Podcasts about 14c

[While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the cla

  [While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation.* Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient.* Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack o

Learn what the elevator can teach us about our past and our future. Plus: surprising discoveries from bomb-pulse dating. Additional resources from Jason Feifer: Build for Tomorrow podcast: https://www.jasonfeifer.com/build-for-tomorrow/  Website: https://www.jasonfeifer.com/   Twitter: https://twitter.com/heyfeifer  "Bomb pulse dating" is how scientists measure the age of living cells using nuclear fallout by Briana Brownell Eveleth, R. (2013, February 19). Nuclear Bombs Made It Possible to Carbon Date Human Tissue. Smithsonian Magazine; Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nuclear-bombs-made-it-possible-to-carbon-date-human-tissue-20074710/  ‌Mohan, G. (2013, July). Nuclear fallout drops the bomb on ivory poachers. Los Angeles Times; Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/science/la-xpm-2013-jul-01-la-sci-sn-nuclear-fallout-poachers-20130630-story.html  ‌Zoppi, U., Skopec, Z., Skopec, J., Jones, G., Fink, D., Hua, Q., Jacobsen, G., Tuniz, C., & Williams, A. (2004). Forensic applications of 14C bomb-pulse dating. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 223-224, 770–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.143  ‌Eriksson, P. S., Perfilieva, E., Björk-Eriksson, T., Alborn, A.-M., Nordborg, C., Peterson, D. A., & Gage, F. H. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Medicine, 4(11), 1313–1317. https://doi.org/10.1038/3305  ‌Arnold, C. (2013, December 11). Cold War Bomb Testing Is Solving Biology’s Biggest Mysteries. Pbs.org; Nova. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/bomb-pulse/  ‌Krulwich, R. (2008, November 16). How A-Bomb Testing Changed Our Trees. NPR.org. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96750869?storyId=96750869  Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to learn something new every day withCody Gough andAshley Hamer — for free! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Carbon-14 doesn't lie. It only lasts thousands of years and yet is plentiful in fossils and diamonds claimed to be millions and billions of years old. Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams continue their discussion of Carbon-14 by adding to 14c factoids, presenting our List of Carbon-14 Everywhere It's Not Supposed to Be, and then they take neutron capture and knock it out of the ball park (specifically, out of Denver's Coors Field)! Telethon: The guys ask for help with their telethon goal of $50,000. If you can, please check out kgov.com/store or call us at 1-800-8Enyart (836-9278) to purchase our science resources, sign up for a subscription, or to make a one-time or monthly donation. And btw, we have a $750 matching offer, so you can double your gift if you'd like to be the one to match that! Thanks so much! Correction: The discoverer of carbon dating is Willard, not John, Libby. * Video Subscription: To order a monthly video subscription, just call 800-8Enyart or click here to receive our monthly: - Topical Videos - Sermon Videos - Bible Study Videos - BEL Televised Classics * 14c Factoids: - Our atmosphere has one carbon-14 atom for every one trillion carbon atoms. (one in a trillion) - 21 pounds of 14c are produced in the atmosphere every year! - Unstable radiocarbon decays with a half-life of 5,730 years. (half-life symbol = t1/2) - A solid ball of 14c the size of the Earth would all decay into nitrogen in less than a million years. - A gram of carbon has about 50 sextillion carbon atoms. (50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) - RSR co-host Fred has about 10 octillion total atoms in his body. (one octillion of carbon) - Fred, a big guy, carries around about 50 billion radiocarbon atoms! (50,000,000,000) - Fred's body experiences about 2,500 decays of 14c to nitrogen every second. (Don't tell Sandy!) - One 14c atom in a trillion carbon atoms is referred to as 100 percent modern carbon. (100 pMC) - Likewise, 100 14c atoms in a 100 trillion is referred to as 100 percent modern carbon. (100 pMC) - So 50 14c atoms in a 100 trillion carbon atoms is referred to as 50 percent modern carbon. (50 pMC) - Fifty percent modern carbon is interpreted as 5,730 years before present. (about 6,000 years BP) - The best AMS labs accurately count 14c atoms to even 0.001 of a percent modern carbon. (100th to a 1000th pMC) - Published lab measurements show processing introduces 1/10th to 3/10ths of a percent contamination. (~0.2 pMC) - So lab contamination adds one 14c atom to 250 in 500 trillion carbon atoms. (Yielding 251 of 500 trillion or 50.2 pMC.) - 14c "ages" get progressively significantly inflated as with bones from 873 AD dated to 200 years earlier.  - Pompeii, destroyed in 79 AD, was expected to give appropriate ages but gave 2400 to 5800 years BP. - Old 14c "dates" are progressively too old and there's far too much C-14 in diamonds, etc., to be contamination! See more at rsr.org/14c.

Carbon-14 doesn't lie. It only lasts thousands of years and yet is plentiful in fossils and diamonds claimed to be millions and billions of years old. Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams continue their discussion of Carbon-14 by adding to 14c factoids, presenting our List of Carbon-14 Everywhere It's Not Supposed to Be, and then they take neutron capture and knock it out of the ball park (specifically, out of Denver's Coors Field)! Telethon: The guys ask for help with their telethon goal of $50,000. If you can, please check out kgov.com/store or call us at 1-800-8Enyart (836-9278) to purchase our science resources, sign up for a subscription, or to make a one-time or monthly donation. And btw, we have a $750 matching offer, so you can double your gift if you'd like to be the one to match that! Thanks so much! Correction: The discoverer of carbon dating is Willard, not John, Libby. * Video Subscription: To order a monthly video subscription, just call 800-8Enyart or click here to receive our monthly: - Topical Videos - Sermon Videos - Bible Study Videos - BEL Televised Classics * 14c Factoids: - Our atmosphere has one carbon-14 atom for every one trillion carbon atoms. (one in a trillion) - 21 pounds of 14c are produced in the atmosphere every year! - Unstable radiocarbon decays with a half-life of 5,730 years. (half-life symbol = t1/2) - A solid ball of 14c the size of the Earth would all decay into nitrogen in less than a million years. - A gram of carbon has about 50 sextillion carbon atoms. (50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) - RSR co-host Fred has about 10 octillion total atoms in his body. (one octillion of carbon) - Fred, a big guy, carries around about 50 billion radiocarbon atoms! (50,000,000,000) - Fred's body experiences about 2,500 decays of 14c to nitrogen every second. (Don't tell Sandy!) - One 14c atom in a trillion carbon atoms is referred to as 100 percent modern carbon. (100 pMC) - Likewise, 100 14c atoms in a 100 trillion is referred to as 100 percent modern carbon. (100 pMC) - So 50 14c atoms in a 100 trillion carbon atoms is referred to as 50 percent modern carbon. (50 pMC) - Fifty percent modern carbon is interpreted as 5,730 years before present. (about 6,000 years BP) - The best AMS labs accurately count 14c atoms to even 0.001 of a percent modern carbon. (100th to a 1000th pMC) - Published lab measurements show processing introduces 1/10th to 3/10ths of a percent contamination. (~0.2 pMC) - So lab contamination adds one 14c atom to 250 in 500 trillion carbon atoms. (Yielding 251 of 500 trillion or 50.2 pMC.) - 14c "ages" get progressively significantly inflated as with bones from 873 AD dated to 200 years earlier.  - Pompeii, destroyed in 79 AD, was expected to give appropriate ages but gave 2400 to 5800 years BP. - Old 14c "dates" are progressively too old and there's far too much C-14 in diamonds, etc., to be contamination! See more at rsr.org/14c.

