Podcast appearances and mentions of Alfred Wegener

STERNENGESCHICHTEN LIVE TOUR 2025! Tickets unter https://sternengeschichten.live Die Erde ist ein aktiver Planet (und u.a. nur deswegen lebensfreundlich). Das wissen wir aber noch gar nicht so lange und wir wissen es dank der Arbeit von Marie Tharp und ihren Karten des Meeresgrunds: Wer den Podcast finanziell unterstützen möchte, kann das hier tun: Mit PayPal (https://www.paypal.me/florianfreistetter), Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/sternengeschichten) oder Steady (https://steadyhq.com/sternengeschichten)

1983 durchquerte Arved Fuchs zusammen mit Rainer Neuber mit Hundeschlitten das grönländische Inlandeis: Bei extremer Kälte und schwersten Bedingungen legten sie 1300 km zurück. Sie wollten die Route von Alfred Wegener nachzuvollziehen – jenem legendären Polarforscher, der 1930 bei genau dieser Durchquerung den Tod fand. Facebook Instagram YouTube TikTok www.arved-fuchs.de www.baerbel-fening.de

The Titius–Bode law (sometimes termed simply Bode's law) is a formulaic prediction of spacing between planets in any given planetary system. The formula suggests that, extending outward, each planet should be approximately twice as far from the Sun as the one before. The hypothesis correctly anticipated the orbit of the dwarf planet, Ceres (in the asteroid belt), which some Biblical theologians have surmised as being the remains of the infamous Planet Rahab, the original home of Lucifer. Joel goes deep into Old Earth lore as he looks at the possibility of a massive planet, ten times the size of Earth, that existed between Mars and Jupiter. He presents the evidence of Alfred Wegener, Giuseppe Piazzi, Tom Van Flandern and others who have theorized using various scientific methods that the asteroid belt is made up of fragments from this lost world. Lastly, Joel draws the correlation between the destruction of Superman's home world, Krypton, and how reality can often be found hidden within modern media. Buy Me A Coffee: Donate Website: https://linktr.ee/joelthomasmedia Follow: Instagram | X | Facebook Watch: YouTube | Rumble Music: YouTube | Spotify | Apple Music Films: merkelfilms.com Email: freetherabbitspodcast@gmail.com Distributed by: merkel.media Produced by: @jack_theproducer INTRO MUSIC Joel Thomas - Free The Rabbits YouTube | Apple Music | Spotify OUTRO MUSIC Joel Thomas - Spinning YouTube | Apple Music | Spotify

We begin a personal history of the revolution in my thinking from evolution to special creation spurred by the evidence of microbiology. Vital to this history is a text by geologist Allan G. Krill, FIXISTS VS. MOBILISTS IN THE GEOLOGY CONTEST OF THE CENTURY, 1844-1969. In this delightful book, Dr. Krill recounts the history of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, that was first ridiculed, then attacked, and finally accepted some 50 years after it was proposed. As plate tectonics, it now represents one of the foundational building blocks on which scientific geology is built. The book is available here: https://folk.ntnu.no/krill/fixists.pdf We also make reference to Dr. Eugene Koonin's book, The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution, which we covered extensively in our last episode. It is available here: http://www.evolocus.com/Textbooks/Koonin2011.pdf If you have never read Thomas Kuhn's THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS, you should. It is available here: https://www.lri.fr/~mbl/Stanford/CS477/papers/Kuhn-SSR-2ndEd.pdf As an atheist, I embraced evolutionary theory - its cosmogony and cosmology - hook, line and sinker. As a re-converted Christian, I began the Christian Atheist podcast as a theistic evolutionist. This year, after long and serious study, I abandon my faith in evolutionary biology with all the Hegelian ideological tendrils that have infected the rational scientific worldview over the past two centuries. Let the evidence speak, and let the people of God listen to what He says, and obey. We are now in the midst of a SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Jenny and I suspect that God is in the process of removing all excuse for not-believing from everyone on earth. CHOOSE YOU THIS DAY WHOM YOU WILL SERVE! With our Transcendent GOD – Being, Truth and Value – there can be NO COMPROMISE Listen to the complete book of Malachi read without commentary here ... https://youtu.be/aasq_o1JNyE If you enjoy our content, consider donating through PayPal via https://ko-fi.com/thechristianatheist   Take a moment to enjoy our weekly Photos of the Day videos here - short slideshows with relaxing music ...https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_9GPi4HTqoZ8xFgTldbBaA   https://www.youtube.com/c/TheChristianAtheist/featured https://www.facebook.com/JnJWiseWords https://wisewordsforyouroccasion.wordpress.com   #thechristianatheist #drjohndwise #drjohnwise #johnwise #christian #atheist #christianity #atheism #jesus #jesuschrist #god #bible #oldtestament #newtestament #nocompromise #rationality #faith #philosophy #philosopher #culture #society #hegelism #hegelianism #hegel #reason #incarnation #history#psychology #theology #literature #humanities #hardquestions #postmodernism #woke #wisdom #ethics #science #poetry #paradox #oxymoron

Vom Büro aus die Nordsee bis nach Dänemark sehen – das geht im Job von Svenja Reents. Zu Land und auf dem Wasser erforscht die Wissenschaftlerin die Geheimnisse des Wattenmeers. Welche Auswirkungen hat das Klima auf das sensible Ökosystem? Christoph König im Gespräch mit Wissenschaftlerin Dr. Svenja Reents

Jacques-Marie Bardintzeff est volcanologue, Il est l'auteur de centaines de publications et a participé à de nombreux docs, émissions de télé et de radio. Les volcans seraient le berceau de la vie, mais... le volcanisme a plusieurs fois éradiqué presque toute la vie sur Terre, ce qui a occasionné de grands changements et initié de nouveaux départs, rebattu les cartes de la Vie. On compte plus de 1 500 volcans actifs sur Terre, qui sont à l'origine de 60 éruptions par an. Ces deux premiers épisodes dédiés aux bases du volcanisme. Et ce tout premier notamment aux travaux d'un certain Alfred Wegener, qui le premier a eu l'intuition que des plaques bougeaient à la surface de le terre et que des volcans naissaient de leurs collisions. _______  

I dag skal vi med Alfred Wegener og Den Tyske Grønlandske Ekspedition til Vestgrønland i1930. Ekspeditionen skulle observere de arktiske vejrforhold over et helt år på tre småvejrstationer, som de selv byggede, et på vestkysten, et midt på isen og et på østkysten –en videnskab bedrift, ingen tidligere havde præsteret. Med sig havde Wegener tomotordrevne slæder og hans forventninger til dem var store: De skulle transportere merened 100 tons udstyr hele 400 km ind på Indlandsisen, hvor han ville opføre denmeteorologiske målestation. Alle troede det var umuligt og snart begyndte problemerneogså at dukke op.Medvirkende:Historiker og museumsinspektør på Teknisk Museum, Mads Kring.Coverbillede: Alfred Wegener Institute

I dag skal vi med Alfred Wegener og Den Tyske Grønlandske Ekspedition til Vestgrønland i1930. Ekspeditionen skulle observere de arktiske vejrforhold over et helt år på tre småvejrstationer, som de selv byggede, et på vestkysten, et midt på isen og et på østkysten –en videnskab bedrift, ingen tidligere havde præsteret. Med sig havde Wegener tomotordrevne slæder og hans forventninger til dem var store: De skulle transportere merened 100 tons udstyr hele 400 km ind på Indlandsisen, hvor han ville opføre denmeteorologiske målestation. Alle troede det var umuligt og snart begyndte problemerneogså at dukke op.Medvirkende:Historiker og museumsinspektør på Teknisk Museum, Mads Kring.Coverbillede: Alfred Wegener Institute

This 2019 episode covers the career Alfred Wegener had outside of his ideas around what we now understand as plate tectonics, which had both detractors and supporters. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Wegener's continental drift hypothesis laid the groundwork for the concept of plate tectonics, which became increasingly accepted by the ...

En nouvelle diffusion: Lʹorange en parfumerie, ouvrage collectif pour en apprendre plus sur ce fruit Aujourd'hui nous explorons un livre passionnant sur l'orange en parfumerie, publié par les éditions Nez. Ce volume fait partie d'une série qui examine l'histoire, la botanique et l'usage des plantes à parfum. L'orange, originaire de Chine et introduite en Europe au 15ème siècle, est l'agrume le plus cultivé au monde, valorisée pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires et antivirales. Comment faire de la musique à partir du mouvement des planètes? La fusion entre l'astronomie et la musique est magnifiquement illustrée dans "Le Carnaval des Planètes", une œuvre inspirée par Johannes Kepler, qui avait relié le mouvement des planètes à la musique au 17ème siècle. Cette idée est réinterprétée par l'astrophysicien Laurent Eyer et le compositeur Simon Prêcheur-Llarena. Ils ont inclus des planètes découvertes après Kepler, comme Uranus et Neptune, créant une expérience musicale basée sur la mécanique céleste. Alfred Wegener: un des premiers à évoquer la dérive des continents Alfred Wegener était un visionnaire incompris. En effet, lorsqu'il a créé l'hypothèse de la fameuse dérive des continents, ses confrères l'ont pris pour un fou. Pourtant, aujourd'hui, nous reconnaissons son génie à titre posthume.

Die sieben Kontinente auf der Erde könnten in ein paar 100 Millionen Jahren zu einem großen Superkontinent werden. Wie passiert das? Die bewegen sich, das kann man durch GPS ziemlich genau messen. Die Kontinentränder bewegen sich derzeit zwischen ein und zehn Zentimetern pro Jahr. Das ist nicht rasend viel, wenn man bedenkt, wie groß die sind. Aber wir reden ja von Millionen Jahren, und Millionen von Zentimetern sind dann schon eine ganz andere Größenordnung. Es gab schon mal einen Superkontinent. Vor mindestens 300 Millionen Jahren gab es schon mal einen Kontinent, bei dem praktisch alle uns heute bekannten Landmassen verbunden waren. Die Idee, dass das so gewesen sein muss, ist schon recht alt. Als im 16. Jahrhundert die ersten halbwegs genauen Weltkarten entstanden sind, hat einer der Kartografen anhand der Küstenlinie von Südamerika und Westafrika geschlussfolgert, dass da wohl mal was zusammengehangen haben muss. Denn wenn man die Kontinente als Puzzlestücke nimmt und diese beiden zusammenlegt, dann sieht man eine ziemliche Passgenauigkeit. Und das gibt es woanders auch: Madagaskar beispielsweise hing ursprünglich am heutigen Afrika. Und als die Paläontologie entstand, also seit man ausgestorbene Pflanzen und Tiere aus alten Gesteinsschichten ausgräbt und datieren kann, hat man außerdem gesehen, dass gleiche Tier- und Pflanzenarten auf heute getrennten Kontinenten vorkamen. Die Evolutionstheorie ließe bei getrennten Lebensräumen größere Unterschiede erwarten. Inzwischen hat man sogar Saurierskelette in der Antarktis gefunden, die für wechselwarme Tiere definitiv ungeeignet wäre. Das heißt, die Antarktis muss als Kontinent früher wesentlich näher am Äquator gewesen sein. Wie und warum bewegen sich die Kontinentalplatten? Alexander von Humboldt glaubte, dass es einen katastrophalen Wasserdurchbruch gegeben haben müsse zwischen Afrika und Südamerika. Schon etwas früher hatte Benjamin Franklin vermutet, dass die Erdoberfläche als Kruste auf einer sehr dichten, zähen Flüssigkeit schwimmen würde. Damit wäre denkbar, dass sich Kontinente bewegen. Das ist relativ nahe an der Theorie des Österreichers Otto Ampferer, der postulierte, dass der flüssige Erdmantel unter der Erdkruste gewissermaßen aufwallt und dass diese Wallungen die Bewegungsenergie für die Kontinentalplatten liefern. Diese Theorie dominiert seit den 1960er Jahren als Erklärung für die von Alfred Wegener festgestellte Kontinentaldrift. Lässt sich vorhersagen, wohin sich die Platten bewegen? Das ist ein Schwachpunkt. Es gab vor einiger Zeit eine Untersuchung, in der geschaut wurde, warum Afrika und Südamerika nicht an einer anderen Stelle auseinandergezogen wurden. Denn es gibt auch eine alte Bruchzone von Libyen bis nach Nigeria. Und den neueren ostafrikanischen Grabenbruch vom Roten Meer bis zum Malawisee. Aktuelle Modelle sagen, dass sich dort die Erde weiter auseinanderschiebt, sodass irgendwann das Meer quer durch Afrika durchbrechen wird. Aber das dauert noch ein paar Millionen Jahre. Die Frage ist eh, ob es dann überhaupt noch Menschen gibt, die davon bedroht werden könnten. Könnten Menschen denn auf einem Superkontinent gut leben? Dessen Entstehung wäre auf jeden Fall mit erheblichen Veränderungen verbunden, die nach menschlichen Maßstäben katastrophal wären. Man muss zum Beispiel mit großräumigem Vulkanismus rechnen, der massive Erhöhungen der CO2-Konzentration der Erdatmosphäre zur Folge hätte, weit über dem, was wir bislang als menschliche Zivilisation verbrochen haben. Die mittlere Temperatur auf dieser entstehenden Superkontinentalplatte dürfte dann um die 40 Grad liegen. Das ist wahrscheinlich nur noch was für Echsen und Insekten.

