Podcasts about okhotsk

Send us a textOn this episode we look at the tsunamis that weren't from the Russian megaquake, and which dog breeds are super super hungry all the time.• Earthquake occurred in the Kural Kamchatka subduction zone where the Pacific plate slides under the Okhotsk plate at 75mm per year• Logarithmic earthquake scales mean each magnitude increase represents 10x more energy• Despite the earthquake's strength, the rupture didn't reach the seafloor, limiting tsunami development• Hawaiian and California coasts saw modest waves of 1-1.5 meters, far less than feared• Historical tsunamis like the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster (227,000+ deaths) demonstrate the potential danger• Texas A&M study of 15,000 dog owners reveals which breeds have highest "food motivation scores"• Sporting breeds like Labs and Golden Retrievers are 10% more likely to overeat than mixed breeds• Hound breeds (beagles, dachshunds) follow at 5.3% higher likelihood• City dogs and those in multi-dog households more prone to weight issues• Maintaining healthy dog weight reduces risks of diabetes, arthritis, and skin diseaseIf you enjoy our content, consider joining our Patreon community at the Top Dogs level to support the Science Podcast.Support the showFor Science, Empathy, and Cuteness!Being Kind is a Superpower.https://twitter.com/bunsenbernerbmd

Last time we spoke about Operation Downfall. The Allies, under General Krueger, initiated a decisive campaign to clear the Japanese from Luzon. As they faced the entrenched Shobu Group, challenges included treacherous terrain and a resilient enemy. Simultaneously, Japan braced for an invasion, mobilizing reinforcements and devising defensive strategies to ward off the impending Allied assault. As July approached, General Yamashita's forces prepared to execute a final breakout, but progress was hampered by relentless guerrilla attacks and adverse weather conditions. With Operation Downfall looming, Allied troops focused on strategic landings in Kyushu and Honshu, driven by a relentless determination to defeat the Japanese militarily. The intense battles of Luzon became a precursor to this monumental operation, marking a turning point in the Pacific War.  This episode is The Siege of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Boy I have been waiting a long time to come to this point. One of the most significant events in human history that deeply affects us to this very day. Nuclear war is as much a threat today as it was during the cold war. The dropping of the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were deeply complicated events fraught with issues of morality. It goes without saying whether or not the bombs needed to be dropped, their actual impact on the surrender of Japan and so forth are still issues hotly debated to this very day. I have spoken on the issue countless times on my personal channel and podcast, but I figure to do this subject justice I will create a full episode for it. Thus in this episode we are going to just cover what happened, but rest assured I will come back to this later on. As we last explored, following the successful invasion of Luzon in the Philippines, along with the fall of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, American forces began preparing for the final invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. This operation was codenamed Operation Downfall. One key initiative leading up to this invasion was a comprehensive air-sea blockade and bombardment campaign against Japan itself. Previously, we detailed the extensive firebombing and precision bombing efforts executed by General LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. However, during this crucial period, the B-29 Superfortress bombers undertook a distinct operation under the codename Starvation. This single operation would be one of the largest factors that contributed to the surrender of Japan and its one most people have never heard of. In July 1944, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz proposed a bold plan to use B-29 Superfortress bombers to mine the waterways surrounding the Japanese Home Islands. Although Generals Henry H. Arnold and Walter Hansell expressed concerns that this mining campaign could distract from the B-29's primary role as a strategic bombardment aircraft, they eventually agreed to assign one bomber group to focus on aerial mining when conditions permitted. On December 22, Hansell's 21st Bomber Command was directed to formulate a naval mining program aimed at executing between 150 to 200 sorties each month, which was set to begin in April 1945. However, by this time, General Curtis LeMay had taken command of the 21st Bomber Command. LeMay was notably enthusiastic about the idea and successfully recommended to Washington an upgraded mining program that aimed to deploy up to 1,500 mines each month using a full B-29 wing. LeMay viewed aerial mining in a different light than Arnold or Hansell, seeing it as a vital extension of strategic bombing. He recognized that most of Japan's war production materials, as well as a significant portion of its food supplies, were imported from regions such as China, Southeast Asia, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan's industrial heartland is primarily found on Honshu, its largest and most industrialized island, while Shikoku, another island, also lacks essential resources such as iron ore and high-quality coal. These crucial materials were sourced from Kyushu and Hokkaido, both of which are other Japanese islands. All these resources were transported by sea, so without easy access to raw materials, Japan's industrial output would come to a grinding halt. The only aircraft capable of deploying mines effectively where they were needed were the B-29s. Areas such as the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Korean Peninsula were out of reach for other Allied aircraft. Additionally, Allied submarines could only venture into these perilous waters with great risk. Notably, about 80% of Japan's merchant fleet utilized the Shimonoseki Strait, a critical waterway that separates Kyushu from Honshu. Understanding the strategic advantage of closing this strait, LeMay decided to allocate an entire wing of B-29s specifically to mine this vital route. Brigadier General John Davies commanded the 313th Bombardment Wing, tasked with deploying approximately 2,000 naval mines each month into Japanese waters. The primary goals of this operation were to prevent essential raw materials and food supplies from reaching the Home Islands, hinder the supply and mobilization of Japanese military forces, and disrupt transportation routes in the Inland Sea of Japan. Between March 27 and April 12, Davies' bombers targeted key enemy shipping bases located in Kure, Sasebo, and Hiroshima. They also focused on the Shimonoseki Strait, a narrow and strategically important waterway that links the Inland Sea with the Tsushima Strait. Notably, after these attacks, this strait was successfully closed for two weeks. On May 3 and 5, the 313th Bombardment Wing laid down a total of 1,422 mines in the waters surrounding the Shimonoseki Strait, as well as near major urban centers like Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. These efforts aimed to severely disrupt maritime commerce between Japan's major industrial areas. Just a week later, the minefields expanded from the Shimonoseki Strait to include Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan's four main islands, and northwest Honshu, the largest island containing Tokyo. By the end of that month, these mines were proving remarkably effective, accounting for the sinking of more ships than Japanese submarines. In fact, within the Shimonoseki Strait alone, 113 ships had been sunk. Between June 7 and July 8, American forces expanded and fortified minefields along the western coast of Japan while also replenishing the existing minefields in the Shimonoseki Strait and the Inland Sea. During this effort, they successfully laid a total of 3,542 mines across 14 missions. The "total blockade" officially commenced on July 9 and continued until the end of the war. Throughout this period, American forces executed 474 sorties, dropping another 3,746 mines that replenished existing minefields and extended coverage to harbors in Korea. In total, Brigadier General Davies conducted 46 missions that laid down 26 minefields containing 12,135 mines. Remarkably, only 15 B-29s were lost during these operations. In turn, the mines accounted for the sinking or damaging of 670 Japanese ships, with a total loss of 1.25 million tons. This mining campaign effectively strangled Japanese industry, as the denial of essential raw materials to factories proved more disruptive than the direct bombing of the plants themselves.  Despite the clear vulnerability of Japan's economy to disruptions in coastal shipping, Japanese authorities were alarmingly unprepared to address the threat posed by air-dropped mines. By August 1945, Japan had committed 349 ships and 20,000 personnel to counter the Starvation campaign, but these efforts were overwhelmingly ineffective. The shipping crisis escalated to such a degree that searchlights and anti-aircraft batteries were redeployed from urban centers to defend expected mining targets. Additionally, suicide boats were employed in desperate attempts to clear the minefields. Royal Navy historian S.W. Roskill commented on the situation, stating, “The blockade had, in fact, been far more successful than we realized at the time. Although submarines initially played a critical role in enforcing the blockade, it was the air-laid mines that ultimately strangled Japan.” Japanese officials shared this assessment. A director from a Tokyo steel company reflected on the situation, noting that the denial of essential raw materials to factories caused far greater disruption than the direct bombing of the plants themselves. This contradicted the views of US Army Air Forces experts back in Washington. In a striking remark after the war, a Japanese minesweeping officer told American forces, “The result of B-29 mining was so effective against shipping that it eventually starved the country. You could have likely shortened the war by starting this campaign earlier.” Meanwhile, General LeMay continued his firebombing campaign against Japan. By the end of May, urban areas around Tokyo Bay had been devastated, prompting the 21st Bomber Command to shift focus westward toward the densely populated industrial complexes lining Osaka Bay. On June 1, 521 B-29s were dispatched to bomb industrial targets situated along the Yodo River, with an escort of 148 P-51 fighters. Unfortunately, an undetected thunderstorm struck en route, which meant only 27 P-51s reached Osaka, while another 27 crashed, and the remaining fighters had to return to Iwo Jima. Despite these complications, the B-29s bombed from altitudes ranging between 18,000 and 28,500 feet, successfully dropping 2,788 tons of incendiary bombs on Osaka. The attack resulted in the burning of 3.15 square miles, destroying 136,107 houses and 4,222 factories. Four days later, on June 3, 530 unescorted B-29 Superfortresses launched a bombing raid on the city of Kobe. Of those, 473 aircraft targeted the city, resulting in the destruction of 4.35 square miles. This devastating strike led to the demolition of 51,399 buildings, while another 928 suffered significant damage. The raid, however, came with losses, as 11 bombers were downed, and 176 were damaged in the operation. On June 7, 449 B-29s returned to Osaka. Despite facing heavy cloud cover that restricted visibility, they managed to burn an additional 2.21 square miles of the city, destroying another 55,333 buildings.  By the conclusion of General Curtis LeMay's maximum-effort area bombing campaign, the six most significant industrial cities in Japan, Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, Yokohama, and Kawasaki, had been left in ruins. Major factories were either destroyed or severely damaged, while thousands of smaller household and feeder industrial units were consumed by flames. Casualty figures surged into six figures, leaving millions of people homeless. The evacuation of survivors further complicated efforts to secure labor for the factories that remained operational. Japan's air-raid protection system proved woefully inadequate to withstand a protracted siege by very heavy bombers. The system lacked sufficient organization, trained personnel, shelters, fire-fighting equipment, and facilities for relief and evacuation. Additionally, there was a significant deficiency in civilian indoctrination regarding emergency procedures. Under the relentless pressure of repeated major attacks, local Air Raid Precaution organizations collapsed, adding strain to an already overburdened imperial government. Japanese civilians, who had been conditioned by victory propaganda, displayed little of the discipline that helped German citizens endure years of aerial bombardment. As news of military defeats and the impact of B-29 precision strikes filtered into the great cities, residents began to lose confidence in their leaders' ability to protect them or care for the victims of the attacks. Abe Motoki, the Minister of Home Affairs at the time, later remarked, “I believe that after the raids on Tokyo on May 23-24, 1945, civilian defense measures in that city, as well as in other parts of Japan, were considered a futile effort.” Regarding the operational cost of this campaign for the 21st Bomber Command, it was not considered excessively burdensome. Over the course of 17 maximum-effort incendiary attacks, LeMay dispatched a total of 6,960 B-29s, which dropped 41,592 tons of bombs. The losses amounted to 136 B-29s, averaging only 1.9% of the sorties, a rate significantly lower than what had been endured in earlier months, and quite acceptable by the standards of conventional strategic bombing. Meteorologists predicted that the summer monsoon would keep Japan's skies covered with clouds for most of the upcoming months, from June to August. As a result, LeMay shifted strategies under what became known as the Empire Plan. This approach prioritized targeting industrial and military sites during daylight hours when the weather permitted, while secondary cities that had sufficient industrial capability became targets for nighttime area attacks. This change meant that since no single target warranted a full four-wing maximum effort, multiple missions could be scheduled in a single day. Accordingly, on June 9, 110 B-29s attacked three aircraft factories located in Narao, Atsuta, and Akashi. The strikes successfully destroyed the factories in Narao and Atsuta, but an unfortunate miscalculation led to the bombing of the town near Akashi. The following day, June 10, a force of 280 B-29s, escorted by 107 P-51 Mustang fighters, targeted six distinct sites in the Tokyo Bay area. The mission yielded significant results, with all targets sustaining heavy damage. Finally, on June 15, 516 B-29s were dispatched for one last firebombing raid against Osaka and the neighboring city of Amagasaki. In this combined assault, 444 bombers dropped over 1,350 tons of incendiary bombs, incinerating an additional 1.9 square miles in Osaka and more than half a square mile in Amagasaki. Starting on June 17, General Curtis LeMay's firebombing campaigns began to focus on medium-sized secondary cities across Japan. On that day, 477 B-29 Superfortresses targeted the cities of Omuta, Hamamatsu, Yokkaichi, and Kagoshima, burning a combined total of six square miles in these urban areas. The success of this initial multi-target mission ensured the continuation of the program, establishing an operational pattern that would remain standard during the final weeks of the war. In total, multiple incendiary attacks were conducted on sixteen occasions, averaging about two missions per week. Between June 17 and August 14, American forces carried out 8,014 sorties, dropping a staggering 54,184 tons of incendiaries across 58 secondary cities. On June 22, 446 B-29s were dispatched to strike six targets located in southern Honshu, including the crucial Kure Naval Arsenal. In this mission, 382 bombers released 2,103 tons of bombs, inflicting heavy damage to these essential manufacturing facilities. Just four days later, on June 26, a force of 510 B-29s, accompanied by 148 P-51 Mustang escorts, targeted locations in southern Honshu and the nearby island of Shikoku. However, dense clouds over much of the area complicated assembly and forced many aircraft to attack targets of opportunity individually or in small groups. As a result, adverse weather conditions would delay subsequent daytime raids until July 24.  