Podcasts about inferences

Roberto Bottini is an Associate Professor at the University of Trento. We talk about his recent work on unusual cognitive maps in blind people, image spaces, metaphors, and he gives me some advice for writing successful grant applications.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Roberto's background0:03:20: Start discussing Roberto's paper on altered grid cells in visually impaired people: theoretical background0:16:28: Methods & results: walking on a clock face / altered grid cells: fourfold symmetry0:47:48: Start discussing Roberto's paper on cognitive maps and image spaces (TiCS)0:52:05: Egocentric and allocentric perspectives0:55:27: Metaphors and analogies1:00:08: Tips for grant applications1:14:18: A book or paper that more people should read1:18:38: Something Roberto wishes he'd learnt sooner1:20:30: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtRoberto's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bottini-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bottini-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bottini-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesAronov, ... & Tank (2017). Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit. Nature.Bisiach & Luzzatti (1978). Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex.Bottini & Doeller (2020). Knowledge across reference frames: Cognitive maps and image spaces. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.Casasanto (2009). Embodiment of abstract concepts: good and bad in right-and left-handers. Journal of experimental psychology: General.Constantinescu, ... & Behrens (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science.Derdikman, ... & Moser (2009). Fragmentation of grid cell maps in a multicompartment environment. Nature neuroscience.Eichenbaum (2014). Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.Gardenfors (2004). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought.Gentner (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive science.He & Brown (2019). Environmental barriers disrupt grid-like representations in humans during navigation. Current Biology.Horner, ... & Burgess (2016). Grid-like processing of imagined navigation. Current Biology.Jaynes (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind.Park, ... & Boorman (2021). Inferences on a multidimensional social hierarchy use a grid-like code. Nature Neuroscience.Sigismondi, ... & Bottini (2024). Altered grid-like coding in early blind people. Nature Communications.Stangl, ... & Wolbers (2018). Compromised grid-cell-like representations in old age as a key mechanism to explain age-related navigational deficits. Current Biology.Tolman (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review.Whittington, ... & Behrens (2022). How to build a cognitive map. Nature Neuroscience.

In this episode, Dr. Marianne Rice joins Jake to discuss the different types of inferences and how teachers can support their students in generating inferences to enhance comprehension. For more information, be sure to check out literacy.io References:

Our hosts are talking about the mystery of the conditional real estate sale this week on the REAL Collective Podcast. Have you ever wondered how to make an educated guess about a sale price based on market averages and days on the market? We've got you covered! Our hosts explore strategies to help you gain an advantage if a deal falls through. By engaging with the listing agent and teaming up with a knowledgeable real estate professional, you can transform a potential setback for the seller into a win-win opportunity for yourself. But that's not all—being prepared is key! We also delve into the financial aspects, breaking down what banks are looking for and the importance of having solution-based service providers in your corner. Whether you're a buyer, seller, or just curious about how these deals work, this episode is packed with valuable insights. Don't miss out on another extremely valuable episode of the REAL Collective Podcast. Keep it REAL Collective! To learn more about REAL Collective Marketing and how it can benefit your business, visit: https://realcollectivemarketing.ca/ To access our Complimentary Resources (SOLD Price Search, Seller Guide, Buyer Guide & Home Evaluation) visit: https://realcollective.ca/exclusive-resources/ Book a meeting with Sean or Kyle today! Sean: https://calendly.com/seanrealcollective Kyle: https://calendly.com/kmmortgage/phone-connect You can also follow us here: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/real.collective.inc Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/realcollective.ca TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realcollective LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/real-collective-inc Website: https://www.realcollective.ca Kyle Miller on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kylemillerottawa Kyle Miller on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Kylemillermortgages #realcollective #podcast #ottawa Intro (0:00) Guessing conditional prices based on the math based on averages (1:43) Talking to the listing agent (4:00) So what? What does mean to the consumer? (5:44) Jumping in as soon as conditions fall through (6:26) Some examples (6:40) Coming in under the wire with a savvy realtor (8:12) What can you potentially do when you see a home that is conditionally sold (9:12) The benefits of waiting in the weeds (10:35) Inferences, math and calling the listing agent (11:45) The ones that are prepared are the ones that win (13:38) Mortgage approvals are based on conditions (14:56) Real Collective Marketing (17:16) Second half (17:49) Should I buy or sell first? (18:13) The difference between appraisal vs financing conditions (20:57) What are the three things the bank is looking for? (22:46) The importance of working with a solution-oriented agent (27:15) 31:50 (Outro)

Series: Mind Your KingService: Wed Bible StudyType: Bible ClassSpeaker: Shannon Crawford

On today's ID The Future out of the vault, host Robert Crowther welcomes philosopher of science Paul Nelson to explore an intriguing tension in the thinking of famous scientist and science popularizer Carl Sagan. Though Sagan was a committed Darwinist and agnostic, he embraced certain ideas consistent with the theory of intelligent design. Could Sagan's methods for detecting extra-terrestrial intelligence be used to make design inferences in the natural world? Listen in as Dr. Nelson discusses this intriguing idea. Source

On today's ID The Future out of the vault, host Robert Crowther welcomes philosopher of science Paul Nelson to explore an intriguing tension in the thinking of famous scientist and science popularizer Carl Sagan. Though Sagan was a committed Darwinist and agnostic, he embraced certain ideas consistent with the theory of intelligent design. Could Sagan’s […]

Have any questions, insights, or feedback? Send me a text!Length: 13 minutes 32 secondsSynopsis: Today we reread the Rambam's formulation of the obligation of tefilah from the Torah and make several inferences from the nuances of his formulation. These nuances help us to know what the actual chiyuv de'oraisa is, and also shed further light on the nature of tefilah. And if anyone has a good answer to the question raised by the Lechem Mishneh on the Kesef Mishneh, please share!-----מקורות:רמב"ם - משנה תורה: ספר אהבה, הלכות תפלה וברכת כהנים א:ב-גכסף משנה שםלחם משנה שםבירור הלכה - ברכות דף לב עמוד איד פשוטה שם-----The first month of the newly relaunched Rambam Bekius Podcast has been sponsored anonymously. May the merit of our learning make us worthy of Hashem's salvation, and may He deliver acheinu kol Beis Yisrael from all our enemies, in Israel and around the world.-----If you've gained from what you've learned here, please consider contributing to my Patreon at www.patreon.com/rabbischneeweiss. Alternatively, if you would like to make a direct contribution to the "Rabbi Schneeweiss Torah Content Fund," my Venmo is @Matt-Schneeweiss, and my Zelle and PayPal are mattschneeweiss at gmail. Even a small contribution goes a long way to covering the costs of my podcasts, and will provide me with the financial freedom to produce even more Torah content for you.If you would like to sponsor a day's or a week's worth of content, or if you are interested in enlisting my services as a teacher or tutor, you can reach me at rabbischneeweiss at gmail. Thank you to my listeners for listening, thank you to my readers for reading, and thank you to my supporters for supporting my efforts to make Torah ideas available and accessible to everyone.-----Substack: rabbischneeweiss.substack.com/Patreon: patreon.com/rabbischneeweissYouTube Channel: youtube.com/rabbischneeweissInstagram: instagram.com/rabbischneeweiss/"The Stoic Jew" Podcast: thestoicjew.buzzsprout.com"Machshavah Lab" Podcast: machshavahlab.buzzsprout.com"The Mishlei Podcast": mishlei.buzzsprout.com"Rambam Bekius" Podcast: rambambekius.buzzsprout.com"The Tefilah Podcast": tefilah.buzzsprout.comOld Blog: kolhaseridim.blogspot.com/WhatsApp Content Hub (where I post all my content and announce my public classes): https://chat.whatsapp.com/GEB1EPIAarsELfHWuI2k0HAmazon Wishlist: amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/Y72CSP86S24W?ref_=wl_sharel