In the early 20th century, a meteorologist named Alfred Wegener noticed striking similarities between the coasts of Africa and South America. These observations led him to propose a controversial new theory: perhaps these and many other continents had once been connected in a single, gigantic landmass. Wegener's Theory of Continental Drift directly contradicted the popular opinion that Earth's continents had remained steady for millennia, and it took almost 50 years for his advocates to convince the larger scientific community. But today, we know something even more exciting— Pangea was only the latest in a long lineage of supercontinents, and it won't be the last.20 世纪初，一位名叫阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳 (Alfred Wegener) 的气象学家注意到非洲和南美洲海岸之间惊人的相似之处。这些观察使他提出了一个有争议的新理论：也许这些大陆和许多其他大陆曾经连接在一个巨大的大陆上。韦格纳的大陆漂移理论直接与地球大陆几千年来保持稳定的流行观点相矛盾，他的支持者花了将近 50 年的时间才说服更大的科学界。但是今天，我们知道了一些更令人兴奋的事情——盘古大陆只是一长串超级大陆中最新的一个，而且不会是最后一个。Continental Drift laid the foundation for our modern theory of plate tectonics, which states that Earth's crust is made of vast, jagged plates that shift over a layer of partially molten rock called the mantle. These plates only move at rates of around 2.5 to 10 centimeters per year, but those incremental movements shape the planet's surface. So to determine when a new supercontinent will emerge, we need to predict where these plates are headed.大陆漂移为我们的现代板块构造理论奠定了基础，该理论指出地壳由巨大的锯齿状板块组成，这些板块在称为地幔的部分熔融岩石层上方移动。这些板块每年仅以约 2.5 至 10 厘米的速度移动，但这些增量运动塑造了地球表面。因此，要确定新的超大陆何时出现，我们需要预测这些板块的走向。One approach here is to look at how they've moved in the past. Geologists can trace the position of continents over time by measuring changes in Earth's magnetic field. When molten rock cools, its magnetic minerals are “frozen” at a specific point in time. So by calculating the direction and intensity of a given rock's magnetic field, we can discover the latitude at which it was located at the time of cooling. But this approach has serious limitations. For one thing, a rock's magnetic field doesn't tell us the plate's longitude, and the latitude measurement could be either north or south. Worse still, this magnetic data gets erased when the rock is reheated, like during continental collisions or volcanic activity. So geologists need to employ other methods to reconstruct the continents' positions. Dating local fossils and comparing them to the global fossil record can help identifying previously connected regions. The same is true of cracks and other deformations in the Earth's crust, which can sometimes be traced across plates.这里的一种方法是查看它们过去的移动方式。地质学家可以通过测量地球磁场的变化来追踪大陆随时间的位置。当熔岩冷却时，其磁性矿物会在特定时间点“冻结”。因此，通过计算给定岩石磁场的方向和强度，我们可以发现它在冷却时所处的纬度。但这种方法有严重的局限性。一方面，岩石的磁场并不能告诉我们板块的经度，纬度测量值可能是北也可能是南。更糟糕的是，当岩石被重新加热时，这些磁性数据会被删除，比如在大陆碰撞或火山活动期间。因此，地质学家需要采用其他方法来重建大陆的位置。确定当地化石的年代并将它们与全球化石记录进行比较可以帮助识别以前连接的区域。地壳中的裂缝和其他变形也是如此，有时可以跨越板块追踪。Using these tools, scientists have pieced together a relatively reliable history of plate movements, and their research revealed a pattern spanning hundreds of millions of years. What's now known as the Wilson Cycle predicts how continents diverge and reassemble. And it currently predicts the next supercontinent will form 50 to 250 million years from now. We don't have much certainty on what that landmass will look like. It could be a new Pangea that emerges from the closing of the Atlantic. Or it might result from the formation of a new Pan-Asian ocean. But while its shape and size remain a mystery, we do know these changes will impact much more than our national borders.使用这些工具，科学家们拼凑出了相对可靠的板块运动历史，他们的研究揭示了一种跨越数亿年的模式。现在被称为威尔逊循环的东西预测了大陆是如何分开和重新组合的。它目前预测下一个超级大陆将在 50 到 2.5 亿年后形成。我们不太确定那块大陆会是什么样子。它可能是大西洋关闭后出现的新盘古大陆。或者它可能是新泛亚洋形成的结果。但是，尽管它的形状和大小仍然是个谜，但我们知道这些变化的影响将远远超过我们的国界。In the past, colliding plates have caused major environmental upheavals. When the Rodinia supercontinent broke up circa 750 million years ago, it left large landmasses vulnerable to weathering. This newly exposed rock absorbed more carbon dioxide from rainfall, eventually removing so much atmospheric CO2 that the planet was plunged into a period called Snowball Earth. Over time, volcanic activity released enough CO2 to melt this ice, but that process took another 4 to 6 million years. Meanwhile, when the next supercontinent assembles, it's more likely to heat things up. Shifting plates and continental collisions could create and enlarge cracks in the Earth's crust, potentially releasing huge amounts of carbon and methane into the atmosphere. This influx of greenhouse gases would rapidly heat the planet, possibly triggering a mass extinction. The sheer scale of these cracks would make them almost impossible to plug, and even if we could, the resulting pressure would just create new ruptures.过去，板块碰撞曾造成重大的环境剧变。大约 7.5 亿年前，当罗迪尼亚超级大陆分裂时，大片大陆容易受到风化作用的影响。这块新暴露的岩石从降雨中吸收了更多的二氧化碳，最终去除了如此多的大气中的二氧化碳，以至于地球陷入了一个被称为雪球地球的时期。随着时间的推移，火山活动释放出足够的二氧化碳来融化这些冰，但这个过程又需要 4 到 600 万年。同时，当下一个超级大陆聚集时，它更有可能使事情升温。移动的板块和大陆碰撞可能会在地壳中产生和扩大裂缝，可能会向大气中释放大量的碳和甲烷。温室气体的涌入将迅速加热地球，可能引发大规模灭绝。这些裂缝的巨大规模使它们几乎不可能被堵塞，即使我们可以，由此产生的压力只会造成新的破裂。Fortunately, we have at least 50 million years to come up with a solution here, and we might already be onto something. In Iceland, recently conducted trials were able to store carbon in basalt, rapidly transforming these gases into stone. So it's possible a global network of pipes could redirect vented gases into basalt outcrops, mitigating some of our emissions now and protecting our supercontinental future.幸运的是，我们至少有 5000 万年的时间来找到解决方案，而且我们可能已经有所作为。在冰岛，最近进行的试验能够将碳储存在玄武岩中，迅速将这些气体转化为石头。因此，全球管道网络有可能将排出的气体重新定向到玄武岩露头，从而减少我们现在的一些排放并保护我们超大陆的未来。

Wir verdanken ihm die Theorie von der Kontinentalverschiebung, doch zu seinen Lebzeiten war Alfred Wegener vor allem als Polarforscher bekannt. Auf seiner dritten großen Grönlandexpedition kam er im Alter von 50 Jahren ums Leben. Expeditionsteilnehmer Ernst Sorge schildert am 7. Januar 1932 die Suche nach Wegener und wie sein Grab schließlich gefunden wurde.

Plastskräp från olika delar av jordklotet har flutit med havströmmarna och nu har stora mängder plast nått Arktis. Det märks på stormfåglarna som har magarna till stora delar fyllda av plast. Bilden av ett vitt orört Arktis med massor av vildmark är en kontrast till de stora mängder plast i olika form och färg som forskarna nu hittar runt om i jordens nordligaste trakter. Ett tydligt exempel på plastinvasionen i havet är stormfåglarna släkt med Albatrossen. "Av de djur vi har obducerat är det numera över 90 procent plast i magen till den grad att vi tror att det påverkar deras näringsupptag", säger Kim Holmén vid norska Polarinstitutet som har forskat på miljön på Svalbard i över 30 år.En internationell studie, med forskning från flera olika universitet och institut, ledd av tyska institutet Alfred Wegener, visar att plastskräpet har nått alla områden i Arktis och att det flyter stora mängder plast i Norra Ishavet. Trots att det bor så få människor här omkring är det liknande plastnivåer som i världens mer tättbefolkade områden. Mycket av plasten som till slut hamnar vid Svalbard kommer långt bortifrån. Magdalena Martinsson magdalena.martinsson@sverigesradio.se

n one verse, we are informed that mountains are not motionless as they seem, but are in constant motion. You see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like clouds. (Qur'an, 27:88) This motion of mountains is caused by the movement of the Earth's crust that they are located on. The Earth's crust "floats" over the mantle layer, which is denser. It was at the beginning of the 20th century when, for the first time in history, a German scientist by the name of Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents of the Earth had been attached together when it first formed, but then drifted in different directions, and thus separated as they moved away from each other. It is without doubt a great miracle that this scientific fact, only recently discovered by science, should have been revealed in the 7th century, when conceptions of the nature of the universe were based on superstition and myth. This is another very important proof that the Qur'an is the word of Allah. https://islamic-audio-book.com/27-the-moving-mountains/

So far we've considered physics and biology in our exploration of scripture and science. Today we begin to consider how earth science and the bible fit together. This becomes particularly significant when considering interpretations for Noah's flood. We'll get to that next time. But, for today, our teacher will lay out the basics of geology and earth science to give us a good overview. He'll also cover radiometric dating, which has a bearing on how scientists determine the age of the earth. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VzgrLAFXfg&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Flhim.org%2F&feature=emb_imp_woyt See below for notes. —— Links —— We are doing follow-up discussions to these episodes on YouTube. Check them out! See other episodes in this Scripture and Science Class Check out Barlow's previous podcast episodes Learn more about and support the church Barlow and his team are starting in Louisville, KY, called Compass Christian Church Find more articles and audios by Barlow on his website: Study Driven Faith Support Restitutio by donating here Designate Restitutio as your charity of choice for Amazon purchases Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library. Who is Sean Finnegan?  Read his bio here —— Notes —— Geology, Earth Science, and Atmospheric Science • Geology• Important cycles• Plate tectonics Geology • Types of rocks/rock cycle• Geological principles• Dating methods• Structure of the Earth What is Geology? Geology is the study of the Earth and the processes related to the Earth. • Geologists study rocks (and the rock cycle)• Subfields include atmospheric studies (meteorology), volcanology (studying volcanos), and mineralogy (study of minerals) Types of Rocks There are three major categories of rocks: • Sedimentary - formed by pressure acting on sediment• Igneous - formed by lava• Metamorphic - formed by extreme pressure and heat The Rock Cycle Since wind and water are constantly affecting change, there is a rock cycle. Geological Principles There are several main principles of geology: • Superposition• Cross-cutting relationships• Uniformitarianism Dating Methods There are major types of dating: • Absolute dating• Relative dating Absolute Dating Absolute dating is based on radioactive decay. What is radioactive decay? • Some forms of certain elements are (by nature) unstable• Over time, these elements change on the atomic level (sometimes losing protons and neutrons; sometimes exchanging protons and neutrons, etc.) Carbon Dating Carbon dating uses the decay of Carbon - 14 • Carbon - 12 has 6 neutrons and 6 protons• Carbon - 13 has 7 neutrons and 6 protons• Carbon - 14 has 8 neutrons and 6 protons What happens when Carbon - 14 decays? • Carbon - 14 exchanges a neutron for a proton• This changes the element from carbon to nitrogen• The reaction also produces an electron and an antineutrino So, how does this tell us anything about dating? • Radioactive decay is a process that is well understood• The half-life for carbon - 14 is ~5,700 years• This means, that it takes 5,700 years for the amount of carbon -14 in a sample to cut in half Is carbon dating exact? • No - it's a statistical process• However, there is a range of probable dates given Relative Dating What is relative dating? • Relative dating uses the geological principles of superposition and cross-cutting relationships to provide estimates on how old certain features are• Example: dating a rock layer based on the age of another layer (dated using radiometric dating) Structure of the Earth How do scientists know about the structure of the Earth? • Scientists understand what waves do when they hit various materials (ex: ultrasound imaging)• Seismological data from earthquakes has given us insight into the structure of the Earth The Water Cycle The water cycle is the process by which water goes through the phases of liquid, gas, and solid. • The water cycle helps moderate temperatures on Earth• The water cycle also supports life through crops and drinking water Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Carbon and nitrogen also experience cycles of solid, liquid, and gas. • The carbon cycle is important for the support of life.• Disruption of the carbon cycle is one of the biggest fears of those promoting climate change. Plate Tectonics History of plate tectonics • Ancients did not believe in tectonic separation• In 1620, Sir Francis Bacon noted that Africa and South America looked like they could have fit together• Similar animal fossils and other pieces of evidence started getting scientists' attention• In 1925, Alfred Wegener formally proposed plate tectonic theory and was ridiculed.• In 1930, Wegener died while on expedition in Greenland, trying to find evidence for his theory.• In the late 1960s, almost overnight, the theory of plate tectonics reached scientific mainstream. Evidence for plate tectonics: • Paleomagnetic data• Similar rock outcroppings• Fossil evidence• Spreading of the sea floor• Direct evidence - we can observe the movement! Challenges to plate tectonics: • Where is the energy coming from?• Why are the continental plates moving like they are? “Even today, many questions pertaining to plate tectonics remain unanswered. Many exceptions to rigid rules have been found throughout the world. Although classical plate tectonic theory works well for oceanic crust, it has a difficult time explaining the motion of the continents”— Jon Erickson, Plate Tectonics, page 259. Challenges for Geology There are several concerns with geology as a science: • The principle of uniformitarianism is impossible to prove and so it's an assumption• Relative dating techniques can use circular logic at times