In the coordinated strike program that commenced in June, the decision to focus on either the Empire Plan or urban industrial targets was largely influenced by weather conditions. As the program took shape, the 315th Bombardment Wing (VH) became available for combat operations. This wing operated somewhat independently from the other bomber units, with its activities significantly guided by the specialized equipment of its aircraft. Authorized for deployment in the Pacific in December 1944, the 315th settled at Northwest Field, Guam, during May and June. Its commander, Brigadier General Frank A. Armstrong, Jr., was a seasoned veteran of the strategic air offensive against Germany. The B-29s of the 315th Wing differed in two key respects from those of other units. They were equipped with the AN/APQ-7 (Eagle) radar, a sophisticated radar system designed for bombing, instead of the conventional AN/APQ-13 radar. The latter had primarily served as a navigational aid. While crews had become adept at using the AN/APQ-13 for night or poor-weather bombing, it lacked the precision necessary for accurate strikes. The Eagle radar, however, offered significantly greater definition and, although it required a long bomb run averaging seventy miles, this was not considered a serious hindrance in the tactical context of Japan. To further enhance its night-bombing capabilities, the Superfortresses had been stripped of all armament except for the tail gun. This modification, along with the Eagle radar, clearly marked the 315th as a dedicated night-bombing unit. There were various proposals for the use of these specially equipped B-29s, including high-altitude bombing, area bombing, and aerial mining. However, by the time the 315th Wing was ready for combat, the 313th Bombardment Wing had already gained proficiency in aerial mining, while all wings had become adept at area bombing using the AN/APQ-13. Training for the 315th had focused heavily on night radar tactics, with less emphasis on visual bombing and daytime formation flights. It was evident that if the Eagle radar was to undergo a thorough scientific evaluation, it should be tested against a specific set of targets that were preferably large in size and located along the coastline. In the view of the 21st Bomber Command, the oil industry met these requirements perfectly. The 315th Bombardment Wing initiated its specialized campaign on June 26 with a targeted strike against the Utsube Oil Refinery in Yokkaichi, the top-priority target. By August 14, the wing had conducted 15 additional missions against a total of 10 targets, which included various petroleum refineries and synthetic plants, such as the Maruzen Oil Company in Wakayama, Mitsubishi Oil Company in Kawasaki, and Nippon Oil Company plants spread across Akita, Kansai, Kudamatsu, and Amagasaki, as well as the Imperial Fuel Industry Company in Ube and Toa Fuel Industry in Wakayama. During the campaign, the 315th Wing dispatched a total of 1,200 B-29s, 1,095 of which successfully bombed their primary targets, dropping 9,084 tons of 500-pound general-purpose bombs deemed particularly effective against the scattered installations. The increase in bomb load capacity was made possible by stripping the planes of unnecessary equipment and conducting bombing missions individually at night. As the crews gained experience, they were able to increase the average weight carried from 14,631 pounds during the first mission to 20,684 pounds by August 9. Despite concerns about safety from removing most of the aircraft's armaments, only four planes were lost and 66 sustained damage throughout the campaign. The 20th Air Force estimated that the B-29 attacks led to the destruction of approximately 6 million barrels of tank storage capacity, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) reported that refining capacity had been reduced from 90,000 barrels a day in December 1941 to around 17,000 barrels. However, the strategic impact was more apparent than real, as many storage tanks were empty and refinery production had fallen to just 4% of capacity before the very heavy bomber campaign began. The lack of precise intelligence regarding the state of Japan's economy had justified the emphasis on the oil program as a form of reinsurance. Nevertheless, the blockade had effectively severed the nation's oil resources, resulting in tankers remaining idle at the docks. On July 1, Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet departed San Pedro Bay to initiate the first preliminary strikes in preparation for Operation Olympic. This operation involved battleships and heavy cruisers conducting surface bombardments of industrial targets in eastern Japan, while lighter forces performed anti-shipping sweeps along the coast. Additionally, a fleet of submarines advanced ahead of Admiral McCain's Task Force 38 to eliminate picket boats and establish lifeguard positions. At 18:15 on July 9, the force began its 25-knot approach toward the Home Islands, launching its first strikes against the Tokyo area at 04:00 on July 10. A total of 1,732 sorties were executed, targeting locations from Koriyama to Hamamatsu, dropping 454 tons of bombs and 1,648 rockets over Honshu with negligible opposition. American airmen reported the destruction of 109 enemy aircraft and damage to 231 during these strikes.   Following this, Halsey's fleet moved north to bombard Hokkaido and northern Honshu, which were beyond the effective range of the B-29s and had previously evaded attack. At 05:59 on July 14, Rear-Admiral John Shafroth's Bombardment Group Able, consisting primarily of three battleships and two heavy cruisers, was tasked with attacking the Kamaishi Works of the Japan Iron Company. By midday, Shafroth's forces had opened fire on Kamaishi, marking the first surface bombardment of Japan by a hostile fleet in over 80 years. Between 12:10 and 14:19, a total of 802 16-inch shells, 728 8-inch shells, and 825 5-inch shells were expended, setting the town ablaze as key industrial and residential targets were hit and resulting in the sinking of one oil tanker, two barges, and one small ship in the harbor. Simultaneously, McCain's carriers closed to within 80 nautical miles of Japan, launching 1,391 sorties against Hokkaido and northern Honshu to target railways, shipping, and airfields, again facing only light resistance. In the ensuing strikes, American planes sank over 50,000 tons of shipping and naval craft, including the destroyer Tachibana, four minesweepers, eight naval auxiliaries, and around 20 merchant vessels, with significant losses occurring at Muroran and Hakodate. In addition, 25 enemy planes were destroyed, while American losses totaled 24 aircraft and 17 airmen, about half of whom were lost in combat. Task Force 38 launched another assault on July 15, executing 966 combat sorties that dropped 355 tons of bombs and expended 2,093 rockets. This operation resulted in the sinking of 65 vessels and damaging 128 others, as well as the destruction of 48 locomotives and damage to 28. Widespread destruction was inflicted on several facilities, particularly the Aomori–Hakodate railcar ferry system, which transported 30% of the coal between Hokkaido and Honshu. The strikes devastated the ferry system, sinking eight ferries, beaching eight more, and damaging two. In total, 70 auxiliary sailing colliers were sunk, and 11 were damaged, along with 10 steel freighters lost and 7 damaged. The ferry strikes were the brainchild of Halsey's operations officer, Captain Ralph “Rollo” Wilson. “When the first action reports began to sift in,” Halsey related: He snatched them up and pored over them; the ferries were not mentioned. Later reports also ignored them. Rollo was sulking and cursing when the final reports arrived. I heard him whistle and saw him beam. “Six ferries sunk!” he said. “Pretty soon we'll have ‘em moving their stuff by oxcarts and skiffs!”  Additionally, 20 city blocks in Kushiro were razed. The most significant outcome of these operations was the virtual severance of Hokkaido from Honshu. By the end of the raids, Halsey's 3rd Fleet had achieved the sinking of 140 ships and small craft, damaging 235 others, and destroying 38 planes while damaging 46. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Oscar Badger's Bombardment Group Baker, composed of three battleships, two light cruisers, and eight destroyers, was assigned to bombard Muroran. Between 09:36 and 10:25, this group fired 860 16-inch shells at the Nihon Steel Company and the Wanishi Ironworks, targeting both the coal liquefaction plant and coke ovens. This bombardment inflicted severe damage on those facilities and resulted in the destruction or damage of 2,541 houses in Muroran. As Hasley recalled “These sweeps and bombardments accomplished more than destruction. they showed the enemy that we made no bones about playing in his front yard. From now on, we patrolled his channels and shelled his coast almost every night that the weather permitted.” Additionally, Rear-Admiral James Cary Jones' four light cruisers conducted a sweep along the east coast of Honshu to hunt for Japanese shipping; however, they reported no contacts during their mission. Early on July 16, Task Force 38 retired east of Honshu to begin refueling and rendezvoused with Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37, which agreed to operate closely as an additional task group for Admiral Halsey. At 03:50 on July 17, the two task forces began launching strikes against central Honshu despite adverse weather conditions. The American forces executed 205 sorties targeting the Mito area, while British aircraft flew 87 sorties against airfields and railyards along the northwest coast of Honshu. Despite the bad weather, several small craft and locomotives were destroyed, though the operation resulted in the loss of nine aircraft and four airmen. Later that afternoon, Halsey detached Badger's augmented Bombardment Group to attack Hitachi, a significant industrial and electronics-producing city. The 53-minute bombardment commenced in fog and rain at 23:14, during which 1,207 16-inch shells, 267 14-inch shells, and 292 6-inch rounds were expended against the Tago and Mito Works of the Hitachi Manufacturing Company, as well as the Yamate Plant and copper refining facilities of Hitachi Mine, resulting in severe devastation. On July 18, McCain's two leading carriers launched a total of 592 sorties against Yokosuka, specifically targeting the heavily camouflaged battleship Nagato at the naval base. The attacks resulted in the sinking of one old cruiser, one minesweeper, one submarine, one incomplete destroyer, and three patrol vessels, in addition to damaging one subchaser, one old destroyer, and one old battleship. Although Nagato was hit multiple times and suffered heavy damage, it managed to stay afloat. Meanwhile, three carriers also targeted airfields and other opportunities in Tokyo, while Task Force 37 attacked a seaplane base at Kitaura and airfields at Nobara, Naruto, Chosi, Kanoike, Natori, and Kitakawa. The recent raids resulted in the destruction of 43 enemy planes and damage to 77 others on the ground, along with the destruction of three locomotives and the derailing of four electrified train cars by rockets. However, the American forces incurred losses of 14 aircraft and 18 aircrew, as the 3rd Fleet flyers reported encountering the fiercest anti-aircraft fire they had yet experienced. Additionally, Rear-Admiral Carl Holden's four light cruisers were detached during the night to sweep shipping off Sagami Bay and to target the radar site at Cape Nojima. On July 21, Captain Thomas Hederman's Destroyer Squadron 61, consisting of nine destroyers, was assigned to conduct another anti-shipping sweep off Sagami Bay. Pursuing four radar contacts, the destroyers engaged targets at midnight on July 22, firing guns and torpedoes from 7,000 yards. This action resulted in the sinking of the 800-ton freighter No.5 Hakutetsu Maru and damaging the 6,919-ton Enbun Maru. In response, Japanese coastal artillery, the minesweeper W-1, and subchaser Ch-42 returned fire, but Hederman's squadron successfully retired without damage. Although minor in scale, the Battle of Sagami Bay would ultimately be the last surface action of the war. Meanwhile, as part of Operation Barney, a planned submarine penetration of the Sea of Japan, nine submarines succeeded in sinking 27 Japanese merchant vessels and one submarine, totaling 54,786 tons.  On June 8, the submarine Barb commenced her twelfth patrol, tasked with terrorizing the Sea of Okhotsk using her newly installed 5-inch rocket launchers. Over the following weeks, Skipper Commander Eugene “Luckey” Fluckey executed successful rocket bombardments on Shari, Hokkaido, and targets in Shikuka, Kashiho, and Shiritoru on Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), also employing the submarine's deck guns to destroy 35 sampans in the town of Kaihyo To. Observing Karafuto trains transporting military supplies to ports, Fluckey devised a plan to intercept these trains. Engineman Third Class Billy Hatfield recalled how, as a child, he had placed nuts on railroad ties and watched as the weight of passing trains cracked them between rail and tie. Realizing this principle could be adapted, he suggested rigging an automatic detonator. Fluckey had many volunteers for the mission, including a Japanese POW, and carefully selected Hatfield and seven others, deciding against leading the shore party himself. Just after midnight on July 23, 1945, Fluckey maneuvered Barb to within 950 yards of the Karafuto coast. Led by Lieutenant William Walker, the team launched two rubber rafts at 00:30. Before they left, Fluckey instructed them, “Boys, if you get stuck, head for Siberia, 130 miles north, following the mountain ranges. Good luck.” Upon reaching the shore, the Americans located the tracks and buried a 55-pound scuttling charge and battery beneath the rails, positioning it under a water tower they planned to use as a lookout. As Motor Machinist's Mate First Class John Markuson climbed up, he unexpectedly found he was scaling a sentry tower, causing him to retreat without alerting the sleeping guard. When a train passed, the team dove for cover before resuming their work after it had gone by. Shortly after 01:30, Walker's team signaled their return to Barb, which was now just 600 yards offshore. Fifteen minutes later, while the boats were halfway back, Fluckey heard the rumble of an approaching train. He hoisted a megaphone and urged the crew to “Paddle like the devil, boys!” At 01:47, a 16-car Japanese train struck Hatfield's detonator, resulting in a massive explosion that sent debris soaring 200 feet into the air and reportedly killed 150 Japanese. Minutes later, all eight Americans were safely aboard Barb, which then slipped back into the night, having successfully executed the only amphibious invasion of Japan during World War II. Returning to the main action, Halsey aimed to eliminate the remnants of the Combined Fleet at the heavily fortified Kure Naval Base. Consequently, Task Force 38 began launching the first of 1,363 sorties against ships and airfields in Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu, ringing the Inland Sea at 04:40 on July 24. A total of 599 tons of bombs and 1,615 rockets were unleashed over Kure, resulting in the sinking or damaging of 22 warships, which totaled 258,000 tons. Among the affected vessels were the battleships Hyuga, Ise, and Haruna; fleet carriers Amagi and Katsuragi; the escort carrier Kaiyo; heavy cruisers Tone and Aoba; as well as light cruisers Oyodo and Kitakami. In addition, another 53 vessels amounting to 17,000 tons were sunk at various locations, including Hiroshima Bay, Niihama, Bungo Channel, and Kii Channel. At Kobe, the incomplete fleet carrier Aso was also attacked and damaged. American Hellcats and Corsairs effectively swept aside Japanese aerial opposition, shooting down 18 enemy planes while destroying 40 aircraft and damaging another 80 on the ground. Furthermore, around the Inland Sea, 16 locomotives were destroyed and five were damaged, while 20 hangars sustained damage. Three oil tanks were set ablaze at Kure and one at Tano. Additionally, four electric trains and a roundhouse were strafed at Hamamatsu, and various military installations, including barracks, warehouses, power