Podcasts about Thickness

Welcome to Books at Bedtime, brought to you by Calming Anxiety. If your mind is racing with the demands of the day, or if you are struggling to transition into a peaceful night's rest, let the soothing, steady rhythm of classic science fiction guide you into a deep sleep. Tonight, we begin our third literary journey with Chapter 1 of H.G. Wells's masterpiece, The Time Machine.Step into a cozy, dimly lit Victorian dining room where a group of friends gathers after dinner. Listen as the enigmatic Time Traveler expounds on the comforting paradox of the fourth dimension, explaining how time is simply a pathway through space that our consciousness moves along. As the fire burns brightly and the room fills with the soft, hypnotic hum of philosophical debate, you will witness the demonstration of a delicate model mechanism made of ivory, brass, and translucent crystal. Read with a slow, calming cadence designed to lower your heart rate and soothe an overactive nervous system, this bedtime story podcast episode acts as a gentle anchor for your evening routine. Dim your screen, settle deep into your pillows, and allow the fading echoes of shuffling slippers and crackling fires to lull you into an uninterrupted night's sleep.Episode Chapters00:00 – Introduction: Settling In for Books at Bedtime00:45 – An After-Dinner Atmosphere: The Fire and the Glowing Hearth01:41 – The Geometry of School: Questioning the Paradox02:45 – Length, Breadth, Thickness, and Duration: Defining the Fourth Dimension04:24 – The Mind's Drift: Recalling Memories Vividly06:13 – A Vision of a Machine: Debating Travel Through Time08:05 – Slippers Shuffling: A Visit to the Cold Laboratory Corridor08:44 – The Glittering Framework: Examining the Delicate Model11:17 – Setting the Table: Candles, Lamps, and Brass Sconces12:46 – Pressing the Lever: The First Model Voyage13:13 – A Breath of Wind: The Swirl of Paint and Disappearance15:33 – Invisible Flights: The Analytical Analogy of the Spinning Wheel17:01 – A Glimpse of the Full-Size Prototype & Sleepy OutroStorybook Highlights for SleepAllow your focus to soften as your imagination drifts through these tranquil, atmospheric settings:The Crackling Hearth: The warm, flickering light of a roaring fire catching the tiny, passing bubbles dancing in the dinner glasses.The Gentle Demonstration: The soft, comforting click of a small white lever being pressed down on an octagonal table illuminated by a single shaded lamp.The Fading Corridor: The rhythmic, comforting sound of the host's slippers softly shuffling down a long, quiet hallway toward his peaceful workshop.If this evening's journey through time helped quiet your thoughts and ease you into a state of rest, please subscribe to the show and share this premiere episode with someone who needs a gentle voice to help them sleep tonight. Sharing our episodes is how our little community of stillness reaches the beautiful souls who need it the most.For target-focused support with daytime panic, chronic worry, or nervous system regulation, remember to explore our Anxiety Breaker course at calminganxiety.fm.Let your breathing become slow and easy, release the day entirely, and be kind to your beautiful soul. Sleep well, my friend.

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This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. 01 This is the fourth episode in a four part series on simple podcasting. 02 Introduction In this episode we will discuss alternatives to Audacity when it comes to analyzing audio spectrums to find the sources of unwanted noise. I previously promised some gratuitous hackery, and we will get into that in this episode. 03 Recall that with Audacity you first import the audio file, then select the part of the audio you wish to analyze (or ctrl-A for all), and then select analyze > plot spectrum. This is in fact the only feature of Audacity that I know how to use. I am definitely not an audio expert. I do however have some background in processing and analyzing other signals, so some of the basics are familiar to me. 04 We can accomplish the same thing that Audacity does in this instance provided we can do the following. First, we need to get the data out of the audio file and into a form which we can import into other software. Second, we need to perform certain mathematical operations on this data. Finally, we need to be able to plot the results of these calculations on a chart. -------------------- 05 Fourier Transforms First though, we need a bit of mathematical background. What Audacity is doing when it shows a plot of frequency versus amplitude is that it is showing the results of a Fourier Transform. A Fourier Transforms is a mathematical operation that converts the time domain into the frequency domain. Any complex signal, audio or otherwise, can be broken down into a collection of sine waves of various frequencies. For example, a simple square wave signal of say 100 hertz can be represented as a sine wave of frequency 100 hertz plus a collection of higher frequency sine waves which add together to give the sharp corners. 06 A Fourier Transform finds these sine waves and sorts them out into separate bins, with each bin representing an individual frequency or a collection of closely related frequencies, depending on how fine grained the sorting is. 07 This is exactly what we want when we are trying to figure out how to filter out noise. Recall that earlier in this series we had to solve a problem with a high pitched background noise which was originating in my cheap microphone. Analyzing this audio by frequency showed that it was a series of individual tones at 1 kHz intervals. We were then able to use filters targeted at those frequencies to get rid of that noise. 08 There are several optimized versions of the Fourier Transform algorithm. A very common one is the Fast Fourier Transform, common abbreviated to just "FFT". This is so common that the term "FFT" is often used to simply mean any Fourier Transform even though this is not technically correct. 09 Typical FFT algorithms require that the number of data samples is exactly a power of two. So the number of samples we need may be something like 4096, 8192, or 65536, to give a few random examples. When we transform from the time domain to the frequency domain, each sample becomes a single frequency "bin". So the more samples we have, the finer the resolution we get in terms of frequency. 10 If we assume we are dealing with flac files recorded at a 44.1 kHz sample rate, that is, 44100 samples per second, then if we have 32768 samples, each "bin" represents slightly more than 1 hertz. If we have 65536 samples, then each "bin" represents a fraction of a hertz. For our purposes we will pick 65536 samples. That means we need 1.48 seconds of data. For simplicity's sake we will record at least 2 seconds of data and then just discard the samples that we don't need. 11 There is a further complication here. Fourier Transforms normally work with complex numbers. Recall from your school days that as well as integers and real numbers there are complex numbers. Each complex number consists of two parts, a real component and an imaginary component. I won't go into the details of this, just accept that each sample needs to have two components. Fortunately, if we don't have complex number data we can just set the imaginary component to zero and use that. This is enough talking about the theory, let's get into the practical details. -------------------- 12 Extracting Data from Audio Files First we will look at how to extract the data from the audio files. Fortunately, one of the programs which we have already been using can do this. To do this we will use Sox. I am not aware of an equivalent feature in ffmpeg. 13 Sox calls itself "SoX - Sound eXchange, the Swiss Army knife of audio manipulation" Sox is free software and is licensed under the GPLV2 or later. In this case we want to use a feature which allows us to convert a binary audio signal file to a text data file. To convert the file to text data we just give the output file a ".dat" file extension and Sox will do this for us. 14 Here is a command example. sox inputfile.flac tdata.dat 15 This gives us a file in the following format, assuming this is a mono audio recording. ; Sample Rate 44100 ; Channels 1 0 0.045471191406 2.2675737e-05 0.055023193359 4.5351474e-05 0.048217773438 6.8027211e-05 0.053192138672 etc. The first line states the sample frequency The second line states that the data is for channel 1. The data starts on the third line. Column 1 is the time in seconds. Column 2 is the waveform data point. 16 To analyze the data we want a subset of these samples. When we convert from the time domain to the frequency domain, our resolution will be determined by the number of samples. We would like therefore to have at least as many samples as the sampling rate. We also want the samples size to be an even multiple of two. The number of points we want to have is equal to the next even multiple of two above our chosen sampling rate, 44,100 Hz. This number would be 65536. 17 To extract this data from the file we can do the following. tail tdata.dat -n+3 | head -n65536 | awk '{printf "%sn", $2}' > tdata.csv 18 We use tail to skip over the first three lines. We use head to take the next 65536 lines and discard the rest. We use awk to extract the second column which we will use as the real component. We now have this data as a csv file in one column. -------------------- 19 Analyzing the Data To analyze the data we need software which can calculate FFTs. I will now show two examples of this, a very simple case using Libre Office Calc, and a more complex but more complete one using GNU Octave. 20 Using Libre Office We can do fourier analysis and plot charts using Libre Office. Take the csv file of data that we previously created. For this example I used data from a recording of silence so that I could see what internal noise was being generated by the headset. Open the csv file and import it into Libre Office Calc. 21 Now select all 65536 rows of column A. The Fourier function will automatically fill the imaginary component with zeros if we don't provide an column of imaginary numbers, so we don't need to provide a column of zeros. Then select Data > Statistics > Fourier Analysis. 22 A window will open allowing you to select various parameters. For Results to:, enter "D1". Grouped by Columns. Select OK. 23 New data should now appear starting in cell D1. The first line will say " Fourier Transform" The second line will state the input range. The third line will state "Real" in column D, and "Imaginary" in column E. The data will start in row 4. 24 For our simple example we will ignore the imaginary data and just use the real data, which will form our Y component when we plot it on a chart. We now need to create the X axis data. 25 Each cell is a "bin" of frequencies. Each cell therefore represents (sample frequency) / (Number of samples) Hz. 26 To create the X axis data showing frequency, enter the following formula in to column C to the left of each D column number. =((44100/65536) * (ROW() - 4) 27 We can now create an XY chart showing the frequency analysis. You may need to exclude the first couple of dozen rows as very low frequency components which cannot be heard may otherwise overwhelm the data we are interested in. Also, you only need the first half of the chart. The FFT mirrors the data from the first half of the array into the second half. 28 Because characterizing a sine wave requires a minimum of 2 points, although we have a sample frequency of 44.1 kHz, we really only have sound waves up to a maximum of half that, or 22.05 kHz. Create the chart with lines only. If you followed the above instructions, you should see something resembling what we saw in Audacity, except with each bin more sharply defined. 29 In the data that I had from a recording of unfiltered headset noise, I could see a distinct noise spike every 1000 hertz. 30 However, we have taken several shortcuts. First, the imaginary component of the data was ignored. Second, the magnitude (that is, Y axis) has both positive and negative peaks. Third, the data is not scaled to dB sound units, so we just have a relative measure. However, that by itself is enough to tell us where the frequencies are that we need to construct filters to deal with. 31 We could refine this spreadsheet a bit more to deal with the above issues, but I think we have demonstrated the basic principle, and working with a spreadsheet can be a bit awkward. However, if working with a spreadsheet is what you want to do, then you can add more columns and more formulae to improve on it. -------------------- 32 Other Analysis Software I will go on to GNU Octave in a moment, but I want to get a few other alternatives out of the way first. I won't go into any detail on them other than to point them out to people who want to have a go at trying these themselves. 33 Grace There is math and plotting software called Grace. This is free software, released under the GPL V2. According to the documentation, it seems to have the features we need, including an FFT function. However, I could not get it to work properly on Ubuntu 24.04. I could not get it to load a data file and plot data. 34 The error messages were vague and unhelpful. The file navigation system didn't work. There was no obvious path to success, and if it isn't easy to use then there is no point to it. This is fairly old software, designed for X Window and Motif. I gave up on it as not suitable for this series as I am looking for some fairly low effort things for people to try themselves. If someone else can get it to work on their PC, perhaps they could do an HPR episode on this themselves. 35 Command Line FFT Packages There are several command line FFT packages. They will read data from std in or from a file and output the FFT. However, these are not packaged for Ubuntu and appear to be distributed as C source code which you would download and compile. You can experiment with those if you wish, but I felt they were a bit out of scope for discussion here as I am looking at common tools that are ready to use. 36 Here are two examples. One is Command-line Fast Fourier Transform utility https://github.com/gregfjohnson/fft Another is cli-fft https://github.com/jonolafur/cli-fft 37 I have not tried these and cannot say whether they are any good or not. Similarly, there are a number of FFT packages that are libraries for languages such as Python. If you want to take the time to write a short program to go with them, you can create a dedicated FFT command line program. However, I felt that this too was out of scope for what I was trying to do here. 38 Doing it the Hard Way Hypothetically, it may be possible to write an FFT function in bash bc, which is the arbitrary precision calculator language which is part of the standard shell package. I say hypothetically, because I have not tried it. I think it would be an interesting challenge, but I don't have the time at the moment to try it. If anyone feels motivated to give it a try, they're welcome to give it a go and then do a podcast episode on it. -------------------- 39 GNU Octave We have seen that as well as using features built into Audacity to analyze the audio spectrum to see the frequencies of undesired noises, we were able to do the same using a Libre Office spreadsheet. 40 Now we'll look at another bit of software, GNU Octave. GNU Octave is free software, licensed under the GPL V3 or later. It is a mathematical scripting language, very similar to Matlab. People use it for mathematical, engineering, and scientific work. It can be found in most Linux distros and is available for some other operating systems as well. 41 Octave has two features built in that we need for our purposes. It does FFTs, and it has a plotting system built in to produce graphs. -------------------- 42 We will take the same audio test file that we used with Audacity and Libre Office and use it here as well. The bash script to convert the flac file to text data is essentially the same, with the exception that file extension on the output file as is ".txt" instead of ".csv". This latter change was an arbitrary decision on my part. 43 As a quick review, this bash script uses sox to convert a flac file to a text ".dat" file. Then it uses tail, head, and awk to extract the first 65536 rows of data, skipping over the header information and ignoring the first column of time data. This script will be in the show notes. -------------------- #!/bin/bash # This version is for use with the GNU Octave script. sox hsnoisemono.flac hsnoisemono.dat tail hsnoisemono.dat -n+3 | head -n65536 | awk '{printf "%sn", $2}' > hsnoisemono.txt -------------------- 44 We now have a 1.1 MB file containing 65536 samples of data in text format. Now the next thing we need to do is to create a short Octave script file. I will just give a brief overview of the script here, the full script will be in the show notes. 45 I put the script in a file called "octavespectrum.m". I have never used Octave before now, but the convention seems to be to give the script a ".m" ending. The "she-bang" line is "#!/usr/bin/env octave". If you make the file executable you can run it like any other script, or you can type "octave" and then the name of the script to run. 46 I won't read out the script in detail, as that would be too hard to following along in a podcast. However, I pass several arguments to the script including the name of the data file, and then two integers that I use to limit the display area in the Y and X axes so I can have the chart focus on the areas of interest that I want to see. I also pass a string containing the name of the graphic file that I want the chart exported to. This was an arbitrary decision on my part and you can just hard code these values in if that is what you want to do. 47 The arguments are accessed by calling the "args()" function, which returns an array of strings. Next, it reads in the specified file using the "dlmread()" function. This reads all of the data into an array. 48 Next, it performs a hamming windowing function on the data. I'll explain that briefly. It is standard practice when doing FFT signal processing to "window" the signal. Since the signal sample is of finite length, it will stop at each end of the array. 49 Unless you were lucky enough for this to happen exactly at a zero crossing, this would produced an abrupt transition in the data which looks like "noise" to the FFT. The solution is to taper the signal off gradually towards the ends so that when it gets cut off the signal is fairly small at that point anyway. There are a variety of different windowing functions, but "hamming" seems to be the most commonly used. 50 Next, it does an FFT using the "fft()" function. 51 This gives us real and imaginary outputs. These are combined by summing the squares of each corresponding real and imaginary element and then taking the square root of each and storing that in a new array. This gives a single array of the same length as the originals, but combining the two output components. If anyone wants to tell me that this isn't how things are done in the audio world, they're welcome to make an HPR episode telling us all the right way to do things. 52 Then it does some scaling and selection of subsets of data so we get the X axis in hertz and just the number of samples that we wish to look at. If you are looking at the script, the thing to keep in mind is that Octave will work on entire arrays of data in a single operation. You don't need to write explicit loops for this. The looping is handled implicitly as part of the syntax. 53 It also does various other things that make the chart easier to read. The comments in the script describe these in more detail. Since this is a script it's easier to add these sorts of refinements than is the case for a spreadsheet so I have made the effort to add them. Finally it calls the "plot()" function. If an output graphics file name was provided, it also creates a PNG file containing the same image using the "saveas" function. 54 We now see the chart, and it looks more or less as expected. However, this chart is interactive. You can zoom and pan the data, something that you can't do with either Audacity or Libre Office. The chart window doesn't have a function for exporting the resulting chart to a "png" file, it will only save to an ".ofig" file. The ofig file is not a standard graphics file, it is a serialization of the chart data that can only be looked at using the Octave chart viewer. 55 Alternatively, you can just take a screenshot of the chart after you have interactively zoomed and panned to a point of interest. At the bottom left of the chart window is a pair of x-y coordinates which tell you the current position of the mouse pointer in chart units. This is very handy as it can be used to get the exact (or close to exact) frequency of each noise spike. 56 The Y axis is not scaled in any particular units such as dB, as I'm not sure how to do that according to audio industry conventions. On the other hand, I'm not sure that it's really necessary, as I don't know what dB means in tangible terms anyway. It does show relative sizes, so it helps to determine whether you have one noise frequency or multiple frequencies to worry about. 57 If anyone is familiar with how to scale the raw data from a flac file as exported by Sox into dB units according to audio industry convention, then they are welcome to create an HPR episode telling us how to do it. -------------------- 58 Comments on GNU Octave I had never used GNU Octave before this, although I had heard of it and it is quite a significant piece of software for a specific segment of users. 59 The syntax is a bit odd especially in how it deals with array operations, but I was able to google various examples and answers to eventually get this working. A few other peculiarities are that it uses the percent "%" character to denote a comment, and leaving out the semi-colon at the end of the line causes it to print the answer to the console after executing the statement. 60 The GNU Octave solution was harder to get working than the Libre Office method. However, once it was working it is easier to use repeatedly. If I were to want to automatically generate audio files with different filtering or other options and wanted to script the creation of a large number of images showing the results, this would be the way to do it. 61 When your run the Octave script you may get a warning which says something like "QSocketNotifier: Can only be used with threads started with QThread". This is apparently a routine warning message from the Qt graphics system which has no real significance in this context and can be ignored for our purposes. -------------------- 62 We now have a bash script which will use sox to extract the data from a flac file, and a GNU Octave script which can be used to display the resulting frequency spectrum. This does more or less the same thing as "Plot Spectrum" does in Audacity, but allows for zooming and panning to get a more detailed look at the data. 63 However it doesn't give you an absolute reading of the sound levels in dB, something that Audacity does provide. What I wanted it for though was to find the frequencies of the audible noise in the signal, something that it does quite well. -------------------- #!/usr/bin/env octave % Perform an FFT on the data in a file and plot the results. % ====================================================================== % The sampling frequency. This must be changed to accommodate the % actual sampling frequency if it was something else. samplefreq = 44100; % Thickness of line on plot. linewidth = 2; % ====================================================================== % The name of the data file is passed as a argument. args = argv(); if length(args) < 3 quit endif % File name. fname = args{1}; % Clip the peak values. peakclip = str2double(args{2}); % How much data to show, in kHz. rbound = str2double(args{3}) * 1000; % The optional file name to save a chart image to. if length(args) > 3 chartfile = args{4}; else chartfile = ""; endif % ====================================================================== % Read the data in from the file. sampledata = dlmread(fname); % Number of samples. samplecount = length(sampledata); % ====================================================================== % Window the data. This helps deal with the discontinuity of data at % each end of the array and the effects this has on introducing apparent % noise into the signal. windoweddata = (hamming(samplecount) .* sampledata); % ====================================================================== % Do the actual FFT. fftresults = fft(windoweddata); % Get real component. r = real(fftresults); % Get the imaginary component. i = imag(fftresults); % Combine the real and imaginary. In order to square each element of each % array, we must use the ".^" operator, not just "^". rfft = sqrt(r.^2 + i.^2); realfft = rfft(1:samplecount); % ====================================================================== % Scale factor for frequency. fscale = samplefreq / samplecount; % X axis scale, scaled to frequency. f = (0:samplefreq/2) * fscale; % Take a subset of the data if specified. rbound has to be re-scaled % from kHz to array increments. freq = f(1:min(rbound / fscale,length(f))); % y axis. We take the absolute value and then limit (clip) the peaks % so that a few large peaks don't obscure the smaller ones. mag = min(abs(realfft(1: length(freq))), peakclip); % Plot the results. figure; whandle = plot(freq, mag, 'LineWidth', linewidth); title(["Audio Spectrum of ", fname]); xlabel("Frequency (Hz)"); ylabel("Unscaled Magnitude"); grid on; % If the appropriate optional argument was specified, save the chart % to a file of that name. if length(chartfile) > 4 saveas(gcf, chartfile, "png"); endif % Need this so the plot window stays open. waitfor(whandle); % ====================================================================== -------------------- This is the shell script used with the above Octave script. The arguments are 1 - the file name for the input data file. 2 - The value to clip the peaks at. 3 - The upper frequency bound in kHz. 4 - The output graphics file name. #!/bin/bash octave octavespectrum.m hsnoisemono.txt 10 12 hsnoisemono.png -------------------- 64 Episode Conclusion In this episode we covered the following topics. What Fourier transforms are. Extracting data from audio files using Sox. Analyzing the data using Libre Office. Analyzing the data using GNU Octave. And, several alternative analysis methods. 65 Series Conclusion This is the end of a four part series on simple podcasting. In the first episode, we covered a simple podcast recording method. This first episode is all you really need to make a podcast. 66 In the second episode we covered basic filtering and a few other simple topics. The methods discussed in that episode provide basic improvements to your audio if you feel the need for it. 67 In the third episode we covered how to analyze audio noise problems using Audacity and additional filtering techniques to deal with specific problems that we may find. We also covered command line recording, playback, and getting information about an audio recording. 68 In the fourth episode we engaged in a bit of gratuitous hackery for the fun of it and showed how to use alternative software methods to analyze audio signals. 69 I hope that this series has been both useful and entertaining and that you will use the knowledge gained here to create and submit your own HPR podcast episodes. -------------------- -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