ಮುತ್ತಿನ ಹಾರಗಳು 14C

Don't miss the conclusion of our three-part conversation with our guest for Episode 14, D-Day Veteran Bill Parker. Part of the 116th Regiment, 29th Division, Mr. Parker landed with the first wave on Omaha Beach, D-Day, June 6, 1944. He was possibly the first Allied soldier to set foot on Omaha Beach. Although there is no way to historically verify who took the first step on Omaha Beach, Mr. Parker was definitely among the earliest men to land on that fateful day. Part of a wire-breaching team, he was the first man to step into the water when the ramp dropped on his Higgins boat. When asked why he believes he could be the first man to land on Omaha Beach, he says very candidly, ‘because there were no other people or bodies on the beach in front of us.’ As Mr. Parker and four other men (his wire breaching team) stepped off the Higgins Boat, an artillery round struck the boat, killing the remaining 33 men onboard. Mr. Parker takes us through his harrowing ordeal on Omaha Beach that day, as his team breached wire obstacles using Bangalore torpedoes, then eventually assaulted a pill box along the bluff, expending all of their ammunition as a result. Within a matter of days, Mr. Parker was promoted from private to staff sergeant, due to heavy losses sustained in his company. He led a squad through the hedgerows, conducting attack-after-attack. Following the breakout, Mr. Parker continued fighting throughout Europe, liberating town-after-town, and eventually reaching the Elbe River. He actually crossed the Elbe to retrieve one of his soldiers, and spent some time with the Russians as a result. Today, Mr. Parker resides in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he has lived for the majority of his life. Episode 14 will consist of three parts. 14A focuses on Mr. Parker’s upbringing, Army training, and travel to Europe. 14B focuses on D-Day, Normandy, and his incredible journey through Europe to the Elbe River. 14C concludes Mr. Parkers military service, then discusses his life after the military, as well as several life lessons that he details for all of us.Thank you, Shreyas Ganesh, for donating your time as sound engineer for this podcast.

Walk Among Heroes is honored to welcome Mr. Bill Parker as our guest for Episode 14. Part of the 116th Regiment, 29th Division, Mr. Parker landed with the first wave on Omaha Beach, D-Day, June 6, 1944. He was possibly the first Allied soldier to set foot on Omaha Beach. Although there is no way to historically verify who took the first step on Omaha Beach, Mr. Parker was definitely among the earliest men to land on that fateful day. Part of a wire-breaching team, he was the first man to step into the water when the ramp dropped on his Higgins boat. When asked why he believes he could be the first man to land on Omaha Beach, he says very candidly, ‘because there were no other people or bodies on the beach in front of us.’ As Mr. Parker and four other men (his wire breaching team) stepped off the Higgins Boat, an artillery round struck the boat, killing the remaining 33 men onboard. Mr. Parker takes us through his harrowing ordeal on Omaha Beach that day, as his team breached wire obstacles using Bangalore torpedoes, then eventually assaulted a pill box along the bluff, expending all of their ammunition as a result. Within a matter of days, Mr. Parker was promoted from private to staff sergeant, due to heavy losses sustained in his company. He led a squad through the hedgerows, conducting attack-after-attack. Following the breakout, Mr. Parker continued fighting throughout Europe, liberating town-after-town, and eventually reaching the Elbe River. He actually crossed the Elbe to retrieve one of his soldiers, and spent some time with the Russians as a result. Today, Mr. Parker resides in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he has lived for the majority of his life. Episode 14 will consist of three parts. 14A focuses on Mr. Parker’s upbringing, Army training, and travel to Europe. 14B focuses on D-Day, Normandy, and his incredible journey through Europe to the Elbe River. 14C concludes Mr. Parkers military service, then discusses his life after the military, as well as several life lessons that he details for all of us.Thank you, Shreyas Ganesh, for donating your time as sound engineer for this podcast.

Walk Among Heroes is honored to welcome Mr. Bill Parker as our guest for Episode 14. Part of the 116th Regiment, 29th Division, Mr. Parker landed with the first wave on Omaha Beach, D-Day, June 6, 1944. He was possibly the first Allied soldier to set foot on Omaha Beach. Although there is no way to historically verify who took the first step on Omaha Beach, Mr. Parker was definitely among the earliest men to land on that fateful day. Part of a wire-breaching team, he was the first man to step into the water when the ramp dropped on his Higgins boat. When asked why he believes he could be the first man to land on Omaha Beach, he says very candidly, ‘because there were no other people or bodies on the beach in front of us.’ As Mr. Parker and four other men (his wire breaching team) stepped off the Higgins Boat, an artillery round struck the boat, killing the remaining 33 men onboard. Mr. Parker takes us through his harrowing ordeal on Omaha Beach that day, as his team breached wire obstacles using Bangalore torpedoes, then eventually assaulted a pill box along the bluff, expending all of their ammunition as a result. Within a matter of days, Mr. Parker was promoted from private to staff sergeant, due to heavy losses sustained in his company. He led a squad through the hedgerows, conducting attack-after-attack. Following the breakout, Mr. Parker continued fighting throughout Europe, liberating town-after-town, and eventually reaching the Elbe River. He actually crossed the Elbe to retrieve one of his soldiers, and spent some time with the Russians as a result. Today, Mr. Parker resides in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he has lived for the majority of his life. Episode 14 will consist of three parts. 14A focuses on Mr. Parker’s upbringing, Army training and travel to Europe. 14B focuses on D-Day, Normandy, and his incredible journey of fighting through Europe, all the way to the Elbe River. 14C concludes Mr. Parkers military service, then discusses his life after the military, as well as several life lessons that he details for all of us. Thank you, Shreyas Ganesh, for donating your time as sound engineer for this podcast.