In 1910, a German Earth scientist noticed something about the map of the world. South America seemed to fit into Africa. North America seemed to fit into northwest Africa and Europe.  He proposed that the continents may at one time have been joined and subsequently moved.  The scientific community laughed at him and rejected his idea. Learn more about Alfred Wegener and the theory of Continental Drift, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Darcy Adams Associate Producers: Peter Bennett & Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/EverythingEverywhere Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/ Everything Everywhere is an Airwave Media podcast. Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to advertise on Everything Everywhere. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: The Balto/Togo theory of scientific development, published by Elizabeth on October 9, 2022 on LessWrong. Tragically I gave up on the Plate Tectonics study before answering my most important question: “Is Alfred Wegener the Balto of plate tectonics?” Let me back up. Balto Balto is a famous sled dog. He got a statue in NYC for leading a team of dogs through a blizzard to deliver antibody serum to Nome, Alaska in 1925, ending a diphtheria outbreak. Later Disney made a movie about how great he was. Except that run was a relay, and Balto only got famous because he did the last leg, which had the most press coverage but was also the easiest. The real hero was Togo, the dog who led the team through the hardest terrain and covered by far the most miles as well. Disney later made a movie about him that makes no mention of Balto for the first 90%, and then goes out of its way to talk about what a shit dog he was, that's why he didn't get included in any of the important teams, but Togo had had to do so many hard things they needed a backup team for the trivial last leg so Balto would have to do. Togo's owner died mad about the US mainland believing Balto was a hero. But since all the breeders knew who did the hard part Togo enjoyed a post-Nome level of reproductive success that Ghengis Khan could only dream about, so I feel like he was happy with his choices. But it's not like Togo did this alone either. He led one team in a relay, and there were 20 humans and 150 dogs that contributed to the overall run. Plus someone had to invent the serum, manufacture it, and get it to the start of the dog relay at Nenana, Alaska. So exactly how much credit should Togo get here? The part with Wegener I was pretty sure Alfred Wegener, popularly credited as the discoverer/inventor of continental drift and mentioned more prominently than any other scientist in discussions of plate tectonics, is a Balto. First of all, continental drift is not plate tectonics. Continental drift is an idea that maybe some stuff happened one time. Plate tectonics is a paradigm with a mechanism that makes predictions and explains a lot of data no one knew was related until that moment. Second, Wegener didn't discover any of the evidence he cited, he wasn't the first to have the idea, and it's not even clear he did much of the synthesis of the evidence. His original paper refers to “Concerning South America and Africa, biologists and geologists are in close agreement that a Brazilian–African continent existed in the Mesozoic” So he didn't invent the idea, gather the data, or even really synthesize the evidence. His guess at the mechanism was wrong. But despite spending hours digging into the specific discovers and synthesizers that contributed to plate tectonics, the only name I remember is Wegener's. Classic Balto. On the other hand, some of the people who gathered the data used to discover plate tectonics were motivated by the concept of continental drift, and by Wegener specifically. That seems like it should count for something. My collaborator Jasen Murray thinks it counts for a lot Jasen would go so far as to argue that shining a beacon in unknown territory that inspires explorers to look for treasure in the right place makes you the Togo, racing through fractured ice rapids social ridicule and self-doubt to do the real work of getting an idea considered at all. Showing up at the finish line to formalize a theory after there's enough work to know it's true is Balto work to him. This makes me profoundly uncomfortable because strongly advocating for something unproven terrifies me, but as counterargument arguments go that's pretty weak. One difficulty is it's hard to distinguish “ahead of their time beacon shining” from “lucky idiot”, and even Jasen admits he doesn't know enough to claim Wegener in particular is...

Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: The Balto/Togo theory of scientific development, published by Elizabeth on October 9, 2022 on LessWrong. Tragically I gave up on the Plate Tectonics study before answering my most important question: “Is Alfred Wegener the Balto of plate tectonics?” Let me back up. Balto Balto is a famous sled dog. He got a statue in NYC for leading a team of dogs through a blizzard to deliver antibody serum to Nome, Alaska in 1925, ending a diphtheria outbreak. Later Disney made a movie about how great he was. Except that run was a relay, and Balto only got famous because he did the last leg, which had the most press coverage but was also the easiest. The real hero was Togo, the dog who led the team through the hardest terrain and covered by far the most miles as well. Disney later made a movie about him that makes no mention of Balto for the first 90%, and then goes out of its way to talk about what a shit dog he was, that's why he didn't get included in any of the important teams, but Togo had had to do so many hard things they needed a backup team for the trivial last leg so Balto would have to do. Togo's owner died mad about the US mainland believing Balto was a hero. But since all the breeders knew who did the hard part Togo enjoyed a post-Nome level of reproductive success that Ghengis Khan could only dream about, so I feel like he was happy with his choices. But it's not like Togo did this alone either. He led one team in a relay, and there were 20 humans and 150 dogs that contributed to the overall run. Plus someone had to invent the serum, manufacture it, and get it to the start of the dog relay at Nenana, Alaska. So exactly how much credit should Togo get here? The part with Wegener I was pretty sure Alfred Wegener, popularly credited as the discoverer/inventor of continental drift and mentioned more prominently than any other scientist in discussions of plate tectonics, is a Balto. First of all, continental drift is not plate tectonics. Continental drift is an idea that maybe some stuff happened one time. Plate tectonics is a paradigm with a mechanism that makes predictions and explains a lot of data no one knew was related until that moment. Second, Wegener didn't discover any of the evidence he cited, he wasn't the first to have the idea, and it's not even clear he did much of the synthesis of the evidence. His original paper refers to “Concerning South America and Africa, biologists and geologists are in close agreement that a Brazilian–African continent existed in the Mesozoic” So he didn't invent the idea, gather the data, or even really synthesize the evidence. His guess at the mechanism was wrong. But despite spending hours digging into the specific discovers and synthesizers that contributed to plate tectonics, the only name I remember is Wegener's. Classic Balto. On the other hand, some of the people who gathered the data used to discover plate tectonics were motivated by the concept of continental drift, and by Wegener specifically. That seems like it should count for something. My collaborator Jasen Murray thinks it counts for a lot Jasen would go so far as to argue that shining a beacon in unknown territory that inspires explorers to look for treasure in the right place makes you the Togo, racing through fractured ice rapids social ridicule and self-doubt to do the real work of getting an idea considered at all. Showing up at the finish line to formalize a theory after there's enough work to know it's true is Balto work to him. This makes me profoundly uncomfortable because strongly advocating for something unproven terrifies me, but as counterargument arguments go that's pretty weak. One difficulty is it's hard to distinguish “ahead of their time beacon shining” from “lucky idiot”, and even Jasen admits he doesn't know enough to claim Wegener in particular is...

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Dependency Tree For The Development Of Plate Tectonics, published by Elizabeth on October 5, 2022 on LessWrong. This post is really rough and mostly meant to refer back to when I've produced more work on the subject. Proceed at your own risk. Introduction As I mentioned a few weeks ago I am working on a project on how scientific paradigms are developed. I generated a long list of questions and picked plate tectonics as my first case study. I immediately lost interest in the original questions and wanted to make a dependency graph/tech tree for the development of the paradigm, and this is just a personal project so I did that instead. I didn't reach a stopping point with this graph other than “I felt done and wanted to start on my second case study”. I'm inconsistent about the level of detail or how far back I go. I tried to go back and mark whether data collection was motivated by theory or practical issues but didn't fill it in for every node, even when it was knowable. Working on a second case study felt more useful than refining this one further so I'm shipping this version. “Screw it I'm shipping” is kind of the theme of this blog post, but that's partially because I'm not sure which things are most valuable. Questions, suggestions, or additions are extremely welcome as they help me narrow in on the important parts. But heads up the answer might be “I don't remember and don't think it's important enough to look up”. My current intention is to circle back after 1 or 2 more case studies and do some useful compare and contrast, but maybe I'll find something better. And if you're really masochistic, here's the yEd file to play with. Scattered Thoughts Why I chose plate tectonics It's recent enough to have relatively good documentation, but not so recent the major players are alive and active in field politics. It's not a sexy topic, so while there isn't much work on it what exists is pretty high quality. It is the only accepted paradigm in its field (for the implicit definition of paradigm in my head). Most paradigms are credited to one person on Wikipedia, even though that one person needed many other people's work and the idea was refined by many people after they created it. Plate tectonics is the first I've found that didn't do that. Continental drift is attributed to Alfred Wegener, but continental drift is not plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is acknowledged as so much of a group effort wikipedia doesn't give anyone's name. Content notes This graph is based primarily on Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth, edited by Naomi Oreskes. It also includes parts from this lecture by Christopher White, and Oxford's Very Short Introduction to Plate Tectonics. Sources vary on how much Alfred Wegener knew when he proposed continental drift. Some say he only had the fossil and continental shape data, but the White video says he had also used synchronous geological layers and evidence of glacial travel. I tried to resolve this by reading Wegener's original paper (translated into English) but it only left me more confused. He predicted cracks in plates being filled in by magma, but only mentions fossils once. Moreover he only brings them up to point to fossils of plants that are clearly maladapted to the climate of their current location, not the transcontinental weirdnesses. He does casually mention “Concerning South America and Africa, biologists and geologists are in close agreement that a Brazilian–African continent existed in the Mesozoic”, but clearly he's not the first one to make that argument. I alas ran out of steam before trying Wegener's book. I was stymied in attempts to check his references by the fact that they're in German. If you really love reading historic academic German and would like to pair on this, please let me know....

Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Dependency Tree For The Development Of Plate Tectonics, published by Elizabeth on October 5, 2022 on LessWrong. This post is really rough and mostly meant to refer back to when I've produced more work on the subject. Proceed at your own risk. Introduction As I mentioned a few weeks ago I am working on a project on how scientific paradigms are developed. I generated a long list of questions and picked plate tectonics as my first case study. I immediately lost interest in the original questions and wanted to make a dependency graph/tech tree for the development of the paradigm, and this is just a personal project so I did that instead. I didn't reach a stopping point with this graph other than “I felt done and wanted to start on my second case study”. I'm inconsistent about the level of detail or how far back I go. I tried to go back and mark whether data collection was motivated by theory or practical issues but didn't fill it in for every node, even when it was knowable. Working on a second case study felt more useful than refining this one further so I'm shipping this version. “Screw it I'm shipping” is kind of the theme of this blog post, but that's partially because I'm not sure which things are most valuable. Questions, suggestions, or additions are extremely welcome as they help me narrow in on the important parts. But heads up the answer might be “I don't remember and don't think it's important enough to look up”. My current intention is to circle back after 1 or 2 more case studies and do some useful compare and contrast, but maybe I'll find something better. And if you're really masochistic, here's the yEd file to play with. Scattered Thoughts Why I chose plate tectonics It's recent enough to have relatively good documentation, but not so recent the major players are alive and active in field politics. It's not a sexy topic, so while there isn't much work on it what exists is pretty high quality. It is the only accepted paradigm in its field (for the implicit definition of paradigm in my head). Most paradigms are credited to one person on Wikipedia, even though that one person needed many other people's work and the idea was refined by many people after they created it. Plate tectonics is the first I've found that didn't do that. Continental drift is attributed to Alfred Wegener, but continental drift is not plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is acknowledged as so much of a group effort wikipedia doesn't give anyone's name. Content notes This graph is based primarily on Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth, edited by Naomi Oreskes. It also includes parts from this lecture by Christopher White, and Oxford's Very Short Introduction to Plate Tectonics. Sources vary on how much Alfred Wegener knew when he proposed continental drift. Some say he only had the fossil and continental shape data, but the White video says he had also used synchronous geological layers and evidence of glacial travel. I tried to resolve this by reading Wegener's original paper (translated into English) but it only left me more confused. He predicted cracks in plates being filled in by magma, but only mentions fossils once. Moreover he only brings them up to point to fossils of plants that are clearly maladapted to the climate of their current location, not the transcontinental weirdnesses. He does casually mention “Concerning South America and Africa, biologists and geologists are in close agreement that a Brazilian–African continent existed in the Mesozoic”, but clearly he's not the first one to make that argument. I alas ran out of steam before trying Wegener's book. I was stymied in attempts to check his references by the fact that they're in German. If you really love reading historic academic German and would like to pair on this, please let me know....