plants, and factories around the airfields, received significant damage. Simultaneously, Rear-Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37 conducted 257 sorties against targets in Japan and the surrounding offshore areas, sinking the escort carrier Shimane Maru in Shido Bay, along with a number of destroyers, small escorts, and coasters. Meanwhile, Jones' light cruisers swept through the Kii Channel before bombarding the Kushimoto seaplane base and airfields at Cape Shionomisaki during the night. Supporting these efforts, General LeMay dispatched 625 B-29s against seven targets in the Nagoya and Osaka areas, successfully inflicting heavy damage on all of them despite the spotty weather, marking this as the last major attack on the Japanese mainland during the war, as two weeks of cloudy weather ensued. In the early hours of July 25, McCain's aircraft carriers resumed launching strikes against airfields and shipping in the Inland Sea and the Nagoya-Osaka areas. During this operation, they executed a total of 655 sorties, expending 185 tons of bombs and 1,162 rockets, successfully sinking nine ships totaling 8,000 tons and damaging another 35 vessels. The strikes also resulted in the downing of 21 Japanese planes, with an additional 61 aircraft destroyed on the ground and 68 damaged. After refueling on July 27, Halsey's carrier forces moved to launch points located 96 nautical miles off Shikoku. At 04:43 on July 28, they resumed strikes over the Inland Sea, focusing on targets from northern Kyushu to Nagoya, as well as airfields across Honshu along the Sea of Japan. This resulted in McCain flying a total of 1,602 sorties, dropping 605 tons of bombs and expending 2,050 rockets. These attacks sank 27 ships, amounting to 43,000 tons, including the battleships Ise and Haruna, the fleet carrier Amagi, and the Combined Fleet flagship Oyodo. Additionally, 78 vessels totaling 216,000 tons were reported damaged, among them the fleet carrier Katsuragi, heavy cruiser Tone, and light cruiser Kitakami. American pilots reported the destruction of 21 Japanese aircraft in the air and claimed 115 destroyed on the ground across 30 area airfields. They also successfully destroyed 14 locomotives, four oil cars, two roundhouses, three oil tanks, three warehouses, one hangar, and a transformer station. In support of these efforts, Task Force 37 conducted 260 sorties against the eastern Inland Sea, targeting the dockyard at Harima and sinking or severely damaging four corvettes at Maizuru. Meanwhile, the 7th Air Force's 11th and 494th Bombardment Groups carried out a day-long raid on Kure, successfully sinking the heavy cruiser Aoba. By sunset that evening, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively ceased to exist, though the cost for the Americans was steep, with losses amounting to 101 planes and 88 men since July 24. As Halsey moved east to target the Osaka-Nagoya area, Shafroth's reinforced Bombardment Group was detached on July 29 to bombard Hamamatsu. During the night, they successfully unloaded 810 16-inch shells, 265 14-inch shells, and 1,035 8-inch shells, damaging the Imperial Government Railway locomotive works, igniting a blaze at the Japanese Musical Instrument Company, and wreaking havoc on infrastructure along the critical Tokaido main line. The following day, McCain's carriers conducted 1,224 sorties against airfields in Osaka, Kobe, Maizuru, and Nagoya, expending 397 tons of bombs and 2,532 rockets. These strikes resulted in the sinking of 20 vessels totaling 6,000 tons and damaging another 56 ships. The pilots also claimed destruction of 115 enemy aircraft on the ground, while inflicting severe damage on numerous industrial targets, including aircraft factories and naval docks in Maizuru. In Miyazu Bay, the destroyer Hatsushino struck an air-dropped naval mine, marking the final loss of 129 Japanese destroyers sunk during the war. That night, seven destroyers advanced deep into Suruga Bay, unleashing 1,100 5-inch shells on Shimizu within seven minutes, successfully destroying or damaging 118 industrial buildings. Typhoon weather would impede the operations of the 3rd Fleet for the next two weeks, as Admiral Nimitz ordered Halsey to steer clear of southern Japan, which was set to become the target of a new and deadly weapon: the atomic bomb. The U.S. Army had begun its project to develop an atomic bomb on August 16, 1942, under the auspices of the Manhattan Project. The project was directed by Major-General Leslie Groves and involved renowned scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Albert Einstein. Over time, it expanded to include a design center at Los Alamos and two production facilities at Hanford and Clinton. By August 1945, the teams at Los Alamos had successfully designed, developed, and built a gun-type atomic bomb capable of forcing five pounds of uranium-235 against another 17 pounds at high speed, thereby achieving critical mass and releasing immense heat, light, blast, and radiation. The team was also experimenting with an even more powerful device: the plutonium bomb, which utilized an implosion method whereby a sphere of plutonium was compressed by conventional explosives to reach criticality. By early August, scientists had managed to produce enough nuclear material to create only one uranium device, known as Little Boy, and one plutonium bomb, referred to as Fat Man. Each weapon had the potential to annihilate an entire city, and American leaders were prepared to use them if it could compel the Japanese Empire to surrender without necessitating an invasion of Japan. A Targeting Committee led by Groves, consisting of Manhattan Project and Air Force personnel, recommended Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki as primary targets.  Groves' Targeting Committee employed several criteria to select sites for atomic bomb targets. The chosen targets had to possess strategic value to the Japanese and be situated between Tokyo and Nagasaki. Additionally, the target needed to feature a large urban area with a minimum diameter of three miles and must be relatively untouched by previous bombings, ironically spared for potential atomic destruction at a later stage. A crucial condition was that, to the best of their knowledge, these areas should harbor no concentrations of Allied prisoners of war. However, this requirement was challenging to ascertain accurately due to a lack of reliable information about the locations of prisoners. Initially, the committee considered 17 candidates and selected five primary targets: Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, Niigata, and Kyoto. On May 28, they narrowed the list to three: Kyoto, Niigata, and Hiroshima. Hiroshima was significant as it housed Hata's 2nd General Army headquarters and featured a large shipyard, while Niigata was a major industrial city with an important port. Moreover, Kyoto held considerable cultural and religious significance for the Japanese. Secretary of War Stimson, having previously cautioned General Arnold about the humanitarian consequences of targeting cities with incendiary bombings, insisted on removing Kyoto from the list after intense discussions with Groves. On July 21, President Truman concurred with Stimson during their meetings in Potsdam, deciding that Kyoto should be spared. Subsequently, Kokura, known for its large arsenal and ordnance works, replaced Kyoto. Additionally, LeMay's staff reportedly included Nagasaki as an alternate target due to potential weather issues, as it was home to Mitsubishi's arms factories, electric production facilities, ordnance works, and extensive dockyards, making it a valuable target. Meanwhile, a high-level civilian Interim Committee, under Secretary of War Henry Stimson, ultimately advised President Truman on the use of nuclear weapons, reasoning that their deployment would be no worse than the current incendiary bombing campaigns against Japan. The committee also recommended that an atomic bomb be deployed as soon as possible, without warning, to maximize shock value and target a "war plant… surrounded by workers' houses." Following a successful operational test of the experimental plutonium bomb conducted at Trinity on July 16, President Truman authorized General Spaatz to prepare for the bomb drops before August 3. Colonel Paul Tibbets' 509th Composite Group had been specially organized in secret since September 1944 to deliver nuclear weapons, and by June, it had arrived at Tinian under the command of LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. General Twinning replaced LeMay as commander of the 21st on August 1, and he would ultimately issue the direct orders for Tibbets to drop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb mission had a convoluted command structure. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were largely left out of the chain of command. LeMay was Tibbet's nominal commander; however, Groves still had extensive control over the operation through his deputy Brigadier General Thomas Farrell on Tinian. The 21st Bomber Command would determine when the atomic bomb mission was launched, based on suitable weather conditions. Even at this stage, General of the Air Force Henry "Hap" Arnold and LeMay were still skeptical about the Manhattan Project; they thought B-29 incendiary and high-explosive bombing operations would suffice to end the war soon. LeMay even questioned the 509th CG pilots' ability to conduct the mission; he wanted seasoned Pacific B-29 veteran crews to drop the nuclear cargo. While the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) prepared for an impending invasion, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) continued its bombing campaign against Japan. The crews of the 509th Composite Group needed to acclimate to the navigational challenges, varied weather conditions, extensive distances, and the geography of the region, all while becoming accustomed to combat situations. Training commenced at Tinian on June 30, with conventional operational missions over Japan beginning on July 20. To prepare for their atomic missions, the crews trained with "pumpkins," which were specially constructed bombs designed to mimic the appearance and weight of nuclear weapons. This allowed them to practice handling and releasing the bombs. They also rehearsed navigational procedures, visual bomb release techniques, and dropping the weapon at an altitude of approximately 30,000 feet. Following the drop, the crew conducted high-speed, radical turns to evade the nuclear effects after detonation. During their first mission, a B-29 from the 509th sought an alternative target in Tokyo. The crew aimed to drop their 10,000-pound "pumpkin" on the Imperial Palace, but unfortunately, they missed their target. Had they succeeded in killing the emperor, it could have significantly impacted Japan's decision-making process, potentially fortifying the Japanese people's resolve to continue the war. Military leaders might have seized control in the aftermath, pushing their forces to keep fighting. Throughout their training, the units of the 21st Bomber Command intentionally avoided targeting Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki during these practice runs. In total, Tibbets directed his crews on numerous combat missions that targeted 28 cities and involved the dropping of 49 "pumpkins." Remarkably, the 509th lost no aircraft during these operations. While Tibbets focused on perfecting the delivery method, the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man were being transported to Tinian. Some weapon assemblies were delivered by C-54 and B-29 aircraft from Kirtland Field near Albuquerque, while the cruiser Indianapolis delivered the fissionable material for Little Boy from San Francisco on July 26. Four days later, the submarine I-58 unexpectedly attacked the Indianapolis with six torpedoes while the cruiser was en route to Guam, successfully sinking it. Of the crew, 850 Americans survived the sinking, and another 316 were belatedly rescued by August 8. By July 31, most of the assembly of Little Boy had been completed. However, a detonation expert would need to emplace the cordite charges to fire the uranium "bullet" through the gun device to the uranium core after take-off, minimizing the risk of an inadvertent nuclear explosion in the event of a B-29 crash. Additionally, the crew carrying the atomic bomb had to exercise caution when descending once Little Boy was armed because the primary radar or a backup barometric fuse could potentially trigger an explosion if the aircraft descended too rapidly with the fuses in place. On August 2, B-29 crews arrived at Tinian with the assemblies for Fat Man. On that same day, General Twinning and President Truman approved the plan to bomb Hiroshima. Two days later, Colonel Tibbets briefed the crews about the mission, confirming that he would pilot the aircraft carrying the atomic bomb. Tibbets' B-29 No. 82, later named Enola Gay, was supported by three weather reconnaissance aircraft that reported conditions at Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, as well as two additional B-29s assigned to conduct scientific and photographic missions. At 02:45 on August 6, Enola Gay took off from Tinian, with diversionary attacks by 604 B-29s throughout Japan also scheduled for that day, as coordinated by Twinning. After passing through Iwo Jima at approximately 05:55, Captain William Parsons and Second-Lieutenant Morris Jeppson armed the bomb at 07:30. Throughout the journey, the B-29s ascended slowly, reaching an altitude of over 30,000 feet as they crossed Shikoku and Honshu, finally reaching Hiroshima at 31,060 feet. At 09:12, Tibbets executed his final approach from the 'initial point', flying east-west over the city towards the intersection of the Ota and Motoyasu Rivers. Approximately at 09:15, Little Boy was released, and Enola Gay immediately began its turn away to escape the impending explosion. However, the bomb mistakenly descended towards the Shima Surgical Hospital rather than the intended target, the Aioi Bridge. At 09:16, Little Boy detonated at an altitude of 1,890 feet, just as Tibbets was about six miles away from the blast point. As a result of the atomic blast, the immediate area around the epicenter was heated to an astonishing 1 million degrees Celsius, instantly incinerating or vaporizing all people, animals, buildings, and other items within that zone. Hiroshima police officials estimated that immediate casualties amounted to 71,379 individuals who were either killed or reported missing. In the surrounding areas, the blast effects crushed unreinforced structures before igniting them, resulting in an additional 68,023 wounded, with 19,691 of those injuries classified as serious. Subsequent assessments, potentially incorporating the impacts of radiation sickness or more precise accounting, recorded 30,524 individuals as seriously wounded and 48,606 as slightly wounded. Just two minutes after detonation, a growing mushroom cloud of highly radioactive dust and debris soared to a height of 20,000 feet. Within eight minutes, Tibbets' crew could observe the mushroom cloud from 390 miles away. Ultimately, the dust cloud peaked at approximately 60,000 feet in altitude. Soon after, a thick, black, radioactive rain fell upon the areas beneath the cloud. The center of the city was utterly devastated; over four square miles of the urban center, which encompassed seven square miles in total, were completely flattened, resulting in about 60% of the city's area being destroyed. An additional 0.6 square miles suffered damage, while more than 75% of the city's 90,000 buildings were obliterated. The ensuing fires compounded the devastation, contributing to countless deaths and injuries. Tragically, some American prisoners of war were present in Hiroshima and lost their lives in the explosion. Meanwhile, Enola Gay safely returned to Tinian at 14:58, where Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, while the rest of the crew received Distinguished Flying Crosses for their participation in the mission. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Japan was broken. To be perfectly honest she had been broken long ago. Her leadership had been spending months trying to figure out the best possible way to surrender, while the civilians and troops were suffering horribly. Aerial mining strangled her of food, high explosive and incendiary bombs, killed untold scores of people, and then the Atomic weapons were let loose upon her. It was over.