Guarantee of More Blessing to ComeEphesians 1:13-14 August 9, 2020 I. Introduction:A. I love things that come with a guarantee, especially if it is a lifetime guarantee.1. For example, I had a foundation crack in our house fixed many years ago andthe person who did it gave me a lifetime guarantee to fix it if it ever happenedagain. It did happen again a few years ago, I gave him a call and he cameand fixed it at no cost.2. There are all kinds of guarantees, both those that protect us from anythinghappening to what we have – those give us a sense of security and guaranteesthat promise us that there is something we will get in the future – they give usa sense of assurance and hope.3. In one sense, a down payment on a loan is a guarantee that I give to the bank.A sizable amount of money given to the bank to show my seriousness inpaying the rest! It is the first installment of more payments to come!B. This kind of guarantee are pledges! Sometimes pledges can be made with ourwords as we solemnly promise to do something, sometime pledges carry evenmore weight as you give something to someone as a way to show that you willkeep your promise!1. Bill Chibe, who works in banking and mortgages, said to me that they refer toa down payment as a person having “skin in the game!”2. Today’s passage teaches us God has given us something as a pledge, His wayto show us that He will keep all His other promises to us!3. Turn in your Bibles to Ephesians 1:13-14C. The structure of the passage is very simple1. v13 tells us what happened to us, what God did to us when we first believedthe gospel message and put our faith in Jesus Christ2. v14 tells us why this happened to us D. Before I read this passage, I am going to tell you what I believe the heart of thiswhole passage says, “The blessing of the Holy spirit guarantees more blessing tocome!”1. Repeat! You repeat with me! Now say it as if you were going to preach it!2. Read!• Let’s start by looking atII. The blessing of the Holy SpiritA. Again we see at the start of this verse that what follows took place when we putour faith in the gospel message about Jesus ChristB. What happened is we were sealed in Christ!1. We seal things all kinds of different things all the time – for instance watchme seal this envelope!2. To seal something means to close something to make it secure and tamperproof. Often back then, when they sealed something there was a symbol ofwho was doing the sealing to identify them as the owner of what was in thething sealed!3. We have been sealed in Christ with the Holy Spirita) Illustrate with envelope – Jesus, piece of paper – believer - seal – HolySpiritb) We are now enclosed in Christ, secure and tamper proof because theHoly Spirit is the seal, an indication that God owns us!C. Note at the end here it says the Holy Spirit of promise1. In the Old Testament, many promises were made about the day when HolySpirit would come and live in God’s people. We especially see that in thenew covenant in Ezekiel 36 where He says He will give them a new heart anda new spirit to live inside of that heart.2. Jesus referred to these promises in Luke 24:49 when he spoke to His disciplesabout the coming of the Holy Spirit upon them soon.D. What a gift, what a blessing the Holy Spirit is to us: He indwells us so thepresence of God is right inside of us, He is the one through whom God fills ourlives with love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, gentleness, faithfulnessand self-control. He leads us, restrains us, breaks down the work of the flesh inlives and fills us with the resurrected life of Jesus. He equips us with everything we need to do god’s will in a way that is pleasing to him. The list goes on and on.The promise of the Holy Spirit is truly a huge blessing in our lives!• So the blessing of the Holy Spirit is God’sIII. Guarantee of more blessings to come!A. Read v14aB. He is given as a pledge! We already talked about that in the intro to this message.The Holy Spirit is God’s guarantee, His first instalment, His down payment, Hispledge, and His skin in the game!C. But what is He a pledge of? Our inheritance1. Reread v14a2. In particular our future inheritance. Read 14a-c “with a view to”D. Let me remind you of three things we have already learned as we put this part ofthe verse together!1. Inheritance – we learned last week that bottom line our inheritance is made ofall of God’s blessings that He has promised to us! –a) That is why the word promise is so important in v13b) The Holy Spirit was the first of many more promises yet to come! Ourfuture promised blessings!2. Redemption –a) We learned that there are three aspects to redemption – someone is inbondage, a price is paid and the result of this is someone is deliveredfrom that bondageb) We also learned there is a past, present and future aspect to ourredemption – past – set free from the penalty of sin, present – set freefrom the power of sin, future set free from the – presence of sinc) This passage is talking about our future deliverance from the presence ofsin in our bodies and our environment3. The third thing we learned just a few minutes ago was that a seal is a sign ofownership - read v14d – that’s us!E. So as I reread these verses note that, “the blessing of the Holy Spirit guaranteesmore blessing to come!” Read v13-14a-c F. So why has God blessed us with the Holy Spirit? Why is He guaranteeing thesefuture blessings? Why is He going to bless us in the future? Why all thesepromises? Why all these blessings? Why all this inheritance?1. Read 14d and read 2:72. This is all about God’s grace, the great glory of His grace, and bringingpraise to Him because of it!3. Last week it talked about our being, our entire existence and everything weare and do being to the praise of His glory. Here it talks about us praisingGod.4. This section of spiritual blessings starts with saying the very nature of Goddemands that we bless and praise Him especially for all the spiritual blessingsHe has given us in Christ. Now He closes this section with telling us that allof this is so we will praise the glory of His grace. • So to prepare us to praise God. Let meIV. Remind us of these promised blessings the Holy Spirit guarantees for us!A. Read 1 Peter 1:3-5 1. In the future when we receive this inheritance, when we are delivered fromthe presence of sin both in our bodies and in our environment. When weexperience all of God’s future promised blessing. Listen to my summary ofwhat life will be like as I try to summarize the heart of Scripture regardingthis!2. In the eternal aspect of the kingdom in the new heaven and new eartha) There will be no more funerals graveyards, or tearful goodbyes, no moreemotional pain and depression over rejection, separation, abuse or loss.No more hospitals or cancer or deformities or diseases, no more migraineheadaches or need for painkillers and no more health insurance. Nomore food pantries or food stamps. No more sin to affect people, theirrelationships, their work or the earth. The earth will be fully productiveand beautiful.b) That means we will never again suffer persecution, mocking or conflictof beliefs or values with those who are unbelievers. Nothing shameful,vile, detestable, unpleasant will be there, no news reports telling us aboutmurders that happened in the big cities, we can walk the streets safely and without fear. No more adultery, rape or sexual abuse, no moredemonic influence through witchcraft or drugs. You can trust anythingand everything that is said. There will be no shaky deals ormisrepresentations. God will be the greatest love of everyone that isthere. No one will ever put anything or anyone above God and His willfor them. They will love Him with all their heart, all their soul, all theirmind and strength, and they will love their neighbor as themselves.B. This is what receiving the Holy Spirit guarantees for us! Let’s praise the glory ofGod’s grace!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.087791v1?rss=1 Authors: Dobrzanski, G., Lukomska, A., Zakrzewska, R., Posluszny, A., Kanigowski, D., Urban-Ciecko, J., Liguz-Lecznar, M., Kossut, M. Abstract: Learning-related plasticity in the cerebral cortex is linked to the action of disinhibitory circuits of interneurons. Pavlovian conditioning, in which stimulation of the vibrissae is used as conditioned stimulus, induces plastic enlargement of the cortical functional representation of vibrissae activated during conditioning, visualized with [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (2DG). Using layer-specific, cell-selective DREADD transductions, we examined the involvement of somatostatin- (SOM-INs) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-INs)-containing interneurons in the development of learning-related plastic changes. We injected DREADD-expressing vectors into layer IV (L4) barrels or layer II/III (L2/3) areas corresponding to activated vibrissae. The activity of interneurons was modulated during training, and 2DG maps were obtained 24 h later. In mice with L4 but not L2/3 SOM-INs suppressed during conditioning, the plastic change of whisker representation and the conditioned reaction were absent. No effect of inhibiting VIP-INs was found. We report that the activity of L4 SOM-INs is indispensable for learning-induced plastic change. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

