Podcasts about facultative

For the first episode in our Oaktober mini-series, we discuss the general biology of oaks. Listen as we breakdown the definition of mast seeding, the proximate and ultimate causes of masting, the direct and indirect effects it has on wildlife, local and regional scale masting effects, the differences in quality between oak species, the squirrel death games, and more.   Resources:   Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2023). Maximizing the Moran effect: summer solstice orchestrates the subcontinental-scale synchrony of mast seeding. Bogdziewicz, et al. (2023). Mechanisms driving interspecific variation in regional synchrony of trees reproduction. Ecology Letters, 26(5), 754-764. Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2024). Evolutionary ecology of masting: mechanisms, models, and climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Boggess, C. M., et al. (2021). Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding. Forest Ecology and Management, 502, 119713. Journé, V., et al. (2023). Forecasting seed production in perennial plants: identifying challenges and charting a path forward. New Phytologist, 239(2), 466-476. Managing hardwoods: Oak biology | #49 Niedzielski, B., & Bowman, J. (2015). Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge. Wildlife Research, 41(7), 545-551. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Masting ontogeny: the largest masting benefits accrue to the largest trees. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Community-wide masting improves predator satiation in North American oaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 569, 122172. Thogmartin, W. E., & Johnson, J. E. (1999). Reproduction in a declining population of wild turkeys in Arkansas. The Journal of wildlife management, 1281-1290.   Dr. Marcus Lashley @DrDisturbance, Publications Dr. Will Gulsby @dr_will_gulsby, Publications Turkeys for Tomorrow @turkeysfortomorrow  UF DEER Lab @ufdeerlab, YouTube   Donate to wild turkey research: UF Turkey Donation Fund , Auburn Turkey Donation Fund  Do you have a topic you'd like us to cover? Leave us a review or send us an email at wildturkeyscience@gmail.com! Please help us by taking our (QUICK) listener survey - Thank you!  Check out the NEW DrDisturbance YouTube channel! DrDisturbance YouTube Watch these podcasts on YouTube Leave a podcast rating for a chance to win free gear! This podcast is made possible by Turkeys for Tomorrow, a grassroots organization dedicated to the wild turkey. To learn more about TFT, go to turkeysfortomorrow.org.    Music by Artlist.io Produced & edited by Charlotte Nowak  

For the first episode in our Oaktober mini-series, we discuss the general biology of oaks. Listen as we breakdown the definition of mast seeding, the proximate and ultimate causes of masting, the direct and indirect effects it has on wildlife, local and regional scale masting effects, the differences in quality between oak species, the squirrel death games, and more. Resources: Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2023). Maximizing the Moran effect: summer solstice orchestrates the subcontinental-scale synchrony of mast seeding. Bogdziewicz, et al. (2023). Mechanisms driving interspecific variation in regional synchrony of trees reproduction. Ecology Letters, 26(5), 754-764. Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2024). Evolutionary ecology of masting: mechanisms, models, and climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Boggess, C. M., et al. (2021). Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding. Forest Ecology and Management, 502, 119713. Journé, V., et al. (2023). Forecasting seed production in perennial plants: identifying challenges and charting a path forward. New Phytologist, 239(2), 466-476. Managing hardwoods: Oak biology | #49 Niedzielski, B., & Bowman, J. (2015). Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge. Wildlife Research, 41(7), 545-551. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Masting ontogeny: the largest masting benefits accrue to the largest trees. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Community-wide masting improves predator satiation in North American oaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 569, 122172. Thogmartin, W. E., & Johnson, J. E. (1999). Reproduction in a declining population of wild turkeys in Arkansas. The Journal of wildlife management, 1281-1290.   Dr. Marcus Lashley @DrDisturbance, Publications Dr. Will Gulsby @dr_will_gulsby, Publications Turkeys for Tomorrow @turkeysfortomorrow  UF DEER Lab @ufdeerlab, YouTube   Donate to wild turkey research: UF Turkey Donation Fund , Auburn Turkey Donation Fund  Do you have a topic you'd like us to cover? Leave us a review or send us an email at wildturkeyscience@gmail.com! Please help us by taking our (QUICK) listener survey - Thank you!  Check out the NEW DrDisturbance YouTube channel! DrDisturbance YouTube Watch these podcasts on YouTube Leave a podcast rating for a chance to win free gear! This podcast is made possible by Turkeys for Tomorrow, a grassroots organization dedicated to the wild turkey. To learn more about TFT, go to turkeysfortomorrow.org.    Music by Artlist.io Produced & edited by Charlotte Nowak  

O que são “nascimentos virgens”? Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra, com a Mila Massuda, como e em quais animais ocorre a reprodução por partenogênese. Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Técnica de Gravação: Julianna Harsche (@juvisharsche) Editora: Angélica Peixoto (@angewlique) Revisão de Roteiro: Vinicius Basilio Mixagem e Masterização: Vinicius Basilio Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares), Matheus Herédia (@Matheus_Heredia) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) Gravado e editado nos estúdios TocaCast, do grupo Tocalivros (@tocalivros) REFERÊNCIAS BERNAL, M. A. et al. Long-term sperm storage in the brownbanded bamboo sharkChiloscyllium punctatum. Journal of Fish Biology, v. 86, n. 3, p. 1171–1176, 28 dez. 2014. BOOTH, W. et al. Discovery of facultative parthenogenesis in a new world crocodile. v. 19, n. 6, 1 jun. 2023. DUDGEON, C. L. et al. Switch from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction in a zebra shark. Scientific Reports, v. 7, n. 1, 16 jan. 2017. FIELDS, A. T. et al. Facultative parthenogenesis in a critically endangered wild vertebrate. Current Biology, v. 25, n. 11, p. R446–R447, jun. 2015. RYDER, O. A. et al. Facultative Parthenogenesis in California Condors. Journal of Heredity, v. 112, n. 7, p. 569–574, 1 out. 2021.

durée : 00:43:47 - Le Temps du débat d'été - par : Astrid de Villaines - Après les législatives dans un contexte de crise politique, la nouvelle Assemblée est constituée à 36% de femmes, marquant un recul de sa féminisation. Comme lors de la crise du Covid qui avait mis en retrait l'expertise féminine, les périodes de crises relèguent-elles la parole des femmes ? - invités : Christine Bard Professeure à l'Université d'Angers, spécialiste de l'histoire des femmes et du genre; Mercedes Erra Fondatrice de BETC et présidente exécutive de Havas Worldwide, engagée dans le Women's Forum for the Economy and Society, dont elle est l'un des membres fondateurs, ainsi que dans la Fondation ELLE.; Anne-Cécile Mailfert Fondatrice de la Fondation des femmes, ancienne Porte-parole d'Osez le féminisme.

durée : 00:43:47 - Le Temps du débat d'été - par : Astrid de Villaines - Après les législatives dans un contexte de crise politique, la nouvelle Assemblée est constituée à 36% de femmes, marquant un recul de sa féminisation. Comme lors de la crise du Covid qui avait mis en retrait l'expertise féminine, les périodes de crises relèguent-elles la parole des femmes ? - invités : Christine Bard Professeure à l'Université d'Angers, spécialiste de l'histoire des femmes et du genre; Mercedes Erra Fondatrice de BETC et présidente exécutive de Havas Worldwide, engagée dans le Women's Forum for the Economy and Society, dont elle est l'un des membres fondateurs, ainsi que dans la Fondation ELLE.; Anne-Cécile Mailfert Fondatrice de la Fondation des femmes, ancienne Porte-parole d'Osez le féminisme.

Hassan Elamin is a Dubai-based entrepreneur known for his marriage to Mona Kattan, co-founder of Huda Beauty and creator of KAYALI perfumes. They met through mutual friends and started dating in 2021, getting engaged in December of that year and marrying in February 2022. Hassan has a degree in Insurance and Risk Management from Bayes Business School and works as the Head of Facultative, Middle East, Africa, and Türkiye at Aon Reinsurance Solutions. He is also a crypto enthusiast and co-founded a fashion brand called "Elamins". #hikmatwehbi#HassanElamin#podcast #arabicpodcast#hikmatwehbipodcast #wstudiodxb حكمت_وهبي# حكمت_وهبي_بودكاست#

Today's guest has one of the biggest jobs in the London Market. Kate Markham is CEO of Hiscox London Market and the last time we spoke she had just brought her business unit through a remediation strategy that was beginning to bear fruit. Eighteen months later, and the results have been stellar. Today the best are looking to invest and grow and get out on the front foot and lean into the opportunities that a still very strong market has to offer. And this podcast is all about that. This is a business very much looking to the future. Our conversation came about because Hiscox has been one of the first to experiment with artificial intelligence to help speed up and enhance the lead underwriting process and so I wanted to dig right into the detail of what Kate and her teams had done and what the results had been like. So we spend much of this discussion going deep into this and examining where the next steps are going to lead. It's a very heartening and positive message. Underwriters aren't going to be out of a job because they will be freed up to add real value in the assessment of risk and to enhance the service that they give brokers and innovate to improve the relevance and quality of the cover that can give their ultimate customers. The emergence of fully connected digital value chains is also going to make it much easier for a much larger share of world business to access the London Market. After all if underwriters make it really simple to send something to London, and turnarounds are almost instant, why wouldn't many more brokers seek quotes? Kate is full of energy and enthusiasm and our conversation is fun and rattles along at a fast pace. Kate is also one of those leaders who has the gift of instilling confidence in the people they come in contact with and this podcast put a spring in my step about the quality of the London Market's future if it can grasp the unique opportunities it is currently presented with I got a lot out of this chat and I think you will too. NOTES: I let the abbreviation D&F get through. It stands for Direct and Facultative and is big-ticket property business. LINKS: We thank our naming sponsor AdvantageGo: https://www.advantagego.com/

Tous les matins, la rédaction de Capital décrypte l'actualité économique française et étrangère : impôts, high-tech, épargne, immobilier, entreprises, bourse, carrière... vous ne manquerez rien de l'info éco du jour grâce aux journalistes du premier magazine économique de France.

Good friend of the show Miles of WeedShouldTasteGood is back on the program! Today Miles discusses all of the natural farming, education, and breeding work that he has been up to since we last spoke- and he gives some amazing tips on soil growing as well! Miles breaks down how the bacteria in his ferments work, and how he applies a variety of recipes to the same fermentation process to see their different results on cannabis. Miles shares some recent shifts in perspective when it comes to growing with these ferments, and he also points out several common mistakes and misconceptions that he thinks many soil growers of the world hold. Miles wraps up the show by discussing his breeding work, and highlights some of the new pollinations and hunts where he is working with both landrace strains and poly hybrids. GrowCast Membership Weekly Live Streams - Personal Garden Advice- 100s of HOURS of Bonus Content  - MEMBERS ONLY DISCOUNTS! Join the greatest community in cannabis! GrowCast Seed Co FIRE genetics straight from Rhizo Rich! Members get $20 off PER PACK! Code growcast15 now works with grow KITS from AC Infinity! www.acinfinity.com use promo code growcast15 for 10% off the BEST grow fans in the game, plus tents, pots, scissors, LED lights, and now REFILLABLE FILTERS!

 Blackburn DG, Flemming AF. Invasive implantation and intimate placental associations in a placentotrophic African lizard, Trachylepis ivensi (scincidae). J Morphol. 2012 Feb;273(2):137-59. doi: 10.1002/jmor.11011. Epub 2011 Sep 28. PMID: 21956253.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21956253/Bassi EA, de Oliveira C, Braz HB, de Almeida-Santos SM. How Does Oocyte Uptake Occur? A Macroscopic Study of the Ovarian and Oviductal Modifications for Egg Capture in the Coral-Snake Micrurus corallinus. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2018 Nov;301(11):1936-1943. doi: 10.1002/ar.23904. Epub 2018 Oct 5. PMID: 30289202.https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.23904Gascho D, Hetzel U, Schmid N, Martinez RM, Thali MJ, Richter H. Virtopsy of a gravid Boa constrictor using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Anim Sci. 2020 Oct 8;10:100150. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100150. PMID: 33089008; PMCID: PMC7566950.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451943X20300636Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Early origin of viviparity and multiple reversions to oviparity in squamate reptiles. Ecol Lett. 2014 Jan;17(1):13-21. doi: 10.1111/ele.12168. Epub 2013 Aug 19. PMID: 23953272.https://home.gwu.edu/~rpyron/publications/Pyron_Burbrink_2014a.pdfSwain R, Jones SM. Facultative placentotrophy: half-way house or strategic solution? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2000 Dec;127(4):441-51. doi: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00275-0. PMID: 11154941.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11154941/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20141Van Dyke JU, Brandley MC, Thompson MB. The evolution of viviparity: molecular and genomic data from squamate reptiles advance understanding of live birth in amniotes. Reproduction. 2013 Nov 20;147(1):R15-26. doi: 10.1530/REP-13-0309. PMID: 24129151.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129151/Wang, JiaJun & Wu, YaYong & Liu, Qin & Shu, Guocheng & Guo, Peng & Zhu, Guangxiang. (2021). A new ovoviviparous rat snake species of the genus Elaphe (Squamata: Colubridae) from western Sichuan, China. 10.3897/arphapreprints.e77314. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355787178_A_new_ovoviviparous_rat_snake_species_of_the_genus_Elaphe_Squamata_Colubridae_from_western_Sichuan_ChinaZimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton, M. … Meiri, S. (2022). A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31, 2437– 2452. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13598https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13598-------------------------Jessica Hare - Hare Hollow Farm - Altus, OKHarehollowfarm.comMorph Market - https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/hare_hollow_farm/Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/Hare-Hollow-Farm-113861266980541Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/hare_hollow_farm/Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@unmeinohiJana King - ASM Royal Tails - Port Orchard, WAMorph Market -https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/asmroyaltails/Facebook -https://facebook.com/RoyalReptails/Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/asmroyaltails/Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@asmroyaltails6846Show Sponsors:RAL - Vetdna.comUse code #sh!thappens to get $5 off a crypto panel.Shane Kelley - Small Town Xotics - Knoxville, TNMorph Market - https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/smalltownxotics/Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/SmallTownXotics/Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/smalltownxotics/Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/c/SmallTownXoticsRumble - https://rumble.com/search/video?q=smalltownxotics Roger and Lori Gray - Gray Family Snakes - Huntsville, AlabamaMorph Market - https://www.morphmarket.com/us/c/all?store=gray_family_snakesFacebook - https://www.facebook.com/GrayFamilySnakesInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/gray_family_snakes/Andrew Boring - Powerhouse Pythons - Tacoma, WaHusbandry Pro - https://husbandry.pro/stores/powerhouse-pythonsFacebook - https://www.facebook.com/powerhouse.pythonsInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/powerhouse.pythons/ Eileen Jarp - Bravo Zulu - Daleville, INMorph Market -https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/bravozulu/Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/bravozuluBPInstagram -https://www.instagram.com/bravozuluballpythons/Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@bravozuluballpythons Christopher Shelly - B&S Reptilia - Sellersville, PAMorph Market - https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/bandsreptilia/Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/B-and-S-Reptilia-1415759941972085Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/bandsreptilia/ Justin Brill - Stoneage Ball pythons - Gresham, ORMorph Market -https://www.morphmarket.com/stores/stoneageballpythons/?cat=bpsFacebook - https://www.facebook.com/StoneAgeBallsInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/stoneageballpythons/Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/c/stoneageballpythons