Helsingin elokuvateatteri Orionissa nähdään 11.5 kaksi Japanilaista Indie underground trash-art elokuvaa, jotka molemmat ovat nyt ”arvostelussa”. Eli arvostelussa on ohjaaja Sean Kurosawan elokuvat Okhotsk of The Living Dead (2021) ja Girls just wanna have Kill (2024). Joista jälkimmäiseen on tehnyt musiikit Suomalainen elokuvantekijä ja säveltäjä Petri Puroaho. Mukana tässä arvostelussa myös itsensä ohjaajan pikaiset terveiset. Ohjaaja ja Puroaho ovat myös paikalla Orionissa, jossa järjestetään myös Q&A tilaisuus ja nimmarin jakoa. Lisätietoa Orionin sivuilta. Kiinnostaako tälläinen teitä? Aiotteko mennä katsomaan? Jos kävitte niin mitä mieltä? Entä mitä mieltä tästä aiheesta/jaksosta? 

This week we have the story of the jackup rig Kolskaya, lost in the Sea of Okhotsk in December 2011. Sources: "Буровая платформа Кольская - трагедия и надежда." www.kolskaya.com"How do jackup rigs work?" https://www.rigzone.com/training/insight?insight_id=339&c_id=24История крушения Кольской нефтяной платформы. Обо всем из жизни, 27 Dec 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yzv_O3ZIU8QKostanov, Yuri. “Платформа 'Кольская': кто и когда ответит за это трагедию?” Морские вести России (Maritime News of Russia). 12 Apr 2015. https://morvesti.ru/themes/1693/53317/Nordlander, David J. “Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s.” Slavic Review, vol. 57, no. 4, Winter 1998, pp. 791 - 812. Sandberg, Finn Harald. "Kolskaya - an outsider with a tragic fate." Valhall: Industrial Heritage. https://valhall.industriminne.no/en/kolskaya-an-outsider-with-a-tragic-fate/Shturma, Yana. “‘Она вся была как груда льда' - 10 лет трагедии на нефтяной платформе Кольская.” Gazeta, 18 Dec 2021. https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2021/12/18/14323573.shtmlSupport the show

rWotD Episode 2790: Kuril Ainu language Welcome to Random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia’s vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Monday, 23 December 2024 is Kuril Ainu language.Kuril Ainu is an extinct and poorly attested Ainu language of the Kuril Islands. The main inhabited islands were Kunashir, Iturup and Urup in the south, and Shumshu in the north. Other islands either had small populations (such as Paramushir) or were visited for fishing or hunting. There may have been a small mixed Kuril–Itelmen population at the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.The Ainu of the Kurils appear to have been a relatively recent expansion from Hokkaidō, displacing an indigenous Okhotsk culture, which may have been related to the modern Itelmens. When the Kuril Islands passed to Japanese control in 1875, many of the northern Kuril Ainu evacuated to Ust-Bolsheretsky District in Kamchatka, where about 100 still live. In the decades after the islands passed to Soviet control in 1945, most of the remaining southern Kuril Ainu evacuated to Hokkaidō, where they have since been assimilated.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:07 UTC on Monday, 23 December 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Kuril Ainu language on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Aditi.

This is the first in a two part series on the people living to the Northeast of Yamato, in the areas of Tohoku and Hokkaido.  They are called in the Chronicles, the Emishi and the Mishihase, and these designations appear to refer to areas that include the Epi-Jomon and later Satsumon cultures as well as members of the Okhotsk Sea Culture, all archaeological designations for various people whom we know primarily through their archaeological remains.  We also discuss a bit about how all of this ties in (or doesn't) with the modern Ainu, and why we don't necessarily use that term until much later in the historical record. For more, check out our podcast blog at: https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-116   Rough Transcript   Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is episode 116: The People of the North, Part 1   A soldier stood watch on the Nutari Barrier.  It was only a few years old—built to define and defend the boundaries between the lands under Yamato rule and the untamed wilds, beyond.  Looking behind him, the soldier could see the smoke from the nearby settlement, also newly constructed, which would supply him and his fellow guards with food and clothing while they took their turn at the border. Looking outwards, the soldier wondered what life beyond the barrier was like.  He had seen people crossing through, mostly with various trade goods.  For the most part, they didn't seem all that different, but he had heard stories: stories of wild men and women who lived in caves and slept under the trees.  They were hunters who knew the woods and could easily slip through areas that didn't even have roads. As one traveled further north, things grew only more wild and untamed—or so the stories said.   Giant bears with paws as large as a human head roamed the land—he'd seen a skin once and it was massive.  The people of the north fought with them and, or so he'd heard, even kept them as pets. Further, well beyond the pale, there were people who lived on the sea.  They traveled between islands in the frozen north, and hunted the beasts of the ocean.  They were few, but they were mighty people. A chill went through the soldier's spine.  He'd only ever heard stories of most of these outsiders, and even then it was hard to tell what was truth and what was merely exaggeration.  He had never actually gone out to see it himself, though he'd met some who claimed they had. It gave him some sense of worth that he was out here, defending the settled, civilized lands of his people from the wild, ungoverned tribes beyond the border.  That said, he hoped with all his heart that things remained peaceful.  Yes, it would certainly be better that way for all involved.   We are just starting out the second reign of Takara Hime, which started in the year 655.  For her first reign, the Chroniclers would give her the title of Kougyoku Tennou, but when she retook the throne they named her Saimei.  As we talked about in the last couple of episodes, there was a lot going on at this point, not just on the archipelago, but in the rest of Asia as well.   We'll summarize that briefly just to set the stage for the beginning of Takara Hime's reign, but this episode we're going to primarily focus on the expansion of Yamato authority throughout the rest of the archipelago, or at least the rest of Honshu.  In this context, we'll be talking extensively about the people that the Chronicles call the Emishi, since this section of the Chronicles contains numerous entries that give us our clearest look, to date, at who they were, at least from a Yamato perspective.  We'll also be looking at another group in the north, known to us as the Mishihase, for whom we have even less information. As this whole episode got a bit long, we are going to be doing this in two parts.  This episode, I'd like to introduce you to some of the terms, discuss some of the problems and considerations around these topics, and touch on what we know based largely on the archaeological record.  In the second episode we'll focus on the narrative as it appears in the Nihon Shoki, which hopefully will be something that makes more sense once we have that archaeological context.  While there are certainly some things that appear to coincide between the two narratives, there are a lot of differences.  Archaeology can help us understand the material culture, and give us some insights into the lifeways of a particular group of people, but it doesn't let us know what they said, and rarely gives us information about a particular event. Before we dive into this, I think it would be useful to touch on terms that we are going to be using this episode, and next.  I mention this because while we are dealing with the past, our story of the past is very much affecting the lives of people in the present.  Most specifically, the lives of the Ainu people of Hokkaido, and how their history and experience intertwines with the concept of the “Emishi” that we see in the Chronicles.  So let's explore these terms, and see where it takes us. First, I should probably make a note about the difference between “Wa” and “Yamato”, at least as I'm using it in this episode.  When I use “Wa” I'll be referring to the ethnic group, while “Yamato” refers to the state.  For the most part, as we are focused on the historical state forming in central Honshu, we'll talk about Yamato, or the State of Yamato. That is a political entity that is majority Wa in its make-up, but that doesn't mean that there weren't Wa people outside of the Yamato state, nor that Yamato was made up of only people who identified, ethnically as Wa.  As we've seen, the Yamato state also included immigrants who identified as people of Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, and even Emishi. Next, the Emishi.  The term “Emishi” is an exonym used by Yamato to describe those who are outside of Yamato's borders and controls, especially up in Tohoku.  By “exonym”, I mean that it's a term imposed from outside – in this case, by Yamato – on the group of people known as the Emishi, because we really don't know what they called themselves. Moreover, the term “Emishi” is complex, and doesn't necessarily describe a single, monolithic ethnic group or culture – more a group of possible ethnicities, that occupied a particular “slot” relative to Yamato cultural identity, namely that of outsiders.  The Chronicles refer to several different geographic regions as “Emishi”, situated relative to the core of the Yamato polity -- but the archeological evidence is much more nuanced.  A prime example are the studies carried out on the “Emishi” mummies of the Oshu Fujiwara, a 12th century ruling elite who lived in Hiraizumi and who were considered “Emishi” by the court in Heian-kyo—modern Kyoto.  In studying the mummies, it was determined that they were closely related to the Wa people of Japan and the Kinki region.  This finding is important and I'll come back to it in a bit, but the takeaway is that “Emishi” doesn't automatically mean physical or cultural differences like we might assume.  There were likely ethnic Wa Emishi, along with Emishi who were more closely connected with the indigenous people—descendants of the Jomon and possible ancestors to the later Ainu people. Finally, the Ainu.  It's extremely likely that some of the people that the Chroniclers called “Emishi” may have been the ancestors of the Ainu people of today.  But the correspondence is definitely not one-to-one, as some historians used to think.  And since this is a sensitive topic with ongoing patterns of inequity and silenced voices, it's important to lay some groundwork before going further. For my part, I would like to do my best to introduce the people and the history as we know it with as little bias as I can manage, but please realize that there are certainly controversies around this area and open wounds that have not yet healed. The modern Ainu are the indigenous inhabitants of Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril islands.  They also once inhabited the very northern part of Tohoku.  In their own language, Ainu Itak, these islands are part of Ainu Mosir, the Lands of the Ainu, and “Ainu” itself is simply a word for “humans” or “people”.  While there are many cultural and linguistic ties to the Japanese—they have been neighbors for centuries—they are culturally distinct, and their language, Ainu Itak, is considered a linguistic isolate, with no known relatives outside of the Ainu homelands. The relationship between the Ainu and the Wa people—the general term for ethnic Japanese—has been one of tension and conflict born of colonization.  In the 19th century in particular, the nation of Japan claimed Hokkaido and began to settle it.  The wide open spaces were great for new industries, such as cattle ranching, which could supply dairy and beef, two things that had come into vogue with other aspects of Western culture.  I won't get into the entire history of it, but the Japanese government used tactics similar to those used in the United States against indigenous populations, often forcing people to speak Japanese instead of their native language in a paternalistic attempt to quote-unquote “civilize” the Ainu people.  Only relatively recently have the Ainu been accorded some protections in Japanese law. For our part, the study of Ainu history has long been one conducted by outsiders looking in, which of course has come with all sorts of baggage.  For instance, as I alluded to above, there has long been a tendency to equate the Ainu with the Emishi, which along with everything else cast the Ainu as somewhat less culturally evolved.  Much of this study was also taking place during a time when Marxist concepts of societal evolution were in vogue.  Add to that the generally patronizing and Colonialist concepts that were rampant in Western anthropology at the time—things like the stereotype of the “noble savage” and even the concept of “primitive” societies—and there were definitely some problematic concepts that continue to echo through into modern discussions.  Another complexity in understanding Ainu culture and history has been that the Ainu people do tend to be physically distinct from many other Japanese, which has been linked to outdated ideas about physical types and ethnicity.  Many Ainu people show more tendency towards body and facial hair than mainland Japanese, with bushy beards being common among men, and blue eyes aren't uncommon – which, combined with overall light skin, led to early identification of Ainu people as being of “Caucasian stock” according to outdated racial classifications.  The theory was that they traveled from the west across Asia in the distant past and somehow settled in the islands north of Japan.  This ties into how much of the archaeological fervor of the 19th and 20th centuries in Japan was wrapped around ethno-nationalist ideals and looking to find the origins of the Japanese people, often using concepts of eugenics to seek out physical and cultural differences between the Japanese and “other” people, such as the Ainu, to help better define who are—and who are not—Japanese.  For example, remember those Oshu Fujiwara mummies and how they were from a group described by the Chronicles as “Emishi” but ended up being more physically similar to modern Wa than modern Ainu?  Some scholars took this finding to mean that all of the Emishi were Wa people, effectively denying any ancestral claims or links that Ainu people may have had to Honshu, other than those historically attested to from about the 15th century onwards.  In similar ways, for each instance of some new “finding”, there have often been those who would use it as a further reason to discriminate against the Ainu. There is a lot of important archaeological work that has been done in Tohoku and elsewhere to help shed more light on the people living in areas that the Chronicles associate with the Emishi and beyond.  But while archaeological digs in places like Honshu and Kyushu were often done with great public support, archaeological work in places like Hokkaido often involved investigating burials of potential ancestors without consent, and even today there is some contention over how various artifacts were acquired.  As with too many places in the world, the data was not always gathered under what we may consider, today, the strictest of ethical standards.  So as important as the archeological perspective is – at least we are going off of physical items that we find rather than on the narrative imposed on the region by those in Yamato – it's important to keep that context in mind. Even recent attempts to better contextualize Ainu history at places like the Upopoy National Museum in Shiraoi, while apparently doing their best to provide that context, are still hampered by the weight of previous missteps in the relationship between the Ainu and the government.  Activists have noted that even Upopoy, the first such national museum devoted to the Ainu themselves, is still built on colonialist policies and artifacts and human remains acquired without all of the necessary consent and consultation with local Ainu.  Upopoy, for its part, appears to have reached out to those willing to work with them, and for all that there may be some controversy, it certainly has a lot of information for those interested in it. So, given these caveats, what does the archeological record tell us about the wide range of people and areas called “Emishi” by the Chronicles, including both those areas closer to the Yamato heartland, and the areas we know today as Ainu Mosir? To understand the patterns of settlement and cultural trends that we see up north – in Tohoku and Hokkaido --let's go back to the end of the Jomon period and the very start of the Yayoi.  As wet rice paddy cultivation (and accompanying pottery styles and other material goods) began to make its way into the archipelago, up through about the Kinki region—the original land of Yamato, or Yamateg—it was brought by a people that seem quite strongly connected to other people in east Asia, and these people largely replaced the indigenous Jomon era populations in western Japan.  However, the new material culture traveled faster and farther than the new people themselves, and it appears that in eastern Honshu, at least, much of the new farming technology, pottery, and other lifeways of the Yayoi culture were adopted by people that appear to share a great deal in common, physically, with the previous Jomon populations, suggesting that local populations were, themselves, adopting the new technology and being absorbed into the Yayoi culture.  This expansion of Yayoi culture and rice farming initially exploded all the way up to the very northern edge of Tohoku, but over time it started to decline in the northernmost regions.  Whether due to a change in the climate or simply the fact that the colder, snowier regions in Tohoku were not as hospitable to farming, we see that rice cultivation fell into disuse, and people seem to have once again picked up the lifeways of their ancestors in the region, returning to a more hunter-gatherer style of subsistence.  Indeed, in northern Tohoku and Hokkaido we see the continued evolution of Jomon culture in a phase that is generally known as the Epi-Jomon, or, in Japanese, the Zoku-Jomon period, which generally lasted through the end of the 7th century.  This Epi-Jomon or Zoku-Jomon cultural region lay far outside the “official” Yamato borders according to the Chroniclers in an area considered to be part of “Michinoku” – literally past the end of the road – so it's understandably commonly associated with the Emishi.  But once again, it's not that simple, because we do see Yayoi and Kofun culture extending up into this region.  In fact, there are even keyhole shaped kofun up in Tohoku, the largest of these being Raijinyama kofun, thought to have been built between the late 4th and early 5th centuries.  It sits south of modern Sendai, and there are numerous other tombs there as well, suggesting it was well connected to Yamato and the kofun culture of central Honshu. Another complication is that we have regions officially designated Emishi that were much closer in – on the borders of Yamato itself.  Based on simply the written record, it would seem that “Emishi” resided as close to Yamato as the lands of Koshi and the land of Hitachi, at the very least.  The Emishi in Koshi are mentioned several times in the Chronicles, and both the Nihon Shoki and works like the Hitachi Fudoki mention Emishi or people who are at least outside of the Yamato cultural sphere.  This area bordering Yamato seems to have been the most affected by kofun and even Yamato culture, and also would have likely come into the most direct conflict with Yamato itself.  It is also the area most likely to include those who, for one reason or another, decided to yet themselves outside the growing reach of the Yamato state, a pattern that would continue for centuries to come.  On top of that, there is something else going on in northern Hokkaido, where, starting around the 5th century, we see different archeological assemblages from the south, indicating further cultural distinctiveness from the Tohoku and southern Hokkaido inhabitants.  These are mostly found on the coast in the northern part of Hokkaido, and match closely with the culture we see first in the Sakhalin island, and later the Kurils, along the edges of the Okhotsk Sea.  Hence the name we've given to this unknown culture:  The Okhotsk Sea Culture, or just the Okhotsk culture. From what we can glean, the people of the Okhotsk culture subsisted largely off the hunting of marine mammals, such as seals, sea lions, sea cows, and whales.  In contrast, the Epi-Jomon people appear to have subsisted more on inland hunting strategies, along with coastal fishing, which is represented in their settlement patterns, among other things.  This latter description likewise tracks with descriptions of the Emishi as subsisting largely off of hunted game. It is unclear what exactly happened to the Okhotsk Sea Culture, but they appear to be one of the ancestral groups of the modern Nivkh people, on the northern part of Sakhalin and the lower Amur River and coastal regions, though the Okhotsk Sea Culture also seems to have had a large influence on the development of the people known today as the Ainu.  Modern DNA testing of Ainu demonstrate connections both with the earlier Jomon people of Japan—a connection that is much stronger than in most Japanese—but also with people from the Okhotsk Sea region.  Still, how and in what ways those people came together is not clear. The connection to the Jomon and Epi-Jomon people appears to be strengthened by the fact that throughout Tohoku there are placenames that appear to be more closely related to the Ainu language than to Japanese.  For example, in Ainu itak, terms like “nai” and “pet” refer to rivers and streams, and we find a lot of placenames ending with “nai”, “be”, or “betsu”.  These are often written with kanji that would be understandable to Japanese speakers, but the prevalence and location of these names often make people think that they are likely related to Ainu itak, in some way—possibly a proto-Ainuic language or dialect that is now lost. While I can't discount the fact that some this could be due to false etymologies, we can add to it the fact that the term “Emishi” was eventually changed to “Ezo”, which itself came to be used primarily for Hokkaido and the people there, including the people we know of today as the Ainu.  However, it isn't clear that the term Emishi, or even “Ezo”, was consistently applied to only one group, and its usage may have changed over time, simply being used in each period to refer to the people of the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions outside of the control of the Japanese court. Another aspect of the archaeological record is the change in the Epi-Jomon culture to what we know as the Satsumon culture around the time of our narrative.  Satsumon, like Jomon, is derived from the distinctive pottery styles found.  “Jomon” means “cord-marked”, referring to the use of pressed cords and similar decoration on the pottery, and starting in the 7th century we see a new style using wood to scrape designs, instead.  Thus the term “Satsumon”.  It first pops up in Honshu, but by the 9th century it had spread to Hokkaido and eventually even spread to areas associated with the Okhotsk Sea Culture.  It would last until roughly the 13th century, when it was replaced by a culture that is more clearly related to the modern Ainu people. But the Satsumon culture wasn't just new types of pottery.  We see more ironwork appearing in the Satsumon culture, as well as the cultivation of millet and other types of agriculture.  Tohoku and Hokkaido were still a bit cold for the ancient forms of wet rice agriculture that were prevalent in more southern regions, and millet and other crops likely fit more easily into the lifeways of the people in these areas. Likewise, by the 8th century, we also see a new type of stove appearing in Satsumon villages.  This “kamado” seems clearly related to the type of stove that came over to Honshu from the Korean peninsula around the 5th century, reaching Hokkaido by the 8th, and eventually finding purchase on Sakhalin by the 11th, demonstrating a slow yet continuous adoption. Some of these changes might be explained by greater contact with Wa people and the trade networks that extended through Honshu and over to the mainland, but there were also trade routes through Sakhalin island over to the Amur River delta and beyond that should not be overlooked, even if they weren't as prevalent in the written histories of the time. I previously mentioned that in the next episode, we'll dive into more of what the Chronicles have to say about the Emishi, but to give a preview, the Chronicles have already mentioned the Emishi several times as trading and treating with the Yamato state.  Back in the era before the Isshi Incident, Naka no Oe's coup in 645, Soga no Emishi himself had dealings with the Emishi of the land of Koshi, which we covered in episode 107.  Then, in the previous reign, Emishi had attended court, but the court had also erected barriers and barrier towns in Nutari and Ihabune in 647 and 648 to protect the border areas from purported raids by the Emishi.  Hence the episode opener, imagining what it might be like for a soldier at one of these barrier towns.  But, there is also another people that we've already talked about, mentioned in the Chronicles:  The Sushen people, also glossed as either the Mishihase or Ashihase people.  In the Nihon Shoki, they first appeared in an entry in the reign of Kimmei Tennou, when a group of them came ashore on Sado island, which we discussed back in episode 86.  In this period, however, the  appear to be referencing a people who were living in the north of Hokkaido, and who were putting pressure on the people to their south, much as Yamato was putting pressure on the people to their northeast. The Sinitic characters, or kanji, used to name them in the Nihon Shoki uses a term from mainland writings for the Sushen people.  This name is first given to people mentioned in early Warring States documents, such as the Classic of Mountains and Seas, as living on the Shandong peninsula.  Eventually, however, as empires expanded, the term was used to refer to people along the Amur river region and the coast, in modern China and Russia—the eastern areas of what we know as “Manchuria”.  These were probably not the same people originally referred to as living in Shandong, and instead seems to apply to the Yilou people, and likely also is cognate with the later term “Jurchen”. In the ancient Sinic documents, the Sushen are described as hunter-gatherers who live in the open, using caves and other such natural features for temporary shelter.  They hunted with bows and arrows, which were tipped with stone arrowheads.  To the settled cultures of the Yellow River basin, they were considered a primitive and barbaric people. As for the people mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, it is quite likely that the term “Sushen” was used differently.  Rather than referring to Jurchen people, or someone from mainland northeast Asia, it is thought that the characters were used because of the similar role played by the people of northern Hokkaido and Sakhalin island—and possibly because of connection with the Amur river region, including the area referred to in older documents as “Su-shen”.  Still, the people referred to in the Nihon Shoki were probably what we know as the Okhotsk Sea culture, especially based on what we know from later descriptions.  From Yamato's point of view, they were likewise living in the extreme northeast and they were a hunter-gatherer society that used stone arrowheads in their hunting.  The fact that it is glossed as either Mishihase or Ashihase by later commentators suggests that this was the name by which the Yamato knew these people, and the kanji were just borrowed for their meaning of a people in the northeast. And so in the 7th century we have both the Emishi and the Mishihase, at least in the northeast.  There are also the Hayato, another group of people in the southern reaches of Tsukushi.  We are told that they and the Emishi both attended the court in 655 in great numbers.   Discussion of who the Hayato were is probably best left for another episode.  Suffice it to say that they appear to be culturally distinct from the groups in the northeast, at least at this point. And that's where we are going to pause things for now.  The archaeological record gives us some idea of the people inhabiting the areas of Tohoku and up to Hokkaido, but it only tells part of the story—and it is a story that we are continuing to uncover.  Even today people are working on archaeological sites that just may turn up new information that will change how we see things. Next episode, we'll dive into the narrative of the Nihon Shoki and take a look at the actions of individuals—especially the actions of Abe no Hirafu, a key player in what was to happen in the north. Until then thank you for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.