Full-thickness wounds don't just challenge the body—they expose the entire ecosystem of care. From disrupted dermal architecture to prolonged inflammatory phases, these wounds demand more than routine treatment. They require precision, interdisciplinary strategy, and relentless clinical insight.But here's the truth most people don't say out loud: healing isn't just biological—it's operational.Reimbursement structures, supply chain limitations, advanced therapy costs, and workforce expertise all shape outcomes just as much as tissue viability and vascular integrity. The gap between optimal care and accessible care is where innovation either thrives…or fails.The future of wound care belongs to those who can bridge science with scalability—where clinicians, technologists, and business leaders stop operating in silos and start building systems that actually heal.Because at this level, it's not just about closing wounds.It's about closing gaps in care.#WoundCare #HealthcareInnovation #ClinicalExcellence #MedTech #HealthEconomics #AdvancedWoundCare #HealthcareLeadership #Biotech #PatientOutcomes #DisruptHealthcare #MedicalScience #CareDelivery #FutureOfHealthcare #WoundHealing #HealthcareStrategy

Full-thickness wounds don't just challenge the body—they expose the entire ecosystem of care. From disrupted dermal architecture to prolonged inflammatory phases, these wounds demand more than routine treatment. They require precision, interdisciplinary strategy, and relentless clinical insight.But here's the truth most people don't say out loud: healing isn't just biological—it's operational.Reimbursement structures, supply chain limitations, advanced therapy costs, and workforce expertise all shape outcomes just as much as tissue viability and vascular integrity. The gap between optimal care and accessible care is where innovation either thrives…or fails.The future of wound care belongs to those who can bridge science with scalability—where clinicians, technologists, and business leaders stop operating in silos and start building systems that actually heal.Because at this level, it's not just about closing wounds.It's about closing gaps in care.#WoundCare #HealthcareInnovation #ClinicalExcellence #MedTech #HealthEconomics #AdvancedWoundCare #HealthcareLeadership #Biotech #PatientOutcomes #DisruptHealthcare #MedicalScience #CareDelivery #FutureOfHealthcare #WoundHealing #HealthcareStrategy

One Big Question Podcast I "Healing's Hidden Depths: Partial-Thickness Wound Insights"Healing isn't always loud. Sometimes it lives in the layers you don't see.Healing's Hidden Depths: Partial-Thickness Wound Insights dives into the science and strategy behind wounds that sit between surface and severity—where precision care determines everything. These injuries may appear minor, but biologically, they're complex ecosystems of regeneration, inflammation, and opportunity.From moisture balance to cellular repair, understanding partial-thickness wounds isn't just clinical—it's critical. Because real healing isn't about speed… it's about doing it right the first time.In a world chasing quick fixes, we're choosing informed healing.#WoundCare #MedicalInnovation #HealthcareInsights #HealingScience #ClinicalExcellence #MedTech #PatientCareFirst #TissueRepair #HealthcareLeaders #EvidenceBasedCare

One Big Question Podcast I "Healing's Hidden Depths: Partial-Thickness Wound Insights"Healing isn't always loud. Sometimes it lives in the layers you don't see.Healing's Hidden Depths: Partial-Thickness Wound Insights dives into the science and strategy behind wounds that sit between surface and severity—where precision care determines everything. These injuries may appear minor, but biologically, they're complex ecosystems of regeneration, inflammation, and opportunity.From moisture balance to cellular repair, understanding partial-thickness wounds isn't just clinical—it's critical. Because real healing isn't about speed… it's about doing it right the first time.In a world chasing quick fixes, we're choosing informed healing.#WoundCare #MedicalInnovation #HealthcareInsights #HealingScience #ClinicalExcellence #MedTech #PatientCareFirst #TissueRepair #HealthcareLeaders #EvidenceBasedCare

Rachel's favorite fancy utility accessory! Griffin's favorite discovery not yet ruined by the algorithm! Music: “Money Won't Pay” by bo en and Augustus – https://open.spotify.com/album/7n6zRzTrGPIHt0kRvmWoya Marsha P. Johnson Institute: https://marshap.org/

Hello Booty Gang, and welcome back to another episode of BUTT HONESTLY—where the inbox is thriving, the opinions are measured (mostly), and the phrasing… is unforgettable.This week, the guys dive into a fresh batch of listener emails that range from heartfelt to highly specific. We kick things off with a note from Australia, where one listener writes in to say thank you for a recent conversation—proving that sometimes this podcast is not just chaotic, but actually… helpful. Growth!Then things take a turn (as they do) with a listener navigating a partner's body modification that's causing a bit of unexpected wear and tear. Dr. Carlton brings the medical insight, Dangilo brings the commentary, and together they unpack the delicate balance between curiosity, comfort, and knowing your limits.And finally… we have a Booty Gangster who confidently reports that he “flooded his partner's face.” Interpret that as you will—the guys certainly do. It's a moment of storytelling, reflection, and a reminder that phrasing is everything.Outside the inbox, the boys weigh in on the Bryan Noem “bimbofication” incident, offering their signature mix of cultural commentary and side-eye. Dr. Carlton also gives his review of Pillion—spoiler alert: thoughts were had, opinions were formed, and no one is walking away neutral.As always, the episode wraps with the guys' Love Language of the Week, because after all the chaos, commentary, and questionable wording, we still believe in connection… even if it's complicated.Press play. It's thoughtful, it's messy, and it's Butt Honestly at its most delightfully unfiltered.

$WADRespek

Back in the 1970s, a Canadian ice researcher developed a formula to determine how thick lake ice needed to be for logging trucks to drive across. It helps inform the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' ice safety guidelines today. Reporter Kim Hyatt talks with host Erica Pearson about the history and science of ice roads.

Author Gerard Beirne tells Ruth McKee which books he would save if his house was on fire. Gerard Beirne is a novelist, poet, and short story writer, and curates the online magazine The Irish Literary Times. His work includes the novels The Eskimo in the Net (Marion Boyars, 2003), Turtle ( Oberon, 2009), Charlie Tallulah (Oberon, 2013), and The Thickness of Ice (Baraka Books, 2024). He currently teaches on the BA Writing and Literature Program at the Atlantic Technological University in Sligo.

Learn how strategic hair coloring techniques can create the illusion of volume and thickness for thinning hair. From choosing the right base shade to mastering multi-dimensional coloring, this episode reveals expert tips on making your hair look fuller and healthier.https://trybello.com/products/bello-hair-helper-spray-plus Trybello LLC City: Miami Address: 40 SW 13th St Website: https://trybello.com/

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 16In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking revelations about Europa's ice shell, explore new evidence for the existence of a potential Planet Nine, and discuss a significant advancement in quantum physics that challenges the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.Europa's Ice Shell Thickness RevealedData from NASA's Juno mission has provided the first insights into the thickness of Europa's icy crust, estimating it to be around 29 kilometers. This measurement comes from Juno's 2022 flyby, where the spacecraft utilized its microwave radiometer to analyze the moon's surface temperature and characteristics. The findings suggest that beneath this thick ice lies a global ocean of liquid water, potentially harboring the ingredients necessary for life. Understanding the ice shell's structure is crucial for future missions, including NASA's Europa Clipper, set to arrive in 2030.The Case for Planet NineA new study published in Nature Astronomy presents fresh simulations suggesting that wide-orbit planets, like the hypothesized Planet Nine, could be a natural outcome of chaotic early planetary systems. Researchers found that during turbulent phases of stellar formation, planets can be flung into distant orbits rather than being ejected entirely. This work offers a 40% chance that a Planet Nine-like object exists, providing a promising avenue for future exploration as telescopes become more capable of surveying the distant solar system.Advancements in Quantum PhysicsIn a remarkable breakthrough, physicists have demonstrated a method to sidestep the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, allowing for simultaneous precise measurements of a particle's position and momentum. This innovative approach, detailed in Science Advances, could pave the way for ultra-precise sensor technologies across various fields, including navigation and astronomy. The study redefines the boundaries of quantum measurement, offering new possibilities for scientific exploration.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com✍️ Episode ReferencesNature AstronomyScience AdvancesBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

