singer who had  actually lied about her age in order to join up with the Air Force and sing with the group -- but they had a tempestuous marriage, and split up multiple times. As a result of this, and the travelling lifestyle of musicians, there were periods where their son Peter was sent to live with his grandmother, who was seriously abusive, traumatising the young boy in ways that would affect him for the rest of his life. When Pete Townshend was growing up, he wasn't particularly influenced by music, in part because it was his dad's job rather than a hobby, and his parents had very few records in the house. He did, though, take up the harmonica and learn to play the theme tune to Dixon of Dock Green: [Excerpt: Tommy Reilly, "Dixon of Dock Green Theme"] His first exposure to rock and roll wasn't through Elvis or Little Richard, but rather through Ray Ellington. Ellington was a British jazz singer and drummer, heavily influenced by Louis Jordan, who provided regular musical performances on the Goon Show throughout the fifties, and on one episode had performed "That Rock 'n' Rollin' Man": [Excerpt: Ray Ellington, "That Rock 'N' Rollin' Man"] Young Pete's assessment of that, as he remembered it later, was "I thought it some kind of hybrid jazz: swing music with stupid lyrics. But it felt youthful and rebellious, like The Goon Show itself." But he got hooked on rock and roll when his father took him and a friend to see a film: [Excerpt: Bill Haley and the Comets, "Rock Around the Clock"] According to Townshend's autobiography, "I asked Dad what he thought of the music. He said he thought it had some swing, and anything that had swing was OK. For me it was more than just OK. After seeing Rock Around the Clock with Bill Haley, nothing would ever be quite the same." Young Pete would soon go and see Bill Haley live – his first rock and roll gig. But the older Townshend would soon revise his opinion of rock and roll, because it soon marked the end of the kind of music that had allowed him to earn his living -- though he still managed to get regular work, playing a clarinet was suddenly far less lucrative than it had been. Pete decided that he wanted to play the saxophone, like his dad, but soon he switched first to guitar and then to banjo. His first guitar was bought for him by his abusive grandmother, and three of the strings snapped almost immediately, so he carried on playing with just three strings for a while. He got very little encouragement from his parents, and didn't really improve for a couple of years. But then the trad jazz boom happened, and Townshend teamed up with a friend of his who played the trumpet and French horn. He had initially bonded with John Entwistle over their shared sense of humour -- both kids loved Mad magazine and would make tape recordings together of themselves doing comedy routines inspired by the Goon show and Hancock's Half Hour -- but Entwistle was also a very accomplished musician, who could play multiple instruments. Entwistle had formed a trad band called the Confederates, and Townshend joined them on banjo and guitar, but they didn't stay together for long. Both boys, though, would join a variety of other bands, both together and separately. As the trad boom faded and rock and roll regained its dominance among British youth, there was little place for Entwistle's trumpet in the music that was popular among teenagers, and at first Entwistle decided to try making his trumpet sound more like a saxophone, using a helmet as a mute to try to get it to sound like the sax on "Ramrod" by Duane Eddy: [Excerpt: Duane Eddy, "Ramrod"] Eddy soon became Entwistle's hero. We've talked about him before a couple of times, briefly, but not in depth, but Duane Eddy had a style that was totally different from most guitar heroes. Instead of playing mostly on the treble strings of the guitar, playing high twiddly parts, Eddy played low notes on the bass strings of his guitar, giving him the style that he summed up in album titles like "The Twang's the Thang" and "Have Twangy Guitar Will Travel". After a couple of years of having hits with this sound, produced by Lee Hazelwood and Lester Sill, Eddy also started playing another instrument, the instrument variously known as the six-string bass, the baritone guitar, or the Danelectro bass (after the company that manufactured the most popular model).  The baritone guitar has six strings, like a normal guitar, but it's tuned lower than a standard guitar -- usually a fourth lower, though different players have different preferences. The Danelectro became very popular in recording studios in the early sixties, because it helped solve a big problem in recording bass tones. You can hear more about this in the episodes of Cocaine and Rhinestones I recommended last week, but basically double basses were very, very difficult to record in the 1950s, and you'd often end up just getting a thudding, muddy, sound from them, which is one reason why when you listen to a lot of early rockabilly the bass is doing nothing very interesting, just playing root notes -- you couldn't easily get much clarity on the instrument at all. Conversely, with electric basses, with the primitive amps of the time, you didn't get anything like the full sound that you'd get from a double bass, but you *did* get a clear sound that would cut through on a cheap radio in a way that the sound of a double bass wouldn't. So the solution was obvious -- you have an electric instrument *and* a double bass play the same part. Use the double bass for the big dull throbbing sound, but use the electric one to give the sound some shape and cut-through. If you're doing that, you mostly want the trebly part of the electric instrument's tone, so you play it with a pick rather than fingers, and it makes sense to use a Danelectro rather than a standard bass guitar, as the Danelectro is more trebly than a normal bass. This combination, of Danelectro and double bass, appears to have been invented by Owen Bradley, and you can hear it for example on this record by Patsy Cline, with Bob Moore on double bass and Harold Bradley on baritone guitar: [Excerpt: Patsy Cline, "Crazy"] This sound, known as "tic-tac bass", was soon picked up by a lot of producers, and it became the standard way of getting a bass sound in both Nashville and LA. It's all over the Beach Boys' best records, and many of Jack Nitzsche's arrangements, and many of the other records the Wrecking Crew played on, and it's on most of the stuff the Nashville A-Team played on from the late fifties through mid-sixties, records by people like Elvis, Roy Orbison, Arthur Alexander, and the Everly Brothers. Lee Hazelwood was one of the first producers to pick up on this sound -- indeed, Duane Eddy has said several times that Hazelwood invented the sound before Owen Bradley did, though I think Bradley did it first -- and many of Eddy's records featured that bass sound, and eventually Eddy started playing a baritone guitar himself, as a lead instrument, playing it on records like "Because They're Young": [Excerpt: Duane Eddy, "Because They're Young"] Duane Eddy was John Entwistle's idol, and Entwistle learned Eddy's whole repertoire on trumpet, playing the saxophone parts. But then, realising that the guitar was always louder than the trumpet in the bands he was in, he realised that if he wanted to be heard, he should probably switch to guitar himself. And it made sense that a bass would be easier to play than a regular guitar -- if you only have four strings, there's more space between them, so playing is easier. So he started playing the bass, trying to sound as much like Eddy as he could. He had no problem picking up the instrument -- he was already a multi-instrumentalist -- but he did have a problem actually getting hold of one, as all the electric bass guitars available in the UK at the time were prohibitively expensive. Eventually he made one himself, with the help of someone in a local music shop, and that served for a time, though he would soon trade up to more professional instruments, eventually amassing the biggest collection of basses in the world. One day, Entwistle was approached on the street by an acquaintance, Roger Daltrey, who said to him "I hear you play bass" -- Entwistle was, at the time, carrying his bass. Daltrey was at this time a guitarist -- like Entwistle, he'd built his own instrument -- and he was the leader of a band called Del Angelo and his Detours. Daltrey wasn't Del Angelo, the lead singer -- that was a man called Colin Dawson who by all accounts sounded a little like Cliff Richard -- but he was the bandleader, hired and fired the members, and was in charge of their setlists. Daltrey lured Entwistle away from the band he was in with Townshend by telling him that the Detours were getting proper paid gigs, though they weren't getting many at the time. Unfortunately, one of the group's other guitarists, the member who owned the best amp, died in an accident not long after Entwistle joined the band. However, the amp was left in the group's possession, and Entwistle used it to lure Pete Townshend into the group by telling him he could use it -- and not telling him that he'd be sharing the amp with Daltrey. Townshend would later talk about his audition for the Detours -- as he was walking up the street towards Daltrey's house, he saw a stunningly beautiful woman walking away from the house crying. She saw his guitar case and said "Are you going to Roger's?" "Yes." "Well you can tell him, it's that bloody guitar or me". Townshend relayed the message, and Daltrey responded "Sod her. Come in." The audition was a formality, with the main questions being whether Townshend could play two parts of the regular repertoire for a working band at that time -- "Hava Nagila", and the Shadows' "Man of Mystery": [Excerpt: The Shadows, "Man of Mystery"] Townshend could play both of those, and so he was in. The group would mostly play chart hits by groups like the Shadows, but as trad jazz hadn't completely died out yet they would also do breakout sessions playing trad jazz, with Townshend on banjo, Entwistle on trumpet and Daltrey on trombone. From the start, there was a temperamental mismatch between the group's two guitarists. Daltrey was thoroughly working-class, culturally conservative,  had dropped out of school to go to work at a sheet metal factory, and saw himself as a no-nonsense plain-speaking man. Townshend was from a relatively well-off upper-middle-class family, was for a brief time a member of the Communist Party, and was by this point studying at art school, where he was hugely impressed by a lecture from Gustav Metzger titled “Auto-Destructive Art, Auto-Creative Art: The Struggle For The Machine Arts Of The Future”, about Metzger's creation of artworks which destroyed themselves. Townshend was at art school during a period when the whole idea of what an art school was for was in flux, something that's typified by a story Townshend tells about two of his early lectures. At the first, the lecturer came in and told the class to all draw a straight line. They all did, and then the lecturer told off anyone who had drawn anything that was anything other than six inches long, perfectly straight, without a ruler, going north-south, with a 3B pencil, saying that anything else at all was self-indulgence of the kind that needed to be drummed out of them if they wanted to get work as commercial artists. Then in another lecture, a different lecturer came in and asked them all to draw a straight line. They all drew perfectly straight, six-inch, north-south lines in 3B pencil, as the first lecturer had taught them. The new lecturer started yelling at them, then brought in someone else to yell at them as well, and then cut his hand open with a knife and dragged it across a piece of paper, smearing a rough line with his own blood, and screamed "THAT'S a line!" Townshend's sympathies lay very much with the second lecturer. Another big influence on Townshend at this point was a jazz double-bass player, Malcolm Cecil. Cecil would later go on to become a pioneer in electronic music as half of TONTO's Expanding Head Band, and we'll be looking at his work in more detail in a future episode, but at this point he was a fixture on the UK jazz scene. He'd been a member of Blues Incorporated, and had also played with modern jazz players like Dick Morrissey: [Excerpt: Dick Morrissey, "Jellyroll"] But Townshend was particularly impressed with a performance in which Cecil demonstrated unorthodox ways to play the double-bass, including playing so hard he broke the strings, and using a saw as a bow, sawing through the strings and damaging the body of the instrument. But these influences, for the moment, didn't affect the Detours, who were still doing the Cliff and the Shadows routine. Eventually Colin Dawson quit the group, and Daltrey took over the lead vocal role for the Detours, who settled into a lineup of Daltrey, Townshend, Entwistle, and drummer Doug Sandom, who was much older than the rest of the group -- he was born in 1930, while Daltrey and Entwistle were born in 1944 and Townshend in 1945. For a while, Daltrey continued playing guitar as well as singing, but his hands were often damaged by his work at the sheet-metal factory, making guitar painful for him. Then the group got a support slot with Johnny Kidd and the Pirates, who at this point were a four-piece band, with Kidd singing backed by bass, drums, and Mick Green playing one guitar on which he played both rhythm and lead parts: [Excerpt: Johnny Kidd and the Pirates, "Doctor Feel Good"] Green was at the time considered possibly the best guitarist in Britain, and the sound the Pirates were able to get with only one guitar convinced the Detours that they would be OK if Daltrey switched to just singing, so the group changed to what is now known as a "power trio" format. Townshend was a huge admirer of Steve Cropper, another guitarist who played both rhythm and lead, and started trying to adopt parts of Cropper's style, playing mostly chords, while Entwistle went for a much more fluid bass style than most, essentially turning the bass into another lead instrument, patterning his playing after Duane Eddy's work. By this time, Townshend was starting to push against Daltrey's leadership a little, especially when it came to repertoire. Townshend had a couple of American friends at art school who had been deported after being caught smoking dope, and had left their records with Townshend for safe-keeping. As a result, Townshend had become a devotee of blues and R&B music, especially the jazzier stuff like Ray Charles, Mose Allison, and Booker T and the MGs. He also admired guitar-based blues records like those by Howlin' Wolf or Jimmy Reed. Townshend kept pushing for this music to be incorporated into the group's sets, but Daltrey would push back, insisting as the leader that they should play the chart hits that everyone else played, rather than what he saw as Townshend's art-school nonsense. Townshend insisted, and eventually won -- within a short while the group had become a pure R&B group, and Daltrey was soon a convert, and became the biggest advocate of that style in the band. But there was a problem with only having one guitar, and that was volume. In particular, Townshend didn't want to be able to hear hecklers. There were gangsters in some of the audiences who would shout requests for particular songs, and you had to play them or else, even if they were completely unsuitable for the rest of the audience's tastes. But if you were playing so loud you couldn't hear the shouting, you had an excuse. Both Entwistle and Townshend had started buying amplifiers from Jim Marshall, who had opened up a music shop after quitting drums -- Townshend actually bought his first one from a shop assistant in Marshall's shop, John McLaughlin, who would later himself become a well-known guitarist. Entwistle, wanting to be heard over Townshend, had bought a cabinet with four twelve-inch speakers in it. Townshend, wanting to be heard over Entwistle, had bought *two* of these cabinets, and stacked them, one on top of the other, against Marshall's protestations -- Marshall said that they would vibrate so much that the top one might fall over and injure someone. Townshend didn't listen, and the Marshall stack was born. This ultra-amplification also led Townshend to change his guitar style further. He was increasingly reliant on distortion and feedback, rather than on traditional instrumental skills. Now, there are basically two kinds of chords that are used in most Western music. There are major chords, which consist of the first, third, and fifth note of the scale, and these are the basic chords that everyone starts with. So you can strum between G major and F major: [demonstrates G and F chords] There's also minor chords, where you flatten the third note, which sound a little sadder than major chords, so playing G minor and F minor: [demonstrates Gm and Fm chords] There are of course other kinds of chord -- basically any collection of notes counts as a chord, and can work musically in some context. But major and minor chords are the basic harmonic building blocks of most pop music. But when you're using a lot of distortion and feedback, you create a lot of extra harmonics -- extra notes that your instrument makes along with the ones you're playing. And for mathematical reasons I won't go into here because this is already a very long episode, the harmonics generated by playing the first and fifth notes sound fine together, but the harmonics from a third or minor third don't go along with them at all. The solution to this problem is to play what are known as "power chords", which are just the root