The LGBTQ+ resource center is hosting Flags & Popsicles! at noon on Tuesday, Oct. 22 at the CaPCE Courtyard on lower campus. Students can enjoy free popsicles that represent the colors of the LGBTQ+ flag. The next day on Wednesday, Oct. 23 at 3 p.m. the LGBTQ+ Resource Center is collaborating with the Asian, Pacific Islander and Desi resource center for the Queer Pacifika Film Fest. Happening in the University Student Union auditorium, enjoy films relating to LGBTQ+ experiences from API communities. This Thursday, Oct. 24 at 2 p.m. Sustain U is back at the ASI Beach Kitchen where students are invited to learn how to make cauliflower tacos. Spots are limited to the first 12 students who must RSVP through the Events & Orgs app on the CSULB Single-Sign-On. Join Beach Pride Events and ASI for a Murder Mystery Dinner on Tuesday, Oct. 22. Starting at 5 p.m. in the University Student Union Ballrooms use clues to solve the murder mystery and win free prizes.  Campus Couture is hosting a pumpkin painting event in the north central quad. Starting at noon on Wednesday, Oct. 23, mini pumpkins and paint will be provided by the club. The Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles will pay $880 million to settle 1,354 claims of child sexual abuse and assault. California Assembly Bill 281 made it possible to revive civil claims of past sexual abuse of minors and almost 3,000 lawsuits have been filed. Following these suits, the dioceses of Oakland, Sacramento, San Francisco and San Diego have all filed for bankruptcy protection. The outbreak of the viral disease, Equine Infectious Anemia, has led to the death of 12 horses in the barn of trainer Heath Taylor in Los Alamitos. The first horse infected and euthanized was reported on Sept. 24 with six more horses euthanized on Oct. 2 and 3. After that, the California Department of Food and Agriculture tested all of Taylor's horses in the barn facilities. On Monday night, Oct. 14, a shooting occurred at the Santa Monica College Center for Media and Design. Custodial operations manager Felicia Hudson was critically injured in the shooting and passed away two days later on Oct. 16. A sunset vigil will be held in Hudson's memory on Oct. 17 at 6:30 p.m. at SMC's main campus quad. The following day, Oct. 18, there will be a celebration of life at 10 a.m. at the SMC Performing Arts Center. At 7:27 p.m. on Wednesday, Oct. 16 it was reported that a 17-year-old boy was separated from his high school paddling team. The teenager was paddling on a 20-foot surf ski when it capsized. He was not wearing a life jacket. The 17-year-old was rescued after spending almost 12 hours in the water clinging to his kayak and treading water off the coast of Oahu. Starting this Wednesday, Oct. 23, Disney will introduce a new Lightning Lane Premier Pass program for their amusement parks. Ranging from $149 to $449 these passes will be the most expensive add-on to standard park admission. One Direction superstar Liam Payne passed away on Wednesday, Oct. 16 after falling from the third story of his hotel in Argentina. On Thursday, following Payne's death, former band members of One Direction took to social media to reminisce and thank Liam for the time spent together. After 67 days stranded at sea, 46-year-old Mikhail Pichugin was rescued in the Sea of Okhotsk, in Russia. On Aug. 9 Pichugin, his brother and his nephew boarded the boat to go whale watching but on the way back, the boat's engine shut down and left them stranded. Unfortunately, Pichugin's brother and nephew succumbed to hypothermia and dehydration before they were able to be rescued. Host & Editor: Gianna Echeverria Producers: El Nicklin, Aidan Swanepoel Like, comment, and follow us on your favorite platform for more content! Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/long-beach-current-podcasts/id1488484518 Spotify ⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/4HJaqJep02kHeIQy8op1n1⁠ ⁠⁠⁠Overcast https://overcast.fm/itunes1488484518/long-beach-current-podcasts