Paul Comstock is a legendary bowyer who began carving more than 40 years ago. Along with coauthors of The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, he helped spark a resurgence in primitive archery and bow making. Prior to contributing to all 4 volumes of the Bowyer's Bible, Paul wrote the popular book The Bent Stick. He has served as a mentor and role model for many of today's most respected bowyers, and he continues to carve bows from his home in Ohio. Please enjoy this episode of Project Quiver on Salish Wolf with Paul Comstock.          Episode Links: The Traditional Bowyer's BibleProject Quiver at Anchor Point ExpeditionsSummary:In this conversation, Todd and Comstock delve into the intricacies of bow making, focusing on the Perry Reflex bow design, the differences between wooden and laminated bows, and the importance of tillering and testing bow performance. Comstock shares personal experiences and insights on how to effectively measure and adjust bow performance, emphasizing the significance of attention to detail in the bow-making process. The discussion also touches on common misconceptions in archery and the value of traditional techniques in modern bow making.Show Notes:The Perry Reflex bow design is unique and effective.Thickness taper is crucial for bow performance.Fiberglass laminated bows have different characteristics than wooden bows.Confusion exists about what constitutes a wooden bow.Using hickory backings requires careful consideration of bow length.Measuring bow performance is essential for safety and effectiveness.Tiller process can be done without elaborate equipment.Attention to detail is key in bow making.Proof testing can help ensure bow integrity.Success in bow making comes from experience and careful practice.Chapters:00:00 Initial Clarifications09:32 Understanding the Perry Reflex Bow15:24 Wooden vs. Laminated Bows26:21 Measuring and Testing Bow Performance32:58 Tiller Process and Techniques42:35 Final Thoughts on Bow Making and Proof Testing

Guest: Bob Zimmerman. Zimmerman highlights James Webb Telescope discoveries challenging Big Bang theories, new estimates of Europa's ice thickness, and unique images of Saturn and Pluto1930

Direct To Print Aligners,Will It Change Clear Aligner Therapy? 8 MINUTE SUMMARY In this episode, I review direct-to-print alignersand how the material offers potential biomechanical advantages through itsmaterial properties when compared with conventional thermoplastic aligners. Theunique feature of force recovery of the material and current emerging evidence.The episode also explores the current limitations of the evidence base anddiscusses why, despite theoretical advantages, direct-to-print aligners havenot yet entered routine clinical practice. This podcast is based on a recent lectureby Jean-Marc Retrouvey. Timestamp00:27 – What are direct-to-print aligners?01:10 – How do direct-to-print aligners deliver force?02:39 – Push and pull forces and adaptation03:58 – Reactivation with heat, unique force recovery05:09 – Variable aligner thickness07:08 – Why haven't direct-to-print aligners changed aligner therapy yet?  Material photopolymer resins  Force delivery – Push and Pull Engage with undercuts not possible with thermoformedalignerso  Deliver forces to areas seen as non-engagedsurfaces§ Non-engaged surface – greater displacement thanTFA (Hertan 2022) Force delivery – Adaptation·     Closer adaptation 20-30% more accurate 30um or 0.03mm (48 um Graphy Zendura, Essix Ace and DPA Koenig2022). ·     Uniform thickness                                                                                            i.        TFA Non-uniform thickness – due thermal process, thinner areasend of aligner                                                                                          ii.        TFA sharp distribution around attachment / transition Force delivery material properties ·     TFA Stress relaxation – Reduce force with time,12 hours reduce 60%, DPA reduce to around 50%, but with recovery increase to75% Xu 2025                                                                                             i.        Moment to force ratio more sustained for bodilymovement, in vitro study  ·     Thickness customisationo  Creating a force couple: 0.8 labial, Vs 0.5mmlingual , creating moment within the aligner   Direct to Print Aligners 2 types: Shape memory Vs Activememory·      Similarclaims:1.       Re-activate force recovery through heating inwater reactivation and reverse stress relaxation and creep2.       Customise thickness, trimlines and auxiliaries3.       Less attachments4.       Speed of printing aligner 5.       Less wastage ·      Shapememory: Graphy 20191.       Transition temperature – low 45 degrees, from30-45 degrees = increase temperature = reduce force. Re-activates inside themouth to maintain properties. Choi 2025 ·      Activememory LuxCreo 2022 1.       Transition temperature – high 60 degrees =maintain elasticity2.       Re-activated with warm water  = restores mechanical properties  Challenges: 1.       Little clinical research to support biomechanicalsuperiority2.       Loss of force from insertion Xu 2025 50% in 12hours3.       Effectiveness seems camparable for mild to moderatecases: a.       PAR change DPA 86%, refinement of 40% VanessaKnode 2025, b.       PAR change TFA 88.9% Jaber 2022, refinement of 70-94%Ladewig 2005, Kravitz 2023   See Jean-Marc Retrouvey's lecture in full: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7fJmxgXHqU Previous podcast on Direct To Print Aligners February2024https://orthoinsummary.com/direct-to-print-aligners-are-they-really-different-to-normal-aligners-8-minute-summary/ #aligneronorthodontics#directtoprint#orthodontics#orthodonticsinsummary#Farooqahmed#Orthodontics#Luxcreo#graphy#clearalignertherapy   

Thank you to today's sponsors!- The Invasive Species Centre: Protecting Canada's land and water from invasive species- SAIL: The Ultimate Destination for your Outdoor Adventures- J&B Cycle and Marine: Your Home for all things powersports, boats, and equipment- Freedom Cruise Canada: Rent the boat, own the memories- Anglers Leaderboard: Real-time AI angling platform where everyone is welcome, and every catch counts!How do you really know if the ice is safe before you step onto it?In this episode of Outdoor Journal Radio, the crew is joined by Dr. Paul Cooley, founder of NextGen Environmental Research and the mind behind Angler's Leaderboard, to break down a groundbreaking new tool called Ice Time. Using satellite radar technology, Ice Time provides near-real-time ice condition data for lakes across Canada and beyond.The conversation dives into how satellite radar can see through snow and darkness, how ice actually forms and shifts on large lakes, why pressure ridges are one of the biggest hidden dangers on ice, and how anglers, snowmobilers, and outdoor enthusiasts can use this data to make safer decisions before ever leaving home.Topics covered include:How satellite radar maps ice thickness and ice typesWhy early-season and late-season ice is most dangerousHow pressure ridges form, move, and collapseReal-world ice safety failures and what causes themHow Ice Time can help anglers, guides, and winter travellers plan smarter tripsThis episode is a must-listen for anyone who spends time on frozen lakes, whether you ice fish, snowmobile, skate, or travel winter ice roads.Listen now and learn how modern technology is changing winter safety forever.

S7 Ep 43 Paper Thickness?! The Junk Journal Podcast! The Paper Outpost Podcast! The Joy of JunkJournals! Free to Listen Anytime! Every Tuesday newaudio podcast launches!!  Topics: JunkJournals, Paper Crafting, life of a crafter, answering crafty questions! Everyday new video podcasts are uploaded as well on Spotify

This Episodes Questions: Brians Questions: Love the podcast fellas! I have a simple question: When I use my table saw, I usually just check if the blade is "high enough" i.e. any height higher than the wood piece. Is there an ideal blade height for a given wood thickness? Thanks! Matt What is the most difficult project you've ever done? Brian Guys Questions: I'm wondering how thick is too thick to veneer onto a plywood box. I'll be making a treasure chest for my daughter's wedding (for cards and such) and lining it in leather. I have some wood I'd like to use for the outside as “veneer”, but it is a 3/8” thick. The species is morado, and they were a “special buy” thing at a Woodcraft I got a while ago.  Basically, I have them and I'd like to use them if possible rather than buying something else. My bandsaw isn't always the most reliable, so while I would feel comfortable splitting them and then planing them flat again, that might be as thin as I'm able to do. I'm guessing 1/8” thick once all the processing is done. Is that too thick to use as veneer? Is there a glue that's better for a thicker veneer than a thin one? Thanks, Peter I recently bought a small bandsaw mill (Woodmizer LX30) and am becoming an amateur sawyer, exclusively to supply lumber for my own projects.  2 questions, here's the first: 1. In what use cases, if any, would you use air-dried lumber for your projects, assuming it is stickered properly, outside, with a rain cover on the top, for a year per inch of thickness?  I was told by a friend who operates a kiln that air-drying in southern Indiana will never get the moisture content much below 13-15%, it will dry unevenly throughout the board, and it won't kill powder post beetles and other insects.  His conclusion is that for any indoor woodwork projects, I should only use kiln-dried lumber.  Do you agree?  Why or why not?  Fortunately, he's well-respected, trustworthy, and at $.35/bd-ft dried, affordable.  But I can air-dry for free, so I'd be curious to know when, if ever, that may be workable. Kyle Huy's Questions: I have another good fundamentals of woodworking type question for you. Could you explain the differences between grain density and porosity? For a while I thought I knew what at least one of these meant. That was until I heard Guy describe oak as a tight-grained, open pore species. That whole description goes more or less right over my head. I'd really appreciate it if you guys could explain what grain density and wood porosity look like visually, as well as what effects these attributes have on working with a particular species, finishing it, etc.  Thanks for all of your time and for sharing your expertise with all of us. The Fridays when you guys have new episodes are my favorite days of the week. Zach Hello Friends, I have a woodshop at my house in the PNW.  I'm somewhere between a beginner and not a beginner. If you want to answer this question on your fantastic podcast, you can of course skip the preamble.  I offer it here so you can understand the context and environment in which my question lives.  Because we are friends, I care what you think, so I hope you don't arrive at the conclusion that I'm impractical.  I've tried to create a shop environment that incorporates a whimsical and creative aesthetic because that is how I aspire to be in this space. I built an entry door and carriage doors for my 500sq foot detached woodshop.  Doors guts are constructed from poplar frames, 1.5” ridged insulation in the voids, MDO skin on the exterior side trimmed in the craftsman style with ¾ cedar.  The interior side of the doors are skinned in plywood and laminated with orange counter top material.  The orange is the same color as those orange shirts people who work hard wear.  I like to wear these shirts to give my wife the impression that I too am working and not just fudging around.  I wanted my workshop to feel likewise.  Door window sills and trim are walnut.  On the entry door, I've installed a commercial style stainless steel handset modified for a 3” thick door.  Carriage doors are hung with 4 heavy duty sealed ball bearing hinges per side.  For the carriage doors, I had custom astragals and a threshold plate fabricated at a local metalworking shop, and used stainless steel cane bolts that plunge through the threshold plate to hold the doors tight against the weather seals and another set of cane bolts at the top to complete the seal.  The carriage door handles are two of my favorite axes.  I designed mounting hardware, built by the fabricator, with a quick release pin system so I can pull them off when I need them for axe related business.  Inside the shop, I've installed antique reclaimed maple flooring on the walls.  The flooring was recovered from a factory that used to make steam powered tractors for hauling giant old growth redwood trees out of the forests on the west coast in the late 1800's.  It seemed like a fitting retirement for these floors.  I didn't resurface the flooring (which is now walling) so it retains all of its history, factory floor markings, old holes for mounting machinery etc.  Now that the doors are in, I need to install interior trim around the frames that is worthy of the walls and doors.  I went to Goby (https://gobywalnut.com) to procure materials.  They specialize in Oregon hardwoods such as Oregon Black Walnut, Big Leaf Maple, Oregon White Oak, Madrone, and Myrtle.  I came home with some burled live edge Big Leaf stock.  My idea is to trim the door frames in maple, with the inside edge (nearest the door) all squared and straight, and the outside edges of the left, right and top trim pieces being irregular and strange.  Preparing and finishing these trim pieces is the nature of my questions: I have a ten-foot long 12/4 burled and figured maple board with a live edge on one side.  The board ranges from 9” to 18” wide.  My plan is to resaw it into a two 1.5” ish boards and dimension them down to about 1 ¼ to make the parts for my project.  Before I do that, I need to clean up the burled protrusions on the live edge side because I think it will be easier to do that before I resaw it. My first question is how do I clean up the live edge burls?  Some of the live edge is typical, but other sections have a lot of terrifying spiked peaks and valleys where a burl has boiled out of the tree.  It looks like the surface of the sun right before it's getting ready to disrupt our global communications system for a few hours.  If it helps to understand what I'm dealing with, my wife saw the board when I brought it home said things like “your wood is being a drama queen” and “it's trying to do too much” and “how much was that”.  To experiment, I took a wire brush to a small section just to see what would happen.  It worked well from the standpoint of clearing out debris, removing bark and burrs.  But I suspect this isn't the best method for ultimately prepping this for finishing and is probably a crime. Once I get the edge cleaned up, I'll resaw and dimension my parts.  Getting this 10 foot 12/4 stock up onto my bandsaw and perfectly slicing it into two equal pieces will probably go great.   Then I'll sand the faces to 220.  That's where my extensive experience runs out.    Rather than give up at this point, what can I do to bring out the wild figuring on these boards?  Fesstool made me buy higher grits of sandpaper like 400, 800, 1000 etc that I haven't used.  Is this why I have these grits? Unlike everything else in my life, I don't want to overthink this, but I'm starting to wonder how much that twisted, gnarled bubbling burled edge is going to drip finish on the rest of the board after I spray it.  Should I consider frog taping the faces, spraying the live edge first and then shoot the face as a second operation after the edges are done?  Can one of you come over? I've never used shellac before, but I've listened to every one of your episodes so I feel like I'm probably an expert in shellac and pound cut related activities.  I have a 5 stage Fujispray system that I've used in the past to drip finishes on the floor and all over myself and my work pieces.  I also have some rags. Robert

In this episode of the Independent Thinking Show for @FifthWrist Radio we talk to Marco Guarino from Marc&Darnò. “From the Hills of Piedmont to the Stars”Marco Guarino lives and works in Asti, in a workshop that's also his home.There, he creates no ordinary watches, but mechanical masterpieces that bring the sun, moon, and time into harmony. What started as an evening course turned into a lifelong passion: watches and astronomy.Today, Marco builds complications the world has never seen before — from a moon phase module with an error margin of just 0.03 seconds to the world's first “Lunar Equation” in a wristwatch.His motto? “Never give up because you might be one step away from success.”His dream? To share his knowledge — and soon become a full member of the Académie Horlogère des Créateurs Indépendants (AHCI).He is currently a Candidate and hopes to take the decisive step next year.If you want to discover how an idea born between stars and gears becomes a watch that pushes the limits of what's possible — tune in to this episode!*** Detailled table of contents below ***Marco is not that confident with English, but we are fortunate enough to have Elio on board, who actually is Italian.Elio is known as @the349designer and in the unlikely case you don't know him, he' got much experience with watches not only as a knowledgable collector, but also as someone who designed two breathtaking individual pieces all by himself; so Elio is the perfect choice on many levels to conduct this interview in Marcos native language. We have subsequently dubbed this with English voice-overs to make it available to a broader audience. The voice of Marco is spoken by Adam – @mediumwatch –  you know him as one of the co-hosts of «Fifth Wrist Independent Thinking»Make sure to check out Marco and Marc&Darnò @marcdarno_official on instagram and www.marcdarno.com/A Fifth Wrist Radio production: @fifthwrist; fifthwrist.comInterview conducted and edited by Elio @the349designerEnglish voices: Elio and Adam @mediumwatchExecutive producer & audio editor: Claus @tapir_ffm Theme Music based on the aria «Ebben, Ne Andro Lontana» of the opera «La Wally» by Alfredo Catalani 00:00:00 Intro 00:03:40 Wrist-, Drink- & Location-Check (Marco)00:06:34 Wrist-, Drink- & Location-Check (Elio)00:08:09 Applicant for the AHCI00:09:15 Meeting Vincent Calabrese00:11:38 The experiences at the Professional Watchmaking School in Turin00:14:10 The beginning of the watchmaking career and the first machineries00:15:30 The transition to the brand Marc & Darn00:17:40 The passion for Astronomy and the home-made Moonphase module00:19:07 The suggestions from Vincent Calabrese about an "open" dial style, like the Corum Golden Bridge one00:20:24 Learning how to properly finishing a movement00:21:35 Ludwig Oechslin and the Türler Clock00:22:32 The calculations needed for an astronomical complication00:24:20 The use of classical components like gears and wheels, instead of using differentials, like Andreas Strehler does00:25:10 The meaning of accuracy in a moonphases complication00:26:15 Designing an astronomical wristwatch: the trade-off between accuracy and available space00:28:03 Comparing a classic moonphase complication to the one made by Marco00:29:00 The base caliber used by Marco00:30:30 The equation of time complication made by Marco00:35:40 The lunar day complication made by Marco00:37:40 The lunar equation complication made by Marco00:40:45 The Indian calendar made by Marco00:44:00 How to set a watch made by Marco00:46:25 Working on the "manufacture" calibre00:50:35 Thickness and diameters of Marc&Darnò watches00:52:27 The use of "Marco Guarino" as a brand name00:53:05 The habillage of Marc&Darnò watches: cases and dials00:56:00 Experiences in exhibitions00:57:58 Marco's personal motto00:59:15 How Marco sees himself in 10 or 20 Years from now01:00:30 Alessandro Rigotto, the other Italian member of AHCI01:01:34 Closings