siman 467:14C in Chelek Hey- Hilchos Pesach by Rabbi Tzvi Thaler

14C القمر تفسیر 40-33

Where and How/Mission and Values of MVCVarious Passages Feb 9, 2020Introduction:A. We saw at our 75TH anniversary that God has given MVC a firm foundation ofdiscipleship for 75 years and going forward we want to be a church that is blessedby God so we can even be a greater blessing to each other and the world aroundus!B. To do that our desire is to excel still the more as a disciple making church.1. Thus, we are now doing a series called Transform – how God changes us atour core to make us even greater disciples and a disciple making church. Sowe want to position ourselves in line with where He is working!2. We also learned that unless God builds MVC as a greater disciple makingchurch we are laboring in vain, so we want to do our due diligence anddeeply depend upon God!• So what are some of the things that need to change at MVC for us to be an even moreeffective disciple making church to be a greater blessing to each other and the worldbeyond these walls? Let’s start withI. MVC MissionA. Our Mission over the last number of years has been bringing people to Jesus andbecoming more like Jesus! We want to tighten that up a bit after we did a wholeseries on discipleship a year ago and learned that a disciple is simply someonewho follows Jesus and impacts others.1. We saw that from the great commission, the meaning of the word discipleand what Jesus called his disciples to, “follow me and I will make you fishersof men” –2. Following Jesus, impacting others is exactly what a disciple is and does!B. So our mission going forward is simply: following Jesus, impacting others!1. This is what we want to excel in still the more.2. Repeat!C. Let me expand just a little what that looks like – First, following Jesus1. To equip believers to be passionate followers of Jesus committed to growingin Christlikeness,2. The Great Commandment tells us to love the Lord with all our hearts andRomans 8:29 tells us that God’s goal in our lives is to conform us into theimage of Christ. We learned just last week that God is transforming us intothe image of His glory, from one degree of glory to the nextD. Impacting others1. To raise up the next generation of disciples!a) God’s Word repeatedly calls us to raise up the next generation but alsofor us to thrive as a church for the next 75 years it is essential that weraise up the generations after us2. To radically impact our communities through the hope of the gospel, one lifeat a time, one step at a time.a) That fulfills our call to make disciples of all nations and brings it downto a very practical level for each one of us to impact those around us.• So with a tighten target of where Jesus wants MVC to go, we need to adjust somekey principles and practices to get us there. These would be …II. MVC ValuesA. Mission driven - mission is why we exist1. We believe that we carry the hope of Jesus to the world. We have beenplaced in our church and community for the sake of others. When each of usplays our part families are strengthened, believers grow, the hurting arehealed, the lost are found, and our community is blessed.2. We just spent a lot of time on the mission, our destination of following Jesusand impacting others. What we mean by mission driven is what ultimatelyleads us in our decisions is our mission and becomes the focus of our work.What we align our work and ministries around is the mission. What we wantto be intentional and strategic about is the mission Jesus gave us!B. Grace+truth - Grace+truth is our context.1. We believe we all need grace and truth. How God meets us in our brokennessis how we engage one another in our current culture.2. We learned in the book of Revelation that Jesus wants His churches to bechurches of both grace and truth3. We learning in our Christmas series that right at the heart of the glory ofJesus is grace and truth John 1:14C. Future focused - the next generation is our sight.1. We believe our legacy is to raise a generation that knows and loves Jesus. Weleverage our opportunities to help the emerging generation find their place inGod’s story.2. While we have a special focus on young families, we all have a generationthat is younger than us both spiritually and age wise. There is someonewhom each one of us can take what we learned in our stage of life or spiritualgrowth and pass onto someone who is coming up behind you.a) We are not just talking about 70 year olds working with 15 year oldseven though if God leads that way all the betterb) There are people in their 70’s who know people in their 50’s and 60’swhom they can help prepare and equip for the next stage of life. Peoplein their 20’s that can help teens. We have every age between, above andyounger than those ages that can focus on their next generationc) There are also mature believers in Christ that can help a new believer inChrist grow their roots in Jesus and there are new believers in Christ whocan help a lost person find Jesus.d) The point is that we all have someone age wise or spiritually that we canhelp prepare for the next stage of life or growth in Christ.D. Together strong - together is our vehicle.1. We believe we are better together. We are committed to connecting inauthentic community where discipleship takes place, burdens are carried andeach is spurred on in our next steps with Jesus.2. None of us grows in isolation we need others to sharpen us and us sharpenthem.3. Even Jesus sent out His disciples in twos when He sent them out to doministry and the great apostle Paul went in teams.4. We need to live and grow and serve together in the family of God andindependently or in isolation. We have been designed by God to live anddepend upon community. To do otherwise you do it to your own hurtEphesians 4:15-16E. World changers - transformation is our destination.1. We believe our world is changed one life at a time. Every life matters. Everymoment is an opportunity. We are sent ones (missionaries) bringing the love,life and truth of Jesus to our community.2. We saw the reality of this in the video by Ron Hutchcraft on our 75th when asa child he came to the children’s programs at this church and was saved.Ron has literally touched thousands upon thousands of lives since thenthrough Youth for Christ, businessmen’s ministry and now his ministry toNative Americans here in the United States, not to mention his radiobroadcast, which many of us have heard.3. Every life matters, whether a child or a senior, every moment is anopportunity to minister to someone whether at church or work, school, homeor play4. Every one of us is a missionary/pastor not just the paid professionals atchurch. Ephesians 4:11-125. So when everyone of us at MVC sees ourselves as God’s evangelists andmissionaries, in our home, school, work and play places with every personwe engage. Seeing every interaction as an opportunity for a conversation oract of kindness to continually prepare the soil of their hearts. When someonecomes to Christ we have no idea of how God changes their life and theirworld – everyone they touch and every place they go.6. We truly can change the world by changing one person’s world, one life at atime, one step at a time and leave the results to God as He takes it from thereto further His work.III. ConclusionA. Turn to Read Matthew 4:18-22B. Following Jesus to be someone who impacts others means we need to leave whatwe are currently pursuing to follow Jesus. It is an individual decision that eachone of us must make. Bottom line it is a matter of priorities. Will we seek Godand His kingdom first or will others lesser things keep us from that?1. The disciples were fishermen who left their jobs, their families, theirbusinesses, and their possessions, literally everything to follow Jesus.2. What do you need to leave to follow Jesus?C. That decision of just 12 men forever changed their lives and history. What doyou think God would do through a church of 500 people who said we are leavingeverything to follow Him?D. This morning I want to let you talk to Jesus about what you heard!1. Some may be ready today to say Jesus I’m all in! Today I am giving up__________ to follow you with all my heart.2. Others have lesser things than Jesus controlling your heart, you want tofollow Jesus but these things have a strong hold on you. Would you presentyour entire life to Jesus and give him the freedom and right to break the holdthese things have on you and to make you a wholehearted follower of Jesus.E. As you meet with Jesus, consider this picture and ask yourself what is your teddybear?