Our short and to-the-point PRESSURISED version of episode 33. If you don't have time for the full episode and want to get right to the science without any of our waffle, this is the place to be!   What if your deep-sea habitat was less rocky and more fleshy? That's right, the time has come to talk all about deep-sea parasites and their fascinating life cycles. We couldn't think of anyone better to speak with than Dr Rod Bray, a pioneer in deep-sea parasitology research. Rod talks us through the captivating world of parasitic worms and his ongoing research into their ecology.   Check out our podcast merch here! Which now includes Alan's beloved apron and a much anticipated new design...    Feel free to get in touch with us with questions or your own tales from the high seas on: podcast@armatusoceanic.com We'd love to actually play your voice so feel free to record a short audio note!   We are also on  Twitter: @DeepSeaPod, @ArmatusO https://twitter.com/DeepSeaPod https://twitter.com/ArmatusO   Facebook: DeepSeaPodcast, ArmatusOceanic  https://www.facebook.com/DeepSeaPodcast https://www.facebook.com/ArmatusOceanic   Instagram: @deepsea_podcast, @armatusoceanic https://www.instagram.com/deepsea_podcast/ https://www.instagram.com/armatusoceanic/   Keep up with the team on social media Twitter:  Alan - @Hadalbloke (https://twitter.com/Hadalbloke) Thom - @ThomLinley (https://twitter.com/ThomLinley)  Georgia - @geeinthesea (https://twitter.com/geeinthesea)    Instagram:  Georgia - @geeinthesea (https://www.instagram.com/geeinthesea/)    Read the show notes and find out more about us at: www.armatusoceanic.com   Glossary Cercaria - Offspring of digenean parasites. Chimaera - A group of cartilaginous fish mostly found in deep waters.  Competition - A type of symbiosis where both species are harmed. Commensalism - A type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected. Ctenophore - “Comb jelly” marine invertebrates found worldwide. Digeneans - A class of trematodes consisting of parasitic flatworms with two suckers. Ectoparasites - Parasites that live on the skin of the host. Elasmobranch - The subclass of cartilaginous fishes consisting of sharks, skates and rays. Emmensalism - A type of symbiosis where one species is harmed and one is unaffected. Endoparasites - Parasites that live inside the tissues of the host. Facultative symbiosis - A type of symbiosis which is optional; not necessary for survival.  Flukes - “Trematoda” is a class of flatworms. They are internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. Hydrozoan - A class of cnidaria. They are small predatory animals, most are benthic and involve a polyp stage.  Monogeneans - A group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish. Mutualism - A type of symbiosis where both species benefit. Myxozoa - A group of aquatic parasites which contains some of the smallest animals known to exist. Neutralism - A type of symbiosis where neither species benefit nor are negatively affected. Parasitism - A type of symbiosis where one species benefits and one is harmed. Parasite burden - A measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that a host harbours. Symbiosis - “Living together” two different species living closely together. Teleosts - “Bony fishes”. Tunicate - These are marine invertebrates sometimes called “sea squirts”.  Links Rod's research Rod's article summarising the state of knowledge of deep-sea parasites in 2020   Credits Theme – Hadal Zone Express by Märvel   #Podcast #SciComm #Science #MarineBiology #DeepSea #DeepOcean #AlanJamieson #Rodbray #parasitology #parasites #parasite #fluke #worm #copepod #isopod #helminth #lifecycle #deepseaspecies #symbiotic #Donwalsh #ThomasLinley #newspecies #discovery #scicomm #submarine #biodiversity #deepseacreatures #symbiosis #news #mariana #geology

What if your deep-sea habitat was less rocky and more fleshy? That's right, the time has come to talk all about deep-sea parasites and their fascinating life cycles.  We couldn't think of anyone better to speak with than Dr Rod Bray, a pioneer in deep-sea parasitology research. Rod talks us through the captivating world of parasitic worms and his ongoing research into their ecology.  Continuing with the parasitic theme, Thom and Alan share their critiques (and also their love for) ‘The Last of Us', an apocalyptic TV show involving fungal parasitology. The news is somewhat less parasite-y this month with Alan officially extending the depth records for several taxa and there's a new species of cavefish described! Don also provides a highly unexpected story from his days as Captain of a submarine...   Are you now suddenly parasite-obsessed?! Satisfy your cravings with your very own parasitic deep-sea podcast merch featuring our favourite parasite - the tongue-eating isopod, Cymothoa exigua! Check it out here!   Feel free to get in touch with us with questions or your own tales from the high seas on: podcast@armatusoceanic.com We'd love to actually play your voice so feel free to record a short audio note!   We are also on  Twitter: @DeepSeaPod, @ArmatusO Facebook: DeepSeaPodcast, ArmatusOceanic  Instagram: @deepsea_podcast, @armatusoceanic   Keep up with the team on social media Twitter:  Alan - @Hadalbloke (https://twitter.com/Hadalbloke) Thom - @ThomLinley (https://twitter.com/ThomLinley)  Georgia - @geeinthesea (https://twitter.com/geeinthesea)    Instagram:  Georgia - @geeinthesea (https://www.instagram.com/geeinthesea/)    Read the show notes and find out more about us at: www.armatusoceanic.com   Glossary Cercaria - Offspring of digenean parasites. Chimaera - A group of cartilaginous fish mostly found in deep waters.  Competition - A type of symbiosis where both species are harmed. Commensalism - A type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected. Ctenophore - “Comb jelly” marine invertebrates found worldwide. Digeneans - A class of trematodes consisting of parasitic flatworms with two suckers. Ectoparasites - Parasites that live on the skin of the host. Elasmobranch - The subclass of cartilaginous fishes consisting of sharks, skates and rays. Emmensalism - A type of symbiosis where one species is harmed and one is unaffected. Endoparasites - Parasites that live inside the tissues of the host. Facultative symbiosis - A type of symbiosis which is optional; not necessary for survival.  Flukes - “Trematoda” is a class of flatworms. They are internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. Hydrozoan - A class of cnidaria. They are small predatory animals, most are benthic and involve a polyp stage.  Monogeneans - A group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish. Mutualism - A type of symbiosis where both species benefit. Myxozoa - A group of aquatic parasites which contains some of the smallest animals known to exist. Neutralism - A type of symbiosis where neither species benefit nor are negatively affected. Parasitism - A type of symbiosis where one species benefits and one is harmed. Parasite burden - A measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that a host harbours. Symbiosis - “Living together” two different species living closely together. Teleosts - “Bony fishes”. Tunicate - These are marine invertebrates sometimes called “sea squirts”.  Links Rod's article summarising the state of knowledge of deep-sea parasites in 2020 Alans research centre (and jobs) New depth records for ctenophores, hydrozoans and tunicates in the hadal zone A latitudinal gradient of deep-sea invasions for marine fishes A paper and news article describing a new fish species discovered in India living in an aquifer New phantom jelly seen The Last of us opening scene on fungal parasites   Guns N' Roses - My Michelle Youtube Spotify   Credits Theme – Hadal Zone Express by Märvel   #Podcast #SciComm #Science #MarineBiology #DeepSea #DeepOcean #AlanJamieson #Rodbray #parasitology #parasites #parasite #fluke #worm #copepod #isopod #helminth #lifecycle #deepseaspecies #symbiotic #Donwalsh #ThomasLinley #newspecies #discovery #scicomm #submarine #biodiversity #deepseacreatures #symbiosis #news #mariana #geology

Isaac Hicks, CEO Slipbot, which extracts nuanced information from Facultative and Treaty Slips of all kinds in the Reinsurance space using a novel approach to natural language processing. Issac is an advanced Software Integrations Expert and AI practitioner that combines iPaaS solutions, Robotic Process Automation, and Artificial intelligence to create innovative, state-of-the-art business solutions that produce practical, concrete value for growing organizations.   Slipbot is his team's custom AI system built for the reinsurance market, focusing on unstructured document processes such as the reinsurance slip. Users can now simply drag-and-drop documents into their management system for reading and onward processing. Isaac describes how AI systems learn just as a human learn how insurance terms are set and what more sophisticated questions to ask in a review. The AI models the business and loss layers so that managers can make more informed decisions about their book. Longer-term, Slipknot seeks to remove the need for manual data entry and document understanding, to enable reinsurers to focus more on business management and results. Isaac sees a future that will rely on the human component of evaluating risk, that there is a limit to the algorithmization of everything in terms of doing good business. Follow the Insurtech Leadership Podcast airing weekly hosted by Joshua R. Hollander. We give you up-close access and personal insights from the leaders of the fastest-growing #insurtechs and most innovative #insurance carriers and brokers.

Travis Statham is an original World Carnivore Tribe moderator and an independent researcher turned masters student who just moved to Logan, Utah with his wife and two cats to study and conduct nutrition research. His dream would be to test the carnivore diet in a clinical trial setting, and test independent variables like grass-fed:grain-fed, organs:no organs, fat:protein ratios, as well as Carnivore:Almost carnivore as well as testing the efficacy of various subtypes on different chronic diseases that still have no etiology. He worked with Dr Shawn Baker to provide feedback to the researchers that conducted the Harvard Carnivore Survey Study, which received results from 2029 adults living the carnivorous way of eating for an average of 14 months! Travis used his experience on Reddit, Facebook, and Twitter, to help him collect links to science across a swath of disciplines related to the broad topic of human facultative carnivory into a public Zotero library called KetoscienceDatabase - over 10,000 articles relating to paleoanthropology, evolution, primatology, etc. When a NYPost reporter joined WCT as the carnivore diet was picking up steam, Travis was able to schedule an interview with her and get a free Fogo de Chao meal, and the next day he and his wife appeared on Good Morning America! He also attended the 4-day special event that was CarnivoryCon 2019 and Low Carb Denver 2019, and even went to Low Carb Denver 2020 just before flights closed in the beginning of the pandemic. After working with Michael Goldstein on justmeat.co, he decided to use a Wix website to stuff as much content as he could about the carnivore diet into one place.  Nowadays, in Utah, Travis is helping Stephan van Vliet PhD with research in which they try to figure out the interplay between different agricultural systems as 500+ different metabolites can be recorded using advanced metabolomics machines by collecting and preparing samples such as soil, grass, animal feed and then seeing how they get transferred into various meat products such as grass-fed ribeyes, conventional grain-fed liver, wild caught deer. If you have a farm and want to contribute to this product - get in touch with Travis. The next step is looking into how eating these foods affect humans over the short and long term.  You can find him on: twitter.com/meatritioncom or twitter.com/Travis_Statham instagram.com/meatrition reddit.com/user/meatrition reddit.com/r/Keto4  Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 07:08 Historical use of meat to treat diseases 13:23 Russians and the Inuit 18:48 Life expectancy among the Inuit; ketosis among the Inuit 22:29 All-meat diet in history 24:13 Ethnography database 26:25 Facultative carnivore 30:00 Gut microbiome 33:40 Travis' carnivore experience 43:37 Reintroducing foods after the carnivore diet 47:55 Running clinical trials on carnivore diet 50:12 Why historical experiments with carnivore diet didn't last 53:40 Meatrition.com Join the Community: https://carnivore.diet/join/ Book a Carnivore Coach: https://carnivore.diet/book-a-coach/ Carnivore Shirts: https://merch.carnivore.diet Subscribe to our Newsletter: https://carnivore.diet/subscribe/ . ‪#revero #shawnbaker #Carnivorediet #MeatHeals #HealthCreation   #humanfood #AnimalBased #ZeroCarb #DietCoach  #FatAdapted #Carnivore #sugarfree  ‪

Facultative is an adjective that means related to the granting of permission. The French word faculte (fa COOLT) refers to a physical or mental power. When the word facultative is used, it is to describe a situation of granting someone power to do something. Here's an example: James gave the film crew permission to shoot their film in the office, but I didn't know he had that kind of facultative authority. Next time I need permission to do something crazy, I'll know who to seek permission from.

What interactions change in upland oak ecosystems when we expand the burn window into the fall? How does this change acorn preference of wildlife like deer and squirrels? In this episode of Fire University, Dr. Marcus Lashley sits down with deer biologist and old graduate student Moriah Boggess to discuss their recent study assessing the effects of fire on acorn consumer preference. Paper: Boggess, C.M., Baruzzi, C., Alexander, H.D., Strickland, B.K. and Lashley, M.A., 2022. Exposure to fire affects acorn removal by altering consumer preference. Forest Ecology and Management, 508, p.120044.  Moriah Boggess: IG @moriah_biologist Other relevant studies: Alexander et al. 2021: "Mesophication of Oak Landscapes: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Research." BioScience Boggess et al. 2021: "Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding." For. Ecol. Manage. 502, 119713 Chiodi et al. 2018: "An analysis of Southeastern US prescribed burn weather windows: Seasonal variability and El Nino associations." Int. J. Wildland Fire 27 (3), 176–189.  Greenler et al. 2019: "Prescribed fire and partial overstory removal alter an acorn–rodent conditional mutualism." Ecological Applications 29.7: e01958. Greenler et al. 2020: "Prescribed fire promotes acorn survival and seedling emergence from simulated caches." Forest Ecology and Management 464 (2020): 118063. Nichols et al. 2021: "Alter fire timing to recouple forage nutrients with herbivore nutrient demands." Forest Ecology and Management 500: 119646. Research Video: https://youtu.be/gnQr9BdzUSc Want to help fund ongoing research at the UF DEER Lab? Donate today! For more information, follow us @ufdeerlab on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter , YouTube    

What interactions change in upland oak ecosystems when we expand the burn window into the fall? How does this change acorn preference of wildlife like deer and squirrels? In this episode of Fire University, Dr. Marcus Lashley sits down with deer biologist and old graduate student Moriah Boggess to discuss their recent study assessing the effects of fire on acorn consumer preference. Paper: Boggess, C.M., Baruzzi, C., Alexander, H.D., Strickland, B.K. and Lashley, M.A., 2022. Exposure to fire affects acorn removal by altering consumer preference. Forest Ecology and Management, 508, p.120044.  Moriah Boggess: IG @moriah_biologist Other relevant studies: Alexander et al. 2021: "Mesophication of Oak Landscapes: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Research." BioScience Boggess et al. 2021: "Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding." For. Ecol. Manage. 502, 119713 Chiodi et al. 2018: "An analysis of Southeastern US prescribed burn weather windows: Seasonal variability and El Nino associations." Int. J. Wildland Fire 27 (3), 176–189.  Greenler et al. 2019: "Prescribed fire and partial overstory removal alter an acorn–rodent conditional mutualism." Ecological Applications 29.7: e01958. Greenler et al. 2020: "Prescribed fire promotes acorn survival and seedling emergence from simulated caches." Forest Ecology and Management 464 (2020): 118063. Nichols et al. 2021: "Alter fire timing to recouple forage nutrients with herbivore nutrient demands." Forest Ecology and Management 500: 119646. Research Video: https://youtu.be/gnQr9BdzUSc Want to help fund ongoing research at the UF DEER Lab? Donate today! For more information, follow @ufdeerlab on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter , YouTube

Welcome to the Mountain! Every season has its purpose and has something to teach us. The Dead of Winter – Teaches us about Hibernation & Dormancy Dormancy: The state of having normal physical functions suspended or slowed for a period of time. The state of being temporarily inactive or inoperative -Dormancy is when living things such as plants are awaiting the necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, etc. 4 TYPES OF DORMANCY Hibernation – low metabolic rate, reduced heart rate, slow breathing and lowered body temperature. Obligate hibernators– can sleep regardless of access to food and temperatures. Ex. European Hedgehogs, mouse lemurs, various ground squirrels & butterflies Facultative hibernators– hibernate when it's too cold and the food supply decreased Ex. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Bears, squirrels, groundhogs, marmots, skunks, raccoons, opossums, dormice and bats are examples of mammals that hibernate.) Diapause – (Observed in all life stages of arthropods, like insects, common during egg and pupa stages. Marker by lower metabolic activity.) Aestivation – (desert plants & animals- low rainfall and high temps i.e. “dry heat”) Brumation- Dormancy in reptiles (only wake up to drink water and then go back to sleep) Can last 8 months. Triggered by decrease in daylight hours. (e.g. Snakes) Just like us, plants are deeply affected by temperature and sunlight. Plant growth slows as the day length slows, thus commencing the dormancy process. In today's show we discuss the idea of slowing down in the winter.  Instead of fighting these feelings of being a little more tired than usual, we invite you to get into the flow with Nature and slow down a bit…go dormant, as much as possible until spring when there is more sunlight and the days start to grow longer.  And… use this dormant time to look back at past failures and successes and plan for future outings and hikes and camping trips, and other adventures!