and fifth notes, with no third at all, and which sound ambiguous as to whether they're major or minor. Townshend started to build his technique around these chords, playing for the most part on the bottom three strings of his guitar, which sounds like this: [demonstrates G5 and F5 chords] Townshend wasn't the first person to use power chords -- they're used on a lot of the Howlin' Wolf records he liked, and before Townshend would become famous the Kinks had used them on "You Really Got Me" -- but he was one of the first British guitarists to make them a major part of his personal style. Around this time, the Detours were starting to become seriously popular, and Townshend was starting to get exhausted by the constant demands on his time from being in the band and going to art school. He talked about this with one of his lecturers, who asked how much Townshend was earning from the band. When Townshend told him he was making thirty pounds a week, the lecturer was shocked, and said that was more than *he* was earning. Townshend should probably just quit art school, because it wasn't like he was going to make more money from anything he could learn there. Around this time, two things changed the group's image. The first was that they played a support slot for the Rolling Stones in December 1963. Townshend saw Keith Richards swinging his arm over his head and then bringing it down on the guitar, to loosen up his muscles, and he thought that looked fantastic, and started copying it -- from very early on, Townshend wanted to have a physical presence on stage that would be all about his body, to distract from his face, as he was embarrassed about the size of his nose. They played a second support slot for the Stones a few weeks later, and not wanting to look like he was copying Richards, Townshend didn't do that move, but then he noticed that Richards didn't do it either. He asked about it after the gig, and Richards didn't know what he was talking about -- "Swing me what?" -- so Townshend took that as a green light to make that move, which became known as the windmill, his own. The second thing was when in February 1964 a group appeared on Thank Your Lucky Stars: [Excerpt: Johnny Devlin and the Detours, "Sometimes"] Johnny Devlin and the Detours had had national media exposure, which meant that Daltrey, Townshend, Entwistle, and Sandom had to change the name of their group. They eventually settled on "The Who", It was around this time that the group got their first serious management, a man named Helmut Gorden, who owned a doorknob factory. Gorden had no management experience, but he did offer the group a regular salary, and pay for new equipment for them. However, when he tried to sign the group to a proper contract, as most of them were still under twenty-one he needed their parents to countersign for them. Townshend's parents, being experienced in the music industry, refused to sign, and so the group continued under Gorden's management without a contract. Gorden, not having management experience, didn't have any contacts in the music industry. But his barber did. Gorden enthused about his group to Jack Marks, the barber, and Marks in turn told some of his other clients about this group he'd been hearing about. Tony Hatch wasn't interested, as he already had a guitar group with the Searchers, but Chris Parmenter at Fontana Records was, and an audition was arranged. At the audition, among other numbers, they played Bo Diddley's "Here 'Tis": [Excerpt: Bo Diddley, "Here 'Tis"] Unfortunately for Doug, he didn't play well on that song, and Townshend started berating him. Doug also knew that Parmenter had reservations about him, because he was so much older than the rest of the band -- he was thirty-four at the time, while the rest of the group were only just turning twenty -- and he was also the least keen of the group on the R&B material they were playing. He'd been warned by Entwistle, his closest friend in the group, that Daltrey and Townshend were thinking of dropping him, and so he decided to jump before he was pushed, walking out of the audition. He agreed to come back for a handful more gigs that were already booked in, but that was the end of his time in the band, and of his time in the music industry -- though oddly not of his friendship with the group. Unlike other famous examples of an early member not fitting in and being forced out before a band becomes big, Sandom remained friends with the other members, and Townshend wrote the foreword to his autobiography, calling him a mentor figure, while Daltrey apparently insisted that Sandom phone him for a chat every Sunday, at the same time every week, until Sandom's death in 2019 at the age of eighty-nine. The group tried a few other drummers, including someone who Jim Marshall had been giving drum lessons to, Mitch Mitchell, before settling on the drummer for another group that played the same circuit, the Beachcombers, who played mostly Shadows material, plus the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean songs that their drummer, Keith Moon, loved. Moon and Entwistle soon became a formidable rhythm section, and despite having been turned down by Fontana, they were clearly going places. But they needed an image -- and one was provided for them by Pete Meaden. Meaden was another person who got his hair cut by Jack Marks, and he had had  little bit of music business experience, having worked for Andrew Oldham, the Rolling Stones' manager, for a while before going on to manage a group called the Moments, whose career highlight was recording a soundalike cover version of "You Really Got Me" for an American budget label: [Excerpt: The Moments, "You Really Got Me"] The Moments never had any big success, but Meaden's nose for talent was not wrong, as their teenage lead singer, Steve Marriott, later went on to much better things. Pete Meaden was taken on as Helmut Gorden's assistant, but from this point on the group decided to regard him as their de facto manager, and as more than just a manager. To Townshend in particular he was a guru figure, and he shaped the group to appeal to the Mods. Now, we've not talked much about the Mods previously, and what little has been said has been a bit contradictory. That's because the Mods were a tiny subculture at this point -- or to be more precise, they were three subcultures. The original mods had come along in the late 1950s, at a time when there was a division among jazz fans between fans of traditional New Orleans jazz -- "trad" -- and modern jazz. The mods were modernists, hence the name, but for the most part they weren't as interested in music as in clothes. They were a small group of young working-class men, almost all gay, who dressed flamboyantly and dandyishly, and who saw themselves, their clothing, and their bodies as works of art. In the late fifties, Britain was going through something of an economic boom, and this was the first time that working-class men *could* buy nice clothes. These working-class dandies would have to visit tailors to get specially modified clothes made, but they could just about afford to do so. The mod image was at first something that belonged to a very, very, small clique of people. But then John Stephens opened his first shop. This was the first era when short runs of factory-produced clothing became possible, and Stephens, a stylish young man, opened a shop on Carnaby Street, then a relatively cheap place to open a shop. He painted the outside yellow, played loud pop music, and attracted a young crowd. Stephens was selling factory-made clothes that still looked unique -- short runs of odd-coloured jeans, three-button jackets, and other men's fashion. Soon Carnaby Street became the hub for men's fashion in London, thanks largely to Stephens. At one point Stephens owned fifteen different shops, nine of them on Carnaby Street itself, and Stephens' shops appealed to the kind of people that the Kinks would satirise in their early 1966 hit single "Dedicated Follower of Fashion": [Excerpt: The Kinks, "Dedicated Follower of Fashion"] Many of those who visited Stephens' shops were the larger, second, generation of mods. I'm going to quote here from George Melly's Revolt Into Style, the first book to properly analyse British pop culture of the fifties and sixties, by someone who was there: "As the ‘mod' thing spread it lost its purity. For the next generation of Mods, those who picked up the ‘mod' thing around 1963, clothes, while still their central preoccupation, weren't enough. They needed music (Rhythm and Blues), transport (scooters) and drugs (pep pills). What's more they needed fashion ready-made. They hadn't the time or the fanaticism to invent their own styles, and this is where Carnaby Street came in." Melly goes on to talk about how these new Mods were viewed with distaste by the older Mods, who left the scene. The choice of music for these new Mods was as much due to geographic proximity as anything else. Carnaby Street is just round the corner from Wardour Street, and Wardour Street is where the two clubs that between them were the twin poles of the London R&B scenes, the Marquee and the Flamingo, were both located. So it made sense that the young people frequenting John Stephens' boutiques on Carnaby Street were the same people who made up the audiences -- and the bands -- at those clubs. But by 1964, even these second-generation Mods were in a minority compared to a new, third generation, and here I'm going to quote Melly again: "But the Carnaby Street Mods were not the final stage in the history of this particular movement. The word was taken over finally by a new and more violent sector, the urban working class at the gang-forming age, and this became quite sinister. The gang stage rejected the wilder flights of Carnaby Street in favour of extreme sartorial neatness. Everything about them was neat, pretty and creepy: dark glasses, Nero hair-cuts, Chelsea boots, polo-necked sweaters worn under skinny V-necked pullovers, gleaming scooters and transistors. Even their offensive weapons were pretty—tiny hammers and screwdrivers. En masse they looked like a pack of weasels." I would urge anyone who's interested in British social history to read Melly's book in full -- it's well worth it. These third-stage Mods soon made up the bulk of the movement, and they were the ones who, in summer 1964, got into the gang fights that were breathlessly reported in all the tabloid newspapers. Pete Meaden was a Mod, and as far as I can tell he was a leading-edge second-stage Mod, though as with all these things who was in what generation of Mods is a bit blurry. Meaden had a whole idea of Mod-as-lifestyle and Mod-as-philosophy, which worked well with the group's R&B leanings, and with Townshend's art-school-inspired fascination with the aesthetics of Pop Art. Meaden got the group a residency at the Railway Hotel, a favourite Mod hangout, and he also changed their name -- The Who didn't sound Mod enough. In Mod circles at the time there was a hierarchy, with the coolest people, the Faces, at the top, below them a slightly larger group of people known as Numbers, and below them the mass of generic people known as Tickets. Meaden saw himself as the band's Svengali, so he was obviously the Face, so the group had to be Numbers -- so they became The High Numbers. Meaden got the group a one-off single deal, to record two songs he had allegedly written, both of which had lyrics geared specifically for the Mods. The A-side was "Zoot Suit": [Excerpt: The High Numbers, "Zoot Suit"] This had a melody that was stolen wholesale from "Misery" by the Dynamics: [Excerpt: The Dynamics, "Misery"] The B-side, meanwhile, was titled "I'm the Face": [Excerpt: The High Numbers, "I'm the Face"] Which anyone with any interest at all in blues music will recognise immediately as being "Got Love if You Want It" by Slim Harpo: [Excerpt: Slim Harpo, "Got Love if You Want it"] Unfortunately for the High Numbers, that single didn't have much success. Mod was a local phenomenon, which never took off outside London and its suburbs, and so the songs didn't have much appeal in the rest of the country -- while within London, Mod fashions were moving so quickly that by the time the record came out, all its up-to-the-minute references were desperately outdated. But while the record didn't have much success, the group were getting a big live following among the Mods, and their awareness of rapidly shifting trends in that subculture paid off for them in terms of stagecraft. To quote Townshend: "What the Mods taught us was how to lead by following. I mean, you'd look at the dance floor and see some bloke stop during the dance of the week and for some reason feel like doing some silly sort of step. And you'd notice some of the blokes around him looking out of the corners of their eyes and thinking 'is this the latest?' And on their own, without acknowledging the first fellow, a few of 'em would start dancing that way. And we'd be watching. By the time they looked up on the stage again, we'd be doing that dance and they'd think the original guy had been imitating us. And next week they'd come back and look to us for dances". And then Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp came into the Railway Hotel. Kit Lambert was the son of Constant Lambert, the founding music director of the Royal Ballet, who the economist John Maynard Keynes described as the most brilliant man he'd ever met. Constant Lambert was possibly Britain's foremost composer of the pre-war era, and one of the first people from the serious music establishment to recognise the potential of jazz and blues music. His most famous composition, "The Rio Grande", written in 1927 about a fictitious South American river, is often compared with Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue: [Excerpt: Constant Lambert, "The Rio Grande"] Kit Lambert was thus brought up in an atmosphere of great privilege, both financially and intellectually, with his godfather being the composer Sir William Walton while his godmother was the prima ballerina Dame Margot Fonteyn, with whom his father was having an affair. As a result of the problems between his parents, Lambert spent much of his childhood living with his grandmother. After studying history at Oxford and doing his national service, Lambert had spent a few months studying film at the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques in Paris, where he went because Jean-Luc Godard and Alain Renais taught there -- or at least so he would later say, though there's no evidence I can find that Godard actually taught there, so either he went there under a mistaken impression or he lied about it later to make himself sound more interesting. However, he'd got bored with his studies after only a few months, and decided that he knew enough to just make a film himself, and he planned his first documentary. In early 1961, despite having little film experience, he joined two friends from university, Richard Mason and John Hemming, in an attempt to make a documentary film tracing the source of the Iriri, a river in South America that was at that point the longest unnavigated river in the world. Unfortunately, the expedition was as disastrous as it's possible for such an expedition to be. In May 1961 they landed in the Amazon basin and headed off on their expedition to find the source of the Iriri, with the help of five local porters and three people sent along by the Brazillian government to map the new areas they were to discover. Unfortunately, by September, not only had they not found the source of the Iriri, they'd actually not managed to find the Iriri itself, four and a half months apparently not being a long enough time to find an eight-hundred-and-ten-mile-long river. And then Mason made his way into history in the worst possible way, by becoming the last, to date, British person to be murdered by an uncontacted indigenous tribe, the Panará, who shot him with eight poison arrows and then bludgeoned his skull. A little over a decade later the Panará made contact with the wider world after nearly being wiped out by disease. They remembered killing Mason and said that they'd been scared by the swishing noise his jeans had made, as they'd never encountered anyone who wore clothes before. Before they made contact, the Panará were also known as the Kreen-Akrore, a name given them by the Kayapó people, meaning "round-cut head", a reference to the way they styled their hair, brushed forward and trimmed over the forehead in a way that was remarkably similar to some of the Mod styles. Before they made contact, Paul McCartney would in 1970 record an instrumental, "Kreen Akrore", after being inspired by a documentary called The Tribe That Hides From Man. McCartney's instrumental includes sound effects, including McCartney firing a bow and arrow, though apparently the bow-string snapped during the recording: [Excerpt: Paul McCartney, "Kreen Akrore"] For a while, Lambert was under suspicion for the murder, though the Daily Express, which had sponsored the expedition, persuaded Brazillian police to drop the charges. While he was in Rio waiting for the legal case to be sorted, Lambert developed what one book on the Who describes as "a serious anal infection". Astonishingly, this experience did not put Lambert off from the film industry, though he wouldn't try to make another film of his own for a couple of years. Instead, he went to work at Shepperton Studios, where he was an uncredited second AD on many films, including From Russia With Love and The L-Shaped Room. Another second AD working on many of the same films was Chris Stamp, the brother of the actor Terence Stamp, who was just starting out in his own