Tod speaks with Dr. Cat Armstrong Soule who co-authored a marketing research paper about how marketers should use numbers and percentage in marketing copy. The paper is called “Manipulating Consumers with the Truth: Relative-Difference Claims in Advertising and Inferences of Manipulative Intent.”Since Mondays tend to be slow days for actual marketing news, we're experimenting with these long-form interviews on Mondays. Do you like them?- YES, I like the weekly interviews on Mondays- NO, I prefer the daily-news format on Mondays

Pastor Alan R. Knapp discusses the topic of "Inferences Part Two (of Two): Inferences in Hebrews" in his series entitled "Hebrews 2020: We See Jesus" This is Increment 167 and it focuses on the following verses: Hebrews in Toto, Hebrews 6:16-20; ESPECIALLY

Pastor Alan R. Knapp discusses the topic of "Inferences Part One (of Two): The Inference of Universal Salvation!" in his series entitled "Hebrews 2020: We See Jesus" This is Increment 166 and it focuses on the following verses: Hebrews In Toto, Hebrews 6:16-20 & 10:19-22; ESPECIALLY

E24: Teacher Certification Podcast | FTCE | Reading | Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions In today's episode, I'll be talking about the FTCE General Knowledge Reading Subtest. This is part 3 of a multi-series review of what YOU need to know to pass the Reading section of the GK. Today we are going to talk about making inferences and drawing conclusions based on text evidence.  Check out this ⁠⁠⁠⁠free resource⁠⁠⁠⁠ for an English Language Skills study guide or visit the FTCE Seminar ⁠⁠⁠⁠website ⁠⁠⁠⁠ for more information and resources. Support FTCE Seminar! Contributions are appreciated and help support the maintenance of this resource. Donations can be made with the ⁠⁠⁠⁠Listener Supporter Link ⁠⁠⁠⁠on Spotify. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ftceseminar/support

Now that we have established that the Kalam successfully demonstrates that the universe has a cause, we need to determine what or who that cause is. Using a logical analysis, I explain the necessary properties of such a cause. I examine each one to determine whether they exhibit the necessary properties of the First Cause and find each one wanting.Web: ThinkingtoBelieve.comEmail: ThinkingToBelieve@gmail.comFacebook: facebook.com/thinkingtobelieveTwitter & Gettr: @thinking2believParler & Truth: @ThinkingToBelieve

Click here for the SermonClicking here will take you to our webpageClick here to contact usWelcome to the Westside church's special Monday Morning Coffee podcast with Mark Roberts. Mark is a disciple, a husband, father and grand dad, as well as a certified coffee geek, fan of CS Lewis' writings and he loves his big red Jeep. He's also the preacher for Westside church.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Speculative inferences about path dependence in LLM supervised fine-tuning from results on linear mode connectivity and model souping, published by Robert Kirk on July 20, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. TL;DR: I claim that supervised fine-tuning of the existing largest LLMs is likely path-dependent (different random seeds and initialisations have an impact on final performance and model behaviour), based on the fact that when fine-tuning smaller LLMs, models pretrained closer to convergence produce fine-tuned models with similar mechanisms while this isn't the case for models pretrained without being close to convergence; this is analogous to current LLMs that are very far from convergence at the end of training. This is supported by linking together existing work on model souping, linear mode connectivity, mechanistic similarity and path dependence. Epistemic status: Written in about two hours, but thought about for longer. Experiments could definitely test these hypotheses. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Ekdeep Singh Lubana for helpful comments and corrections, and discussion which lead to this post. Thanks also to Jean Kaddour, Nandi Schoots, Akbir Khan, Laura Ruis and Kyle McDonell for helpful comments, corrections and suggestions on drafts of this post. Terminology Model souping is the procedure of taking a pretrained model, fine-tuning it with different hyperparameters and random seeds on the same task, and then averaging the parameters of all the networks. This gets better results on both in-distribution and out-of-distribution testing in Computer Vision when fine-tuning a large-scale contrastively-pretrained transformer or CNN image model on ImageNet-like tasks. (Linear) mode connectivity (LMC) between two models on a task means that any (linear) interpolation in parameter space between the two models achieves the same or lower loss as the two models. A training process is path independent if it always reaches (roughly) the same outcome regardless of irrelevant details or randomness (for example network initialisation or data ordering in supervised learning, or sampling from a policy in supervised learning). A training process is path dependent if it's the opposite. There is of course nuance in what counts as "irrelevant details of randomness". For this post we can operationalise this as just data ordering and network initialisation in a supervised learning context. Linking terminology together: For model souping to work, you likely need linear mode connectivity to hold between all the models you're averaging on the tasks you care about - the average is one point on the linear interpolation. (In fact you need more than that - the average point needs to have better loss, not just the same). If a training process always produces linearly connected models, then we can think of it as being approximately path independent. Mechanistic Mode Connectivity shows that for converged vision models, two models being linearly connected implies they use similar mechanisms to predict the output (specifically they're invariant to the same set of interventions on the data generating process). Linear Connectivity Reveals Generalization Strategies shows empirically a similar phenomenon: fine-tuned BERT models that are linearly connected generalise in similar ways out-of-distribution. Overall this gives us this picture of properties a training process can have: Current Results Linear Connectivity Reveals Generalization Strategies shows that different fine-tunes of BERT on the same task are often linearly disconnected. In Appendix J they show that this isn't the case for different fine-tunes of RoBERTa, with the main difference between BERT and RoBERTa being much longer pretraining on more data. BERTs of a feather do not generalize together: Large variability in generalization across...

Our goal as literacy teachers is to have confident and skilled readers and a way to achieve that is aligning your instruction to the science of reading. Throughout this series, I've emphasized Scarborough's reading rope and different strategies and tips that improve a students' word recognition and language comprehension skill set. The last component of the series, I'm sharing how providing a simple framework helps students with inferential thinking. Check out my Free Literacy Workshop. For more information click here. Sign up for my FREE private podcast, the Confident Writer Systems Series here!Join us in the Stellar Literacy Collective Membership: stellarteacher.com/join To check out all of the resources from this episode, head to the show notes: https://www.stellarteacher.com/episode149Mentioned in this episode:Join The Stellar Literacy Collective! Doors are open until Friday, July 14th: https://www.stellarteacher.com/join