For our latest Artemis Live interview we spoke with James Poole, Co-founder and Managing Directory of AGILE Risk Partners, who explained the concept of Collateralised Facultative Reinsurance (CFR) to our viewers. James and his business partners launched AGILE as a pure risk advisory, bringing broking expertise, and an understanding of insurer and reinsurer capital pressures together with technology to try and deliver a lower cost-of-risk for their clients. Recently, AGILE has secured risk capital from hedge fund investors amounting to $250 million and is now looking to secure opportunities to deploy that capital on a collateralised basis into what they are terming “special reinsurance situations.” With a maximum of $30m deployable into any single opportunity, the AGILE team hopes to build a diversified portfolio of really interesting risk opportunities for its investors, while helping cedents to reduce their cost-of-risk. James explained AGILE's thinking around the concept of Collateralised Facultative Reinsurance (CFR) and why he thinks that's the next big thing and a relatively untapped opportunity for insurance-linked investors.

Comment enrayer la propagation du coronavirus, tout en respectant les libertés publiques et la liberté de circulation ? Les notions de passeport sanitaire ou passeport vaccinal sont loin de faire l’unanimité. Sur les réseaux sociaux les infox se répandent et risquent de fausser le débat.  Cette chronique est réalisée en partenariat avec Sophie Podevin et Pauline Auffret de l’EPJT, l’Ecole publique de journalisme de Tours. « C’est passé inaperçu, mais on vient de se faire entuber », explique Fab Roots 3 sur sa chaîne YouTube, suivie par deux milles personnes. Le youtubeur, diffuseur de thèses conspirationnistes, relaye un extrait de débat d’une grande chaîne de télévision, où sont notamment citées des figures politiques d’extrême droite dénonçant la « dictature sanitaire ». Le débat tel qu’il s’est tenu sur LCI a été tronqué par le youtubeur, de façon à faire croire que l’adoption d’un « passeport sanitaire » était déjà entérinée, ce qui est loin d’être le cas. En Europe, la France et l’Allemagne se montrent encore très réticentes face à l’idée du passeport vaccinal, ou même du passeport sanitaire, même si l’adoption de mesures de contrôle renforcées est envisagée pour enrayer la propagation des nouveaux variants du virus. En France, les autorités estiment le débat prématuré. Le ministre de la Santé déclarait vendredi 23 janvier dans Le Parisien à propos du passeport vaccinal : « La question ne se pose pas, car tout le monde n’a pas accès au vaccin, et on ne sait pas s’il empêche la transmission ».« Dans quelques mois, ajoute Olivier Véran, quand les choses auront évolué, on ne pourra pas priver les Français de ce débat. » La peur de l’obligation vaccinale L’obligation d’un test négatif pour entrer en France est assimilé, à tort, à une fermeture des frontières. Cela conduit certains à conclure que le passeport vaccinal est de facto déjà en place. Or, c’est bien un test PCR qui est demandé aux frontières, dans certains cas, et non une certification vaccinale.  La désinformation à ce sujet risque de polluer le débat, en jouant sur les peurs. Des internautes parlent ainsi de ce passeport comme d’un certificat qui deviendrait indispensable pour vivre normalement, et sans lequel les individus non-vaccinés se retrouveraient rejetés, aux marges de la société. Cette idée est soutenue notamment par le Mouvement national démocrate sous le titre : « Passeport vaccinal: vers un nouvel apartheid ».  Sur son site, le parti d’extrême droite développe un scénario selon lequel la vaccination anti-covid deviendrait un laisser-passer pour entrer dans des lieux publics, les restaurants, les cinémas etc… Facultative en théorie, la vaccination deviendrait obligatoire dans les faits. Dans la réalité, en France, ce scénario tient du fantasme.  Les médias mensongers, une marotte des complotistes Ceux qui propagent les infox sur ce sujet s’en prennent tout particulièrement aux grands médias, accusés de diffuser de faux sondages. De nombreux internautes, comme Adina de Souzy, dont le compte est suivi par plus de 12 000 twittos, font voter leurs abonnés et obtiennent donc des scores de plus de 80% contre le passeport vaccinal. Cela n’a rien d’étonnant puisque ces internautes sont le plus souvent suivis par ceux qui partagent leurs opinions. Ils opposent les résultats biaisés de ces enquêtes sans méthodologie, à ceux obtenus par de grands instituts, comme l’Ifop, dont le sondage du 16 janvier, publié par Le Parisien. Ce dernier révélait une adhésion à l’obligation vaccinale de l’ordre de 62%, pour les personnes souhaitant prendre l’avion, se rendre à l’étranger, et 60% pour celles ayant l’intention de rendre visite à des personnes vulnérables, en EPHAD ou à l’hôpital. Cela permettrait de relativiser l’impact de la désinformation et de son aspect repoussoir vis-à-vis de la vaccination.

Like many a fossorial snake, Sand Boas hold many surprises; this episode we explore some of those. First, an investigation into Dollo’s “Law”, then a couple of natural history notes providing some insight into Sand Boa diets. FULL REFERENCE LIST AVAILABLE AT: herphighlights.podbean.com Main Paper References: Lobo, J. V., & Streepada, K. S. (2015). First report on Whitaker’s boa Eryx whitakeri feeding on common vine snake. Reptile Rap, 17. Londei, T. (2015). Arabian sand boa Eryx jayakari (Squamata: Boidae) preying on Arabian toad-headed agama Phrynocephalus arabicus (Squamata: Agamidae): A nocturnal-to-diurnal species interaction. Herpetology Notes, 8, 155–15. Lynch, V. J., & Wagner, G. P. (2010). Did Egg-laying Boas Break Dollo’s Law? Phylogenetic Evidence For Reversal To Oviparity In Sand Boas (Eryx: Boidae). Evolution, 64(1), 207–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00790.x Species of the Bi-Week: Nguyen, H. N., Tran, B. V., Nguyen, L. H., Neang, T., Yushchenko, P. V., & Poyarkov, N. A. (2020). A new species of Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 from the Langbian Plateau, southern Vietnam, with additional information on Oligodon annamensis Leviton, 1953 (Squamata: Colubridae). PeerJ, 8, e8332. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8332 Other Mentioned Papers/Studies: Laird, M. K., Thompson, M. B., & Whittington, C. M. (2019). Facultative oviparity in a viviparous skink (Saiphos equalis). Biology Letters, 15(4), 20180827. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0827 Recknagel, H., Kamenos, N. A., & Elmer, K. R. (2018). Common lizards break Dollo’s law of irreversibility: genome-wide phylogenomics support a single origin of viviparity and re-evolution of oviparity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 579-588. Music: Intro/outro – Treehouse by Ed Nelson Other Music – The Passion HiFi, www.thepassionhifi.com

  Sujet : 1. Distribution de masques au métro Longueuil, report, l'an prochain, de travaux entourant les projets gagnants du budgets participatif, prudence dans notre consommation d'eau potable au cours des prochains jours, descente de bateaux et marina ouvertes et clinique de sang de la mairesse, le lundi 1er juin. 2. Simon Boivin, responsable des relations avec les médias pour la Sépaq, répond aux questions de Barbara Secours, concernant la réouverture des terrains de camping. Changements, nouvelles règles et accès pour des réservations. 3. La députée indépendante de Marie-Victorin, Catherine Fournier revient sur deux motions récentes, en chambre, dont elle est l’instigatrice. Éducation et immigration au cœur de la discussion. Liens www.Info@fm1033.ca Charles Gaudreau : jcegaudreau@gmail.com www.longueuil.quebec www.hema-quebec.qc.ca

Welcome back to episode 404 of the Whole View. (0:27) Stacy is almost getting use to saying that. It has been a month since they changed over. Sarah is proud that she has been using the correct name of the podcast, especially since she has puppy sleep deprivation. Stacy is feeling well, and thanks everyone for the positive vibes they have been sending her way. Her heart rate is completely back to normal, and she is now symptom-free. Even though you recover, it still takes time to rebuild and get back to full strength. It takes time for inflammation in the lungs to heal. Sarah has been wanting to do antibody testing to see if she had it. The quality of the antibody tests is a huge range, so Sarah is yet to research this just yet. Stacy firmly believes that knowledge is power. From her entire coronavirus experience, that is really her big takeaway. Stacy is so excited to host another pet show this week! The last pet show they hosted felt like an uplifting conversation. Remember, while Stacy and Sarah will refer to their dogs in this episode, they are also both cat owners and love their cats dearly as well. They are talking about pets in general.   Listener's Question This was a question that Stacy wanted Sarah to cover for a while. (9:09) However, just recently, this question was received from a podcast listener, before the last pet show was hosted. When Sarah announced that she was getting a dog, this was the most common question she received. What do I feed my dog? Ashley says, "Hi Sarah and Stacy! I started listening to the podcast several years ago while I was living in New York City. Every evening after work I would get on the train, put in my headphones, and listen to an episode. I guess I am one of the listeners you are always apologizing to for the early episodes. I have to say I have truly enjoyed them all and have learned so much valuable information. Thank you for all your hard work to both educate and entertain your listeners, I feel like we are friends at this point and I still look forward to a new episode every week. The Paleo View is my favorite podcast hands down!  As a person eating a nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory diet myself, I am wondering how to feed my dog in the same way. My husband and I recently added a Bernedoodle puppy to our family and he is the most adorable and mischievous little guy. There is so much conflicting information out there about what diet is best for dogs - they need grains, they don’t need grains, raw is best, raw is dangerous. Most dog food is so highly processed and contains ingredients that to me seem highly inflammatory and nutrient-poor. The organic and grain-free foods look good on paper, but then I read about concerns with grain-free diets and heart problems in dogs. I like the idea of a raw diet, but that also requires a lot more work on my part to source and prepare his food which just isn’t practical for my life right now. I would love to know the science on this topic so I can feel confident in what we are feeding our dog so that he can continue to be a healthy and happy pup! Please help!"   Knowledge is Power Stacy is excited for Sarah to help. (12:11) After a bit of research when Matt and Stacy for Penny, Stacy made a food choice and Sarah looked into as she was preparing to get a pup. Sarah found that it actually isn't that bad of a food choice. Stacy has had two veterinarians that a grain-free diet for a dog isn't good and that a raw diet for a dog is not good. So when Stacy asks what is a good option and why the foods that they recommend are exactly as Ashley indicates. They are foods that would be highly inflammatory. After seeing Penny's symptoms when she was adopted and knowing what kind of diet she was on, Stacy knows that she has sensitivities from her inflammatory diet. So Stacy is excited to learn more about what is an ideal diet. As a reminder to listeners, just as we humans make our own choices, we do the best that we can with the knowledge we have. If you decide that you are going to transition your pet to a new food after this, or maybe not, there is no shame or guilt. This is not Stacy and Sarah telling listeners what you need to do. However, this is knowledge for you to be empowered to make your own choices. Neither Stacy or Sarah are medical professionals, and information on this podcast should not be treated as medical advice. Sarah thought it would be interesting to answer Ashley's question with the ancestral diet approach. This is so consistent with how we approach food. Meeting the body's nutrient needs is the primary criterion for a healthy diet. So what are the nutritional needs of a dog? And what is the ancestral diet that would help to meet those?   Let's Start with Wolves So let's start talking about what wolves eat. (17:34) Dogs and the modern gray wolf share a common extinct ancestor. There is great debate among biologists about whether or not dogs and wolves are the same species. Some biologists believe that dogs are a subspecies of the gray wolf. While other biologists believe that they are their own species and that wolves and dogs are separate species. Wolves are scavengers and hunters, and they really eat anything they can get. They always eat the whole animal, and organ meat is the first thing they consume. The highest levels in the pack get the most nutritious diet so they stay the healthiest and the fittest. Then they eat the ribs, a lot of small bones, and nearly all of the hide. Even the large bones are gnawed on. The other thing that Sarah found really interesting is that by eating the stomachs and the intestines they are getting a fair amount of partially digested plant matter. They also eat grass. Researchers believe that wolves eat grass to purge the intestines of parasites. The earliest evidence of dog domestication is about 40,000 years old. And the earliest proof of domesticated dogs is about 14,000 years old. Domestication has more points of change, in terms of genetics, than agriculture does in humans. The genetic differences refer to changes in the nervous system, and it is thought that these are all underlying the behavioral changes that were central to dog domestication. There are also ten genes that have changed that all have key roles in digestion and fat metabolism. These genetic changes show a dog's ability to digest starch relative to the wolf. There are these well-measured changes in dogs compared to wolves that have made them more adapted to eating more starch. This doesn't mean that starches are the foundation for their optimal diet. However, it implies that they need a little bit more starch and carbohydrate than the wolf.   Facultative Carnivores So not a grain-based diet, as dogs are still considered facultative carnivores. (25:29) Facultative carnivores are species that are not strict carnivores. They eat some plant foods in addition to animal foods. However, they can't thrive on a truly omnivorous diet. They still need to eat a dominant amount of calories from meat. But they are well adapted and still need a small amount of their diet to come from plants. Where science is pointing is that really the optimal diet for dogs is similar to wolves, with a whole-prey, whole-animal, approach.  Eating really every bit of the animal that is edible. This should probably make up 85% of the diet, with a variety of plants making up the other 15%. Which leads really well into the question of raw vegetables versus cooked. Sarah shared on the research she did and specifically pointed out the details found from this study. They showed that the safety profile of raw diets is very high. Stacy asked about the risks associated with raw dog food being contaminated and recalled. Sarah pointed out that there have been tons of recalls on grain dog food. Stacy noted that it is helpful to be armed with information when you visit the vet. If your vet isn't working for you, remember that they are providing a service to you and you are choosing to go there. You can always find another one when you feel that their beliefs don't align with your beliefs. Sarah shared some data on the recall rate for dog food. Raw diets are highly digestible.  Processed kibble diets were not as digestible.  There was a 10% difference between the two. High quality cooked diets were also found to be highly digestible. So it wasn't a question about whether or not the ingredients were raw, so much as how processed they were. Sarah also referred to this study. Personally, Sarah cares much more about the quality and processing of the ingredients, instead of whether or not each ingredient is cooked or raw. This thesis also went into how the fiber content of food impacted digestibility. This made a case for animal fiber. You don't want too much fiber, which decreases digestibility. However, you do need some fiber, which should come from some plant foods. When Sarah was doing this research she was expecting that they would be better adapted to consume cooked diets, and she shared why.   Grain-Free Foods and Diet-Induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy The other part of Ashley's question asks about the link between grain-free food and diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.(43:38) This was a huge research point for Sarah because she doesn't allow gluten in her house. In July 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public notification about an uptick of reports of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – a type of heart disease that can lead to congestive heart failure. Symptoms include enlarged heart, decreased energy, lethargy, cough, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, and episodes of collapse. However, many dogs will not show symptoms of the disease right away. If you suspect that your dog is affected, consult your veterinarian immediately. In the FDA’s July 2019 update on diet and canine heart disease, they examined labels of dog food products reported in DCM cases to determine whether the foods were “grain-free” (defined as no corn, soy, wheat, rice, barley or other grains). They also looked at whether the foods contained peas, lentils, chickpeas, beans, or potatoes (including sweet potatoes). Their report states that 91 percent of foods reported in DCM cases were grain-free, 93 percent of reported foods contained peas and/or lentils, and 42 percent contained potatoes/sweet potatoes. 91% were eating grain-free food.  This is research that is ongoing. The most likely mechanism is that that is some kind of antinutrient in legumes blocking taurine absorption. Taurine is an amino acid found exclusively in meat. It is not considered an essential nutrient for dogs because they can synthesize their own. Some breeds appear to be predisposed to taurine deficiency from low-taurine diets. Taurine deficiency is one potential cause of DCM. Golden retrievers made up 20% of the effected dogs from diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.  There were a ton of other breeds represented in the findings. Many of the dogs have responded to taurine supplements, even if they didn't appear to be taurine deficient. Taurine supplementation may be more effective as a prophylactic than a treatment, but this still needs to be studied. So the culprit isn't necessarily the lack of grains in the diet, but the fact that grain-free don't automatically mean good, high-quality, or nutritionally balanced. Remember, this is still an active area of research. Look for options where legumes, especially peas and lentils aren’t in the top 10 ingredients. Taurine is naturally high in organ meat. There are no gluten-free dog foods that are also grain-free. 77 million dogs in USA, DCM reported in 560 probably under-reporting but still very low incidence. CF 50% of dogs will get cancer in their lifetime.   What Sarah Feeds Soka Sarah is looking to reduce the risk of everything bad that can happen to her. (55:21) This was an area of high-importance to Sarah when they were preparing to get a dog, and she did a ton of research on her options. Sarah was looking for dog food that was nutrient-dense, with a whole prey ratio of animal ingredients at 85%. Probiotics were also on her wishlist. She was also looking for a food that didn't have too much protein. Too much protein can be hard on a dog's kidneys, so Sarah was looking for a brand with no more than 40% protein. If the brand had legumes, they had to be at least eleven ingredients down. The other thing that Sarah is doing is giving her pup a mixed diet so that not every meal is kibble.  She is buying a different flavor every time, of the same brand that she found. Then Sarah is also doing a rehydrated freeze-dried food, which preserves nutrients better than the canning process. So her dog is getting one wet can food meal a day.  In addition, Sarah's dog is receiving training treats and chews. The brand that Sarah selected is Orijen. However, they are not the only good brand out there. Orijen checked every single box of what Sarah was looking for, which was such a relief to find.  On the advice of her vet, Sarah is also giving Soka a taurine supplement.  The supplement is vetriscience cardio strength, which contains Carnitine, Taurine, Glycine, vitamin E, EPA, coQ10, GLA, vitamin B9, Magnesium, Potassium, and Selenium.  Sarah is mixing things up with training treats and Soka's favorite is pastured turkey breast, cooked in the Instant Pot. The other high-quality training treats that Soka likes are Grizzly’s Smoked Wild Salmon, Pupford Liver Training Treats, and Pupford Sweet Potato. And Sarah just ordered Vital Essential Freeze-Dried Minnows and is excited to have her dog try those. Sarah shared some of her training tricks and current approach.  So with, a focus on a nutrient-dense approach, the whole-prey ratio, and then round out her diet with mixed, diverse add-ins. Sarah rounds it out with as many high-quality ingredients, using different training treats each time. Soka is also getting natural chews like grass-fed beef bone (K9 Connoisseur), naturally-shed deer antler (Whitetail Naturals), and beef trachea.  Everything that Sarah is doing with Soka is about nutrient-density and nutrient variety, which are the same principles of how she chooses her own foods.  Stacy loves that all of the brands they pick are helping with the sustainability and the respecting of animals that she feels so passionate about with our food supply chain. Eating nose to tail is so important. Thank you dogs for helping us respect the whole animal!   What Stacy Feeds Penny Like Stacy mentioned, they really struggled for almost a year in figuring out what to feed Penny. (1:06:05) They started off transitioning her to a higher quality kibble because she came to them on the fast food of dog food kibble.  The easiest thing was kibble since that is what she was used to. They found Stella & Chewy's and they put her on a puppy kibble to start. Stacy didn't want her to be on kibble longterm.  However, to get her to like it they would mix in ghee or very gelatinous broth or homemade gravy. They were trying to also help her be less underweight. The problem though was that Penny grew accustomed to things tasting delicious and when they tried to feed her dry kibble alone she wouldn't eat it.  While Penny is extremely motivated for treats, her food is an entirely different thing.  One time she went for almost four days without eating.  The process of trying to modify Penny's diet felt a lot like sleep training.  Sarah pointed out that it is very important to recognize that there is no one way. There are always going to be exceptions, and you need to do what feels best for you and your pet.  They eventually started adding a stew from Stella & Chewy's on top of the kibble and then mixed it up.  However, this was an expensive route. Stacy's dog is very high maintenance with food. Penny was underweight, and it was very important for them to figure out how to get her to eat something that was both healthful, as well as nutrient-dense for weight-gain promoting purposes. Eventually they were able to find a long-term approach for Penny that she absolutely loves and is so much easier for them.  They now feed Penny freeze-dried patties from Stella & Chewy's. These patties also have taurine added to them, kelp, and are very clean for a dog. They crumple up the patties and add a little bit of hot water.  Ninety percent of the time they also add two spoonfuls of rice for her.  Penny is still on the low side of what is considered her normal weight.  Her rice is cooked in broth once a week, and saved in the fridge for meals. They trust and really like Stella & Chewy's, and best of all Penny really likes their stuff.   Closing Thoughts Stacy shared stories on Penny's pickiness when it comes to even training tricks. (1:16:40) Sarah shared on Soka's adventures with trying to bring home pine cones to eat. Soka even has a pile spot where she collects things she finds.  She is still learning what things are toys.  As they wrap up this episode, Sarah wants to mention that Soka does have her own Instagram account. Stacy considered making Penny her own Instagram account but decided not to.  She felt like she couldn't manage another Instagram account.  This show was very focused on dog food so if you need the same rundown on cats, let Stacy and Sarah know.  They both have been longtime cat owners, and both feed their cats Orijen. Stacy uses Amazon Subscribe & Save to get the best deals on Penny's food and treats.  This episode was not sponsored by any of the brands mentioned.  As always, Stacy and Sarah tell listeners what they use and why in a genuine way.  We will be back again next week, and very much appreciate you being here! Thanks for listening! (1:24:23)

