Podcasts about Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Sharla's back after a month-long break, sharing a deeply personal story of recovering from decompression sickness caused by a scuba diving trip in the British Virgin Islands. Her rapid brain recovery, thanks to hyperbaric oxygen therapy, inspired this episode on neuroplasticity—the brain's incredible ability to rewire itself. Joined by Robert, Sharla explores how the brain's adaptability can transform your marriage, drawing on therapist Terry Real's framework from his book Us. Learn how to make unconscious patterns conscious, harness emotional “recoil” moments, and act quickly to build new, healthier habits in your relationship. Packed with science, practical tips, and heartfelt insights, this episode will inspire you to tap into your brain's resilience to become the best version of yourself for your partner.What You'll Learn: - How Sharla's cognitive recovery showcases the brain's neuroplasticity. - Terry Real's two-step process for rapid change: making the implicit explicit and using emotional shock to rewire behaviors. - The science of memory reconsolidation and why acting fast after an “aha” moment matters. - Three practical steps to rewire harmful patterns in your marriage, with real-life examples from Sharla and Robert's journey.Try the episode's tips: reflect on an automatic pattern in your marriage, have an honest talk with your partner, and practice a new behavior right away. Share your story or insights on Instagram @masteryourmarriage—we'll repost our favorites! Loved this episode? Leave a 5-star review and share it with someone who'd benefit. Got topic ideas or feedback? Email us at masteryourmarriage@gmail.com.References: Want to dive deeper into neuroplasticity? Check out these resources: - Books: - Doidge, N. (2007). The Brain That Changes Itself. Penguin Books. Inspiring stories of how neuroplasticity transforms lives, perfect for understanding change in relationships. - Hanson, R. (2013). Hardwiring Happiness. Harmony Books. Practical exercises to rewire your brain for positivity and stronger connections. - Ecker, B., Ticic, R., & Hulley, L. (2012). Unlocking the Emotional Brain. Routledge. Explains how emotional insights drive rapid behavioral change. - Siegel, D. J. (2012). The Developing Mind (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Shows how relationships shape the brain for healthier dynamics. - Scientific Papers: - LeDoux, J. E., & Schiller, D. (2010). “The Human Amygdala and the Control of Fear.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(11), 761–769. Research on rewiring emotional memories through “recoil” moments. - Nader, K., et al. (2000). “Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation After Retrieval.” Nature, 406(6797), 722–726. Study on the 4–6 hour window for memory change. - Website: - Coherence Therapy (coherencetherapy.org). Articles and videos on using emotional insights for lasting change, based on Bruce Ecker's work. Find these at your local library, bookstore, or online. Share what you learn with us on Instagram @masteryourmarriage!

¿Sientes que tu memoria ya no es la misma? ¿Te cuesta recordar nombres, conversaciones o dónde dejaste el móvil?En este video descubrirás las 5 claves respaldadas por la ciencia para mejorar tu memoria desde hoy mismo… ¡y mantenerla afilada con el paso de los años!

Vivimos pegados al móvil. Redes, notificaciones, mensajes… ¿Te imaginas cortar con todo eso durante una semana? En este video te cuento lo que ocurre en un detox digital de 7 días: lo que se siente, lo que cambiay por qué deberías probarlo.

"Part of the reason I stay super busy is bc if I stop to rest l'll ruminate. And if I ruminate, I start spiraling. And if I spiraling I'm like a nosediving plane" Sound familiar? Discover the ANSWER to WHY you get stuck in your most annoying perfectionist tendencies, like ruminating, catastrophizing, overthinking every small mistake etc. Plus the 6 reasons your perfectionist brain holds on to outdated habits,  how chronic stress impacts your brain's ability to change, the role of back and white thinking in reinforcing unhelpful neural pathways, why past experiences trick your brain into seeing danger everywhere and how to stop your worries from becoming self-fulfilling prophecies.  On paper, you've got it together— isn't it time you felt like it? Whether it's becoming much more DECISIVE in everything you do, stop playing out worst case scenarios in your head or JOYFULLY PRESENT AMBITIOUS again, Perfectionism Optimized, private 1-1 coaching gives you the life-long skills to *finally feel* as amazing on the inside as your life looks on the outside. Get your stress-free start today at https://courtneylovegavin.com/rewire TIMESTAMPS:00:00–How to finally take charge of ruminating02:16–Missed the last episode? Here's a quick recap04:06–What happens when your brain gets it wrong06:09–Why perfectionist brains resists learning from mistakes07:40–6 sneaky reasons your brain ignores new info08:23–How chronic stress keeps your brain stuck10:20–Why your brain clings to old patterns11:42–The hidden reason you avoid discomfort12:51–When your brain blows things out of proportion13:49–How black-and-white thinking is like wearing blinders15:19–Why past experiences warp your reactions19:34–How to update your brain so you can get unstuck21:09–One small shift to start seeing change today The first step in rewiring Resources Mentioned In Episode 250:Take your first step in rewiring Perfect Start Introductory SessionMagic Skill for Control of Emotions [Neuroscience Series #1] Perfectionism Rewired Ep. 248How Perfectionist Brain *Actually* Works [Neuroscience Series #2] Perfectionism Rewired Ep. 249When Taking A Few Deep Breaths Isn't Enough Perfectionism Rewired Ep. 192Will Save Your Sanity(might change your life) Perfectionism Rewired Ep. 193 Citations/Sources:Bar, M. (2009). The proactive brain: memory for predictions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 364(1521), 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0310Barrett, L. F., & Simmons, W. K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950Braem, S., Coenen, E., Klaas Bombeke, Bochove, van, & Wim Notebaert. (2015). Open your eyes for prediction errors. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(2), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0333-4Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000477Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2014). The relationships between perfectionism, pathological worry and generalised anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-14-98Kummer, K., Mattes, A. & Stahl, J. Do perfectionists show negative, repetitive thoughts facing uncertain situations?. Curr Psychol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04409-3Lital Yosopov, Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024). Failure Sensitivity in Perfectionism and Procrastination: Fear of Failure and Overgeneralization of Failure as Mediators of Traits and Cognitions. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 42(6), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829241249784Mattes, A., Mück, M., & Stahl, J. (2022). Perfectionism-related variations in error processing in a task with increased response selection complexity. Personality Neuroscience, 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/pen.2022.3‌McNally, G. P., Johansen, J. P., & Blair, H. T. (2011). Placing prediction into the fear circuit. *Trends in Neurosciences*, *34*(6), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.03.005‌Meyer, A., & Wissemann, K. (2020). Controlling parenting and perfectionism is associated with an increased error-related negativity (ERN) in young adults. *Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience*, *15*(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa018‌Roy, M., Shohamy, D., Daw, N., Jepma, M., Wimmer, G. E., & Wager, T. D. (2014). Representation of aversive prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray. *Nature Neuroscience*, *17*(11), 1607–1612. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3832‌ Perfectionism Rewired is committed to neuroscience truth and accuracy through a perfectionist affirming lens, offering cutting-edge research on perfectionism, neuroplasticity + interoception techniques for the practical perfectionist who wants to enjoy the life you've worked so hard to create instead of obsolete advice to "overcome your perfectionism"

Ewig durch Social Media scrollen und sich mit anderen vergleichen? Viele Menschen bemerken, dass sie erschreckend wenig Kontrolle darüber haben, wie viel Zeit sie auf Social Media verbringen. Leon und Atze besprechen, woran das liegt und ob Social Media so schlimm ist, wie immer behauptet wird. Außerdem geben sie Tipps, wie man das Smartphone wenigstens ab und zu mal zur Seite legen kann. Leon & Atze Start ins heutige Thema: 08:46 min. Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/leonwindscheid/ https://www.instagram.com/atzeschroeder_offiziell/ Mehr zu unseren Werbepartnern findet ihr hier: https://linktr.ee/betreutesfuehlen Buchempfehlung: Die Klavierspielerin von Elfriede Jelinek Zehn Gründe, warum du deinen Social Media Account sofort löschen musst von Jaron Lanier Empfehlung: https://www.instagram.com/buchantiquariat_willbrand/?hl=de Quellen in chronologischer Reihenfolge Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Lexikon der Neurowissenschaft: Dopamin. https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/neurowissenschaft/dopamin/2959 Baskerville, T. A., & Douglas, A. J. (2010). Dopamine and oxytocin interactions underlying behaviors: potential contributions to behavioral disorders. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 16(3), e92-e123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00154.x Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1406 Memorial Museum-estate of academician I. P. Pavlov. http://en.pavlovmuseum.ru/photos Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: the Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Press. Fiorillo et al. (2003). Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science.https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1077349 Burkhard, P., & Rueegg, J. (2023) Warum wir den sozialen Netzwerken nicht widerstehen können. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. https://www.nzz.ch/technologie/warum-wir-den-sozialen-netzwerken-nicht-widerstehen-koennen-ld.1733551 Miltenberger, R. G. (2016). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures. Cengage Learning. Helle, M., & Helle, M. (2019). Psychotherapie: Von den Anfängen bis heute. Psychotherapie, 1-5. Kritik an Body Positivity: Körpergewicht: „Body Neutrality“ bevorzugt https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/koerpergewicht-body-neutrality-bevorzugt-531249bd-9df5-47d2-ba93-3a59f1a1ef19 Haidt, J. (2024). The anxious generation: How the great rewiring of childhood is causing an epidemic of mental illness. Random House. Universität Würzburg. Generation Angst: Machen soziale Medien die Jugend psychisch krank? https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/generation-angst-thesenpapier/ Cunningham, S., Hudson, C. C., & Harkness, K. (2021). Social media and depression symptoms: a meta-analysis. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 49, 241-253. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S10802-020-00715-7 Appel, M., Marker, C., & Gnambs, T. (2020). Are social media ruining our lives? A review of meta-analytic evidence. Review of General Psychology, 24(1), 60-74. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1089268019880891?journalCode=rgpa Marker, C., Gnambs, T., & Appel, M. (2018). Active on Facebook and failing at school? Meta-analytic findings on the relation- ship between online social networking activities and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 651-677. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-017-9430-6 Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature human behaviour, 3(2), 173-182. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0506-1 Ivie, E. J., Pettitt, A., Moses, L. J., & Allen, N. B. (2020). A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 165-174. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032720323727 Redaktion: Dr. Jan Rudloff Produktion: Murmel Productions

Dr. Jason Crowell talks with Dr. Nico U. F. Dosenbach about the brain's action mode network, focusing on resting state functional connectivity and the significance of the action mode network in relation to other networks. Read the related article in Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Disclosures can be found at Neurology.org.

☕️ Support me: buymeacoffee.com/gewaltig

Roberto Bottini is an Associate Professor at the University of Trento. We talk about his recent work on unusual cognitive maps in blind people, image spaces, metaphors, and he gives me some advice for writing successful grant applications.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps0:00:00: Roberto's background0:03:20: Start discussing Roberto's paper on altered grid cells in visually impaired people: theoretical background0:16:28: Methods & results: walking on a clock face / altered grid cells: fourfold symmetry0:47:48: Start discussing Roberto's paper on cognitive maps and image spaces (TiCS)0:52:05: Egocentric and allocentric perspectives0:55:27: Metaphors and analogies1:00:08: Tips for grant applications1:14:18: A book or paper that more people should read1:18:38: Something Roberto wishes he'd learnt sooner1:20:30: Advice for PhD students/postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtRoberto's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bottini-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bottini-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bottini-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesAronov, ... & Tank (2017). Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit. Nature.Bisiach & Luzzatti (1978). Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex.Bottini & Doeller (2020). Knowledge across reference frames: Cognitive maps and image spaces. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.Casasanto (2009). Embodiment of abstract concepts: good and bad in right-and left-handers. Journal of experimental psychology: General.Constantinescu, ... & Behrens (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science.Derdikman, ... & Moser (2009). Fragmentation of grid cell maps in a multicompartment environment. Nature neuroscience.Eichenbaum (2014). Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.Gardenfors (2004). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought.Gentner (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive science.He & Brown (2019). Environmental barriers disrupt grid-like representations in humans during navigation. Current Biology.Horner, ... & Burgess (2016). Grid-like processing of imagined navigation. Current Biology.Jaynes (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind.Park, ... & Boorman (2021). Inferences on a multidimensional social hierarchy use a grid-like code. Nature Neuroscience.Sigismondi, ... & Bottini (2024). Altered grid-like coding in early blind people. Nature Communications.Stangl, ... & Wolbers (2018). Compromised grid-cell-like representations in old age as a key mechanism to explain age-related navigational deficits. Current Biology.Tolman (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review.Whittington, ... & Behrens (2022). How to build a cognitive map. Nature Neuroscience.

Given the widespread legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational uses, you'd think we'd have a better understanding of how it works. But ask a neuroscientist exactly how cannabinoid compounds like THC and CBD alter our perceptions or lead to potential medical benefits, and you'll soon learn just how little we know.We know that these molecules hijack an ancient signaling system in the brain called the "endocannabinoid" system (translation: the "cannabinoids within"). These somewhat exotic signaling molecules (made of fatty lipids and traveling "backwards" compared to other transmitters) have been deeply mysterious until recently, when new tools made it possible to visualize their activity directly in the brain.So what is the "day job" of the endocannabinoid system — and how does it connect to the dramatic highs that come with taking THC or the medical benefits of CBD? To unpack all this, we're talking this week with neuroscientist Ivan Soltesz, the James Doty Professor of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience at Stanford, and a leading expert on the endocannabinoid system.Learn MoreThe Soltesz Lab"Weeding out bad waves: towards selective cannabinoid circuit control in epilepsy" (Soltesz et al, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2015) "Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction" (Parsons et al, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2016)"Marijuana-like brain substance calms seizures but increases aftereffects, study finds" (Goldman, Stanford Medicine News, 2021)"Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in vivo" (Dudok et al, Science, 2024)Vote for us!We are a finalist for a prestigious Signal Award for Best Science Podcast of 2024! Share your love for the show by voting for us in the Listener's Choice category by October 17. Thanks in advance!Get in touch:We're doing some listener research and we want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu if you'd be willing to help out, and we'll be in touch with some follow-up questions.Episode CreditsThis episode was produced by Michael Osborne at 14th Street Studios, with production assistance by Morgan Honaker. Our logo is by Aimee Garza. The show is hosted by Nicholas Weiler at Stanford's Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. Send us a text!Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience. Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

High Fructose Corn Syrup's Profits over Health:  Richard Gale & Gary Null PhD Progressive Radio Network, July 24, 2024 There is an unseen culprit hiding in the shadows. It is a toxic poison contained in many of the foods and beverages that we commonly eat. A toxin that has been implicated in causing cancer, diabetes, heart disease, lowered cognitive function, addiction, depression, and obesity. The magicians and alchemists of the corporate food industry have cleverly disguised this ingredient and sing its praises.  If you are waiting for mainstream media to undertake an in-depth investigative report on this topic you will be waiting a long time. Back in 2015 Tufts University's department of nutritional sciences conducted a study published by the American Heart Association that documented the annual rates of global deaths directly due to over-consumption of beverages with high sugar content. The results estimated that 184,000 adults die annually from sugary drinks.  Dr. Gitanjali at Tufts analyzed data documenting sugar-related deaths across 51 countries between 1980 and 2010.  Deaths were compiled according to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various cancers. Based upon the data, the study concluded that sugar contributed to 45,000 annual deaths from cardiovascular disease, 13,000 deaths from diabetic complications, and 6,450 deaths related to cancer.  Credit Suisse's Research Institute published a scathing report that brought sugar's health risks into sharper focus.  The study revealed that upward to 40% of American healthcare expenditures could be directly tied to overconsumption of sugar in the average American diet.  Today, the US' national addiction to sugar contributes to $1 trillion in healthcare costs annually, which includes coronary heart disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. There are numerous studies published in reliable peer-reviewed medical journals associating sugar with each of these life threatening diseases. As far back as 1971, I began writing about the hazards of sugar. In 2002, my documentary Seven Steps to Perfect Health was premiered on PBS stations. During a special appearance on one station's fund drive, I poured sugar out of a bag. The amount I poured equaled the number of teaspoons that an average American teenager consumes daily. My general counsel, David Slater, verified the quantity by proper measurement according to scientific food and diet data.  After the initial airing of this special, I was informed by the station's program director that they could not rebroadcast the performance, even though it was the most successful program during the fund drive. I was informed that the station had received harsh criticism from the sugar industry. The program director explained that the information I presented about sugar's dangers, even though I provided full scientific verification of the facts, ran up against the president of the station board Sharon Rockefeller. I was told she had received a phone call from a sugar-lobbying group representing soft drink makers and sugar manufacturers.  Therefore the station made the decision to pull my program. I was never asked to return to the station. Not surprisingly, a subsequent investigation revealed Sharon Rockefeller sat on Pepsi's board at the time, one of America's largest manufacturers of sweetened soft drinks.    That was my first personal encounter with the political forces supporting sugar. I wrote letters to the sugar industry, the station board and Sharon Rockefeller contesting their suppression of my program and their claim that sugar was unrelated to the declining health of Americans. They were presented with dozens of peer-reviewed studies. However in recent decades, the sweetener industry has undergone a dramatic transformation with the introduction and widespread adoption of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) throughout our food system. This shift from traditional cane sugar, which dominated my criticism earlier, to fructose corn sugars has led to deep human health and environmental concerns due to its economic benefits for food manufacturers.  High fructose corn syrup was developed in the late 1960s by Japanese scientists who discovered a method to convert glucose from cornstarch into fructose using enzymes. This innovation was spurred by the need to find a cheaper and more versatile sweetener as an alternative to the more labor-intensive production of traditional cane sugar. HFCS is made by milling corn to produce cornstarch. The starch is then hydrolyzed into glucose by adding the enzyme alpha-amylase. Finally the glucose is further processed into fructose. The result is a syrup that typically contains 42-55 percent fructose, with the rest being glucose. Some methods can produce fructose as high as 90 percent.  Today, HFCS production has been so optimized that it has become the most cost-effective and efficient means to produce sweeteners. Monsanto's genetically modified Round-Up Ready corn, enabling the use of more toxic herbicides and pesticides, has now made HFCS the cornerstone of the sugar industry.  However, the shift to HFCS has been fundamentally driven by economics and the agro-chemical industry and has absolutely nothing to do with creating a healthier sugar.  Since corn is one of the most extensively cultivated crops in the United States, which is heavily subsidized by the government, it has provided an enormous, inexpensive supply of the raw material needed for HFCS production. In addition, the enzymatic conversion process can result in a high yield of sweetener from a relatively small amount of corn.  HFCS is now a ubiquitous ingredient that permeates our entire modern food supply. Starting in the 1980s, the introduction of HFCS has gradually displaced traditional sweeteners such as natural cane sugar, glucose and honey. According to the USDA, HFCS can cost up to 50% less than cane and other traditional sugars. This cost differential is particularly significant in industries where sweeteners constitute a major portion of production costs such as in soft drinks, artificial fruit juices, sweet baked goods, snack foods and candy, breakfast cereals, condiments and sauces, sweetened dairy products such as yoghurt and ice cream, and a large variety of processed canned and prepared meals. A study published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that HFCS accounts for over 40% increase of caloric sweeteners added to foods and beverages. Having a purview of the distribution of different sugars in the American diet helps to illustrate the dominance of HFCS in the food system. Approximately 45 percent of added sugars in the American diet come from HFCS and an additional 2 percent from pure fructose. Between 35-40 percent of sweeteners derive from sucrose, the common table sugar made from sugarcane and sugar beets -- the latter now being genetically modified. The production process involves crushing the plant material to extract the juice, which is then purified, concentrated, and crystallized to produce table sugar.  Not to be confused with HFCS, corn syrup is largely glucose and represents about 10-15 percent of the nation's sugar intake. It is the most common sugar used in baked goods and candy. Lactose and galactose each account for about 4-5 percent of consumed sugars. However they are typically not added sugars to foods but naturally present in all dairy products.  Finally, honey, which at one time was a common food ingredient, today only accounts for about 1-2 percent of sweeteners.  Moreover, according to FDA testing, a lot of commercial honey found in grocery stores has been adulterated with HFCS and other sweeteners, such sucrose derived from cane and GMO beet sugars and artificial honey-flavored imitators.  A general estimate is that 20-30 percent of honey sold is impure.  Back in the 1970s and 1980s when I frequently railed publicly against the sugar industry and the health risks of processed table sugar that then completely dominated the food industry, I would never have imagined that sucrose would be gradually replaced by HFCS. This replacement accelerated after the emergence of genetically modified (GM) corn. As noted above, the vast majority of HFCS produced in the United States, the world's larger corn producer globally, is derived from genetically modified (GM) corn. Estimates suggest that around 85-90% of the corn grown in the U.S. is genetically modified. Therefore it is reasonable to infer that approximately 85-90% of HFCS is derived from GM corn. As many court cases and exposes of corruption in the agro-chemical industry have cone to light, GM corn has dire implications for the production and consumption of HFCS, especially considering the associated health risks linked to the use of toxic herbicides such as glyphosate. Research has linked glyphosate to various health issues, including cancer. A decade ago, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a "probable human carcinogen"; today, it is no longer probable but a medical fact. Several studies have detected glyphosate residues in food products containing HFCS. A study published in Environmental Health found glyphosate residues in a variety of food products, highlighting the widespread contamination of the food supply with this herbicide. In addition to glyphosate's carcinogenic potential, the toxin has also been shown to disrupt endocrine function and it has been implicated in gut dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome. This disruption can lead to a range of health problems, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other gastrointestinal disorders. Research published in Current Microbiology indicates that glyphosate exposure can alter the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to adverse health outcomes. HFCS and traditional sugars like table sugar differ significantly in their composition and metabolic effects. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of equal parts glucose and fructose, while HFCS is a mixture of free glucose and fructose, with the fructose content higher than that in sucrose. This difference in composition affects how the body metabolizes these sugars. Briefly, HFCS poses more serious health risks than sucrose. The free fructose in HFCS is absorbed more rapidly than the bound fructose in sucrose, leading to quicker spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels. In addition, the high fructose content in HFCS places a greater burden on the liver, leading to increased fat production and storage, contributing to fatty liver disease and metabolic disorders. In contrast, the balanced glucose-fructose composition of sucrose is metabolized more evenly, posing lower risks. However, it is crucial to realize that excessive or even moderate consumption of any form of sugar can be detrimental to health. Extensive research has linked the consumption of HFCS to a range of adverse health effects. Key among these is metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that high consumption of HFCS is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, which includes conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These conditions collectively elevate the risk of heart disease and stroke. HFCS has been directly implicated in America's obesity epidemic due to its high fructose content, which is metabolized differently than glucose. Fructose is primarily processed in the liver, where it can be converted into fat more readily than glucose. This process can lead to increased fat accumulation and insulin resistance, both of which are risk factors for obesity and type 2 diabetes. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highlighted that high HFCS consumption is correlated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes, particularly in children and adolescents. HFCS intake also leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Unlike glucose, which is metabolized by all cells in the body, fructose is metabolized almost entirely in the liver. High levels of fructose overwhelms the liver's capacity to process it, leading to fat accumulation and liver damage. Research published in Hepatology has shown a strong correlation between HFCS consumption and the progression to more severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Recent evidence reveals that HFCS has detrimental effects on cognitive function and mental health. Studies indicate that fructose impairs insulin signaling in the brain, which is crucial for maintaining cognitive functions. A study in the Journal of Physiology found that high-fructose diets can lead to insulin resistance in the brain, potentially increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Additionally, high sugar diets, including those high in HFCS, have been linked to mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, as detailed in a review in Nature Reviews Neuroscience. HFCS and other fructose-rich sugars can have profound adverse effects on the gut and digestive system. These sugars are known to disrupt the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to various digestive disorders and altering the gut microbiome. Fructose, unlike glucose, is not directly absorbed by the body. It requires a specific transporter, GLUT5, to be taken up by the intestinal cells. Fructose interferes with these transporters, leading to malabsorption. Unabsorbed fructose travels to the large intestine, where it undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria. This process produces gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, which cause bloating, gas, and abdominal pain leading to malabsorption and the intestine's inability to absorb fructose efficiently. The gut microbiome, a complex community of trillions of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, is crucial for maintaining digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being. High intake of fructose negatively affects this delicate balance. Studies have shown that diets high in fructose can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition. This imbalance is characterized by a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and an increase in harmful bacteria like Clostridia and Enterobacteria.  A study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that high fructose levels increase intestinal permeability, also known as "leaky gut." This condition allows harmful substances, such as toxins and bacteria, to pass from the gut into the bloodstream, triggering inflammation and contributing to the development of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Inflammatory bowel disease, which includes conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is exacerbated by promoting inflammation and altering the gut microbiota. A study in the journal Gut reported that reducing fructose intake improved symptoms in individuals with IBS, suggesting a direct link between fructose consumption and IBS symptom severity. Finally we need to also consider the catastrophic effects of HFCS on children. Children are particularly vulnerable to the health risks associated with HFCS due to their higher consumption levels relative to their body weight. According to data from the CDC, the average American child consumes approximately 12-16 teaspoons of added sugars per day, a significant portion of which comes from HFCS. This high intake is largely driven by the consumption of sweetened beverages, snacks, and processed foods that are marketed specifically to children. The high consumption of HFCS among children is a major contributor to the rising rates of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders. Studies have shown that children who consume high levels of sugary beverages and snacks are more likely to develop obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. A study published in Pediatrics found that children who consume sugary drinks daily are at a significantly higher risk of developing obesity compared to those who consume them less frequently. There is also growing concern about the impact of HFCS on children's cognitive development and behavior. High sugar diets have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral issues in children. A study in the Journal of Attention Disorders found that excessive sugar consumption, including HFCS, exacerbates symptoms of ADHD and impair cognitive functions such as memory and learning. A deeper look at the politics of the sugar industry reveals that huge sums are being doled out by the government to support and subsidize sugar companies. Writing for the Wall Street Journal, health journalist Alexandra Wexler explains that American taxpayers are currently responsible for shelling out $280 million to cover the cost of loans from the USDA which sugar producers are unable to pay back. Given the undeniable evidence demonstrating the toxicity of HFCS and other commercial sugars and their enormous toll on the wellbeing of Americans, why is it that our health agencies and elected officials are not calling for an urgent overhaul of existing policies, which graciously support the domestic sugar industry to poison the population? Where is the outrage over bailing out the purveyors of what is likely the most dangerous staple in the American diet? For our answers we must follow the money-trail.