Heute geht es im BVL Podcast mal wieder um ein etwas exotischeres Logistikthema. Unser Host Boris Felgendreher spricht mit Dr. Uwe Nixdorf vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI) für Meeres- und Polarforschung in Bremerhaven über die Logistik von Forschungsprojekten und Expeditionen am Nord- und Südpol. Uwe Nixdorf ist promovierter Geophysiker, stellvertretender Direktor des AWI und er leitet dort vor allem auch die Logistikfunktionen. Ein sehr spannendes Aufgabenfeld. Unter anderem geht es um folgende Themen: - Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI) und die Rolle, die das Institut bei der Erforschung und der Bekämpfung des globalen Klimawandels spielt - Uwe's Weg zum AWI und in die Logistik beim AWI - Wie Uwe die Folgen des Klimawandels an den Polen mit eigenen Augen gesehen hat - Die Forschungsbereiche, Forschungsstationen und Expeditionen die Uwe mit seinem Logistik-Team unterstützt - Besondere Herausforderungen bei Planung, Transport, Versorgung, Kommunikation, Entsorgung, Notfällen/medizinischer Versorgung von Forschungsprojekten - MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate): Die größte Arktisexpedition aller Zeiten: Ab Herbst 2019 driftete der deutsche Forschungseisbrecher Polarstern mit forschenden Wissenschaftler aus 20 Nationen an Bord eingefroren durch das Nordpolarmeer. Welche Herausforderungen dabei für Uwe und sein Team entstanden - Zukunftsausblick für die Polar- und Meeresforschung und für das AWI - Uwe's persönlicher Blick auf das Thema Klimawandel - und vieles mehr Hilfreiche Links: AWI: https://www.awi.de/ ARD-Dokumentation über MOSAiC: https://www.ardmediathek.de/video/planet-wissen/expedition-in-die-arktis/swr/Y3JpZDovL3dkci5kZS9CZWl0cmFnLWJmMzEzODA1LTFmNzUtNDZiMC05MWQyLTJjZDVjZGZhNDE3MA BVL: https://www.bvl.de/ BVL Digital: https://bvl-digital.de/ Aurelis, der Sponsor der heutigen Sendung: https://aurelis.de/

Sous l'impulsion des mouvements du manteau de la Terre, des morceaux de l'écorce terrestre se déplacent selon certaines directions. C'est ce que l'on appelle la tectonique des plaques. Les mécanismes de ce mouvement, ainsi que ses causes, ne furent découverts que peu à peu. La dérive des continents En 1912, le météorologue allemand Alfred Wegener propose une théorie connue depuis sous le nom de "dérive des continents". Il affirme en effet qu'à l'origine, les continents qui composent la Terre étaient réunis en une seule partie, la Pangée. Voilà environ 200 millions d'années, cet immense continent se serait scindé en deux morceaux, qui se seraient éloignés l'un de l'autre. Ce mouvement de division, suivi de nouveaux déplacements, se serait poursuivi, pour donner naissance à la configuration continentale actuelle. Wegener fonde sa théorie sur certaines observations. Il remarque notamment qu'on trouve des roches, des plantes et des animaux fossiles semblables en Afrique et en Amérique du Sud. Pour lui, c'est la preuve que ces deux ensembles étaient unis à une époque lointaine. Ils ont donc dû se déparer depuis. Des mouvements de convection Alfred Wegener avait émis une théorie convaincante pour expliquer la formation actuelle des continents. Mais, faute de connaissances suffisantes à l'époque, il ne pouvait en connaître la cause avec certitude. Il faut attendre les années 1960 pour que l'exploration des fonds sous-marins permette de comprendre les mécanismes de cette tectonique des plaques. On s'aperçoit alors que la lithosphère, une partie de l'écorce terrestre, est divisée en plaques, dites tectoniques. Il existe ainsi 15 plaques tectoniques majeures. D'une centaine de kilomètres d'épaisseur, elles glissent sur le magma qui monte du noyau terrestre. Le déplacement de ces plaques est dû aux mouvements de convection qui se produisent à l'intérieur du manteau. Ainsi, le magna, léger et très chaud, monte vers la surface; il se refroidit alors, se durcit et replonge en profondeur. C'est ce double mouvement qui provoque l'éloignement des plaques tectoniques, qui bougent de quelques centimètres chaque année, ainsi que leur frottement. C'est ce denier phénomène qui peut provoquer des tremblements de terre. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sous l'impulsion des mouvements du manteau de la Terre, des morceaux de l'écorce terrestre se déplacent selon certaines directions. C'est ce que l'on appelle la tectonique des plaques. Les mécanismes de ce mouvement, ainsi que ses causes, ne furent découverts que peu à peu.La dérive des continentsEn 1912, le météorologue allemand Alfred Wegener propose une théorie connue depuis sous le nom de "dérive des continents". Il affirme en effet qu'à l'origine, les continents qui composent la Terre étaient réunis en une seule partie, la Pangée.Voilà environ 200 millions d'années, cet immense continent se serait scindé en deux morceaux, qui se seraient éloignés l'un de l'autre. Ce mouvement de division, suivi de nouveaux déplacements, se serait poursuivi, pour donner naissance à la configuration continentale actuelle.Wegener fonde sa théorie sur certaines observations. Il remarque notamment qu'on trouve des roches, des plantes et des animaux fossiles semblables en Afrique et en Amérique du Sud.Pour lui, c'est la preuve que ces deux ensembles étaient unis à une époque lointaine. Ils ont donc dû se déparer depuis.Des mouvements de convectionAlfred Wegener avait émis une théorie convaincante pour expliquer la formation actuelle des continents. Mais, faute de connaissances suffisantes à l'époque, il ne pouvait en connaître la cause avec certitude.Il faut attendre les années 1960 pour que l'exploration des fonds sous-marins permette de comprendre les mécanismes de cette tectonique des plaques. On s'aperçoit alors que la lithosphère, une partie de l'écorce terrestre, est divisée en plaques, dites tectoniques.Il existe ainsi 15 plaques tectoniques majeures. D'une centaine de kilomètres d'épaisseur, elles glissent sur le magma qui monte du noyau terrestre.Le déplacement de ces plaques est dû aux mouvements de convection qui se produisent à l'intérieur du manteau. Ainsi, le magna, léger et très chaud, monte vers la surface; il se refroidit alors, se durcit et replonge en profondeur.C'est ce double mouvement qui provoque l'éloignement des plaques tectoniques, qui bougent de quelques centimètres chaque année, ainsi que leur frottement. C'est ce denier phénomène qui peut provoquer des tremblements de terre. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

When learning about Earth history, many of us learn about the Alfred Wegener, the Father of Plate Tectonics, but do you know about the *woman* whose discovery influenced the theory of plate tectonics? Let's talk about Marie Tharp, the geologist and cartographer who discovered the mid-Atlantic ridge and thrust forth a new understanding of one of our planet's most ancient processes. The story behind her discovery mirrors that of many woman scientists; her ideas dismissed by male colleagues who ultimately wound up taking credit for her work once they realized she was right all along. I for one propose we call her the Mother of Plate Tectonics and Proving Men Wrong. Download the Callin app for iOS and Android to listen to this podcast live, call in, and more! Also available at callin.com

Die Maus zum Hören - Lach- und Sachgeschichten. Heute: mit einem Polarforscher, der Maus-Plattenkiste, mit Nina und natürlich mit der Maus und dem Elefanten.

Nürnberger, Dieterwww.deutschlandfunk.de, Wirtschaft und GesellschaftDirekter Link zur Audiodatei

On 6th January, some of the interesting events that took place were: 1912 : Alfred Wegener presented theory of continental drift. 1967 : Legendary Indian musician A. R. Rahman was born.  https://chimesradio.com    http://onelink.to/8uzr4g   https://www.facebook.com/chimesradio/   https://www.instagram.com/vrchimesradio/   Support the show: https://www.patreon.com/chimesradio See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

6 stycznia 1066 – Harold II został koronowany na króla Anglii.6 stycznia 1285 – Arcybiskup gnieźnieński Jakub Świnka zwołał synod w Łęczycy.6 stycznia 1293 – Łokietek i Przemysł II oraz Kazimierz II łęczycki spotkali się na zjeździe w Kaliszu.6 stycznia 1912 – Alfred Wegener przedstawił swoją teorię dotyczącą wędrówki kontynentów.6 stycznia 1919 – Powstańcy wielkopolscy zdobyli lotnisko Ławica pod Poznaniem.6 stycznia 1941 – Prezydent Roosevelt wygłosił przemówienie "Four Freedoms".6 stycznia 2021 – Atak na Kapitol Stanów Zjednoczonych podczas którego zginęła Ashli Babbitt.

6 tháng 1 là ngày gì? Hôm nay là ngày mất của Mendel, nhà di truyền học người Áo SỰ KIỆN 1931 – Thomas Edison đệ trình đơn xin bằng sáng chế cuối cùng của ông. 1536 - Trường học đại học châu Âu đầu tiên ở châu Mỹ, Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco , được thành lập tại Thành phố Mexico. 1912 - Nhà địa vật lý người Đức Alfred Wegener lần đầu tiên trình bày lý thuyết của ông về sự trôi dạt lục địa . 1929 - Mẹ Teresa đến Calcutta , Ấn Độ bằng đường biển để bắt đầu công việc chăm sóc người nghèo và bệnh tật. SINH 1915 – Nguyễn Đổng Chi, giáo sư, nhà người cứu văn hóa người Việt Nam (m. 1984) 1955 – Rowan Atkinson, diễn viên hài người Anh 1412 – Jeanne d'Arc, anh hùng dân gian Pháp (m.1431) 1988 – Thích Tiểu Long, diễn viên Trung Quốc Mất 1913 – Loretta Young, diễn viên người Mỹ (m. 2000) 2008 - Nhạc sĩ Châu Kỳ 1884 – Gregor Johann Mendel, nhà di truyền học người Áo (s. 1822) 1852 – Louis Braille, nhà giáo dục người Pháp, phát minh Chữ Braille (s. 1809) Chương trình "Hôm nay ngày gì" hiện đã có mặt trên Youtube, Facebook và Spotify: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aweektv - Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/AWeekTV - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6rC4CgZNV6tJpX2RIcbK0J - Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/.../h%C3%B4m-nay.../id1586073418 #aweektv #6thang1 #ThomasEdison #AlfredWegener #theresa #Mendel #Tristán Các video đều thuộc quyền sở hữu của Adwell jsc (adwell.vn), mọi hành động sử dụng lại nội dung của chúng tôi đều không được phép. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/aweek-tv/message

Mon, 06 Dec 2021 03:00:00 +0000 https://geschichteeuropas.podigee.io/t57-57 83312b5cf8af67c07da22bf7df8bd2e2 Z: Quellen Verwandte Folgen Die geologische Geschichte Europas, mit Kira Raith (13.12.2021) Weiterführende Links Schick mir Kommentare und Feedback als Email! Der Podcast bei Fyyd Der Podcast auf Twitter schwarze0fm auf Twitter Frag mich nach deiner persönlichen Einladung ins schwarze0-Discord! Hinweis: Das Erstellen von Podcasts ist ein Hobby, das ich ohne jegliche Gewinnabsicht durchführe - daher auch der Netzwerk-Name "schwarze0". Wer das, was ich hobbymäßig mache, so toll findet, dass er/sie mir gerne etwas schenken will, kann dies über diese Links machen. Danke. Unterstützung auf PayPal Amazon Wunschliste Die Episoden werden thematisch und nicht nach Erscheinungsdatum nummeriert. Für einen chronologischen Durchgang zur europäischen Geschichte sollten die Episoden nach Namen sortiert werden. This episode of "Geschichte Europas" by schwarze0fm (Tobias Jakobi) first published 2021-12-06. CC-BY 4.0: You are free to share and adapt this work even for commercial use as long as you attribute the original creator and indicate changes to the original. 57 trailer Z: Quellen no Europa,Neuere und neueste Geschichte,Geologie,20. Jahrhundert,Quelle,Alfred Wegener Tobias Jakobi

Jacques-Marie Bardintzeff est volcanologue, Il est l'auteur de centaines de publications et a participé à de nombreux docs, émissions de télé et de radio. Les volcans seraient le berceau de la vie, mais... le volcanisme a plusieurs fois éradiqué presque toute la vie sur Terre, ce qui a occasionné de grands changements et initié de nouveaux départs, rebattu les cartes de la Vie. On compte plus de 1 500 volcans actifs sur Terre, qui sont à l'origine de 60 éruptions par an. Ces deux premiers épisodes dédiés aux bases du volcanisme. Et ce tout premier notamment aux travaux d'un certain Alfred Wegener, qui le premier a eu l'intuition que des plaques bougeaient à la surface de le terre et que des volcans naissaient de leurs collisions. 