L’école facultative

All right everybody It is now time for the gut check project. Let's talk about some of our sponsors for today's show, Episode Number 31. Of course, we're going to start it off with Atrantil you can get your own Atrantil at lovemytummy.com/KBMD chock full of nature's best defense against IBS and bloating polyphenols. Dr. Brown, what do you want to add to that? One of the things is that we know that the future of protecting our microbiome and if you listen to this podcast, you will realize that we're it's all about health span. It's all about protecting your health. And the microbiome is the most important thing that you can actually augment Atrantil augments the microbiome. If you happen to be somebody that has IBS and bloating well we fix that also. So in other words, if you have issues take Atrantil. If you want to protect your health span take Atrantil.So Atrantil, not only for your gut health protect your lifespan lovemytummy.com/KBMD, lovemytummy.com/KBMD. Don't get it from, Amazon. Get it directly from the Atrantil manufacturers themselves. You know what, because you need to just get on with this, I'm going to correct you on this. You said lifespan, I said healthspan. Two different things. I want you to be healthy. That's the bottom line. Doesn't matter how long we live. If you end up with Dementia, Alzheimer's Parkinson's, and things like that healthspan, my brother.That's why we get Dr. Brown on the show and not just me. So lovemytummy.com/KBMD. Now talking about KBMD, we also have another sponsorship, KBMD CBD. KBMD CBD is all organic CO2 extracted and has been used clinically where we gotten results correct?Correct Absolutely. So one of the things is everybodyis talking about CBD, CBD these days, but getting the proper CBD is the key here. If you cannot get direct access to a Certificate of Analysis, you're starting off on the wrong foot. All KBMD CBD lot number to lot number. Every single run, has an associated Certificate of Analysis so that you know that inside that bottle is exactly what appears on the label. And everything that we've ever or the Dr. Brown has ever found as a benefit from CBD has been tested in his own GI clinic and not just with himself with many of his own colleagues. So KBMD CBD, you can get your own at KBMDhealth.com. And you can also find the Dr. Brown signature protection package, which includes CBD and Atrantil. Now why would someone want to do that?That is great question Eric. And the reason why is because when we've been talking to scientists, we realize that when you take Atrantil with CBD, it actually augments your own endocannabinoid production. Meaning, you explain that please.Well, if you enhance your own endocannabinoid production, what you're going to do is give your body all of the elements that it needs to balance your immune system along with your nervous system. And by having that type of balance, you begin to decrease the, the negative effects of over inflammation. Or you could find out that you could sleep a little bit better that you just don't say have the same aches and pains. Essentially, there's a great reason that we're discovering that CBD is essential as a micro-nutrient that we could consume every single day. I'm so proud of you. Thank you. You've learned so much. I've learned so much.Go to KBMDhealth.com, use code GCP save 20% on anything that you wish to purchase.So ultimately, what happens is that the polyphenols Atrantil actually decrease the enzyme that breaks down your own endocannabinoids and that's how come I started getting into the science of this and I realized that every time everybody takes the KBMD CBD with Atrantil they do better. It augments, it meaning, they work together. 20%? That's on top of the discounts that already come in the...Sounds like i'm going to lose money on that. What's important, is that everybody can rest assured you will not have money as a barrier to entry for your health.You know, that's exactly it. I don't even care about that. So we're gonna lose a little money on this, but you guys get healthy. I'm on it, my kids are on it, my staff is on it, you're on it, your kids are on it, everybody's on it. Everytime you get in front of somebody. Our job with the gut check project is to promote health.100% And this is one way to do it. Speaking of promoting health, we have our first external sponsor that we'd like to go ahead and talk about that is going to be somebody who made it a an appearance on episode number 30. The Unrefined Bakery so unrefinedbakery.com, unrefinedbakery.com. You can use, code gutcheck to save 20% off your very first purchase. And it doesn't matter where you live, even though they are based in the DFW Texas Metroplex, anywhere you live, they can ship to you. Gluten-free, paleo, keto compliant, whatever you're after in your special diet. That's what they specialize in. Low sugar, breads, cupcakes, mix. It's incredible food, that just happens to be gluten free. What do you think of the of the foods that Unrefined Bakery made this week?Absolutely amazing. They were absolutely delicious. But, here's something else I want to say. I had a patient that just came to me, and they went to the Mayo Clinic they were Cleveland Clinic. They were like desperate, right? And they were told by their gastroenterologist that gluten sensitivity is not a thing. Weird. Guess what? Gluten sensitivity is a huge thing to me. Because every time I eat it, I'm pretty much stuck in the bathroom. So Unrefined Bakery. I love the fact that we brought them on. We had Taylor and Ann. And they, they crushed it. They're super smart.Definitely. They're dedicated to their customers without question. Dude, they have the same passion that we do, which is ultimately just promoting health, that's it.Absolutely. So I know, I had to laugh. This patient came to me and he goes, Yeah, my doctor told me that gluten sensitivity was not a thing. Like it, really is because I live it.Yeah, absolutely. Unrefined Bakery, unrefinedbakery.com, use code, gutcheck, save 20% off your first order. Make it a big order. So save 20% off a bunch of stuffed. 20%? They're losing money also.Absolutely. If you walked away thinking you can't have bread anymore, start here. They sell bread, they sell bread dough, they sell cupcakes, they sell cookies they sell like I said.Can you get on the rest of the show, because I'm gonna drive there. Right now. And go get some cupcakes.Unrefined Bakery. You're doing too good of a job of selling this, holy cow.We may not have a show, this may be it. This may be Episode 31 right here. So unrefinedbakery.com. Be sure and check them out. Use code gut check. And now we're onto the show. You're gonna love Episode 31. Dr. Brown is going to dive pretty deep and we'll get started here in 3,2,1. Alright everybody is now time for the gut check project. It's Episode 31, we got a special topic here today that Dr. Brown is going to cover. Has anybody ever thought about fecal microbial transplants almost screwed up the way I said it, just then.No, no, no, you can't screw up poop.You can't screw up poop. You can't screw up poop.No, so I didn't. It's like. It's like everything's fine.Yeah, I want to try something completely different here. So what, what happened and the reason why I'm to do this show, you and I is that I were surprisingly getting some reach. I got reached by somebody, instant messaged me from Sweden.Someone from Sweden, Sweden.Because they actually had GI issues developed bacterial overgrowth, SIBO. And then, in her desperation, she did a fecal transplant. In other words, she took somebody else's poop and put it in her body. So if this sounds weird, it's not that weird. It's something that's like gaining a ton of traction. And then she reached out to me because she ended up feeling way worse and developed several autoimmune issues. And that's what I want to get into the fact that FMT, Fecal Microbial Transplant is not a totally benign thing. And if, Are you open to maybe having me interview her?I think it'd be fantastic if you interviewed her. There's nothing like real world conversation with people who have real world elements with real world answers.That's so awesome. Because one little thing that I want to discuss is a recent article was sent to me in the Journal of Psychology Okay? Where openness to experience is linked to several things. So I would like everybody listening. The gut check project is about checking your ego at the door and being open to different things. So one of the things that I'm really proud of is that every time we do this show, people reach out to us we get a lot of email, we get a lot of people talking to us, and then I have to address it. Well, this particular show where I interview Helly, I want to make sure that if you have IBS, if you have SIBO, bacterial overgrowth, if you suffer from anything. Watch this because what I'm going to do is put a face to the disease. And she was so kind to reach out to me and say, film me, and I want everyone else in the world to know. So the Swedish person, who was very open about everything. She has exactly what I do in clinic, every single day. So what you're going to watch is what I do with her. It was a two hour interview. I cut it down to 15 minutes Right? So if you know anybody, please refer them. If you actually wants to sit there a little little bit more, we have our friend, Shivan Sarna.Shivan Sarna, with SIBO SOS Summit. SIBO SOS Summit, yeah, absolutely.SIBO SOS Summit. She's interviewed all the experts. I actually directed Helly over there, but more importantly, be open. So if you're like, if you're about ready to go ah, no, I'm not into it. What I'm going to tell you is, a recent study came out in Psychology Today, that talks about openness. All right. And the fact that you said open, makes me super excited.I hope I'm as excited when this is all over.I love how we show up. I hold papers and you're like, where are you going with this?Sometimes you give me papers I don't even know they're there. Alright, put simply.Okay.Openness is the drive to explore novel aspects of human experience. Okay? Now, here's what's fascinating. This article did this whole interview where they looked, and 95% of Americans feel that they are more open to new experiences than other Americans. Well, Wow, that's amazing.There's only that 5% that everyone's competing with.I know. So it's funny, because as we sit there and look at this, we realize that 95% of these Americans responded that they're more open than everybody else. But, as it turns out, when they actually went through the rest of the questionnaires, they're not. Okay. As we age, we become very entrenched in our own habits.Familiarity, I'm sure is probably already 100%. It's gotta be.I love the fact that I threw a curveball at you here on the show. And I'm like, you look I'm gonna we're gonna do a zoom with a person in Sweden. So that's pretty much our gas this time.Sweet. So, anybody who is open to experiences, they have shown that the people that are more open to new experiences tend to be financially better, tend to have better relationships, and they tend to be happier. Okay. So as much as you sit there and say, oh, well, I have my routines, being open and jumping off bridges and that, I don't mean that literally. Sure, sure. Yeah, yeah. The figurative. Figuratively because you and I jump off a lot of bridges, figuratively. But doing that more, actually results in a more prosperous life.Doesn't that make sense though, because whenever something's new, it expands your mind. You have a new experience, and doing the same thing over and over again. Look what happens with people who have quote unquote, "stale relationships." They say we did the same thing. And if that happens, then you people always use the term spice things up. Where does spice come from? Spice comes from, from change, right? So embrace the change and take, take what's coming at you.Embrace the change. So what we're going to talk about today is a couple simple techniques. So this study, and then we're going to get into the interview. Okay? And then I'm going to, I mean, I wish I had some way to geek out like some signs. It's like, Okay, I'm going to geek out now because the article I'm going to get into..Yeah, geek out, like now we're gonna geek out. So I mean, I find myself I had a patient in that was a PhD, and I was sitting there, tell her about some stuff, and we started talking and next thing I know, it's like 30 minutes and we're way beyond the actual issues that she came in to see but I'm like, I'm like eating her brain about what she knows and, and she's like, Oh my gosh, hey, if you do this, and this and this and this and this. Like the inner connection of what we can do when we start pulling our mind power together, is really amazing. Yes, it's kind of what this is about. This is being open to new and novel things..Maybe Paul can put a little sciences geek out.Alright So I'm going to tell you how to be open. Okay So rather than argue whether it's good or bad.. so the number one nudge the edge of your comfort zone, ..Okay So it has been shown in human studies that the more that you push things, as we grow older, we tend to confine ourselves more and more and more and more. YeahAs kids, they will push themselves. And you know, they'll just try anything. There's no established boundary. There's no established boundary. As adults, we tend to say this is my boundary, so I should not do that. I am not going to dance, because that's not who I am. I am not going to be silly. I that's I guess that's why I love comedians. They just get up there and just throw down.Sure yeah, I love my grandpa or my granddad, used to have funny little sayings. And one of the things he always said is "you otta throw it against the wall, see if it sticks." I love it.You know, you turn, turn the key and see if it starts anything like that you he's basically just using metaphors for trying things out.We have one shot at life and we tend to limit ourselves because of the fear of the unknown.I would agree with that.Quit doing that. Nudge your boundary, push your confidence to levels. And guess what? It's okay to fail.It is okay to fail.That's the thing. Number two, the number two way to actually become more accepting in that to openness is prototype over perfection.Prototype over perfection. Kind of interpretation of that would be it doesn't have to be perfect to be used. Doesn't have to be perfect to be tested. Right?That's funny how you interpreted it that way. Because the way that I read it was Eric Rhaegar. And Ken Brown, we are prototypes over perfection.Quick, get some microphones and a camera. And let's see what happens.Now, so Thomas Edison made 1000 unsuccessful attempts at making a light bulb. Yeah. And he actually was asked, how did it feel to fail 1000 times. Edison's response was, I didn't fail 1000 times the light bulb was an invention with 1000 steps. Absolutely.So whatever it is that you're doing, whatever it is that you're trying to do, you're not failing. No. It just becomes a step in the process. Be open to more things. Hundred percent.Yeah, I couldn't agree with that more.And when you realize that people like Edison failed 1000 times. Step up. Yeah, no more excuses. And then this is my favorite, right? The number three way to be more open. Follow your curiosities, not your passions. So you have two boys Gage and Mac.Correct? And you know we always sit there and tell people follow your passion, follow your passion. But the reality is, a passion is a very weird and personal thing. Yeah. And curiosities. Are, can be stimulated in many different ways.. I agree with that. Curiosities can be built from different angles. They can be built from experiences they can be built from whatever follow the curiosity the curiosity will lead to a passion. I'm gonna brag on my oldest here right quick, because he does play competitive basketball and they both do Gage and Mac both play competitive basketball and Mac hasn't had this opportunity. So this story is really just about Gage but he has or had some opportunities after he graduates high school this year to go and possibly explore playing basketball in a smaller school setting, etc. But as much as he enjoys playing basketball, he, he doesn't think that's what he wants to define him. He wants to keep his passion as his hobby, and be inspired by being a traditional college student being able to discover because he's afraid that for him, not for everyone, but being a collegiate athlete would basically wall him off from his ability for exploration. I mean, that's almost verbatim how he described it. He wants to be able to be a young man to still explore beyond the boundaries of a basketball and I think that's completely awesome would have been a lot cheaper, on everybody play basketball but that's that's not we all live once and that's not what was going to make him happy.Is that fascinating? Because I know that I mean, we've talked a lot about Gage, Gage explores his curiosity..Sure.He plays music he artist does artists, he does video editing, he does different things. My kids do the same thing where I just didn't cure. I want to encourage the whole curiosity aspect of it. And I didn't even realize that that is what makes you open. Sure. When you're curious, you're open when you're open, you accept other ideas. When you accept other ideas, you accept other people, you can see that there's a whole path here. You eventually by being open, you have empathy. Oh yeah. You end up saying, I get where you're coming from. I could see what this is. You don't wall yourself off.Yeah, absolutely. Now I'll brag on my younger one Mac Mac is often times with his large massive collection of friends, which spans about eight years in each direction. He, he often times refers to them from their station in life if they've had like a struggle or big win I've heard him say, they must be feeling this because this looks like that this would have felt good or bad and then kind of gives their you know, their environment perspective. So yes, I agree with that that the curiosity would would breed empathy like that. That's really cool. So this particular doctor when they wrote this article, they said while passion is fickle, and high voltage curiosity, on the other hand is deep and abiding. When you approach something with a curious mindset, you're seeking growth and newness, for the sake of novelty. So stay curious, my friends.Yeah. And it sounds like somebody else who said that. Yeah. Somebody else I'm sure we can reference it becauseNot supposed to.So I just, I think it's interesting that and in this particular show, we're going to do something unique or we're going to put in a video of me interviewing a patient, but being open to new ideas being curious.Sure. That is the kind of stuff,so as a physician, when I'm curious, I went down some rabbit holes on this particular topic event. I bet.And I loved it. I love it. I'm a I'm a better doctor. This shows makes me a better doctor, this show is going on Shivan's webcast makes me a better doctor, I have to prepare for it. I have to do different things. I mean, we all have to sit there and realize, okay, I am going to be curious about this topic. I'm going to learn it, I'm going to do it. And then all of a sudden it opens up a new door and you're like, we haven't thought about that. No.That's what this shows about. So if you ever heard about Fecal Microbial Transplant, meaning poop transplant, that's what this is about, and there's a lot of hype around it. If you haven't heard it. I listened to multiple podcasts on this. Dave Asprey had an expert on I mean, like all people that I like to listen to.Sure Ben Greenfield.Ben Greenfield did this. Everybody did this? I'm going to sort of rock the whole ship here. Okay, today, I know. Let's be open everything. Let's be open. The fact that if you're open, you're going to be open to ideas. You're going to be open to different perspectives. But the reality is it's gut check project, check your ego at the door. What we're going to talk about is SIBO bacterial overgrowth, IBS, and if you want to watch somebody spilled their guts and really be genuine and be open. I have an interview here that we're going to play in the next few minutes. With Helly from Sweden, nice and she was open and cool. And you're not alone. If you have any digestive issues, you're not alone, and that's the bottom line. So she the story is this. She got sick then she was not right. Then in her desperation, meaning like she had the typical SIBO stuff. She got a fecal microbial transplant, she went to a doctor, he did a colonoscopy and placed poop from another person into her. And then she got sicker. Oh, that wasn't what they were after. That's not what they were after, right? And then she went back to the doctor. He's like, well, let's try again. And let's try again, and then she contacted me because she developed a multitude of autoimmune issues. Interesting. And she is essentially, she feels like she's dying. Hmm. So I would not normally respond to a message but she said, Hey, I need your help. I'm like, Look, here's what we're going to do. I don't know if I can help you. But if you're willing to share your story, we'll play it and we'll learn together. So what I want is everyone, every doctor, every patient to listen to this and say we're going to find something new to fix people. That's what that's what this is about. So let's go ahead and turn it over. This is my interview with Helly from Sweden, who reached out about having complications from a poop transplant, Fecal Microbial Transplant.All right, tune in.So tell me a bit about yourself.Okay, I'm 36 um, I've always