Das Ding ist: Neuanfänge sind mega geil! Außer wenn sie es nicht sind. Es gibt die Neuanfänge, die man sich selber aussucht, auf die man hinarbeitet, über die man sich freut. Natürlich gibt es aber auch die Umbrüche, die überraschend kommen, die unerwünscht sind, die weh tun. Auch das Leben der Moderatorinnen ist voller Neuanfänge: Lensi hat einen neuen Job, Anna hat sich vor einem Jahr selbstständig gemacht und dieser Podcast, ist ja auch irgendwie ein Neustart. Aus der Philosophie hat Lensi heute Wilhelm Schmid am Start! (Nutzt gerne die Gelegenheit euch gottlos abzuschießen und trinkt immer einen Shot, wenn wir Wilhelm Schmid sagen.) Wilhelm Schmid hat kluge Dinge zum Thema Neuanfang und Veränderung gesagt, die Lensi uns in dieser Folge präsentiert. Sollte man den Schlüssel mal woanders hinlegen? Ist Gerstensaft der erste Schritt zum Marathon? Wie handhabt man Veränderung so, dass es fair für das eigene Umfeld bleibt? In dieser etwas längeren Folge, haben Lensi und Anna jede Gelegenheit genutzt vom Thema abzuschweifen, klären dabei aber wichtige Fragen, wie zum Beispiel: Gehören Männer WGs ohne Föhn ins Gefängnis? Und können queere Menschen normal sitzen (wird hier geflirtet?)? Hört doch gerne rein! Und wie Édith Piaf einst sang: “Non, je ne regrette rien”… Quellen: Gocłowska, M. A., Ritter, S. M., Elliot, A. J., & Baas, M. (2018). Novelty seeking is linked to openness and extraversion, and can lead to greater creative performance. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/jopy.12387 Ranganath, C., & Rainer, G. (2003). Neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1052 Schomaker, J., & Wittmann, B. C. (2021). Effects of active exploration on novelty-related declarative memory enhancement. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 179, 107403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107403 Wilhelm Schmid: Selbstfreundschaft. Wie das Leben leichter wird. Suhrkamp, Berlin 2018 https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/lebenskunst-philosoph-wilhelm-schmid-ueber-die-kunst-des-100.html Sexout. Und die Kunst, neu anzufangen. Insel, Berlin 2015

As an adult, there's a good chance you've experienced moments when your brain feels foggy or you struggle to concentrate. This phenomenon, commonly known as "fuzzy brain" or "brain fog," can be frustrating and impact your daily life. But what causes these symptoms, and are there solutions to combat them? In this article, we will delve into the causes of fuzzy brain symptoms and explore solutions to enhance your clarity and cognitive function. So, if you have ever wondered why your brain always feels foggy, keep reading to gain a better understanding of this condition and how to address it. What is Fuzzy Brain or Brain Fog? "Fuzzy brain," commonly referred to as "brain fog," is not a medical condition in itself but a term used to describe a set of symptoms affecting cognitive abilities. People experiencing brain fog may feel confused, disorganized, and have difficulty focusing, putting thoughts into words, or remembering things. This cognitive dysfunction is characterized by memory problems, lack of mental clarity, poor concentration, and an inability to focus, often described as mental fatigue. Common Signs and Symptoms Brain fog, often described as "fuzzy brain," is characterized by a constellation of symptoms related to cognitive dysfunction, including confusion, memory problems, lack of mental clarity, poor concentration, and the inability to focus. While the term "brain fog" is not always used explicitly in scientific literature, the symptoms it encompasses are well-documented in studies related to cognitive function and mental health. Below are the most common symptoms: Cognitive Impairment and Memory Problems: Cognitive dysfunction, including memory lapses and difficulties with recall, is a hallmark of brain fog. A study by Banks, S. et al. (2020) on sleep deprivation highlights how lack of sleep—a common contributor to brain fog—can impair memory and cognitive performance, simulating the symptoms of brain fog.Banks, S., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., & Dinges, D. F. (2010). Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: Dose-response effects of one night for recovery. Sleep, 33(8), 1013–1026. Lack of Mental Clarity and Poor Concentration: People experiencing brain fog often report a lack of mental clarity and difficulty concentrating.Gavelin, H. M., Neumann, S., Kovacs, A. H., Malmberg, F., Malmberg, J., Bonde, A. H., ... & Wicksell, R. K. (2021). Cognitive impairments in individuals with long COVID: A 6-month follow-up study. EClinicalMedicine, 41, 101159. Feeling of Mental Fatigue: Mental fatigue is another symptom frequently associated with brain fog. This encompasses a subjective sense of tiredness and a lack of energy for mental tasks.Marcora, S. M., Staiano, W., & Manning, V. (2009). Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(3), 857–864. Difficulty Stringing Thoughts Together: People with brain fog often describe a sensation of struggling to string thoughts together, leading to difficulties with speech or articulating ideas. This symptom points towards an impairment in executive function, which is crucial for planning, decision-making, and verbal fluency.Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. Disrupted Executive Function: Executive dysfunction, including difficulty planning, organizing, and multitasking, is often reported in the context of brain fog. Such symptoms can stem from various conditions, including chronic stress and poor sleep. Stress can alter executive functions, leading to decreased cognitive flexibility and increased rigidity in thoughts and actions.Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. These symptoms collectively contribute to the subjective experience of brain fog, making daily cognitive tasks more challenging and impacting ove...

In der vorerst letzten Fragen-Folge beantworten Sinja und Boris noch einmal drei Fragen der Zuhörer:innen, die über die Whatsappnummer gestellt wurden. Bald erwartet euch dann ein neues Format! Heute geht es ums achtsame Arbeiten. Sie gehen der Frage auf den Grund, ob Multitasking hilfreich sein kann und welche Wirkung es auf unseren Körper hat. Außerdem fragen sie sich, wie du mit Druck im Arbeitsalltag umgehen kannst und was eigentlich dahinter steckt. Anschließend erklärt Boris, wann Achtsamkeitstraining seine Wirkung entfaltet. Wie gefällt dir Verstehen, fühlen, glücklich sein? Erzähle es uns hier.Hintergründe und Studien:Courage, M. L., Bakhtiar, A., Fitzpatrick, C., Kenny, S., & Brandeau, K. (2015). Growing up multitasking: The costs and benefits for cognitive development. Developmental Review, 35, 5-41. Link zur StudieMadore, K. P., & Wagner, A. D. (2019, March). Multicosts of multitasking. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science (Vol. 2019). Dana Foundation. Link zur StudieGarner, K. G., & Dux, P. E. (2023). Knowledge generalization and the costs of multitasking. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 24(2), 98-112. Link zur StudieMcGonigal, Kelly "Wie man Stress zu seinem Freund machen kann" TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, Juni 2013 Link zum Ted TalkBornemann, Boris (2023). Evalutationsstudie zu "Stressreduktion durch Achtsamkeit - Ein App-gestützter Online-Kurs" Link zur StudieUnsere allgemeinen Datenschutzrichtlinien finden Sie unter https://art19.com/privacy. Die Datenschutzrichtlinien für Kalifornien sind unter https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info abrufbar.

Découvrez le LIVRE Neurosapiens ! Pour apprendre à créer rapidement et à moindre coût son podcast, c'est par ici ! Dans ce nouvel épisode, nous allons explorer différentes stratégies qui existent pour vous aider à gérer une crise d'angoisse. Beaucoup d'entre nous, à un moment ou à un autre de notre vie, expérimenterons une crise d'angoisse. Les crises d'angoisse, également appelées crises de panique, sont des épisodes soudains et intenses de peur et de malaise. Elles peuvent être déclenchées par différents facteurs, tels que le stress, un traumatisme ou même des facteurs biologiques comme la génétique. Il existe différentes stratégies permettant de calmer une crise d'angoisse et il est surtout important de tester différentes méthodes afin de voir celle qui VOUS correspond à vous. En plus de cela, il existe certaines méthodes ayant déjà fait l'objet d'études scientifiques et ayant fait leur preuve chez une grande majorité.Animation & réalisation : Anaïs RouxProduction : Anaïs Roux & Lacmé ProductionInstagram : https://www.instagram.com/neurosapiens.podcast/Pour m'écrire : neurosapiens.podcast@gmail.comAudio : Play-Doh meets Dora - Carmen María and Edu EspinalGood times - Patrick Patrikios.Sources : American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34-52.Greenberger, D., & Padesky, C. A. (1995). Mind over mood: A cognitive therapy treatment manual for clients. Guilford Press.Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2011). Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(14), 5540-5548.Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.

In one final episode for 2023 / season 4 of Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt bring you an extended special reflecting on one of the biggest Australian milestones of 2023: the re-classification and approval of MDMA and Psilocybin to assist therapy. Kade leads us through the science accompanying the historical journey of these drugs; from their discovery and synthesis, through their recreational use (both legal and illegal), to their status today as promising therapeutic compounds. Stick around for a listener question of great seriousness and importance: If a tree in the forest falls and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to curiosityrat@gmail.com We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. References: Kade's Article The Therapeutic Odyssey of Psilocybin and MDMA: A Return to Roots https://rsv.org.au/psilocybin-and-mdma/ Seeking the magic mushroom — Originally published in 1957 Life Magazine https://www.trippingly.net/lsd/2018/5/14/seeking-the-magic-mushroom Hofmann, A. (1959). Psychotomimetic drugs. Acta physiologica et pharmacologica Neerlandica, 8, 240-258. Shulgin, A. T. (1964). 3-Methoxy-4 5-methylenedioxy Amphetamine, a New Psychotomimetic Agent. Nature, 201(4924), 1120-1121. Stolaroff, M. J. (1997). The secret chief revealed: Conversations with a pioneer of the underground psychedelic therapy movement. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Sessa, B., Higbed, L., & Nutt, D. (2019). A review of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 138. Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2013). Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 577-585. Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011). Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(1), 71-78. Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2011). The safety and efficacy of±3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of psychopharmacology, 25(4), 439-452. Li, N. X., Hu, Y. R., Chen, W. N., & Zhang, B. (2022). Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 26-34. Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(15), 1402-1411. Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., ... & Worth, L. (2022). Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 79(10), 953-962. Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 43(1), 55-60. Peck, S. K., Shao, S., Gruen, T., Yang, K., Babakanian, A., Trim, J., ... & Kaye, W. H. (2023). Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study. Nature Medicine, 29(8), 1947-1953. Danforth, A. L., Grob, C. S., Struble, C., Feduccia, A. A., Walker, N., Jerome, L., ... & Emerson, A. (2018). Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology, 235(11), 3137-3148. Wolfson, P. E., Andries, J., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wang, J. B., Williams, E., ... & Doblin, R. (2020). MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study. Scientific reports, 10(1), 20442. Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., Harrison, C., Kleiman, S., Parker-Guilbert, K., ... & Doblin, R. (2023). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Focus, 21(3), 315-328. Nicholas, C. R., Wang, J. B., Coker, A., Mitchell, J. M., Klaire, S. S., Yazar-Klosinski, B., ... & Doblin, R. (2022). The effects of MDMA-assisted therapy on alcohol and substance use in a phase 3 trial for treatment of severe PTSD. Drug and alcohol dependence, 233, 109356. Sessa, B., Higbed, L., O'Brien, S., Durant, C., Sakal, C., Titheradge, D., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). First study of safety and tolerability of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 375-383. Hoshi, R., Bisla, J., & Curran, H. V. (2004). The acute and sub-acute effects of ‘ecstasy'(MDMA) on processing of facial expressions: preliminary findings. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(3), 297-304. Rootman, J. M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., ... & Walsh, Z. (2022). Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11091. Cavanna, F., Muller, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlan, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., ... & Tagliazucchi, E. (2022). Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 307. Passie, Torsten, and Andrew Dennis, 'The Early History of MDMA', The History of MDMA MAPS FDA MDMA application: https://mapsbcorp.com/news/mdma-for-ptsd-fda-submission/ MDMA neurotoxicity: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1479b https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1074501 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1454b https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194116/ Woke pharmaceuticals: https://wokeph.com/ Tik Tok Video: https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNCVW7gn/

Have you ever wondered what drives your decisions, what fuels your motivation to stick to a workout plan, or why certain foods seem irresistible? The answer might surprise you – it's all about a powerful brain chemical called dopamine. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in our everyday behavior and choices, often without us even realizing it. In this article, we'll delve into how dopamine influences your adherence to exercise and nutrition programs, what causes its levels to fluctuate, and, most importantly, what you can do to optimize dopamine levels for better health and well-being. As a health and fitness enthusiast, you might already know that maintaining a healthy lifestyle isn't just about willpower – it's about understanding and working with your body's natural processes. That's what we aim to uncover here. So, whether you're looking to boost your motivation, improve your mood, or simply understand your body better, you're in the right place. Let's dive into the world of dopamine and discover how this crucial neurotransmitter can be your ally in achieving your health and fitness goals. What is Dopamine? - Understanding the Basics Dopamine, often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter, is a chemical messenger vital for conveying signals in the brain. It's produced in various parts of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 259-288. But dopamine is more than just a messenger of pleasure; it's a critical component in your ability to think, plan, focus, and find things interesting. The production of dopamine starts with the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine undergoes a series of transformations, eventually becoming dopamine. Once produced, dopamine travels through different pathways in the brain, each influencing various aspects of behavior and physical function.Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 483-494. Interestingly, dopamine is not just confined to the brain. A substantial portion is also produced in the gut. This gut-derived dopamine is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal motility and ensuring the proper functioning of the digestive system.Eisenhofer, G., Aneman, A., Friberg, P., Hooper, D., Fåndriks, L., Lonroth, H., … & Lundberg, J. (1997). Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(11), 3864-3871 The gut-brain axis, a communication network linking the gut and the brain, suggests that the dopamine produced in the gut could also have indirect effects on mood and behavior.Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 28(2), 203. Dopamine doesn't work in isolation. It interacts with neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, creating a delicate balance affecting everything from your mood to your motor skills.Carlsson, A. (1959). The occurrence, distribution and physiological role of catecholamines in the nervous system. Pharmacological Reviews, 11(2), 490-493. In general, dopamine is central to motivating behavior by signaling the anticipation of a reward. It's involved in various functions, including memory, attention, mood, learning, and even motor control.Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 28(3), 309-369. Dopamine's Influence on Exercise and Nutrition Adherence As we've seen, dopamine is a key player in the brain's reward system. But how exactly does this translate to our exercise and nutrition habits? Exercise-induced dopamine release creates a feedback loop in your brain. When you exercise,

In this solo episode I explore the concept of maternal instinct which fell back onto my radar in recent weeks following a viral video featuring Maggie Dent and Kate Richie. I discuss my own thoughts on this topic, recent research on the neurobiology of the mother and father brain, patriarchal implications; and emphasise the importance of understanding parenting to be a skill that transcends one's sex or gender and is not dictated by biology alone.  **Additional Reading at the bottom of these show notesHere is where you can find out more about me (Yara), how to work with me and some resources:Why Am I So Angry Workshop*** Waitlist for The Rebirth, Group Coaching for Mamas *** This is my signature 3 months online group coaching container for mothers which covers family of origin, inner child work, nervous system basics, anger, boundaries and much more. @lifeafterbirthpsychology  www.lifeafterbirth.com.auFree Inner Critic WorkbookFree Values Aligned Living Workbook    If you'd like to read up on some of the literature I used to inform this episode, please see the titles below and there are many more available on google scholar: Abraham, E., Hendler, T., Shapira-Lichter, I., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2014). Father's brain is sensitive to childcare experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(27), 9792-9797.Ruth Feldman feldman@mail.biu.ac.il (2012) Bio-behavioral Synchrony: A Model for Integrating Biological and Microsocial Behavioral Processes in the Study of Parenting, Parenting, 12:2-3, 154-164, DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2012.683342  Conaboy, Chelsea. "Maternal Instinct Is a Myth That Men Created." International New York Times (2022): NA-NA.Cabrera, N. J., Volling, B. L., & Barr, R. (2018). Fathers are parents, too! Widening the lens on parenting for children's development. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 152-157. Feldman, R. (2017). The neurobiology of human attachments. Trends in cognitive sciences, 21(2), 80-99. Feldman, R. (2015). The adaptive human parental brain: implications for children's social development. Trends in neurosciences, 38(6), 387-399. Scatliffe, N., Casavant, S., Vittner, D., & Cong, X. (2019). Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review. International journal of nursing sciences, 6(4), 445-453. Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Lotz, A., Alyousefi‐van Dijk, K., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2019). Birth of a father: Fathering in the first 1,000 days. Child Development Perspectives, 13(4), 247-253. Feldman, R., Braun, K., & Champagne, F. A. (2019). The neural mechanisms and consequences of paternal caregiving. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(4), 205-224.