career. Stamp and Lambert became close friends, despite -- or because of -- their differences. Lambert was bisexual, and preferred men to women, Stamp was straight. Lambert was the godson of a knight and a dame, Stamp was a working-class East End Cockney. Lambert was a film-school dropout full of ideas and grand ambitions, but unsure how best to put those ideas into practice, Stamp was a practical, hands-on, man. The two complemented each other perfectly, and became flatmates and collaborators. After seeing A Hard Day's Night, they decided that they were going to make their own pop film -- a documentary, inspired by the French nouvelle vague school of cinema, which would chart a pop band from playing lowly clubs to being massive pop stars. Now all they needed was to find a band that were playing lowly clubs but could become massive stars. And they found that band at the Railway Hotel, when they saw the High Numbers. Stamp and Lambert started making their film, and completed part of it, which can be found on YouTube: [Excerpt: The High Numbers, "Oo Poo Pa Doo"] The surviving part of the film is actually very, very, well done for people who'd never directed a film before, and I have no doubt that if they'd completed the film, to be titled High Numbers, it would be regarded as one of the classic depictions of early-sixties London club life, to be classed along with The Small World of Sammy Lee and Expresso Bongo. What's even more astonishing, though, is how *modern* the group look. Most footage of guitar bands of this period looks very dated, not just in the fashions, but in everything -- the attitude of the performers, their body language, the way they hold their instruments. The best performances are still thrilling, but you can tell when they were filmed. On the other hand, the High Numbers look ungainly and awkward, like the lads of no more than twenty that they are -- but in a way that was actually shocking to me when I first saw this footage. Because they look *exactly* like every guitar band I played on the same bill as during my own attempts at being in bands between 2000 and about 2005. If it weren't for the fact that they have such recognisable faces, if you'd told me this was footage of some band I played on the same bill with at the Star and Garter or Night and Day Cafe in 2003, I'd believe it unquestioningly. But while Lambert and Stamp started out making a film, they soon pivoted and decided that they could go into management. Of course, the High Numbers did already have management -- Pete Meaden and Helmut Gorden -- but after consulting with the Beatles' lawyer, David Jacobs, Lambert and Stamp found out that Gorden's contract with the band was invalid, and so when Gorden got back from a holiday, he found himself usurped. Meaden was a bit more difficult to get rid of, even though he had less claim on the group than Gorden -- he was officially their publicist, not their manager, and his only deal was with Gorden, even though the group considered him their manager. While Meaden didn't have a contractual claim though, he did have one argument in his favour, which is that he had a large friend named Phil the Greek, who had a big knife. When this claim was put to Lambert and Stamp, they agreed that this was a very good point indeed, one that they hadn't considered, and agreed to pay Meaden off with two hundred and fifty pounds. This would not be the last big expense that Stamp and Lambert would have as the managers of the Who, as the group were now renamed. Their agreement with the group had the two managers taking forty percent of the group's earnings, while the four band members would split the other sixty percent between themselves -- an arrangement which should theoretically have had the managers coming out ahead. But they also agreed to pay the group's expenses. And that was to prove very costly indeed. Shortly after they started managing the group, at a gig at the Railway Hotel, which had low ceilings, Townshend lifted his guitar up a bit higher than he'd intended, and broke the headstock. Townshend had a spare guitar with him, so this was OK, and he also remembered Gustav Metzger and his ideas of auto-destructive art, and Malcolm Cecil sawing through his bass strings and damaging his bass, and decided that it was better for him to look like he'd meant to do that than to look like an idiot who'd accidentally broken his guitar, so he repeated the motion, smashing his guitar to bits, before carrying on the show with his spare. The next week, the crowd were excited, expecting the same thing again, but Townshend hadn't brought a spare guitar with him. So as not to disappoint them, Keith Moon destroyed his drum kit instead. This destruction was annoying to Entwistle, who saw musical instruments as something close to sacred, and it also annoyed the group's managers at first, because musical instruments are expensive. But they soon saw the value this brought to the band's shows, and reluctantly agreed to keep buying them new instruments. So for the first couple of years, Lambert and Stamp lost money on the group. They funded this partly through Lambert's savings, partly through Stamp continuing to do film work, and partly from investors in their company, one of whom was Russ Conway, the easy-listening piano player who'd had hits like "Side Saddle": [Excerpt: Russ Conway, "Side Saddle"] Conway's connections actually got the group another audition for a record label, Decca (although Conway himself recorded for EMI), but the group were turned down. The managers were told that they would have been signed, but they didn't have any original material. So Pete Townshend was given the task of writing some original material. By this time Townshend's musical world was expanding far beyond the R&B that the group were performing on stage, and he talks in his autobiography about the music he was listening to while he was trying to write his early songs. There was "Green Onions", which he'd been listening to for years in his attempt to emulate Steve Cropper's guitar style, but there was also The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, and two tracks he names in particular, "Devil's Jump" by John Lee Hooker: [Excerpt: John Lee Hooker, "Devil's Jump"] And "Better Get Hit in Your Soul" by Charles Mingus: [Excerpt: Charles Mingus, "Better Get Hit In Your Soul"] He was also listening to what he described as "a record that changed my life as a composer", a recording of baroque music that included sections of Purcell's Gordian Knot Untied: [Excerpt: Purcell, Chaconne from Gordian Knot Untied] Townshend had a notebook in which he listed the records he wanted to obtain, and he reproduces that list in his autobiography -- "‘Marvin Gaye, 1-2-3, Mingus Revisited, Stevie Wonder, Jimmy Smith Organ Grinder's Swing, In Crowd, Nina in Concert [Nina Simone], Charlie Christian, Billie Holiday, Ella, Ray Charles, Thelonious Monk Around Midnight and Brilliant Corners.'" He was also listening to a lot of Stockhausen and Charlie Parker, and to the Everly Brothers -- who by this point were almost the only artist that all four members of the Who agreed were any good, because Daltrey was now fully committed to the R&B music he'd originally dismissed, and disliked what he thought was the pretentiousness of the music Townshend was listening to, while Keith Moon was primarily a fan of the Beach Boys. But everyone could agree that the Everlys, with their sensitive interpretations, exquisite harmonies, and Bo Diddley-inflected guitars, were great, and so the group added several songs from the Everlys' 1965 albums Rock N Soul and Beat N Soul to their set, like "Man With Money": [Excerpt: The Everly Brothers, "Man With Money"] Despite Daltrey's objections to diluting the purity of the group's R&B sound, Townshend brought all these influences into his songwriting. The first song he wrote to see release was not actually recorded by the Who, but a song he co-wrote for a minor beat group called the Naturals, who released it as a B-side: [Excerpt: The Naturals, "It Was You"] But shortly after this, the group got their first big break, thanks to Lambert's personal assistant, Anya Butler. Butler was friends with Shel Talmy's wife, and got Talmy to listen to the group. Townshend in particular was eager to work with Talmy, as he was a big fan of the Kinks, who were just becoming big, and who Talmy produced. Talmy signed the group to a production deal, and then signed a deal to license their records to Decca in America -- which Lambert and Stamp didn't realise wasn't the same label as British Decca. Decca in turn sublicensed the group's recordings to their British subsidiary Brunswick, which meant that the group got a minuscule royalty for sales in Britain, as their recordings were being sold through three corporate layers all taking their cut. This didn't matter to them at first, though, and they went into the studio excited to cut their first record as The Who. As was typical at the time, Talmy brought in a few session players to help out. Clem Cattini turned out not to be needed, and left quickly, but Jimmy Page stuck around -- not to play on the A-side, which Townshend said was "so simple even I could play it", but the B-side, a version of the old blues standard "Bald-Headed Woman", which Talmy had copyrighted in his own name and had already had the Kinks record: [Excerpt: The Who, "Bald-Headed Woman"] Apparently the only reason that Page played on that is that Page wouldn't let Townshend use his fuzzbox. As well as Page and Cattini, Talmy also brought in some backing vocalists. These were the Ivy League, a writing and production collective consisting at this point of John Carter and Ken Lewis, both of whom had previously been in a band with Page, and Perry Ford. The Ivy League were huge hit-makers in the mid-sixties, though most people don't recognise their name. Carter and Lewis had just written "Can You Hear My Heartbeat" for Herman's Hermits: [Excerpt: Herman's Hermits, "Can You Hear My Heartbeat?"] And, along with a couple of other singers who joined the group, the Ivy League would go on to sing backing vocals on hits by Sandie Shaw, Tom Jones and others. Together and separately the members of the Ivy League were also responsible for writing, producing, and singing on "Let's Go to San Francisco" by the Flowerpot Men, "Winchester Cathedral" by the New Vaudeville Band, "Beach Baby" by First Class, and more, as well as their big hit under their own name, "Tossing and Turning": [Excerpt: The Ivy League, "Tossing and Turning"] Though my favourite of their tracks is their baroque pop masterpiece "My World Fell Down": [Excerpt: The Ivy League, "My World Fell Down"] As you can tell, the Ivy League were masters of the Beach Boys sound that Moon, and to a lesser extent Townshend, loved. That backing vocal sound was combined with a hard-driving riff inspired by the Kinks' early hits like "You Really Got Me" and "All Day and All of the Night", and with lyrics that explored inarticulacy, a major theme of Townshend's lyrics: [Excerpt: The Who, "I Can't Explain"] "I Can't Explain" made the top ten, thanks in part to a publicity stunt that Lambert came up with. The group had been booked on to Ready, Steady, Go!, and the floor manager of the show mentioned to Lambert that they were having difficulty getting an audience for that week's show -- they were short about a hundred and fifty people, and they needed young, energetic, dancers. Lambert suggested that the best place to find young, energetic, dancers, was at the Marquee on a Tuesday night -- which just happened to be the night of the Who's regular residency at the club. Come the day of filming, the Ready, Steady, Go! audience was full of the Who's most hardcore fans, all of whom had been told by Lambert to throw scarves at the band when they started playing. It was one of the most memorable performances on the show. But even though the record was a big hit, Daltrey was unhappy. The man who'd started out as guitarist in a Shadows cover band and who'd strenuously objected to the group's inclusion of R&B material now had the zeal of a convert. He didn't want to be doing this "soft commercial pop", or Townshend's art-school nonsense. He wanted to be an R&B singer, playing hard music for working-class men like him. Two decisions were taken to mollify the lead singer. The first was that when they went into the studio to record their first album, it was all soul and R&B apart from one original. The album was going to consist of three James Brown covers, three Motown covers, Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man", and a cover of Paul Revere and the Raiders' "Louie Louie" sequel "Louie Come Home", retitled "Lubie". All of this was material that Daltrey was very comfortable with. Also, Daltrey was given some input into the second single, which would be the only song credited to Daltrey and Townshend, and Daltrey's only songwriting contribution to a Who A-side. Townshend had come up with the title "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" while listening to Charlie Parker, and had written the song based on that title, but Daltrey was allowed to rewrite the lyrics and make suggestions as to the arrangement. That record also made the top ten: [Excerpt: The Who, "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere"] But Daltrey would soon become even more disillusioned. The album they'd recorded was shelved, though some tracks were later used for what became the My Generation album, and Kit Lambert told the Melody Maker “The Who are having serious doubts about the state of R&B. Now the LP material will consist of hard pop. They've finished with ‘Smokestack Lightning'!” That wasn't the only thing they were finished with -- Townshend and Moon were tired of their band's leader, and also just didn't think he was a particularly good singer -- and weren't shy about saying so, even to the press. Entwistle, a natural peacemaker, didn't feel as strongly, but there was a definite split forming in the band. Things came to a head on a European tour. Daltrey was sick of this pop nonsense, he was sick of the arty ideas of Townshend, and he was also sick of the other members' drug use. Daltrey didn't indulge himself, but the other band members had been using drugs long before they became successful, and they were all using uppers, which offended Daltrey greatly. He flushed Keith Moon's pill stash down the toilet, and screamed at his band mates that they were a bunch of junkies, then physically attacked Moon. All three of the other band members agreed -- Daltrey was out of the band. They were going to continue as a trio. But after a couple of days, Daltrey was back in the group. This was mostly because Daltrey had come crawling back to them, apologising -- he was in a very bad place at the time, having left his wife and kid, and was actually living in the back of the group's tour van. But it was also because Lambert and Stamp persuaded the group they needed Daltrey, at least for the moment, because he'd sung lead on their latest single, and that single was starting to rise up the charts. "My Generation" had had a long and torturous journey from conception to realisation. Musically it originally had been inspired by Mose Allison's "Young Man's Blues": [Excerpt: Mose Allison, "Young Man's Blues"] Townshend had taken that musical mood and tied it to a lyric that was inspired by a trilogy of TV plays, The Generations, by the socialist playwright David Mercer, whose plays were mostly about family disagreements that involved politics and class, as in the case of the first of those plays, where two upwardly-mobile young brothers of very different political views go back to visit their working-class family when their mother is on her deathbed, and are confronted by the differences they have with each other, and with the uneducated father who sacrificed to give them a better life than he had: [Excerpt: Where the Difference Begins] Townshend's original demo for the song was very much in the style of Mose Allison, as the excerpt of it that's been made available on various deluxe reissues of the album shows: [Excerpt: Pete Townshend, "My Generation (demo)"] But Lambert had not been hugely impressed by that demo. Stamp had suggested that Townshend try a heavier guitar riff, which he did, and then Lambert had added the further suggestion that the music would be improved by a few key changes -- Townshend was at first unsure about this, because he already thought he was a bit too influenced by the Kinks, and he regarded Ray Davies as, in his words, "the master of modulation", but eventually he agreed, and decided that the key changes did improve the song. Stamp made one final suggestion after hearing the next demo version of the song. A while earlier, the Who had been one of the many British groups, like the Yardbirds and the Animals, who had backed Sonny Boy Williamson II on his UK tour. Williamson had occasionally done a little bit of a stutter in some of his performances, and Daltrey had picked up on that and started doing it. Townshend had in turn imitated Daltrey's mannerism a couple of times on the demo, and Stamp thought that was something that could be accentuated. Townshend agreed, and reworked the song, inspired by John Lee Hooker's "Stuttering Blues": [Excerpt: John Lee Hooker, "Stuttering Blues"] The stuttering made all the difference, and it worked on three levels. It reinforced the themes of inarticulacy that run throughout the Who's early work -- their first single, after all, had been called "I Can't Explain", and Townshend talks movingly in his autobiography about talking to teenage fans who felt that "I Can't Explain" had said for them the things they couldn't say th