been healthy until 2015. But after Flagyl everything my health went downhill. I started it gave me horrible panic attacks, I started getting depressed in movement. This is this sounds strange, but I could actually feel it in my stomach. It was like a nervous kind of feeling. You know, when you have butterflies in your stomach, but it wasn't like a good feeling. You're like you don't have an appetite. It was just like that. Yes, brain fog and the worst thing I had ever felt in my life was something called the realization. You know, when I had nausea all the time all the time. For two years I had not imagined you have a stomach flu that goes on every single day, every waking hour for two days, for two years, that's what I had. And I lost my new job that I had gotten a week before I got Flagyl so I couldn't stay so I it for three years this brain fog and, and my my, because my also my bowel movements. I mean, I had never always gone to the bathroom every day. I got maybe once every two days or something. But after Flagyl my my stool wasn't the same horrible horrible fatigue. I the brain fog I couldn't focus I couldn't I was always panic this this panic was the worst. I wouldn't I mean, if you have panic attacks.So essentially 2015 you get the antibiotics. You start with this down this path you are you eat specially carby foods, you get very bloated. And then you ended up having quite a few beginning with neurologic issues where you had the brain fog, panic attacks and depression some sleep disturbance out of frustration. You had, insomnia, you you went to several different doctors One of them was an advocate for FMT, known as Fecal Microbial Transplantation. And you got ultimately over over a course three different fecal transplants. First one being with a colonoscopy. Second one being with an enema and then an enema again. Okay, so both, and after each one, you had a reaction to it where you had what you felt like the flu and you had lymph nodes that got big. And then since then, you've had very significant skin and scalp issues with Alopecia meaning your hair's falling out. You've had biopsies which are permanent. And now the really unusual one is the hypermobility and the feeling like your joints are getting slightly bigger. And, that is something that seems to be progressing with you right now. Is that correct?Yes. Okay. Yeah, it's in jaws, back. It just pops and pops everywhere. Okay.That is quite the history there Helly. And I'm very sorry, you're going through all of that. Let's try and make a little bit of sense. I don't know if I can help you. But I do at least want to try and explain a few things just so that you're, you're very intelligent. A ton of reading, I'm going to share my screen real quick. So one thing that we do realize when we talk about, this is a moving target as you can see, and so you have a history which is very consistent for somebody to develop bacterial overgrowth. We know that SIBO can happen if you go through a stressful event. If you take care antibiotics are having an infection. And you kind of had all three happen at a similar time. We know that that can affect the motility and all comes down to motility. So you've already learned the basics of bacterial overgrowth, a SIBO and you understand that it's a can be population of bacteria growing where it shouldn't. So when you eat the bacteria break it down. These are just some recent studies that we've been looking at that kind of show how these different gases can affect things. So this is the effects and mention of how methane affects ileo-motor function. And if you listen to Dr. Pimentel talk, what he discovered in his lab, is that what the methane does, it doesn't just shut it down. It actually makes your intestines do an uncoordinated contraction. So it's like it just sort of spasms. And when it does that it doesn't move anything, thus allowing bacteria to continue to grow. Now we know that you drew out both hydrogen and methane. And we do know that when you have hydrogen, if it can actually bind and produce hydrogen....But more hydrogen. Yes.More hydrogen. So what what I see in my practice is that it is the multi biome. It's how these different organisms interact with each other, including fungal organisms producing possibly CO2 or the or the methane back background. Now hydrogen sulfide is a big deal, because what we do know is it's it can actually, the cysteine residue that normally reproduce on our diet gets absorbed and gets converted, but when you have bacterial overgrowth, it produces hydrogen sulfide, which leads to inflammation. Ultimately, inflammation is the root cause of all of this. And so what I think we're seeing in you, yes, that you have root causes the inflammatory process. You're exactly right, that when you had your your Genova stool test, that when you had the fat in there, you are mal-absorbing fat now are you mal-absorbing fat due to bacterial overgrowth, it could also be pancreas and we do see this overlap with that. But it is completely linked all these different things that a lot of times other doctors say well, you just have chronic pain, Fibromyalgia fatigue, migraines, but your initial presentation was all about the brain. The thing that I think you'll find it interesting is that once we know that we set this inflammatory cascade off, I want to show you this arrow right here. Yes, new data has shown that when a mass cell gets stimulated, it'll release histamine and serotonin proteases. But the histamine itself will actually stimulate the enteric nervous system, which will go straight to the CNS. So when you mentioned earlier, I do know that there is a gut brain connection vaguely? Well, it's mediated through the entire nervous system and it is very, very, very sensitive. So have intestinal inflammation, there is your gut brain connection. So if you look at this, the new evidence is now showing that this gut brain connection is in all different kinds of Dementia, Autism, Anxiety, ADHD, you know, the newest term it's really fascinating is leaky brain, because what they've done is that they've actually shown that you can soak colonic tissue in inflammatory mediators. And then they soaked blood, the blood brain barrier, and they show that both of them become permeable. So know that there is no doubt about it. It's not in your head, that whole depersonalization, that anxiety that depression can all be related to leaky brain. I do I am getting into quite a bit of research and cannabidiol or CBD. And there is there are some in vitro studies where they actually looked at how they can improve the blood brain barrier, which ultimately helps with all that so my fear is that these kind of things will continue. Like like you're already worried, continue to progress to lead to more autoimmune issues to lead to more things like that. So the whole FMT thing is really fascinating to me, because we got very excited about it. And then the FDA came in, and then and then they basically pulled the plug. And then we said, no, it's very effective in clostridium difficle infections. Yes, I know that. Yeah. And so that's what it's really only allowed for here, though, the whole concept of just saying we'll just take somebody's super donor a poop. Getting back to the how we prepare it, you may have a super donor right here, meaning you have a diverse microbiome. But once we process it, you may decrease the viability of that even if you do DNA analysis, you don't know if that bacteria is viable. So what I'm getting at is I think it would be very interesting to, in somebody like you, let's say that we advanced the science of this we can go oh okay, Helly, I think that unfortunately, we this particular donor did not have enough of butyrate producers bacteria. How do we get more of that in that? I am a big fan of spore based biotics. megaspore biotic.Megaspore?Yeah, so if you want..That's a probiotic, how can I take that?So I want you to go to our show, I actually we actually interviewed their their CEO, PhD, ..., and beautiful how he explains the science of probiotics. And it's incredible how he explains how the spore based biotics send signaling to other bacteria. So one of the things that they can do and the reason why we're teaming up is because we realized that the polyphenols and Atrantil can actually help feed the spore base bacteria. And what it does is it goes through and doesn't become out of its spore phase until it gets to the illeum at which point signaling goes it goes, Oh, we're gonna end up in the colon. Then it gets to the colon wakes up and starts tapping other bacteria and goes hey guys, we need to diversify a little bit. And they've actually shown that they can deliver vaccines this way and stuff. So the whole concept of spore based biotics is, is really fascinating and new barnwood spore based but so..But can I just ask you Atrantil I have there sir, I know that three ingredients. One is from peppermint, which is fine. I just don't know all that much from about this bark tree thingy.. is it?Well, you know that all really good questions all extremely complex. So, the bark you're talking about is Quebracho, Quebracho Colorado. That's the thing that makes us so unique is because we actually are the only product that has this. Quebracho Colorado is a proanthocyanidin or a tannin. So it's the tannins are proanthocyanidins combined into a large molecule. So the thing that we needed to help with SIBO is that we needed Atrantil to be a poorly absorbed molecule. So when we were talking about scientists, then we looked at all the animal data that had been done. And so what we do know is that in animal models, sheep and cattle that are fed this tend to have a much healthier microbiome, they tend to produce better milk, they tend to have increased weight gain and things like that. So from an animal perspective, we've been feeding cattle for a long time. from a human perspective, you're getting it in a lot of different sources that you didn't really realize, for instance, wine. Things like that, you're getting a lot of this. polyphenols, yeah, but polyphenols is a huge umbrella. Before every time somebody does some research on it, it appears that they are beneficial in ways that can that can become very complex. So this is that whole post biotic conversation that when you take a polythenol and or an undigested polysaccharide that gets to the colon, bacteria can break them down into different things. There are different molecules so that bacteria can break something down, and then produce a molecule called eurolithin. Eurolithin signals old and sick mitochondria to die. So that is my topic. So this is this is the kind of complex signaling that's going on.So when they die, those new mitochondria that does the body produce more or?..Yes, so it's like autophagy. Autophagy...YesIt's mytophagy. It's just the signaling to say, hey, you're an old and functioning powerhouse. And we need a new one over here. So okay, so then the big argument if you talk to in vitro scientists or bench researchers that look what they know is that these polyphenols like reservatrol, like berberine, like, all these molecules are similar like quercetin like tumeric all these. They'll say, Oh, well, one of the problems that Is that it actually creates a little bit of stress on cells. And so that's that antioxidant thing that you're talking about, which is too many antioxidants, then we don't know what it does. in vivo, I think what's happening is is that that is a version of hormesis. Actually, I think there's a term for it. It's called xeno- hormesis, meaning you're outside of hormesis is the adaption to a stress. So the reason why you work out and the reason why exercise is functional is because that's, that's a hormetic response. The reason why Oh, you're in Sweden, you guys are loving saunas, right? You guys are a big sauna society?It's more Finland. But yea.I'm a huge sauna fan, because that's a great example of turning on,  heat shock proteins. And so what that does is you stress your body a little bit to make it adapt more. So you get this bigger, this bigger response. I think that the whole emerging role in the US were we're really limited by the research that we do is usually funded by pharmaceutical companies. Yes. Here that's what that's really what I'm trying to do is try and bridge this gap and say, okay, how do we look at some of this consistent research that's been done in the lab done in animals, some small studies in humans and say, can we translate this to benefit somebody like you? So I want I what I will tell you all I will do is I'll try and dive more into the FMT thing ask around if they've had some different challenges like this. And in the meantime, I hope that this helps you discuss a little bit more with your doctor and.. I will.. You know Helly, I think we should probably wrap this up. But..Yes. So what's the next step? You will you will get in touch with me when you've found someone and then we can set up a meeting for, for them for the new thing for the new recording. The show or what..Yea, we need to heal you and bring you back on so that we can heal? .. Next step is for you to tell everybody to watch the gut check project so that maybe one FMT expert will see it and go, okay, I'm willing to talk and then we can pick their brain. Okay.Perfect. Thank you so much. So. So..Hang in there. I hope that this..I will. I hope the zoom at least helps you to relax a little bit. And we know that people are still trying. There's a lot of scientists out there working on a lot of these things. The joint thing, I'm a complete loss. I've always thought of the EDS as a genetic thing. But then again, we have this whole epi genetic field where yes, you carry a gene, and then something happens that turns it on that's another process. So.Yeah, yeah. So it will be interesting to see if I have that gene. I'm going to ask for investigation in that too, because if I don't have it, then it really really is proof that it it's something with SIBO or from the gut. Yeah, and I would know.Yeah.Fascinating. Yeah.. Yeah. Okay. Dr. Brown, thank you so much for your time. And..Helly thank you so much for allowing us to share this with our audience. A lot of people realize that you put a face to a problem. A lot of people feel alone when they're doing..Yeah, yeah. Yeah they do. Hopefully we can figure this out? Yeah. Okay. Dr. Brown, thank you so much I don't want to take much more of your time now. Thank you. You too.Keep in touch okay? I will. Thank you. Bye.Alright, so we're back after the video. Hey, I get to see you at the procedure setting whenever we do the colonoscopies. Is it like that every day in the clinic side because we don't have those kind of interactions with the patients whenever we have them come through so I mean we just heard about the Hashimoto Ehlers-Danlos and screwed up how to say.Ehlers-Danlos.Thank you, but so we hear that that's what she said. Alopecia. Losing hair. Yeah. I mean, this is a beautiful woman who's this has disrupted her life. That's why I wanted it, you know, and thank you to Helly for letting us do. Thank you Helly very much.Yeah, you're right, Pedram. Yes, it actually adds a face to the disease. This is what I do every day people come in and they're desperate. And I want to talk about something unique that nobody's putting this thing together. Let's do it. And hopefully, people like Shivan Sarna can spread the message about what I think I uncovered. When I was preparing for this, with with Helly and listening to her like, Oh my gosh, wait a minute, I think I know what's going on. Because the key to Helly is so it was a two hour interview and I cut it down to 15 minutes. So there's a lot that's left out. Okay. Much like Shojai Pedram, what's his name? Yeah. When when he interviewed me for his Netflix movie, and we did Like 30 minutes of filming, and I got like 30 seconds of airtime.Well, the goal is not through everything. Not all golden hills.Pedram Shojai. Yeah. Pedram Shojai. Yeah. So he's got he does this docu series.You said right the first time he did it with a with a last name comma first name. Oh. So yeah, that was a you end up on the editing floor and I remember like to love it said why don't you just be more interesting and you'll make it into the actual film..Love it holding back.Alright, so anyway, so it was a two hour interview that we that I clipped down so that the thing that people want to hear and if you're that person, and if you have SIBO or IBS or autoimmune issues, there's a high likelihood that some of what she talked about is relevant to you.Correct. Which the thing that kept resonating to me is the anxiety. So she can deal with most of it, but the anxiety and the depression and the panic, never had in her entire life and just something happened. So that's what I want to get into post fecal microbial transplant. She ended up having all these issues.Yeah and your right, having anxiety basically takes away the ability for the coping mechanism to deal with the other present problems. And it's just a it's compounding the issue.Yeah, it's like insult to injury. Yeah, yeah. So you can have gut issues, but now you're having brain issues.And I can't even reason through it without feeling kind of terrible. Well, I want to explain all that. And I started looking into this. And then I started doing some Google searches, on FMT, which is fecal microbial transplant. Sure. And one of my partners that I was gonna interview Dr. Ackerman, who's actually done a bunch of this. We started talking about the consequences of this, and hey, we don't really understand exactly what's going on. So if you Google it, it looks Looks like it's the panacea. People are offering this for autism, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's. They're saying I have the cure to this. But I'll let you know right now that the FDA is regulating this because there's been recently two deaths on fecal microbial transplant. And so the FDA is getting involved. So a lot of these different clinics and stuff are doing in outside of the US.Yeah, Mexico, Mexico, and Central America, Bahamas. Exactly.So patients always ask me about this. And if I had a way to say I'm about ready to geek out, I'm gonna geek out. So I want to go into a deeper discussion into the science and talk about improving the risk and improve the beneficial effects of fecal microbial transplant. I remember I've had so many friends call me up and they're like, hey, my mom has Dementia. Do you think a microbial transplant ? If you've never thought about it, it seems weird. But once you're desperate, it seems like the easiest thing that you can do. Sure. I'm gonna take my poop from this good, healthy person, but in somebody else, and people are discussing how it affects all these other diseases. This is an example of how somebody did it. And it unlocked diseases in her..Interesting..The epigenetic phenomena. epigenetics means that you have genes in you. And then when you have an environmental shift, you end up unlocking these genes and they become relevant. It's super complex. So in my own practice, I've actually had twins that had all sort of one had ulcerative colitis, and they gave a fecal microbial transplant from the healthy twin to the the one that had ulcerative colitis, and they did it multiple times. And so the colitis better.Good. Interesting.She also took on the traits of the twin. She ended up having acne, she ended up putting on some weight, she ended up doing some different things. Fascinating. Yeah, think about that. I can sit there and put this. So then I started looking into it. And then there's mouse studies where they have looked, and they have shown that if you take a mouse that has Parkinson's, and they can genetically modify mice to have that, and then you give a non-Parkinson's mouse or a non Parkinson's mouse and you transplant, they end up developing Parkinson's. And that happened with blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity. traits get transferred in the bacteria, it's nuts. So we sit there and go, Oh my gosh, that's like a big deal. So The original studies that have actually been done have looked and humans have shown this, where when they do a microbial transplant, nobody's writing about this. Everybody's saying it's a fantastic thing. Sure. There's this biome.org thing where they're collecting poop and they're given to people. What I want to get into is why I'm not saying it's good or bad. What I'm what I want to discuss is the science of how bad things can happen...which is very unpopular. Like, everybody wants it to work. Everybody wants it. So do we.. we'd be awesome. But..So like in Helly's case, she developed, I really think that she developed Ehlers- Danlos syndrome from it. It's nuts.Yeah, that is nuts. And just just as a caveat, this is not to undermine the research the application of FMT whatsoever. It's just basically just what gut check projects for let's discuss everything that's applicable here.So in a recent review, so FMT, I'm just gonna refer to as FMT, fecal microbial transplant has emerged as it legitimate treatment for the FDA recognizes it for C. diff infection, Clostridium difficile infection, which.. which is real bad. What happens is if you take antibiotics, you can actually wipe out all your other bacteria in one lives, and then they just sort of colonize and create habit. So we do know that it works very well for that. But in a recent review, 2 to 6% of people that have actually done FMT had very serious adverse events. Infection was noted in 2.5%. One of the problems is that the current screening process is very similar to blood. So if I'm going to take your poop put it in me, I'm just