Nanthia Suthana is an Associate Professor at UCLA. In this conversation, we talk about her research using invasive brain recordings from humans, how the technologies have changed and what might happen in the future. We also talk about how she runs her lab, how to learn as a PI, and what Nanthia enjoys about mentoring students and postdocs.We had some minor audio issues, so Nanthia switched her recording setup twice during the conversation. Sound should still be good though.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps00:00: Was it good that Nanthia finished school so young?01:27: How invasive recordings in humans have changed over the past 15 years10:45: The future of invasive recordings in humans19:29: Mentorship in academia30:01: Learning as a PI36:02: Book or paper more people should read40:53: Something Nanthia wishes she'd learnt sooner45:42: Advice for PhD students and postdocsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtNanthia's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/suthana-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/suthana-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/suthana-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksNanthia's episode in Stories of Women in Neuroscience: https://www.storiesofwin.org/profiles/2021/3/24/dr-nanthia-suthanaEpisodes w/ Matthias Stangl and Gareth Barnes:https://geni.us/bjks-barneshttps://geni.us/bjks-stanglhttps://geni.us/bjks-postdoc-stanglBoto et al (2018). Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system. Nature.Feinsinger et al (2022). Ethical commitments, principles, and practices guiding intracranial neuroscientific research in humans. Neuron.Gill et al (2023). A pilot study of closed-loop neuromodulation for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Communications.Hafting, Fyhn, Molden, Moser & Moser (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature.O'Keefe & Dostrovsky (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain research.Preston, Kuper-Smith & Ehrsson (2015). Owning the body in the mirror: The effect of visual perspective and mirror view on the full-body illusion. Scientific Reports.Sacks (1985). The man who mistook his wife for a hat.Scoville & Milner (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.Stangl, Topalovic,  ... & Suthana (2021). Boundary-anchored neural mechanisms of location-encoding for self and others. Nature.Stangl, Maoz & Suthana (2023). Mobile cognition: imaging the human brain in the ‘real world'. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.Topalovic et al (2023). A wearable platform for closed-loop stimulation and recording of single-neuron and local field potential activity in freely moving humans. Nature Neuroscience. 

Brought to you by Momentous high-quality supplements, Sundays for Dogs ultra-high-quality dog food, and AG1 all-in-one nutritional supplement.Apollo Robbins (@ApolloRobbins) is often referred to as “The Gentleman Thief.” He first made national news when he pick-pocketed the Secret Service while entertaining a former U.S. President. Forbes has called Robbins “an artful manipulator of awareness,” and Wired has written that “he could steal the wallet of a man who knew he was going to have his pocket picked.” Robbins' entertainment credentials include the Warner Bros. film Focus, with Will Smith and Margot Robbie, along with appearances in Brooklyn 99, and the TNT series Leverage. He was a producer and co-host for National Geographic's Brain Games, which was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Informational Series. Robbins applies his expertise in magic and misdirection beyond entertainment, pulling back the curtain to show how the principles behind these illusions can enhance strategic thinking and decision-making. His contributions to attention and perception research have been published in Scientific American Mind and Nature Reviews Neuroscience. He has delivered lectures at Harvard Kennedy School, MIT Sloan School of Management, and the Society of Neuroscience. He has been profiled by The New Yorker and featured in The New York Times, The Atlantic, National Geographic, and The Wall Street Journal. Robbins' TED Talk, “The Art of Misdirection,” is ranked in the 20 most-watched TED Talks of all time and has been hailed by the TED editors as a revelation in the flaws of human perception. Please enjoy!*This episode is brought to you by AG1! I get asked all the time, “If you could use only one supplement, what would it be?” My answer is usually AG1, my all-in-one nutritional insurance. I recommended it in The 4-Hour Body in 2010 and did not get paid to do so. I do my best with nutrient-dense meals, of course, but AG1 further covers my bases with vitamins, minerals, and whole-food-sourced micronutrients that support gut health and the immune system. Right now, you'll get a 1-year supply of Vitamin D free with your first subscription purchase—a vital nutrient for a strong immune system and strong bones. Visit DrinkAG1.com/Tim to claim this special offer today and receive your 1-year supply of Vitamin D (and 5 free AG1 travel packs) with your first subscription purchase! That's up to a one-year supply of Vitamin D as added value when you try their delicious and comprehensive daily, foundational nutrition supplement that supports whole-body health.*This episode is also brought to you by Momentous high-quality supplements! Momentous offers high-quality supplements and products across a broad spectrum of categories, and I've been testing their products for months now. I've been using their magnesium threonate, apigenin, and L-theanine daily, all of which have helped me improve the onset, quality, and duration of my sleep. I've also been using Momentous creatine, and while it certainly helps physical performance, including poundage or wattage in sports, I use it primarily for mental performance (short-term memory, etc.).Their products are third-party tested (Informed-Sport and/or NSF certified), so you can trust that what is on the label is in the bottle and nothing else. If you want to try Momentous for yourself, you can use code Tim for 20% off your one-time purchase at LiveMomentous.com/Tim. And not to worry, my non-US friends, Momentous ships internationally and has you covered. *This episode is also brought to you by Sundays for Dogs, ultra-high-quality dog food without the prep or mess! I want to give my pooch, Molly, the best of everything. This is especially true when it comes to the ingredient quality of her food. But most healthy dog foods are an expensive, frozen mess. They're a hassle to thaw and serve, and the prep work eats up time I'd rather spend hiking with Molly. Sundays for Dogs solves my problem with air-dried, high-quality dog food I can store and pour right from my pantry.​The magic behind Sundays for Dogs is in their proprietary air-drying method. To lock in nutrients, they gently dry the meat, low and slow. Unlike other dry brands, which are filled with hyper-processed grains and synthetic vitamins, Sundays for Dogs uses only all-natural poultry and USDA-grade beef. And meat makes up 90% of their recipes. The other 10% are fruits and veggies, ingredients you'd find at the farmer's market, not at the pharmacy.Get 35% off your first order of Sundays for Dogs by going to SundaysForDogs.com/TIM or by using code TIM at checkout. Upgrade your pup to Sundays for Dogs and feel great about the food you feed your best friend.*For show notes and past guests on The Tim Ferriss Show, please visit tim.blog/podcast.For deals from sponsors of The Tim Ferriss Show, please visit tim.blog/podcast-sponsorsSign up for Tim's email newsletter (5-Bullet Friday) at tim.blog/friday.For transcripts of episodes, go to tim.blog/transcripts.Discover Tim's books: tim.blog/books.Follow Tim:Twitter: twitter.com/tferriss Instagram: instagram.com/timferrissYouTube: youtube.com/timferrissFacebook: facebook.com/timferriss LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/timferrissPast guests on The Tim Ferriss Show include Jerry Seinfeld, Hugh Jackman, Dr. Jane Goodall, LeBron James, Kevin Hart, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Jamie Foxx, Matthew McConaughey, Esther Perel, Elizabeth Gilbert, Terry Crews, Sia, Yuval Noah Harari, Malcolm Gladwell, Madeleine Albright, Cheryl Strayed, Jim Collins, Mary Karr, Maria Popova, Sam Harris, Michael Phelps, Bob Iger, Edward Norton, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Neil Strauss, Ken Burns, Maria Sharapova, Marc Andreessen, Neil Gaiman, Neil de Grasse Tyson, Jocko Willink, Daniel Ek, Kelly Slater, Dr. Peter Attia, Seth Godin, Howard Marks, Dr. Brené Brown, Eric Schmidt, Michael Lewis, Joe Gebbia, Michael Pollan, Dr. Jordan Peterson, Vince Vaughn, Brian Koppelman, Ramit Sethi, Dax Shepard, Tony Robbins, Jim Dethmer, Dan Harris, Ray Dalio, Naval Ravikant, Vitalik Buterin, Elizabeth Lesser, Amanda Palmer, Katie Haun, Sir Richard Branson, Chuck Palahniuk, Arianna Huffington, Reid Hoffman, Bill Burr, Whitney Cummings, Rick Rubin, Dr. Vivek Murthy, Darren Aronofsky, Margaret Atwood, Mark Zuckerberg, Peter Thiel, Dr. Gabor Maté, Anne Lamott, Sarah Silverman, Dr. Andrew Huberman, and many more.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

When writing about health and fitness, I often weave hormones into the discussion. I'm asked more about hormones than most other topics, as well. But there's another crucial category of communicators that deserves equal attention: neurotransmitters. These chemicals have a massive influence on how you feel, think, and even how you perform. They're often overlooked in mainstream health discussions, but understanding them can be a game-changer for your well-being. In this guide, we will dig deep into neurotransmitters: what they are, how they're different from hormones, and why you should care about them for your overall health. The Difference Between Hormones and Neurotransmitters Hormones are like the body's long-distance messengers. Produced by glands in the endocrine system, they travel through the bloodstream to deliver signals to various tissues and organs.Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2018). Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th ed.). Pearson. They're behind a lot of what happens in your body, from controlling your metabolism to regulating your sleep cycles. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, are more like local couriers. They operate mainly in the brain, helping neurons communicate with each other.Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Unlike hormones, they don't travel long distances. They make their impact in the tiny spaces between neurons, called synapses, and their effects are often immediate. Key Differences Speed of Action: Neurotransmitters work fast, almost instantly. Hormones usually take more time to show their effects. Range of Influence: Hormones can affect multiple systems throughout the body. Neurotransmitters usually have a more localized impact, especially within the brain. Regulatory Mechanisms: Hormones are typically regulated by feedback loops involving multiple organs. Neurotransmitters are primarily regulated within the nervous system. How Neurotransmitters Impact Your Health Physical Health Dopamine and norepinephrine aren't just about feeling good; they're about energy optimization. These neurotransmitters act in the brain's arousal system, influencing both wakefulness and alertness. Low levels can lead to symptoms akin to chronic fatigue syndrome, affecting not just your mood but also your physical stamina.Tumilty, S., et al. (2018). The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in hyperdynamic sepsis. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 33(6), 357-364. Physical Performance Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that you might not have heard of, but it's crucial for anyone interested in physical performance. It acts as the messenger between your nerves and muscles, facilitating the contraction that allows for movement. A deficiency in acetylcholine can lead to muscle weakness and decreased athletic performance.Deschenes, M. R., & Wilson, M. H. (2003). Age-related differences in synaptic plasticity following muscle unloading. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(8), B678-B687. Mental Health When it comes to mood regulation, serotonin and dopamine are the big players. An imbalance in serotonin levels has been directly linked to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Dopamine also plays a role in how we perceive pleasure and reward, which impacts our emotional well-being.Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 483-494. Acetylcholine doesn't just affect your muscles; it's also vital for your brain. It plays a significant role in attention, learning, and memory. Studies have found that decreased acetylcholine levels are associated with cognitive impairments, including those seen in Alzheimer's disease.Schliebs, R., & Arendt, T. (2011). The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration. Behavioural Brain Research, 221(2), 555-563.

Have you ever thought about why some feelings might be described as gut-wrenching? Or why do the first feelings of love make you feel butterflies in the stomach? It's time to explore how your gut and your brain are connected!Please rate, review, and subscribe and if you have any questions, comments, concerns, queries, or complaints, please email me at neuroscienceamateurhour@gmail.com or DM me at NeuroscienceAmateurHour on Instagram.Also if you have the means/desire to financially support this podcast - please go to https://www.buymeacoffee.com/neuroscienceI really appreciate it!!!Citations and relevant papers are below!Enteric nervous system. qbi.uq.edu.au. Published October 15, 2018. Accessed May 22, 2023. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/peripheral-nervous-system/enteric-nervous-system#:~:text=The%20enteric%20nervous%20system%20neuronsCleveland Clinic. Cranial Nerves: Function, Anatomy and Location. Cleveland Clinic. Published October 27, 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21998-cranial-nervesMayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2011;12(8):453-466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3071Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of gastroenterology. 2015;28(2):203-209.Oligschlaeger Y, Yadati T, Houben T, Condello Oliván CM, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Stressed “Gut/Feeling.” Cells. 2019;8(7):659. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070659Vancamelbeke M, Vermeire S. The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2017;11(9):821-834. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2017.1343143Clapp M, Aurora N, Herrera L, Bhatia M, Wilen E, Wakefield S. Gut microbiota's effect on mental health: the gut-brain axis. Clinics and Practice. 2017;7(4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641835/‌Zoppi S, Madrigal JLM, Pérez-Nievas BG, et al. Endogenous cannabinoid system regulates intestinal barrier function in vivo through cannabinoid type 1 receptor activation. Am J Physiol Gastr L 2012;302:565.Radjabzadeh D, Bosch JA, Uitterlinden AG, et al. Gut microbiome-wide association study of depressive symptoms. Nature Communications. 2022;13(1):7128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34502-3Wapner J. The link between our food, gut microbiome and depression. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2023/01/31/gut-microbiome-anxiety-depression/. Published January 31, 2023.Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2014;264(8):651-660. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0502-zWhat's the Difference Between Probiotics and Prebiotics? www.sclhealth.org. https://www.sclhealth.org/blog/2019/07/difference-between-probiotics-and-prebiotics/Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE. Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;102:13-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023Doll JPK, VázqSupport the show

Nico Schuck is Professor and head of the research group 'Mechanisms of learning and change' at the University of Hamburg, where his research focuses on the neuroscience of learning, memory, and cognitive maps. In this conversation, we discuss his work on cognitive maps and replay in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Hippocampus, decoding even brief events with fMRI, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://geni.us/bjks-patreonTimestamps00:00: Nico's work elicits 'limited enthusiasm'04:36: Multivariate decoding with fMRI13:23: Start discussing Nico's paper 'Human OFC represents a cognitive map of state space'19:39: Weird tasks in computational neuroscience27:30: Start discussing Nico's paper ' Sequential replay of nonspatial task states in the human hippocampus'36:45: How can the slow fMRI signal pick up on very fast neural dynamics?43:02: What is Orbitofrontal Cortex and what does it do?49:24: Some books and papers more people should read55:17: Something Nico wishes he'd learnt sooner56:40: Advice for young scientistsPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtNico's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/schuck-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/schuck-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/schuck-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesAly & Turk-Browne (2016). Attention stabilizes representations in the human hippocampus. Cerebral Cortex.Bishop (2006). Pattern recognition and machine learning. New York: Springer.Kaplan, Schuck & Doeller (2017). The role of mental maps in decision-making. Trends in Neurosciences.Knudsen & Wallis (2022). Taking stock of value in the orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.Moneta, Garvert, Heekeren & Schuck (2023). Task state representations in vmPFC mediate relevant and irrelevant value signals and their behavioral influence. Nature Communications.Schuck, Cai, Wilson & Niv (2016). Human orbitofrontal cortex represents a cognitive map of state space. Neuron.Schuck & Niv (2019). Sequential replay of nonspatial task states in the human hippocampus. Science.Shepard (1987). Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science. Science.Skaggs & McNaughton (1996). Replay of neuronal firing sequences in rat hippocampus during sleep following spatial experience. Science.Sutton & Barto (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press.Tang, LeBel, Jain & Huth (2023). Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings. Nature Neuroscience.Todd, Nystrom & Cohen(2013). Confounds in multivariate pattern analysis: theory and rule representation case study. Neuroimage.Wilson, Takahashi, Schoenbaum & Niv (2014). Orbitofrontal cortex as a cognitive map of task space. Neuron.

ABOUT JOE LANZISERO: Joe's Profile: linkedin.com/in/joelanziseroEmail: jlmonkeyfez@gmail.comTwitter: joe_lanzisero Website: lanziserocreative.comInstagram: @joelanziseroBIO:JOE LANZISERO Former Creative Executive, Senior Vice President, Hong Kong Disneyland & Disney Cruise Line Portfolios Walt Disney Imagineering, Current Creative and UX Consultant, and Executive Vice President & Creative Director Zeitgeist Design and Production Joe Lanzisero served as the senior creative executive in charge of projects for Walt Disney Imagineering across multiple platforms in the company's cruise, theme park, hotel & resort, restaurant and retail business lines. With more than three decades of Disney experience, Joe worked with teams of artists, writers, architects and engineers, he serves as the eyes and artistic conscience of a project from conception through completion. Joe was responsible for the creative development of the two newest ships for the Disney Cruise Line, and oversaw the teams that designed these new state-of-the-art ships (Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy) which launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Many features such as the innovative dinner show “Animation Magic” and the inclusion of an onboard water coaster (the AquaDuck) are cruise industry firsts. At Hong Kong Disneyland, Joe oversaw the expansion of the park by more than 20 percent over a three-year period. The additions of three new lands – Toy Story Land, Grizzly Gulch and most recently, Mystic Point, adds more excitement and fun for guests of all ages. Lanzisero began his Disney career in 1979 in Feature Animation (now Walt Disney Animation Studios), working on the animation, special effects, storyboarding and story development of numerous features, shorts and special project. He came to Imagineering in 1987 as a concept designer and was on the design teams for Disney's Typhoon Lagoon Water Park at Walt Disney World, Critter Country at Disneyland, and Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris. In 1991, Lanzisero was promoted to senior concept designer and immediately plunged into the development of Mickey's Toontown, the wacky cartoon “community” that opened at Disneyland Park in 1993. He also developed the concept for Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin, a wild and funny dark ride that opened in Mickey's Toontown the following year. Lanzisero also supervised the concept design for the Tokyo Disneyland version of Toontown that opened in 1996. Before joining the Tokyo Disneyland project team in 1999, he developed the concept for Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland, a pair of unique miniature golf courses at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Another new venture, Disney Cruise Line, benefited from his work on children's spaces and activities. And he was behind the 12/10/2013 conceptual design and development of DisneyFest, a unique Disney entertainment venue that traveled throughout the Far East and South America. In 2001 Joe was promoted to creative vice president for Tokyo Disney Resort, charged with overseeing all design in Tokyo. For Tokyo Disney Resort, he worked on such attractions as Pooh's Hunny Hunt, Toontown, Critter Country and Splash Mountain. He did the concept development for Mermaid Lagoon and Arabian Coast in Tokyo DisneySea as well as many other projects. He directed the creative development of Tower of Terror attraction and Monsters, Inc. Ride and Go Seek.In March 2007, Joe was promoted to creative senior vice president with the added responsibilities of overseeing all design for Hong Kong Disneyland, including leading the design of a major three-land expansion of the park. A member of the first graduating class of the Walt Disney Character Animation program at California Institute of the Arts in 1979, Lanzisero developed his artistic talents with old-time Disney professionals. He applied his education as a teacher at the Otis Art Institute and in the animation industry before joining The Walt Disney Company. Currently Joe is a consultant to the Themed Entertainment, Cruise, Museum and Hospitality industries with a portfolio of ongoing international and domestic projects in various stages of design and production. Joe is also actively involved in the UX world and is a sought after speaker in this sector. He has been the Keynote Speaker at the World Usability Congress in Graz Austria and has spoken and consulted on UX to major companies like Macys and Silicon Valley startups. He is also currently Executive Vice President and Creative Director for Zeitgeist Design and Production. Zeitgeist currently has a roster of international and domestic projects. Domestically they are working on high profile museum projects. Internationally they are the creative development team exclusive to Chimelong Resorts in Guangzhou China. Joe is full-time consultant working for visionary clients all over the world. He welcomes the chance to learn more about your big idea and explore ways he might serve you.  SHOW INTRO:Welcome to the NXTLVL Experience Design podcast. Over our 4 seasons we have focused on “Dialogues on DATA: Design Architecture, Technology and the Arts”. NXTLVL features provocateurs for whom disruption and transformation are a way of engaging in work and play every day.Theyinclude thought leaders who are driven by curiosity, a passion to create the ‘New Possible' and a mindset of promoting new paradigms of experiences.  They include leading scientists, artists, musicians, architects, entertainers and story tellers whose research, exploration and built work brings new understanding of the impact and relevance of place-making to the world. On the show, we focus on what's now and what's next.*          *          *          *          *          *          *In this episode we talk about storytelling with a master, Joe Lanzisero former SVP at Walt Disney Imagineering.We'll get to our conversation in a minute but first a few thoughts on why I love this topic:*          *          *          *          *          *          *Stories are powerful. They are among the engines of culture and we have relied on sharing them for millennia as part of our human socio-cultural and spiritual development. We stamped out narratives around tribal fires, shared them on trade routes and built public squares combining commerce and culture through the need to share life experiences with storytelling.Stories are also crucial to our empathic development, as well as providing context to our lives. And stories can also act as path to follow for designers that provides a reference point for design decisions guiding massing or volumes, layouts, use of materials, geometries and other aesthetic choices. Story can be used as a tool to determine the sequence of a brand's signature moments and experiences along a customer journey. The best stories are easy to remember because they paint pictures in our minds that tap into our deep feelings. Because they often create emotional responses and evoke strong visualizations, they play into our long history of communicating through pictures. In many ways, stories are the framework by which we remember things.While the core components of good storytelling may be the same as they have been for years. In fact Joseph Campbell asserted in his book “A hero With A Thousand Faces,” that there was really only one story, a structure that was reinterpreted across time and cultures. The super interesting feature of our brains and stories is that while reading, listening to or watching stories unfold on screen, we develop elaborate mental representations of the situations described in the text, lyrics or scenes. Researchers have gathered evidence through fMRI scans of individuals reading narratives that “the neural responses to particular types of changes in the stories occurred in the vicinity of regions that increase in activity when viewing similar changes, or when carrying out similar activities in the real world.” (see: Reading Stories Activates Neural Representations of Visual and Motor Experiences, Nicole K. Speer, Jeremy R. Reynolds, Khena M. Swallow and M. Zacks, Psychological Science, Volume 20 – No.8, 2009). In other words, as subjects read about characters in a story, their brains react in a manner that is similar to them personally experiencing those characters' situations. Studies by Brian Pulvermüller (see: Pulvermüller F. Brain Mechanisms Linking Language and Action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005;6:576–582) have demonstrated that brain regions involved in reading action words (verbs) are some of the same regions involved in performing analogous actions in the real world. So, if you read the word “throw” or “catch”, brain regions light up in fMRI scans that are activated when moving one's arm or hands.When engaging with story, our brains react to words as if we're experiencing the story in the real world. Cognitive scientist Roger C. Schank explains that - “Humans are not ideally set up to understand logic; they're ideally set up to understand stories.” I've been fascinated with story for years. Stories were a crucial part of bedtime rituals with my sons when they were young. We were deeply connected to the value of story and their ability to communicate ideas, morals and values. When my older son was very young, he loved stories and asked my wife to read two stories at the same time so that he could introduce the characters from one narrative to those in another book. “no mommy,” he explained “turn dis book towards de other so the characters can see each other too…”So this is where my guest comes into the narrative…JOE LANZISERO is the Former Creative Executive, Senior Vice President, Hong Kong Disneyland & Disney Cruise Line Portfolios Walt Disney Imagineering. He is currently the Creative and UX Consultant, and Executive Vice President & Creative Director Zeitgeist Design and Production.Joe Lanzisero served as the senior creative executive in charge of projects for Walt Disney Imagineering across multiple platforms in the company's cruise, theme park, hotel & resort, restaurant and retail business lines. With more than three decades of Disney experience, Joe worked with teams of artists, writers, architects and engineers, he serves as the eyes and artistic conscience of a project from conception through completion.     Lanzisero began his Disney career in 1979 in Feature Animation (now Walt Disney Animation Studios), working on the animation, special effects, storyboarding and story development of numerous features, shorts and special project. After a number of years and promotions with in the Walt Disney organization Joe was promoted to creative vice president for Tokyo Disney Resort, charged with overseeing all design in Tokyo in 2001 and then again in March 2007 to creative senior vice president with the added responsibilities of overseeing all design for Hong Kong Disneyland, including leading the design of a major three-land expansion of the park. Joe is currently Executive Vice President and Creative Director for Zeitgeist Design and Production and a consultant to the Themed Entertainment, Cruise, Museum and Hospitality industries with a portfolio of ongoing international and domestic projects in various stages of design and production. As a note to the listener, I caught up with Joe Lanzisero, at the SHOP Marketplace event in Austin Texas. So, you going to hear the din of the tradeshow floor but the conversation is nonetheless engaging…       ABOUT DAVID KEPRON:LinkedIn Profile: linkedin.com/in/david-kepron-9a1582bWebsites: https://www.davidkepron.com    (personal website)vmsd.com/taxonomy/term/8645  (Blog)Email: david.kepron@NXTLVLexperiencedesign.comTwitter: DavidKepronPersonal Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/davidkepron/NXTLVL Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nxtlvl_experience_design/Bio:David Kepron is a multifaceted creative professional with a deep curiosity to understand ‘why', ‘what's now' and ‘what's next'. He brings together his background as an architect, artist, educator, author, podcast host and builder to the making of meaningful and empathically-focused, community-centric customer connections at brand experience places around the globe. David is a former VP - Global Design Strategies at Marriott International. While at Marriott, his focus was on the creation of compelling customer experiences within Marriott's “Premium Distinctive” segment which included: Westin, Renaissance, Le Meridien, Autograph Collection, Tribute Portfolio, Design Hotels and Gaylord hotels. In 2020 Kepron founded NXTLVL Experience Design, a strategy and design consultancy, where he combines his multidisciplinary approach to the creation of relevant brand engagements with his passion for social and cultural anthropology, neuroscience and emerging digital technologies. As a frequently requested international speaker at corporate events and international conferences focusing on CX, digital transformation, retail, hospitality, emerging technology, David shares his expertise on subjects ranging from consumer behaviors and trends, brain science and buying behavior, store design and visual merchandising, hotel design and strategy as well as creativity and innovation. In his talks, David shares visionary ideas on how brand strategy, brain science and emerging technologies are changing guest expectations about relationships they want to have with brands and how companies can remain relevant in a digitally enabled marketplace. David currently shares his experience and insight on various industry boards including: VMSD magazine's Editorial Advisory Board, the Interactive Customer Experience Association, Sign Research Foundation's Program Committee as well as the Center For Retail Transformation at George Mason University.He has held teaching positions at New York's Fashion Institute of Technology (F.I.T.), the Department of Architecture & Interior Design of Drexel University in Philadelphia, the Laboratory Institute of Merchandising (L.I.M.) in New York, the International Academy of Merchandising and Design in Montreal and he served as the Director of the Visual Merchandising Department at LaSalle International Fashion School (L.I.F.S.) in Singapore.  In 2014 Kepron published his first book titled: “Retail (r)Evolution: Why Creating Right-Brain Stores Will Shape the Future of Shopping in a Digitally Driven World” and he is currently working on his second book to be published soon. David also writes a popular blog called “Brain Food” which is published monthly on vmsd.com. ************************************************************************************************************************************The next level experience design podcast is presented by VMSD magazine and Smartwork Media. It is hosted and executive produced by David Kepron. Our original music and audio production by Kano Sound. The content of this podcast is copywrite to David Kepron and NXTLVL Experience Design. Any publication or rebroadcast of the content is prohibited without the expressed written consent of David Kepron and NXTLVL Experience Design.Make sure to tune in for more NXTLVL “Dialogues on DATA: Design Architecture Technology and the Arts” wherever you find your favorite podcasts and make sure to visit vmsd.com and look for the tab for the NXTLVL Experience Design podcast there too.