ASOPRS Website: Click Here Have you ever wanted to know more about aesthetic lasers, but don't know where to start?  Confused by the lingo? Join Dr. Nicole Langelier as she takes Dr. Christina Choe and Dr. Sandy Zhang-Nunes through a whirlwind tour of laser physics, laser terminology, and laser-tissue interactions. We'll explain how lasers work, discuss selective photothermolysis, cover basic skin anatomy, and define workhorse terms like chromophore, wavelength, joules, watts, fluence, thermal relaxation time, and pulse width. Consider this the prequel to upcoming episodes on the clinical uses of ablative laser resurfacing, non-ablative laser resurfacing, light and energy based devices.  By understanding the language and core scientific concepts of lasers, we hope to make you a safer and more educated laser provider!   Corrections/Clarifications: - Blood vessels are lined by endothelium (not epithelium) - The skin registers pain from heat at 45C, but may occur between 43-44C with variability based on the time of exposure and area of exposure (I stated it occurs at 42C) https://www.cardinalhealth.com/content/dam/corp/web/documents/whitepaper/cardinal-health-localized-temperature-therapy%20White%20Paper.pdf - The exact number varies by source, but waters absorbs the erbium 2940nm wavelength 10-20 times more efficiently than it absorbs the CO2 10,600nm wavelength (I said 30 times) - Clarification:  Eyelid skin is thinner closer to the lashes and on the medial aspect of the eyelid as compared to skin further from the lashes and the lateral aspect of the eyelid.  A study in Korean skin by Hwang et al found the thickest part of the eyelid to be just below the eyebrow (1.127 +/- 238um) with the thinnest skin near the ciliary margin 320 +/- 49um).  Jeong et al found that epidermal thickness is similar between genders while men had thicker reticular dermis than women and skin thickness was not correlated with BMI. - The UV wavelengths range from 100nm - 400nm.  UVC: 100nm - 280nm; UVB: 280nm-315nm; UVA: 315-400.  (I used single wavelength numbers rather than a range for ease of explanation).   Citations for skin thickness: Full thickness punch biopsies from cadaver heads processed with paraffin-embedded slides: Karan Chopra, Daniel Calva, Michael Sosin, Kashyap Komarraju Tadisina, Abhishake Banda, Carla De La Cruz, Muhammad R. Chaudhry, Teklu Legesse, Cinithia B. Drachenberg, Paul N. Manson, Michael R. Christy, A Comprehensive Examination of Topographic Thickness of Skin in the Human Face, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, Volume 35, Issue 8, November/December 2015, Pages 1007–1013, https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv079   Ultrasonographic measurements in live participants: Jeong KM, Seo JY, Kim A, Kim YC, Baek YS, Oh CH, Jeon J. Ultrasonographic analysis of facial skin thickness in relation to age, site, sex, and body mass index. Skin Res Technol. 2023 Aug;29(8):e13426. doi: 10.1111/srt.13426. PMID: 37632182; PMCID: PMC10370326.   Cut and trichrome stained specimens from fresh cadavers Hwang, Kun MD, PhD*; Kim, Dae Joong PhD†; Hwang, Se Ho†. Thickness of Korean Upper Eyelid Skin at Different Levels. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 17(1):p 54-56, January 2006. | DOI: 10.1097/01.scs.0000188347.06365.a0  

Send us a textIn this episode, I sit down with Laura Fuentes-Aparicio, a physiotherapist who helps women with their pelvic health. She is the Director of the Master's Program in Specialized Pelvic Floor Physiotherapy and teaches at the University of Valencia. Laura's mission is simple: to raise awareness, share knowledge, and find the best ways to help women feel and live better.We also dig into her recent research on abdominal and lumbar muscle recovery after pregnancy. Using ultrasound, her team compared women who had never given birth with those six months postpartum. They found the oblique muscles were thinner in postpartum women, but overall contractile function of the core remained intact—an important distinction for clinicians making decisions about exercise progressions and postpartum rehabWhether you're a clinician, a student, or just curious, this episode gives you a closer look at the challenges women face and how science, exercise, and better care can make a difference.We talk about:-The challenges of doing research-How abdominal thickness can change in women-Why exercise during pregnancy matters-Diastasis recti (ab separation)-Different approaches to treatment for pelvic healthTime Stamps1:00 Introduction2:10 conducting research in Spain8:05 working with subject matter experts11:47 discussing the 2024 Journal paper16:50 recommendations in Spain20:00 recluse abdominus exercises25:20 when women see a physio in Spain31:59 expanding on research40:01 using more modalities44:55 favorite part of researchCONNECT WITH CARRIEIG: https://www.instagram.com/carriepagliano/Website: https://carriepagliano.comCONNECT WITH LAURA:IG: https://www.instagram.com/laurafisiosuelopelvico/Email: laura.fuentes@uv.esThe Active Mom Podcast is A Real Moms' Guide to pregnancy, postpartum, perimenopause & beyond for active moms & the professionals who help them in their journey.   This show has been a long time in the making!    You can expect conversation with moms and professionals from all aspects of the industry.    If you're like me, you don't have a lot of free time (heck, you're probably listening at 1.5x speed), so theses interviews will be quick hits to get your the pertinent information FAST!   If you love what you hear, share the podcast with a friend and leave us a 5 start rating and review. It helps us become more visible in the search algorithm! (Helps us get seen by more moms that need to hear these stories!!!!)The Active Mom Podcast is A Real Moms' Guide to pregnancy, postpartum, perimenopause & beyond for active moms & the professionals who help them in their journey. This show has been a long time in the making! You can expect conversation with moms and professionals from all aspects of the industry. If you're like me, you don't have a lot of free time (heck, you're probably listening at 1.5x speed), so theses interviews will be quick hits to get your the pertinent information FAST! If you love what you hear, share the podcast with a friend and leave us a 5 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ rating and review. It helps us become more visible in the search algorithm! (Helps us get seen by more moms that need to hear these stories!!!!)

On this episode of the PTA Elevation Podcast, host Dr. Briana Drapp, PT, DPT, PTA, CSCS goes over the important things to know about Full Thickness Burns when studying for the NPTE. At the end of this episode, Briana provides and reviews a sample question that helps students get a feel for how this subject will be asked on the NPTE - PTA. Tune in to learn more!Come to the review session on September 21st and 28th! https://ptaelevation.com/last-minute-reviewCheck out our FREE stuff!: https://ptaelevation.com/freebiesWebsite: https://www.ptaelevation.com/Join our FB group for FREE resources to help you study for the exam!  https://www.facebook.com/groups/382310196801103/If you're interested in our prep course, check it out here: https://ptaelevation.com/the-600-plus-systemFollow us on our other platforms! https://www.ptaelevation.com/linktree

There's a big difference between tooth gems with retainers vs on retainers — and most people don't think about the long-term consequences. This week's episode breaks down the two trends, what's actually safe, and why one of them could be an expensive regret. 00:00 – Intro: Truth or Trend: Tooth Gems & Retainers – what's safe, what's risky 00:58 – Quick ortho math: Why retainers are $$$ (then and now) 01:20 – Two questions to ask: Under a retainer vs on a retainer 01:32 – Hawleys vs Essex: How retainer style changes gem safety 01:58 – Essex fit factors: Thickness, flexibility, and why tight = pop-off risk 02:20 – Safe gem sizes under retainers: Why SS2–SS3 might survive, navettes probably won't 02:41 – The “on the retainer” problem: Permanence + long retainer lifespan 03:00 – Adhesive reality check: Yellow etch means that gem's not coming off 03:20 – Patient commitment warning: Why you need informed consent for retainer designs 03:29 – Fit concerns vs aesthetic regret: Why fit isn't the issue — it's the “I'm over this design” factor 03:50 – Truth or trend verdict: On the retainer = trend (likely to fade) On teeth under retainers = truth (here to stay with the right gem + retainer match) 04:10 – Final mic-drop: Choose the gem for the retainer, not the other way around Thank you to our sponsor Fern Whitening Supplies.

Sponsor Links:This episode is brought to you by Saily. If you love to travel, Saily could be your new best friend. Check out details and our special offer by visiting www.saily.com/spacenuts and use the coupon code SPACENUTS at checkout. Surf the web with Saily, wherever you go.Curious Queries: Exploring Cosmic Mysteries and Stellar ScienceIn this captivating Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Heidi Campo and Professor Fred Watson dive into an array of intriguing questions from listeners that span the realms of astrophysics and planetary science. From the challenges of Kessler Syndrome to the mysteries surrounding black holes, this episode is a treasure trove of insights that will ignite your curiosity about the cosmos.Episode Highlights:- Kessler Syndrome and Space Debris: The episode kicks off with a question from Greg in Minnesota about the potential dangers of Kessler Syndrome and what measures are being taken to mitigate space debris. Fred explains the growing issue of orbital congestion and the importance of ensuring that spacecraft can be deorbited safely to prevent catastrophic collisions in space.- The Thickness of Venus's Atmosphere: Greg's second question prompts a fascinating discussion about why Venus has such a dense atmosphere. Fred delves into the composition of Venus's atmosphere and compares it to Earth's, exploring the unique conditions that allow it to hold such a thick layer of gases.- Stars, Black Holes, and Planetary Formation: The hosts then address an audio question from young Henrique, who is curious about the relationship between stars and black holes. Fred explains the delicate balance of forces that allow stars to exist and how massive stars can ultimately collapse into black holes, along with the possibility of planets existing around these enigmatic objects.- Density Comparisons: Protons vs. Black Holes: The episode wraps up with a question from East Hawk regarding the density of black holes compared to protons. Fred clarifies the calculations involved and discusses the concept of density in the context of black holes, revealing the extraordinary nature of these cosmic phenomena.For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.Got a question for our Q&A episode? https://spacenutspodcast.com/amaBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.

This week we look at the subject of death including - Stephen Ireland; NHS Chestfeeding Workshops;  Billboard Chris wins in Australia; Chris Coghlan vs the Priest; Pascal Robinson-Foster's death chant at Glastonbury; Country of the Week - Thailand; Zoohran Mandani and the artificial construct of violence;  Transfeminist Pregnancy; Turkish Islamists attack LeMan; The UK Governments definition of extreme right wing; Pakistani Drug Dealer can stay in UK to teach son Islam; The effects of Cruise Ships on Climate Change;  the Planet is getting Greener;  O Brother Where Art Thou?  AI and Medicine;  The Thickness of Justin Welby;  The Death of Jimmy Swaggert; and 1 Corinthians 15:55  with music from Alison Krauss; Ralph Stanley; Soggy Bottom Boys; EmmyLou Harris ;  Gillian Welch; Acts Music

Advice on getting your vehicle ready for a summer road trip. Catalytic converter thefts are becoming less frequent. How to identify transmission trouble. What material should be used as a door lock lubricant? Proper vehicle storage. Smelling gas fumes after filling up your vehicle. What to know about brake pad thickness. Explaining adaptive steering. What to do if you start seeing rust. Wear and tear with electric vehicles. Why certain vehicle parts can be so expensive. Ask our car care expert Nick Stoffel of Lloyds Automotive. Visit lloydsautomotive.net 651-228-1316.

In the episode of the PRS Global Open Keynotes podcast, Dr. Antonio Porras discusses research highlighting the changes in cranial bone thickness and cranial bone density in patients with craniosynostosis and how that can reflect raised intracranial pressure.   This episode discusses the following PRS Global Open article: “Investigation of Cranial Bone Changes Indicative of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Diverse Phenotypes of Craniosynostosis” by Jasmine Chaij, Jiawei Liu, Brooke French, David Mirsky, Randy C. Miles, Marius George Linguraru, Phuong D. Nguyen, Allyson L. Alexander, Carsten Görg and Antonio R. Porras. Read it for free on PRSGlobalOpen.com: https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2025/03000/investigation_of_cranial_bone_changes_indicative.59.aspx Dr. Antonio Porras is a scientist at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. He is the Research Director of the Department of Pediatric Plastic and Reconstruct Surgery at the Children's Hospital in Colorado. Your host, Dr. Damian Marucci, is a board-certified plastic surgeon and Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery at the University of Sydney in Australia. #PRSGlobalOpen; #KeynotesPodcast; #PlasticSurgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery- Global Open The views expressed by hosts and guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect the official policies or positions of ASPS.