Könnte es sein, dass die Kontinente auf der Oberfläche der Erde schwimmen, zerbrechen und sich bewegen? Diese Frage stellte sich der deutsche Meteorologe Alfred Wegener. Für seine Überlegungen zur Plattentektonik wurde der junge Forscher damals von seinen älteren Kollegen ausgelacht. 

We all know that even though the ground beneath our feet feels solid, it's actually moving nice and slowly towards somewhere else. But the science underpinning this idea? It was actually a huge fight... Will and Rod explore, joined by Tanja Pejic of Geoscience Australia! The Wholesome Show is Dr Rod Lamberts and Dr Will Grant, joined today by Dr Tanja Pejic of Geoscience Australia!

Subscribe to the podcast!  https://podfollow.com/everythingeverywhere/ In 1910, a German Earth scientist noticed something about the map of the world. South America seemed to fit into Africa. North America seemed to fit into northwest Africa and Europe.  He proposed that the continents may at one time have been joined and subsequently moved.  The scientific community laughed at him and rejected his idea. Learn more about Alfred Wegener and the theory of Continental Drift, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.   https://everything-everywhere.com/brilliant -------------------------------- Associate Producers: Peter Bennett & Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere   Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EEDailyPodcast/ Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/

Ever since Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, we have been aware that blocks of the Earth's lithosphere are moving with respect to each other. With the advent of plate tectonics in the 1960s, these moving blocks became identified with the tectonic plates that tile the Earth's surface. We now have accurate measurements of plate motion speeds, which range from about ½ a cm per year to 10 cm per year. But there is still no general consensus as to what makes plates move. Broadly speaking, there are two competing explanations. In the first, the plates ride on top of convection cells of a vigorously convecting mantle. In the second, it is the forces acting on plate boundaries, principally the pull of dense lithospheric slabs subducting into a less dense mantle that drive the plates. Douwe van Hinsbergen is a Professor of Global Tectonics and Paleogeography at the University of Utrecht. He has reconstructed the history of plate motions in various locations around the world with the primary goal of using this history to understand the dynamics of the mantle. And his latest research is directed to shedding light on the long-standing question as to what drives tectonic plates.

In this episode we talk about chapters from Extracts (1) to Wahram and Swan (yes, only two chapters, how decadent of us!). We talk about the "Ascensions," the asteroids that are hollowed out to create terraria, refugia, and farms, and try to think about the political economy of the solar system in 2312. Wahram and Swan on the Alfred Wegener asteroid lead to a discussion of decadence, habit, and constructing pseudoiteratives to live artfully and be open to finding newness in the everyday. We ask what "being productive" means and how we seize the day in capitalism. Swan and Wahram have very different approaches to the problem of living free of wage labor. Also Hilary insists on talking about the Christian Bale/ Matthew McConaughey vehicle dragon/ tomato movie Reign of Fire (2002). It's her favorite movie, smh. We spoke for 2 hours in this session, so we decided to split it into two episodes. The next one will drop some time next week, and we'll go up to Extracts (3), for those following along. The clip at the end was taken from YouTube user R-Bee Media: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJelEXaPhJ8&t=31s Thanks for listening! Email us at maroonedonmarspodcast@gmail.com Follow us on Twitter @podcastonmars Leave us a voicemail on the Anchor.fm app Rate and review us on iTunes or wherever you listen to your podcasts! Music by Spirit of Space --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/marooned-on-mars/message

Sie ist Deutschlands bekannteste Tiefseeforscherin, Professorin an der Uni Bremen und ein echtes Vorbild für mich: Prof. Dr. Antje Boetius war auf fast 50 Expeditionen und schon mehrere Jahre auf See - und darunter! Die Leiterin des Bremerhavener Alfred-Wegner-Instituts hat bereits als Kind davon geträumt, einmal dort zu sein, wo nur ganz wenige Menschen bisher hingekommen sind: Die Tiefsee. Der Lebensraum ist genauso unwirtlich wie faszinierend und noch Vieles ist unentdeckt. Dort, wo es kein Sonnenlicht gibt, gehe alles langsamer, so Prof. Boetius: Lebewesen wachsen 10- oder 100-Mal langsamer, und der Rotbarsch aus der Tiefsee auf dem Teller kann schon mal 80 Jahre alt sein! Nur eins merkt man über Wasser genauso schnell wie viele Kilometer darunter: Den Klimawandel. So konnte Prof. Boetius bei ihren Tauchgänge in die Finsternis auch in tausenden Metern das finden, was wir hier „oben“ wegschmeißen, wie Dosen oder Plastik. Um die Menschen auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität mitzunehmen, müsse die Politik einen Wandel schaffen, so Antje Boetius. Es muss teurer werden, die Atmosphäre zu verdrecken - Müll auf der Erde wegschmeißen gibt's ja schließlich auch nicht umsonst! Und: Wir müssen die Transformation nutzen, um neue Arbeitsfelder und Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen. Also: Taucherbrille auf und ab in die Tiefsee - hier kommt Folge #10! Mehr Informationen zu meiner Kandidatur gibt es auf meiner Website www.wiebke-winter.de. Ihr kennt eine spannende Persönlichkeit aus Bremerhaven, Bremen-Nord, dem Bremer Westen oder Niedervieland, die unbedingt Gast in meinem Podcast sein sollte? Schreibt mir gern! Ich freue mich auf Empfehlungen und Hinweise.

Think spatially as we examine the life, theories, and challenges faced by Alfred Wegener, and his influence through plate tectonics on how we understand our planet.  The post Wegener: On Solid Ground? Not so much. appeared first on Joseph Kerski, Ph.D. - Geographer.

The Flannelcasters talk about Alfred Wegener, the man who proposed the continental drift hypothesis, which eventually paved the way for the theory of plate tectonics.

In this episode we discuss the possibility that the Moon drags the Earth's lithosphere westward, ultimately causing plate tectonics, as well as Alfred Wegener's first proposition of continental drift way back in 1912, and the possibility of taking a $GME rocket to Pluto… 00:32 - Welcome: gamestonk and Mercury moves, 08:38 - Some background on Wegener and continental drift (Demhardt, 2006), 58:18 - Western migration of plates seen in asymmetric ocean ridges (Chalot-Prat et al., 2017). More links: Space geodesy validation of the global lithospheric flow (Crespi et al., 2007), Tidal modulation of plate motions (Zaccagnino, Vespe, and Doglioni, 2020), Brexit 1.0, Looking for plate tectonics in the composition of stars (Jura et al., 2014)

Antje Boetius ist Meeresbiologin und leitet das Alfred-Wegener-Institut in Bremerhaven, eine der führenden Forschungseinrichtungen des Landes.Viel Aufsehen hat etwa ein Expedition des Forschungsschiffs Polarstern zum Nordpol erregt, die Boetius mit koordiniert hat. Sie war aber selbst schon auf sehr vielen Expeditionen und auf einer machte sie auch eine sehr bedeutsame Entdeckung, von der sie gleich erzählt. Ich hatte ihr meine Aufnahmetechnik geschickt und wir haben uns dann über Zoom verbunden. Ihr könnt mich und meine Arbeit unterstützen mit einem Abo bei keuchenstud.io/plus. Dann bekommt ihr meine Podcasts werbefrei. Viele machen das schon - 1000 Dank dafür.

The Night of the Big Wind began on this day in 1839. / On this day in 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis on continental drift in a public lecture. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Aquí estamos, una semana más, con vuestro magazine favorito. En “La noticia de la semana”, Rubén nos informa sobre el descubrimiento en China de las que pueden ser las primeras pelotas utilizadas para practicar deporte en toda Eurasia. Jon nos relata un pasaje de la biografía de Anne Moody que ejemplifica la lucha por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos. Rubén nos acerca a la figura de Alfred Wegener (1880-1930), científico alemán, pionero de la meteorología, aventurero incansable y protagonista de una acalorada disputa sobre el origen de los continentes. Para finalizar el tercero de nuestros nuevos colaboradores, Edu Suárez, nos traslada al Este de Europa para explicarnos la historia del desaparecido Salón de Ámbar. Esperemos que lo disfrutéis, que comentéis lo que os gusta, y os disgusta, a través de Ivoox, de iTunes, de Google Podcast, de Spotify, de Podimo, de Podbean o de tu plataforma de podcast habitual. También en YouTube y en La Radio de la Historia (lunes de 15-17h y martes de 20-22h). Y. por supuesto, a través de las redes sociales, ya sea twitter, facebook, nuestro grupo en Telegram ("Historiados Podcast") o nuestro blog https://historiadospodcast.wordpress.com/

Aquí estamos, una semana más, con vuestro magazine favorito. En “La noticia de la semana”, Rubén nos informa sobre el descubrimiento en China de las que pueden ser las primeras pelotas utilizadas para practicar deporte en toda Eurasia. Jon nos relata un pasaje de la biogvrafía de Anne Moody que ejemplifica la lucha por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos. Rubén nos acerca a la figura de Alfred Wegener (1880-1930), científico alemán, pionero de la meteorología, aventurero incansable y protagonista de una acalorada disputa sobre el origen de los continentes. Para finalizar el tercero de nuestros nuevos colaboradores, Edu Suárez, nos traslada al Este de Europa para explicarnos la historia del desaparecido Salón de Ámbar. Esperemos que lo disfrutéis, que comentéis lo que os gusta, y os disgusta, a través de Ivoox, de iTunes, de Google Podcast, de Spotify, de Podimo, de Podbean o de tu plataforma de podcast habitual. También en YouTube y en La Radio de la Historia (lunes de 15-17h y martes de 20-22h). Y. por supuesto, a través de las redes sociales, ya sea twitter, facebook, nuestro grupo en Telegram ("Historiados Podcast") o nuestro blog https://historiadospodcast.wordpress.com/

This episode of GEOY is dedicated to brilliant interdisciplinary scientist, and pioneer polar explorer Alfred Wegener, whose theory of continental drift shook the foundations of geology, paleontology, and biology research. While today continental drift and plate tectonics are firmly established concepts, when first proposed Alfred Wegener's theory was ridiculed and received immense push-back by the scientific community. In this episode geology researchers Janne Liebmann and Bryant Ware take you on a science odyssey from initial rejection of Wegener's ideas as a “geo fairy tale” to the accumulation of evidence that finally prompted its acceptance and laid the groundwork for the theory of plate tectonics.

This episode of GEOY is dedicated to brilliant interdisciplinary scientist, and pioneer polar explorer Alfred Wegener, whose theory of continental drift shook the foundations of geology, paleontology, and biology research. While today continental drift and plate tectonics are firmly established concepts, when first proposed Alfred Wegener's theory was ridiculed and received immense push-back by the scientific community. In this episode geology researchers Janne Liebmann and Bryant Ware take you on a science odyssey from initial rejection of Wegener's ideas as a “geo fairy tale” to the accumulation of evidence that finally prompted its acceptance and laid the groundwork for the theory of plate tectonics.