Raves, poker nights and Marvel movies – no costs or effort were spared in this final episode on CSR to raise awareness about one of the most pervasive manifestations of discrimination: accentism. In the presence of experts, we uncover what is hidden beneath the surface, and just when we thought we would never judge someone based on the sound waves they produce, we dare(d) ourselves and you to eat the pudding…   Long Notes: More information, a full transcript and academic references on wordsandactions.blog. We start episode 28 by critically reflecting on anti-discrimination efforts in the workplace, which, unless they change the organisational culture, all too often do not have the desired or even an adverse effect. We then move on to the notion of intersectionality, which linguist and writer Kat Gupta has likened to a deck of cards. The fascinating finding that feelings of non-belonging are neurologically similar to physical pain is reported here: Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(6), 421-434. Moving on to the language aspect of workplace discrimination, Bernard entions Erin Carrie's  and Rob Drummond's Accentism Project, which, among other things, is a real treasure trove of testimonials.   For a light touch, we look at how film characters are stereotyped through their accents - who could forget Babs and Rocky from Chicken Run? In another corner of the cinematic universe, the villain with a British Received Pronunciation accent is so common that he has sparked parodies in advertising. In real life, however, this particular accent is nearly extinct: Lindsey, G. (2019). English after RP: Standard British pronunciation today. Springer. Linguistic stereotyping and accentism can have harsh consequences, for how competent someone is perceived to be to how much investor money they can attract or the severity of court sentence Our second guest, Annelise Ly, mentions the metaphor of culture as an onion with layers. This idea goes back to Geert Hofstede's work on national cultures in the workplace: Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International differences in work-related values. London: Sage. While still influential, Hofstede's work has been the subject of much criticism, and other metaphors have been proposed: Fang, T. (2005). From “onion” to “ocean”: Paradox and change in national cultures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(4), 71-90. In the final part of the episode, we use Mats Deutschmann's RAVE resource to test our own stereotypes around accents. Mats and his colleague Anders Steinvall have written about how to use the resource to counter prejudice:  Deutschmann, M., & Steinvall, A. (2020). Combatting linguistic stereotyping and prejudice by evoking stereotypes. Open Linguistics, 6(1), 651-671. We encourage you to give it a go yourself, it's quite an eye-opener.

Mona Garvert is Lead Research Scientist at Alena where she uses her background in cognitive neuroscence to advance computational psychiatry. In this episode, we talk about her academic research on the neural basis of cognitive maps, how she got into this topic, fMRI adaptation , and her recent move from academia to working at Alena.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith.Support the show: https://www.patreon.com/bjks_podcastTimestamps00:00: How Mona started working on cognitive maps15:28: Repetition suppression/fMRI adaptation28:49: Start discussing Mona's paper 'A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal-entorhinal cortex'40:07: Are discrete and continuous maps different in the brain?43:37: Start discussing Mona's paper ' Hippocampal spatio-predictive cognitive maps adaptively guide reward generalization'55:50: Mona now works for Alena, doing computational psychiatryPodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtMona's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/garvert-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/garvert-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/garvert-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences & linksMona's talk at TCPW: https://www.quentinhuys.com/tcpw/events/mona-garvert/Where Mona now works: https://alena.com/Barron, Garvert & Behrens (2016). Repetition suppression: a means to index neural representations using BOLD? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Clark & Wells (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, Liebowitz, Hope, & Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. Constantinescu, O'Reilly & Behrens (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science.Doeller, Barry & Burgess (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature. Garvert, Dolan & Behrens (2017). A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal–entorhinal cortex. eLife.Garvert & Gollisch (2013). Local and global contrast adaptation in retinal ganglion cells. Neuron.Garvert, Moutoussis, Kurth-Nelson, Behrens & Dolan (2015). Learning-induced plasticity in medial prefrontal cortex predicts preference malleability. Neuron. Garvert, Saanum, Schulz, Schuck & Doeller (2023). Hippocampal spatio-predictive cognitive maps adaptively guide reward generalization. Nature Neuroscience. Klein-Flügge, Barron, Brodersen, Dolan & Behrens (2013). Segregated encoding of reward–identity and stimulus–reward associations in human orbitofrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. Knudsen & Wallis (2022). Taking stock of value in the orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.  Schapiro, Rogers, Cordova, Turk-Browne & Botvinick (2013). Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure. Nature Neuroscience.Stachenfeld, Botvinick & Gershman (2017). The hippocampus as a predictive map. Nature Neuroscience.

Dit is een update van aflevering 24 met een nieuwe intro (waarin Rolf ontmaskerd wordt als iemand die stiekem opnamen maakt) en de toegevoegde bespreking van een recent artikel.We hebben het in eerdere afleveringen van deze podcast gehad over hoe wij onszelf, anderen en (complexe) gebeurtenissen begrijpen. Maar hoe zit het met de ruimte waarin wij ons bevinden en waarin deze gebeurtenissen plaatsvinden? Hoe begrijpen we die eigenlijk? Zijn we daar - net als andere dieren - goed in? Taxichauffeurs in Londen in ieder geval wel--die kennen de hele stad uit hun hoofd. Hoe hebben zij dit geleerd? En heeft ons gebruik van een GPS invloed op hoe wij de ruimte om ons heen begrijpen? Aan de hand van recent psychologisch onderzoek bespreken Rolf en Anita antwoorden op deze vragen.Meer over het begrijpen van kaarten vind je in Hoofdstuk 3 van het boek Drang naar Samenhang: De Psychologie van het Begrijpen. BronnenSea Hero Quest https://citizensciencegames.com/games/sea-hero-quest/Farzanfar, D., Spiers, H.J., Moscovitch, M. et al. (2022). From cognitive maps to spatial schemas. Nature Reviews Neuroscience https://doi-org.eur.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00655-9Griesbauer, E.-M., Manley, E., Wiener, J. M., & Spiers, H. J. (2022). London taxi drivers: A review of neurocognitive studies and an exploration of how they build their cognitive map of London. Hippocampus, 32(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23395Peer, M., Brunec, I.K., Newcombe, N.S., & Epstein, R.A. (2021). Structuring knowledge with cognitive maps and cognitive graphs. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(1), 37-54. Weisberg, S.M., Schinazi, V.R., Newcombe, N.S., Shipley, T.F., & Epstein, R.A. (2014). Variations in cognitive maps: Understanding individual differences in navigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035261 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

                                Dr Samantha Boardman and Dr Dilip Jeste discuss the techniques you can use to become wiser. Hosted by Duff Watkins About Dr Dilip Jeste Dilip Jeste is a neuropsychiatrist and professor at the University of California, San Diego.  He is author of Wiser: the scientific roots of wisdom (and 13 other books).  His 625 published scientific papers are among most cited in the world (he's in the top .5% of publishing researchers).  He was the first Asian-American elected President of the American Psychiatric Association in its 175 year history which has over 40,000 members.  He is listed in “Best Doctors in America.” About Dr Samantha Boardman a New York based positive psychiatrist, who is committed to fixing what's wrong and building what's strong. Positive Psychiatry takes a more expansive approach, focusing on the promotion of wellbeing and the creation of health. private practice in Manhattan. published papers in journals including Translational Neuroscience, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, The American Journal of Psychiatry, and The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. I'm also a frequent contributor to Psychology Today, The Wall Street Journal, and Thrive Global, and a guest on the Today Show and Good Day New York. Author of Everyday Vitality: turning Stress into Strength. Founder of PositivePrescription.com Episode Notes Lesson 1: What would X do?  02:46 Lesson 2: You won't be wise until you regulate your emotions 09:48 Lesson 3: Move towards, not away; be pro-social not anti-social 16:53 Lesson 4: Practice compassion (start with yourself) 23:10 Lesson 5: Affirm a Value Today 32:16 Lesson 6: Think Best, Worst, Most Likely (accept uncertainty) 39:39 Lesson 7: Re-frame the meaning of so called 'bad' events 44:12 Lesson 8: Build the Habit of “Good Enough” 50:41 Lesson 9: Be Your Own Emotional Detective:  channel your inner Sherlock Holmes   Lesson 10: Look Up!  Find your spirituality 58:20

In this episode, we talk about exercise as a tool for wellness and not weight loss. We talk about the joy of intuitive exercise and what that means. I also give practical tips for finding joy in movement! Let me know what you think about this episode by leaving a review or a voice message (Spotify only) and share with your friends or family. Find my socials and reference links below: Podcast Instagram: https://instagram.com/notsoniche.pod Ari's Instagram: https://instagram.com/ariannnakae Episode Mentions and References: Tally Rye- Train Happy Podcast: https://tallyrye.co.uk/podcast/ Tally Rye- Train Happy Book: https://tallyrye.co.uk/train-happy-book/ Nature Reviews Neuroscience: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2919277/ Dantzer, Robert et al. “From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain.” Nature reviews. Neuroscience vol. 9,1 (2008): 46-56. doi:10.1038/nrn2297 Alissa Rumsey: https://alissarumsey.com/intuitive-exercise-tips/ --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/notsoniche/message

..nicht nur zum Abnehmen – Belege Arnold, Steven E., Zoe Arvanitakis, Shannon L. Macauley-Rambach, Aaron M. Koenig, Hoau-Yan Wang, Rexford S. Ahima, Suzanne Craft, et al. 2018. “Brain Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease: Concepts and Conundrums.” Nature Reviews Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.185. Cabo, Rafael de, and Mark P. Mattson. 2019. “Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease.” The New England Journal of Medicine 381 (26): 2541–51. Elsakka, Ahmed M. A., Mohamed Abdel Bary, Eman Abdelzaher, Mostafa Elnaggar, Miriam Kalamian, Purna Mukherjee, and Thomas N. Seyfried. 2018. “Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Patient Treated With Ketogenic Metabolic Therapy and Modified Standard of Care: A 24-Month Follow-Up.” Frontiers in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00020. Mattson, Mark P., Keelin Moehl, Nathaniel Ghena, Maggie Schmaedick, and Aiwu Cheng. 2018. “Intermittent Metabolic Switching, Neuroplasticity and Brain Health.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.156. Nencioni, Alessio, Irene Caffa, Salvatore Cortellino, and Valter D. Longo. 2018. “Fasting and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Application.” Nature Reviews Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0061-0. Toledo, Françoise Wilhelmi de, Françoise Wilhelmi de Toledo, Franziska Grundler, Audrey Bergouignan, Stefan Drinda, and Andreas Michalsen. 2019. “Safety, Health Improvement and Well-Being during a 4 to 21-Day Fasting Period in an Observational Study Including 1422 Subjects.” PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209353. Wilkinson, Michael J., Emily N. C. Manoogian, Adena Zadourian, Hannah Lo, Savannah Fakhouri, Azarin Shoghi, Xinran Wang, et al. 2020. “Ten-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight, Blood Pressure, and Atherogenic Lipids in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.” Cell Metabolism 31 (1): 92–104.e5. Patienten Wie Wir, der Podcast zur gleichnamigen ärztlich-initiierten Plattform für den Erfahrungs- und Wissensaustausch unter Patienten. Immer mit konkreten Tipps zur optimalen Behandlung oder noch besser Vorbeugung. Noch nicht bei PWW dabei? Dann werden Sie jetzt aktiv! Werden Sie Teil der Patienten Wie Wir-Community! Jetzt registrieren auf https://www.patientenwiewir.de. Sie sind schon bei PWW dabei? Dann Gruppe gründen, Fragen stellen, Fragen beantworten... … und empfehlen Sie diesen Podcast sowie PWW weiter. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/harald-hhw-schmidt/message

Apúntate a la newsletter: https://www.subscribepage.com/newsletterpreparadoredufis Mi formación anual de metodologías activas https://preparadoredufis.com/curso-metodologias-activas/ Mi formación de técnicas de estudio: https://preparadoredufis.com/tecnicas-de-estudio/ Mi curso de expresión oral de la programación y unidad didáctica https://preparadoredufis.com/curso-de-exposicion-oral/ Bibliografía Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers. Maximizing impact on learning. Routledge. Howard Jones P. (2011). Investigación neuroeducativa. Neurociencia, educación y cerebro: de los contextos a la práctica. La Muralla. Howard-Jones P. (2014): “Neuroscience and education: myths and messages”. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15. Hyatt K. J. (2007): “Brain Gym: building stronger brains or wishful thinking?” Remedial and Special Education, 28 (2), 117-124.

Have you ever noticed that some of your best ideas come in the shower or when out for a walk rather than at your desk where you've been trying to solve the same problem for hours?  Well now science has a reason for it and it's published in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308495745_Mind-wandering_as_spontaneous_thought_a_dynamic_framework  The research found that when you carry out activities where you are basically on autopilot and not thinking very much, your mind is able to wander and engage in a stream of consciousness which can help you to retrieve new ideas and access different memories.  In the research the authors reviewed nearly 200 neuroscience studies, many of which included the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan brains during resting activities.  The researchers looked at three different ways in which people think when they're not directly engaged in tasks: spontaneous thought, ruminative thought and goal-directed thought.  They found that when a brain is focused on a specific task, the load on the prefrontal cortex which is involved with planning and impulse control constrained the activity of other parts of the brain.  This includes shutting off networks that led to daydreaming and imagination.  However, when allowed to be on autopilot the resting mind was able to transition between spontaneous and constrained thought letting you think outside of the box and come up with unique solutions to a problem you may have been ruminating on.  So the next time you are trying to solve a difficult problem at work, leave the office, take the dog out for a walk, or take a relaxing shower and see if you can help to stimulate the other parts of your brain to help you to solve it!  Dr Michelle Dickinson joined the Sunday Session to discuss and explain this new piece of research.  LISTEN ABOVESee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hello! I return!Today we will be talking about the neuroscience of seizures and epilepsy. Brought about an imbalance of the accelerators (excitatory circuits) and brakes (inhibitory circuits) of the brain, seizures are pretty terrifying events. They're marked by temporary confusion, a staring spell, uncontrollable jerking of the arms and legs (like what you see when someone depicts a seizure on gray's anatomy), loss of consciousness, or even some cognitive and emotional symptoms. Curious to find out what the heck the brain is up to during seizures? Come and listen to find out more!Please rate, review, and subscribe and if you have any questions, comments, concerns, queries, or complaints, please email me at neuroscienceamateurhour@gmail.com or DM me at NeuroscienceAmateurHour on Instagram.Also if you have the means/desire to financially support this podcast - please go to https://www.buymeacoffee.com/neuroscienceI really appreciate it!!!Citations and relevant papers are below! Types of Seizures. www.hopkinsmedicine.org. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/epilepsy/types-of-seizures#:~:text=Focal%20onset%20seizures%20start%20inRs F, Jh C, Ja F, et al. Operational Classification of Seizure Types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. Published April 1, 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276060/Types of Seizures. Epilepsy Foundation. https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-typesArticles. Cedars-Sinai. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/myoclonic-epilepsy.htmlBromfield EB, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI. Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy. Nih.gov. Published 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/Peng SJ, Hsin YL. Functional Connectivity of the Corpus Callosum in Epilepsy Patients with Secondarily Generalized Seizures. Frontiers in Neurology. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00446Kim T, Nguyen P, Pham N, et al. Epileptic Seizure Detection and Experimental Treatment: A Review. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00701Ammothumkandy A, Ravina K, Wolseley V, et al. Altered adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Nature Neuroscience. 2022;25(4):493-503. doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01044-2CDKL5 cyclin dependent kinase like 5 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed August 3, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6792‌CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder. Epilepsy Foundation. Accessed August 3, 2022. https://www.epilepsy.com/causes/genetic/cdkl5-disorderSørensen AT, Kokaia M. Novel approaches to epilepsy treatment. Epilepsia. 2012;54(1):1-10. doi:10.1111/epi.12000Rogawski MA, Löscher W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004;5(7):553-564. doi:10.1038/nrn1430Support the show

Jason Buhle discusses what's important when moving from academia to industry, UX research as a career path, and why usability research matters. Highlights include: ⭐ Why is Neil Gaiman's Sandman your LinkedIn banner image? ⭐ What did you learn when you moved from academic research to UX research? ⭐ Have you hired someone for a UXR role from a UX bootcamp background? ⭐ Why is there less rigorous usability research being conducted as UX research grows? ⭐ Do academic-origin UX researchers see usability research as beneath them?  ====== Who is Jason Buhle? Jason is a Managing Director at AnswerLab, the world's largest independent consultancy, exclusively focused on UX Research. At AnswerLab, Jason leads a team of a dozen UX Strategists, responsible for designing research programmes for some of the world's most important and innovative companies, such as Google, Meta, Amazon, eBay, FedEx and Wells Fargo. In 2012, Jason was awarded a PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience from Columbia University, for his research into cognitive and emotional control.  His related academic work has been cited over 5,000 times and features in 16 peer-reviewed publications, including top journals such as Psychological Science, Cerebral Cortex, and Nature Reviews Neuroscience. ====== Find Jason here: LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jasonbuhle/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/jasonbuhle Website: http://www.jasonbuhle.com/ ====== Liked what you heard and want to hear more? Subscribe and support the show by leaving a review on Apple Podcasts (or wherever you listen). Follow us on our other social channels for more great Brave UX content! YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/TheSpaceInBetween/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-space-in-between/  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thespaceinbetw__n/  ====== Hosted by Brendan Jarvis: LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brendanjarvis/ Website: https://thespaceinbetween.co.nz/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/brendanjarvis/