Quem não gosta de discutir teorias sobre o final de um filme que não deixou tudo resolvido? Sabia que acontece o mesmo com o Evangelho de Marcos? O final fechadinho que se encontra na maioria das Bíblias em português é visto como inautêntico pelos especialistas, sendo que o texto realmente acabaria em 16.8. Longe de ser um exemplo de ceticismo inimigo da fé, veremos no episódio de hoje como o real final do Evangelho de Marcos nos incentiva a seguirmos a Cristo por onde quer que ele for. Veja uma transcrição deste episódio em nosso ⁠⁠⁠blog.⁠⁠⁠ Na Pilgrim você também pode ler um excelente comentário que confirma nossas conclusões Se você gostou deste episodio, compartilhe o Em Suma, um produto gratuito da Pilgrim, para que possamos continuar financiando este trabalho. _____ PARA SE APROFUNDAR Explicações do final abrupto de Marcos Guy Williams. “Narrative Spacee, Angelic Revelation, and the End of Mark's Gospel” Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 2013 Kelly Iverson. “A Postmodern Riddle? Gaps, Inferences and Mark's Abrupt Ending” Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 2022. Kelly Iverson. A Further Word on Final Γάρ (Mark 16:8). The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 2006. Troy Troftgruben. A Conclusion Unhindered: A Study of the Ending of Acts within its Literary Environment. 2010. Tucker S. Ferda. “The Ending of Mark and the Faithfulness of God An Apocalyptic Resolution to Mark 16:8”. Journal of Theological Interpretation, 2019. Marc Rastoin. “La promesse face à la peur: de nouveau Mc 16. 8b”. New Testament Studies, 2023 Argumentos a favor do final no v. 8 Travis Williams. Bringing Method to the Madness: Examining the Style of the Longer Ending of Mark. Bulletin for Biblical Research, 2010. Daniel Wallace in Perspectives on the ending of Mark Argumentos a favor do final no v. 20 Nicholas Lunn. The original ending of Mark. _____ JÁ CONHECE A PILGRIM? A nossa plataforma oferece acesso a conteúdos cristãos de qualidade no formato que você preferir. Na Pilgrim você encontra audiolivros, ebooks, palestras, resumos, livros impressos e artigos para cada momento do seu dia e da sua vida: https://thepilgrim.com.br/ _____ SEJA PILGRIM PREMIUM Seja um assinante da Pilgrim e tenha acesso a mais de 10.000 livros, cursos, artigos e muito mais em uma única assinatura mensal: https://thepilgrim.com.br/seja-um-assinante Quais as vantagens? Acesso aos originais Pilgrim + Download ilimitado para ouvir offline + Acesso a mais de 10.000 títulos! + Frete grátis na compra de livros impressos em nossa loja _____ SIGA A PILGRIM No Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pilgrim.app/ no Twitter: https://twitter.com/AppPilgrim no TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@pilgrimapp e no YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy1lBN2eNOdL_dJtKnQZlCw Entre em contato através do contato@thepilgrim.com.br. Em suma é um podcast original Pilgrim. Todos os direitos reservados. O ponto de vista deste texto é de responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es) e colaboradores diretos, não refletindo necessariamente a posição da Pilgrim ou de sua equipe de profissionais. _____ SIGA-ME NAS REDES SOCIAIS No Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theolo.gui/ No Twitter: https://twitter.com/GCPdf

En el episodio de hoy hablamos de distintas hipótesis sobre los tipos de compatibilidad en la reproducción sexual de Eukarya, y de la aparición de la anisogamia con dos sexos en muchos grupos de células con núcleo. Os dejo un artículo muy bueno al respecto para los que queráis ahondar en el asunto. Having sex, yes, but with whom? Inferences from fungi on the evolution of anisogamy and mating typeshttps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a87ef95292f3fd9569c9abfcdde1356ef3638659Somos @biologiadetranquis en Facebook e Instagram o @biotranquis en Twitter. Este programa se realiza con el apoyo de la Fundación Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal, visítanos en http://anatolab.net/. El logo es un trabajo de NiModo Creations (https://www.nimodocreations.com/).Muchas gracias a Those Who Ride with Giants por permitirme usar partes de su tema: The Scent of the Old Ocean como intro y outro (https://thosewhoridewithgiants.bandcamp.com/).

AJN senior clinical editor Christine Moffa speaks with Bernadette ‘Candy' Capili about her articles, “Improving the Validity of Causal Inferences in Observational Studies” and “Efficacy Randomized Controlled Trials”. These articles are the 13th and 14th installments in a series on clinical research by nurses, “Nursing Research, Step by Step.”

Michael and Ethan continue their discussion of Nobody's Angel, by Thomas McGuane, while drinking Shieldaig 12.In this episode:Michael says “gentle” multiple timesTattoo reveal!Ethan says “Madonna-virgin” complex when he obviously means “Madonna-whore” complexProse! Including some exciting phrases like “3rd person limited” and “omniscient narrator” and “close reading”Inferences from Kevin's Dad“MFA-bait”Requiem for TioAspersions cast on Kevin's DadNext time Michael and Ethan will discuss Where the Light Fell, by Philip Yancey. Join the discussiTaon! Go to the Contact page and put "Scotch Talk" in the Subject line. We'd love to hear from you! And submit your homework at the Michael & Ethan in a Room with Scotch page. Donate to our Patreon! BUY A NIHILIST BLANKET! Your Hosts: Michael G. Lilienthal (@mglilienthal) and Ethan Bartlett (@bjartlett) MUSIC & SFX: "Kessy Swings Endless - (ID 349)" by Lobo Loco. Used by permission. "The Grim Reaper - II Presto" by Aitua. Used under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. "Thinking It Over" by Lee Rosevere. Used under an Attribution License.

It's Shark Week on Cryptopedia, as we talk bad "documentaries" and shark penis.   Discord: https://discord.me/cryptopediacast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=14015340 Youtube (Videos have [questionable] captions!): http://youtube.cryptopediacast.com/   --- Megalodon: the truth about the largest shark that ever lived | Natural History Museum Megalodon - Wikipedia Megalodon (bivalve) - Wikipedia Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives | Shows | Discovery+ School bus - Wikipedia Full article: The size of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae), revisited The extinct shark Otodus megalodon was a transoceanic superpredator: Inferences from 3D modeling | Science Advances This is What Michael Phelps' Olympic Diet Was Actually Like Livyatan - Wikipedia Sharks' teeth are falling! Sharks' teeth are falling! The Revolution in Geology from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment A new elusive otodontid shark (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene, and comments on the taxonomy of otodontid genera, including the ‘megatoothed' clade: Historical Biology Age of Carcharodon megalodon? HMS Challenger (1858) - Wikipedia “Recent” Otodus megalodon teeth – Incertae Sedis Does Megalodon Still Live? The Megalodon | M/C Journal Radiocarbon dating - Wikipedia The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans - PMC Megalodon Bites Back -- How the Discovery Channel Sank Its Credibility | HuffPost Impact It Came From Basic Cable Discovery Channel defends Shark Week 'Megalodon' special | CNN Discovery's Megalodon Defense? ‘We Don't Know,' Or ‘We Don't Care' Shark evolution: a 450 million year timeline | Natural History Museum Sharks: Denizens of the Deep | Answers in Genesis  

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.02.539031v1?rss=1 Authors: Barnby, J. M., Bell, V., Deeley, Q., Mehta, M. A., Moutoussis, M. M. Abstract: Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

This episode describes using movie making to teach inferencing and perspective taking. Just learning the language to express different perspectives is challenging, let alone understanding theory of mind. One way to tackle this gordian knot is through movie making and narration. Clients get a kick out of making movies, and SLP's get a kick out of the extensive learning taking place. The episode covers:  •    Choosing the book to turn into a movie•    Setting- promoting a thorough understanding•    Narration and Rehearsal•    An unexpected finding•    Who is this for?•    Tips for a smooth process and progress monitoring•    Results The good news is, it's not that difficult or time consuming once you have a process down. Tune in for all the tips and tricks to make this work in your practice, then watch the magic of learning commence.  Take a look at this complete movie activity package for the delightful book, Gregory, the Terrible Eater, by Mitchell Sharmat, available at The Speech Umbrella.  --- Useful Links ---Climbing the Social Detective Ladder Choose Your Books Wisely No Roses for Harry! Thinking About YOU Thinking About ME Gregory, the Terrible Eater Gregory, the Terrible Eater Story Activity Music: Simple Gifts performed by Ted Yoder, used with permission