Von Zeitgenossen wurde er als Fantast verspottet. Heute ist Alfred Wegeners Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung anerkannt. Dass die Festländer der Erde nicht starr an Ort und Stelle sind, hat Folgen – für Klima, Handelswege und die Politik. Von Günther Wessel Quelle: https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/wem-gehoert-der-nordpol-alfred-wegener-die-plattentektonik.976.de.html?dram:article_id=483533

Von Zeitgenossen wurde er als Fantast verspottet. Heute ist Alfred Wegeners Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung anerkannt. Dass die Festländer der Erde nicht starr an Ort und Stelle sind, hat Folgen – für Klima, Handelswege und die Politik. Von Günther Wessel www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Zeitfragen Hören bis: 19.01.2038 04:14 Direkter Link zur Audiodatei

El astrónomo y meteorólogo alemán Alfred Wegener publicó en 1915 el libro "El origen de los Continentes y los Océanos" donde exponía su teoría de la deriva continental, lo que le convirtió con el tiempo en el padre de la Geología moderna. Aunque no fue el primero en exponer esta idea de que los Continentes se mueven, sí que fue el primero en aportar pruebas que iban más allá de la similar forma de la costa de los continentes que parecían encajar. En el programa de esta semana analizamos en profundidad la vida y obra de Wegener, y sobre todo la gran oposición que la comunidad científica tuvo hacia sus ideas. Esto último sirve como ejemplo para estudiar cómo funciona la Ciencia y lo difícil que es en muchas ocasiones que las ideas nuevas y revolucionarias acaben por aceptarse. Todo ello de la mano de Ignacio Crespo, Eder Amayuelas y Luis Cortés Briñol. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Wir sind zurück im Ocelot und treffen die Leiterin des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Antje Boetius. Sie ist seit 2009 Professorin für Geomikrobiologie an der Universität Bremen, Vorsitzende von "Wissenschaft im Dialog" und hat 2019 das Bundesverdienstkreuz erhalten. Mit Antje geht's zunächst um ihren Werdegang: Wie ist sie als Hessin Seefahrerin geworden? Warum wollte sie Meeresbiologin werden? Wie ist ihr Interesse für die Tiefsee entstanden? Was wissen wir Menschen eigentlich schon über die Tiefsee und ihre Lebewesen? Inwiefern spielt Methan im Meer eine Rolle und wieso müssen wir uns damit befassen? Und wie hat Antje die "Methanfresser" unter Wasser entdeckt? Wir sprechen über Wissenschaft und was Wahrheitssuche für Antje bedeutet. Wie können wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse auf gesellschaftliche und politische Entscheidungsprozesse mehr Einfluss nehmen? Was würde sie als Umweltministerin machen? Wie zufrieden ist Antje mit der deutschen Klimaschutzpolitik? Was hält sie von Kreuzfahrten und der Nord-Stream-Pipeline in der Ostsee? Das und vieles, vieles mehr in Folge 472 - wir haben sie am 18. August 2020 in der Berliner Buchhandlung Ocelot aufgezeichnet. Bitte unterstützt unsere Arbeit finanziell: Konto: Jung & Naiv IBAN: DE854 3060 967 104 779 2900 GLS Gemeinschaftsbank PayPal ► http://www.paypal.me/JungNaiv

Jeśli Wam się podobało, to zaobserwujcie/zasubskrybujcie ten podcast, aby nie ominęły Was żadne ciekawostki! Nowe odcinki w każdą sobotę o 16:00. Źródło: https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wędrówka_kontynentów https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X15001235 Muzyka: Parsimonious Love - Muciojad Get to know you - SK Beats Miniaturka: https://pixabay.com/pl/photos/trzęsienie-ziemi-gruz-upadek-1665878/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/sobotnia-ciekawostka/message

Wie funktioniert das System Erde? Welche Rolle spielen die Polargebiete und die Meere im globalen Klimasystem? Welche Geheimnisse birgt das kilometerdicke Eis der Arktis und Antarktis als Süßwasserreservoir und Klimaarchiv der Erde? Darüber forscht in Bremerhaven das Alfred-Wegener-Institut, das heute zu den weltweit renommiertesten Einrichtungen der internationalen Polar- und Meeresforschung zählt. Autorin: Marfa Heimbach

Was können wir Menschen für die Erde tun? Seit 40 Jahren spürt das Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven dieser Frage nach. Seine Wissenschaftler forschen in den entlegensten Regionen der Welt und liefern die Daten für die Zukunft unserer Erde.

Après De Saussure et Agassiz, voici Emile Argand (1879 - 1940), un Genevois qui va passer une grande partie de sa carrière à lʹuniversité de Neuchâtel. Il est connu pour ses études dans les Alpes et pour un livre intitulé "La tectonique de lʹAsie", dans laquelle il expose des idées très proches de celle de la dérive des continents, une théorie qui venait dʹêtre présentée par Alfred Wegener au début du 20e siècle. Il était donc, avec Wegener, un précurseur de la tectonique des plaques, 50 ans avant que celle-ci ne soit admise par la communauté scientifique!

http://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=16329&start=165#p122167 The 'plasma' of my model is novel, unfamiliar and, therefore, hard to accept. But that is the case for any scientific discovery. Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912. It took geologists 50 years to warm up to the idea. Now, however, when you look at a map of the southern Atlantic ocean the congruence of the eastern and western shorelines jumps out at you. When it came to deducing the molecular composition of atmospheric vortices and arriving at the conjecture that they contained wind shear generated, rapidly spinning polymers of H2O, I feel that I had a huge advantage that allowed me to avoid a common misassumption that traps others. I knew that the sheath of the tornado must involve some kind of molecular distinction. These principles prevented me from making the common error of casually assuming that the molecular composition of tornadoes was the same as that of air and/or moist air. I've encountered a number of other tornado theorists and it is very common for them to casually assume that a tornado is just fast spinning air. They don't take into account the fact that the sheath needed to possess the ability to resist itself from casually mixing with the surrounding air molecules. In other words, my principles of entitiness allowed me to realize that tornadoes could not persist as entities if the molecules that comprise the sheath of the tornado did not possess some kind of internal resilience greater than that of just air. Otherwise the molecules in the sheath would casually mix with those outside the sheath and the tornado would not have persistence. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/james-mcginn/message

.tatsu-gfo970uq7xbqrgha.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;} Aflevering 26 van de Praattafel Podcast is er weer een met WOW effect! Wetenschap op woensdag. Waarom zijn drollen bruin en wat heeft dit te maken met het "Orgaan van de week: De Milt"! En van daar is het maar een kleine stap naar Paleomagnetisme. Dat komt door de connectie met de verguisde wetenschapper Alfred Wegener.Alles doorspekt met niet minder dan drie High-Koe's, die nu Live-Koe's zijn geworden. "Milt" https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt. "Alfred Wegener - Wikipedia." https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener. "Paleomagnetisme - Wikipedia." https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleomagnetisme. "Plaattektoniek - NEMO Kennislink." 22 jun.. 2018, https://www.nemokennislink.nl/publicaties/plaattektoniek/. Het noorden schuift op. HLN   .tatsu-tcvDPQYXR .tatsu-inline-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.tatsu-tcvDPQYXR .tatsu-inline-text-inner{width: 100%;}} En niet minder dan 4! Live High-Koe's uit deze show.. Bedachtzame tijdTerrasjes zijn weer openAlleen het weer suckt. Ik hou van mijn miltBollie BillirubinePrachtige drollen Alfred WegenerIs ten onrechte verguisdIn de wetenschap! 'Het laatste inzicht'Er komen geen nieuwe meerWe zijn volledig klaar! .tatsu-row > .tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne.tatsu-column{width: 100%;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne.tatsu-column > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-column-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-left-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-right-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 .tatsu-section-pad{padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 .tatsu-section-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cg1d0ygza.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;} .tatsu-row > .tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg.tatsu-column{width: 100%;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg.tatsu-column > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-column-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-left-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2cdzbe5lgg > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-right-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2c8f8agpts .tatsu-section-pad{padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px;}.tatsu-gfo9db2c8f8agpts > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2c8f8agpts > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo9db2c8f8agpts .tatsu-section-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}

Mit dem Forschungseisbrecher FS Polarstern war Antonia innerhalb der MOSAiC Expedition unterwegs. Sie berichtet über Eisbären, einer wild zusammen getrommelten Band, die Weihnachtslieder spielt und darüber, was sie in zwei Wochen wieder in ihren Seesack packt, wenn es wieder losgeht. Die MOSAiC ist die größte Arktisexpedition aller Zeiten: Auf der MOSAiC-Expedition erforschen Wissenschaftler aus 20 Nationen die Arktis im Jahresverlauf. Sie überwintern in einer Region, die in der Polarnacht nahezu unerreichbar ist. Allein die Naturgewalt der Eisdrift bietet ihnen diese einmalige Chance. Auf einer Eisscholle schlagen sie ihr Forschungscamp auf und verbinden es mit einem kilometerweiten Netz von Messstationen.

Información en mapamundis digitales: el Instituto Alemán Alfred Wegener documenta la contaminación de los océanos, la Universidad de Maryland la destrucción de los bosques y la NASA el cambio climático.

6 stycznia 1912 roku geofizyk Alfred Wegener przedstawił teorię wędrówki kontynentów. Być może gdyby nie jego niespokojna naukowa natura i silne zainteresowanie - wtedy jeszcze raczkującą - meteorologią, do stworzenia koncepcji wędrówki kontynentów w ogóle by nie doszło.

On this day in 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis on continental drift in a public lecture. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

http://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=16329&start=165#p122167 The 'plasma' of my model is novel, unfamiliar and, therefore, hard to accept. But that is the case for any scientific discovery. Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912. It took geologists 50 years to warm up to the idea. Now, however, when you look at a map of the southern Atlantic ocean the congruence of the eastern and western shorelines jumps out at you. When it came to deducing the molecular composition of atmospheric vortices and arriving at the conjecture that they contained wind shear generated, rapidly spinning polymers of H2O, I feel that I had a huge advantage that allowed me to avoid a common misassumption that traps others. I knew that the sheath of the tornado must involve some kind of molecular distinction. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/james-mcginn/message

Tracy and Holly spend a few moments discussing the career of Alfred Wegener, and the needless tragedy of the events of the Italian Hall Disaster. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Alfred Wegener had a HUGE career outside of his ideas around what we now understand as plate tectonics, which had both detractors and supporters. He did important and respected work that touched on multiple disciplines. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

In this fascinating discussion, Physicist Dr Tony Heyes explains the background and importance of the 1960s scientific revolution which became known as plate tectonics. He describes the roles played by German researcher Alfred Wegener and English geophysicist Frederick Vine in realising that it wasn't just a coincidence that the West coast of Africa and the East coast of South America have a similar shape and look like they might once have neatly fit together. Tony also explains geomagnetic pole reversals and the long-term cycles which influence climate and cause ice ages.

Ein riesiger Eisberg so groß wie das Stadtgebiet von London ist in der Antarktis abgebrochen. Dies sei durchaus normal und "es gibt eigentlich auch viel größere Eisberge als jetzt dieser spezielle gerade", so Dr. Jansen.

I Grønland har forskere gjort nogle af verdens største videnskabelige opdagelser. Opdagelser, der har ændret fundamentalt på vores verdensopfattelse, men også har krævet store ofre. Det her er historien om Alfred Wegener, der var villig til at ofre alt i videnskabens navn. I 1930 leder han Eismitte Ekspeditionen, der viser sig at blive kendt for meget andet end dens videnskabelige bedrifter. Det er også i Grønland, at geolog Minik Rosing finder spor efter noget af det ældste liv på Jorden. I udsendelsen fortæller Minik Rosing om, hvilken betydning livet har for skabelsen for kontinenterne og om ekspeditionslivet i Grønland, der det ene øjeblik er som paradis, men det næste er dødsensfarligt. *Denne udsendelse er lavet med støtte fra Grønlands Rejsebureau* Medvirkende: Jørgen Trondhjem, Minik Rosing og Karl (Aakattak) Sandgreen Skrevet, fortalt og produceret af Mads Malik Fuglsang Holm Kontakt: mfuglsangholm@gmail.com Se billeder fra ekspeditionen på https://www.arktiskebilleder.dk

Retrouvez Bernard Vochelet et Joël Villers dans Juste Ciel. Ces 2 trublions du ciel, comme ils se définissent, vous partage avec joie et bonne humeur leur passion de l'astronomie.

1880 yılında Berlin'de doğdum. Babam, ilahiyatçı ve öğretmendi. Hem ben, hem de ağabeyim Kurt, doğa bilimlerine çok meraklıydık. Özgürce karar verebildiğimiz bir çocukluk dönemi geçirdik. Yürüyüş, dağcılık ve yelken yapmayı seviyorduk. Genç yaşta, ağabeyimle birlikte balon gezilerine katıldık ve atmosferin… Seslendiren: Okan Ö. Cinemre