Tobacco has a long and storied history but its effects on the modern world cannot be ignored. It was hailed as a cure to many ailments for years but as we understand more - we understand that its REALLY bad for you. Something like 80-90% of lung cancer cases are related to smoking along with a plethora of other diseases. Curious? Want to learn more about the receptors and brain areas affected by nicotine, the active ingredient in cigarettes? Come and take a listen!Also if you have the means/desire to financially support this podcast - please go to https://www.buymeacoffee.com/neuroscienceI really appreciate it!!!Citations and relevant papers are below! 1907 - Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Part I; Frederick Webb Hodge. Internet Archives; Bureau of American Ethnology. Published online January 21, 2019. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_3/3/Baron JA. Beneficial effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking: the real, the possible and the spurious. British medical bulletin. 1996;52(1):58-73. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011533Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Smoking and Tobacco Use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published February 9, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/index.htm#:~:text=Smoking%20causes%20cancer%2C%20heart%20diseasePsychopharmacology 3e Web Box 13.1 - Pharmacology in Action: Why Do Tobacco Plants Make Nicotine? learninglink.oup.com. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://learninglink.oup.com/access/content/psychopharmacology-3e-student-resources/psychopharmacology-3e-web-box-13-1-pharmacology-in-action-why-do-tobacco-plants-make-nicotinePubChem. Nicotine. Nih.gov. Published 2019. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/nicotineHolz RW, Fisher SK. Synaptic Transmission. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects 6th edition. Published online 1999. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27911/Hogg RC, Raggenbass M, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2003;147:1-46. doi:10.1007/s10254-003-0005-1Taly A, Corringer PJ, Guedin D, Lestage P, Changeux JP. Nicotinic receptors: allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2009;8(9):733-750. doi:10.1038/nrd2927Abuse NI on D. How does tobacco deliver its effects? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/how-does-tobacco-deliver-its-effectsChen X, Stacy A, Zheng H, et al. Sensations from initial exposure to nicotine predicting adolescent smoking in China: A potential measure of vulnerability to nicotine. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2003;5(4):455-463. doi:10.1080/14622200307239Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004;5(1):55-65. doi:10.1038/nrn1298Marshall AM, Heffernan T. Smoking harms not just your physical health, but your mental health too. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/smoking-harms-not-just-your-physical-health-but-your-mental-health-too-69021#:~:text=Long%2Dterm%20smoking%20hasSupport the show

Today's episode is inspired by a historical nightmare and the subsequent decades-long experiment that shaped the way we understand childhood neglect and its effects on the developing brain. In 1989, Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown and the rest of the world discovered that over 170,000 Romanian children were being kept in impoverished institutions and orphanages.These children were raised, not by loving parents or guardians, but by the metal bars of their beds and impersonal nurses. This neglect resulted in severe, lifetime, neurological issues including altered structure, function, and connectivity among different brain regions important for integrating complex information, including cognitive, social, and emotional competencies. Curious about the decades-long project that followed these children for 21 years and documented the adverse effects of neglect on the developing brain? Come and take a listen!Please rate, review, and subscribe and if you have any questions, comments, concerns, queries, or complaints, please email me at neuroscienceamateurhour@gmail.com or DM me at NeuroscienceAmateurHour on Instagram.Citations and relevant papers below:Weir K. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/06/neglect. www.apa.org. Published June 2014. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/06/neglectGreene MF. 30 years ago, Romania deprived thousands of babies of human contact. The Atlantic. Published June 23, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/07/can-an-unloved-child-learn-to-love/612253/Publications. www.bucharestearlyinterventionproject.org. Accessed May 21, 2022. https://www.bucharestearlyinterventionproject.org/publicationsThe Science of Neglect: The Persistent Absence of Responsive Care Disrupts the Developing Brain. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/The-Science-of-Neglect-The-Persistent-Absence-of-Responsive-Care-Disrupts-the-Developing-Brain.pdfTeicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2016;17(10):652-666. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111Teicher MH, Dumont NL, Ito Y, Vaituzis C, Giedd JN, Andersen SL. Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56(2):80-85. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.016FeaturedGeneticsNeurosciencePsychology·January 19, 2021. Childhood Neglect Leaves Generational Imprint. Neuroscience News. Published January 19, 2021. https://neurosciencenews.com/childhood-neglect-generational-17597/Keim B. How Childhood Neglect Stunts the Brain. Wired. Accessed June 1, 2022. https://www.wired.com/2012/09/neuroscience-of-neglect/Support the show

Peter Vuust is a Professor at the Center for Music in the Brain in Aarhus, a jazz musician, and composer. In this conversation , we talk about his recent review in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, how he got to where he is, active inference in music, jazz improvisation, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith. In 2022, episodes will appear irregularly, roughly twice per month. You can find the podcast on all podcasting platforms (e.g., Spotify, Apple/Google Podcasts, etc.). Timestamps00:05: How Peter became a jazz musician04:54: How Peter became professor of neuroscience08:20: How to combine two different professions practically?11:50: Start discussing 'Music in the brain'24:53: How do prediction errors change with familiarty of a piece of music?38:18: How does moving to the beat (active inference) reduce prediction errors?46:48: The 3 dynamics in musical synchronisation55:10: How does Peter compose for improvisation in jazz?Podcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtPeter's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/vuust-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/vuust-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/vuust-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter:  https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferences and linksHeggli, Konvalinka, ..., & Vuust (2021). Transient brain networks underlying interpersonal strategies during synchronized action. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.Heggli, Konvalinka, Kringelbach, & Vuust (2019). Musical interaction is influenced by underlying predictive models and musical expertise. Scientific reports.Heggli, Cabral, ..., & Kringelbach. (2019). A Kuramoto model of self-other integration across interpersonal synchronization strategies. PLoS computational biology.Morillon, & Baillet (2017). Motor origin of temporal predictions in auditory attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Rosso, Maes, & Leman (2021). Modality-specific attractor dynamics in dyadic entrainment. Scientific Reports.Vuust, Heggli, Friston, & Kringelbach (2022). Music in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.See the painting with the 'false' line at 7:30 in this talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOfGX6KSiX8&t=458sStravinsky's Rite of Spring: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP42C-4zL3wThe last part with frequent time signature changes starts at 30:07.A survivor from Warsaw by Schoenberg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBNz76YFmEQ3rd movement of Sinfonia by Berio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YU-V2C4ryUBeatles Documentary by Peter Jackson (Get Back): https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9735318/Blame it on the Boogie, by The Jacksons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqxVMLVe62U

Ponownie gościmy Aleksandrę Piejkę, naszą specjalistkę do spraw trudnych - doktorantkę w Instytucie Psychologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Rozważamy temat empatii na wielu płaszczyznach - nie tylko jako współodczuwanie, ale również jej dodatkowe aspekty. Ola tłumaczy nam również historię konstruktu empatii oraz obecne jej rozumienie. Rozważamy, czy można mieć empatii za dużo, czy jest jednoznacznie pozytywnym konceptem oraz w jaki sposób można jej się nauczyć? A na deser: radykalna empatia! Wspominamy o: Brené Brown on Empathy (uwaga! sympathy to nie sympatia, ale współczucie) Jennifer Lawrence (3:15) – referencja dot. mówienia szybko Piosenka z discovery weekly Cleo (to nieobowiązkowe i luźne nawiązanie, po prostu mi się skojarzyło!) Paul Bloom - książka "Przeciw empatii" lub artykuł "The baby in the Well. The case against empathy" Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–15). MIT Press. Olga M. Klimecki, Susanne Leiberg, Matthieu Ricard, Tania Singer, Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2014, Pages 873–879, De Waal, F. B., & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(8), 498-509. Hickok, G. (2009). Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 21(7), 1229-1243.

Migraines are PAINFUL! And neuroscience speaking - super cool and complicated.  It involves your blood vessels constricting and dilating and your brain going haywire and spreading a wave of neuron depression across your entire cortex. Sound interesting? Come and take a listen to learn a little bit more about what happens in your brain!Please rate, review, and subscribe and if you have any questions, comments, concerns, queries, or complaints, please email me at neuroscienceamateurhour@gmail.com or DM me at NeuroscienceAmateurHour on Instagram.Citations and relevant pictures are below:Headache disorders. www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders#:~:text=Half%20to%20three%20quarters%20ofMigraine Headaches: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention. Cleveland Clinic. Published March 3, 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headachesRuthirago D, Julayanont P, Kim J. Translational Correlation. Conn's Translational Neuroscience. Published online 2017:159-165. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802381-5.00013-0Mason BN, Russo AF. Vascular Contributions to Migraine: Time to Revisit? Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2018;12. doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00233Wikipedia Contributors. Aristides Leão. Wikipedia. Published January 9, 2022. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides_Le%C3%A3oLauritzen M. Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. Brain. 1994;117(1):199-210. doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.199Schain AJ, Melo-Carrillo A, Stratton J, Strassman AM, Burstein R. CSD-Induced Arterial Dilatation and Plasma Protein Extravasation Are Unaffected by Fremanezumab: Implications for CGRP's Role in Migraine with Aura. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2019;39(30):6001-6011. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0232-19.2019Charles A, Brennan K. Cortical Spreading Depression—New Insights and Persistent Questions. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(10):1115-1124. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01983.xPietrobon D, Striessnig J. Neurobiology of migraine. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003;4(5):386-398. doi:10.1038/nrn1102Eisenstein M. Closing the gender gap in migraine research. Nature. 2020;586(7829):S16-S17. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02867-4Sutherland HG, Albury CL, Griffiths LR. Advances in genetics of migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2019;20(1). doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/neuroscienceamateurhour)

Por que esquecemos? Neste episódio de FluxoCast vamos conversar sobre uma nova teoria que propõe que 'esquecer' é na verdade uma forma de aprender. FluxoCast | Blog Fluxo de Estudo (https://fluxodeestudo.com) | Organize seus estudos, organize sua vida. Baixe a coleção FluxoQuiz em https://fluxodeestudo.com/fluxoquiz Acesse o grupo gratuito no Telegram em https://t.me/estudecomtrello Este Podcast tem por missão organizar seu trabalho e sua vida, potencializando seus estudos para provas do Enem, exames (vestibulares e OAB) e concursos públicos. Projeto Aprendizagem Quântica Dicas do Blog Fluxo de Estudo; Organização e Produtividade; Aprendizagem Acelerada; Memorização; Estratégias e Técnicas de Estudo. All audio tracks including the opening theme are under Creative Commons Licence, for more reference, check the link bellow. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Crédito: ScienceDaily - Tomás J. Ryan, Paul W. Frankland. Forgetting as a form of adaptive engram cell plasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2022; DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00548-3 Trilhas Take a Chance by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4457-take-a-chance License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license Wallpaper by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4604-wallpaper License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license

This is the fourth and final episode of a book club series on Peter Gärdenfors's book Conceptual Spaces. In this episode, we will discuss chapters 7 and 8, in which Gärdenfors discusses computational aspects his theory of conceptual spaces, and provides a general discussion of the topics covered in the book.For this series, I'm joined by Koen Frolichcs, who was already my cohost for the books club series on Lee Child's Killing Floor. Koen and I are PhD students in the same lab.Podcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtKoen's linksGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/frolichs-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/frolichs-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter:  https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesFirst AI conference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshopBauby, J. D. (2008). The diving bell and the butterfly. Vintage.Bellmund, J. L., Gärdenfors, P., Moser, E. I., & Doeller, C. F. (2018). Navigating cognition: Spatial codes for human thinking. Science, 362(6415).Churchland, P. S., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1994). The computational brain. MIT press. Gärdenfors, P. (2004). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought. MIT press. Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature, 436(7052), 801-806.Kriegeskorte, N., & Kievit, R. A. (2013). Representational geometry: integrating cognition, computation, and the brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(8), 401-412.Kriegeskorte, N., Mur, M., & Bandettini, P. A. (2008). Representational similarity analysis-connecting the branches of systems neuroscience. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 2, 4.LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.O'Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain research.Quiroga, R. Q. (2012). Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(8), 587-597.Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 323(6088), 533-536.Silver, D., Schrittwieser, J., Simonyan, K., Antonoglou, I., Huang, A., Guez, A., ... & Hassabis, D. (2017). Mastering the game of go without human knowledge. Nature, 550(7676), 354-359.

Join Jenny and Tait, co-founders of Rebel Human, as they discuss why they decided to stop using Facebook and Instagram, both personally and professionally. Learn a little bit about the biology and psychology of why social media is so addictive, and what you can do to gain more autonomy over your use. Jenny and Tait talk about their personal experiences with social media and how it has been for them since they have logged off.Books/Articles mentioned:Dopamine Nation: Finding Balance in the Age of Indulgence The Molecule of More: How a Single Chemical in Your Brain Drives Love, Sex, and Creativity--and Will Determine the Fate of the Human RaceLiu, C., Goel, P., & Kaeser, P. S. (2021). Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(6), 345-358.Light phone https://www.thelightphone.com/About Rebel Human: A rebel human is someone who has the strength and clarity of purpose to go against norms in order to bring about constructive change for themself and the world around them. They do the hard thing when it's the right thing.Rebel Human offers a video-based program for high schools, classes, retreats, small-group and corporate events and trainings that build rebel humans: individuals who push back against norms that are harmful to themselves and others and act in accordance with their values regardless of the status quo. Science Based - If we want to change our physiology in real time we need to use things that are both under our control AND connected to the autonomic nervous system. These are our entry points for change. Breath, focus, movement, and self-talk are these entry points. These are the “dials you can turn” in any given moment to dramatically change how you show up for your life.The programming at Rebel Human uses movement, meditation, and creative expression to develop the core competencies of resilience, equanimity, and transcendence (read our FAQs for more on these), the building blocks of a rebel human. Movement strengthens the nervous system, building resilience in the body that translates to resilience in our lives. Meditation actively trains the brain to process and navigate difficult emotions with equanimity and clarity. Creative expression allows a reimagining of a better world for ourself and others while actively connecting us with our values and greater purpose. The world needs more rebel humans, learn to be one now.​Rebel Human was founded by Jenny Arrington and Tait Medina, Ph.D. Read more about them HERE.www.therebelhuman.comSchool Program: https://www.therebelhuman.com/schoolsSign up for the Rebel Human Report: https://www.therebelhuman.com/newsletterYouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/rebelhuman

Learn how to tap into your “gut feeling,” which knows more than you think it does; and why Earth's core is growing lopsided. You do have a "gut feeling" — and it knows more than you think by Cameron Duke Annie Murphy Paul. (2021, July 29). Interoception: how to improve your “gut feeling.” Big Think; Big Think. https://bigthink.com/personal-growth/interoception-how-to-improve-your-gut-feeling  Armstrong, K. (2019). Interoception: How We Understand Our Body's Inner Sensations. APS Observer, 32(8). https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/interoception-how-we-understand-our-bodys-inner-sensations  Lewicki, P., Czyzewska, M., & Hoffman, H. (1987). Unconscious acquisition of complex procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.4.523  Ceunen, E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Van Diest, I. (2016). On the Origin of Interoception. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00743  Plans, D. (2019, February 5). We've Lost Touch with Our Bodies. Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/weve-lost-touch-with-our-bodies/  Price, C. J., & Hooven, C. (2018). Interoceptive Awareness Skills for Emotion Regulation: Theory and Approach of Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy (MABT). Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00798  Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555  Earth's core is growing lopsided by Grant Currin  Cottier, C. (2021). Earth's Inner Core Is Growing Lopsided. Discover Magazine; Discover Magazine. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/earths-inner-core-is-growing-lopsided  Frost, D. A., Lasbleis, M., Chandler, B., & Romanowicz, B. (2021). Dynamic history of the inner core constrained by seismic anisotropy. Nature Geoscience, 14(7), 531–535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00761-w ‌ Is Earth's core lopsided? Strange goings-on in our planet's interior. (2021, June 3). Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2021-06-earth-core-lopsided-strange-goings-on.html  ‌Ling, T. (2021, June 4). Scientists have measured how Earth's core grows (and found something really strange). BBC Science Focus Magazine; BBC Science Focus Magazine. https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/earth-core-asymmetric-growth/  BONUS: Cohen, R. (2020, January 23). The Silurian Hypothesis. The Paris Review. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2020/01/23/the-silurian-hypothesis/  Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to learn something new every day withCody Gough andAshley Hamer. Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dr. Jones, TexMex, and Synaptic Connections Noggins And Neurons Facebook Group   PETE: Hey everybody, this is Pete. I just wanted to jump in real quick and tell you about a mistake I made. I forgot to put the bio for our interview with Dr. Theresa Jones ahead of the actual interview. So, I'm gonna put the bio at the beginning of this episode, which kinda works because it is a review of the episode and what we learned, when we did interview Dr. Jones. Thanks! DEB: New clinicians working in the world of stroke recovery need to understand what is too much too soon. And I think she made some good points about it. That early mobility doesn't mean early intensity. So, you know, early mobility really is to get the person up so that other systems in the body don't start to fail them. And...which would impact negatively, negatively impact their recovery. So we keep them healthy while they're still in that acute stage so that when they enter that more subacute phase they can participate. EPISODE SUMMARY: In this episode of NOGGINS & NEURONS: Brain Injury Recovery Simplified, Pete and Deb have a stimulating conversation about our interview with the Great, Dr. Theresa A. Jones, a behavioral neuroscientist from University of Texas at Austin. Some things we reflect on include: How repetition rules in learning. In fact, intensity and learned non-use came up again. It's nice to hear Dr. Jones' perspective and how to think and talk about these topics in practice and recovery. Getting beyond feelings of intimidation and putting people on different levels based on education and ego for improved communication and care. Real time look into the brain through windows in rat skulls. Being a woman in a male dominated field, making it work and resilience. Humility, communication and translating animal research to humans. Sorting through compensation and recovery and Dr. Jones' research perspectives Moving into gray areas, thinking and clinical reasoning. Ask questions from the understanding that even science doesn't have all the answers. Don't be afraid to hear that you're thinking is off track and be open to where it will take you in future thinking. Neuroplasticity in action and what it looks like in real time. Monkeys in research, COVID, travel and more questions to ask Dr. Jones. We hope you enjoy our thoughts and find them mentally stimulating and thought provoking! As always, we want to hear your top takeaways! LINKS TO ARTICLES, BOOKS AND OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION:1 Repost of articles posted on the Dr. Jones interview: Theresa A. Jones, PhD Articles: Jones TA (2017) Motor compensation and its effects on neural reorganization after stroke. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 18:267-280. Clark TA, Sullender C, Jacob D, Zuo Y, Dunn AK & Jones TA (2019) Rehabilitative training interacts with ischemia instigated spine dynamics to promote a lasting population of new synapses in peri-infarct motor cortex.  Journal of Neuroscience, 39: 8471-848 Dutcher AM, Truong KV, Miller DD, Allred RP, Nudi E & Jones TA (2021) Training in a cooperative bimanual skilled reaching task, the popcorn retrieval task, improves unimanual function after motor cortical infarcts in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 396: Dorothy A. Kozlowski, PhD and Theresa A. Jones, PhD Articles: Use-Dependent Structural Events in Recovery of Function Use Dependent Exaggeration of Neuronal Injury After Unilateral Sensorimotor Cortex Lesions Use Dependent Exacerbation of Brain Damage Occurs During an Early Post-Lesion Vulnerable Period Neural Plasticity and Neural Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury Combinatorial Motor Training Results in Functional Reorganization of Remaining Motor Cortex After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats Combining Multiple Types of Motor Rehabilitation Enhances Skilled Forelimb Use Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Learned Non-Use Article: Barth, J., Geed, S., Mitchell, A., Lum, P. S., Edwards, D. F., & Dromerick, A. W. (2020). Characterizing upper extremity motor behavior in the first week after stroke. PloS one, 15(8), e0221668.  VECTORS trial Questions and Comments about the podcast? NogginsAndNeurons@gmail.com NogginsAndNeurons: The Website Noggins And Neurons Facebook Group Donate to The Noggins And Neurons Podcast with your PayPal app Pete's blog, book, Stronger After Stroke, and talks. Blog Book: Stronger After Stroke, 3rd edition Pete's talk for the American College of Rehabilitation Medicine.   Deb's OT Resources: Deb's OT resources The OT's Guide to Mirror Therapy Tri-Fold Mirror (US address only) Occupational Therapy Intervention: Scavenger Hunt Visual Scanning for Adults REQUEST TO BE A GUEST ON NOGGINS & NEURONS. If you're passionate about stroke recovery and have information or a story you believe will help others, we'd love help you share it on the show. Complete the guest request form below and let's see if we're a good fit!   Guest Request Form   Music by scottholmesmusic.com