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: RLHF does not appear to differentially cause mode-collapse, published by Arthur Conmy on March 20, 2023 on LessWrong. Epistemic status: confident but not certain. This post is part of the work done at Conjecture. TL;DR: the results in Mysteries of mode collapse do not reproduce in text-davinci-003, a model trained with RLHF. In fact, there are cases where RLHF models exhibit higher entropy outputs than base models. We observe that the mode collapse phenomenon occurs more for the public OpenAI GPT-3 model trained with supervised finetuning (text-davinci-002) than RLHF, and present early experiments and theory to support this. Background Mysteries of mode collapse details how "mode collapse" (which we operationalize as a large increase in model output confidence and decreases in entropy of output distribution) arises more in text-davinci-002 than the base model davinci, and speculates about how this connects to RLHF training. At the time, OpenAI was very unclear on the training process for this model, and later (as @janus points out in the edited introduction to the post) it was revealed that this model was finetuned on highly-rated samples rather than trained with RLHF. However, the connection between RLHF and mode collapse has stuck, and several posts written since assume a connection. Results In this section, we compare the base model (davinci code-davinci-002, thanks commenters!) with the supervised fine-tuned model (text-davinci-002) and the RLHF model (text-davinci-003). We recommend trying some prompts for yourself in the OpenAI playground. The first result is that the mode collapse to “ 97” for the completion of the first prompt from @janus' does not occur in the RLHF model: In fact, when we try another prompt we get that the base model has the lowest entropy: (ETA: this result is somewhat weaker than hoped, since text-davinci-002 seems to not output " 0" - " 100" here. davinci does exhibit collapses on other prompts, but commenters pointed out this is not the base model) The finding that mode collapse occurs in finetuned models is not robust. Comparing two of the prompts from the original post and two more, there is no noticeable pattern where the base model has higher entropy than the other models: (the uncertainty bars represent the maximum possible entropy if the model had uniform probability on all tokens other than “ 0”, . , “ 100” - the OpenAI API doesn't provide probabilities for all tokens) Reproducing the qualitative examples What about the other examples from the mode-collapse post? We found that the Blake Lemoine result was reproduced by davinci. On the Blake Lemoine greentext prompt with temperature 0.3, davinci gave completions where anon leaves after at most 5 lines. Most other results quickly led into repetitions of 3-4 sentences, something that occurred more frequently with the base language model. Overall, extrapolation from just the responses of one language model risks overstating conclusions, in this case about how unlikely the completion "leaving" was. Interpretation It appears as if the finetuning used for text-davinci-002 does cause mode collapses on the first two prompts. Arguably this is not surprising; RLHF training has a KL penalty to the base model's outputs, which constrains the entropy of the RLHF model's outputs to be close to that of the base model. Directly finetuning on new samples does not have this property since KL penalties to the base model are generally not so ubiquitous in standard finetuning (though lack of training details limits the conclusions that can be made here). Inferences about the phenomenon of mode collapse must be compatible with the evidence from both text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003. For example, the author speculates that FeedME's reliance on samples from RLHF models may be responsible for text-davi...

Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: RLHF does not appear to differentially cause mode-collapse, published by Arthur Conmy on March 20, 2023 on LessWrong. Epistemic status: confident but not certain. This post is part of the work done at Conjecture. TL;DR: the results in Mysteries of mode collapse do not reproduce in text-davinci-003, a model trained with RLHF. In fact, there are cases where RLHF models exhibit higher entropy outputs than base models. We observe that the mode collapse phenomenon occurs more for the public OpenAI GPT-3 model trained with supervised finetuning (text-davinci-002) than RLHF, and present early experiments and theory to support this. Background Mysteries of mode collapse details how "mode collapse" (which we operationalize as a large increase in model output confidence and decreases in entropy of output distribution) arises more in text-davinci-002 than the base model davinci, and speculates about how this connects to RLHF training. At the time, OpenAI was very unclear on the training process for this model, and later (as @janus points out in the edited introduction to the post) it was revealed that this model was finetuned on highly-rated samples rather than trained with RLHF. However, the connection between RLHF and mode collapse has stuck, and several posts written since assume a connection. Results In this section, we compare the base model (davinci code-davinci-002, thanks commenters!) with the supervised fine-tuned model (text-davinci-002) and the RLHF model (text-davinci-003). We recommend trying some prompts for yourself in the OpenAI playground. The first result is that the mode collapse to “ 97” for the completion of the first prompt from @janus' does not occur in the RLHF model: In fact, when we try another prompt we get that the base model has the lowest entropy: (ETA: this result is somewhat weaker than hoped, since text-davinci-002 seems to not output " 0" - " 100" here. davinci does exhibit collapses on other prompts, but commenters pointed out this is not the base model) The finding that mode collapse occurs in finetuned models is not robust. Comparing two of the prompts from the original post and two more, there is no noticeable pattern where the base model has higher entropy than the other models: (the uncertainty bars represent the maximum possible entropy if the model had uniform probability on all tokens other than “ 0”, . , “ 100” - the OpenAI API doesn't provide probabilities for all tokens) Reproducing the qualitative examples What about the other examples from the mode-collapse post? We found that the Blake Lemoine result was reproduced by davinci. On the Blake Lemoine greentext prompt with temperature 0.3, davinci gave completions where anon leaves after at most 5 lines. Most other results quickly led into repetitions of 3-4 sentences, something that occurred more frequently with the base language model. Overall, extrapolation from just the responses of one language model risks overstating conclusions, in this case about how unlikely the completion "leaving" was. Interpretation It appears as if the finetuning used for text-davinci-002 does cause mode collapses on the first two prompts. Arguably this is not surprising; RLHF training has a KL penalty to the base model's outputs, which constrains the entropy of the RLHF model's outputs to be close to that of the base model. Directly finetuning on new samples does not have this property since KL penalties to the base model are generally not so ubiquitous in standard finetuning (though lack of training details limits the conclusions that can be made here). Inferences about the phenomenon of mode collapse must be compatible with the evidence from both text-davinci-002 and text-davinci-003. For example, the author speculates that FeedME's reliance on samples from RLHF models may be responsible for text-davi...

A new MP3 sermon from The Narrated Puritan is now available on SermonAudio with the following details: Title: Distinguishing Marks Of A Work of God's Spirit - Practical Inferences Subtitle: History of American Revivals Speaker: Jonathan Edwards Broadcaster: The Narrated Puritan Event: Audio Book Date: 3/13/2023 Length: 40 min.

As to this work, there are many things concerning it that are notorious, and which, unless the apostle John was out in his rules, are sufficient to determine it to be in general the work of God. The Spirit that is at work, takes off persons' minds from the vanities of the world, and engages them in a deep concern about eternal happiness, and puts them upon earnestly seeking their salvation, and convinces them of the dreadfulness of sin, and of their own guilty and miserable state as they are by nature. It awakens men's consciences, and makes them sensible of the dreadfulness of God's anger, and causes in them a great desire and earnest care and endeavour to obtain his favour.

Wednesday, 1 March 2023   So they stayed there a long time with the disciples. Acts 14:28   The previous verse detailed the first coming together of the church after the return of the apostles. They gave a report of all that God had done with them, also noting that He had opened a door of faith to the Gentiles. With that remembered, it next says, “So they stayed there.”   This is refers to Paul and Barnabas. After giving their report, they remained in Antioch. With that understood, the next words are as debated as where government officials think the people's money should be spent. Luke records that they stayed there “a long time.”   The Greek reads, “no little time.” The indefinite nature of the words leave much to be guessed at. Without knowing how long the missionary journey was, there is no way to know how long the stay after it could have been. Some think this stay was a year, others say two or three or even five. Some say the missionary journey was probably two years. Others say the methodical nature of Paul would mean it was as much as four.   As usual, Barnes provide his thoughts, they are as acceptable as any other, remembering that the duration of the missionary journey would change the length of the stay now recorded –   “If the transactions recorded in this chapter occurred, as is supposed, about 45 a.d. or 46 a.d., and the council at Jerusalem assembled 51 a.d. or 53 a.d., as is supposed, then here is an interval of from five to eight years in which we have no account of them. Where they were, or what was their employment in this interval, the sacred historian has not informed us. It is certain, however, that Paul made several journeys of which we have no particular record in the New Testament, and it is possible that some of those journeys occurred during this interval. Thus, he preached the gospel as far as Illyricum, Romans 15:19. And in 2 Corinthians 11:23-27, there is an account of trials and persecutions, of many of which we have no distinct record, and which might have occurred during this interval.” Albert Barnes   No matter what, they didn't just stay in Antioch and pick flowers. Rather, the verse and the chapter end with the words, “with the disciples.”   This obviously could allow for Barnes' thoughts because it might be that one was with the disciples constantly while another traveled, or they each came and went as they decided. Nothing is specifically stated and so those matters cannot be known. However, those in Antioch were instructed and built up in the Lord. But what is more than probable is that during this time, many Gentiles began to join the church.   The precedent had been set on the missionary journey and it meant that Gentiles could come in, joining the church, and not even need to be circumcised. This thought then will establish the basis for the opening verses of Chapter 15.   Life application: We cannot be dogmatic about what is left unstated. Inferences can be made, but unless there are set parameters in the surrounding text, our guesses are only that. In the case of the indeterminate time mentioned in this verse, we must not be overly dogmatic about our viewpoint. This is true with other points of doctrine as well.   There is a set and specific amount of information to derive our theology from. Quite often inferences must be made, and that is fine. And more, the more we know the rest of the word, the better our inferences might be. But if they cannot be pinned down exactly, we should always note that what we state is inferred. In this, we will be responsibly conveying the truth of the matter to those we instruct.   In all things, let us not purposefully twist or distort what Scripture says to form an opinion. The word is too precious to allow that to occur. Eventually, all things will be revealed. Until that day, certain things will remain undetermined.   Lord God, thank You for the chance to contemplate things that are not explicitly stated in Your word. We can form conclusions and modify them as we consider other things that come to mind. There is no end to the chance to grow in this precious word because of this. It is alive and it feeds our minds. The more we study it, the more our minds will grow in the knowledge of who You are and of what You are telling us. Thank You for this precious word! Amen.  