Witness is who we are, testify is what we doJohn 1:6-8 December 15, 2019I. Introduction:A. Announce Christmas offeringB. How many of you ever had to answer this question before? “Do you swear to tellthe truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?”1. If you did that means you were a witness – you were someone who hadfirsthand, direct, personal knowledge about someone or something.2. What you did is give a testimony – that is the statement you made regardingwhat you were personally aware of in order to provide evidence.C. Last week we learned that Jesus is God’s perfect message to the world, God’slight to this spiritually dark world. The world did not understand Him or what Hewas trying to communicate to us about God and His ways.1. That introduced the section we are dealing with this Christmas in John 1:1-182. Please turn in your Bibles now – and share with someone who may not haveone.D. This week the subject changes from the Jesus, God’s perfect light or message thatshined into this dark world, to that of a witness. A man named John who was sentfrom God for the very purpose to be a witness of Jesus Christ!E. Before I read this section let me show you the simple structure of the key versewe will be looking at, v7.1. Who he was – a witness,2. What he did - testified,3. Why he did it – that I want you to watch for and see if you can figure it out aswe read.4. Read v1-8F. Before we jump into this passage, let me remind you that John was sent by Godthe Father for the purpose of being a witness of Jesus Christ, the light. Every oneof us here this morning, that is a believer, have been sent by Jesus Christ for thesame purpose of being a witness of Jesus Christ, the light.1. Acts 1:82. 1 Peter 2:9• So what we learn about John this morning has special relevance to us because it isalso true of you and me! I just want to focus on v7 this morning as we look at thewho, the what and the why of John and you and me! Let’s start by looking at the whoand the what together because they go hand in hand!II. Who we are, and what we do!A. A witness is who we are as believers in Jesus Christ and testifying is what we do!Reread v7a-bB. Let me unpack that line (a witness is who we are; testify is what we do) for just amoment as it is crucial for our lives and ministries.1. The word witness and testify are the exact same word in the Greek, exceptone is a noun and the other is a verb!2. A noun identifies who we are – it tells us something about ourselves, ouridentity; it is the distinguishing characteristic that makes who we are distinctfrom others!3. A verb tells us what we do – the activities we engage in.4. Just like a surgeon does surgeries and a runner runs, so a witness testifies!C. Who we are and what we do are intimately connected to one another and oneflows out of the other. Let me illustrate thatD. 1. We had our grandson Jonny, who is three, over this week and he was going tohave a baby sister just a day or two from then. He made it very clear to me thathe was not a baby but a big boy!a) Not long after that Jonny began some behavior that was not fitting for abig boy so I reminded him he was not a baby but a big boy and what bigboys do. Instantly his behavior switched to fit his identity as a big boyrather than behavior that fit a baby.2. When we recognize who we are that identity controls our behavior as ourbehavior flows out of who we see ourselves to be!E. So what is a witness? A witness, who we are, is someone who has personal anddirect knowledge about something who provides evidence in a case. The witnessis the person, the testimony is what we do - makes a statement about what theypersonally know or have seen and that statement becomes evidence in a case.1. A witness swears to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truthbecause their job is not to add anything to what they know, or subtractanything from it. Their job is not to give their opinions or speculate on thefacts.2. Their job is to tell the truth about what they personally know!3. Our job is to tell other the truth about what we know about Jesus and haveexperienced of Him. That can come from what we know of Him from theBible or what we have seen Him do for us in our personal lives!F. John was sent by God to be a witness, that is who he is, a person who had directknowledge about Jesus, and he testified about Jesus, that is where he told peoplewhat he knew about Jesus! A couple examples:1. John 1:19-23 – A “voice” that is a witness2. John 1:29-34G. So God created us or better said recreated us, caused us to be born again as newcreatures who are witnesses or a synonym to that is ambassadors,1. We see who we are issuing into what we do in 2 Corinthians 5:17-21a) v17 new creaturesb) v 18 – he gave us something to do – ministry of reconciliationc) v19 – explains this ministry – Jesus did the work of reconciliation andwe spread the wordd) v20 – therefore – in light of all of this – this is who we are“ambassadors”(1) we are God’s official representatives in this world(2) as if God Himself were speaking through us passionately callingpeople to come to Christe) v21 – the message• So John was sent by God to be a witness, telling other people what he knew aboutJesus. Next he tells us why witnessing is so important in God’s kingdom. Let’s lookback at the end of v7 and …III. Why we witnessA. Read v7 again.1. Yes, it is a big deal to be a witness because it is through witnesses tellingpeople what they know about Jesus that people come to believe in Jesus!2. God has chosen us to be His agents, His ambassadors, His instrument, Hismeans, His witnesses to tell others about the light so that they can believethrough what we testify to them, about what we know directly from ourexperiences and the Bible, about Jesus.B. We have been entrusted with the most powerful and life changing message in theworld. – The gospel of Jesus Christ.a) Read 1 Corinthians 1:18• So what do we do with this recognition that we are witnesses who testify of what weknow of Jesus so others can be savedIV. Final ExhortA. Ron Hutchcraft years ago taught us here at MVC the three open prayer that whenit becomes part of our prayer life as witnesses it will get us right in the middle ofthe mix of eternal and kingdom activity.1. It has been amazing how when I pray this way God has done exciting thingsin light of it.2. Maybe even more amazing is the question why I do not pray like this everyday!B. Three open prayer1. Open door – Colossians 4:2-32. Open mouth – Ephesians 6:193. Open heart – Acts 16:14C. Are you ready when God opens that door?1. Are you ready to talk about what you personally know or have experiencedwith Jesus, especially how you came into a relationship with Him?a) That would be time well spent to think that through for the sake of othersand the glory of God!2. Are you ready to tell someone how they can come into a relationship withJesus Christ – the gospel?a) A few helps to have on hand in wallet; purse whatever to make thateasier.b) Gospel tractc) Seed card – man at Costco this week – I was not readyD. Pray three open prayer – Gary Olson