Rodents and Recovery with Behavioral Neuroscientist Dr. Theresa A. Jones Noggins And Neurons Facebook Group Rodents and Recovery with Behavioral Neuroscientist Dr. Theresa A. Jones PETE: So one of the things I find interesting about fMRI's...it doesn't directly measure neuroplastic change and I always thought you would have to get really lucky drilling a hole through the skull, through the meninges and somehow get a very big microscope and see actual synaptogenesis and you'd have to get very lucky that those neurons just happen to get connected at that point. But you're saying in this model they glow green and you can see that process happening in individual neurons?   DR. JONES: I feel so lucky to have lived long enough for these techniques in neuroscience that I had nothing to do with to be dropped into my lap. Yeah these, they're transgenic mice that seem to be normal except they have been manipulated to have fluorescent proteins expressed in a subset of their cortical neurons, so that you can see the dendritic barbers of the cortical neurons either through thin skull or through implanted windows. And so you can watch the same parts of a neuron over time and see how they change and because you have the windows are big, you look at a whole big dendritic field and at least with cortical changes in response to learning new ways of moving, those changes seem not just to be in one neuron. I mean there's crazy activity that gets instigated and, after a stroke, there's crazy activity...by activity I don't mean activity...I mean structural changes in neurons. A structural neural plasticity um is just explosive in response to strokes because that's the remodeling process. EPISODE SUMMARY: In this episode of NOGGINS & NEURONS: Brain Injury Recovery Simplified, Pete and Deb engage in stimulating conversation with Dr. Theresa A. Jones, a behavioral neuroscientist from University of Texas at Austin. We talk about: Translating research from bench side to bedside and what that means in terms of informing clinical practice and brain injury recovery The importance of communication when translating research from animals to humans and questions are key, especially in terms of parameters and boundaries. Conditions matter! Background details in Dr. Jones' research such as age and health status of animals as it relates and applies to humans. Some advantages of studying animal models include studying topic area one at a time, generalizing information, aging animals The behavioral changes that follow stroke are major players in stroke outcome! Intensity, timing and potential for harm; the VECTORS trial and mobilizing clients following stroke. Repair and remodeling processes depend on neural activity patterns which are determined by behavioral experiences Behavioral compensation is one of the most obvious ways behavioral adaptation (change) occurs following stroke and can be a major driver in brain remodeling after stroke Compensation coupled with disuse impedes recovery of more normal movement Bimanual training in animal models to learn about influence on unimanual function Patterns of synaptic changes across both hemispheres that occur with learning new ways of using the good limb on its own vs. together with the affected limb Dr. Jones' thoughts on: writing, which is a skill rabbit holes and tangents-they're fun ways to improve communication, which might include putting the ego aside We hope you enjoy our conversation with Dr. Jones. She is a true delight and makes information about brain research and stroke recovery understandable. As always, we want to hear your top takeaways! LINKS TO ARTICLES, BOOKS AND OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION: Theresa A. Jones, PhD Articles: Jones TA (2017) Motor compensation and its effects on neural reorganization after stroke. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 18:267-280. Clark TA, Sullender C, Jacob D, Zuo Y, Dunn AK & Jones TA (2019) Rehabilitative training interacts with ischemia instigated spine dynamics to promote a lasting population of new synapses in peri-infarct motor cortex.  Journal of Neuroscience, 39: 8471-848 Dutcher AM, Truong KV, Miller DD, Allred RP, Nudi E & Jones TA (2021) Training in a cooperative bimanual skilled reaching task, the popcorn retrieval task, improves unimanual function after motor cortical infarcts in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 396: Dorothy A. Kozlowski, PhD and Theresa A. Jones, PhD Articles: Use-Dependent Structural Events in Recovery of Function Use Dependent Exaggeration of Neuronal Injury After Unilateral Sensorimotor Cortex Lesions Use Dependent Exacerbation of Brain Damage Occurs During an Early Post-Lesion Vulnerable Period Neural Plasticity and Neural Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury Combinatorial Motor Training Results in Functional Reorganization of Remaining Motor Cortex After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats Combining Multiple Types of Motor Rehabilitation Enhances Skilled Forelimb Use Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Learned Non-Use Article Barth, J., Geed, S., Mitchell, A., Lum, P. S., Edwards, D. F., & Dromerick, A. W. (2020). Characterizing upper extremity motor behavior in the first week after stroke. PloS one, 15(8), e0221668.  VECTORS trial   Dr. Jones's talk: Tribulations in Translation from the Preclinical Side of Stroke Neurorehabilitation  Questions and Comments about the podcast? NogginsAndNeurons@gmail.com NogginsAndNeurons: The Website Donate to The Noggins And Neurons Podcast with your PayPal app.  Pete's blog, book, Stronger After Stroke, and talks. Blog Book: Stronger After Stroke, 3rd edition Pete's talk for the American College of Rehabilitation Medicine. Deb's OT Resources: Deb's OT resources The OT's Guide to Mirror Therapy Tri-Fold Mirror (US address only) Occupational Therapy Intervention: Scavenger Hunt Visual Scanning for Adults REQUEST TO BE A GUEST ON NOGGINS & NEURONS. If you're passionate about stroke recovery and have information or a story you believe will help others, we'd love help you share it on the show. Complete the guest request form below and let's see if we're a good fit!   Guest Request Form Music by scottholmesmusic.com

En este episodio estamos (des)aprendiendo sobre la intuición. Específicamente: Qué es y por qué nos cuesta escucharla Qué nos podría estar diciendo Cómo podemos reconectar con ella Qué tipo de sabiduría incluye nuestra intuición Episodios complementarios para seguir la conversa: E021 - ¿Hay espacio para la vergüenza en mi vida? E035 - ¿En qué momento perdemos la espontaneidad? con Gaby Smith E045 - ¿Cómo mirar mi mundo interno sin juicio? E055 - ¿Por qué nos anestesiamos emocionalmente? E057 - ¿Cómo ser más conscientes de nosotras/os mismas/os? ¿Quieres más contenido así? Sígueme en Instagram Suscríbete a mi Newsletter Semanal Investigación mencionada en el episodio: Mayer, E. A. (2011). Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 453+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A262885986/AONE?u=ed_itw&sid=AONE&xid=0588edea

Meditația mindfulness este o formă de antrenament mental care implică prezență și atenție în momentul de acum însă fără judecata sau evaluarea acestui ”acum”. Și deși este o practică inspirată din tradițiile budhiste, studiile din ultimii 20 de ani îi confirmă beneficiile asupra calității vieții și stării de bine. Celebrul studiu din jurnalul Science din 2010 ”A wondering mind is an unhappy mind” este unul dintre primele care a arătat cât de multă nefericire aduce hoinăreala minții. Și că practicarea meditației facilitează accesarea stării de flux, stare care contribuie în foarte mare măsură la o viață fericită. Un alt studiu publicat în Nature Review Neuroscience care a revizuit efectele meditației mindfullness a evidențiat că aceasta contribuie nu numai la performanța cognitivă dar și la sănătatea fizică și mentală. Mai specific, practicarea constantă a meditației îmbunătățește funcționarea acelor zone din creier responsabile cu controlul atenției, reglarea emoțiilor și conștientizarea de sine. Invitata acestui episod este colega mea Alina Lupeș, trainer și consilier mindfulness la Mind Education, într-o discuție care explorează cele trei aspecte care formează harta conștiinței dar și care sunt practicile de meditație. min. 02:09 - Care este relația ta cu meditația? min. 06:18 - Care e legătura dintre mistic și știință în ce privește meditația mindfulness? min. 08:20 - Care este paradigma care îți ghidează practica? min. 17:54 - Ce presupune munca individuală și care e rostul unui consilier de mindfulness? min. 21:53 - Câteva recomandări practice. Killingsworth, K. M. & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind. Science. 932–932. DOI:10.1126/science.1192439. Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213–225. DOI:10.1038/nrn3916 Music: Matei Sax: High on Night