It was a lovely little Saturday morning recording in the studio for this week's episode, that sees The A-Team going up against a rival tow truck company who keep stealing their clients cars.  We also discuss camera sniffing dogs, the jar jar binks gait, Chris and Dave marching on Washington and so much more!Episode Title: Knights Of The RoadOriginal Airdate: February 26th, 1985Find our 2023 & 2024 Summer Series from Episodes 207-211 & 240-245Find The Airwolf Years from Episodes 96 - 189Find The Knight Rider Years from Episodes 1 - 95-----We'll be back on April 23rd, to discuss The A-Team Season 3 Episode 21: Waste ‘Em!  The A-Team is available to rent on Amazon Prime, Apple TV, and Fandango at Home.  But don't forget to check your local library for physical copies of the show too!-----The 80's Years Opening & Closing Theme by: Steve Corning, http://thinkfishtank.comThe 80's Years Logo Design by: Luke LarssonFollow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/the80syearsInstagram: @the80syearsThreads: @the80syearsBluesky: @the80syearsTikTok: @the80syearsEmail us: letusblowyourmind@gmail.comCall our Hotline: (207) 835-1954

I may not be the same thickness I was in 2017, but the new Nintendo Switch is!! Yeah OK every gaming podcast is doing it and so are we: we're talking about the hot Switch 2 barrage of announcements from last week. Lock in and get ready to go into debt.THINGS MENTIONEDPolygon's breakdown of the Switch 2 Direct: https://www.polygon.com/nintendo-switch-2/550857/switch-2-direct-all-games-news-trailersTori's on Twitter: ⁠⁠⁠tori_as_always⁠⁠Nathaniel's on Twitter:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nathanbased⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Noah's on Twitter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠noah_hurts⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Our cool sounds and intro/outro music are by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠GEIST⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and our show art is by⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@tristemegistus⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. We curate your gaming news together and Noah, Tori and Nathaniel take turns producing the show. You can follow the show on Twitter ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@Press_StartPod⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, on tumblr at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠press-startpod.tumblr.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and on bluesky⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@press-startpod⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Email us gaming recs and other stuff at heypressstart@gmail.com. We'd also appreciate if you left us reviews on your podcast app of choice! Good text reviews will be read out on the show.