14C الصف تفسیر 5-4

14C نوح لفظی ترجمہ، تفسیر 3-1

14C نوح تفسیر 28-13

Listen as Jay Scott talks with Lance Kronberger of Freelance Outdoor Adventures about Dall Sheep Hunting in 14C vs Tok, and hunting other animals like Grizzly and Brown Bear, Mountain Goat, Moose and the summer fishing expeditions.  Other topics:  Lance gives his number one tip to new guides, gear talk, and many other stories. More on Lance Kronberger Freelance Outdoor Adventures https://freelanceoutdooradventures.com/ Sponsors of the JSO Podcast goHUNT.com/Insider Sign UP for the goHUNT INSIDER and Get a $50 goHUNT Gift Card to the goHUNT gift shop  www.goHunt.com/JayScott http://www.kuiu.com/ or http://www.kuiu.com/blog/ http://www.phoneskope.com/ Use "jayscott16" promo code to get 10% off all products  http://outdoorsmans.com/ Use "jayscott" promo code to get 10% off all Outdoorsmans Products More on host Jay Scott www.JayScottOutdoors.com Instagram @JayScottOutdoors http://gouldsturkeyhunt.com/ http://www.colburnandscottoutfitters.com/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZbc2dA3sjOzWKdSxnyuz9g https://www.facebook.com/JayScottOutdoorsPodcast/  

In this episode, we discuss style 14C, Scottish Export. Beers tasted include: Style Guidelines (18:52) Belhaven Scottish Ale (bottle) (30:56) Belhaven Scottish Ale (nitro can) (40:26) Odell 90 Shilling (50:46)

Learn more at permaculturevoices.com/133 Support the show at permaculturevoices.com/support If your listening to this show then you probably have a garden or have had one at one point and time. And for most of you gardeners summer is your primary gardening time. And for most of North America that's a good time to garden because it's relatively easy. Plants like to grow because day lengths are long and temperatures are warm.. at least for most of North America. But what if you live in a part of North America, that doesn't fall under under the previously mentioned "most" category... That's where my guest today, Market Gardener Brian Kowalski finds himself living in Newfoundland... Summer as he describes it is something like this... "May is still cold here, ground is just unfreezing, June is cool, average temp is around 4-5 Celsius (40F), but usually sunny with warm days (10-14C, 57F) but May and June night time temps are generally below 4C. July or August will be normal summer weather, 20-30 C, 85F with nights 12-15, 57F, but one them is usually pretty crappy grey foggy and damp with temperatures cool to warm. ...Septembers have usually been ok but there's a noticeable slow down of growth of course as the nights cool and the days shorten. So to answer your question, July or August. Lots of cold frames and row cover." Living in Newfound weather is one challenge for Brian. He describes the climate as like farming in the shoulder season all summer, windy generally with occasional hurricane, cloudy. Despite the challenges Brian has made a go of it and is a profitable market gardener. What he is doing is working. Given that, the goal for this to take a look at how Brian is dealing with harsh conditions to help those of you who might not have such harsh conditions. Another use of this information is to take some of the techniques that Brian has to apply in the summer and apply them to the colder parts of your season, be in the spring or fall shoulder seasons, or the winters... Listen to the ideas and techniques that he is using and think about how you can apply them to your situation even if your season and his don't match up. And when it's cold and rainy in October, just be thankful that it isn't June, and you aren't trying to garden in the summer in Newfoundland. Learn more at permaculturevoices.com/133 Support the show at permaculturevoices.com/support

In this weeks episode, we go for the strangest of the strange and oldest of the old, Göbekli Tepe. This site situated in Southern Turkey near the border with Syria and is argueably the oldest momument building by humans, around 11,000 years old. The oldest 14C date is around 9,700-9,300 calBC.

In this weeks episode, we go for the strangest of the strange and oldest of the old, Göbekli Tepe. This site situated in Southern Turkey near the border with Syria and is argueably the oldest momument building by humans, around 11,000 years old. The oldest 14C date is around 9,700-9,300 calBC.

Professor Michael Kjaer is Professor in Sports Medicine at the Institute of Sports Medicine and Centre for Healthy Ageing in Copenhagen, Denmark. He has published articles in the areas of Sports Medicine and muscle and tendon adaptation at the structural and mechanical levels as well as at the cellular and molecular level. Michael is interested in mechanisms of adaptations to muscle and tendon following exercise, disuse, disease and ageing. In this podcast on tendon and tendon pathology he gives a synthesis of seven models of tendinopathy, explains the difference between mid-tendon and insertional tendinopathy, presents his views on the healing capacity of tendons, talks about the (absence of a) link between tendinopathy and tendon rupture, and discusses the various interventions that are used in an attempt to promote tendon healing, including eccentric and concentric exercises. Links to articles: Heinemeier KM, Schjerling P, Heinemeier J, Magnusson SP, and Kjaer M. Lack of tissue renewal in human adult Achilles tendon is revealed by nuclear bomb 14C. FASEB Journal 2013;27:2074–9. http://goo.gl/MRmulq Kjaer M. Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to machanical loading. Physiol Rev 2004;84:649-8. http://goo.gl/tEiirg Magnusson SP, Langberg H, Kjaer M. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:262-8. http://goo.gl/s1dpDc

Un échantillon de 12,0 mg  de carbone provenant des fils de lin prélevés sur la chape de Saint-Louis d’Anjou produit actuellement (en 2007) en moyenne 236,87±0,60 désintégrations par jour.Données :14C / 12C dans la biosphère : 1,3.10-12, période de 14C : 5730 ans,nombre d’Avogadro : 6,02.1023.Déterminer l’âge de cette chape.L’âge de cette chape est connu par ailleurs avec grande précision (grâce au style des médaillons tissés dessus). Elle a été tissée entre 1280 et 1290.