Learn about how slow blinking at a cat can help you make friends with it, how temptation bundling can help you reinforce good habits, and why Moravec’s Paradox says the easy stuff is hardest for artificial intelligence. Slow blinking at a cat can help you make friends with it by Steffie Drucker Feline friendly? How to build rap-paw with your cat - new psychology study. (2020). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/uos-ffh100720.php  Rigby, S., & Science, P. (2020, October 8). Want to make friends with a cat? Blink slowly, say scientists. BBC Science Focus Magazine; BBC Science Focus Magazine. https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/want-to-make-friends-with-a-cat-blink-slowly-say-scientists/  Humphrey, T., Proops, L., Forman, J., Spooner, R., & McComb, K. (2020). The role of cat eye narrowing movements in cat–human communication. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73426-0  Reinforce Good Habits With Temptation Bundling by Ashley Hamer Original episode: https://www.curiositydaily.com/where-online-lingo-comes-from-how-to-reinforce-goo/ Moravec's Paradox Is Why the Easy Stuff Is Hardest for Artificial Intelligence by Ashley Hamer Russell, S. J. and Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall. https://web.archive.org/web/20170831090316/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bef0/731f247a1d01c9e0ff52f2412007c143899d.pdf  Mandelbaum, R. F. (2018, April 25). AI Is Getting Pretty Good at Studying Distant Galaxies. Gizmodo; Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/ai-is-getting-pretty-good-at-studying-distant-galaxies-1825513242  ‌Cascone, S. (2017, July 11). AI-Generated Art Now Looks More Convincingly Human Than Work at Art Basel, Study Says. Artnet News; artnet News. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/rutgers-artificial-intelligence-art-1019066  ‌There are two kinds of AI, and the difference is important. (2017). Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/narrow-and-general-ai/  Moravec, H. (1988) Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Harvard University Press.  https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mind_Children/56mb7XuSx3QC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover  Rubinov, M. (2015). Neural networks in the future of neuroscience research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(12), 767–767. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4042  Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Ashley Hamer and Natalia Reagan (filling in for Cody Gough). You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This is a repost from 2018, an article caled Wired Into Pain: a history of the science of pain. I hope you enjoy it. I’ve also recorded an audio version to go with it!I am a Physiotherapist. Almost every person I see in clinic is in pain, and most already have an idea about what has caused their pain. If they are old enough, they might say ‘overuse’, or ‘wear and tear’; if they are younger, they might say ‘bad posture’ or ‘tight muscles’; if they have had a scan, they might say a ‘slipped disc’ or a ‘bone spur’. We accept these explanations prima facie. We consider pain to be a readout on the state of the body’s tissues. Or, as one doctor wrote in 1917, it is “the unerring medical compass that serves as a guide to the pathological lesion”.But it is only very recently that we have come to understand our aches and pains in this way. Since medieval times, until surprisingly recently, people commonly understood their pains in terms of their relationship to God, often as punishment for sin. Physical and emotional pain were entangled, along with mind, body and soul. This was the grim logic of medieval torture and self-flagellation: the truth of the soul could be accessed through the pain of the body.But, as historian Joanna Bourke records in her book The Story of Pain, this mixture of mind, body, soul and God also allowed people to feel pain as comforting: a “vigilant sentinel […] stationed in the frail body by Providence”, as one writer put it in 1832. For others, pain was redemptive: take, for example, the early nineteenth-century labourer Joseph Townend, who resolved himself to God after undergoing surgery without anaesthetic, and reflected at the end of his life on his “sincere thanks to the Almighty God” for his agonising conversion.Pre-modern physicians had a different perspective. Most understood pain according to humoural theory. Hippocrates and his disciple Galen considered all illness to be caused by an imbalance of the body’s humours — phlegm, yellow bile, black bile and blood — which ebb and flow in response changes in the body or its environment. This notion endured for many centuries. To one 18th century writer, pain was a consequence of “viscid blood [stopping] at every narrow passage in its progress”; to another, it was a “Nature throw[ing] a Mischief” about his body. Humoural theory is pre-scientific and seems quaint to us now. But, as Bourke points out, it accounts for an abundance of influences, from our personal temperament and our relationships to the alignment of the planets above our heads, on the pain that we feel.Over the coming centuries, at great cost to people suffering from pain, this insight was lost. This is the story of that loss; of how we arrived at the strange, wrong idea that pain is a straightforward “guide to the pathological lesion”; and of how an emerging re-understanding of pain shows us that it is more complex and more astonishing than we have thought for centuries.Descartes, dualism and the labelled line“The ghost in the machine” — Gilbert RyleIt is in the sixteenth century that we find the beginnings of the dominant modern understanding of the body and its pains. The rise of Protestantism and, amongst secular thinkers, of humanism, contributed to an increased focus on the individual and an understanding of the body as a natural, rather than a supernatural entity. Medicine became more interested in anatomy and the physical laws of nature. Vesalius published his On the Fabric of the Human Body, a compendium of illustrations of dissected cadavers based on the author’s strict, first-hand observations at a time when doctors were not accustomed to performing their own dissections. Later, physicians like William Harvey took principles from physics and astronomy to show that in many ways, our bodies can be understood as machines: pumps, pulleys and levers. Slowly, the body became less sacred and more scientific.It was in this spirit that, in 1641, the French polymath Renes Descartes published his Meditations on First Philosophy. This work contains a drawing that became the seminal image of pain for the next three hundred years. The picture shows a kneeling boy with one foot perilously close to a small campfire. The heat of the flame sends a signal (an “animal spirit”) up a channel to the boy’s pituitary gland, which Descartes reckoned was the seat of consciousness. There, the signal elicits pain, “just as pulling one end of a cord rings the bell at the other end”.This picture makes sense to us, it seems intuitively correct. But this is because in matters of pain we are most of us now, in the Western world at least, the children of Descartes. For pain scientists on the other hand, who have fought in recent decades to emancipate themselves from Descartes, this picture has has come to represent the original sin, the first big lie of the Western world’s understanding of pain.It’s crimes are twofold. First, it is the essence of an idea called dualism, which holds that mind and body are separate. The body feels pain, and passes this information on to the mind. For Cartesian dualists, the body is a machine and we are a kind of ghost in the machine, receiving information about its status.Second, the picture represents pain as being felt by a specific detector in the body, and passed up a specific pathway, the long hollow tube, to a specific location in the boy’s brain. Pain detectors, at the end of a pain pathway, that leads to a pain centre. This idea is called specificity theory, but in this post I’m going to use the term labelled line theory because although it is less common, I think it is more descriptive — a labelled line for pain.As it happens, Descartes’ idea was more subtle than the picture and its subsequent interpretations made out. In his defence, the historians Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen and Karl A.E. Enenkel point out that Descartes knew that pain is not merely perceived, like a mariner perceives his ship, but felt, as if the mind and body are “nighly conjoin’d […] so that I and it make up one thing”. Descartes knew that we don’t just have a body; we are a body. But this subtlety was lost: the picture of the little boy with his foot in the fire has a memetic power that has carried it, along with dualism and the labelled line, through the centuries.The nineteenth century“Nothing less than the social transformation of Western medicine” — Daniel GoldbergThis change came gradually. It was not until the nineteenth century, two hundred years after Descartes’ Meditations, that dualism and the labelled line for pain finally established their authority in medicine.They set in as part of a wider change in the history of medicine following the French Revolution that is sometimes now called the ‘Paris School’. The physicians of the Paris School transformed large teaching hospitals in the city to dedicate them, for the first time, to furthering scientific knowledge through rigorous observation of patients and cadavers, and the classification of disease. They explicitly rejected humoural theory, which held that illnesses are processes that are distributed around the body through the movement of viscous humours. Rather, physicians of the Paris School considered diseases to be the result of lesions localised to a single, solid organ.Influenced by the Paris School, Victorian physicians across the Western world began to search their suffering patients’ bodies for a local, solid lesion to blame for their pain. As one New York physician wrote in 1880, “we fully agree that there can be no morbid manifestations without a change in the material structure of the organs involved”. For the first time, doctors began to think like detectives on the hunt for the smoking gun, following clues provided by the body and its sensations (it is no coincidence that Arthur Conan Doyle was a doctor before he wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, or that he made his character Watson one, too).This approach has tremendous diagnostic power. But, as we will see, even modern researchers find that our pain, particularly our chronic pain, resists reduction by detective work. How did Victorian physicians respond when their investigations failed to turn up a local lesion to explain pain? According to historian and medical ethicist Daniel Goldberg, many doubled down, hunting for anything they could find. As one surgeon put it, “any lesion anywhere in the body will do to account for an otherwise inexplicable pain”. And that meant any lesion: the surgeon Joseph Swann, or example, baffled by a woman’s 11-year history of pain in an apparently healthy knee, eventually attributed it to an imperfection he found, after much searching, in a nerve in her hand.Those that could not find a lesion anywhere explained unexplained pain as one inevitably must if one subscribes to the logic of dualism: if it’s not in the body, it must be in the mind. Goldberg tells the story of the surgeon Josiah Nott who, in 1872, took on the care of an American soldier whose leg was crushed in a railway accident. The leg had already been amputated by another surgeon at a point about halfway up the calf, but the soldier had developed phantom limb pains. The original surgeon, assuming there must be a local lesion at the end of a labelled line, had then amputated the stump, but to no avail. Nott, making the same assumption, took still more from the stump the next year, and still the patient felt no relief. Later that year, Dr. Nott operated again, removing tissues from three major nerves in the shank. This pattern continued until Nott had removed the poor soldier’s leg up to four inches above the knee, and his sciatic nerve up to the pelvis. When the patient’s pain returned after this final operation, Dr. Nott reasoned that he must have acquired an addiction to opioids which was inciting him to malinger (to exaggerate or feign his disease). Nott had, horribly literally, followed the assumed cause of the disease up a labelled line through the body and, not catching it, decided it must therefore be in the mind.This logic played out on a broad scale in physicians’ understanding of the now-forgotten condition “railway spine”, the widespread and mysterious back pain felt by the victims of train accidents. Initially, physicians thought that the trauma of a crash caused compression of nerve filaments that in turn caused pain. But as time wore on and their investigations repeatedly failed to find a tissue lesion to explain railway spine, even in cadavers, their suspicion grew that railway spine was not a ‘real’ condition at all. After all, weren’t most victims also seeking compensation from railway companies? By the beginning of the twentieth century, railway spine was known instead as “hysterical spine […] merely a psychical condition”. Dualism dictated once more that if we can’t find it in the body, it must be in the mind.1900 to 1965Anomalies, non-anomalies, and opening the gateAnomalies“[Pain] reveals only a minute proportion of illnesses and often, when it is one of their accompaniments, is misleading. On the other hand, in certain chronic cases it seems to be the entire disorder which, without it, would not exist.” — Rene Leriche, 1937The break from Cartesianism began at the end of the nineteenth century, when the great neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal showed that our nerves, spinal cord and brain are not one thing but composed of many smaller things (which came to be called neurons) linked by gap junctions (which came to be called synapses). Decades earlier, the English neuroscientist Charles Bell had suggested that the function of the nervous system is less straightforward than the labelled line in Descartes’s picture, and Cajal’s work was proof.As we can see by his extraordinary drawings, Cajal meticulously mapped the peripheral neurons in our arms and legs, running to the spinal cord, and the neurons running up the cord, and many of those in our brain. But, according to pain scientist and writer Fernando Cervero, the terminus for incoming peripheral neurons, the foremost part of the spinal cord that we now call the dorsal horn, was so dense and chaotic that it resisted even Cajal’s fastidious eye. He called the dorsal horn a maremagnum, a Spanish word that means ‘confused and disorganised crowd’, as in the bustle of a busy railway station. Cajal’s vision of a network of individual cells, with nodes of incomprehensible complexity, opened up the possibility that signals aren’t simply passed upwards in a linear fashion as Descartes had assumed, but are modulated along the way.The idea that inputs to the nervous system are modulated before they ‘become’ our sensations hints at an explanation for the odd persistent pains for which Victorian physicians could find no lesion. It also begins to explain the opposite phenomenon, lesions that cause no pain, which became unignorable during the brutal first decades of the twentieth century. Doctors like Rene Leriche, on the front line in the Great War, found that soldiers with dreadful wounds often felt no pain and could undergo surgery without anaesthetic. Leriche knew this was not willpower but “certain movements of the hormones, or of the blood”, a presciently non-Cartesian thought.During the Second World War, the American anaesthesiologist Henry Beecher built on Leriche’s observations by conducting a more methodical study at his post in Italy. He found that as many as three quarters of wounded soldiers felt little pain at the time of their injury. As one doctor put it, it was as if wounds and diseases “carry for the most part — most mercifully — their own anaesthetics with them”.One might think that such cases would have alerted the scientific community to the fact that our nervous systems are doing something more than passively relaying pain into our brains, as labelled line theory implied. But for scientists and doctors at large, anomalies that defied labelled line went on hiding in plain sight, “discovered” periodically and then easily forgotten as they had been in the Victorian era. Phantom limb pain, for example, was unignorable during the American Civil War, and then slipped once more from popular consciousness. The doctor and writer Oliver Sacks called these periods of forgetting scotoma, dark gaps in the scientific awareness in which the prevailing theory cannot explain common phenomena and instead shoves them in the attic to think about another day. The progress of science, wrote Sacks, is faltering and haphazard, “very far from a majestic unfolding”.Non-anomalies“Pain is the physiological adjunct of a protective reflex” — Charles Sherrington, writing in 1900“Pain remains a biological enigma — so much of it is useless, a mere curse” — Charles Sherrington, writing forty years later.(Quoted in Understanding Pain by Fernando Cervero)Rather than explaining anomalies, scientists studying pain at the beginning of the twentieth century focused on a series of discoveries that appeared, at first, to confirm labelled line theory. The British neuroscientist Charles Sherrington had coined the term “nociceptor” for the neurons that convey danger messages (elicited by things like heat, intense mechanical pressure or an incision to the skin) to the brain, and in the following decades researchers slowly but successfully identified and isolated these cells.Starting in 1912, American scientists performed the first anterolateral cordotomy, slicing through the part of the spinal cord that was theorized to carry danger messages to the brain and appearing to stop pain in its tracks. Later, the success of such operations would prove to be temporary, but the procedure did show that this part of the spinal cord houses Sherrington’s nociceptors. In 1927, the Americans Herbert Gasser and Joseph Erlanger established that different nerve fibers conduct signals at different velocities, and classified them according to their diameter as A, B and C fibers. A fibers were widest and conducted signals the quickest; C fibers were the most narrow and slow. They found that one sub-type of A fibers, A-delta fibers, conducted the relatively quick sensation of dull pain we feel when we stub our toe; and that C fibers conduct the slower, stinging pain that arrives later. Again, this neat distinction would later prove to be more complicated, but the discovery was further evidence for a labelled line of pain. Gasser and Erlanger were only able to look at conduction signals from a whole bundle of nerves and so it was not until 1958 that Ainsley Iggo was first to record individual A-delta and C fibers and isolate Sherrington’s nociceptors for the first time.Opening the gate“It may seem easy, but it was not” — Ronald MelzackDespite this series of discoveries in favour of labelled line, some researchers could not shake from their minds those confounding anomalies: pain without lesion, and lesion without pain. And so, at last, the science of pain began to wake from its scotoma. Some scientists began to propose a theory to compete with labelled line called pattern theory, which held that it is not the stimulation of specific nerves that causes the sensation of pain, but that the way in which nerves are stimulated, spatially and temporally. Pattern theory was vague, and had nowhere near the amount of evidence that supported labelled line theory, but it did hint at an answer to some of the anomalies that had been documented in the recent scientific literature, such as the way pain spreads beyond the site of an injury and the way rubbing a pain can make it temporarily feel better. Pattern theory was taken up in Oxford in the 1940s and 50s, where the brilliant British neuroscientist Pat Wall was beginning to develop ideas he would turn into gate control theory, a whole new model of pain.In 1959, Wall moved from Oxford to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he met Ronald Melzack. Melzack, a Canadian, had just arrived at M.I.T. to take up a post as assistant professor of Psychology, and found to his annoyance that he could not perform research on animals in the university’s Psychology building. So, Melzack decamped to Wall’s lab. The two quickly took up a discussion on the inadequacy of Cartesianism and decided to come up with a new theory to “entice spinal-cord physiologists away from [labelled line]”.From his previous research, Melzack knew the brain sends messages down the spinal cord to inhibit the messages coming up it, exerting a kind of ‘top-down’ control on incoming information. From his own experiments, inspired by pattern theory, Wall knew that different inputs into the nervous system are weighed against each other somehow in the spinal cord, competing to be ‘sent up’ to the brain. Despite their discussions, Melzack and Wall’s ideas remained inchoate until, in 1962, Melzack stumbled on the Dutchman Willem Noordenbos’s pattern-theory hypothesis that large A-fibers carrying touch signals might somehow inhibit small C-fibers carrying danger signals.Melzack calls this moment a “flash of insight”. Noordenbos had theorized that this modulation happened in the substantia gelatinosa, which is part of the terminus for incoming information at the spinal cord. Wall knew that large fibers and small fibers entered the substantia gelatinosa at opposite ends, and theorised that it was this setup that allowed the one to inhibit the other, like closing a figurative ‘gate’. The weight of signals from large and small fibers would determine what kind of message was allowed up to the brain.In 1963, Melzack moved to McGill University in Canada, but travelled South over the border when he could to visit Wall’s home in Boston where, over large amounts of duty free whiskey, the two put the finishing, definitive touches to their work. Their theory differed critically from Noordenbos’ because they proposed that the brain itself plays a role in processing at the substantia gelatinosa, by sending signals down the spinal cord to make the ‘gate’ more likely to open or close to danger signals. This was gate control theory.For the first time, science had a model that began to explain pain anomalies. According to gate control theory, for example, the brain of a soldier who has sustained an injury can send messages down the spinal cord to close the gate to incoming danger signals. Over fifty years have passed, and gate control theory has turned out to be wrong in lots of little ways, but right in one big way: it is modulation in the spinal cord and the brain, or the central nervous system, that explains why pain is so rarely the reliable sign of tissue status that Victorian scientists assumed it was.Neuromatrix theory“We need to go… to the brain” — Ronald Melzack“When you feel a pain in the leg that has been amputated, where is the pain? If you say it is in your head, would it be in your head if your leg had not been amputated? If you say yes, then what reason have you for ever thinking you have a leg?” — Bertrand RussellGate control theory was a great advance but Melzack and Wall knew their theory was incomplete. According to Oliver Sacks, it is by studying anomalies — phenomena not explained by the prevailing theory — that researchers wake from scotoma and begin revolutions in scientific understanding. So it was that Melzack’s interest in the anomaly of phantom limb pain led to neuromatrix theory, the next great boost that finally allowed pain science to escape to orbit of CartesianismIf people without limbs have phantom pain, Melzack reasoned, it follows that the origins of the pattern of pain lie not in the limb but in the brain. And not only pain, but the sensation of having a body in its entirety — its place in the world, its shape, its movements — is housed, in what Melzack came to understand as a series of loops and patterns of neurons, inside our brains. This brain architecture is the neuromatrix.Incoming information, then, is not what holds the essence of our sensations; it merely triggers the neuromatrix, already inscribed in the brain, to ‘produce’ the sensations we feel. If a boy puts his foot in a fire, the nerves do not tell a passive brain “here is pain”; the nerves simply say “here is an intense input”, and the neuromatrix does the rest.How do we get a neuromatrix? Melzack says it is inborn, but then shaped by experiences. So, your neuromatrix develops your own personal signatures for familiar pains, like the pain you might feel in your back when you bend. Crucially, the neuromatrix uses our thoughts and emotions to generate our sensations, as well as sensory information. This makes sense: think of a stroke on the leg from your partner and one from an unappealing stranger. The same sensory input feels different.So, if you believe the cause of your back pain is something threatening, like a suspected spinal cancer or a ‘slipped’ disc, it willfeelworse than if you believe it is something benign, like a muscle strain. If a conscripted soldier sustains a battlefield injury that means he will likely have to leave the trenches to convalesce behind the front lines, that wound may not feel as bad as it would for a factory worker, for whom it could mean a loss of livelihood. If you have just been made redundant, or become divorced, than the incoming danger signals from an incipiently arthritic hip might suddenly start triggering your neuromatrix to produce a deep aching pain in your joints.Pain is intimately integrated with meaning, and informed by the broader context of our lives. And there is no labelled line: pain is the output of a widely-distributed neural process that takes input from countless biological, psychological and social factors.The sensitive nervous system“Not under conditions of my choosing / Wired into pain / Rider on the slow train” — Adrienne RichResearchers have used the neuromatrix as a foundation to develop our understanding of pain. For example, towards the end of the 1970s, scientists began to establish that the endings of our danger messenger neurons, the ones Sherrington christened nociceptors, become more sensitive the more they are used, a process called peripheral sensitization. But perhaps the most remarkable development since Melzack proposed the neuromatrix was Clifford Woolf’s discovery of central sensitization.On completing his medical training in South Africa in the early 1980s, Clifford Woolf joined Pat Wall’s laboratory in London. He was not content with measuring the readouts from individual chains of neurons, and instead began to monitor broader bursts of activity which he thought would give him more insight into the pain system as a whole. He started to measure the output of the neurons that cause muscles to flex away from a dangerous stimulus (think of touching a hot stove and retracting your hand before you are even conscious of pain). Investigating on rats, he found that most of these cells responded to dangerous stimuli, such as heat and pinch, in a fairly narrow field — say, one toe. But, some cells had a very wide receptive field and would respond to even light, non-dangerous touch. Why would rats have neurons designed to elicit a withdrawal response to light touch?It took Woolf some months to realise that he was only finding these neurons at the end of the workday, when his rats had already been subjected to hours of pain-inducing stimuli. He calls this his “eureka moment”. He had not discovered that rats have certain neurons that are super sensitive across a wide receptive field: he had discovered that a rat’s nervous system becomes super sensitive across a wide receptive field when it has been exposed to prolonged danger. Woolf had discovered an ‘amplifier’ mechanism in the spinal cord. This phenomenon is central sensitization.Woolf was the first person to show that the nervous system is not hard-wired for pain but plastic. Prolonged nociception can change the behaviour and the architecture of the nervous system so that non-dangerous inputs (like light touch) are felt as painful, and dangerous inputs (like a pinprick) produce more pain than they otherwise would have done. To top it off, this whole pain experience also spreads beyond the original site of injury. The great physiotherapist Louis Gifford described central sensitization as like tapping X on your computer keyboard three times, and 10 X’s of different sizes and colours popping up on the screen.A mild and benign form of central sensitization is common and almost immediate after most injuries — after you burn your hand or sprain your ankle, it is your body’s way of protecting itself. But central sensitization can wear on and, in many cases, persist and get worse long after any injury has healed. If you or someone you know has widespread back pain that flares up with the slightest movement, or has osteoarthritis in their hip that seems to spread all the way down their leg, they might have central sensitization.Central sensitization can affect many different functions, not just pain. People with ongoing, maladaptive central sensitization can be tense and forgetful, and sensitive to bright lights, loud noises and chemicals. It is also a feature of irritable bowel syndrome, migraine and chronic fatigue syndrome, and often goes hand in hand with anxiety and depression.So long, labelled line: Grappling with complexity“Pain cannot easily be divided from the emotions surrounding it. Apprehension sharpens it, hopelessness intensifies it, loneliness protracts it by making hours seem like days. The worst pain is unexplained pain” — Hilary Mantel“The basic idea of pain modulation implies that the output can be different to the input at every stage in the transmission of pain signals throughout the brain” — Fernando CerveroCentral sensitization is just one discovery that has enhanced our understanding of pain. There are many more examples. Descending modulation is the ongoing process by which the brain sends signals down the spinal cord to simultaneously inhibit and facilitate incoming danger signals, a mechanism Leriche anticipated when he observed that battlefield wounds “carry […] their own anaesthetics with them”. In people with persistent pain, descending modulation may be set for a net facilitation of incoming danger messages. Researchers have also expanded our understanding to include the immune system, which aids and abets the nervous system as it produces pain. They have found out that nociceptors, far from lying waiting for an intense stimulus as Sherrington imagined, are actually firing regularly throughout the day, every time we use a pair of scissors, ride a bike or go on a long walk, without (if we are lucky) our neuromatrix producing the experience of pain. Conversely, clever experiments have shown that nociception is not even necessary for pain, giving credence to the stories of people who narrowly escape injury but, believing they have been hurt, writhe in agony. And, we know that stress, even the stress of early life events, plays a vital role in ongoing pain, and that our stress system and pain production system are intimately linked.The contrast between the byzantine, distributed complexity of the mechanisms of pain and the singular experience of pain — I feel it here — is remarkable. Scientists have made various attempts to simplify the mechanisms into something more understandable and more useful to lay people. The neuroscientist VS Ramachandran has said that “pain is an opinion on the organism’s state of health rather than a mere reflective response to an injury”, a stark contrast to the old-fashioned idea of pain as “the unerring medical compass that serves as a guide to the pathological lesion”.The scientists and physiotherapists Dave Butler and Lorimer Moseley put it elegantly:“We will experience pain when our credible evidence of danger related to our body is greater than our credible evidence of safety related to our body. Equally we won’t have pain when our credible evidence of safety is greater than our credible evidence of danger.”In other words, pain is not measuring damage, it is a protective strategy, just one of many (along with local and systemic inflammation, changes in movement like tensing or bracing, the feeling of stiffness, and so on) that the body enacts in response to credible evidence of danger.This evidence of danger often includes nociception (signals from tissue damage), but the neuromatrix uses many other sources, too. For example, if someone has back pain and a doctor tells you your x-ray shows “wear and tear” or “degeneration” in your spine, they have received a clear message of danger related to your body that is likely to make their pain worse. Indeed, people with back pain who get an MRI actually reduce their chances of recovery. On the other hand, if that person’s doctor (or physiotherapist!) tells them that the findings on their scan are normal age-related changes (or, better yet, doesn’t order a scan at all), that is a clear safety message. Safety messages can come from anywhere. Exercise can send safety messages to your neuromatrix, and so can a supportive workplace or having a friend around to talk to.ReflectionsSlow progress, hopes for the future and a note of cautionSlow progress“I am still not happy with what has been accepted” — Pat Wall, 1999Danger sharpens pain; safety soothes it. Why, then, do health professionals continue to give people with persistent pain credible evidence of danger? Apart from the obvious — that there is money in telling people their spines are crumbling and their pelvises are out of line, that they have muscle knots that need releasing and cores that need stabilizing — it is because, just as Descartes’ model of pain took almost three centuries to reach its zenith in Western culture, the neuromatrix, still only forty years old, has been accepted only falteringly even in medical circles, and hardly at all in the wider culture.Indeed, in many ways the twentieth century has doubled down on labelled line. Take, for example, the dominance of the orthopaedic understanding of low back pain, which the late Scottish doctor and historian Gordon Waddell called “the dynasty of the disc”. Waddell traces the tenuous association of the lumbar disc with low back pain to a fateful cluster of papers published at the beginning of the century by orthopods searching, like Victorian physicians had done before them, for a pot of gold at the (wrong) end of the labelled line. Even today, routine orthopaedic surgeries like lumbar fusion, knee arthroscopy and shoulder decompression are amongst the most low-value, least evidence-based treatments in healthcare, still performed largely because of inertia and unexamined Cartesianism.Many physiotherapists practice with the same habits. Like Joseph Swann, we might conduct a questionable root-cause analysis up or down a kinetic chain to find an ‘issue in the tissues’, settling on a pronated foot, a slumped posture or a valgus (in-falling) knee. Like Josiah Nott, when a patient has failed a course of ‘corrective’ exercise to ‘fix’ their body we might decide their problem is primarily ‘psycho-social’, a euphemism for in-their-mind. This is understandable, it takes great effort to shift from Cartesianism to the neuromatrix; I have been trying for years and I am still astonished when a new study is published showing, for example, that there are no major physical risk factors for a first episode of neck pain, but multiple psychological ones, like depression, and social ones, like role conflict. Still, it is imperative that medical professionals of all stripes challenge their colleagues who promote themselves as experts but who practice with unreconstructed Cartesianism.Hopes for the Future“While pain sufferers do not have the luxury of denying the reality of their pain, they can and do deny its legitimacy, thereby internalising the stigma so frequently directed at people in pain.” — Daniel GoldbergThe neuromatrix model has the potential to be immensely liberating for patients. For people with everyday predicaments of life like the back or shoulder pain we all get from time to time, there is the reassuring message that pain is not an indicator of damage and they are safe to move. In fact, movement, as opposed to protecting the painful joint, is the way to go in the long run. For people with more profound, widespread and recalcitrant pain, understanding why their pain is the way it is can help with the process of acceptance, and knowing pain is multifactorial can open up new therapeutic options to help calm down a sensitive nervous system.The neuromatrix could also militate against the way Cartesian thinking drives stigmatization of people with chronic pain. Cartesian dualism casts pain as a two-step sequence of events: the body senses pain, then the mind reacts. As recently as the 1980s, words like “hysterical” or “psychogenic” were used to describe people who appeared to be ‘over-reacting’ to their pain. It is this thinking that allows us to sort people into those who are responding appropriately to their pain, and those who are ‘being dramatic’. The saddest effect of this stigma is when patients internalise it, believing that they are not ‘coping’ properly with ‘a bit of back pain’.So patients and health professionals need to know that dualism is bogus: as Pat Wall himself put it, “the separation of sensation from perception was quite artificial… sensory and cognitive mechanisms operate as a whole”. Or, in the words of neuroscientist Fernando Cervero, “emotional, sensory and cognitive elements aren’t organised in a hierarchical way, but in a cooperative way […] interacting to generate the final pain experience”.A note of caution“Nineteenth century physicians drain[ed] pain of any intrinsic meaning altogether, making it little more than a sign or symptom of something else” — Joanna Burke“[The challenge is] to allow a rapprochement between the world of the clinician and the world of the person in pain” — Quinter et. al (2008).The neuromatrix and all its attendant discoveries have revolutionised how medical and health professionals should approach people in pain. It is a rare true paradigm shift. But there is danger in complacency. “Now is not a time for professional hubris or the proclamation of truth by a few”, warn the rheumatologists John Quintner and Milton Cohen. The battle to understand pain is only half won. It is all too easy to be drawn back into the orbit of dualism, not only between the mind and body, but between the clinician and the patient, or the researcher and the sufferer. Centuries-old habits die hard, and we have long made the person-in-pain an object of enquiry. But this can only take us so far; as Quinter and Cohen assert, “the pain of another person is irreducible to its neuronal correlates”. We can only really know pain through dialogue.It is difficult to talk properly about pain. Being in deep pain can be a harrowing, abject, solitary experience. And apart from anything else, often we just don’t have the words: Virginia Woolf, no stranger to pain, lamented that English has a rich vocabulary for love, but a meagre one for pain. The poet Emily Dickinson said that pain “has an element of blank”.But it can be done. Joletta Belton, a blogger with persistent pain, recently tweeted about the two clinicians who had helped her the most. “It wasn’t just their words” she wrote, “it was that they listened first. And understood. Listening matters […] I wasn’t interrupted or lectured, they didn’t try to ‘educate’ me or alter my narrative to suit their own […] I felt what I said was of value. I felt human, of worth. That’s invaluable.”It may seem strange to end a post about science with a note on the importance of listening, but in the context of the neuromatrix it makes perfect sense. Listening to people in pain is what’s needed to undo the damage that has been done, and take the progress that’s been made to the next level.Belton’s experience echoes a vignette reported by Joanna Bourke in The Story of Pain.During a medical consultation in 1730, an embarrassed patient found himself apologising to his physician for boring him with “so tedious a Tale”. The patient’s physician protested: “Your Story is so diverting, that I take abundance of delight in it, and your Ingenious way of telling it, gives me a greater insight into your distemper, than you imagine. Wherefore, let me beg of you to go on, Sir: I am all attention, and shall not interrupt you.”Selected bibliographyJournal ArticlesAllan, D. and Waddell, G. (1989). An historical perspective on low back pain and disability. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 60(sup234), pp.1–23.Arnaudo, E. (2017). Pain and dualism: Which dualism?. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 23(5), pp.1081–1086.Baliki, M. and Apkarian, A. (2015). Nociception, pain, negative moods, and behavior selection. Neuron, 87(3), pp.474–491.Bourke, J. (2014). Pain sensitivity: an unnatural history from 1800 to 1965. Journal of Medical Humanities, 35(3), pp.301–319.Brodal, P. (2017). A neurobiologist’s attempt to understand persistent pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 15(1).Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M. and Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of Patients with Chronic Pain: The Extinction of Empathy. Pain Medicine, 12(11), pp.1637–1643.Chapman, C., Tuckett, R. and Song, C. (2008). Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. The Journal of Pain, 9(2), pp.122–145.Eriksen, T., Kerry, R., Mumford, S., Lie, S. and Anjum, R. (2013). At the borders of medical reasoning: aetiological and ontological challenges of medically unexplained symptoms. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 8(1), p.11.Goldberg, D. (2012). Pain without lesion: debate among American neurologists, 1850–1900. 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, 0(15).Goldberg, D. (2017). Pain, objectivity and history: understanding pain stigma. Medical Humanities, 43(4), pp.238–243.Iannetti, G. and Mouraux, A. (2010). From the neuromatrix to the pain matrix (and back). Experimental Brain Research, 205(1), pp.1–12.Kerry, R., Maddocks, M. and Mumford, S. (2008). Philosophy of science and physiotherapy: An insight into practice. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 24(6), pp.397–407.Latremoliere, A. and Woolf, C. (2009). Central sensitization: A generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. The Journal of Pain, 10(9), pp.895–926.Melzack, R. (1999). From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain, 82, pp.S121-S126.Melzack, R. (2005). Evolution of the neuromatrix theory of Pain. The Prithvi Raj Lecture: Presented at the Third World Congress of World Institute of Pain, Barcelona 2004. Pain Practice, 5(2), pp.85–94.Melzack, R. and Katz, J. (2012). Pain. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(1), pp.1–15.Mendell, L. (2014). Constructing and deconstructing the gate theory of pain. Pain, 155(2), pp.210–216.Moayedi, M. and Davis, K. (2013). Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control. Journal of Neurophysiology, 109(1), pp.5–12.Moseley, G. and Butler, D. (2015). Fifteen years of explaining pain: the past, present, and future. The Journal of Pain, 16(9), pp.807–813.Moseley, G. (2007). Reconceptualising pain according to modern pain science. Physical Therapy Reviews, 12(3), pp.169–178.Neilson, S. (2015). Pain as metaphor: metaphor and medicine. Medical Humanities, 42(1), pp.3–10.O’Sullivan, P., Caneiro, J., O’Keeffe, M. and O’Sullivan, K. (2016). Unraveling the complexity of low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 46(11), pp.932–937.Perl, E. (2007). Ideas about pain, a historical view. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(1), pp.71–80.Quintner, J., Cohen, M., Buchanan, D., Katz, J. and Williamson, O. (2008). Pain Medicine and Its Models: Helping or Hindering?. Pain Medicine, 9(7), pp.824–834.Thacker, M. and Moseley, G. (2012). First-person neuroscience and the understanding of pain. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196(6), pp.410–411.Wiech, K. (2016). Deconstructing the sensation of pain: The influence of cognitive processes on pain perception. Science, 354(6312), pp.584–587.Woolf, C. (2007). Central sensitization. Anesthesiology, 106(4), pp.864–867.BooksCervero, F. (2014). Understanding pain. Boston: Mit Press.Butler, D. and Moseley, G. (2015). Explain pain. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications.Bourke, J. (2014). The story of pain. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Moseley, G. and Butler, D. (2017). Explain pain supercharged. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications.Blog postsPain is weird by Paul IngrahamPain really is in the mind, but not in the way you think by Lorimer MoseleyCentral sensitization in chronic pain by Paul IngrahamMy own chronic pain story by Paul IngrahamEasing musculoskeletal pain Information leafletTell me your story by Joletta BeltonPodcasts and lecturesThe Pain Revolution by Lorimer MoseleyPain: past, present and future with Mick ThackerUnderstanding Pain in 2025 by Mick Thacker Subscribe at tomjesson.substack.com