going to say do you have had a, b, c, AIDS.. you're good? Because we're treating it like blood, but it's not blood. It's not blood. We don't know enough about it. Yeah, so the current process is that this is what we're actually doing. And then I started looking online, and I found out that there's all these DIY, I do it yourself. Hmm. websites that tell you how to do it. So they're not even screaming for that. They're just saying fine. Now that I do not know, there's DIY websites for how to do an FMT on your own.Dude, I got so deep into the weeds in this thing, the fecal microbial transplant thing everybody wants to say it'll fix I mean, it'll fix everything you name a disease, somebody saying that it fixes it. This is what I want to talk about right here. This is why we do this show. The problem is that right now, a super donor, which is what Helly had. So her doctor gave her a super donor, which is a somebody that has no infection that they could find, okay, and they had a broad microbial species is more important than anything else.. What we don't really take into account is how does that super donors bacteria that that person developed their entire life. And they interact in an epigenotic way, meaning that they actually interact with your body. Why would that be the same as you? I don't know. Because, you know, it being a.. because it essentially a micro environment that's inside, what if you don't live in the same region of the world that I do? What if you don't participate in the same activities that I do?If you don't eat the same foods that I eat? It's there's a lot left open to interpretation and understanding, it seems to me.Totally. And then as it turns out, one thing that we're not even discussing is the byproducts of bacteria.. So when I say byproducts, I don't mean that as waste. What I mean is that the bacteria, the bacteria that we have in our bodies, that our micro biome produces certain beneficial thing..Urolithin and all kinds of cool stuff like that..Post biotics.Post biotics. Well, I I love it because when I gave the lecture at natural grocers, I was talking about post biotics and one of the dietician said, Well, what about short chain fatty acids? And I thought on a local level butyrate, which helps colonocytes? And I said, Well, I, I don't consider that a post biotic. She's like, I think you should reconsider, because the reality is that those short chain and then guess what she was 100%. Right. She was spot on. Spot on. Yeah. So props to natural grocers to hiring super smart people and teaching me and as it turns out, the short chain fatty acids probably pay a huge role in this whole process. Sure. It's a byproduct of bacteria. And what happens is when you eat vegetables, or complex polysaccharides, or prebiotics, or polyphenols, they all kind of do the same thing. They basically go to the colon where your bacteria then break them down.. and they produce certain short chain fatty acids, these short chain fatty acids interact to the body in different ways. So it sounds really chemistry, but it's one is called butyrate, which as it turns out is fantastic for your body sure what it's called acetate. Oh, acetate, is that the thing that develops when you workout really hard and deplete your ATP? Yes, same thing. So, as it turns out, that crosses the blood brain barrier.... And creates inflammatory process... So these short chain fatty acids, what I'm getting at is I'm going to take somebody else's poop, put it in you, and we're hoping that it all works out. This particular article looked really deep into the different short chain fatty acids that are actually produced.. And in Helly's case, even though she got her transplant from a super donor. I think that one of her issues is that her body's own micro biome may have interacted and she produced more lactate producing bacteria interesting, which crossed into her brain which caused her panic attacks.So lactate of course, is something that we measure on somebody who has over activity if somebody has a rhabdomyolysis, and then there's all kinds of implications of too much lactate, and of course, that's related to lactic acid. You get that whenever you're fatigued, so she has bacteria, you can only imagine if they're over producing that, that that would, of course make her fatigued and more inflammed, right?Absolutely. Satish Rao, who's a gastroenterologist all over gusta George's, the SIBO expert. I think Shivan interviewed him actually Satish. Yeah, yeah. He published a study which showed that if you take a lactate producing bacteria, that those people that take a probiotic with SIBO, they end up with more anxiety and more depression. And it all fits.Interesting. So Helly if you if you want to Interview Heloise like the thing that bothered me the most was my anxiety and my panic. She even talked about a deep personalization experience, where every time she she's like, I don't get it. I've never been like that. I'm telling you that the bacteria produced lactate that cross the blood brain barrier that resulted in brain inflammation that resulted in your anxiety.The behavioral change.A behavioral change. Yeah, just from bacteria. That's, I mean, it's, it's wild, but it's, it's probably true. I mean, micro biome has evolved in the gut together, and it's very complex. They signal if you watch our show with Kieran, he talks about how the bacteria talk to each other. Definitely. So when we sit there and say, oh, we're going to wipe this one out, or I'm going to give more of this one that may adversely affect the chain downstream.Well, it's probably all the more reason why a DIY FMT is a is a poor idea. Your there's some much more research needs to be done.You know, the whole FMT thing is, is scary because well, it's just because we just don't know what to do know. We don't know enough yet. We don't know enough. Yeah, Peter Aditya said it past where he was like he goes, we have the ability to test tool. We don't know what to do with it. Yeah, he did. He's the first person just blunted it down.But he said it several times. And I agree with him. Yeah.So the one thing we know is that we do need a high diversity. Correct? So the more diverse your microbiome is, the better. So now here's sort of the cool part. In a healthy individual, the colon is predominantly, gonna get geeky, ready?Ready. The colon is predominantly dominated by obligate anaerobes. Obligate anaerobes, okay. Do you know what that is? Lack of oxygen. Lack of oxygen.Yeah. They need to exist in order to proliferate with a lack of oxygen. Correct? Correct. Okay.So they need to, they will proliferate in an article oxygen free environment.. names like bacteroides infirmities and these different phylum that we talked about. This allows for a higher production of butyrate, the short chain fatty acid.Which is beneficial to colonocytes.Which is beneficial to colonocytes. And as it turns out, it's beneficial to all intestinal tract stuff. Colonocytes just is a fancy way of saying colon cells. So just so you know.You're so nerdy. Yes, you're right. A lot of sites are colon cells. Alright, so our friend Dr. Pimentel, he's actually described how when he's been treating people with SIBO, bacterial overgrowth, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth that he has shown that there are blooms..Oh okay.Of facultative anaerobes and he uses the terms blooms.Facultative anaerobe. What he means is somehow the SIBO people end up with more facultative anaerobes in the colon. So, SIBO is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bacteria growing where it shouldn't. And then when we try and look at them, he's got the technology at Cedar Sinai, just show that they're colonic bacteria. They have an overabundance of facultative anaerobes. Meaning.. what? What does that mean?I don't know. Because when you use obligate anaerobes, it's almost like an interchangeable before I didn't really I'm not really used to the adverb, oblogate and facultative so kind of explore that. This is new to me.Yeah, it's awesome. So basically, it's a badass bacteria that can swing both ways. Oh, if you give it oxygen, it will.Different result?It will say I can deal with oxygen. I prefer anaerobe. Wow. So if you take the oxygen out, I will do better but in Oxygen environment, I'm going to proliferate more, but meaning you have this balloon. So Pimentel describes it as a bloom, meaning we're producing too many facultative anaerobe..Interesting Oh it's super wild.So just as an analogy, what we're saying here is there are some freshwater fish and there are saltwater fish, but you also have those fish that can basically change the way that they handle their respiration and their, their salt water content. And they can exist in both brackish they can exist in brackish water and go back and forth between fresh and salt. So this is kind of like what a facultative..You know what, thank you for making that analogy, because I wasn't thinking like that at all. But yeah, you're exactly right. The transitional bacteria. Yeah, it's a transitional bacteria that will adapt to the environment.Interesting.This is really interesting. So what he has said is that when you have these blooms of facultative anaerobes these bacteria will prefer an anaerobic environment, but they will switch to oxygen and grow quickly. This may be the root cause of dysbiosis. So this could be the reason why I see the SIBO people. Yeah. And they're bloating, it's better but they're still constipated, they're still..So the problem is just adapting.So what was it turns out is and we're going to get into it a little bit. We may be promoting the facultative anaerobes. Okay.And this is why it's a chronic condition. So if you're somebody that is suffering with SIBO I think that maybe your diet choices could be singularly selecting a facultative anaerobe, which does not produce butyrate.So when you're doing current, we need to take things that encourage butyrate production that we're getting to?That's exactly what I'm doing to. So I'm circling around everything where I'm like, we are not producing enough butyrate or body.So knowing and I don't want to jump ahead, but just to bring the audience along, knowing kind of that we want that and that that is typically a byproduct of the bacteria that we already have. I would assume the most natural way for us to execute this is to give those bacteria the tools to make butyrate correct? Is that where we're going? You're spot on. You're a smart Dude, you don't know about that?But I think that I want my, my colon bacteria to produce butyrate.So this is all a lead up to this one particular article, this to my knowledge. This is the first article to address how the actual process of FMT may affect what we're doing to people.... And when I think back to Helly, I'm like, I think this happened to you. Yeah. So currently, if you take someone's poop. What they do is for a fecal microbial transplant, you take someone's poop, you screen it for the typical pathogens. So you're going to look for AIDS, Hep C, whatever, the same stuff we always do for, for blood and they're gonna say, look, it's it's not there. And then they will label them as a super donor if they have a huge diversity.. so now your proof is actually worth something if you actually want to, I know that you donate a lot of plasma and sperm and everything else that you do to raise money. It's, it's all I could do to get here today. Yeah, I know, it's for gas money. But now, if you actually have, if you're a super poop donor, you can you can label that one on there. It just sounds like another 30 minutes of my day.So a super donor, somebody that has actually a broad diversity of, of bacteria. And so in Helly's case, what she did is that she received a colonoscopy when they were they did there and then she did two enemas afterwards. Okay, so they did a slurry. So I started getting into it. And I started looking at this. And this particular article made total sense to me. I'm like, why would Helly have such horrible issues when they've used this stool? So this particular Institute in Sweden uses this super donor all the time, they found what they thought was a super donor. These guys showed the problem is, is that the process is to take someone's poop. And you mix it with sterile water.. and then you blend it.Okay?You blend it...Meaning that the blending process draws oxygen into the compound. So now you're facilitating not the action that you wanted. And there's going to be oxygen dissolved in water. It's the first time ever that somebody has thought about this where they said by the blending process by the actual process of what we're doing for the fecal microbial transplant, we're automatically promoting facultative anaerobes, not obligate anaerobes. Wow, interesting. And it's in I would imagine by proxy, now you're decreasing the byutrate production of these exact..100%. Okay. And that's exactly what we don't want, right?Yeah. So they actually propose that if you're going to do this, so these, by having the facultative anaerobes means that we're going to have less butyrate. And we're going to have more of the lactate. .. the proprynate and these different short chain fatty acids, which by the way, they have shown that they took mice and as I mentioned earlier, where they when they transplanted, but one of the really cool things is that they show that the level of lactate not only affected the brain, but it affected insulin resistance and blood pressure.Has to if you think about the way the body responds to high exercise and fatigue, yeah, because that's what we do.So we're sitting here giving drugs to people were like, wait a minute... is the real way to health to feed the microbiome so that it produces more butyrate? So what they did is they took a mouse model, they went Holy cow, is there a way to produce more butyrate producing bacteria. So they did a fecal microbial transplant test where they did anaerobic slurries. OkayI don't know how they do that. But they basically kept oxygen out of the blender somehow.Okay. And then they stored it with prebiotics.Interesting, oh, and allowed them to.. And allowed the bacteria..To build some butyrate.To build some butyrate. Nice And then they transplanted the butyrate concentration in the mice that they did that with went through the roof. That's, that's what we want. That's exactly what we want. So then they looked at that and went, well, what What actually produces the most butyrate and I looked at prebiotics. Prebiotic is and an undigested fiber. And then I started looking at different studies. And as it turns out, people have done this research already..Polyphenols man.Polyphenols, so as it turns out, polyphenols, same ones, and Atrantil actually get the bacteria to produce more butyrate.Shout out to Joe, Joe Botel out in Exeter University in the UK who was doing the research on athletes and talking about butyrate just the same. That's that's exactly why she said that anthocyanidin polythenols were so, so powerful and helping athletes. So anyway, just to piggyback on that..Our little superweapon just sent me an article this morning that show that proanthocyanidins are extremely protective against Alzheimer's disease through the mitigation of rat reactive oxygen species. But I would counter that and say I I think this is all a big venn diagram. I think it's butyrate ROS or RNS, which is reactive nitrogen species and everything.That's so funny because that's what Joe was talking about was the ROS. side. And now we got your example with Helly, where we're trying to reduce lactate all the while producing butyrate. Correct? Correct. So you're exactly you're right. It's a Venn diagram on why the correct prebiotics to allow the right microbiome to break them down into the beneficial products that your body needs is important. And that's why having enough polyphenols would be essential.All right. So let's tie this back in what's the point of reading all these articles if you can't sit there and apply it? So one of the things I said at the early the first part of the show is that I love doing this because it forces me to be open.. I just told you why being open is important, right? It forces you to be open to accept new ideas and new Now let's apply this particular article that talked about FMT and how blending it creates oxygen, which leads to the wrong type of bacteria growing Correct. We do this in our SIBO people, we tell them to eat low fodmap. We tell them to do SCD we tell them to elemental. So we're trying to protect our small bowel. So we should increase fodmap. Well, in the reality, we're starving, the obligate anaerobes that wants to produce butyrate.Yeah, we're changing their environment.. We're changing their environment!They're response is to not make buytrate.This is the aha moment that I had. I went, Oh my gosh, I'm sitting here looking at this we bridged the gap. That's our job is to bridge the gap. Now I've got you know, the low fodmap diet. Yes, it'll make you feel better. But guess what, maybe that's why Pimentel goes now we have blooms. This is tying it all together. This is why now it's a chronic issue. So I'm sitting with my patients going Know what? So when we had Doug Wallen on the show, yeah, Episode 29. him and I talked afterwards and he said when he first started doing a plant based diet to get super bloated, when he powered through it, he's never felt better. I believe we're doing something wrong by telling people to restrict their diet. I think we should muscle through it. I think that we should tolerate the bloating. I think that we should take Atrantils, ifaxim, and neomycin whatever you're going to do carry out that exact thing in the small bowel. But you have to feed your bacteria so that you have the proper bacteria to produce butyrate and decrease the inflammatory response.That is really interesting. You know, I like analogies. So if you had if you had a dog in the backyard, okay. This is how just kind of picture.I know you love analogies, but sometimes your analogies I'm just like, what?Yeah, you got a dog in the backyard right? And you're supposed to be feeding him. I'm looking at you right now. I kind of feel like Rick and Morty.Yeah, as long as your Morty. Here we go hop on the spaceship. Let's go. Yeah. So, but I just think of it like a dog that's in the backyard and you're feeding it and you're feeding it and feeding and suddenly one day you don't feed it anymore and you have this nice wooden fence all the way around. That dog doesn't want to die. That dog is going to chew a hole in that fence and destroy your nice little fence and it's going to go and find food somewhere else now that that holes the breach that hole is the illness that hole is the overproduction of lactate that's kind of the..You're exactly right. It's it the dog is the bacteria wants to eat..It's going to survive, one way or the other.It's going to make its adjustment because it doesn't want to die. And so feeding it the correct meals. The prebiotics is probably a much better avenue than just avoiding everything that it was after.So expanding on your analogy, the way that I would view it is a little bit like this that you have I'm horrible analogies, I would say. Okay, so you have the same fence. You have the same yard.Yeah, you're really original.And you have two seals. And one dog. Okay. No water. Yeah. So there's so there's,  there's a pool. So that PETA doesn't come. So there's pools so the seals are hanging out, and every day you out there, and you throw fish at the seals and the dog, and the dog doesn't like fish.Right? So the dog will chew its way out. Correct. The seals are like, Let's have a party, they get on their cell phones and they call more seals.. And then you end up in a backyard full of seals. And now you have to keep feeding fish. So the analogy is similar, but basically you're, you're pre selecting. YeahBy doing low fodmap all these other things. You're not you're not having a diverse microbiome, the ideal backyard would be a harmonious zoo. Right? I'm in a menagerie. Yeah.Much like your own backyard. That's right. So many animals. Would you please explain what a menagerie is? And why..You could go back to some other episodes and like going back that far, like menagerie is a word for a collection of a bunch of different animals. That's all you need to know.Yes. So it's, it just got me thinking, I'm like, I'm gonna change how I do. I'm gonna change how I treat SIBO, what we need to do is we need to get rid of the bacteria. And then we need to feed the bacteria. How can we do that? Oh, Mind blown. That's why I think Atrantil has worked over time. So as it turns out, I found a bunch of articles, mouse articles, human articles, movies, other things where I would have people that would come to me and be like, you know, I've taken it for like three months and now I'm better I believe that we fixed SIBO and then we fed the bacteria every single day.That's I mean, in all honesty, pulling the curtain back, that's not the way that we've been studying the polyphenol effect from the beginning. This is very eye opening, it actually is still, I mean, I can still see how FMT is could probably still be incredibly beneficial, but it has to be delivered and prepared the right way.Oh, these authors went into a whole different deal where they were trying to figure out how can we improve FMT? And they thought about, like, putting it with antibiotics to decrease certain bacteria, and then what they realized is, you can't play God..That's a mess. That's a hot mess. That's like chemical warfare. An that's how come they said, why don't we just throw a bunch of prebiotics in there and see what happens.Let me ask you, so what