In this episode, Shana and Trudel tackle inference questions in the Reading Comprehension section. In general, the goal of answering an inference question is to consider the correct answer as a new conclusion that stems from a claim or claims in the passage. Treat the answer choice as a conclusion, and you'll make your life much easier. A conclusion is supported by and necessarily follows from the premises, which means that everything stated in the passage is potential premises that support the conclusion (inference) contained in the answer choice. If it's the right inference, then it will logically follow from a claim or claims in the passage itself. Shana & Trudel also bust myths about cramming before the LSAT, and why it's better to aim for consistent "electric" studying rather than aiming for the big cram. Hosted by Shana Ginsburg, Esq., Founder and CEO of Ginsburg Advanced Tutoring. This podcast is developed, edited and mixed by Shana Ginsburg. Music by Taha Ahmed. Podcast listeners take 15% off our LSAT Boss course on Teachable with offer code GAT15 at checkout. Ginsburg Advanced Tutoring is a full-service tutoring, accommodations and admissions company designed to support the needs of the anything-but-average student. For tutoring and accommodations inquiries, find us on the web at ginsburgadvancedtutoring.com or email us at hello@ginsburgadvancedtutoring.com. Like what you hear? Leave us a review! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/lsatboss/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/lsatboss/support

Nicole helps us discover our ABCs - the key to unlocking greater success and happiness. By first recognizing Activating Events, then analyzing Belief Systems, we can make changes that lead to powerful Consequences! Listen in as Nicole breaks it all down and provides practical advice for how you too can benefit from a transformed outlook on life. Need help finding your ABCs? Visit us at  Lift Your Future!

Proudly sponsored by PyMC Labs, the Bayesian Consultancy. Book a call, or get in touch!I'm guessing you already tried to communicate the results of a statistical model to non-stats people — it's hard, right? I'll be honest: sometimes, I even prefer to take notes during meetings than doing that… But shhh, that's out secret.But all of this was before. Before I talked with Jessica Hullman. Jessica is the Ginny Rometty associate professor of computer science at Northwestern University.Her work revolves around how to design interfaces to help people draw inductive inferences from data. Her research has explored how to best align data-driven interfaces and representations of uncertainty with human reasoning capabilities, which is what we'll mainly talk about in this episode.Jessica also tries to understand the role of interactive analysis across different stages of a statistical workflow, and how to evaluate data visualization interfaces.Her work has been awarded with multiple best paper and honorable mention awards, and she frequently speaks and blogs on topics related to visualization and reasoning about uncertainty — as usual, you'll find the links in the show notes.Our theme music is « Good Bayesian », by Baba Brinkman (feat MC Lars and Mega Ran). Check out his awesome work at https://bababrinkman.com/ !Thank you to my Patrons for making this episode possible!Yusuke Saito, Avi Bryant, Ero Carrera, Giuliano Cruz, Tim Gasser, James Wade, Tradd Salvo, Adam Bartonicek, William Benton, James Ahloy, Robin Taylor, Thomas Wiecki, Chad Scherrer, Nathaniel Neitzke, Zwelithini Tunyiswa, Elea McDonnell Feit, Bert≈rand Wilden, James Thompson, Stephen Oates, Gian Luca Di Tanna, Jack Wells, Matthew Maldonado, Ian Costley, Ally Salim, Larry Gill, Joshua Duncan, Ian Moran, Paul Oreto, Colin Caprani, Colin Carroll, Nathaniel Burbank, Michael Osthege, Rémi Louf, Clive Edelsten, Henri Wallen, Hugo Botha, Vinh Nguyen, Raul Maldonado, Marcin Elantkowski, Adam C. Smith, Will Kurt, Andrew Moskowitz, Hector Munoz, Marco Gorelli, Simon Kessell, Bradley Rode, Patrick Kelley, Rick Anderson, Casper de Bruin, Philippe Labonde, Michael Hankin, Cameron Smith, Tomáš Frýda, Ryan Wesslen, Andreas Netti, Riley King, Yoshiyuki Hamajima, Sven De Maeyer, Michael DeCrescenzo, Fergal M, Mason Yahr, Naoya Kanai, Steven Rowland, Aubrey Clayton, Jeannine Sue, Omri Har Shemesh, Scott Anthony Robson, David Haas, Robert Yolken, Or Duek, Pavel Dusek, Paul Cox and Trey Causey.Visit https://www.patreon.com/learnbayesstats to unlock exclusive Bayesian swag ;)General links from the show:Jessica's website: http://users.eecs.northwestern.edu/~jhullman/ Jessica on Twitter: https://twitter.com/JessicaHullmanMidwest Uncertainty Collective:

In Don't @ Me (1:34), Tom opens by asserting that NOW is the time to take the first step to accomplish any personal and/or professional goals you have for yourself. Then, Tom is joined by math teacher and podcaster Kyle Pearce (6:37), to discuss the elements of effective math instruction. Finally, in Assessment Corner (55:12), Tom shares a view of assessment as a procedure for drawing inferences.   Kyle on Twitter: @MathletePearce Kyle on Instagram: @mathletepearce Kyle on LinkedIn: Kyle Pearce MMM on Twitter: @MakeMathMoments MMM on Instagram: @makemathmoments MMM Website: makemathmoments.com MMM Podcast: Making Math Moments     NEW BOOKS BY TOM: "Concise Answers to FAQs about Assessment & Grading"   "Jackpot: Nurturing Student Investment through Assessment"     UPCOMING PROFESSIONAL LEARNING   Grading from the Inside Out (2-Day Workshop)    Minneapolis, MN (December 1-2, 2022) Register Here     CONNECT WITH TOM SCHIMMER Email: tomschimmerpod@gmail.com Twitter: @TomSchimmerPod Twitter: @TomSchimmer Instagram: @tomschimmerpodcast TikTok: @tomschimmerpodcast Facebook: Schimmer Education Website: www.tomschimmer.com  

Ketubot 81 : Marc Chipkin : 2022-09-25 Whose responsibility is it to bury a woman awaiting yibum? Inferences from the ketubah. Can a yavam split the deceased brother's estate with another brother?

Ketubot 81 : Marc Chipkin : 2022-09-25 Whose responsibility is it to bury a woman awaiting yibum? Inferences from the ketubah. Can a yavam split the deceased brother's estate with another brother?