When the future is unknown we tend to unravel, but is this the only option? While our brains are not trained to settle down in uncertain conditions, it is possible to survive and even thrive when life, and work, is up in the air.SHOW NOTESOur hosts on Crina and Kirsten Get to Work do some metaphorical spelunking into our brains on uncertainty - and most importantly - what to do about it.  How can you have joy, meaning and ease in your work when you are experiencing uncertainty?  Crina and Kirsten will tell you how.First, an exploration of our brains on uncertainty . . .According to a 2014 study in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience, uncertainty disrupts many of the habitual and automatic mental processes that govern routine action. This disruption creates conflict in the brain, and this conflict can lead to a state of both hypervigilance and outsized emotional reactivity to negative experiences or information. In other words, uncertainty acts like rocket fuel for worry; it causes people to see threats everywhere they look, and at the same time it makes them more likely to react emotionally in response to those threats.  And that is no good when it comes to meaning, ease and joy! And there is lots of uncertainty at work:Meetings with no agendaMeetings where you’re put on the spotNo regular check-ins with your supervisor or your teamUnclear expectationsNo control of outcomesUnsafe work environmentBeing the “only”No clear measurements of successArbitrary decision-makingConstantly shifting prioritiesAnd or course our wonder women will not leave us holding the big ugly bag of uncertainty.  Crina’s “go to” response to uncertainty is to plan or plan not to plan and COVID has presented her with many opportunities to use her coping strategies for uncertainty.  Kirsten tends to rely on radical acceptance in the face of uncertainty - to accept what is  - or  - is not.Here are some other strategies to deal with uncertainty:Prepare for different possibilities (a riff on Crina’s planning).Become a feeling observer.Get confident about your coping and adapting skills.Utilize stress reduction techniques preemptively.Focus on what you can control.Practice mindfulness.Don’t expose yourself to too much news Choose as much as you can to be with people who are calm, authentic and optimistic And as always - the good reads:How to Cope With Uncertaintyhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856414002146Uncertainty and Anticipation in AnxietyWhy we're hardwired to hate uncertainty | Marc Lewis

自由能原则（Free Energy Principle）与预测加工理论（Predictive Processing Theory）是当下在大脑与智能研究领域大一统理论的热门候选人。这一理论指出大脑在与环境互动的过程中，通过优化神经结构或采取具体行动，来降低本身的熵，同时提高对环境的预测能力，减小预测错误。这一理论不但能够很好地解释人类的感知觉，而且试图解释人类的所有行为。 如果人类只是个预测机器，那么在小黑屋的人还会想走出来吗？在小黑屋的环境中，人对外在环境的预测不会产生错误，人有什么动力采取走出小黑屋的行为呢？预测加工理论又如何解释人类主动寻找刺激、创造惊喜之类的行为呢？ 这一期我们就来讨论预测加工理论会不会被关在小黑屋里。 Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1–13. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787 Clark, A. (2018). A nice surprise? Predictive processing and the active pursuit of novelty. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 17(3), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-017-9525-z Sun, Z., & Firestone, C. (2020). The Dark Room Problem. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(5), 346–348. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.006Anderson, P. W. (1972). More is different. Science, 177(4047), 393-396. 【嘉宾】 Zekun，约翰霍普金斯大学心理与脑科学系博士生 【支持我们】 欢迎大家在Patreon和爱发电上支持我们的节目。 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/jzyd 爱发电: https://afdian.net/@jzyd-cn 【关注我们】 大家可以在y2intelligences.com看到我们的最新消息、文献链接和相关资料，也可以关注我们的微信公众号《午后的笛卡尔》。我们的节目目前可以在Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Castbox, Pocket Casts, AnchorFM等平台收听到。相关平台的登录页面也可以在我们的网站首页的链接找到。 --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/jzyd/support

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. In this episode, we explore Attachment Theory, a key foundational framework in psychiatry which concerns relationships and the ways in which infants seek proximity to caregivers in development. Our guest expert is Dr. Diane Philipp, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Sick kids Center for Community Mental Health in Toronto and Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. She has developed a family therapy method called Reflective Family Play, a model of therapy which aims to improve parent-child dynamics, and more specifically attachment. She currently practices reflective family play and also teaches this method locally and internationally. Produced and Hosted by Dr. Chase Thompson (PGY2) and Dr. Lucy Chen (PGY5) Audio Editing by Dr. Alex Raben (PGY5) The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:      Define attachment theory     Review the history of attachment theory and how the field developed     Briefly review the evolutionary basis, and functional role of attachment in infants     Briefly review the neurobiological perspectives of attachment     Outline and describe different types of attachment and attachment disorders     Learn how infant attachment is assessed in contemporary psychiatry/psychology     Learn how attachment disorders impact adult relationships and child rearing Some sources for further reading: Ainsworth, Mary S. “Infant-mother attachment” American psychologist 34.10 (1979): 932 Bowlby, J. "Lecture 2: The origins of attachment theory." A secure base (1988): 20-38. Cicchetti, Dante, Fred A. Rogosch, and Sheree L. Toth. "Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions." Development and psychopathology 18.3 (2006): 623-649. Cohen, Nancy J., et al. "Watch, wait, and wonder: Testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother–infant psychotherapy." Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health 20.4 (1999): 429-451. Collins, Nancy L. "Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior." Journal of personality and social psychology 71.4 (1996): 810. Feeney, Judith A., and Patricia Noller. "Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships." Journal of personality and Social Psychology 58.2 (1990): 281. George, Carol, Nancy Kaplan, and Mary Main. "Adult attachment interview." (1996).  Insel, Thomas R., and Larry J. Young. “The neurobiology of attachment.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2.2 (2001):129 Main, Mary. "Introduction to the special section on attachment and psychopathology: 2. Overview of the field of attachment." Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 64.2 (1996): 237. Simpson, Jeffry A., et al. "Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective." Journal of personality and social psychology 92.2 (2007): 355. Sroufe, L. Alan, et al. "Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology." Development and psychopathology 11.1 (1999): 1-13. CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast) and Facebook. You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodast@gmail.com For more information visit our website: psychedpodcast.org.  

Heal the Emotional Pain of Dating with the Emotion Transformation Process. The Emotional Transformation Process I use with my clients enables their unconscious to replace the emotional pain of trauma memories with neutral or positive emotions. This process also strengthens their positive coping skills with positive emotions so they can have more satisfaction and fulfillment and less pain and suffering. Relax and listen to the treatment. Be curious and notice how the pain shifts as the emotional charge of painful memories are transformed and your brain rewires these memories so you can become free from the past. Let me know how this works for you :) Subscribe + Follow The Art of Mindful Dating podcast to be notified of new episodes and get started on your mindful dating journey. For more information, check out our free training. If you're ready to find the love you deserve, book a Free Breakthrough Call with us. References Nader, Karim, and Oliver Hardt. "A single standard for memory: the case for reconsolidation." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10.3 (2009): 224-234.

Diesmal wird es sehr neurowissenschaftlich: Was passiert, wenn man jemandem das Gehirn in zwei Teile schneidet? Wir erklären euch, warum man das für eine gute Idee gehalten hat, was der "Balken" ist und wieso die linke Hirnhälfte ein ziemlicher Geschichtenerzähler sein kann. Quellen: 1) Birbaumer, N., & Schmidt, R. T. (2010). Biologische Psychologie. 7., überarb. und erg. Aufl. Heidelberg. 2) Gazzaniga, M. S. (2005). Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(8), 653-659.

In this week’s episode, we explore one of the most crucial aspects of the human experience; memory. We start off with a phenomenon Lauren finds particularly interesting: Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory, in which individuals can recall specific, extremely detailed aspects of their daily lives spanning years and even decades in the past. From there we discuss How do we store memories? What different facets and types of memory are there? What is going on with Alzheimer’s and Dementia. We also discuss some historical figures in memory research (e.g., H.M.), eye witness testimonies, place cells, and erasing memories.References:Howard, M. W., & Eichenbaum, H. (2013). The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 142(4), 1211-1230. doi:10.1037/a0033621Jeneson, A., & Squire, L. R. (2012;2011;). Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function. Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 19(1), 15-25. doi:10.1101/lm.024018.111LePort, A. K., Mattfeld, A. T., Dickinson-Anson, H., Fallon, J. H., Stark, C. E., Kruggel, F., . . . McGaugh, J. L. (2012). Behavioral and neuroanatomical investigation of Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM). Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 98(1), 78-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.05.002Nowak, C., & Nowak, C. (2017, November 10). Only 60 People in the World Have This Insanely Powerful Memory. Retrieved from https://www.rd.com/health/conditions/highly-superior-autobiographical memory/Palombo, D. J., Alain, C., Soderlund, H., Khuu, W., & Levine, B. (2015). Severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM) in healthy adults: A new mnemonic syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 72, 105-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.012Simons, J. S., & Spiers, H. J. (2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(8), 637-648. doi:10.1038/nrn1178Other Resources:25, R. D. (n.d.). The 5 Types of Memory Everyone Has and Why They Matter. Retrieved from https://www.rd.com/health/wellness/memory-types/ALifeJournal. (2016, December 05). Retrieved February 21, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnel7xQTFvIThe sections of the Medial Temporal Lobe are what is responsible for memory. This demonstrates the components as well as their function.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe#Structure:Gaitan, R. (2016, April 16). Retrieved February 21, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fV3jafglNo: This video discusses Neurons and their role in forming memories. It discusses the Prefrontal Cortex, where memories and associations are formed. For example, he uses Diet Coke as his example and discusses how your sense of taste and memory works so that when you drink Diet Coke, you remember the taste associated and can identify.Frontotemporal Dementia. Retrieved from https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/frontotemporal_dementia/: This page discusses a condition called Frontotemporal Dementia. It impacts about as many people as Domentia does, accept, it is experienced by those who are a little younger than those who experience Domentia The age range identified is between 40 and 60 years old.ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Retrieved from http://www.human memory.net/disorders_anterograde.htmlH.M.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_MolaisonClive Wearing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_WearingPlace Cells & Temporal Cells: https://www.ted.com/talks/neil_burgess_how_your_brain_tells_you_where_you_are/transcript?language=enReplacing memories: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRuUQiIgyj4

Summary:Humans experience and observe some of the most extravagant wonders and marvelous sights the world has to offer using the sense many of us sometimes take for granted ; Vision! How do eyes work? What role does the brain play in all of it ? Can we trust what we see ? Find out in this week’s episode of the neuroscience podcast. Quite literally, there is more than meets the eye!References:Bokkon, I. (2009). Visual perception and imagery: A new molecular hypothesis. Biosystems, 96(2), 178-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.01.005Collerton D., Dudley R., Mosimann U.P. (2012) Visual Hallucinations. In: Blom J., Sommer I. (eds) Hallucinations. Springer, New York, NY. Retrieved from https://link-springer com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-0959-5_6#citeasDubuc, B. (n.d.). The Brain from Top to Bottom: The Retina. Retrieved from http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_02/i_02_cl/i_02_cl_vis/i_02_cl_vis.htmlEagleman, D. M. (2001). Visual illusions and neurobiology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(12), 920-926. doi:10.1038/35104092 http://tinyurl.com/yarpmdfhGrossberg, S. (2014). How visual illusions illuminate complementary brain processes: Illusory depth from brightness and apparent motion of illusory contours. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 854 http://tinyurl.com/y82ct4awKloosterman, N. A., Meindertsma, T., van Loon, A. M., Lamme, V. A. F., Bonneh, Y. S., & Donner, T. H. (2015). Pupil size tracks perceptual content and surprise in a visual illusion. European Journal of Neuroscience, 41, 1068-1078. http://tinyurl.com/y7xbzubkKo, H., Cossell, L., Baragli, C., Antolik, J., Clopath, C., Hofer, S. B., & Mrsic-Flogel, T. D. (2013). The emergence of functional microcircuits in visual cortex. Nature, 496(7443), 96-100. doi:10.1038/nature12015 http://tinyurl.com/yb4dmw78Manford, M., & Andermann, F. (1998). Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. BRAIN, 121(10), 1819-1840. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819Moffit, M., Brown, G., Salt, R., Simmons, M., & Ghebrehiwot, S. (Directors). (2017, May 4). Your Brain on LSD and Acid [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG5JyorwYPoPfeffer, C. K., Xue, M., He, M., Huang, Z. J., & Scanziani, M. (2013). Inhibition of inhibition in visual cortex: The logic of connections between molecularly distinct interneurons. Nature Neuroscience, 16(8), 1068-1076. doi:10.1038/nn.3446Roseman, L., Sereno, M. I., Leech, R., Kaelen, M., Orban, C., McGonigle, J., . . . Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016). LSD alters eyes‐closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion. Human Brain Mapping, 37(8), 3031-3040. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23224Saleem, A. B., Ayaz, A., Jeffery, K. J., Harris, K. D., & Carandini, M. (2013). Integration of visual motion and locomotion in mouse visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 16(12), 1864-1869. doi:10.1038/nn.3567 http://tinyurl.com/ycl2wa6eSchmidt, F., Weber, A., & Haberkamp, A. (2016). Dissociating early and late visual processing via the ebbinghaus illusion. Visual Neuroscience, 33, E016. doi:10.1017/S0952523816000134 http://tinyurl.com/ycrsxyzbSerences, J. T., Ester, E. F., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2009). Stimulus-specific delay activity in human primary visual cortex. Psychological Science, 20(2), 207-214. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02276.x http://tinyurl.com/y7fw92vyVollenweider F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 3(4), 265-79. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181663/Other Resources:National Eye Institute (NIH) (Director). (2016, February 3). The Visual System: How Your Eyes Work [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3_n3Ibfn1cHasudungan, A. (Director). (2016, May 24). Visual Pathway and Lesions [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG5ZuK0_qtcNIH: National Eye Institute. (2015, December). Facts About Retinitis Pigmentosa. Retrieve from https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_factsAlliance for Aging Research (Director). (2016, September 9). Taking a Closer Look at Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUnLaG-XlDE

Өнөөдрийн нойр дутуу хоносон чинь таны эрүүл мэнд, хөдөлмөрийн бүтээмж, оюун ухааныг хэрхэн хордуулдагийг мэдэх үү? Дэлгэрэнгүйг:Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017). The sleep-deprived human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(7), 404.

Өнөөдрийн нойр дутуу хоносон чинь таны эрүүл мэнд, хөдөлмөрийн бүтээмж, оюун ухааныг хэрхэн хордуулдагийг мэдэх үү? Дэлгэрэнгүйг:Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017). The sleep-deprived human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(7), 404.

Welcome to the first episode in the XLabs "Breaking the Code" series in which we interview key experts in moonshot technologies. Today we are happy to welcome Professor Bharath Chandrasekaran, Associate Professor of Auditory Neuroscience at UT Austin and soon to be Vice Chair of Research at the University of Pittsburgh. We have known Bharath for over 15 years now and there has never been a dull conversation. Join us in today's episode to learn about: the future of Neurotech direct read and write to the brain how vagal nerve stimulation can significantly increase the speed of learning a second language why he believes the childhood "window" for language acquisition is a myth and why we may see something as Sci-fi as see-through skull replacement in our lifetime About Bharath: Bharath Chandrasekaran, Ph.D., joined the CSD faculty in Fall 2010. He received his bachelor's degree in Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences from Sri Ramachandra University, and his master’s degree in Speech Sciences from Purdue University. He completed his Ph.D. in Integrative Neuroscience from Purdue University in 2008 and a postdoctoral fellowship at Northwestern University in the Communication Neural Systems Research Group and the Auditory Neurosciences Lab. His research interests uses functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques to examine neural bases of speech perception, neural plasticity, and learning. He teaches a course on Language and the Brain (CSD 350, LING 350). Bharath has published articles in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Neuron, Brain and Language, Ear and Hearing, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, among others. He has presented his work at National and International meetings and his research work has been featured in various print and television media.

I’ve been trying to delve deeper into predictive processing theories of the brain, and I keep coming across Karl Friston’s work on “free energy”. At first I felt bad for not understanding this. Then I realized I wasn’t alone. There’s an entire not-understanding-Karl-Friston internet fandom, complete with its own parody Twitter account and Markov blanket memes. From the journal Neuropsychoanalysis (which based on its name I predict is a center of expertise in not understanding things): At Columbia’s psychiatry department, I recently led a journal club for 15 PET and fMRI researhers, PhDs and MDs all, with well over $10 million in NIH grants between us, and we tried to understand Friston’s 2010 Nature Reviews Neuroscience paper – for an hour and a half. There was a lot of mathematical knowledge in the room: three statisticians, two physicists, a physical chemist, a nuclear physicist, and a large group of neuroimagers – but apparently we didn’t have what it took. I met with a Princeton physicist, a Stanford neurophysiologist, a Cold Springs Harbor neurobiologist to discuss the paper. Again blanks, one and all.

This video was sponsored by "Robot-Proof", written by Northeastern University's President, Joseph E. Aoun. Learn more here: https://goo.gl/uF5Kx8 Thank you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth Even the parts of our brains that don't control physical movement show a lot of rhythm, and that might be integral to how our brains work. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: neural oscillation: better known as a "brainwave," a neural oscillation is repetitive, often rhythmic activity in the central nervous system. neurons can sync up with the help of pacemaker cells or structure, or through entrainment. entrainment: the ability of tons and tons of neurons to quickly sync up is due to something called entrainment – here's a cool demo of essentially how that works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl2aYFv_978 central pattern generator: neural networks that produce rhythmic, patterned electrical outputs. CPGs are usually relatively simple neural circuits and are responsible for virtually all the rhythmic motions you see in nature, from jellyfish swimming to human breathing. while we often think of our brains as reaction machines – like, we touch something hot and quickly pull away – central pattern generators don't need any stimulus to work. you can pull them out of an animal and put them in a petri dish and the neurons will still fire with the same rhythms. feature binding: when you see your cat and you know right away it's your cat...well, somehow, your brain is putting together all kinds of information about the object's shape, size, color, motion, position in your field of vision, and lots of other contextual clues to make that happen. neuroscientists call this "feature binding," and neural oscillations may be key to pulling it off. _________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Image Credits: Snake Crawling - BigfootHD https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-2582720-stock-footage-snake-crawling.html Greyhound running - Objectivity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iq_Oj6qzeIU Hummingbird - Smarter Every Day https://youtu.be/1VA8v1btKdQ?t=73 ___________________________________________ References: Buzsaki, G. Personal Communication, October 2017. Buzsaki, G. (2006) Rhythms of the Brain. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gyorgy_Buzsaki/publication/223130267_Rhythms_of_The_Brain/links/00b4952bb0ae609ac9000000/Rhythms-of-The-Brain.pdf Cabron, J. Personal Communcation, October 2017. Engel, A.K. and Fries, P. and Singer, W. (2001) Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, pp 704-716. Retrieved from http://www.dankalia.com/science/neu127.pdf Getting, P.A. (1989) Emerging Principles Governing the Operation of Neural Networks. Annual Review of Neuroscience. Vol. 12:185-204 Llinas, R. Personal Communication, October 2017. Lisman, J. and Buzsaki, G. (2008) A Neural Coding Scheme Formed by the Combined Function of Gamma and Theta Oscillations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 34:5, pp 974–980. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/34/5/974/1881304 Lisman, J. Personal Communication, October 2017. Marder, E and Calabrese, R.L. (1996) Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. Physiological Reviews, 76(3), pp 687-717. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1900/8ec50b0d0bcff24438c9a0eb57f9e33f7a85.pdf Marder, E. Personal Communication, October 2017. Singer, W. Personal Communication, October 2017.

  I’m afraid this is an episode I wish I didn’t have to record. When I launched the podcast I asked anyone who has a question about parenting or child development that I might be able to answer by reviewing the scientific literature to reach out and let me know, and someone got in touch to ask about the impact of domestic violence on children. I was a little hesitant to do an episode on it at first because I was hoping that this would be something that wouldn’t really affect the majority of my audience. But as I did a search of the literature I found that domestic violence is depressingly common and more children are exposed to it than we would like. And if you’re getting ready to hit that ‘pause’ button and move on to a different episode, don’t do it yet – there’s also research linking exposure to domestic violence dragging down the test scores of everyone else in that child’s class. So even if you’re not hitting anyone or being hit yourself, this issue probably impacts someone in your child’s class, and thus it impacts your child, and thus it impacts you. Listen on to learn more about the effects of stress in general on children, and the effects of domestic violence in particular. National Domestic Violence Hotline: 800.799.7233. References Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Walker, J.D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B.D., Dube, S.R., & Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256(3), 174-186. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 Carrell, S.E., & Hoekstra, M.L. (2009). Externalities in the classroom: How children exposed to domestic violence affect everyone’s kids. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper Series, DP2009004. Retrieved from: http://www.ukcpr.org/Publications/DP2009-04.pdf Edleson, J.L, Ellerton, A.L., Seagren, E.A., Kirchberg, S.L., Schmidt, S.O., & Ambrose, A.T. (2007). Assessing child exposure to adult domestic violence. Children and Youth Services Review 29, 961,971. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.12.009 Essex, M.J., & Klein, M.H. (2002). Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry 52, 776-784. Full article available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11086641_Maternal_stress_beginning_in_infancy_may_sensitize_children_to_later_stress_exposure_Effects_on_cortisol_and_behavior?enrichId=rgreq-a2830462f2af5d60e71eb7b48c03e971-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzExMDg2NjQxO0FTOjEwMjE5ODc5Mjk0OTc3M0AxNDAxMzc3NTAwNDM3&el=1_x_3 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11086641_Maternal_stress_beginning_in_infancy_may_sensitize_children_to_later_stress_exposure_Effects_on_cortisol_and_behavior?enrichId=rgreq-a2830462f2af5d60e71eb7b48c03e971-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzExMDg2NjQxO0FTOjEwMjE5ODc5Mjk0OTc3M0AxNDAxMzc3NTAwNDM3&el=1_x_3) Evans, S.E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior 13, 131-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005 Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S., (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse and Neglect 32, 797-810. Lupien, S.J., McEwen, B.S., Gunnar, M.R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behavior and cognition. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 10, 434-445. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2639 Martinez-Torteya, C., Bogat, G.A., von Eye, A., & Levendosky, A.A. (2009). Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Child Development 80(2), 562-577. Obradovic, J., Bush, N.R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N.E., & Boyce, W.T. (2010). Biological