Nếu có một nước nào phải theo dõi sát sao và với đầy nỗi lo lắng một trục Nga – Trung ngày càng được củng cố, thì đó chính là Nhật Bản. Bị giới hạn về địa lý và chịu sức ép từ gánh nặng lịch sử, Nhật Bản có nguy cơ đối mặt cùng lúc với hai đối thủ cường quốc hạt nhân, thậm chí có thể là ba, nếu bao gồm cả mối đe dọa Bắc Triều Tiên trong vùng Đông Á. Nỗi lo này đã được thể hiện rõ trong Sách Trắng quốc phòng thường niên « Quốc phòng Nhật Bản 2024 », được công bố ngày 12/07/2024, cho rằng Nhật Bản « đang phải đối mặt với một môi trường an ninh nghiêm trọng và phức tạp nhất kể từ khi kết thúc Đệ Nhị Thế Chiến ».Lần đầu tiên Tokyo cảnh báo trực tiếp về « khả năng một tình huống nghiêm trọng tương tự như cuộc xâm lược Ukraina của Nga xảy ra ở khu vực Ấn Độ - Thái Bình Dương trong tương lai, đặc biệt là ở vùng Đông Á », ám chỉ đến những hoạt động quân sự của Trung Quốc xung quanh đảo Đài Loan.Đài Loan và mối lo an ninh cho Nhật BảnTheo nhận định của Yoshinaga Kenji, cựu sĩ quan tình báo của Cơ quan Điều tra An ninh và Lực lượng Phòng vệ Biển Nhật Bản, với trang The Diplomat, « phần đầu của Sách Trắng quốc phòng năm nay, mô tả tình hình an ninh xung quanh Nhật Bản, là phần căng thẳng nhất trong lịch sử Sách Trắng, khi xét đến cuộc chiến xâm lược kéo dài của Nga tại Ukraina, áp lực quân sự ngày càng lớn của Trung Quốc đối với Đài Loan và việc Bắc Triều Tiên triển khai vũ khí hạt nhân chiến thuật ».Lập trường đối ngoại cứng rắn cùng với đà trỗi dậy mạnh mẽ năng lực quân sự của Bắc Kinh đặt Tokyo trước một thách thức chiến lược lớn chưa từng có. Bộ trưởng Quốc Phòng Nhật Bản Kihara Minoru mở đầu Sách Trắng với đánh giá « không quốc gia nào có thể tự bảo vệ an ninh của mình ». Ông nhấn mạnh đến sự cần thiết tăng cường hợp tác với các quốc gia có cùng chí hướng mà Tokyo chia sẻ các giá trị phổ quát và lợi ích chiến lược.Nhật Bản bày tỏ « quan ngại nghiêm trọng » về các hoạt động quân sự của Trung Quốc trên toàn khu vực xung quanh Nhật Bản, từ biển Hoa Đông – đặc biệt xung quanh quần đảo Senkaku đang tranh chấp chủ quyền với Trung Quốc – cho đến biển Nhật Bản, Tây Thái Bình Dương, nhất là xung quanh Đài Loan, trước nguy cơ « xảy ra căng thẳng quân sự giữa Trung Quốc và Đài Loan, do những hoạt động quân sự ngày càng tăng từ phía Bắc Kinh ».Về điểm này, nhà nghiên cứu địa chính trị Valérie Niquet, chuyên gia về Trung Quốc thuộc Quỹ Nghiên cứu Chiến lược FRS, trong một chương trình tranh luận trên đài phát thanh France Culture (18/05/2024), đưa ra một số phân tích :« Đài Loan có một vị thế quan trọng cả về mặt ý thức hệ, cho thấy một mô hình dân chủ vẫn có thể tồn tại trong thế giới Trung Hoa, điều mà Tập Cận Bình hoàn toàn phủ nhận, và cả về mặt chiến lược, vì Đài Loan là chốt chặn lối ra Thái Bình Dương và do vậy không thể để cho Đài Loan rơi vào tay Bắc Kinh. Đó là chưa nói đến người dân.Câu hỏi lớn được đặt ra ở đây là mối quan hệ chiến lược quốc phòng giữa Nhật Bản với Hoa Kỳ. Các căn cứ chính của Mỹ ở châu Á đều nằm ở Nhật Bản và chủ yếu ở quần đảo Okinawa, nằm ở tuyến đầu đối diện với Đài Loan, (với 53.000 lính Mỹ).Hòn đảo cuối cùng, Yonaguni, nằm gần nhất với đảo cực tây của Nhật Bản, chỉ cách bờ biển Đài Loan khoảng 100 km, nên thực sự Nhật Bản ở trên tuyến đầu. Hơn nữa, khi Trung Quốc tập trận để gây áp lực với Đài Loan, vào lúc bà Nancy Pelosi thăm Đài Loan cách đây không lâu, 5 hay 6 quả tên lửa, tôi quên mất con số chính xác, đã rơi vào vùng đặc quyền kinh tế ở Biển Nhật Bản. Đây rõ ràng còn là lời cảnh báo đối với Nhật Bản, gây áp lực buộc nước này không được đi quá xa. »Nga - Trung hợp tác quân sự : « Cơn ác mộng » cho Nhật BảnNhưng điều làm Tokyo đặc biệt lo lắng là khả năng Bắc Kinh và Matxcơva siết chặt hơn nữa quan hệ hợp tác quân sự. Tokyo xem những cuộc tập ném bom chung và tuần tra hải quân chung thường xuyên giữa hai cường quốc này là « nhằm mục đích phô trương sức mạnh chống Nhật Bản ».Đây không phải là lần đầu tiên Nhật Bản cho thấy nỗi bất an về quan hệ hợp tác Nga - Trung. Trang South China Morning Post ngày 27/11/2023 trích dẫn một báo cáo an ninh của Viện Nghiên cứu Quốc Phòng (NIDS), một tổ chức tư vấn trực thuộc bộ Quốc Phòng Nhật Bản, cho thấy một trong những nỗi lo sợ lớn nhất của Tokyo là hai cường quốc này thực sự trở thành đồng minh quân sự.Dưới thời thủ tướng Shinzo Abe (2012-2020), Nhật Bản đã nỗ lực thiết lập một chính sách đối ngoại hòa dịu với Nga. Cố thủ tướng Abe đã có gần 30 cuộc gặp với tổng thống Vladimir Putin nhằm gầy dựng một mối quan hệ tin cậy, một mặt là để giải quyết các tranh chấp chủ quyền trên quần đảo Kuril, dưới sự kiểm soát của Nga từ năm 1945.Vùng « Lãnh thổ phương bắc » này, theo cách gọi của Nhật Bản, có một vị trí chiến lược, nằm ở phía bắc đảo Hokkaido và là chốt chặn cửa biển Okhotsk. Nhưng nỗ lực này của ông Abe chẳng mang lại kết quả : Nga không những không nhượng một tấc đất lãnh thổ nào mà còn tăng cường sự hiện diện quân sự trên quần đảo, bố trí 3500 binh lính và nhất là lắp đặt các hệ thống tên lửa địa đối không S-300 vào cuối năm 2020.Mặt khác, theo phân tích của nhà địa chính trị học Céline Pajon, Viện Quan hệ Quốc tế Pháp (IFRI) trên báo Libération ngày 25/03/2022, ông Abe còn nhắm đến mục tiêu chiến lược xa hơn. Khi tìm cách xích lại gần Putin, thủ tướng Nhật Bản hy vọng tránh để Nga rơi vào quỹ đạo Trung Quốc, hay chí ít là ngăn chặn việc hình thành một mặt trận Nga - Trung chống Nhật Bản trong các vấn đề lãnh thổ và lịch sử.Một lần nữa ông Abe lại gặp thất bại. Matxcơva lệ thuộc ngày càng nhiều vào Bắc Kinh về kinh tế và hai bên có những cam kết hợp tác quân sự chưa từng có. Quân đội Nga và Trung Quốc tiến hành nhiều cuộc tập trận quy mô lớn tại vùng Viễn Đông, tổ chức các cuộc tuần tra chung xung quanh Nhật Bản, khiến Tokyo phải lo lắng.Trước nguy cơ phải đối mặt với cùng lúc hai cường quốc hạt nhân Nga – Trung trong các vấn đề tranh chấp lãnh thổ, và thậm chí có thể có bên thứ ba là Bắc Triều Tiên, tháng 12/2022, chính phủ của thủ tướng Fumio Kishida công bố ba tài liệu chiến lược quan trọng : Chiến lược An ninh Quốc gia (NSS), Chiến lược Phòng thủ Quốc gia (NDS) và Chương trình Tăng cường Phòng thủ (DBP).Theo nhiều nhà quan sát tại Pháp, cuộc chiến xâm lược Ukraina do Nga phát động đã có những tác động đáng kể đến việc vạch ra chiến lược an ninh cho Nhật Bản. Tài liệu NSS đánh giá Trung Quốc như là một « thách thức chiến lược chưa từng có » và xem Bắc Triều Tiên là một « mối đe dọa nghiêm trọng hơn và sắp xảy ra ». Nhưng, nước Nga, không giống như trong phiên bản NSS năm 2013, cùng sự phối hợp chiến lược của Matxcơva với Bắc Kinh, giờ được xác định là « mối quan tâm sâu sắc về an ninh ».AUKUS: Giải pháp để thoát gọng kềm Nga – Trung ?Nhật Bản còn thông báo tăng đáng kể ngân sách quốc phòng với mục tiêu từ đây đến năm 2027 đạt mức chi tiêu quân sự 2% GDP như các nước thành viên Liên minh Quân sự Bắc Đại Tây Dương NATO. Đáng chú ý là lần đầu tiên Nhật Bản cho biết tham vọng sở hữu năng lực phản công, để nước này thực hiện các cuộc tấn công trả đũa nhằm vào lãnh thổ đối thủ.Giáo sư Tsuyoshi Goroku, ngành Quan hệ Quốc tế và Kinh tế, trường đại học Nishogakusha, trong cuộc trả lời phỏng vấn dành riêng cho Quỹ Nghiên cứu Chiến lược (FRS) của Pháp hồi tháng 3/2024, lưu ý bước tiến lịch sử này, « không phải là một sự đảo ngược đột ngột các nguyên tắc chính sách quốc phòng truyền thống của đất nước. Đúng hơn đó là một sự thừa nhận của Tokyo về môi trường an ninh ngày càng xấu đi của Nhật Bản. Điều này là kết quả của một loạt những thay đổi tăng dần trong suốt hai thập niên qua. Tuy nhiên, việc Nga vô cớ xâm lược Ukraina là một lời cảnh báo cho Nhật Bản, củng cố những đánh giá ảm đạm và thúc đẩy hơn nữa những thay đổi này ».Vị giáo sư Nhật Bản thừa nhận đất nước ông đã hưởng được một nền an ninh và sự thịnh vượng trong khuôn khổ trật tự quốc tế dựa trên các luật lệ. Nhưng việc Nga và Trung Quốc có tham vọng thay đổi trật tự đó khiến Nhật Bản cảm thấy bất an. Trong suốt hai năm qua, thủ tướng Fumio Kishida nhiều lần cảnh báo « Ukraina hôm nay rất có thể sẽ là Đông Á ngày mai » và « an ninh của châu Âu và vùng Ấn Độ - Thái Bình Dương là không thể tách rời ».Và cảm giác bất an này dường như được đông đảo công luận Nhật Bản chia sẻ. Giáo sư Tsuyoshi Goroku giải thích :« Sau cuộc xâm lược của Nga, một số cuộc thăm dò dư luận cho thấy công chúng Nhật Bản ngày càng lo sợ an ninh của Nhật Bản đang bị đe dọa. Ngoài ra, một cuộc khảo sát do tờ Nikkei thực hiện vào tháng 3 năm 2022 cho thấy 77% số người được hỏi "lo ngại" nếu cộng đồng quốc tế không ngăn chặn được cuộc xâm lược của Nga và việc thay đổi biên giới, điều này sẽ dẫn đến việc Trung Quốc sử dụng vũ lực chống Đài Loan. Liệu cuộc xâm lược của Nga và thành công có thể của cuộc chiến này có khuyến khích Trung Quốc sử dụng vũ lực hay không, đó vẫn còn là vấn đề tranh luận, nhưng công chúng Nhật Bản đã thể hiện rõ những lo ngại này. »Trong hai ngày 16 - 17/05/2024, tổng thống Nga Vladimir Putin đã đến thăm Bắc Kinh gặp chủ tịch Trung Quốc Tập Cận Bình, cuộc gặp lần thứ 43 kể từ khi ông Tập Cận Bình lên cầm quyền năm 2012. Trong chuyến thăm này, tổng thống Nga đã đến thăm Harbin, nơi có Viện Công nghệ Quân sự Trung Quốc. Một chuyến thăm mang tính biểu tượng cao, một tín hiệu mạnh mẽ gởi đến Nhật Bản và các nước phương Tây : Nga và Trung Quốc đang thắt chặt quan hệ hợp tác, kể cả về công nghiệp vũ khí.Trong bối cảnh này, Nhật Bản quan ngại về các hoạt động quân sự của Nga và sự phối hợp chiến lược của Nga với Trung Quốc trong vùng Ấn Độ - Thái Bình Dương. Chiến tranh Ukraina kéo dài, Bắc Triều Tiên có thể sẽ can dự với việc cung cấp tên lửa và đạn dược cho Nga. Mối quan hệ hợp tác quân sự Matxcơva – Bình Nhưỡng càng làm cho môi trường an ninh Nhật Bản thêm phần u ám.Đối diện với những mối đe dọa an ninh chưa từng có này, thủ tướng Fumio Kishida đã gia tăng các hoạt động ngoại giao, thiết lập các mối quan hệ chiến lược với nhiều nước từ châu Á đến châu Âu, từ việc mở rộng quan hệ đối tác với NATO, cho đến việc để ngỏ khả năng tham gia liên minh quân sự AUKUS, hiện quy tụ ba nước Anh, Mỹ và Úc. Về điểm này, nhà địa chính trị học Valerie Niquet nhận định :« Ưu điểm lớn của AUKUS so với các đối tác khác: đây là một liên minh Anglo-Saxon và do vậy sẽ không làm Washington tức giận, vì Úc và Anh là những đồng minh rất thân thiết của Mỹ và Nhật Bản đã ký kết những thỏa thuận hợp tác trao đổi, chẳng hạn như tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho các cuộc tập trận chung với cả Úc và Anh.Hơn nữa, chúng ta không thể quên một thực tế là việc tham gia một phần vào liên minh AUKUS, không liên quan đến khía cạnh hạt nhân, mà có lẽ là trụ cột đầu tiên như người ta nói về hợp tác công nghệ đối với Nhật Bản, cũng có yếu tố uy tín theo nghĩa Nhật Bản trở lại với trường quốc tế với tư cách là một tác nhân chính, cả trong lĩnh vực công nghiệp quân sự, điều vẫn chưa có trên phương diện xuất khẩu vũ khí ».