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.15.507892v1?rss=1 Authors: A-Izzeddin, E. J., Mattingley, J. B., Harrison, W. J. Abstract: Humans have well-documented priors for many features present in nature that guide visual perception. Despite being putatively grounded in the statistical regularities of the environment, scene priors are frequently violated due to the inherent variability of visual features from one scene to the next. However, these repeated violations do not appreciably challenge visuo-cognitive function, necessitating the broad use of priors in conjunction with context-specific information. We investigated the trade-off between participants' internal expectations formed from both longer-term priors and those formed from immediate contextual information using a perceptual inference task and naturalistic stimuli. Notably, our task required participants to make perceptual inferences about naturalistic images using their own internal criteria, rather than making comparative judgements. Nonetheless, we show that observers' performance is well approximated by a model that makes inferences using a prior for low-level image statistics, aggregated over many images. We further show that the dependence on this prior is rapidly re-weighted against contextual information, whether relevant or irrelevant. Our results therefore provide insight into how apparent high-level interpretations of scene appearances follow from the most basic of perceptual processes, which are grounded in the statistics of natural images. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Kails attends a talent show with his friends, but soon realizes that it's not just any show - it's an "eventualities" talent show, where the winners can secure amazing opportunities. With Olivine by his side, he sets out to secure the top spot and oh boy, does he get his hands dirty.

Before children are able to predict and make predictions about stories and reading, they use visual information to make inferences about circumstances in stories and pictures. Visit my website at PlayTeachTalk for journal entries, YouTube videos, and short courses offered twice monthly to enhance language skills in young children.

I challenge how you are thinking and making inferences about the world. Take a step back and think about what you really want to prioritize in a world that has very few constraints. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Lou Safra est chercheuse en psychologie cognitive et en psychologie politique au Cevipof-Sciences Po. Bien avant l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, elle s'est intéressée à l'impact d'une menace comme une guerre sur nos comportements individuels. Qu'est-ce que nous apprennent la psychologie et les sciences cognitives de nos comportements électoraux et du vote ? Ce type de conflit provoque un effet « drapeau », on le sait, il a tendance à conforter le dirigeant en place mais il nous fait aussi préférer un certain type de leader, plus masculin, plus dominant, plus autoritaire. Autre sujet, autre menace sur laquelle notre chercheuse a beaucoup travaillé : la pandémie. En pleine crise covid, on a vu de beaux moments de solidarité, des personnes qui ont cousu des masques pour les autres ou aidé leurs voisins mais individuellement, ce n'est pas du tout l'effet immédiat que suscite la perspective d'une telle menace extérieure sur nous. Lou Safra nous explique ainsi comment ce type de contexte nous fait avoir des réflexes xénophobes, racistes. C'est ce que l'on a pu constater avec le racisme anti-asiatique qui est né lorsque le Covid était encore étroitement associé à la Chine, ou encore lorsque les Juifs ont été désignés comme responsables d'épidémies de peste.Ce type de comportements qui se sont reproduits dans l'histoire, qui ont été analysés par les sciences politiques ou la sociologie, peuvent aussi s'expliquer par l'approche des sciences cognitives, en essayant de comprendre ce qui entraîne ces réflexes dans chaque individu.Références de l'épisode :Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005). « Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes » in Science, 308 (5728), p.1623-1626.Antonakis, J., & Dalgas, O. (2009). « Predicting elections: Child's play ! » in Science, 323(5918), p.1183-1183.Safra, L., Algan, Y., Tecu, T., Grèzes, J., Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2017). « Childhood harshness predicts long-lasting leader preferences » in Evolution and Human Behavior38(5), p.645-651.(PDF) Aarøe, L., Petersen, M. B., & Arceneaux, K. (2017), « The behavioral immune system shapes political intuitions: Why and how individual differences in disgust sensitivity underlie opposition to immigration » in American Political Science Review, 111(2), p.277-294.(PDF) Van Vugt, M., & Grabo, A. E. (2015), « The many faces of leadership: An evolutionary-psychology approach » in Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), p.484-489.Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. B. (2017), « Perceived conflict and leader dominance: Individual and contextual factors behind preferences for dominant leaders » in Political Psychology, 38(6), p.1083-1101.---Interview et narration : Tâm Tran HuyRéalisation sonore, montage et mixage : MajoraProdCréation musicale : MajoraProdDirection éditoriale : Perrine TarneaudProductrice exécutive : Elise ColetteProduction : Public Sénat et Cevipof-Sciences Po Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Lesson 2, Reading: Inferences, Arguments, and Evidence. Learn how to make inferences about the information in a text, identify an author's key arguments, and be able to support both with evidence from the text.  You will understand more about evaluating the reliability and validity of evidence and sources, and be able to make solid judgments. Select this link for a blank log sheet or this link for a continuously updated log sheet of current podcasts. Transcripts and worksheets available here. Music by TimMoor and Zen_Man from Pixabay used under terms of service.  Ocean effect from Soundjay.com under terms of service.

Hosted by Simone Roach In the first formal written opinion interpreting CCPA compliance obligations, California Attorney General Rob Bonta concludes that the CCPA grants consumers the right to know and access internally generated inferences that businesses generate about them, but that the CCPA does not require businesses to disclose trade secrets. The 15-page opinion, issued on March 10, responds to a question posed by Sacramento area Assemblyman Kevin Kiley (R): “Under the California Consumer Privacy Act, does a consumer's right to know the specific pieces of personal information that a business has collected about that consumer apply to internally generated inferences the business holds about the consumer from either internal or external information sources?” Blog Post - https://www.adlawaccess.com/2022/03/articles/california-ags-first-ccpa-opinion-takes-a-broad-view-of-the-right-to-access-inferences/ Contacts Aaron Burstein aburstein@kelleydrye.com www.kelleydrye.com/Our-People/Aaron-J-Burstein Alexander Schneider aschneider@kelleydrye.com www.kelleydrye.com/Our-People/Alexander-I-Schneider Produced by Jeff Scurry

Dan Schorr and Alyssa-Rae McGinn discuss rules regarding drawing adverse inferences during Title IX hearings when a party or witness refuses to participate or to answer certain cross-examination questions (Episode 44)

Welcome to today's #WednesdayWisdom from Way Of The Renaissance Man Starring Jim Woods   Today's insight was inspired by American novelist, poet, and non-fiction author, Richard Wright.   “Don't leave inferences to be drawn when evidence can be presented.”   — Richard Wright     The great American novelist is chiefly known for his brilliant novel “Native Son” and his even more poignant memoir “Black Boy,” two works I highly recommend. Here, the author reminds us that evidence is more powerful than inferences, but only if we're willing to stare existence in the face and confront the objective reality of the world. Now more than ever, facts and objective reality are what the world needs to embrace. At the same time, we also need to shed the temptation to draw tribal inferences.   Jim Woods November 10, 2021   For more great resources and inspiration visit WayOfTheRenaissanceMan.com   WayOfTheRenaissanceMan.com/store for Way of the Renaissance Man Fans is open. Grab your stylish t-shirt, gear, stickers and Way of the Renaissance Man art, too! Just visit the website now! Now, we want to hear from you! Would like to share your opinion or make a comment on the Way of the Renaissance Man podcast? If so, then please leave your comment or questions in the space provided below and share this article with your friends and family on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Your comments or question could be chosen as our featured Ask the Renaissance Man Anything on a future episode.   For more great resources and inspiration visit WayOfTheRenaissanceMan.com