Meagan welcomes Dr. Nicole Calloway Rankins, a board-certified OB/GYN, to discuss everything related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the VBAC experience. With over 23 years of experience and more than 1,000 deliveries, Dr. Rankins shares her insights on common questions and concerns from expectant mothers. From the importance of mindset during labor to understanding the implications of the word “allow” in provider-patient relationships, this episode is packed with valuable information. Don't miss out on Dr. Rankins' tips for a calm and confident birth, and learn how to advocate for yourself in the birthing process!Dr. Nicole Rankins' WebsiteNeeded WebsiteHow to VBAC: The Ultimate Prep Course for ParentsFull Transcript under Episode Details Meagan: Hello, Women of Strength, It's Meagan, and I am so excited to be joining you today with our friend, Nicole Calloway Rankins. Dr. Nicole Calloway Rankins is incredible. We've been following her for a long time and have collaborated with her in the past and are so excited to be having her on the podcast today. Dr. Rankins is a board-certified practicing OB/GYN, wife, mom and podcast host here to help you get calm, confident, and empower you to have a beautiful birth you deserve. She was born into a family of educators, and she felt a pull to medical school the day she looked in the mirror and saw a vision of herself in a white coat. And get this, it all happened while she was studying to be an engineer. She says, "I know that sounds crazy, but that vision has led me to exactly where I am supposed to be today- serving pregnant women." She's delivered more than 1,000 babies and has de-mystified childbirth for thousands more through her 5-star rated All About Pregnancy and Birth Podcast which she's going be talking about a little bit more today. I'm so excited for her. She has over 2 million downloads and her online birth plan and childbirth education classes. You guys, she is really changing so much about the birth world. She's incredible. You're going to hear it today. I love chatting with her. You can find her at drnicolrankins.com and of course, we'll have all of her other podcasts and Instagram and all that in the show notes. So get ready, we're excited. We're going to be talking a little bit more about common questions for an OB/GYN, but then we're also going to be diving into questions from you personally. I reached out on Instagram and said, "Hey, what are your questions for this doctor?" She is so excited to answer them, and she did. We went through every single question that was asked on our Instagram community. I'm so excited. I'm going to get to the intro, and then we are going to start with Dr. Rankins. You guys, Dr. Rankins is back with us today and I'm so excited. Funny enough, I keep saying that you're back, but you've never done the podcast with us.Dr. Nicole Rankins: I don't think so. Yeah, I think we did a class.m: We did a class which was phenomenal and everyone ranted and raved about it. So we're back together ,but we have you for the first time on the podcast. So welcome. Dr. Nicole Rankins: Well, thank you. I'm excited to be here.Meagan: We just adore you and I love getting your opinion on things. I think from doulas, from midwives to OBs, we all have different opinions and experiences, and if there's anyone that has hands-on experience, it is you and a midwife, like someone who is physically handling.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yep. I've done this a couple thousand times. Yes.Meagan: Versus my 300 and something verse.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Don't discount it. That's very excellent.Meagan: It's still super great, but when it comes to thousands and an understanding on an even deeper level, it's just so fun and it's a compliment to the podcast to have your expertise.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, I've been at this 23 years, so it's a long time.Meagan: And still going. It's still going.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Still going. Yes.Meagan: And okay, tell me we can edit this if you want, but you have a new podcast coming out. I do know it's not going to be by the time this airs. It's not going to be out just yet. But can you tell us a little bit more about it and where people can find this?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. So it's still going to be in the same feed. So if you subscribe to the old podcast, it's just going to change, keep the same feed, but it's going to have a new name and a bit of a new focus still related to pregnancy and birth, but it's just a bit tighter. I want to say the name so bad, but I'm not going to.Meagan: Okay. Don't let it out. We will find out it is released.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes.Meagan: Tell them where to follow right now.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right now? Yeah, if you follow me on Instagram, even though I'm taking a Little break now, you'll get it there. But the podcast is called All About Pregnancy and Birth. Go ahead and subscribe, and you can be the first one to know when the first episodes come out. I just have lots of new ways to present information about pregnancy and birth and frameworks and things. Okay, I'll give a little hint. One of the first things I'm talking about is one thing that's so important to pregnancy and your birth experience is your mindset. So one of the things I created is this MAMA mindset framework. MAMA stands for meditation, affirmations, move your body, attitude of gratitudes. I have practices, exercises, and things we're going to talk about. That's just one little, tiny sliver of the things that I've been working on and writing, so it's just good, great stuff.Meagan: Yay. Oh my gosh. I'm so excited. That is even more applied with just birth in general. But VBAC, I feel like mindset attitude, and all these things that you were just saying, is so important because even though we're just moms going and having babies, we have some extra things that some extra barriers that sometimes we have to either break through or we run into.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Absolutely. Yeah. I mean, a calm mind creates a confident birth. So when you have that calm mind, that is the first step to helping you create a confident birth experience. So mindset is really important.Meagan: Yeah, it really is. Well, I'm excited to chat with you today, and I'm excited to listen to that sometime here in the near future and listen to more of what you are bringing to the table. Okay, so one of the questions that I would like to go over is the word "allow".What does the word "allow" mean? How does someone navigate something that maybe doesn't feel right for them? And on both sides-- Dr. Fox and I have talked about how sometimes it's not right for the provider. You're not the right patient for that provider because what you want is not comfortable with the provider and vice versa.But we often hear or actually more see it on The VBAC Link Community on Facebook. There are comments of, "My doctor said they will allow" or "My midwife said they'll allow me to." If so when you are saying that or maybe have you said that, what does that mean?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, I don't say that word.Meagan: Okay.Dr. Nicole Rankins: It's a word that should not be in the discussion about birth because allow implies a hierarchal relationship where I get to make the decisions about what does or does not happen in someone's pregnancy, birth, labor, body, and that is not true. You as the person giving birth are the one who ultimately makes the decisions, not your doctor or your midwife. We can't really allow anything. We're not your parents. Do you know what I mean? So "allow" shouldn't be part of the conversation. It's a left overturn from just a general patriarchal foundation of OB/GYN, particularly when men took over into the specialty and banished midwives is how that language came about is that we need to tell folks and we need to control. So it really shouldn't be the case, but it still hangs around. Words matter, and it's important. Even though people don't necessarily mean it with any sort of ill-intent or that they mean that they're trying to control you, and inherently sort of subconsciously implies that. So I strongly dislike the word "allow".Meagan: Yeah, I am with you too. As someone who has had that word happen to me, it made me feel like I had to do something to meet their standard quota to get that allowance.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right.Meagan: That just didn't feel great.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. Yeah.Meagan: So if someone is saying that, are there any tips of advice that you would give?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, I mean, first off, if you hear it, that's a little notch of a red flag potentially that it's not going to be a shared decision-making process because really, it should be that my role is to give you information and share my expertise with you to help you come up with the best decision for yourself. That looks like various things for different people. Some people want tons of information. They want to think about it and then talk about it. Some people are like, "Just tell me what to do," which if that's what you want me to do, then I can do that too. So if you hear "allowed", then it's concerning that there may not be that shared decision-making. So that's a little bit of a red flag to know.But then to open it up for discussion, it kind of depends on what the situation is. So is it we don't allow you to eat or drink during labor or we don't allow TOLAC? Then the next question is really, why? Especially if it's something that's important for you, why? If you want to use the language back, you can even use it back. "But why is that not allowed? Why is that the case?" And then kind of take the discussion from there.Meagan: Yeah. I think asking the question just in general, "Why?" or "Okay, I hear you. Can you explain to me?"Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes.Meagan: It really helps there be a discussion like you were saying. I feel like when it comes to birth, like you're saying, I'm not your parent, but it needs to be collaborative effort here. We're trusting you to help us with this really amazing event in our life, but at the same time, we have to have equal trust from you. It's this collaboration of like, let's talk about what we want this to look like.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. Definitely, tust and collaboration are key in order to have a great birth experience. And ideally, you want to try to work on that foundation during your prenatal appointments so that by the time you get to the hospital, you know that you're going to have that relationship actually, regardless of what doctors there or nurses say. You create this environment of trust and collaboration. So when you ask the question why, don't necessarily start off-- and this is part of the psychology of human behavior. You don't necessarily have to start off with, "Well, why?" attitude because advocacy is not about creating conflict or creating chaos. Advocacy is really about creating that collaboration and creating that trust. It's the end result. So start from a place of trying to connect. Ask, learn information, and then kind of go from there.Meagan: Yeah. Love that. Well, thank you. Okay. Fetal monitoring. I know this is actually going to be a question down the line, or maybe it's a little different, but fetal monitoring with VBAC in hospitals is typically required. Can we talk about the evidence on that of why? Why? Again, here's the question, why? Why is that done? Dive in deeper. We talk about that in our course. But I think it's so great to talk directly to an OB/GYN like you to understand your point of view.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. The reason that's the case is that one of the first signs of uterine rupture is going to be a change in the fetal heart rate. So that's why we always want to see the fetal heart rate because it's going to be the first indication that there's potentially an issue. So it's really that simple. It may even be potentially before you start having pain. Some people may or may not have bleeding, but fetal heart rate changes and pain are going to be the things that will clue us in and we don't want to miss that if it happens.Meagan: Yeah, so when a fetal heart changes, we know, through labor-- this is a spin-off of the question. We know babies' heart rates fluctuate up and down. Sometimes they might have a compression in the cord that causes the heart rate to go really down during the uterine contraction and that goes up, but it goes really down. It's like, oh, that's low, and then it goes right back up to its baseline. So what is a concerning fetal trace in this scenario?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right, yeah. So this is the part where I have to say, this is the reason we do four years of OB/GYN residency, why we have to get take fetal heart rate monitoring training every couple of years to stay up on it. This isn't something that can be had in a subtle conversation because it's not just what you see in the moment, it's what you see in the moment. The things we look for in general are a baseline of the heart rate between 110 and 150, 160, roughly. We look for things called accelerations, decelerations, and the variability, which is like the squiggliness of it, that's the big picture. But when we look at it, it's like, okay. We assess it, and then we try to do some things to improve the heart rate. We look at how the heart rate looks over time. Has it gotten worse over time? If we do some things to get it better, then that's considered good. So we can't really say if you see this specific snapshot of a fetal heart rate, then that's going to be the thing that triggers things. It really just depends.Meagan: Makes total sense.Dr. Nicole Rankins: And it can also be contractions because sometimes if you're having too many contractions back to back and there's no time to get a break, so the baby's like, "Can I just have a minute to breathe in between these contractions, please?" So maybe we need to slow down the contractions. So really, it's a lot of things that go into it, and that's where our expertise comes in.Meagan: Yeah, it's a big math equation in a lot of ways when it comes to tracings and things like that. Okay.Dr. Nicole Rankins: I do want to say that a lot of times people think monitoring equals no movement. But more and more, hospitals these days have wireless monitoring so you're able to move. That's definitely a question you want to ask ahead of time if wireless monitoring options are available so that you're able to move around.Meagan: Yeah, yeah. Because they've got, at least I don't know if it's what it's called there, but we call it the Monica.It's just that little sandpaper on your belly and that's kind of nice. Sandpaper sounds harsh. It's a light little scrub so it gets the oils off your skin. So that's a really nice thing.Awesome. Okay. And then scar thickness. This is a really big one, and we've talked a little bit about it with Dr. Fox in the past. But scar thickness and double versus single stitch closure is a very, very common question that we are getting wondering about the evidence that shows that someone maybe shouldn't TOLAC or the evidence on thinner scars because it seems like it's becoming a new standard. It's coming in with the VBAC calculator. That is what we're seeing. It's like we're doing the VBAC calculator and we're measuring the scar and those kind of two things are becoming routine. And then of course, once we review OP reports. Double versus single.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. So the double versus single doesn't make a difference. So whether you had a double layer closure or a single layer closure, you're still a candidate for a VBAC. So that one is pretty easy. I don't even look at OP notes for double versus single layer. It really just needs to be a low transverse incision on the low part of the uterus. So that's that. As far as the scar thickness, the rationale behind that is that when the uterus ruptures, it literally just thins out. Thins out and thins out until it ruptures open generally. So when we're measuring this scar thickness, the physiology of it makes sense that if it's really thin and then you start to put the pressure of contractions on it, there may be a higher chance of it rupturing. Now, is there hard data that if it's this amount that is definitely going to rupture or you should or shouldn't TOLAC? Not necessarily. In our area, it's not routinely measured or talked about. It's not anything that we discuss, so it's not a routine part of practice, but that's the thought behind it. And typically it may come up if it's noticed, or if it's very noticeable. If the ultrasound, the maternal fetal medicine specialist or whoever does the ultrasound says, "This uterine scar, where it is, is really, really thin," and then it may come up. But in general, I don't see that come up very often.Meagan: Yeah, well, that's good. That's good to know. Yeah, it just seems. Yeah. Like, oh my goodness. Are you hearing that ding?Dr. Nicole Rankins: No.Meagan: Okay, good. I hope you're not hearing it. On my end, my computer keeps dinging, but it's on mute, so I'm not really sure what's going on. I'm having all the technical issues today.Anyway, that's really, really good to know though, because it is something that so many people are hyper-focusing on. Sometimes I think there are other things to hyper-focus on like our nutrition and finding that supportive provider and getting the education and really understanding the choice that we're making when we VBAC.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, definitely. I'm not focusing on it, so I don't think you should focus on it.Meagan:Yes, yes. But it is. I think it is probably hard for these people when they go to these visits. They're so excited. They want to have a TOLAC or a VBAC, and then they're like, "Oh well, we have to do these things first to see if you qualify."Dr. Nicole Rankins: And scar thickness is just not part of ACOG's recommendation. It's not part of what determines whether or not you can have VBAC.Meagan: I know. It shouldn't be anyway. Yes, yes, yes. But for some reason, we're still seeing it. So I think it's good to know that you guys, if you're having that, maybe just think twice about it.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Or get a second opinion.Meagan: Yeah, I was going to say, get a second opinion.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes.Meagan: Okay. So our community asked questions. I went on and said that we were going to have you on. And they were so excited and kind of just asked all of the questions. So one of the questions was, if you don't get an epidural for a VBAC and you need a C-section, will you have to be put fully out, so under general anesthesia?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, no. Not necessarily, and most likely not. Generally, as long as it's not an emergency, there's time to do a spinal. The difference between an epidural and spinal, the epidural is a catheter that stays in place and medicine continually gets fed through the catheter where a spinal is a one-shot dose of medicine that lasts for two to three hours. So as long as there's time and you can sit up for the spinal or they can lay you on your side for the spinal, then they can do the spinal for the C-section, and you don't have to do general. General anesthesia is only reserved for if it's truly an emergency and there's not enough time to do the spinal.Meagan: Right. And for this is another, I'm adding this. But epidural versus spinal longevity of effectiveness meaning like you're numb enough for them to perform the surgery.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. The spinal's going wear off.Meagan: Yeah. Quickly, but it's going to go on quicker. Right or no? Or deeper?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, it's a denser numbing than what you get with an epidural. When you get an epidural before, if you have an epidural and then you go to a C-section, then you just get a bigger dose of medicine that kind of mimics what you get through the spinal. So the thing about the spinal is that it's meant to cover a surgery, so it's going to be a larger dose of medicine, so you're going to be more numb because we don't actually want you to be completely numb during labor. The spinal is really just to make sure you're nice and is numb and don't feel the surgery.Meagan: And how long does it take to kick in to be numb enough? Like 20 minutes? 30?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, yeah. I would say it's actually pretty quickly. So yes, you're right. It can kick in a little bit faster than epidural because it's a lot more medicine. So typically, I would say within 5-10 minutes, you're going to start feeling numbness pretty quickly. But by the time we've laid you down, washed your belly, put in the catheter, done those things, then you're numb.Meagan: Yeah. So in that non-emergency situation, you're going to have plenty of time to be numb and not have to be put under general anesthesia. In an emergent situation, we have minutes. We have minutes to work with. How many minutes if we're having fetal distress? And obviously, it could vary for a lot of patients, I'm sure, but major fetal distress emergent like true emergent under general anesthesia. What are we looking at a timeframe before we get baby out before we're really concerned?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. I mean so if it's true, like an emergency, because a lot of people say they had an emergency C-section. It's actually not emergency. Meagan: Right. Baby was born two hours later. D; Yeah, or even 30 minutes later. So emergency is going to be like we're ripping the cords out of the wall. We're running down the hall to the operating room. When we get in the operating room, the heart rate is still in the 60s. So we want baby out in five minutes.Meagan: Okay.Dr. Nicole Rankins: We want baby out as quickly as possible, and the quickest way to get a baby out is general anesthesia and then go, if you don't already have a spinal.Meagan: Right. Perfect. That's also another common question of like, well, how long do I have if I don't have that? Because that's a big deciding factor for people with not wanting to go unmedicated or wanting to go to medicated but not wanting to be in an emergent situation. Those emergent situations, they happen. We can't sugarcoat it. They happen, but they are more rare. I love that you pointed that out. A lot of people say this was an emergent situation and we hear, well, then they went out and they came back, and 25-30+ minutes later, they had a baby.Dr. Nicole Rankins: That's not an emergency. As a matter of fact, emergency C-sections are fairly rare. Knock on wood, I can't remember the last time I've had to run somebody down the hall for a C-section.Meagan: And I call those crash like crash sections. Everybody crashes and goes. Yeah.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Mhmm. Mhmm. Things are moving so quickly.Meagan: Okay. So someone says, do I need an OB for a VBAC? I have lost all trusts in nurses and doctors after being forced into a C-section which breaks my heart that this question is a thing. I see it all the time. People have been "wronged" or bullied, and it shouldn't be that way. Dr. Nicole Rankins: It should not.Meagan: Sometimes it happens for whatever reason. But yeah, like do you have to have an OB? Obviously, we know the answer is no.Dr. Nicole Rankins: No, you can have a midwife. For sure.Meagan: But maybe I want to spin it to more of a positive. If we have an OB, how can we better establish a relationship with them so we're not in a situation in the end feeling pressured or bullied?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. And actually I want you to even back it up even further, and this is for anybody having a baby. What you want, you don't specifically want a midwife. You don't specifically want an OB. What you want is someone who's going to listen to you, respect your wishes and really center you in your birth experience. So yes, midwives are great at that, but sometimes midwives can be tricky too. The way that the reason I said that is because I know people who were like, "I had a midwife and I thought it was going to be great," and it wasn't. And they were hanging too much weight on that midwife hat.Meagan: The midwife word, yeah.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes, yes. So you really need to start with is this person listening to me and respecting me? So whether that's midwife or OB, okay?Meagan: Yeah.Dr. Nicole Rankins: So take that away first. And then if you have an OB, again because the midwife is also going to work with an OB, I'm assuming you're doing in the hospital, you want someone who is not just like, "Oh, if you go into labor, you can have a VBAC. I mean, I guess that's okay." Or you want somebody who's really actually supportive of it. I think you've used this language before, not just tolerant of VBAC that they actually you and don't just tolerate the possibility.Meagan: Yeah, I have kind of been thinking about that. Like we as doulas. It's like, oh, I want someone to advocate for me. That big word "advocate", and what does that look like? But in a lot of ways, I think that's what I want a supportive provider to do is advocate for me. Like I understand, validate me. I understand this is what you want, and we're going to do everything we can in our power to do this. If there's something along the way that is saying maybe we shouldn't, I will have that discussion with you. I will not just tell you what you have to do. Dr. Nicole Rankins: Exactly. Meagan: Again, it goes back to that conversation we were having in the beginning of that collaborative relationship. If that is there, I think you set yourself up for better expectations no matter who it is with an OB or a midwife.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Definitely. Definitely. Yeah.Meagan: Nurses can be tricky. We love our nurses. They're incredible, but sometimes they have opinions, and sometimes they come in and they put it on us.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Here's the thing that people don't realize. You can ask for a new nurse.Meagan: You can.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes you can. You can absolutely. There's always a charge nurse who's in charge of making patient assignments. You can ask to speak to the charge nurse, and you can get a new nurse. Don't feel bad or guilty or like you're hurting anybody's feelings. People will be fine. I promise you. They'll go home, and they'll keep going on about their lives if you ask for a new nurse. So I know it can be challenging, especially sometimes for women to speak up about things, and you're worried about hurting people's feelings and things like that, but you can always ask for a new nurse.Meagan: Absolutely. This is not related to birth, but I signed up with a personal trainer at my gym, and I was assigned to this amazing person, and she was great, but I realized a couple weeks into it that maybe we weren't the best fit for one another. I hesitated for two more weeks to say, "Hey, can I switch?" And now that I've switched, oh my gosh, it's the best decision I made, and I get to see her at the gym all the time. I went up to her and was like, "I love you. Thank you so much. This has been great, but this is what I'm doing." It was a wonderful breakup. You don't even have to break up with someone like that, though. You really don't. It doesn't have to be. I was so nervous, but this is your space. This is your birth. This is your experience. You have to protect it and keep it what you need. If someone's not jiving that or that nurse specifically, you can say, "Hey, thank you so much for your services, but I would like to switch." It's okay.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Definitely, Absolutely.Meagan: And you don't want to go back at the end of the day and be like, oh, I had this nurse, and it was the worst seven hours. That's not positive. We want to look at our birth with a positive view, not a negative view.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. And your nurse is going to be there way more than your doctor. Way more. You definitely want to be in sync with your nurse.Meagan: Yeah. And something else, too. I tell our clients all the time, our doula clients, like, "Hey, upon arrival, if we're not there, say, 'Hey, I would really love a nurse that fits in line with blah, blah, blah.'"Dr. Nicole Rankins: Exactly.Meagan: And a lot of times, they assign it right then, and you're like, "Oh my gosh, you guys are amazing. Thank you."Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, exactly.Meagan: Okay, so next question. What should I consider if my goal would be to have a home birth? So from a hospital OB/GYN, where do you fit in that? What would you suggest? I know a lot of JOBs are like, "Don't go to home."D So yeah, so I personally I would TOLAC at home makes me nervous, but that's because I've seen uterine ruptures before and how quickly things can change. So but however, like in Canada, I think their specialty society guidelines support doing a TOLAC at home after one C-section. So it's not that it's unheard of, but I will say it makes me nervous. Now, if you do want to do it at home, then absolutely have someone who is experienced. This is not the time to have like a brand new midwife. I think you want to have somebody who has some experience in particular with looking for any signs and symptoms of when to go to the hospital. We also need a clear plan for hospital transfer and ideally, that midwife should have a relationship with the hospital so that she feels comfortable going to the hospital in a timely fashion. One of the things that I've seen unfortunately happened during my career with home births that have not turned out optimally is that people are afraid to go to the hospital, so they stay at home too often, and then by the time they get to the hospital it's a train wreck. That's not good for anybody involved. So you want it to be a situation where the midwife feels comfortable going to the hospital in a timely fashion. For example, I work with home birth me bias in my community. I have gone out to the birth centers and things and say, "Hey, if you want to transfer somebody, just let us know. Call."Meagan: I love that you've done that.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah, it's, it's important. So call. Send the records. We have a really smooth process. Nobody bats an eye now when there's a transfer from home birth. Meagan: Oh good.D; So you really want to have those two things in place. A skilled midwife and a good backup plan, preferably with the relationship to the hospital.Meagan: I love that. Such great advice. That's awesome that you're doing that for your community. I just had an interview the other day with a VBAC mom who's toying with the idea, not sure where to go. She asked me and I was like, "Well, you could do dual care. You could establish a relationship with a provider. You can ask your provider out-of-hospital of choice if they do have that relationship," because I do think it is important because sometimes even the midwife is like, "I don't know where to go," so I love that you've done that and gone into the birth centers there. Okay. So we just talked about fetal monitoring, but one of the question was, is intermittent monitoring safe with VBAC just in general?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. It hasn't really been studied very much, and it's not going to be. That's the thing. It's just not something that anybody's going to sign up for and say, "Hey, you get monitoring. You don't get monitoring," and see what happens in assess that situation for VBAC. So I can't answer that question based on data. I will just say that in general, we want to do continuous monitoring.Meagan: Right. That makes sense. Okay, so small lumps under my C-section scar. What could that be? Would/could it impact the outcome of my VBAC?Dr. Nicole Rankins: It's probably scar tissue.Meagan: That's what I thought when I saw that question come in. I think that dials into like going and chatting with someone like askjanette or a pelvic floor PT or someone who can help massage that scar tissue because anytime we have a cut whether it be from a C-section or you fell and scraped your knee and cut your knee open on a rock or a twig, our body will develop scar tissue, and sometimes it clumps. Sometimes it gets that.Dr. Nicole Rankins: It's probably just scar tissue. And no, it should not impact your ability to have a VBAC.Meagan: Have you ever seen this within your TOLAC world, your VBAC world where sometimes we've got thicker scar tissue and sometimes there's separation within the scar tissue internally as babies coming down and making their way through or uterus is contracting? And so sometimes it can be like, oh my gosh, I've got this burning sensation in my scar which we hear, and it's like, that's concerning because we know that sometimes uterine rupture can be that feeling of burning sensation or pain, and usually that pain doesn't go away and just keeps improving. But have you ever seen that with someone and where they're like, "Oh, I've got this burning sensation," and could it be scar tissue stretching maybe?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Not that I can think of off the top of my head. Definitely, sometimes you have to be careful when you hear people say they're Having pain in their abdomen. Could it be scar tissue stretching? Possibly. That's definitely a possibility.Meagan: It's something that's crossed my mind, over all the years, especially as baby's coming down and putting that extra pressure there.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right.Meagan: Okay. So again, yeah, this is something that we asked talked about earlier. So to what extent are decels considered normal in early and late labor? Dr. Nicole Rankins: We don't categorize decels based on the stage of labor necessarily. It's based on how they look, and again, over the course of how the tracing looks. Now sometimes right at the end, we're going to tolerate during pushing some decels, because you're pushing and squeezing, so there's going to be decels. So we may tolerate them more towards the end, but other than that, it really just depends.Meagan: Okay, that makes sense. I feel like sometimes as a doula, we're getting into that transition, almost pushing stage and they come in and they're like, "Hey, so we're wondering if maybe you're ready to push here soon or something's going on based off of some decels." Not that they were concerning, but they're seeing them. But really decels in general, overall, you're going to look at a whole versus one contraction or two contractions.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yep.Meagan: Okay. PROM. So premature rupture of membranes and pre-e with VBAC it says is it still safe? I will answer from my own experience.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes, absolutely.Meagan: Yeah, but yeah, time too, with PROM So if we're not having labor begin or we're maybe contracting, like what's handled in that situation, especially knowing that in some hospitals around the world and in the US don't allow Pitocin?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right, yeah.Meagan: Even though that's also not necessarily a contraindication.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Correct. So with PROM, so water breaking before labor starts, it's not as common, but it does happen. You can do expectant management and roughly within 24 hours, most people will start to go into labor on their own. So you can do expectant management, but Pitocin is actually quite safe in those circumstances. The risk of uterine rupture is low. So Pitocin can definitely be used. You just want to use it carefully.Meagan: Yeah. You mentioned that most people within 24 hours will start contracting and having labor, whether it be active at that point or not. But at what point could it be concerning? And maybe if we have GBS or something like that as a factor, would we be like, "Hey, we could keep waiting for the 24-hour mark," and that's not to go in and have a C-section, that's just maybe to augment. When would you encourage augmentation sooner?Dr. Nicole Rankins: So I'm a little bit of an outlier. I just offer the options, and we can talk about that it may take longer if you wait to augment and that's it. It may take longer, and that's it. That can potentially increase the risk of infection. But we don't really do time limits. I don't do 18 hours or 24 hours. I kind of pick. These are moments for us to have discussions about where things are. So definitely usually 6, 12, 18, 24 and just to touch base and see where things are and develop an ongoing plan. Not necessarily have a hard and fast rule that you have to be delivered or by a certain point makes sense.Meagan: And then preeclampsia. So we have seen this quite a bit in our community, on Facebook and on Instagram where they said, "Hey." There was a post just the other day that said, "Hey ladies, I just wanted to thank you so much for being here in this group. You guys have been amazing. Unfortunately, I have to sign off of this group because my provider said I have to have a C-section now because I've developed preeclampsia," so they didn't even offer the option to TOLAC or monitor. And everyone's like, "Wait, what?" This is a thing? So obviously, we know that we can, and everyone's numbers vary. If we've got severe preeclampsia and maybe that's not gonna be best for the stress of mom and baby and everybody, but do you have anything to say on that? I don't really know if I'm asking a question.Dr. Nicole Rankins: But yeah, no. You can definitely try for a TOLAC in the setting of preeclampsia. Now, if even in severe preeclampsia, it just may take longer. But if we're seeing that you're getting sicker and labor isn't progressing or the baby is under distress, then the safer thing may be a C-section. So if you have severe preeclampsia, for example, and it's affecting your liver and your levels of your liver enzymes are going up, up, up, up, up, and we're not close to delivery, then it's going to be safer for your health to expedite birth, and that's going to be a C-section. So it really depends.But the option of completely taking it off the table, that is not standard or that's not evidence-based.Meagan: Yeah, yeah. And for HELPP syndrome, where it's gone to that extreme. Now we've got platelet issues and things like that. Can someone with HELPP syndrome TOLAC or is that truly a better option to have a C-section?Dr. Nicole Rankins: I would actually prefer if someone ideally is in labor with HELPP syndrome. Actually, a vaginal birth is going to be safer because when your platelets are low and then we're adding surgery, the risk bleeding goes up.Meagan: That is what is so weird to me. My fifth birth was a HELPP syndrome. She was a VBAC, and they're like, "You have to have a scheduled C-section." But then we did all these transfusions and all these things and in my head, I was like, but isn't platelet meaning we have a higher risk of bleeding? But so yeah, that's another question.Okay, I think there's only one or two maybe. Oh, this is a really great question. Is it safe to TOLAC? So again, listeners, TOLAC, if that's new for you, is a trial of labor after Cesarean. I know I've thrown it out a couple times this podcast. After having a hemorrhage in a C-section. So had a C-section hemorrhaged. Now they're wanting to TOLAC. Is that considered safe?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Sure.Meagan: Okay.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Okay. I want to discourage people from using the word "safe" because I think what you really want to know is what are the risks of something happening again? So yeah, because what do you mean by safe?Meagan: Right.Dr. Nicole Rankins: What you really want to know is what are the risks of this thing happening again? So there are no identified increased risks in having a TOLAC after you had a postpartum hemorrhage during a previous C-section.Meagan: Okay, I love that. So that's good because I mean anytime anyone hemorrhages with birth, I feel like it's a little bit on everyone's radar.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right. Okay, and then I have one more question for you before I let you go, and I don't know if it's Bandl's ring or Bandl's. How do you say that?Meagan: Yeah, Bandl's ring. What is a Bandl's ring for those who it's very new to, and then can you TOLAC or have a VBAC with Bandls ring?Dr. Nicole Rankins: It's a really tight ring of muscle in the uterus where it's just really tight, and it doesn't contract. I can only recall seeing it, like, once in 22 years, so it's not common.Meagan: It's more rare.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes, very rare. So it's just really hard to have a vaginal birth if there's a really tight ring of tissue that is preventing the uterus from opening. If the uterus can't open, then the baby can't come out. So that's the issue. It's not like we can release it or clear it up or anything. I don't know why. We don't know why it develops, but it's just, like anything, if it's tightly closed, it's really difficult to open.Meagan: Yeah. Okay. That makes so much sense. And is there a way to find out if we have that beforehand?Dr. Nicole Rankins: Not really.Meagan: Not really. Okay. And the signs of that Bandl's ring is just lack of progression it seems like.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Overall, it seems like lack of progression. And also, the baby usually doesn't come down in the pelvis.Meagan: Yes. Yeah. Okay. Thank you. That was a one-off random one that crossed my mind. I keep seeing that one too. Anything else that you'd like to touch on? I love all of your points of stop considering the word safe and talk about, what are the risks here? What do we need to know to make the best educated decision? Having a collaborative discussion and relationship with our provider. So many great points along the way. Anything else that you'd like to add or say to the community to someone who really is wanting to know all the information they can to VBAC and are unsure of which way to go?Dr. Nicole Rankins: I think that the best thing is just to really find a supportive provider, doctor, midwife, and do that in the prenatal appointments. Ask those questions early, and don't be afraid to change to someone else if you feel. And sometimes you may not have options, but if you have options, then find someone who is the most appropriate for you because that is going to be the thing that most sets you up for success. Oh, also, get a doula.Meagan: Hey. I love it. I will never not advocate for doula, but really, I mean, I love that you're pointing it out again. Before birth, early on, ask those questions. Always have a conversation with your provider. If something is switching, it's okay to switch. I know it's daunting. It is daunting. It really is. I didn't want to cheat. I felt I was cheating on this doctor. We had this relationship. I don't even know what I thought. I thought I was cheating on him by leaving him. And I didn't leave him, and I didn't find myself having the experience that I wanted or feel like I deserved. And, looking back, I probably should have switched. Well, I didn't. I have learned, but I don't want anyone else to be in that situation of, dang it, I saw all the red flags, and I didn't switch because I felt bad.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yeah. Yeah. I don't mean to sound flippant, but I can guarantee you. Your doctor, if you leave, they're just gonna keep seeing patients. They're just going to go home and keep living their lives. It's going to be fine.Meagan: I know. I had a friend, and she was like, "Looking back, do you realize how it wouldn't have impacted his life at all?" And I was like, "Yes. But in my mind, I had a deeper connection."Dr. Nicole Rankins: I know. In the moment, you can't because you have that emotional connection, and you care about those things? So that's totally natural.Meagan: Yeah. And in a lot of ways, he was saying, "Yeah, sure. I'll support you." But then in a lot of other ways, he wasn't saying this with his words, but he was saying, "No, that's not my thing."Dr. Nicole Rankins: Right.Meagan: So, yeah, you deserve the best and keep doing your research. Find the provider. Get a doula, hands-down. Just a reminder, everybody, we have VBAC-certified doulas on our website all over the world. And yeah, thank you so much. You're the best. And everyone, go follow her podcast and wait it out for these new updates. Yes.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Yes, these new updates are so exciting. I'm so excited.Meagan: I'm so excited for you. That's so awesome. You are just incredible. We really enjoy you. So, thank you.Dr. Nicole Rankins: Thank you so much for having me. ClosingWould you like to be a guest on the podcast? Tell us about your experience at thevbaclink.com/share. For more information on all things VBAC including online and in-person VBAC classes, The VBAC Link blog, and Meagan's bio, head over to thevbaclink.com. Congratulations on starting your journey of learning and discovery with The VBAC Link.Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-vbac-link/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands

Welcome to The Bubbles Mushrooms' Podcast - everyone's favorite! It's Monday again so we have a hot new episode for everyone to enjoy. Chad is back this week for his first ever BMAD episode, Luke and Jac are recovering from the Bubonic Plague that has been spreading all over west Michigan, Edward has a fat teenage raccoon update live from the TrailCam and Chad gets his first ever introduction to ALF porn. Jac breaks down the logistics of emigrating to Michigan from Tennessee, Chad talks about his IT montage, Freddie Prinze Jr's wife is super bummed out, Renee writes in to welcome Jaclyn to Michigan and Skarunch writes in talk with Edward about Mo from Save Ferris while Katie notices his lack of email address in his email signature. It's also Katie's game this week and she's bringing us all a math hardon. That's right, were playing the guessing game this week and it all revolves around the Guinness Book of World Records! We use some pretty wacky units of measurements, try to guess the number of Slinkies and cheese slices would reach the moon, figure out how long the longest ear hair is and talk about some coiled up thickness. Follow us on Instagram, TikTok and Facebook @bubbmush and email the show at bubbmush@gmail.com - Thanks for listening!

Episode 133.1: Wine!, sommelier, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Skin Thickness, Turo, and Amici Cabernet Sauvignon

Episode 133.1: Wine!, sommelier, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Skin Thickness, Turo, and Amici Cabernet Sauvignon

How far should you extend composite resin? When does edge bonding become a composite veneer?  How do you decide where to finish the restoration?  And most importantly, how do you avoid that dreaded yellow-brown stain line that can form on anterior resins? These are just some of the burning questions tackled in this episode with my guest, Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim. We dive deep into the artistry and engineering of  decision-making in anterior composites. https://youtu.be/_q2O57-Y-d4 Watch PDP211 on Youtube Protrusive Dental Pearl: use a zirconia primer which contains 10-MDP (e.g. Monobond, Z-Prime Plus) on the intaglio of crowns to enhance bond strength, even with conventional cements like GIC. This low-risk, high-reward tip improves retention, especially for teeth with limited height. Incorporating a zirconia primer can significantly improve outcomes without switching to resin cement. Interested in the Unchippable 2 Day Course? Click here to register your interest! Key Takeaways: Choosing between edge bonding or veneers is not a black-and-white decision. The height of contour is key in cosmetic dentistry. Seamless transitions between composite and tooth are pivotal. Aesthetic considerations vary based on individual cases. Material choice is influenced by patient risk factors. Layering techniques enhance the natural appearance of teeth. Patient previews are essential for managing expectations. Thickness of composite affects durability and aesthetics. Understanding angles is key to successful restorations. Not all patients require the same approach to bonding. Highlights of this Episode: 02:43  Protrusive Dental Pearl 04:49 Personal Anecdotes and Health Goals 09:37 Anterior Composites: Edge Bonding vs Veneering 16:00 Importance of Finishing Composite Correctly 17:09 Understanding the Height of Contour 18:36 Importance of Layering in Dental Procedures 21:35 Choosing the Right Materials for Layering 23:56 Importance of Layering in Dental Procedures 27:14 Challenges and Solutions in Composite Layering 32:31  The Marshall Hanson Method 36:29 Mockups and Wax-Ups: Planning for Success 43:03 Treatment Considerations This episode is eligible for 0.75 CE credits via the quiz on Protrusive Guidance.  This episode meets GDC Outcome C - Maintenance and development of your knowledge and skills within your field(s) of practice. AGD Subject Code: 250 OPERATIVE (RESTORATIVE)DENTISTRY (Direct restorations) Aim: To enhance clinicians' understanding and decision-making in anterior composite restorations, focusing on when edge bonding transitions to a veneer, optimizing aesthetics and functionality, and minimizing common challenges such as staining and occlusal complications. Dentists will be able to - Understand the key factors that influence the transition between edge bonding to full veneers. Apply guidelines for minimum composite thickness and bonding angles to enhance durability and aesthetic outcomes. Identify high-risk patients and tailor material choices, layering techniques, and bonding approaches to individual needs. If you loved this episode, make sure to watch Composite Veneers vs Edge Bonding – Biomimetic Dentistry with George The Dentist – PDP075

En el episodio de hoy, vamos a hablar de cómo hacer flexiones impacta positivamente en tu salud. No solo es un ejercicio excelente para fortalecer brazos y pecho, sino que también tiene increíbles beneficios para tu corazón, tus huesos y hasta tu metabolismo. Basándonos en estudios científicos reales, exploraremos cómo las flexiones pueden mejorar tu condición física atlética y tu salud cardiovascular. ¡Así que prepárate para descubrir por qué unos cuantos push-ups al día pueden marcar una gran diferencia en tu vida! Esto es Doctor Mau Informa ¡Vámonos! #drmauinforma #doctormauinforma Suscríbete a mi boletín informativo en: www.drmauriciogonzalez.com/ Redes sociales: ⁣ YouTube: /@doctormauinforma Instagram: www.instagram.com/dr.mauriciogonzalez TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@drmauriciogonzalez Twitter: www.twitter.com/DrMauricioGon CONTACTO ► booking@drmauriciogonzalez.com ¡Nos escuchamos pronto!⁣ Fuentes: Ebben WP, Wurm B, VanderZanden TL, et al. Kinetic analysis of several variations of push-ups. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(10):2891-2894. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820c8587 Yang J, Christophi CA, Farioli A, et al. Association Between Push-up Exercise Capacity and Future Cardiovascular Events Among Active Adult Men. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e188341. Published 2019 Feb 1. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.8341 Kotarsky CJ, Christensen BK, Miller JS, Hackney KJ. Effect of Progressive Calisthenic Push-up Training on Muscle Strength and Thickness. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(3):651-659. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002345 Ajisafe T. Association between 90o push-up and cardiorespiratory fitness: cross-sectional evidence of push-up as a tractable tool for physical fitness surveillance in youth. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):458. Published 2019 Nov 25. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1840-9 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Join hosts Ev, Sam, Sierra, and guest Liz Wade Stueckle as they discuss chapter 5 from Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire: Weasleys Wizard Wheezes. Join the Discussion: https://threebroomstickspod.com/episode-48-gof-chapter-5-thickness-where-it-matters/  In this episode: Fred semantics, walking that thin line of Muggle baiting “No other word for it… cool” The true meaning of wheezes Justice for Veelas The worst thing Ginny has ever done The man, the myth, the legend: Barty Crouch Cauldron bottom themed songs It all comes back to the butt Dumbledore and Dobby sock exchange Pig adopted Ron Lupin is in Tibet handling his moon sickness Listen to the Pub's Jukebox here Contact: Website: https://threebroomstickspod.com/ Email: 3broomstickspod@gmail.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/3broomsticks Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/threebroomstickspod/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/threebroomstickspodcast/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/threebroompod YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/@ThreeBroomsticksPodcast 

2 sections- conclusion about how kerashim were placed on wagons so not "covered", debate regarding thickness of the kerashim

1 section- debate about the thickness of the kerashim

This week the diapers are full and the milk bottles are empty. Feel the rage of these beautiful baby boys: Mark and Thickness. Enjoy!

This week the diapers are full and the milk bottles are empty. Feel the rage of these beautiful baby boys: Mark and Thickness. Enjoy!