Influence of repetitive duodenal application of activated charcoal on the elimination of the elimination of intravenously applied acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol) The influence of the repeated administration of activated charcoal on elimination of intravenously injected acetaminophen was investigated in an in-vivo model of anaesthetized rats. 40 rats were randomized and divided into four groups of 10 animals, respectively. Concentration of 14C-marked acetaminophen and its metabolites was measured in plasma, urine and small intestine irrigation samples of all animals. To measure the influence of activated charcoal on elimination of acetaminophen, the small intestine of one half of the animals (n=20) was perfused with activated charcoal dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG) (= gastrointestinal dialysis), the small intestine of the other half (n=20) was perfused just with PEG. In order to answer the question whether activated charcoal interrupts enterohepatic circulation, half of the rats treated with activated charcoal and half of the PEG-treated animals (n=10, respectively) were subject to bile duct cannulation; the externalized bile was then quantified for acetaminophen. During a testing period of 3.5 hours, in the ileal effluent of animals with physiological bile flow, we detected ca. 20% of the dose administered originally; in the animals subject to cannulation, we found about 7%. 13% of acetaminophen and metabolites were found in the externalized bile. Activated charcoal did not influence the exsorption of acetaminophen into the small intestine. Terminal half-life in blood ranged from 35-51 minutes, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P=0.152). Neither did the Area under curve (AUC) – ranging from 2.6 to 3.3 g/min./l. – show significant variation between groups (P=0.392). Concentration of acetaminophen in liver and kidney samples, which were removed post mortem, was very low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.6% of the dose originally administered. Excretion of acetaminophen into urine varied widely (31-56%), correlating with diuresis. The absence of an effect of activated charcoal on elimination of acetaminophen and metabolites may have been caused by exsorption of insufficient amounts into the intestinal lumen.

Jasmonate sind Phytohormone mit vielfältiger Wirkung in Entwicklung und Stressmanagement der Pflanzen. Über die Perzeption und Transduktion der Jasmonatsignale ist bisher kaum etwas bekannt. Unter Verwendung des synthetischen Jasmonat-Analogons 6-Azido-1-oxoindanoyl(14C)isoleucinmethylester (IndAz(14C)IleMe) als Radioligand wurde eine spezifische Bindestelle in Sojabohne (Glycine max) biochemisch charakterisiert, in der Erwartung, eine Bindestelle für Jasmonate zu beschreiben. Die IndAz(14C)IleMe-Bindung erwies sich als spezifisch, saturierbar und reversibel. Da es sich aber um eine niedrigaffine Bindestelle handelt und die Affinität verschiedener Jasmonate und synthetischer Indanoyl-Isoleucin-Konjugate nicht mit deren biologischer Aktivität in Sojabohne korreliert, dürfte es sich bei der IndAz(14C)IleMe-Bindestelle nicht um einen Jasmonatrezeptor handeln. Sowohl bei Jasmonaten als auch bei Indanoyl-Isoleucin-Konjugaten wurden Methylester gegenüber den entsprechenden freien Säuren bevorzugt gebunden. Ein Enzym, das den Liganden umsetzt, scheint nicht vorzuliegen, da die IndAz(14C)IleMe-Bindung kein pH-Optimum aufwies und keine Umsetzung des Liganden beobachtet wurde. Mit fortschreitendem Alter der Pflanze nahm die Bindungsaktivität zu. Die IndAz(14C)IleMe-Bindestelle kommt in verschiedenen höheren Pflanzenarten vor, war hauptsächlich in der Wurzel nachweisbar und wurde in der Zellwand lokalisiert. Da die Bindestelle weder mit Salzen noch mit Detergenzien extrahiert werden konnte, gegenüber Proteinase K, DTT, Periodat, Lipase, Cellulase, Hemicellulase, Pectinase und Pectolyase resistent und zu 50 % hitzestabil war, wird vermutet, dass ein in der Zellwand fest verankertes Protein vorliegt. Zu den intrazellulären Signalvermittlern von Pflanzen gehört Calcium, nicht nur im Cytosol, sondern auch im Zellkern. In transgenen Nicotiana tabacum BY-2-Zellen wurden mit Hilfe des Photoproteins Aequorin erstmals jasmonatinduzierte Änderungen der Calciumkonzentration in beiden Kompartimenten gezeigt. Auch ein Vertreter aus der Gruppe der Phytoprostane, Phytoprostan B1 Typ II, löste Calciumantworten in Cytosol und Zellkern aus. JA und OPDA induzierten unterschiedliche Calciumsignaturen, die sich jeweils aus einer cytosolischen Calciumantwort gefolgt von einem Calciumsignal im Zellkern zusammensetzten. Die Unterschiede in Form, Höhe und Kinetik der einzelnen Antworten lassen auf zwei verschiedene Signaltransduktionswege bei JA und OPDA schließen. MeJA war in beiden Kompartimenten inaktiv und demonstriert dadurch, dass MeJA nicht immer, wie häufig angenommen wird, wie JA wirkt. Durch das Isoleucin-Konjugat der JA (JA-Ile) wurde eine dritte Calciumsignatur ausgelöst, die sich von der JA-induzierten Calciumsignatur durch das Fehlen der JA-ähnlichen cytosolischen Calciumantwort unterscheidet. Dieser Befund lässt vermuten, dass die Unterscheidung von JA- und JA-Ile-Signalen möglicherweise auf Ebene des Calciums stattfindet. Eine Struktur-Aktivitätsanalyse mit Indanoyl-Isoleucin-Konjugaten bestätigte, dass die Konjugation mit Isoleucin zur Veränderung der Calciumsignatur führt. Die unkonjugierte 1-Oxoindan-4-carbonsäure (Ind) verhielt sich wie JA, das Konjugat Ind-Ile wie JA-Ile. Ferner wurde gezeigt, dass für die Induktion der Calciumantworten eine freie, negativ geladene Carboxylgruppe unerlässlich ist. Neben MeJA erwiesen sich JA-IleMe, Ind-IleMe und 3-(Nitro-methyl)-2-((Z)-pent-2-enyl)cyclopentanon als inaktiv. 6-substituierte Indanoyl-Isoleucin-Konjugate zeichnen sich durch verstärkte biologische Aktivität aus. Tatsächlich verlieh der Ethyl-Substituent dem IndEt-IleMe calciuminduzierende Aktivität im Zellkern. Bei den freien Säuren Ind-Ile und IndEt-Ile wurde aber keine Aktivitätssteigerung durch Substitution festgestellt. Die Untersuchung der Expression einiger JA-responsiver Gene zeigte, dass unter den Versuchsbedingungen, die die Induktion von Calciumantworten ermöglichten, keine jasmonatinduzierte Genexpression erfolgte. Sollten die beschriebenen Calciumsignale die Expression bestimmter Gene vermitteln, ist eine ausgewählte Gruppe von Genen zu erwarten, deren Expression eventuell einen besonderen physiologischen Zustand der Zellen erfordert.