In this episode of Thyroid Answers Podcast, the doctors discuss the relationship between thyroid hormone regulation and cold intolerance.  Topics covered include: Does thyroid hormone or lack of thyroid hormone play a role in cold intolerance? How heat is generated in the body? Obligatory thermogenesis vs Facultative thermogenesis What is the role of thyroid hormone in heat generation in the body? Why you are still cold despite normal TSH Cellular hypothyroidism vs glandular hypothyroidism Why thyroid hormone treatment may not help your cold intolerance More ...

In this week’s podcast, we interview Travis Statham. Travis is a huge advocate of the carnivore diet and has a deep knowledge of the history and science behind it. With that in mind, we brought him on to talk about humans being classified as facultative carnivores instead of a strictly omnivorous species. A facultative carnivore is defined as a species that thrives optimally on a meat based diet. The definition isn’t concerned about what humans can eat, but rather about what humans should eat and were designed to eat. The are many reasons why humans should be classified as facultative carnivores which include, but are not limited to: Stomach Structure and pH GI Tract Anatomy If you are interested in learning more, check out our podcast Website: https://tntwellnessandnutrition.com Email: tntwellnessandnutrition@gmail.com Itunes: itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tnt-w…d1428217037?mt=2 Google Play Music: https://play.google.com/music/listen#/ps/Ibnzgb5hwnwd2aymtaixp6lvee4 SoundCloud: @user-422365757-83307870 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/s?fid=445098&refid=stpr Social Media Links Twitter:twitter.com/tnt_wellness Facebook:www.facebook.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/ Instagram:www.instagram.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/ YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXb2pCmzu6JxW27bunmFytQ?view_as=subscriber

We are back!!! We know you all missed us and we made sure to BRING IT this episode. So grab your weekly glass of wine you have been missing and join us under our umbrella. Email Us: theblackumbrellapc@gmail.com Follow Us: @tbupodcast (Twitter & Instagram)

Dosage compensation is an essential process to regulate the gene expression of the X-chromosome in female and male flies. Thereby the mechanism of regulation in humans and in drosophila is different. In humans one X-chromosome is randomly shut down in females compared to men, whereas in drosophila equilibrium is achieved by overexpression of the single X-chromosome in males. In this Episode our guest Dr. Asifa Akhtar provides information on her work on dosage compensation in drosophila melanogaster and how the MSL-complex, the Histone-acetyltransferase MOF work together in this process. Furthermore, she also talks about potential functions of those Proteins in the human system.   References  Jan Kadlec, Erinc Hallacli, … Asifa Akhtar (2011) Structural basis for MOF and MSL3 recruitment into the dosage compensation complex by MSL1 (Nature Structural & Molecular Biology) DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1960  Thomas Conrad, Florence M.G. Cavalli, … Asifa Akhtar (2012) The MOF Chromobarrel Domain Controls Genome-wide H4K16 Acetylation and Spreading of the MSL Complex (Developmental Cell) DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.016  Maria Samata, Asifa Akhtar (2018) Dosage Compensation of the X Chromosome: A Complex Epigenetic Assignment Involving Chromatin Regulators and Long Noncoding RNAs (Annual Review of Biochemistry) DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011816  Bilal N. Sheikh, Sukanya Guhathakurta, Asifa Akhtar (2019) The non-specific lethal (NSL) complex at the crossroads of transcriptional control and cellular homeostasis (EMBO reports) DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847630  Kin Chung Lam, Ho-Ryun Chung, … Asifa Akhtar (2019) The NSL complex-mediated nucleosome landscape is required to maintain transcription fidelity and suppression of transcription noise (Genes & Development) DOI: 10.1101/gad.321489.118  Claudia Isabelle Keller Valsecchi, M. Felicia Basilicata, … Asifa Akhtar (2018) Facultative dosage compensation of developmental genes on autosomes in Drosophila and mouse embryonic stem cells (Nature Communications) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05642-2   Contact https://twitter.com/activemotif https://twitter.com/epigenetics_pod https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/35651/ https://www.facebook.com/ActiveMotifInc/ eurotech@activemotif.com