Most of us avoid controversy because it brings up too much pushback. But what if you were able to get your very controversial topic across and delight your clients? Let's find out how to ramp up that curiosity and controversy-level without alienating your clients. Click here to read online: Ramp up curiosity. ------- Do you know the exact date the Earth was created? If you lived in the 18th century, you learned that the world was created on Saturday, the 22nd of October, 4004 BC. And not just any moment on 22nd October, but “on the beginning of the night”. This idea of the Earth being just 6000 years old is preposterous to us living in an age of science, but back in those times, the only geology textbook was the word of an Irish bishop and theologian called James Ussher. It was in this world that James Hutton came up with his theory of the Earth James Hutton is called the founding father of geology. In 1747, Hutton had just graduated from medical university. He was a bright young man, but his sexual exploits and drunkenness got him in trouble. He got his lover, Miss Eddington pregnant. This scandal caused her to be rushed away to London to give birth, and Hutton went into self-exile from Edinburgh to a small family farm in Slighhouses, Scotland. It was at this remote, damp, seemingly boring place where he came up with the theory of how the Earth was formed. While observing the side of a hill, he noticed bands in the cliff face. Over time, he realised there were possibly hundreds of bands of sediment laid one on top of the other, compacting itself into rock. Hutton's great insight was that the creation and destruction of land wasn't one day in October, 4000 BC, but instead a remarkably slow build up over time. Today, in the world of science we have a term for this slow build up of land. It's called “sedimentary rock”. He mulled over these ideas for over 15 years, trying to drum up enough courage to put them forward. Then in 1785, he presented his radical idea to the Royal Society of Edinburgh The Society rejected his theory almost immediately. And as if that were not enough, the members of the society branded him an atheist. Hutton was God-fearing, and he must have felt the sheer weight of how his ideas were being rejected out of hand. History is full of instances where ideas were too controversial to be accepted. Ignaz Semmelweis concept that washing hands saves lives was considered to be bizarre, Alfred Wegener came up with the concept of continental drift and was thoroughly rejected. Nicholas Copernicus was sidelined because he stated that the Earth was not the centre of the Universe. And we too are faced with scepticism when we present an idea. While our ideas might not be as earth-shattering as these great scientists, they're still very important to us. The only problem we have is that our concepts are controversial. They're ideas that are very hard for clients to digest, and therefore we tend to stay on the safer, more boring side of life. But what if there were a way to present your controversial idea? And what if you could do it in various media. Would it be possible to create an info-product that went against the grain? What about a webinar or seminar that was a bit different from what clients expect? In this series, we'll look at books, articles, and even sales pages and see how you can take on the biggest and most controversial point and give it the spotlight. And we'll do it by using the power of objections. Let's find out how objections work and how and when to use them to maximum effect. Let's do this in three parts. Part 1: Why you should not discard a controversial idea Part 2: How examples, case studies and practical demonstration reduces pushback Part 3: Three real life applications: article, sales page and info-product. 1: Why you should not discard a controversial idea What caused the slow decline of newspapers? If you were to ask this question to most people today, the answer would likely be quite prompt. Most people are likely to say: It's the Internet. The news online is free and can be accessed at will. It can be tweaked to your taste, has video and other interactive content—plus, it's searchable. It's not hard to see that the Internet was the most dominant factor in the decline of the newspaper industry. Except there's a neat little graph that tells a different story If you started the graph back in 1945, you'd notice how the trend heads south. 1955 has fewer readers per household but is better than 1965, which in turn is better than 1975. As you hurtle through the years, the readership drops precipitously as we get to 1995—and the Internet as we know it today didn't even exist back then. In his book called “The Content Trap”, professor Bharat Anand, brings up a concept that we'd consider to be quite odd, if not outright controversial. However, the very nature of the controversy is what jolts your audience to life If you were to read an article on “how to increase prices”, you'd be likely to be interested, but something that talks about “how to decrease your prices” might seem controversial and ignite a much higher level of curiosity. But is this controversy really necessary? Can't we get our ideas across without having to raise hackles all the time? It really depends on the situation Take for instance the formula that most marketers tended to follow. Marketing strategies comprised of finding an audience, a target audience. Once you knew who you were targeting, you needed to state the features and benefits of that product or service. This sequence of events would get you your desired result, or so it seemed. Which is why we ran into instant pushback the moment we started speaking at small events in Auckland and parts of New Zealand. The earliest version of The Brain Audit did have the concept of Target Audience and Benefit, but it suggested that the most important element was the Problem. Not only was the Problem the most important, but it needed to show up before the Solution or any kind of benefit. Controversial ideas don't always land on fertile ground With The Brain Audit, we did get people saying that they loved the idea of the Problem. However, by and large, people felt the entire concept was negative. Why bother leading with the problem? they asked, especially when the solution has worked so well for so long? What if clients respond badly to the problem? They liked the other parts of The Brain Audit, but the concept of the problem needed to go, or so it seemed. The reality is that controversial concepts need to stay When your audience is saying, “this won't work”, they're simply objecting. They're saying, “we can't see how this will work for me, and could you possibly be so kind as to give us some proof?” Which is exactly what Bharat Anand does in his book—and he does so at many levels. First, he pulls out a graph of newspaper circulation per household over the past 70 years. Then, to bolster his point, he talks about a Norwegian media group called Schibsted. Schibsted published newspapers too, and their costs had spiralled upwards while the returns were horrific. They had a loss of over 200 million kroner. By 2011, Schibsted had turned the ship around. Its operating profits were up to about $220 million—nearly 60% of the entire group. Bharat Anand realised that controversy can be a friend When you introduce a controversial idea, there's instant pushback, but also instant attention. The pushback is merely the objection that needs to be tackled. Once he was able to furnish the proof, that attention level morphs into intense curiosity. The reader, or the audience, want to know more because their worldview has not only been changed, but there's proof to back up the sudden change. When presenting The Brain Audit to a sceptical audience, I had the same aha moment I could start off by being like everyone else or could choose to advance the idea of the Problem being the most critical element of all. Which is why I'd go through a demonstration of picking up a piece of paper and crumpling it into a ball. That would get the audience's attention, but then I'd suddenly throw the ball towards the audience. Instantly people would duck or swing their heads away from the oncoming missile. Without too much fuss, I was able to demonstrate that a ball of paper might get their attention, but when thrown at them, that very paper got far more people to react. It's more than likely that you do things that aren't run of the mill They may well be controversial, and it's easy to believe that it's safer to stick to the well-trodden path. However, all that's missing is the understanding of the objection. When James Hutton came up with his theory of sedimentation, sure he was ridiculed, but part of the problem was merely that he couldn't explain several facets of his theory. Granite was considered to be the Lord's foundation stone—the first part of the Earth to be created. Hutton, on the other hand, claimed that granite was an example of a recent development. And, he suggested, that rock had not so long ago, been almost liquid. See the controversy at hand? Sure you do, but you also are hooked into the excitement that would follow if there were proof. And that's why the controversy concept is so very powerful. You push it towards your audience, and they, in turn, push back. They come up with every reason why your idea is nonsense. As you get more objections, you are quickly able to figure out which one of those objections recur with the most frequency. That's gold for you Now you've got controversy, but you also know what's getting the most attention. And then, you also have proof. However, it's not always easy to overcome the sceptic with one level of proof. How much proof do you need and how do you present it? Part 2: How examples, case studies and practical demonstration reduces pushback What material makes up Saturn's rings? Saturn's rings hadn't been a mystery for quite a while. Galileo discovered Saturn's rings in 1610, and by the mid 19th century, astronomers knew that there were two large concentric circles. However, no one seemed to know what the rings were comprised of. And more importantly, why did they not somehow disappear or float away? Over 200 years had passed since Galileo, and the rings were mostly a mystery until the Cambridge college announced a competition to solve the mystery of the rings. However, they also wanted mathematical proof. It's into this space, that James Clerk Maxwell entered Just 25 years old, this physicist decided to take on the challenge, and he did so by the process of elimination. Saturn's rings could either be solid rock or ice. The second hunch was that they were liquid-based. The final possibility was that there were millions of tiny particles. What Maxwell did was working it out by pure mathematics Through maths, he showed that a solid ring would be bunched on one side of the planet. The liquid explanation didn't work either because they would be quickly broken up by physical forces acting upon them. Which led to the final possibility: that the rings comprised of a large number of independent particles. What Maxwell did was to write an equation to tell you how many—yes, how many—particles would be needed to have the system stable. In short, James Clerk Maxwell used the power of demonstration to get his point across. The fact that he used complex maths to do it is fantastic, but it also underlines that we can overcome objections through three separate methods. The beauty of overcoming objections is that you can do it either using just one, or even all three of the methods. Let's look at the methods, first • Examples • Case studies • Practical demonstration. Let's start with examples and go right back to the presentation of The Brain Audit Faced with an onslaught of objections, it was essential to come up with the “roll the paper into a ball and throw it at the audience” trick. However, that was just the starting point. I'd then come up with an example to get across the point that the brain focuses on a problem, first. I'd talk about how you might go out to dinner and let's say you were wearing a white shirt or white blouse. At dinner, there's a bit of an accident, and the pasta on the plate seems to fly towards you. Fortunately, the disaster is averted, and you get a tiny bit of orangy-red tomato stain on that white shirt. The stain is almost pathetically tiny and will easily disappear when you have that shirt or blouse cleaned. However, the stain represents a problem. Then, you get to the state of obsession to somehow clean or at least minimise the redness on the apparel. However, for some, practical examples are not enough However, you could use a second, if you could, right? Which is precisely what I did as well. Because the most significant objection was that the problem represents a “negative view” of the world, I'd ask if anyone thought that weather forecasts were evil. Let's say the weather forecaster was to tell you that a thunderstorm or hurricane was headed your way. Would that be a bad thing to do? Or let's say you went to a warrant of fitness for your car and you were told you'd need to change the rear tyre or you'd have a nasty accident. Would those instances be negative or positive? In every situation, you realise that the audience shifts from the objection zone to moving across to your side of the fence. And all of this is done by simply taking on practical examples that you encounter in everyday life. However, for some, practical examples are not enough Proof—they want proof—and let's make it something that someone has written a paper on. Luckily there is proof pretty much everywhere, if you go looking for it (I hear there are people who you can pay to research for you as well). To get back to the point, I'd found this interesting experiment by Dr John Cacciopo. The late Cacciopo was a neuroscientist ran a test. He showed his subjects three different sets of pictures. The first was a picture of something positive—like a red Ferrari or a delicious pizza. The second picture would be a picture of something mundane, like a light bulb or a plate. The third would be a picture of a dead cat. I'd tell the story of how Cacciopo would record the electrical activity of each participant's cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex, in turn, reflects the magnitude of the information processing taking place. And then I'd tell the audience what Cacciopo found. The brain reacts more strongly to stimuli it deems problematic. Or to put it another way, when faced with a problem vs solution, the problem gets our attention. This cat vs plate vs Ferrari was a case study that quelled the objection but did so from another angle. Which leaves us with the third method—practical demonstration The crumpled paper was one way to demonstrate the power of the problem, but I'd put chairs between a participant and me. I'd then ask the participant to walk towards me. In every instance, they'd swerve past the chair. Why the swerve? I'd ask the audience. The answer was pretty obvious, wasn't it? If you slam into the chair, you could hurt yourself. “The brain sees the chair as a barrier; a problem”, I'd explain. Slowly, but surely the audience would have enough of examples to hold on to, thus getting to understand that as controversial as the “problem” may be, it's the way we do things in real life. It's the way we make purchasing decisions or just about any decision. However, you have to pick your media In an article, you might use an example and a case study. In a presentation, you might be able to have all three: the case study, the example and the demonstration. And when you read the same concept in a book, you could put in all three elements and have even more than one of each. In The Brain Audit book, there's an example of dog poo and Lisa's laptop before it moves to the Cacciopo case study. On the very next page, we swing back to the flashy car vs your 1980s gas-guzzling sedan. And then for good measure, there's a sort of demonstration where you're comparing between economy and business class. Or business class and first class. It doesn't end there There are examples of a slow computer, the weather report, the timing belt or cam belt in your car, and a coffee break. Yes, indeed, so many instances and that's only half the chapter. If you think it must be tedious to read so many examples slamming in one after another, you'll find to your surprise that it makes for easy reading. If you were to pick up your copy of The Brain Audit today, you're bound to be amazed at how the controversy has been stamped out in a simple, elegant manner, by using a lot of examples, demonstration and one solitary case study. Pushback isn't always permanent In most cases, you have to look at the objections as your guiding light. They're telling you exactly why people get edgy when you bring up your ideas. Instead of trying to evade the objections, hug them tightly. Then take those very objections and find the examples, case studies and demonstrations to drive home your point. In doing so, you've done something quite familiar. You've rolled out the stages of The Brain Audit. The controversy is the problem—and we now know that the problem does get the attention of the audience. And the objection quelling exercise is indeed the solution. This happy moment takes us right into the third part: how to use it for a sales page, an information product or an article. Next Step: Have you read the The Brain Audit?Here is an except: Find out why clients buy and why they don't

1944: Der Reichsrundfunk berichtet über Alfred Wegeners Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung. Wegener hatte diese 1912 vorgestellt, allerdings waren seine Belege noch schwach.

An overview of the theory of Continental Drift with a focus on its promoter Alfred Wegener and his conception of the supercontinent of Pangaea.

Bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts entwickelte Alfred Wegener seine allgemein bekannte Rekonstruktion der Kontinente, indem er die Fragmente kontinentaler Kruste durch Schließung der großen Ozeane entlang ihrer heutigen Küstenlinien zusammenfügte, so dass alle Kontinente zu einer Landmasse vereint waren. Den resultierenden Superkontinent nannte er "Pangäa" (Wegener, 1920). In dieser Rekonstruktion liegen sich Nord- und Südamerika gegenüber und Nordwestafrika grenzt an die Südostküste Nordamerikas. Lange Zeit nahm man an, dass die Paläogeographie dieses Superkontinents sich im Laufe seiner Existenz nicht bedeutend verändert hat, sondern dass die Kontinente sich im Jura im Wesentlichen aus der gleichen Konfiguration heraus voneinander gelöst haben, zu der sie sich ursprünglich im Paläozoikum zusammengefunden hatten. In der Tat gibt es vielfältige geologische, paläontologische und geophysikalische Hinweise dafür, dass Wegeners Pangäa-Konfiguration von der späten Trias bis in den frühen Jura Bestand hatte. In den späten Fünfzigerjahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich mit der Paläomagnetik eine Methode, die es ermöglicht, die Bewegungen der Kontinente über das Alter des ältesten bekannten Ozeanbodens hinaus zu rekonstruieren. Aufgrund des Dipolcharakters des Erdmagnetfeldes gilt das jedoch nur für die Rekonstruktion von paläogeographischen Breitenlagen, die Lage bezüglich der Längengrade kann mit Hilfe des Erdmagnetfeldes nicht eindeutig bestimmt werden. Eine nicht unerhebliche Anzahl paläomagnetischer Studien hat gezeigt, dass Wegeners Pangäarekonstruktion, auch Pangäa A genannt, mit globalen paläomagnetischen Daten in prä-triassischer Zeit nicht kompatibel ist. Zwingt man die Nord- und Südkontinente Pangäas, Laurasia und Gondwana für diese Zeit in die Pangäa A Konfiguration, so ergibt die auf paläomagnetischen Daten basierende paläogeographische Rekonstruktion ein signifikantes Überlappen kontinentaler Krustenanteile (siehe z. B. Van der Voo (1993); Muttoni et al. (1996, 2003) und darin zitierte Werke). Ein solches Überlappen lässt sich jedoch mit grundlegenden geologischen Prinzipien nicht vereinen. Im Lauf der Jahrzehnte wurden vielfältige alternative prä-triassische paläogeographische Pangäarekonstruktionen erstellt, die im Einklang mit den paläomagnetischen Daten sind. Der Hauptunterschied im Vergleich dieser Rekonstruktionen zur klassischen Pangäa A Konfiguration liegt in der Lage der Südkontinente relativ zu den Nordkontinenten. Um den kontinentalen Überlapp zu vermeiden, werden die Südkontinente unter Beibehaltung ihrer Breitenlage um ca. 30 Längengrade relativ zu den Nordkontinenten weiter im Osten platziert, so dass Nordwestafrika gegenüber Europa zu liegen kommt (Pangäa B, Irving (1977)). Da - wie erwähnt - der Dipolcharakter des Erdmagnetfeldes keine Aussagen über die Position der Kontinente bezüglich der Längengrade zulässt, ist dies mit den paläomagnetischen Daten vereinbar. Die alternativen Konfigurationen müssen jedoch alle vor dem Auseinanderbrechen Pangäas im Jura wieder in die für diesen Zeitraum allgemein akzeptierte Wegener-Konfiguration zurückgeführt werden. Dies geschieht - wiederum im Einklang mit den paläomagnetischen Daten - unter Beibehaltung der Breitenlage der Kontinente entlang einer postulierten kontinentalen dextralen Scherzone. Der Versatz von 2000 bis 3000 km fand laut Muttoni et al. (2003) in einem Zeitraum von ca. 20 Ma im frühen Perm statt. Dadurch ergibt sich eine entsprechend hohe Versatzrate von 10 bis 15 cm/a. Diese Arbeit befasst sich im Rahmen mehrerer paläomagnetischer Studien mit der Suche nach dieser großen Scherzone, deren Existenz seit Jahrzehnten umstritten ist. Der große Versatz wurde vermutlich von mehreren Störungssegmenten aufgenommen, die eine mehrere hundert Kilometer breite diffuse und segmentierte Scherzone bildeten. Paläogeographische Rekonstruktionen legen nahe, dass die Scherzone unter Anderem den Bereich des heutigen Mittelmeerraumes umfasst hat (Arthaud and Matte, 1977). Die Tizi-N'-Test-Verwerfung und ihre westliche Fortsetzung, die Süd-Atlas-Störung, sowie Verwerfungen entlang der nördlichen Pyrenäen und innerhalb des Armorikanischen Massivs (Bretagne) bilden demnach die Hauptblattverschiebungssysteme, die die Scherzone begrenzen. Krustenblöcke, die in entsprechend großen Störungssystemen liegen, können um vertikale Achsen rotieren (Nelson and Jones (1987) und darin zitierte Werke). Diese Rotationen können mit Hilfe der Paläomagnetik quantifiziert werden. Kapitel 1 leitet in die vorstehend beschriebene Problematik ausführlich ein und beleuchtet insbesondere die einzelnen Abschnitte dieser Arbeit. Somit wird deutlich, wie die Ergebnisse der Studien, aus denen sich die vorliegende Arbeit zusammensetzt, aufeinander aufbauen und einen konsistenten Lösungsansatz für die eingangs beschriebene Diskrepanz zwischen den Polwanderkurven Laurasias und Gondwanas entwickeln. Kapitel 2 beschreibt eine paläomagnetische Studie, die im Toulon-Cuers Becken, Südfrankreich durchgeführt wurde. Das Toulon-Cuers Becken entstand während einer Phase der Extension im südlichen variszischen Gürtel Europas, und ist sukzessive mit Sedimenten verfüllt worden. Außer mächtigen permo-triassischen Sedimentpaketen finden sich hier auch Laven und Pyroklastika als Produkte eines extensionsgetriggerten Vulkanismus, die ebenfalls Gegenstand der hier durchgeführten Studie sind. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen können sehr gut mit bereits vorhandenen Literaturdaten in Einklang gebracht werden und zeigen, dass es zur fraglichen Zeit durchaus Bewegungen zwischen klar definierten Krustenblöcken gab, die Zeugen einer generellen Mobilität der Kruste in diesem Bereich sind. Es handelt sich hierbei um Blockrotationen um vertikale Achsen, so wie sie im Spannungsfeld einer kontinentalen Transformstörung zu erwarten sind. Dabei werden Rotationen im und gegen den Uhrzeigersinn dokumentiert, woraus eine komplexe Geometrie und Anordnung der Krustenblöcke abgeleitet werden kann. Hieraus wird ein tektonisches Modell entwickelt, welches mit gängigen Modellen (siehe McKenzie and Jackson (1983) in Nelson and Jones (1987)) in Einklang gebracht wird. Die triassischen paläomagnetischen Daten aus dem Gebiet belegen im Gegensatz dazu keine Rotationen und legen daher den Schluss nahe, dass die Krustenmobilität in dem Bereich zu Beginn des Mesozoikums zum Erliegen gekommen war. Somit belegt diese Studie deutlich, dass es im von Muttoni et al. (2003) postulierten zeitlichen Rahmen Hinweise für eine generelle Mobilität innerhalb Pangäas gibt. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Ergebnisse wurde die folgende Studie an magmatischen Ganggesteinen ("Dykes") in Sardinien (Italien) durchgeführt, um die laterale räumliche Dimension der Scherzone besser abschätzen zu können. Kapitel 3 stellt die Ergebnisse dieser Studie vor. Die Dykes treten schwarmförmig auf und sind in einem Zeitraum zwischen 298 ± 5Ma und 270 ± 10Ma in den Korsika-Sardinien-Batholith intrudiert (Atzori and Traversa, 1986; Vaccaro et al., 1991; Atzori et al., 2000). Zusätzlich zu den Rotationen, die auch hier mittels paläomagnetischer Daten nachgewiesen werden konnten, gibt die Orientierung der einzelnen Dykeschwärme Aufschluss über das tektonische Spannungsfeld, das während der Platznahme der Dykes vorherrschte. Diese kombinierten Ergebnisse bestätigen und ergänzen die Ergebnisse der vorhergehenden Studie in Südfrankreich. Ergänzend zu den Untersuchungen an den Ganggesteinen Sardiniens werden Daten von permischen Sedimenten und Vulkaniten präsentiert, die in verschiedenen Regionen Sardiniens beprobt wurden (Kapitel 4). Die paläomagnetischen Daten belegen, dass Sardinien in mindestens zwei Krustensegmente zerlegt war, welche relativ zueinander und auch relativ zur europäischen Polwanderkurve rotiert sind. Auch hier wiederholt sich das Muster von Rotationen im und gegen den Uhrzeigersinn. In dieser Studie werden die Ergebnisse aus den vorangehenden Kapiteln sowie aus der weiterführenden Literatur zusammengefasst, so dass ein zeitlich und räumlich verfeinertes Bild der Krustenblöcke im westlichen Mittelmeerraum zur Zeit des frühen Perm entsteht. Durch die verbesserte Definition der Geometrie der einzelnen Blöcke kann das in Kapitel 2 beschriebene tektonische Modell bestätigt werden. Kapitel 5 befasst sich abschließend mit dem zeitlichen Rahmen der Aktivität entlang der fraglichen Scherzone. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sich die Kontinente im Jura bereits in einer Pangäa A Konfiguration befunden haben, sollten die paläomagnetischen Daten von jurassischen Gesteinen keine Hinweise auf Scherbewegungen geben. Hierzu wird eine Studie an jurassischen Sedimenten Sardiniens vorgestellt. Die paläomagnetischen Daten der untersuchten Krustensegmente belegen, dass es in post-jurassischer Zeit in Sardinien keine Blockrotationen der einzelnen Segmente relativ zueinander gab und Sardinien somit ab jener Zeit als tektonisch einheitlicher Block behandelt werden muss. Des Weiteren zeigen die paläomagnetischen Pole, die aus den paläomagnetischen Richtungen für eine Referenzlokalität berechnet wurden, keine signifikante Abweichung von der Polwanderkurve des europäischen Kontinents nach Besse and Courtillot (2002). Diese Kohärenz der paläomagnetischen Daten bestätigt die weithin akzeptierte Beobachtung, dass sich Pangäa zur Zeit des Jura bereits in der Wegener Konfiguration (Pangäa A) befunden hat und untermauert die Aussagekraft paläomagnetischer Studien in diesem Zusammenhang. Zugleich kann anhand dieser Daten ausgeschlossen werden, dass die alpidische Orogenese die Ursache für bedeutende Krustenblockrotationen in dieser Region gebildet hat. Die Ergebnisse der oben genannten Studien werden in dieser Arbeit zusammengeführt. Im Verbund mit Daten aus der Literatur untermauern sie, dass es zwischen dem frühen Perm und der frühen Trias entlang eines ausgedehnten Gürtels, der mindestens vom französischen Zentralmassiv über Südfrankreich bis nach Korsika- Sardinien reichte, bedeutende Krustenbewegungen in Form von Blockrotationen innerhalb Pangäas gab. Die vorliegende Synthese schafft somit ein konsistentes Bild der generellen Krustenmobilität zwischen den nördlichen Teilen Pangäas (Laurasia) und den Südkontinenten (Gondwana). Der durch die präsentierten Studien abgesteckte zeitliche Rahmen korreliert mit den Abschätzungen von Muttoni et al. (2003) zur Transformation zwischen verschiedenen Pangäakonfigurationen. Diese Arbeit bestätigt außerdem, dass das mittlere Perm eine Zeit großräumiger Reorganisation der kontinentalen Platten war, die von anhaltender magmatischer Aktivität begleitet war (Deroin and Bonin, 2003; Isozaki, 2009). Anhand der hier vorgestellten neuen Daten in Kombination mit bereits bekannten paläomagnetischen Daten aus der Region ergibt sich ein klares Muster von Rotationen im und gegen den Uhrzeigersinn von einzelnen störungsbegrenzten Krustenblöcken. Diese Arbeit belegt, dass die Paläomagnetik ein hervorragendes Instrument zur Quantifizierung jener Krustenblockrotationen ist, die oftmals die einzigen verbleibenden Indizien für ehemals großräumige Scherzonen bieten, nachdem die Störungen selbst aufgrund vielfältiger Prozesse nicht mehr aufgeschlossen sind (Umhoefer, 2000). Die tektonischen Modelle von McKenzie and Jackson (1983) in der Interpretation nach Nelson and Jones (1987) werden als Erklärungsgrundlage für die beobachteten Rotationen herangezogen und erweitert.

Almost 100 years ago, a rogue geologist named Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of continental drift. It didn't matter that he was right. He was laughed off the stage. And even though he spent the rest of his career proving his theory, he died unknown. But eventually the theory of continental drift was accepted. Talk about resilience. That's our theme this week and we have five stories of people discovering resilience and how to become resilient. In Wegenerʼs day, people thought character was like the continents, fixed. Either you were a resilient person or you werenʼt. Today we know we can cultivate resilience. We can all become Wegeners. Producer: Jonah Willihnganz Featuring: Jessica Talbert, Jordan Raymond, Michelle Powers, Adina Glickman, Michael Zeligs, Jane Reynolds More info at: http://web.stanford.edu/group/storytelling/cgi-bin/joomla/index.php/shows/season-4/245-episode-401-resilience.html

Roger McCoy is author of Ending In Ice: The Revolutionary Idea and Tragic Expedition of Alfred Wegener.  In this episode we talk about the scientific triumph of Wegener’s bold, controversial theory of continental drift as well as his courageous arctic expeditions in the name of science.

Alfred Wegener, nacido en Berlin en 1880, siempre se sintió atraído por la astronomía, de hecho se doctoró en esta materia en 1904, pero después se inclinó por otros campos de la ciencia, especialmente la geología y la meteorología. Como meteorólogo, Wegener se unió en 1906 a una expedición a Groenlandia para estudiar la circulación de los gélidos aires circumpolares. La visión de los enormes bloques de hielo que se desprendían de los glaciares le sirvieron de inspiración para sentar las bases de una revolucionaria teoría: La deriva de los continentes.

Podcast de Geologia y Ciencias de la Tierra