Is encouraging action still art? What does it mean to make art about the environment? Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough brings together a curator, researchers and artists to discuss these questions. She hears about suggestions from artists, inspired by the forward thinking Gustav Metzger (1926 - 2017), collated by curator Hans Ulrich Obrist. These include the idea from Futurefarmers that we "make an unannounced visit to a farm and take a good long look at the farmer's bookshelf" or Forensic Architecture's call for us to "Look at an air bubble" or Olafur Eliasson's "Look down, look up" and a poetic call to action inspired by the writer Audre Lorde (1934-1992): you can find an episode all about her work in the Free Thinking archives. Lucy Neal describes a project that has involved a forest camp in Coventry looking back at the ideas of the suffragettes. Wayne Binitie shares his experiences of taking photographs of melting ice sheets, recreating them in a gallery and making sound and music. Dr Jenna C. Ashton describes her work with communities in Manchester thinking about how they face up to changes in the climate and reflect those in a pageant planned for next year. 140 Artists' Ideas for Planet Earth edited by Hans Ulrich Obrist and Kostas Stasinopoulos is published now - and draws on the environmental programme Back to Earth run by the Serpentine Gallery where Obrist is an Artistic Director https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/art-and-ideas/ You can find out more about his paintings and photographs at http://waynebinitie.com/ and an exhibition of his work is due to open later this year. Walking Forest by the artists Ruth Ben-Tovim, Anne-Marie Culhane, Lucy Neal and Shelley Castle, commissioned by Coventry 2021 City of Culture is one of the 15 Season For Change arts commissions ahead of COP 26 https://www.seasonforchange.org.uk/ Dr Jenna C. Ashton is a Lecturer in Heritage Studies at the University of Manchester and co-founded CIWA, the Centre for International Women Artists, a collective artist studio and gallery in Manchester, UK https://creative-climate-resilience.org/ You can find a new podcast series Green Thinking: 26 episodes 26 minutes long in the run up to COP26 made in partnership with the Arts and Humanities Research Council, part of UKRI, exploring the latest research and ideas around understanding and tackling the climate and nature emergency. New Generation Thinkers Dr Des Fitzgerald and Dr Eleanor Barraclough will be in conversation with researchers on a wide-range of subjects from cryptocurrencies and finance to eco poetry and fast fashion. They're all available from the Arts & Ideas podcast feed - and collected on the Free Thinking website under Green Thinking where you can also find programmes on mushrooms, forests, rivers, eco-criticism and soil. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07zg0r2 Producer: Sofie Vilcins