My guest today is Dr. Linda Elder. An educational psychologist and a prominent authority on critical thinking, she is President of the Foundation for Critical Thinking and Executive Director of the Center for Critical Thinking, the longest running institution on critical thinking in the world. Founded more than 40 years ago, it advances the highest level of scholarship in critical thinking, and is one of the rare few independent think tanks of scholars fostering critical thinking internationally. She is also the author of multiple books about Critical Thinking. Her goal: To advance fairminded critical thinking in society, at work, and in all domains of human life. Quote: "Critical thinking is essential if we are to get to the root of our problems and develop reasonable solutions. After all, the quality of everything we do is determined by the quality of our thinking." In this conversation Dr. Elder introduces us to Critical Thinking as an essential framework to Self-actualization and truth discovery! - What 'Critical Thinking' means & its criteria - Its origins and why it is relevant for each single one - Why everybody has the capacity to Critical Thinking and Fairmindedness - Why all thinking is logical but mostly not fair-minded - How to learn Critical Thinking - The state of our society The Elements of Reasoning: The 8 basic structures that are always present. All reasoning - has a PURPOSE. - is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some QUESTION, to solve some PROBLEM. - is based on ASSUMPTIONS - is done from some POINT OF VIEW. - is based on DATA, INFORMATION, and EVIDENCE. - is expressed through, and shaped by, CONCEPTS and THEORIES. - contains INFERENCES or INTERPRETATIONS by which we draw - leads somewhere or has IMPLICATIONS and CONSEQUENCES. The Intellectual Standards: The attributes to assess the quality of our thinking - Clarity, Accuracy, Precision, Relevance, Depth, Breadth, Logicalness, Significance, Fairness, Completedness The Intellectual Virtues: The ethical traits to orientate oneself towards truth & fairmindedness - Intellectual Humility, Intellectual Courage, Intellectual Empathy, Intellectual Autonomy, Intellectual Integrity, Intellectual Perseverance, Confidence In Reason, Fairmindedness The Barriers to Critical Thinking: To break out of egocentric & sociocentric thinking and develop rational reasoning - Why the human mind is intrinsically irrational but appears to be rational - Conscious and unconscious processes in the mind - Irrational human lenses & biases ► About Dr. Linda Elder & the Foundation for Critical Thinking: http://criticalthinking.org/ https://community.criticalthinking.org/ https://www.youtube.com/user/CriticalThinkingOrg ---------------- ★★ SHARING = CARING if you enjoyed this episode, sharing with others who could benefit from this information too is truly appreciated! TY! ★★ NEWSLETTER @ https://simonrilling.com/newsletter ★★ SUPPORT us @ http://paypal.me/simonrilling - truly appreciated ----------------

EPISODE 46 It feels like the school year just started, and yet it's October already! I find that this is the time of the year that your routines and procedures are established and you can really dive deep into your content. For that reason, I've decided that the month of October I will be focusing on reading comprehension skills! There are so many reasons I decided to focus on reading comprehension this month, the number one being that these are difficult skills to teach. One of those higher level, more abstract concepts that I get asked about most is making inferences. Although it may seem like there's a simple equation to mastering this skill, there are so many factors that can influence your student's success. After you hear my experience teaching inferences, head over to my Instagram and share what you've found to be effective! In this episode I share: -Why reading comprehension can be difficult to teach -Reasons making inferences is challenging -4 Tips for teaching how to make inferences -Effective reading comprehension supports and tools Resources Mentioned: -Picture of the Day Reading Routine Bundle -The Invisible Boy -Each Kindness -SHOW NOTES: stellarteacher.com/episode46 Connect with me: -Join my newsletter -My TPT store -stellarteachercompany.com -Instagram: @thestellarteachercompany -Facebook: The Stellar Teacher Company

Two sides of a curious coin—right doctrine with wrong spirit, and wrong doctrine with right spirit. Can any sense be made of these possibilities? OPENING REMARKS Appreciation for guests, pronouncing "error," one error in three persons, and mystical grammar. CLOSING REMARKS Reassurances about talking to Mark at the UCA conference, Dana from Pennsylvania comes up for air between episodes 26 and 27, and rub off some spirit kindness. RESOURCES Episode 31. Behind the Scenes - Brandon Duke Interviews Mark Cain 1 John 4:5-6 - The "spirit of error" verse. 1 John 2:23 - No one who denies the ... Son has the Father Matthew 23:8-12 - Call no man "rabbi" and the first shall be last Ravi Zacharias Hid Hundreds of Pictures of Women, Abuse ... Christianity Today story Episode 33. My Trinitarian Best Friend - Amanda Dunn (Part 1) 1 Corinthians 13:4-6 - Love is patient The meaning of "eat crow" The 2021 UCA Conference, Oct. 15-17 Episode 26. Road Trip and Late-Night Christology - Eric Miller (the episode referenced by Dana) EPISODE INDEX (02:44) Error the Father, Error the Son, and Error the Spirit (04:19) Mystery grammar (08:29) Hearing what you think is in the text (11:10) Inferences vs. essential doctrines (12:14) Error vs. spirit of error (13:15) The two problematic possibilities (16:03) False teachers and the three damages (23:47) The damage of a false leader, dependance (27:16) The doctrine considerations (29:29) Amanda Dunn, episode 33 (misunderstanding strong) (32:11) The two spirits (33:07) Judgement day, doctrines don't matter? (34:14) Having commonality with doctrinal opponants (35:58) Dana! FEEDBACK Do like Dana did—deposit your declaration during a disjunction of determined delight. Say your first name and your state or country. "Hello, this is Ichabad from Crete. Can I get a stuffed UCA unicorn? The one with a curved blue horn?" Email podcast@unitarianchristianalliance.org Click here to RECORD A MESSAGE Or call: 615-581-1158 Alternatively, just record yourself and email me the audio file LISTENING TIPS Pauses and pacing are hand crafted, artisan efforts. If your podcast app lets you remove silences, please don't. You will enjoy this better with the silences left in, and probably at the original speed. But who am I to spoil your fun? FOLLOW THE PODCAST The UCA Podcast email list! Large and enjoyable episode art, additional thoughts from the host, and notifications when there are delays. All the cool kids are signed up. Instagram UCA.podcast - Pictures and quotes Twitter @UCApodcast - Episode announcements Podcast Webpage: https://podcast.unitarianchristianalliance.org

How can teachers help their students to become stronger readers?Simple.  Give them the tools (aka reading comprehension strategies) to help them make sense of what they read.Ok, maybe not so simple.Teaching students these strategies does take practice, intentional instruction, and loooots of modeling.  But that doesn't mean we have to make it complicated in the way that we teach these reading strategies.When it comes to teaching comprehension strategies, like inferring, we can provide our students with simple, concrete examples before turning them loose to try it on for size.In this episode, we'll break down reading comprehension instruction, specifically, how to teach students to make inferences while reading.  I'll take a straightforward, step-by-step approach to make sure you know how to explain inferring to your students (and how to explain what it is not.)  I'll show you how to seamlessly go from modeling concrete and tangible examples before transitioning into using this comprehension strategy in different texts.It's an episode that you're going to want to tuck away in your teacher toolbox.--------------------------------LINKS & RESOURCES MENTIONED IN THE EPISODE:EPISODE 41: Teaching Reading Comprehension StrategiesEPISODE 42: Reading Comprehension Instruction: How to Teach Making ConnectionsEPISODE 47: Reading Comprehension Strategies: How to Teach VisualizingEPISODE 51: Reading Comprehension Strategies: How to Teach Making PredictionsEPISODE 59: A Step-By-Step Guide to Teaching Determining Importance in the Upper Elementary ClassroomMaking Inferences LINKtivityHere are some of my favorite books to use when modeling inferring (affiliate links):The Wretched Stone by Chris Van AllsburgThe Memory String by Eve BuntingThis  Is Not My Hat by Job KlassenThe Other Side by Jacqueline WoodsonGrab my FREE Inferring Bookmark inside the Members Resource Library under “Reading Resources.”