First-time guest and recent DU Canada postdoctoral researcher, Dr. Sarah Gutowsky, joins Dr. Mike Brasher for a trip around the world studying birds, leading polar expeditions, and an immersive life in science and conservation. Having visited some of Earth's most remote and inaccessible locations, including Midway Atoll in the North Pacific, Wrangel Island in the Chukchi Sea, the Kuril Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk, Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic, Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, and the New Zealand sub-Antarctic Islands, Sarah brings a view of the wonder and expansiveness of our planet that few possess. What advice does she have for others seeking a similar career, what was it like to meet “Wisdom,” the oldest known wild bird on Earth, was being seasick for 2 consecutive weeks worth the payoff, and what did we learn from her recent research on common eiders and harlequin ducks? See for yourself why we've dubbed Sarah our “ornithological badass.”www.ducks.org/DUPodcast

Today the lads caught up with Spencer Frost - A film director whos new film 'Corners of the Earth - Kamchatka' is out in a few days time & it looks EPIC! "Follow filmmakers Spencer Frost and Guy Williment and surfers Letty Mortenson and Fraser Dovell as they journey to Kamchatka in the far east of Russia in search of new waves along the frozen, unexplored coastline. Bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk with more than 150 volcanoes (29 active) the Kamchatka Peninsula in Far Eastern Russia is as remote as it is unique. After two years of planning the trip was almost over before it started. An hour before boarding their flight to Moscow, Russia invaded Ukraine. At a time when the world was seeing the worst of human nature, these guys flew behind the iron curtain and found, to their surprise the best of it. Mi-8 helicopters, skidoos, frozen campsites, and frozen bank accounts, this surf trip quickly became far more than anyone could imagine".See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

We've joined forces with SEN to bring you All Talk, an interview series where we chat with a different sporting legend each week. This week we're joined by filmmakers Guy Williment & Spencer Frost, the creators behind The Corners Of The Earth - Kamchatka. Joined by surfers Letty Mortenson and Fraser Dovell, they journeyed to Kamchatka in the far east of Russia in search of new waves along the frozen, unexplored coastline. Bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk with more than 150 volcanoes (29 active) the Kamchatka Peninsula in Far Eastern Russia is as remote as it is unique. After two years of planning the trip was almost over before it started, an hour before boarding their flight to Moscow, Russia invaded Ukraine. Follow The Corners Of The Earth on Instagram here: https://www.instagram.com/the.corners.of.the.earth/ Book tickets to see it, or purchase the book here: https://www.cornersoftheearth.com.au/ Listen to All Talk with Hello Sport live on SEN Tuesday nights at 8pm, replayed on Sundays at midday. 00:00 - Planing The Trip 28:03 - Travelling While Russia Invaded Ukraine 45:20 - Making The Doco 1:19:40 - Touring

Five of the six former staff members are charged with assault for repeatedly abusing residents at a support facility for the disabled in Nishi-okobe village on the Sea of Okhotsk side of the country. Six former employees of ‘Seiryu no Sato', a support facility for persons with disabilities in Nishi-okobe village, were sent to prosecution on suspicion of assault for repeatedly abusing residents last year, including unnecessarily pressing down on them. The Monbetsu District Public Prosecutor's Office summarily charged five of them with assault on 29 March. On the other hand, one former employee was not prosecuted. The prosecutor's office has not revealed the detailed reasons for the indictment. Episode Notes: https://barrierfreejapan.com/2023/03/29/five-former-staff-members-of-hokkaido-support-facility-for-people-with-disabilities-charged-with-assault/

THE THESIS: We are allowing the corrupted bosses of The Party to attack military unit cohesion with the lies of Critical Theory. The military culture of serving rather than being served, of defending the least of these, that has made ours the most awesome fighting force in history is at risk of being dismantled and, with it, our ability to defend our own Nation, let alone other countries.  THE SCRIPTURE & SCRIPTURAL RESOURCES:  The Chinese Communist Party cannot be described without noting their distortion of what is good: Isaiah 5: 20-21 Woe to those who call evil good     and good evil, who put darkness for light     and light for darkness, who put bitter for sweet     and sweet for bitter. 21 Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes     and clever in their own sight. 2 Timothy 3:1-5 3 But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days. 2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, 3 without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, 4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God— 5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with such people. THE NEWS & COMMENT: Advanced Operation Concepts, Mike's company https://adopcon.com/who-we-are  While the US Military is forced to focus on helping men who want to be women have taxpayer funded wrong sex hormone and genital disfiguring surgeres, the use of wrong-sex pronouns, studying the made-up syndrome of “white rage” and trying to cover-up the soldiers, sailors and fliers the military killed or maimied with the mRNA dikats, there is a coalition of nations--with China and Russia at the top--practicing World War III tactics.  "Vostok 2022: the Military Convergence of Eurasia"; "Vostok 2022-demonstrated... interoperability of the military command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Fed, allies and friendly states from Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America." The Vostok 2022 drills ran from September 1 to 7. They were conducted under the command of the chief of Russia's General Staff, Valery Gerasimov, at nine training grounds in the territory of the Eastern Military District, as well as maritime and costal zones of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The purpose of the war games, as the Defense Ministry emphasized in a statement, was “to ensure military security of the Russian Federation and its allies.” “Today, soldiers and officers of 10 states are standing in a single formation, and a total of 14 countries are taking part in the exercise,” said Deputy Russian Defense Minister Colonel-General Yunus-Bek Yevkurov at the opening ceremony at the Sergeyevsky training ground in the Primorsky Region. “Tens of thousands of servicemen and thousands of units of equipment are performing combat training missions according to a single plan at nine training grounds in real time.” So what were these states? Well, participants of the maneuvers included Armenia, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Syria, Nicaragua, Laos, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, China, India and, of course, Russia.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ieri è stata la giornata in cui Pechino e Mosca hanno mandato in scena le loro esercitazioni militari congiunte nel Pacifico – incluso il Mare di Okhotsk, nell'Estremo Oriente russo (a due passi dall'isola di Hokkaidō, che è territorio giapponese) – con navi delle rispettive flotte impegnate in manovre tatti-che, compresi i tiri d'artiglieria con vere munizioni e le operazioni di sostegno con elicotteri.

Japanese prefixes for words of negation, removal, absence and obsolescence. English equivalent prefixes include Ob De Ab Im Dis. Vocalisations for Japanese sounds of negation are drawn from the source sample and used in the work. ------------------ This piece is a lament for the Ainu, indigenous people of the islands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, now identified as part of the northern Japanese archipelago. The Ainu people settled these islands several thousand years before the arrival of the Yamato Japanese. For centuries, seudo-scientific racial ideologies, which included the false belief of the superiority of the Yamato character, marked the indigenous Ainu as “sub-human primitives”, making illegal their language, culture, right to gather and hunt. Eugenicist theories justified “racial improvements” to the indigenous population, with forced sterilisation and rape of Ainu women by “pureblood” minzoku. Male and female Ainu populations were separated, with males exiled to southern Japan to work as debentured slaves. As recently as 2020 the Japanese prime minister celebrated Japan as the world's oldest monoculture, negating further what limited visibility and rights the Ainu people may have in law.* As a consequence of systematic erasure by the Japanese, the Ainu language is one of the most critically endangered. There are only two fluent speakers left on earth. endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1212 ------------------ Technical notes The piece was recorded in a single take as a live improvisation using only the source sample. Vocalisations for the Japanese sounds of negation are drawn from the source sample and used in the performance.  The work was made using Leafcutter John's Forester-2022.
 leafcutterjohn.com/forester-2022/ ------------------ *It is worth noting that until 1981 indigenous Australians were required to identify themselves on the national census as “Flora and Fauna” with no reference to their being human. Composition by Simon Kennedy.  This is part of the Obsolete Sounds project, the world's biggest collection of disappearing sounds and sounds that have become extinct – remixed and reimagined to create a brand new form of listening. Explore the whole project at https://citiesandmemory.com/obsolete-sounds

Producer/Host: Natalie Springuel Maine coastal and ocean issues: Rare Steller's sea-eagle sparks attention and imagination Since late December 2021, a rare Steller's sea eagle has been repeatedly sighted by hundreds of people on the Maine coast. This raptor is significantly bigger than our own beloved Bald Eagle. Its home range is very far away in coastal Siberia, around the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka Peninsula, down to Northern Japan and as far as the Korean Peninsula. There are reportedly only around 4000 Steller's sea-eagles on the planet, and they are listed as a vulnerable species on The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Starting back in August of 2020, birders noticed its presence in Alaska. A few months later in March of 2021, a raptor presumed to be this same eagle was sighted in Texas. And then in June multiple confirmed sightings were reported all the way east, in Québec's Gaspé Peninsula. November in the Canadian Maritimes, December was Massachusetts, and then, December 30, 2021, it landed in Maine and continued to be sighted in the Georgetown to Boothbay region until March 5th. Why has this Steller's Sea Eagle been wandering the northern hemisphere? What do we know about its ecology and conservation? And how has its presence captured the imagination of seasoned birders, coastal residents, and a growing cadre of community scientists? These are the topics for today's episode of Coastal Conversations. Guests: Doug Hitchcox, Staff Naturalist at Maine Audubon Jeff Wells, Vice President for Boreal Conservation at National Audubon Brent Pease, Ph.D. – Assistant Professor of wildlife conservation and management at Southern Illinois University About the host: Natalie Springuel has hosted Coastal Conversation's since 2015, with support from the University of Maine Sea Grant where she has served as a marine extension associate for 20 years. In 2019, Springuel received an award for Public Affairs programming from the Maine Association of Broadcasters for the Coastal Conversations show called “Portland's Working Waterfront.” Springuel is passionate about translating science, sharing stories, and offering a platform for multiple voices to weigh in on complex coastal and ocean issues. She has recently enrolled in audio production training at Maine Media Workshop to dive deeper into making great community radio. The post Coastal Conversations 3/25/22: Rare Steller's sea-eagle sparks attention and imagination first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Producer/Host: Natalie Springuel Maine coastal and ocean issues: Rare Steller's sea-eagle sparks attention and imagination Since late December 2021, a rare Steller's sea eagle has been repeatedly sighted by hundreds of people on the Maine coast. This raptor is significantly bigger than our own beloved Bald Eagle. Its home range is very far away in coastal Siberia, around the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka Peninsula, down to Northern Japan and as far as the Korean Peninsula. There are reportedly only around 4000 Steller's sea-eagles on the planet, and they are listed as a vulnerable species on The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Starting back in August of 2020, birders noticed its presence in Alaska. A few months later in March of 2021, a raptor presumed to be this same eagle was sighted in Texas. And then in June multiple confirmed sightings were reported all the way east, in Québec's Gaspé Peninsula. November in the Canadian Maritimes, December was Massachusetts, and then, December 30, 2021, it landed in Maine and continued to be sighted in the Georgetown to Boothbay region until March 5th. Why has this Steller's Sea Eagle been wandering the northern hemisphere? What do we know about its ecology and conservation? And how has its presence captured the imagination of seasoned birders, coastal residents, and a growing cadre of community scientists? These are the topics for today's episode of Coastal Conversations. Guests: Doug Hitchcox, Staff Naturalist at Maine Audubon Jeff Wells, Vice President for Boreal Conservation at National Audubon Brent Pease, Ph.D. – Assistant Professor of wildlife conservation and management at Southern Illinois University About the host: Natalie Springuel has hosted Coastal Conversation's since 2015, with support from the University of Maine Sea Grant where she has served as a marine extension associate for 20 years. In 2019, Springuel received an award for Public Affairs programming from the Maine Association of Broadcasters for the Coastal Conversations show called “Portland's Working Waterfront.” Springuel is passionate about translating science, sharing stories, and offering a platform for multiple voices to weigh in on complex coastal and ocean issues. She has recently enrolled in audio production training at Maine Media Workshop to dive deeper into making great community radio. The post Coastal Conversations 3/25/22: Rare Steller's sea-eagle sparks attention and imagination first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Flight 5220 took off “from Magadan Airport, just north of the Sea of Okhotsk in far eastern Russia” this last December.[1] Shortly after takeoff, the airplane threw its almost 200 passengers down, then up, and the plane dove, then recovered. One aviation website reports, “Picture one of those terrible C-grade Hollywood movies that show an airliner out of control, with baggage bins coming open, carry-ons floating through the cabin and oxygen masks dropping. It was that kind of awful. And