“Generation Z.” “iGen.” “Centennials.” Whatever you happen to call this generation, the children who drew their first breaths in the years between Alanis Morissette’s “Ironic” and Lady Gaga’s “Born This Way” are the first generation of digital natives in human history. But how secure is the faith of these teenagers and young adults? And how can current church leaders help them to trust the truth of the Christian faith? That’s what apologetics professor and bestselling author Sean McDowell joins Timothy to talk about this week. Sean also acknowledges his little-known affection for keyboard synthesizers and the music of Depeche Mode. And, as always, Sean talks about superheroes, because he’s Sean McDowell and that’s what Sean McDowell does, because he’s amazing that way. The focus on teenagers persists into the second half of the episode as Garrick and Timothy look at a song that’s known to most people as “Teenage Wasteland,” mostly because most people only hear the song on classic rock radio stations. The real name of this tune from The Who is “Baba O’Riley.” Even though it’s one of the greatest productions in the history of rock and roll, the song is actually a leftover from an unfinished dystopian science fiction rock and roll opera. The opera was supposed to be called “Lifehouse,” and the story line that Pete Townshend of The Who sketched out for it in 1971 sounds suspiciously like a certain film from 1999 known as The Matrix. After listening to “Baba O’Riley,” your intrepid cohosts analyze the song’s eschatology and unearth the twisted history behind Pete Townshend’s penchant for smashing guitars, which can be traced back to a low ceiling in London and an artist named Gustav Metzger whose lectures were attended by members of Queen, The Rolling Stones, and The Who. Along the way, Garrick and Timothy realize that “going Gustav” is the perfect phrase to describe the smashing of a guitar on stage. Also, someone should totally name their guitar-smashing band “Göïng Güstäv.” This week’s Toybox Hero Tournament was so brutal that the dynamic duo was almost forced to change the rating of this episode. The contestant from Garrick’s family is a buffalo or a bison or some other sort of furry bovine that’s full of blood and meat and bones and various squishy physiological artifacts. (Garrick and Timothy are theologians not zoologists, folks. When it comes to the nuances that distinguish various mammals, they are basically clueless. They only remember which of their household creatures is a cat and which one is a hamster when the cat eats the hamster. Or the hamster eats the cat, whichever one it was that happened last week. Also, why hasn’t anyone ever named their rock band “Plätÿpüs”?) The other combatant is a lioness which inexplicably has a mane, suggesting that Timothy may need to have a discussion about feline gender roles with one of his children. The result of this sanguinary clash is much bloodletting and general pandemonium related to the toy animals that populate the Jones and Bailey households.   The new cover art for this season was created by Dani Wallace (daniwallace.myportfolio.com).   This Week’s Guest Sean McDowell earned his PhD in Apologetics and Worldview Studies from The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is now professor of Christian Apologetics at Talbot School of Theology at Biola University. Sean is the author, co-author, or editor of over twenty books including The Fate of the Apostles, So The Next Generation Will Know, and Evidence that Demands a Verdict. You can find out more about Sean and his ministry at his apologetics blog, seanmcdowell.org.   Links to Click B and H Academic Student Ministry by the Book: book by Ed Newton and R. Scott Pace So That the Next Generation Will Know: book by Sean McDowell and J. Warner Wallace Gen Z: study by Barna Group Chasing Love: book by Sean McDowell (Dec. 2020) Passionate Conviction: book edited by Paul Copan and William Lane Craig Who's Next: album by The Who Baba O'Riley: song by The Who SBTS Preview Day Urban Ministry Podcast   How to Make Three Chords and the Truth More Amazing than It Already Is Support the show and spread the word! Here are a few ways to do that: 1. Subscribe to Three Chords and the Truth: The Apologetics Podcast: Apple / Android / RSS. 2. Leave a rating and review on iTunesto encourage other people to listen to the show. 3. If you purchase any of the books mentioned in Three Chords and the Truth, consider using the Amazon links provided in the show notes. The show will receive a small percentage of each sale. 4. Visit our Patreon site where you can support the podcast, suggest future songs or topics, and order Three Chords and the Truth merchandise. 5. Make contact with us on Twitter: @DrTimothyPJones  @GarrickBailey  @ApologeticsPod   The Closing Credits Three Chords and the Truth: The Apologetics Podcast thanks B&H Academic for their sponsorship. Music for the podcast has been licensed through Artlist.io and performed by Trent Thompson. Brief excerpts of music played in each program are included solely for the purposes of comment and critique as allowed under the fair-use provision of U.S. copyright law. “The fair use of a copyrighted work … for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, … scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright” (U.S. Code § 107, Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use).