Dr. Justin Dunaway // #ClinicalTuesday // www.ptonice.com  In today's episode of the PT on ICE Daily Show, Spine Division lead faculty Justin Dunaway takes a deep dive into a series of three studies tracking the same cohort of patients over 10 years and what they say about the importance of short term changes! Take a listen to the episode or check out the full show notes on our blog at www.ptonice.com/blog. If you're looking to learn more about our Persistent Pain Management course or our online physical therapy courses, check our entire list of continuing education courses for physical therapy including our physical therapy certifications by checking out our website. Don't forget about all of our FREE eBooks, prebuilt workshops, free CEUs, and other physical therapy continuing education on our Resources tab. EPISODE TRANSCRIPTION JUSTIN DUNAWAYAll right, team, good morning. I am Justin Dunaway, lead faculty with the Institute of Clinical Excellence, coming at you live from Portland, Oregon. Welcome to another Clinical Tuesday. I am lead faculty for Total Spine Thrust and also our Persistent Pain Comprehensive Management course. 32nd cohort just began yesterday. So if you're thinking about jumping in that will the registration will remain open for another day or so So if you're thinking about it, go ahead and take a look But enough about that. Let's get into today's topic today we're gonna talk about full thickness a traumatic rotator cuff tears and looking at physical therapy or Surgery and what what kind of predicts that stuff? and it's really cool because it's a series of three studies over a decade that looked at the same same kind of cohort of humans and And while I'm going to talk a bunch about these three studies, realize that this really is more than a story about rehab for rotator cuff tears. This is really a story about the importance of our ability to demonstrate within session and between session change, early, often, and frequently. And at Ice, we often hear that we are obsessed with incessant change. We are obsessed with our ability to show short-term changes. And I couldn't agree with that sentence more. Like, totally. I am absolutely obsessed with that. The second half of that, though, which I don't agree with, is that short-term change, within-session change, those things don't matter. What we're really talking about is regression of mean or natural history. And short-term change doesn't predict long-term change. And I couldn't disagree with those sentences more on lots of different levels. But I think that the story I'm about to tell, the three studies that we're about to walk through, give some of the best evidence and support for the need for short-term and within-session change, for at least one of the many reasons why this stuff is so important. So let's dive in. First study, study number one, the effectiveness of physical therapy in treating atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears, multi-center prospective cohort study by Kuhn and Dunn, 2013. Mouthful. But basically what they did is they took a whole bunch of humans, 452 of them, that had full-thickness chronic degenerative rotator cuff tears, and all of them got six weeks of physical therapy. And then at the end of the six weeks, they were asked, you know, how are you doing? And they got one of three options. They could stay cured, in which case they were done, and we'll just check in at 12 weeks, and then at a couple time points over the next two years, or they're improved, in which case they would get another six weeks of physical therapy, or no better, and then they could opt for surgery. And then at the 12-week mark, the people that were left, that weren't cured in the first six, asked them the same question. If they were cured, awesome. If they were anything but cured, they were offered surgery, and then tracked over the next two years. The physical therapy protocol, I couldn't get my hands on the full version of Appendix A that went into detail about what they actually did, but in the study, in the methodology they just talked about doing the physical therapy was range of motion, was postural control, was scapular training, was mobilizations, was general strength training stuff. And I've got some thoughts on that and we'll dive into here in just a second. But the outcome here is what they found is that less than 25%, okay, full thickness chronic degenerative rotator cuff tears, less than 25% of the 452 people in the trial at the end of the 12 weeks needed surgery. At the six week mark, only 6% of people opted for surgery. At the 12 week mark, that number was up to 15. And then over the next two years, a few more trickled in and that went up to like 24%. So at gut shot, 75% of people with full thickness rotator cuff tears went on to have excellent results in pain, disability, range of motion, strength, functional stuff, and went totally back to life. That's awesome. That's huge, right? The second piece The thing I want to think about here, though, is I think that number could be a bit better, right? I'm going to make an assumption that once we dive into the exercise protocols there, were they really doing strength stuff? Were they really looking at multi-joint movements, overhead presses, rows, pushes, horizontal presses, things like that, and dosing them appropriately for strength? you know, thinking about low or high sets, low reps, two to three minute rest at roughly 80% of their calculated one rep max, or are they doing like three sets of 15 with a band? And call it strength. I have no idea. My assumption is that we probably could be a bit more aggressive with exercise, and I bet that number could get a bit better. But 75% is awesome. So let's run with that. And the conclusion of this first study, which is super important, That if I'm just gonna read the quote if a patient avoids surgery in the first 12 weeks He or she is unlikely to undergo surgery at a later time point up to 12 up to two years So this is the first point here if the patient doesn't opt for surgery in the first 12 weeks They're probably not going to get surgery so our ability to to show them functional improvements in the first six, in the first 12 weeks, is absolutely huge. Because if they don't feel like they need surgery at the end of the 12 weeks, they're not going to get it probably ever. And when we think about conservative management versus surgery, both these things can be effective. But there is massive risk to surgery, right? There's massive financial risk. It's super expensive. And then thinking about the risks of anesthesia, of something going wrong during the surgery, of infection, of interactions, adverse events with the medications, opioid addiction. All of these things are risks of surgery that don't exist in conservative management. Okay, so that's the first study. If you don't opt for surgery in the first 12 weeks, it's unlikely that you're going to. 75% of humans got totally back to life without needing surgery. Study number two, predictors of failure of non-operative treatment of chronic symptomatic full thickness rotator cuff tears. Same research team. This was published in 2016. Again, looking at the same cohort of 452 individuals, This time what they wanted to see is, okay, 25% of you failed conservative management, failed physical therapy. Why? Is there anything in there? Is there anything about you that predicts whether you will or won't do well with physical therapy? And this was really cool. So they looked at all the patient demographics. They looked at age, they looked at sex, they looked at pain, severity of the tear, disability, chronicity, activity levels. They looked at work status and education and handedness and really everything under the sun. And what they found, the first thing they found is that structural factors were not predictive at all. Tear didn't matter, pain didn't matter, disability didn't matter, what your MRI didn't look like. None of that stuff predicted whether you needed surgery or not. The number one most powerful and really only significant predictor of whether you went on to need surgery or not for your full thickness rotator cuff tear was belief that physical therapy wouldn't help you. That was it. If you believe physical therapy would help you, you succeeded, you didn't need surgery. If you didn't believe that, then you opted out and went for surgery. And then smoking status moved the needle just a little bit, which makes sense. If you're smoking, your body is widely inflamed. Things heal slower. Your pain systems are far more sensitive. And then the other thing that was a very small predictor was activity levels. If you had higher activity levels, you were slightly more likely to opt for surgery early. And that makes sense too, right? My shoulder hurts. I can't do all the things I want to do. I'm still trying to do them. Things aren't getting better quick enough. Give me the magic bullet. The important thing here, again, one, structure was not predictive. Two, the only real strong predictor was your belief in physical therapy. Now, this is where it gets interesting, right? If that is the thing that determines whether you get surgery in the first six to 12 weeks, or that's the thing that determines whether you get surgery, and most humans are gonna make that decision within the first six to 12 weeks, you cannot make the argument that within session change and short term changes don't matter and probably aren't the most important thing there is, right? Because I cannot, if the thing that determines whether you need surgery or not, whether you get into that MRI tube, whether you get in the OR suite, whether you're getting those injections, pills, things like that, is your belief that physical therapy can help you, I cannot think of a more powerful way to foster that relief than having some tools in my toolbox that when you walk in the door, very quickly, I can modulate your pain, I can change your pain, your pain pressure threshold, turn on painfully inhibited muscles, gain some access to proprioception, and then get out into the gym and do some things that actually build capacity in humans, and demonstrate that thing within session, and then session after session after session. Short-term change and within-session change are the things that get patients to believe in physical therapy. And belief in physical therapy is the thing that keeps the patient out of the OR. Simple as that. That is the most important tool we have to foster those beliefs. Okay, study number three. This one just came out like last month. The predictors of surgery for symptomatic, atraumatic, full thickness rotator cuff tears change over time. Same research team, again, looking at these same humans that were in this study. Now this is tracking them down 10 years later. The first thing that pops out is that at the 10 year mark, only 27% of these people went on to get surgery. So you think about that, at the two-year mark, it was around 24%. So just a few more people kicked into the surgery over the next two, between two years, year two and year 10. Most of them, over half, opted for surgery before the six-month mark, and then the rest of them slowly trickled in over the next 10 years, with it kind of being less and less each year down the road. At the six-month mark, And everything prior to that, the most predictive thing, again, whether you need surgery or not, was belief in physical therapy and nothing else, right? So those beliefs are gonna be powerful all the way up to the six month mark. Everything we can do in that window to convince patients. that this is the path they need is gonna be the thing that keeps them off the other path. Beyond six months, it doesn't switch to structure, it doesn't switch to pain and disability and any of that stuff. The only two predictors beyond six months were if you were on worker's comp, and again, if you reported high levels of activity. Now this is super important too, right? Because okay, we're six months, we're a year, we're two years, we're five years out. We've done physical therapy, it didn't work, we've kind of forgot about it, that's off the table. And now, the stuff that's really bugging us is the fact that, okay, we're still having trouble at work, we're on workers' comp, we're kind of in that system, we still have all these activities that we want to do that we can't do the way we want to do them, now it's time to do something else. It's important to realize that overall, at the 10-year mark, 70-ish percent of humans, again, didn't need the surgery. And this is an interesting bullet point, too, because one of the things that you'll frequently hear is that, great, people do well with conservative management for rotator cuff tears. But if you don't repair it anyway, you set the patient up for degenerative changes, arthritis, problems down the road. What this study showed us is that the 10-year mark, the 70% of humans that did well with conservative management 10 years ago in that six to 12-week PT window, All of them were successful. And the success that they gained 10 years ago didn't decline over time. They didn't have more disability. They didn't have increased pain or arthritis or things like that. Their gains stuck. And this is one of a few studies that look at conservative management for rotator cuff tears, track them out over long periods of time, and show that there is no negative mechanical effects from not repairing that thing. So, the important stuff here, the key clinical factors here, is that team, at the end of the day, beliefs and expectations are the foundation. They're everything. They're the thing that drive the decisions that patients make, right? And if we don't have the ability to demonstrate change to our patient, if we don't have the ability to show them, not just tell them, But show them time and time again, ruthlessly, within session and between sessions, slowly building up functional outcomes, session after session after session, they're not going to buy this. And if they don't believe in what they're doing, if they don't believe in physical therapy, if they don't think that this is the thing, that's the stuff that determines, OK, am I going to get shots? Am I going to be taking pain medications? Am I going to end up in the OR suite? We need, what this research tells me is that we really need to drill down on our ability to have tools in the toolbox that create quick, transient changes in pain, range of motion, muscle activation. And I get that that's transient, but what we're doing is we're open a window. And then once that window is open, we absolutely have to jump through it, get right into the gym and start doing the large functional movements that build capacity in humans. And then be ruthless about your comparable measures, your functional stuff between sessions and your objective stuff within sessions. and make sure that multiple times every session, you're showing patients change. In every session, when they walk in the door, you can show them change over time. This is where you started. This is where we were after the first week. This is where we were after the second week. The better we get at that, the better we get at demonstrating change in the moment and showing them incremental change over time in the short term, the better our odds of keeping these patients out of the surgical suite. If the only thing that separates these two groups, physical therapy or going under the knife, is their belief in the power of what we're doing in the clinic, then we have to invest everything we have in our ability to demonstrate those changes. All right, team, hope you're half as excited about these three studies as I am. I think it's a really cool thing to look at and then track these patients over the last 10 years. If you got any questions, throw them in the chat. Have an awesome day in the clinic, and I look forward to seeing you out there. OUTROHey, thanks for tuning in to the PT on Ice daily show. If you enjoyed this content, head on over to iTunes and leave us a review and be sure to check us out on Facebook and Instagram at the Institute of Clinical Excellence. If you're interested in getting plugged into more ice content on a weekly basis while earning CUs from home, check out our virtual ice online mentorship program at ptonice.com. While you're there, sign up for our Hump Day Hustling newsletter for a free email every Wednesday morning with our top five research articles and social media posts that we think are worth reading. Head over to ptonice.com and scroll to the bottom of the page to sign up.

In today's episode, we've got some compelling new research from the European Spine Journal focusing on thoracolumbar fascia, chronic low back pain, and idiopathic lumbar scoliosis. We'll dive into how ultrasound technology is used to uncover critical findings that could impact chiropractic practices worldwide.Episode Notes: Thoracolumbar fascia and chronic low back pain in idiopathic lumbar scoliosis: an ultrasonographic studyThe Best Objective Assessment of the Cervical Spine- Provide reliable assessments and exercises for Neuromuscular Control, Proprioception, Range of Motion, and Sensorimotor-Integration. Learn more at NeckCare.comInterested in ShockWave technology? I built a practice using StemWave and can't recommend it enough. Learn more at- https://gostemwave.com/theevidencebasedchiropractor Patient Pilot by The Smart Chiropractor is the fastest, easiest to generate weekly patient reactivations on autopilot…without spending any money on advertising. Click here to schedule a call with our team.Our members use research to GROW their practice. Are you interested in increasing your referrals? Discover the best chiropractic marketing you aren't currently using right here!

Rip answers questions from Starting Strength Network subscribers and fans. 02:13 Comments from the Haters! 10:41 Deadlifting without shoes 14:00 Importance of your vertical jump 26:48 Rip's thoughts on dips 28:44 Do good GPs exist? 33:44 Fingerprints of the Gods 40:39 Rack pulls and haltings 55:37 Bouncing the bar during bench press 56:41 Master and Commander 1:02:05 Long-legged lifters 1:05:45 Bar thickness

Join Hugh Ross and Jeff Zweerink as they discuss new discoveries taking place at the frontiers of science that have theological and philosophical implications, including the reality of God's existence. Crust Thickness and Life A team of five geophysicists demonstrated that the level of oxides in basalt primary melts are a good proxy for the thickness of Earth's crust. They then supervised a machine-learning algorithm to analyze global geodatabases (e.g., EarthChem and GEOROC) of basalts to determine the variation of the thickness of Earth's crust spanning the past 3.8 billion years. Their analysis revealed five features of Earth's crust that led to supercontinent cycles and plate tectonics that are highly fine-tuned for complex life on Earth. Antimatter Feels Gravity When Einstein first published his general theory of relativity, scientists did not even know about antimatter—which was discovered almost 15 years later. Since then, scientists have speculated about how antimatter behaves in gravitational fields. Most think that it behaves just like normal matter. However, gravity's weakness compared to electromagnetic forces has prevented any direct test to see if antimatter falls like normal matter. Recently, the ALPHA collaboration was able to isolate enough atoms of antihydrogen (antimatter counterpart of hydrogen) to demonstrate that the atoms behave like normal hydrogen atoms in a gravitational field. This result demonstrates two things. First, it provides even more evidence for the constancy of the laws of physics. Second, it shows that scientists are willing, able, and driven to test fundamental parts of theories rather than simply accept them without data. LINKS & RESOURCES - PLAYLIST – https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUwTeBAi_JFG-J6mqU3em0LV7pFUiq9wp&si=uiWkZdNWit1syzgn Crust Thickness and Life Zhen-Jie Zhang et al., “Lithospheric Thickness Records Tectonic Evolution by Controlling Metamorphic Conditions,” https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi2134 Meng Guo and Jun Korenaga, “Argon Constraints on the Early Growth of Felsic Continental Crust,” https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6234 Antimatter Feels Gravity E. K. Anderson et al., “Observation of the Effect of Gravity on the Motion of Antimatter,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06527-1

Follow the hosts on Instagram @robnudds, @alonbenjoseph, and @davaucher.Thanks to @skillymusic for the theme tune.

David and Tamler return to the work of old favorite William James and argue about the 6th lecture (inspired by the French philosopher Henri Bergson) of his 1909 book “A Pluralistic Universe.” James attacks the philosophical habit of elevating unchanging concepts over the continuous ever-changing flux that characterizes raw experience. Concepts, James argues, carves joints where there are none. But why does James trust pure perception (unmediated by concepts) as a true window into reality? Does he want us to return to the blooming buzzing confusion of our infancy? Is his mystical side superseding his pragmatism? Plus, a new study on generosity after receiving a $10,000 windfall leads to a discussion of what we can interpret from null results, and lots more. Dwyer, R. J., Brady, W. J., Anderson, C., & Dunn, E. W. (2023). Are People Generous When the Financial Stakes Are High?. Psychological Science, 09567976231184887. A Pluralistic Universe by William James (Lecture VI)   Sponsored by: BetterHelp: You deserve to be happy. BetterHelp online counseling is there for you. Connect with your professional counselor in a safe and private online environment. Our listeners get 10% off the first month by visiting BetterHelp.com/vbw. Promo Code: VBW Rocket Money: Stop throwing your money away. Cancel unwanted subscriptions, and manage your expenses the easy way, by going to RocketMoney.com/vbw. Promo Code: VBW