短編(Short) 北海道の冬の風物詩、ロシアのアムール川の河口付近で生まれた流氷は、海流に乗って南下し、オホーツク海沿岸で見ることができます。砕氷船クルーズ、ヘリコプターによる遊覧飛行なども楽しめます。 Drift ice, which was born near the mouth of the Amur River in Russia, a winter tradition in Hokkaido, can be seen along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk as it travels south on the ocean current. You can also enjoy icebreaker cruises and helicopter scenic flights. ※ロングバージョンのある有料版「Sound in Nature」もあります。 There is also a paid version of "Sound in Nature" which is rich in episodes and has a long version.(Apple podcast only) https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/sound-in-nature/id1569798616

Some may have supposed that Thubron had done his last Big Journey (he is now 82), but this is arguably his biggest yet, and most arduous. Indomitable, venerable, he follows this immense river from its source in remote Mongolian bogs to where it emerges in the Sea of Okhotsk in the Russian Far East. It is a complicated journey, much of it surrounded by poverty, desolation, wrecked environments, social collapse and historical contortions in spite of the natural wonders of the landscapes through which he passes. CT is always fascinating and compelling, and this introduction to a world scarcely known to the West is an astonishing feat.    We have a limited number of signed copies. Click here to order the book online, or get in touch by telephone or email to reserve a copy.    Edited by Magnus Rena    Music, in order: Orkiestra Moskva, Na sopkach Mandzurii Maxim Troshin, The Hills of Manchuria Nikolai Nazarov, Separate Exemplary Ochestra of USSR Defense Ministry, On the Hills of Manchuria Alexander Zlatovski, On the Hills of Manchuria

This week we discuss the 2015 sinking of the Russian freezer trawler Dalniy Vostok [Дальний Восток] in the Sea of Okhotsk. *Originally released 9/6/21; edited and re-uploaded 3/16/22 Sources referred to in the episode:An animated representation of the sinking of Дальний ВостокShort interview footage with one of the survivors (with English subtitles)ТАСС-English article from 4/7/15'Крушение траулера "Дальний Восток"  в Охотском море' - Александр Крылов - RIA Novosti article that was the primary Russian-language source for the episode Затонувший траулер в Охотском море погубила жадность хозяев- Komsomolskaya Pravda articleRussian trawler sinks off Kamchatka with 56 dead- BBC News 'Trawler tragedy lifts veil on illegal recruitment' - Wa Lone and Laignee Barron  - The Myanmar TimesSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/beyondthebreakers)

In this episode, we return to book reviews and discuss and review Vincent Munier's wonderful (but sadly out of print) Kamchatka. For those of you who may be unfamiliar with Kamchatka; it is located in a remote part of far eastern Russia, lying between the Sea of Okhotsk on the west and the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea on the east. It's renowned for its supervolcano, dramatic landscapes, and wild bears. If you can find a copy of Kamchatka in a second-hand book store anywhere I highly recommend you grab it at pretty much any price. Book Review Born to Ice by Paul NicklenBook Review Night of the Deer by Vincent MunierBook Review Arctic by Vincent MunierHow to Take Better PhotographsI have also added two new levels of support for the Podcast that include monthly image critiques for those of you who would like feedback on your work and one-on-one one hour mentoring sessions on Post production and Image Processing.Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoshuaHolko)

We interview Cheryl Antonucci  about her love of primates, the mountains of Ethiopia and why more women don't have a mammal list. Don't miss her encounter with some drunk gorillas. For more information visit www.mammalwatching.com/podcastHere's the YouTube trailer.Notes: Cheryl's trip reports include Panama (2016), Ecuador (2015) and the Sea of Okhotsk (2016) .For more information on Crested Rats see this paper and this one.  And this is Tyler Davis's video that Charles mentioned.There are some great photos here from the Ethiopian mountains including Bale Monkeys and Ethiopian Wolves.Here is Jon's report on seeing the gorillas in Rwanda.Cover photo - a drunk Mountain Gorilla - by Cheryl Antonucci.Watch the trailer.Dr Charles Foley is a mammalwatcher and biologist who, together with his wife Lara, spent 30 years studying elephants in Tanzania. They now run the Tanzania Conservation Research Program at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago.Jon Hall set up mammalwatching.com in 2005. Genetically Welsh, spiritually Australian, currently in New York City. He has looked for mammals in over 100 countries.Produced and edited by José G. Martínez-Fonseca mammalwatcher, photographer and wildlife biologist.

In today's episode we return to the roots of the podcast and focus our attention on conservation issues directed towards the Russian Far East, and the waterways surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. In this episode we will explore the salmonid populations of the area, Hucho taxmen in particular, and examine some successful major conservation initiatives. We are very fortunate today to be able to host Dr. Mikhail Skopets, a prominent Russian fisheries scientist and the godfather of fly fishing in Russia's Far East. Dr. Skopets was born in the Ural Mountain region in a town called Ekaterinburg, in the former USSR. From 1977 onwards he has been living in the Russian Far East, in the in the city of Khabarovsk on the shores of the Amur River. Dr. Skopets is an adventurous fisheries biologist with nearly 40 years' field experience in Russia. During his numerous expeditions he was able to find four new species, two of them belonging to new genus, including one new salmonid (a char) discovered in a meteor crater in Siberia. For Dr. Skopets catching a fish that is completely new, one that has never even been described by anyone, there simply is no better thrill. Many fly fisherman talk about the excitement of the catch, but for Dr. Skopets it is the discovery! From 1994 thru 2005 Dr Skopets worked with the Wild Salmon Center based in Oregon, USA. One of his most valuable contributions to conservation efforts over the years was his rapid scientific assessments of rivers in the Russian Far East, which laid the groundwork for future protected areas in the region. Since he left the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2007, Mikhail has been working independently as a scientist and expedition/fishing guide. He is also a photographer and writer, regularly contributing to publications such as Fly Fishing Magazine and is currently working on a new book: “Fly Fishing Russia. The Far East“. He continues to work with fly-fishermen, collaborate with sport-fishing clubs of the Russian Far East, and takes part in casting and fly-tying training programs. To learn more about Dr. Skopets, or to purchase a copy of his book, please visit: https://www.facebook.com/FlyFishingRussiaFarEast/?ref=py_c

Programa de Radio No.138 Podcast 287Transmitido el 5 de Mayo 2021 por Radio y TV. Querétaro 100.3 FM Los invitamos a escuchar el programa Del Bit a la Orquesta celebrando el quinto aniversario luctuoso de gran Maestro y pionero de la música electrónica en Japón Isao Tomita, donde les compartiremos temas musicales que a su vez han sido inspiración de diversos compositores de música de Videojuegos; no se pierdan de este programa todos los miércoles de 16 a 17 hrs., centro de México por el 100.3FM de Radio y Televisión Querétaro; en Internet https://www.rtq.mx/100-3-fm-qro/

Kaiju month is here! In honor of Godzilla VS. Kong coming out, we're doing an entire month of Kaiju, and covering some Godzilla lore in our first week! PJ is back at the reins of being Lore Daddy and guides us through one of the battles of Godzilla along with some tidbits about the franchise itself! Let us know if you want to hear more about this Era of Godzilla!

Transmitido ao vivo em 6 de out. de 2020 Neste episódio do Fly Safe, o debate sobre o voo 007 da Korean, que foi derrubado por caças soviéticos no dia 1° de setembro de 1983, sobre o mar de Okhotsk, a oeste da ilha de Sakhalin. Os 246 passageiros e 23 tripulantes morreram na queda. A União Soviética afirmou que não sabia que o Boeing 747 era civil e alegaram que a aeronave havia invadido espaço aéreo restrito. Participam da "live", os comandantes Eduardo Berenstein (NTSB), Ivan Carvalho e Rafael Santos ("Tiozão").

The Kolyma Gulag - Exposé of the Soviet Union's Most Brutal Siberian Concentration CampsTo watch this Documentary visit- https://youtu.be/YN2j07UfGaI LibertyInOurTimeThis film, based on eye witness testimony, details the most notorious gulag in Siberia - and some of its horrific crimes and atrocities. The Kolyma region (Russian: Колыма]) is located in part of the Russian Far East. It is bounded by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Sea of Okhotsk to the south. The extremely remote region gets its name from the Kolyma River and mountain range, parts of which were not discovered until 1926. The Kolyma, part inside the Arctic Circle, is characterized by frigidly cold winters lasting up to six months of the year. Permafrost and tundra cover a large part of the region. Average winter temperatures range from -19 °C to -38 °C (even lower in the interior), and average summer temperatures, from +3 °C to +16 °C. In the Stalinist era, Kolyma became the most notorious region for the Gulag labor camps. A million or more people may have died en route to the area or in the Kolyma's series of gold mining, road building, lumbering, and construction camps between 1932 and 1954. It was Kolyma's reputation that caused Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, author of The Gulag Archipelago, to characterize it as the "pole of cold and cruelty" in the Gulag system. The Mask of Sorrow monument in Magadan commemorates all those who died in the Kolyma forced-labour camps. (Source: Wikipedia)

Herring in the sea of Okhotsk only lay their eggs once the temperature of the water has reached 40 degrees. This is important news for the vulnerable Steller’s Sea Eagles who rely on the herring for... The latest in science, culture, and history from Smithsonian Channel.

Sarah Daniels writes stories from her home in rural Lincolnshire. She is a graduate of the CBC Online Novel Writing Course. Her work has appeared in Gravel, Five on the Fifth, Fictive Dream and is forthcoming in Ghostlight, The Magazine of Terror. She was selected as one of seven winning entries to be published as part of Fictive Dream's September Slam, and she was a finalist in the NYC Midnight Short Story Writing Competition 2018. You can find her on twitter @MakesNotes or on her blog at www.emergencytoast.wordpress.com. 600 Second Saga Music is provided by MADS. You can support 600 Second Saga by giving us a 5-star review on iTunes Become a Patron! Follow me on Facebook Follow me on Twitter

With the Shenandoah unable to proceed any further into the Sea of Okhotsk, the crew reluctantly abandons Siberian waters and start sailing out through the Kuril Straits, and towards the Arctic Circle. For three weeks there has been only one prize. The Officers are muttering about the captain, the mates are fighting duels (sort of) in steerage, and Captain Waddell is no doubt getting buttock clenching practice as he navigates his ship through.. Read More

With a large part of the crew recovering from the biggest (and northernmost) hangover of their lives, the Shenandoah attempts to continue its cruise in the Okhotsk sea, off the coast of Siberia. Following the shipboard breakdown in discipline due to staggeringly immense quantities of liquor they captured from the whaler Abigail last week, what more could go wrong for the officers of the Shenandoah? Well, try waking up in the middle of.. Read More

As the CSS Shenandoah prepares to steam into the Sea of Okhotsk, things are getting decidedly chilly. In three weeks of sailing and steaming the ship has gone from 100 fahrenheit temperatures (38 celsius) to a below freezing 26 (-3 Celsius). It is just lucky that Midshipman Mason has been making so many pairs of pants, although with his chilblains playing up, a pair of slippers would also come in handy for the.. Read More

The CSS Shenandoah forges ever northwards towards the sea of Okhotsk, its path taking it close to the Kuril Islands, an archipelago running between Japan and Russia. Rob and MOB examine the complicated history of these islands, whose ownership is disputed to the present day. This involves describing the unfortunate fate of the Russian Baltic fleet in 1905, who sailed almost the entire way round the world, arriving just in time to be sunk.. Read More

As the CSS Shenandoah scuds north, towards towards the Russian sea of Okhotsk (not to be confused with toddlers fashion label Oskosh Bigosh) they look in vain for a sail on the ‘China Path’, the route between San Francisco and the Orient. With not a prize in sight, Midshipman Mason wrestles with one of the most difficult parts of the sailors life – making himself a new pair of pants. 150 years later, Rob and MOB recount.. Read More

In part two of our podcast on the Russian incursions into the Kuril island chain and Japanese territories during the Edo period, we continue to look at the sailors, misfits, and adventurers of the Okhotsk sea region, as well as the history of land grabbing and politics that led to the current occupation of the Kuril island chain by Russia. Mentioned in this podcast: Golovnin, Vassilii Mikhailovich. Memoirs of a Captivity in Japan http://archive.org/details/memoirsofcaptivi01golouoft Lensen, George. Early Russo-Japanese Relations The Far Eastern Quarterly Vol. 10, No. 1 (Nov., 1950), pp. 2-37  www.jstor.org/stable/2049650 Tooke, William. View of the Russian Empire during the reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the present century (1799) http://archive.org/details/viewofrussianemp01tookuoft Wildes, Harry. Russia's Attempts to Open Japan Russian Review Vol. 5, No. 1 (Autumn, 1945) http://www.jstor.org/stable/125540 Support this podcast: Shop Amazon.com, suport the podcast: http://amzn.to/wnDX2j Samurai Archives Bookstore: http://astore.amazon.com/samurai-20 Samurai Archives Shop (T-Shirts, etc) http://www.cafepress.com/samuraiarchives Contact Us: Twitter @SamuraiArchives https://twitter.com/#!/samuraiarchives Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Samurai-Archives/104533213984 Samurai Archives podcast blog: http://www.samuraipodcast.com Samurai Archives Forum: http://www.japanhistoryforum.com

In this the third of a four part photo-journal of my recent trip to Hokkaido I talk about a two hour trip out on the Sea of Okhotsk from the Rausu port, in which I shot a beautiful sunrise and hordes of Steller's Sea Eagles. Details: https://mbp.ac/27

In this the third of a four part photo-journal of my recent trip to Hokkaido I talk about a two hour trip out on the Sea of Okhotsk from the Rausu port, in which I shot a beautiful sunrise and hordes of Steller's Sea Eagles. Details: https://mbp.ac/27