The different species of Galapagos finches, with their specially evolved beaks that allow them to eat specific foods, helped Charles Darwin understand that organisms can evolve over time to better survive in their environment. Now, nearly 200 years later and thousands of miles away, biologists are learning some surprising lessons about evolution from northern Norwegian populations of the humble house sparrow (Passer domesticus).Darwin's finches evolved on the exotic, volcanic Galapagos Islands. NTNU's house sparrows are dispersed over a group of 18 islands in Helgeland, in an archipelago that straddles the Arctic Circle.Every summer since 1993, when NTNU Professor Bernt-Erik Sæther initiated the House Sparrow Project, a group of biologists has travelled to the islands collect data on the sparrows. They capture baby birds, measure different parts of their bodies, take a tiny blood sample, and then put a unique combination of coloured rings on their legs that help researchers identify the birds throughout their lifetime.Those decades of research have given researchers information that can be helpful in managing threatened and endangered species. They have also done some experiments where they made evolution happen in real time — and then watched what happened when they let nature run its course.And then there was the series of experiments where they learned more than you might want to know about sparrow dating preferences, and about rogue sparrow fathers who court exhausted sparrow mothers — and then fathered children with the cute little she-bird next door. Our guests for today's show were Henrik Jensen, Thor Harald Ringsby and Stefanie Muff. You can find a transcript of the show here. Selected academic and popular science articles: From NTNU's online research magazine, Norwegian SciTech News:Why aren't house sparrows as big as geese?Inbreeding detrimental for survivalWhy house sparrows lay big and small eggs On DarwinDarwin, Charles (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: J. Murray. Weiner, J. (2014). The beak of the finch: A story of evolution in our time. Random House.Sulloway, F. J. (1982). Darwin and his finches: The evolution of a legend. Journal of the History of Biology, 15, 1-53. Sulloway, F. J. (1982). Darwin's conversion: the Beagle voyage and its aftermath. Journal of the History of Biology, 15, 325-396. Academic articles from the House Sparrow Project:Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Pärn, Henrik; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Wright, Jonathan. (2019) Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: Body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation. Evolution. vol. 73 (3).Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Jensen, Henrik; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Rønning, Bernt; Pärn, Henrik; Holand, Håkon; Engen, Steinar; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2017) Reversal of response to artificial selection on body size in a wild passerine bird. Evolution. vol. 71 (8).Ringsby, Thor Harald; Jensen, Henrik; Pärn, Henrik; Kvalnes, Thomas; Boner, Winnie; Gillespie, Robert; Holand, Håkon; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Rønning, Bernt; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Monaghan, Pat. (2015) On being the right size: Increased body size is associated with reduced telomere length under natural conditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. vol. 282 (1820).Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Pärn, Henrik; Herfindal, Ivar; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2017) Demographic influences of translocated individuals on a resident population of house sparrows. Oikos. vol. 126 (10).Jensen, Henrik; Steinsland, Ingelin; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2006) Indirect selection as a constraint on the evolution of sexual ornaments and other morphological traits in the House Sparrow. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. vol. 147.Jensen, Henrik; Svorkmo-Lundberg, Torkild; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2006) Environmental influence and cohort effects in a sexual ornament in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. Oikos. vol. 114.Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik; Engen, Steinar. (2006) Demographic characteristics of extinction in a small, insular population of house sparrows in Northern Norway. Conservation Biology. vol. 20.Skjelseth, Sigrun; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Jensen, Henrik; Tufto, Jarle; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2006) Dispersal patterns within a meta-population of House Sparrows after an introduction experiment. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. vol. 147.Hoset, Katrine S.; Espmark, Yngve; Fossøy, Frode; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Jensen, Henrik; Wedege, Morten I; Moksnes, Arne. (2014) Extra-pair paternity in relation to regional and local climate in an Arctic-breeding passerine. Polar Biology. vol. 37 (1).Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Pärn, Henrik; Herfindal, Ivar; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2017) Demographic influences of translocated individuals on a resident population of house sparrows. Oikos. vol. 126 (10).Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Lien, Sigbjørn; Billing, Anna Maria; Elgvin, Tore Oldeide; Trier, Cassandra Nicole; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Tarka, Maja; Slate, Jon; Sætre, Glenn-Peter; Jensen, Henrik. (2020) A genome-wide linkage map for the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) provides insights into the evolutionary history of the avian genome. Molecular Ecology Resources. vol. 20 (2).Holand, Håkon; Jensen, Henrik; Kvalnes, Thomas; Tufto, Jarle; Pärn, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Ringsby, Thor Harald. (2019) Parasite prevalence increases with temperature in an avian metapopulation in northern Norway. Parasitology. vol. 146 (8).Kvalnes, Thomas; Røberg, Anja Ås; Jensen, Henrik; Holand, Håkon; Pärn, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Ringsby, Thor Harald. (2018) Offspring fitness and the optimal propagule size in a fluctuating environment. Journal of Avian Biology. vol. 49 (7).Lundregan, Sarah; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Gohli, Jostein; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Kemppainen, Petri; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Båtnes, Anna Solvang; Selvik, Linn-Karina M.; Lien, Sigbjørn; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Husby, Arild; Jensen, Henrik. (2018) Inferences of genetic architecture of bill morphology in house sparrow using a high-density SNP array point to a polygenic basis. Molecular Ecology. vol. 27 (17).Silva, Catarina; McFarlane, S. Eryn; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Rönnegård, Lars; Billing, Anna Maria; Kvalnes, Thomas; Kemppainen, Petri; Rønning, Bernt; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Qvarnström, Anna; Ellegren, Hans; Jensen, Henrik; Husby, Arild. (2017) Insights into the genetic architecture of morphological and sexually selected traits in two passerine bird species. Heredity. vol. 119 (3).Stubberud, Marlene Wæge; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Holand, Håkon; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2017) Sensitivity analysis of effective population size to demographic parameters in house sparrow populations. Molecular Ecology. vol. 26 (9).Holand, Håkon; Kvalnes, Thomas; Gamelon, Marlène; Tufto, Jarle; Jensen, Henrik; Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2016) Spatial variation in senescence rates in a bird metapopulation. Oecologia. vol. 181 (3).Rønning, Bernt; Broggi, Juli; Bech, Claus; Moe, Børge; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Pärn, Henrik; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik; Grindstaff, Jennifer. (2016) Is basal metabolic rate associated with recruit production and survival in free-living house sparrows?. Functional Ecology. vol. 30 (7).Holand, Håkon; Jensen, Henrik; Tufto, Jarle; Pärn, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Ringsby, Thor Harald. (2015) Endoparasite infection has both short- and long-term negative effects on reproductive success of female house sparrows, as revealed by faecal parasitic egg counts. PLOS ONE. vol. 10 (5).Ringsby, Thor Harald; Jensen, Henrik; Pärn, Henrik; Kvalnes, Thomas; Boner, Winnie; Gillespie, Robert; Holand, Håkon; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Rønning, Bernt; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Monaghan, Pat. (2015) On being the right size: Increased body size is associated with reduced telomere length under natural conditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. vol. 282 (1820). See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The next 4 Thinking Traps I am going to talk about are grouped under the category Arbitrary Inferences. They consist of making interpretations without having examined all the data. Thinking Traps: Arbitrary Inferences Jumping to Conclusions (also: Inference-Observation Confusion); Fortune Telling; Mind Reading; Labeling (also: Mislabeling) Antidotes Examine the Evidence Consider Alternate Possibilities Keep a “Don't-Know” Mind Survey Technique Let's Define Terms

In Episode 20 of the California SLAPP Law Podcast, we discuss important Evidence Codes, and my VINDICATION by the California Court of Appeal. The vindication comes in the form of a published opinion from the Sixth District Court of Appeal. I was brought in as co-counsel to first chair an internet defamation trial in Santa […] The post SLAPP020 – Sixth District Weighs in on Admissibility of Yelp Reviews and the Law on Inferences appeared first on California SLAPP Law.