Talk Art returns for Season 7! Russell and Robert meet Marianne Berenhaut, the Belgian-born artist (b. 1934) who for almost 50 years has been gathering, curating and transforming objects found in her immediate surroundings. Her powerful yet delicate sculptures and installations address themes of longing, trauma, absence and memory. Through her vast body of work, spanning five decades, Marianne Berenhaut has created a unique and idiosyncratic visual language.We discuss numerous artworks including her 1960s ‘Maison’ or ‘House’ sculptures and her 1970s series ‘Poupées-Poubelles’ or ‘Dustbin Dolls’ which were most recently presented within the group show Gossamer, curated by Zoe Bedeaux, at Carl Freedman Gallery in Autumn 2019. We discover why she chose to relocate to London at the age of 80 and look back to her childhood and the trauma of losing her parents and brother who were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust in Auschwitz-Birkenau.Berenhaut divides her time between Brussels and London. Having graduated the Académie du Midi and Atelier de Moeschal in the sixties, she had various solo exhibitions in different art spaces and institutions like La Maison des Femmes (Brussels), Island Brussels, Musée Juif de Belgique (Brussels), MAC’s Grand Hornu (Belgium) as well as in Isy Brachot Gallery (Brussels), Nadja Vilenne Gallery (Liège) and Bureau des Réalités, Brussels. Marianne is part of brand new exhibition opening 3rd September - 24th October 2020 in Brussels titled ‘Lacrimae Rerum’ – Homage to Gustav Metzger, alongside Metzger, Miroslaw Balka and Latifa Echakhch. #MarianneBerenhaut #DvirGalleryThis special episode was recorded in London on Sunday 5th January 2020. With thanks to Barbara Cuglietta and Dvir Gallery. Follow Marianne's via DVIR gallery on Instagram @dvir_gallery and visit their official website http://dvirgallery.com/For images of all artworks discussed in this episode visit @TalkArt. Talk Art theme music by Jack Northover @JackNorthoverMusic courtesy of HowlTown.com We've just joined Twitter too @TalkArt. If you've enjoyed this episode PLEASE leave us your feedback and maybe 5 stars if we're worthy in the Apple Podcast store. Thank you for listening to Talk Art, we will be back very soon. For all requests, please email talkart@independenttalent.com See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Der Künstler Gustav Metzger hat zu seinen Lebzeiten viel Kritik geübt, auch ganz direkt am Kunstbetrieb: Zum Beispiel störte ihn, dass für Kunstschauen wie die Art Basel Menschen und Kunstwerke um die ganze Welt jetten. Und das schon einige Jahre bevor der Kunstbetrieb mal angefangen hat, über Klima-Verantwortung nachzudenken. Ausgerechnet die Werke dieses kritischen Künstlers hat sich jetzt, drei Jahre nach seinem Tod, die große Galerie Hauser & Wirth geschnappt. Was davon zu halten ist, erklärt Elke Buhr, Chefredakteurin von Monopol. Moderation: Eva Morlang detektor.fm/was-wichtig-wird Podcast: detektor.fm/feeds/was-wichtig-wird Apple Podcasts: itun.es/de/9cztbb.c Google Podcasts: goo.gl/cmJioL Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/0UnRK019ItaDoWBQdCaLOt