Pythons are marvellous beasts: their lives and ways remain mysterious. We check out a paper that lifts the curtain on a secretive Australian snake –the woma python– what do they do with their time? We also look a little closer at python facultative thermogenesis, what is it, who does it? The Species of the Bi-week is a new multi-coloured snake from high in the cloud forests. FULL REFERENCE LIST AVAILABLE AT: herphighlights.podbean.com Main Paper References: Brashears, J., & DeNardo, D. F. (2015). Facultative thermogenesis during brooding is not the norm among pythons. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 201(8), 817–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-015-1025-4 Bruton, M. J. (2013). Arboreality, excavation, and active foraging: novel observations of radiotracked woma pythons Aspidites ramsayi. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 56(2), 19. Species of the Bi-Week: Meneses-Pelayo, E., & Passos, P. (2019). New Polychromatic Species of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Eastern Portion of the Colombian Andes. Copeia, 107(2), 250. https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-18-163 Other Mentioned Papers/Studies: Cantalapiedra, J. L., Aze, T., Cadotte, M. W., Dalla Riva, G. V., Huang, D., Mazel, F., … Mooers, A. Ø. (2019). Conserving evolutionary history does not result in greater diversity over geological time scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1904), 20182896. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2896 Chambers, E. A., & Hillis, D. M. (2019). The Multispecies Coalescent Over-splits Species in the Case of Geographically Widespread Taxa. Systematic Biology, syz042. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz042 Music: Intro/outro – Treehouse by Ed Nelson Other Music – The Passion HiFi, www.thepassionhifi.com

In this week’s podcast, we interview Travis Statham. Travis is a huge advocate of the carnivore diet and has a deep knowledge of the history and science behind it. With that in mind, we brought him on to talk about humans being classified as facultative carnivores instead of a strictly omnivorous species. A facultative carnivore is defined as a species that thrives optimally on a meat based diet. The definition isn’t concerned about what humans can eat, but rather about what humans should eat and were designed to eat. The are many reasons why humans should be classified as facultative carnivores which include, but are not limited to: Stomach Structure and pH GI Tract Anatomy If you are interested in learning more, check out our podcast Website: https://tntwellnessandnutrition.com/category/tnt-wellness-and-nutrition-podcast/ Email: tntwellnessandnutrition@gmail.com Itunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tnt-wellness-and-nutrition-podcast/id1428217037?mt=2 Google Play Music: https://play.google.com/music/listen#/ps/Ibnzgb5hwnwd2aymtaixp6lvee4 SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/user-422365757-83307870 Social Media Links Twitter:https://twitter.com/tnt_wellness Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/ Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/

In this week’s podcast, we interview Travis Statham. Travis is a huge advocate of the carnivore diet and has a deep knowledge of the history and science behind it. With that in mind, we brought him on to talk about humans being classified as facultative carnivores, instead of a strictly omnivorous species. A facultative carnivore is defined as a species that thrives optimally on a meat based diet. The definition isn’t concerned about what humans can eat, but rather about what humans should eat and were designed to eat. The are many reasons why humans should be classified as facultative carnivores which include, but are not limited to: Stomach Structure and pH GI Tract Anatomy If you are interested in learning more, check out our podcast Website: https://tntwellnessandnutrition.com/category/tnt-wellness-and-nutrition-podcast/ Email: tntwellnessandnutrition@gmail.com Itunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tnt-wellness-and-nutrition-podcast/id1428217037?mt=2 Google Play Music: https://play.google.com/music/listen#/ps/Ibnzgb5hwnwd2aymtaixp6lvee4 SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/user-422365757-83307870 Social Media Links Twitter:https://twitter.com/tnt_wellness Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/ Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/tntwellnessandnutrition/

Cet événement a été organisé en coopération avec l'association française de transhumanisme (https://transhumanistes.com/) et le restaurant Mobilis in Mobili (https://www.facebook.com/customseafood/). Merci à eux ! La vidéo de Monsieur Phi sur le sujet : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8pwDJlslsA Quelques timestamps : [2:50] Science4All : Morale humaine et biais cognitifs [17:55] Monsieur Phi : Pourquoi considère-t-on la maladie comme « anormale », mais le vieillissement comme « normal » ? Quelques expériences de pensée philosophiques. [31:55] Une question sur le risque de surpopulation (LA question qui revient le plus souvent 😉 ) [52:08] Une question sur le risque d’inégalités d’accès (la deuxième question qui revient le plus souvent) [1:24:10] Annonce concours : « Mini-film sur la longévité heureuse »

Dr. Kevin Feldheim is interested in shark sex. Okay, shark reproduction. Like most vertebrates, sharks and their relatives reproduce sexually-- but while studying critically endangered sawfish (a very cool, very threatened cartilaginous fish), Kevin and his colleagues discovered something shocking: the female fish had given birth to clones, without having mated. It was the first time this phenomena had been studied in the wild for this species. Listen to hear the rest of the story.  Read the paper here: Facultative parthenogenesis in a critically endangered wild vertebrate, from Current Biology. Learn more about the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice DNA Discovery Center at the Field Museum! --- Where are you in the world? Give us a listen! Record 30-45 seconds of your environment and email it to us at exploreastory(at)fieldmuseum(dot)org, with the subject line: "OK to share- EAS." Please include your name & location in the recording! By sending us the file you're giving us permission to use it at the end of a future episode or another Brain Scoop-related project, so thank you in advance. --- ExploreAStory is written and hosted by Emily Graslie, produced by Sheheryar Ahsan and Brandon Brungard, with music by Jason Weidner, and made with support from the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois.

On today's episode of Aquarium Myths And Secrets Revealed, we will talk about the types of bacteria you can find in your aquarium. How they interact, their function as well as the benefits and dangers for your aquarium. Heterotrophic, Nitrifying, Facultative, Sulfur, Purple and Parasitic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria

The stonechat has one of the widest breeding distributions among the Old World passerines. It breeds under tropical, subtropical, north- and south-temperate, and sub-arctic conditions. Also its migratory strategies vary, ranging from year-round residency in areas such different as the British Isles and equatorial Africa, to long-distance migration in northern Asia. These characteristics and the fact that it can be successfully bred in captivity make the stonechat an ideal model species for studying life-history variation under varying seasonal regimes, both in the field and in the lab. In Chapter 1 I develop the conceptual framework for the study of annual timing and life-history variation in stonechats. My studies focus on free-living stonechats from two different populations, Siberian stonechats breeding in northern Kazakhstan and European stonechats breeding in central Slovakia. The taxonomic status and the basic biology of the stonechat and the characteristics of the two study sites are outlined in Chapter 2. Both sites are situated in the temperate zones and hence the local photoperiodic conditions are similar. However, due to the continental climate in Kazakhstan the summer is shorter and hotter and the precipitation lower than in Slovakia, and as a result the breeding season is about two months longer at the European site. The two populations differ in their migratory strategies (Chapter 3). The Siberian stonechats are long-distance migrants that travel up to 6500 km from their breeding to their wintering grounds and pass major ecological barriers like deserts and high mountain ranges on their way. The stonechats from eastern Europe are short-distance migrants that travel about 1500 km. Ringing recovery data suggest that a large proportion of them pass the Mediterranean Sea on their way. There are no ringing recoveries for Siberian stonechats, and information on their migratory routes is sparse and dispersed in different sources. I tried to fill this gap by reconstructing the spatio-temporal pattern of the stonechat migrations within Central Asia and southern Siberia from published passage data. Stonechats enter Central Asia in spring from the south-west, which suggests that they largely avoid the high inner-Asian mountain ranges. From there they spread northwards into their Central Asian and Siberian breeding areas. In autumn they retrace this pattern backwards, however the movement is less concerted than in spring. The passage data can be used to calculate the average speed of migration within the area and compare it to migration speed in the European stonechats. The European stonechats move at higher speeds during spring than during autumn. This is consistent with data on other European passerines. Within Central Asia, however, the stonechats seem to be constrained in their spring movements because they have to stop and wait for ameliorating local conditions. Increasing spring temperatures due to global warming may therefore have a high potential to change migratory phenology in the Siberian stonechats. Birds shut down their reproductive system during the nonbreeding seasons. Migratory birds face a potential conflict between the preparation for breeding and migration, because gonadal maturation takes several weeks. I investigated whether the migratory strategy affects the gonadal state at the time of arrival in the breeding areas (Chapter 4). Males of both populations arrive at the breeding sites with gonads that are not fully developed. Neither the gonadal state in relation to the onset of reproduction, nor the rate of development to the mature state differ in the two populations. This could indicate that the late stages of reproductive development are mainly affected by the targeted date of reproduction and/or by physiological determinants of gonadal maturation rates, whereas the migratory period has less effect. More knowledge about reproductive development along the migratory route, particularly in long-distance migrants, is required. In my study populations local breeders and passage migrants are not distinguishable on the basis of their gonadal development. However, the data in the passage migrants is more variable, which could reflect differences in reproductive timing due to different migratory destinations. Due to the local conditions at the breeding site and the temporal requirements of migration the stonechats in Kazakhstan have a shorter breeding season than their conspecifics in Slovakia (Chapter 5). The Siberian stonechats produce generally one clutch per season, but lost clutches are often replaced. European stonechats lay up to three clutches per season. The interval between clutch loss and relaying does not differ between the two populations. Breeding synchrony is significantly higher in Kazakhstan, both over the whole breeding period and when only the first clutches are considered. Overall clutch size is higher in the Siberian stonechats. Clutch size decreases from first to replacement clutches in Kazakhstan, and from first to second clutches in Slovakia. The clutch size of the third clutches in the European stonechats increases again, which may indicate that only high-quality parents initiate a third seasonal breeding attempt, or that a strategy of terminal investment is involved. Fledging success per egg is higher in Kazakhstan and does not differ between breeding attempts. In Slovakia fledging success drops markedly from the first to the later breeding attempts. Predation during the egg stage plays a greater role in the European stonechats, whereas in the Siberian stonechats predation on nestlings is more important. As a result of smaller clutch sizes later in the season, and of higher failure rates in later clutches, particularly in Slovakia, fledgling output per clutch decreases in both populations. A Kazakh breeding pair produces on average about five fledglings per season, a Slovak breeding pair about seven fledglings per season. In one study season 9% of the Kazakh males mated simultaneously with two females. Facultative polygyny has previously been reported in European, but not in Siberian stonechats. The primary clutches of polygynous males were initiated earlier, contained more eggs and produced more fledglings than the comparable first clutches of monogamous males. This may indicate that polygynous males were of superior parental quality. The secondary polygynous clutches were initiated later, contained less eggs and produced less fledglings, indicating costs in terms of reproductive success for secondary females. According to the challenge hypothesis the length of the breeding period, the degree of inter-male competition, and the degree of parental care affect the seasonal profiles of circulating androgens (Chapter 6). Male Siberian stonechats have elevated circulating androgen levels during May and June with a peak in mid-May. In the European stonechats androgens are elevated from March until the end of May, they peak in mid-April and mid-May. In both populations androgen levels are highest in males during the territorial stages and when the females are fertile, and decrease during the parenting stages. Overall androgen levels are higher in the European stonechat males, which could be explained by higher male-male competition and/or a lower degree of paternal care in this population. Male aggression during simulated territorial intrusions is high throughout the season in both populations and therefore apparently unrelated to the circulating androgen levels. In the Siberian stonechat males dihydrotestosterone (DHT) contributes relatively more to the total circulating androgens. This could be related to different roles of DHT and testosterone (T) in regulating male reproductive behaviours, or to different costs associated with high circulating levels of these androgens. Estradiol (E2) is basal throughout the season in Siberian and European stonechat males. In female stonechats the levels of circulating gonadal steroids (E2, T, DHT) are basal throughout the season. T is higher in the European stonechat females than in the Kazakh females, however there is no apparent seasonal pattern. The adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that act in general energy metabolism and as part of the response of an organism to unpredictable threats to its physiological homeostasis (Chapter 7). Two hypotheses try to explain seasonal and individual variation in circulating GCs. The reproductive limitation hypothesis predicts that, because high GCs may cause nest desertion, GC response to stress is reduced when breeding opportunities are limited, as in the Siberian stonechats. Contrary to this predictions, overall GC levels are higher in the Siberian than in the European stonechats. Hence there seems to be no simple relationship between the potential number of breeding attempts and GC levels in stonechats. The energy mobilisation hypothesis predicts higher GC levels during periods of increased energy demand, such as breeding. The energetic costs may differ between breeding stages, at least in males. However, GC levels do not vary with breeding stage in the stonechats. GC levels decrease in Kazakhstan when the birds start to moult. Feather replacement is an energetically costly task; therefore a simple relationship between energy demand and circulating GCs is not supported. It is possible that GCs interfere with the physiology of feather replacement and are therefore reduced during this period. Time-dependent mortality, the degree of sibling competition, and internal constraints on growth have been discussed as the major factors affecting the evolution of developmental rates (Chapter 8). The length of the breeding season may also affect juvenile development, particularly in migrants, where the juveniles have to gain a certain level of maturity to meet the demands of the autumn movements. Incubation periods are slightly shorter in Kazakhstan than in Slovakia, indicating that embryonic development may proceed at a higher rate in the Siberian stonechats. Postnatal increase rate in body size, but not in wing length, is also higher in the Siberian stonechats. These measures of postnatal growth are not affected by the hatching date. Runt nestlings, which are at a competitive disadvantage because they have hatched later than their nestmates, are initially heavier and bigger but loose this head start during the growth period due to lower growth rates. Postjuvenile moult is initiated very early in the life of Siberian stonechats. as in their captive conspecifics. It is shifted forward by a few days in the late-hatched chicks of replacement clutches, however the effect of hatch date on the onset of moult is much lower than in captive European stonechats. The period from the start of incubation until the end of postjuvenile moult lasts about half as long in the Siberian stonechats than in the European stonechats, mainly due to differences in the onset and duration of moult between the populations. Siberian stonechats lay only one clutch per season, but lost clutches are often replaced (Chapter 9). Normal breeders (those birds that raised their first clutch successfully) initiate postnuptial moult shortly after their young have left the nest. Late breeders (birds with replacement clutches) moult later than normal breeders. However, they initiate moult earlier in relation to the age of their offspring than normal breeders. As a result, they overlap breeding and moult more than normal breeders. Simultaneous reproduction and feather replacement is thought to be costly and therefore generally avoided. This is not always possible in time-constrained breeders. In the Siberian stonechats the degree of moult-breeding overlap increases the later the offspring hatches in the season. Scarce data suggests that late breeding males initiate moult earlier than their female partners. This may imply that they reduce their share in parental care, as has been found in other species. Postponing moult of body feathers, which serves mainly in insulation, may have less severe consequences in a migratory species, than postponing wing moult. Late breeders postpone body moult more than wing moult. Siberian stonechats in Kazakhstan and European stonechats in Slowakia are closely related and breed both in the north-temperate zones in the same latitude and under similar photoperiodic conditions. However, due to the different local climatic conditions, the migratory distance and the length of the breeding season differ. This brings about consistent differences between the two populations in the migratory behaviour, the breeding performance, the hormonal regulation of reproduction, the hormonal response to environmental challenges, and the juvenile development. Because the Siberian and Slovak stonechat populations are closely related, a divergent genetic background and/or species-specific physiological constraints probably play a minor role in creating these differences. They rather reflect differences in annual timing, which affect the trade-off between current and future reproductive success in different life-history stages. The climatic changes that are observed in recent years have been associated with changing migratory and reproductive schedules and shifts in species’ distribution ranges. The example of the stonechats shows that a multitude of systemic changes is required to change the annual cycle. The success of an organism in a changing environment will depend on its ability to successfully integrate all these physiological and behavioural alterations.