Robert & Russell meet broadcasting legend Janet Street-Porter CBE at her home in East London. We discuss reading & self improvement, comic strip art, her godmother who was a big influence in her teenage years, French cinema & the films of Jean Cocteau, her favourite composers including JS Bach and Philip Glass as well as a memorable Gustav Metzger performance that she saw whilst studying at the Architectural Association. We learn about Janet’s favourite art including Jake & Dinos Chapman’s Goya-inspired etchings, Pop Art, Joe Tilson, Allen Jones, Richard Hamilton, Michael Craig-Martin, Grayson Perry, Patrick Caulfield, Jim Dine, Ed Rusha, Hamish Fulton, Gary Hume and H.C. Westermann. We also view a previously-unseen series of 6 portraits of Janet painted by Damien Hirst. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In 1959 the German artist Gustav Metzger came up with a new and subversive form of art. He called it auto-destructive art. It was art as a political weapon and a challenge to the established status quo. Metzger, a survivor of the Nazi Holocaust, organised a series of events in London, called the Destruction in Art Symposium, DIAS, and invited radical artists from all over the world, including a relatively unknown young Japanese American, Yoko Ono. Mike Lanchin has been hearing from Welsh artist Ivor Davies, who helped Metzger launch the events and was himself an early pioneer of auto-destructive art. Photo: Gustav Metzger demonstrates his auto-destructive art at London's South Bank, July 1961 (Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Flat Time house located at 210 Bellenden Road, Peckham, London is the former studio and home of John Latham (1921-2006) a pioneer of British conceptual art, who, through painting, sculpture, performances, assemblages, films, installation and extensive writings, fuelled controversy and continues to influence artists today. Latham transformed 210 Bellenden Road into a ‘living sculpture’ in 2003, naming it Flat Time House (FTHo) after his theory of Flat Time. A giant cantilevered book emerges through the glass facade of the building and onto the street. Inside, Latham designated specific rooms with anthropomorphic attributes of the living body, with the intention of communicating to visitors that Flat Time House exists as a living sculpture to be navigated as both a physical and metaphorical entity. Until his death in 2006, Latham opened his door to anyone interested in thinking and talking about art. In 2008, the Latham family opened Flat Time House to the public as a gallery, an artist’s residency and centre for alternative learning that is currently under the direction of Gareth Bell-Jones. Flat Time house operates as a discursive space to explore John Latham’s practice, his theoretical ideas and their continued relevance today. Gareth Bell-Jones (b. 1982) is the curator/director of Flat Time House. After graduating from the MA in Curating Contemporary Art at the RCA in 2010 he worked as curator for Wysing Arts Centre, Cambridge, for four and a half years. There he curated residencies, exhibitions, retreats, events, publications and an annual music festival with artists such as Ed Atkins, Michael Dean, Gustav Metzger, Elizabeth Price, Keren Cytter and Cally Spooner. From 2010-14 he was a regular visiting tutor to the RCA, Curating Contemporary Art Department. Previously he was curator of Tricycle Gallery, London from 2007-09. He has recently written catalogue texts for artists including Laure Prouvost, Marlie Mul, Barbara Visser and Agata Madejska. Lisson...ON AIR is written and presented by Hana Noorali

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

Tribute to Gustav Metzger / Eine Herausforderung dieses Projekts bestand darin, den bildenden Künstler auf eine akustische Ebene zu bringen. Dazu eingeladen wurden bildende Künstler wie Eva Weinmayr und Lee Holdenaus, die mit Metzger bis zu seinem Tod 2017 befreundet waren, oder - wie Yoko Ono - früher im Austausch mit ihm standen. Andere kommen aus dem Feld der Musik, z.B. Cobra Killer, Ted Gaier/Mense Reents oder Carl Oesterhelt. Die meisten aber sind in beiden Bereichen tätig und verbinden in ihrer kulturellen Praxis Musik und Kunst auf unterschiedlichste Weise. Entsprechend abwechslungsreich erweisen sich die Tribute-Tracks. Einige setzen mehr auf das Wort, andere produzieren Soundcollagen ohne Text. Nicht wenige schufen Songs. Einige der Songtexte zitieren Metzger direkt, andere reflektieren über ihn. Die Mehrzahl der Tracks bezieht sich auf seine Idee der Autodestruktiven Kunst. Alle Beteiligten, nicht zuletzt der Bayerische Rundfunk, verbindet der Wunsch, mit diesem Projekt das einzigartige Oeuvre von Gustav Metzger zu würdigen. / Justin Hoffmann, Kurator / BR 2008 // www.hörspielpool.de

This episode of Lisson...ON AIR focuses on the life and work Dom Sylvester Houédard, with contributions from Nicola Simpson, Charles Very, Nicholas Logsdail and Matt O’Dell. Widely recognised as one of the leading theorists and outstanding international practitioners of concrete poetry, Dom Sylvester Houédard (1924–1992) is firmly rooted in Lisson Gallery’s early history, with his first solo exhibition held at the gallery during its inaugural year in 1967. A practicing Benedictine priest and noted theologian, Houédard, also known by his initials ‘dsh’ or ‘the Dom,’ wrote extensively on new approaches to art, spirituality and philosophy, and collaborated with artists such as Gustav Metzger, Yoko Ono and John Cage. Nicola Simpson is a curator and researcher at Norwich University of the Arts, researching ‘right mind-minding: the transmission and practice of zen and vajrayana buddhist method practices in the poemobjects of dsh 1963–75’. Recent curatorial projects on Dom Sylvester Houédard include: ‘Performing No Thingness, dsh, Ken Cox and Li Yuan-chia’, East Gallery, NUA, (2016), ‘The Cosmic Typewriter, The Life & Work of Dom Sylvester Houédard’, at The South London Gallery, (2012), ‘The Yoga of Concrete’, The Gallery, NUA,(2010). She is editor of Notes from the Cosmic Typewriter: The Life and Work of Dom Sylvester Houédard (Occasional Papers, 2012), Dom Sylvester Houédard (Ridinghouse, 2017). Charles Verey has been working on a biography of Dom Sylvester Houédard since 2005. Between 1966–69 Verey organised exhibitions with Dom Sylvester, John Furnival and Ken Cox at Arlington Mill in Gloucestershire. He has contributed to Notes from the Cosmic Typewriter (ed., Nicola Simpson, 2012) Dom Sylvester Houédard (ed., Andrew Hunt & Nicola Simpson, Ridinghouse, 2017) and co-editor of ‘The Kiss’: ten talks by Dom Sylvester to Beshara students, 1986– 1991 (ed., Jane Clark and Charles Verey, Beshara Publications, Autumn 2018) including a full biographical preface. Nicholas Logsdail is the founder of Lisson Gallery, one of the most influential international contemporary art galleries in the world. The gallery celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2017 with a major group exhibition, ‘Everything at Once’, staged at Store Studios in partnership with The Vinyl Factory, as well as with a comprehensive book, entitled ARTIST | WORK | LISSON, documenting more than 500 exhibitions since 1967, the year in which the gallery also staged its first shows of Dom Sylvester Houédard. Matt O’dell is Lisson Gallery’s archivist and an artist. Lisson...ON AIR is written and presented by Hana Noorali. Image © Clay Perry, England & Co

While completing his undergraduate degree in Fine Art at Bath Spa University, Nicolas Strappini collaborated with a researcher at Bath University for an outreach event to do with visualizing physics. He recently helped organise a round table discussion on the intersection of arts and science co-organised by CSM Art & Science at Central Saint Martins and Art at CMS at CERN. The panel was composed of theoretical and experimental particle physicists, art students and educators. He also gave a presentation at CERN about my work. He exhibited his work at the Museo Marca 'Asemic Writing' exhibition in Calabria. He also has recently shown his physics and science work at Imperial College, London and been involved with the Royal Society's 'Museum of Extraordinary Objects' exhibition. He gave a talk and showed work for the first art exhibition at the Department of Physics (the Cavendish Laboratory) at Cambridge University where audiences were invited to interact with His machines and works. He is currently collaborating with scientists at CERN to visually analyse particle tracks in cloud chambers. He graduated from the MA Art and Science course at Central Saint Martins, London. He has worked with Gustav Metzger, Andy Goldsworthy and Robert Whitman. Courtesy of JRC Summer School 2018 documentation

Zwischen ein paar Augenblicken und 20 Jahren kann es dauern, bis ein autodestruktives Kunstwerk sich zerstört hat - als Spiegel einer Gesellschaft, die durch Konsum, Naturzerstörung und Nuklearwaffen geprägt ist. Gustav Metzger kreierte dieses Konzept einer "Form der öffentlichen Kunst für Industriegesellschaften" bereits Ende der 1950er Jahre, plante riesige Metallskulpturen, die durch mechanische Vorgänge auseinanderfallen, Gebilde, die durch Chemikalien, Rost oder Verwesung zersetzt werden. Und obwohl die meisten seiner Arbeiten bis heute nur als Entwurf existieren, ist sein Einfluss kaum zu überschätzen. // Mit Katja Schild, Detlef Kügow, Peter Weiß / Realisation: Julian Doepp / BR 2008

On this week's episode we talk about the man responsible for some of the silkiest-sounding records ever produced, an auto-destructive artist, a survivor of the Bataan Death March and a trailblazing Puerto Rican actress!

Tom Hiddleston stars in the latest outing for Kong. We speak to the actor about the giant ape, mega fans and his media intrusion into his private life. We remember artist Gustav Metzger, the hugely influential pioneer of "auto-destructive art" who has died aged 90. Critics Richard Cork and Hans Ulrich Obrist discuss his work, activism and continued influence on art.BBC Three's mockumentary This Country explores the lives of young people in modern rural Britain, focusing on cousins Kerry and Lee 'Kurtan' Mucklowe, written and performed by real-life siblings Daisy May and Charlie Cooper. They discuss the origins of this word-of-mouth hit comedy. Laura Dern, Michelle Williams and Kristen Stewart star in Kelly Reichardt's study in northerly melancholy Certain Women. Antonia Quirke reviews.Presenter: Samira Ahmed Producer: Edwina Pitman.

Gustav Metzger is an artist with a socially-engaged conscience who has become famous for his concepts of auto-destructive and auto-creative art.

Radio programme documenting the artists' performances from Gustav Metzger's Facing Extinction conference at University for the Creative Arts on 7 June 2014, featuring Anti-Capitalist Aerobics by Ellie Harrison alongside work by Carl Gent, Simon Watt and Matthew de Kersaint Giradeauat (first broadcast on Resonance FM on 9 July 2014)

Radio programme documenting the artists' performances from Gustav Metzger's Facing Extinction conference at University for the Creative Arts on 7 June 2014, featuring Anti-Capitalist Aerobics by Ellie Harrison alongside work by Carl Gent, Simon Watt and Matthew de Kersaint Giradeauat (first broadcast on Resonance FM on 9 July 2014)

After a career spanning decades, Gustav Metzger is now in greater demand than ever, generating new projects as for Münster Sculpture Projects 2007 or realising earlier ideas, as with Project Stockholm, originally conceived in 1972 for the UN Environmental