Autoradiographic studies on myosmine toxicokinetics in rats Myosmine, a minor tobacco alkaloid was recently detected in a wide variety of nutritional plants including cereals, nuts, cocoa and dairy products. Under acidic conditions myosmine is easily nitrosated leading to pyridyloxobutylation either directly or through the formation of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). In NNN-treated rats DNA adducts releasing 4-hydroxy-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) are made responsible for tumours in oesophagus, oral and nasal cavities. Whereas the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of NNN have been studied in detail no such data have been available for myosmine. In the present study time-dependent distribution, binding and excretion of radiolabelled myosmine was investigated in pigmented and albino rats by quantitative whole-body autoradiography. One rat each was sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation six and 15 minutes as well as 1, 4 and 24 hours after intravenous injection Zusammenfassung / Summary 91 of myosmine (5-3H: 1.4 µg/kg; 8.49 MBq/kg or 2’-14C: 0.27 mg/kg; 3.74 MBq/kg). Sagittal sections of 40 µm thickness obtained after deep freezing of the rats, were exposed to image plates either before or after serial extraction with solvents and water. Additionally, sections of eyes and oesophagus of untreated rats were incubated in vitro with 2’-14C myosmine. The rats killed four and 24 hours after myosmine injection were separately housed in metabolism cages for collection of urine and faeces. High concentrations of radioactivity were present six minutes after myosmine application in Harder's gland, lacrimal, salivary and accessory genital glands, nasal cavity, liver, kidney cortex, wall of the stomach fundus as well as the melanin rich parts of the eye and skin. An accumulation of radioactivity was also seen in the contents of the stomach and bladder. A similar distribution pattern was evident after 15 minutes and one hour with stronger accu-mulation in oesophagus, medulla of kidneys and accessory genital glands. An increasing labelling was observed throughout the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. Four hours after myosmine application the labelling intensity of most organs and tissues decreased conside-rably with exception of the accessory genital glands showing an extraordinary high concen-tration of radioactivity. Additionally, the oesophagus showed more marked labelling at this time. After 24 hours nearly all of the applied labelled myosmine has eliminated from the body. However, a significant labelling was still present in melanin rich tissues and in the preputial gland. The high accumulation of radioactivity in the accessory genital glands within the first four hours after myosmine injection is a new finding which has not been reported for similar compounds such as nicotine, cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Direct determina-tion of radioactivity in the excised glands confirmed the result obtained by quantitative autoradiography. After extraction of the slices most of the radioactivity was removed from the tissues. An increased proportion of radioactivity remained in melanin rich tissues, nasal cavity, oesopha-gus, lung and liver. A distinct labelling of oesophageal mucosa as well as pigmented parts of the eyes could also be observed after in vitro incubation of slices from untreated rats. In most of the tissues, the drop of radioactivity followed a first order elimination kinetic with half lives between 0.4 hours for salivary glands and 1.2 hours for skin melanin. Within 24 hours 72 and 15 percent of the dose have been excreted in urine and faeces, respectively. The results demonstrate the suitability of saliva and hair for biomonitoring human myosmine uptake. The increased proportion of non-extractable radioactivity in the oesophagus supports our hypothesis of the possible implication of myosmine as an initiator of human oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Sulphonylurea drugs stimulate glucose transport and metabolism in muscle and fat cells in vitro. The molecular basis for the insulin-mimetic extrapancreatic effects of these oral antidiabetic therapeutic agents is unknown at present. Here we demonstrate that incubation of 3T3 adipocytes with the novel sulphonylurea, glimepiride, causes a time- and concentration-dependent release of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ecto-proteins, 5'-nucleotidase, lipoprotein lipase and a 62 kDa cyclic AMP (cAMP)-binding protein from the plasma membrane into the culture medium. The change in the localization is accompanied by conversion of the membrane-anchored amphiphilic proteins into their soluble hydrophilic versions, as judged by pulse-chase experiments and Triton X-114 partitioning, and by appearance of anti-cross-reacting determinant (CRD) immunoreactivity of the released proteins as shown by Western blotting. Metabolic labelling of cells with myo-[14C]inositol demonstrates that inositol is retained in the major portion of released lipoprotein lipase and cAMP-binding ectoprotein. The identification of inositol phosphate after deamination of these proteins with nitrous acid suggests cleavage of their GPI membrane anchor by a GPI-specific phospholipase C. However, after longer incubation with glimepiride the amount of soluble versions of the GPI-proteins lacking inositol and anti-CRD immunoreactivity increases, which may be caused by additional drug-stimulated hydrolytic events within their GPI structure or C-termini. Since insulin also stimulates membrane release of these GPI-modified proteins, and in combination with glimepiride in a synergistic manner, sulphonylurea drugs may exert their peripheral actions in adipose tissue by using (part of) the insulin postreceptor signalling cascade at the step of activation of a GPI-specific phospholipase C.

The incorporation of [14C]mevalonate and [14C]isopentenyl diphosphate into geranylgeranyl diphosphate was investigated in in vitro systems from Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) endosperm and from Avena sativa etioplasts. Mevalonate incorporation was effectively inhibited in the pumpkin system by geranylgeranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl monophosphate but less effectively by phytyl diphosphate or inorganic diphosphate. Membrane lipids, geranyllinalool, or lecithin enhanced mevalonate incorporation in the Cucurbita system. Incorporation of isopentenyl diphosphate was also enhanced by lecithin and inhibited by geranylgeranyl diphosphate in the Cucurbita system. No lipid enhancement was found in the Avena system; inhibition by GGPP required a much higher GGPP concentration than in the Cucurbita system.

The reduction of /2-14C/-geranylgeranylpyrophosphate to phytylpyrophosphosphate is shown for the first time in chloroplasts. The esterification of exogenous /2-14C/-geranylgeranylpyrophosphate with endogenous chlorophyllide and the stepwise reduction of the pigment bound geranylgeraniol to phytol was also proved for spinach chloroplasts for the first time.

Mean transit times as well as variances of the transit times through the individual phases of the cell cycle have been determined for the crypt epithelial cells of the jejunum of the mouse. To achieve this the fraction of labelled mitoses (FLM) technique has been modified by double labelling with [3H] and [14C]thymidine. Mice were given a first injection of [3H]thymidine, and 2 hr later a second injection of [14C]thymidine. This produces a narrow subpopulation of purely 3H-labelled cells at the beginning of G2-phase and a corresponding subpopulation of purely 14C-labelled cells at the beginning of the S-phase. When these two subpopulations progress through the cell cycle, one obtains FLM waves of purely 3H- and purely 14C-labelled mitoses. These waves have considerably better resolution than the conventional FLM-curves. From the temporal positions of the observed maxima the mean transit times of the cells through the individual phases of the cycle can be determined. Moreover one obtains from the width of the individual waves the variances of the transit times through the individual phases. It has been found, that the variances of the transit times through successive phases are additive. This indicates that the transit times of cells through successive phases are independently distributed. This statistical independence is an implicit assumption in most of the models applied to the analysis of FLM curves, however there had previously been no experimental support of this assumption. A further result is, that the variance of the transit time through any phase of the cycle is proportional to the mean transit time. This implies that the progress of the crypt epithelial cells is subject to an equal degree of randomness in the various phases of the cycle.

A method for the analysis of silver grain content in both single and double label autoradiographs is presented. The total grain area is calculated by counting the number of pixels at which the recorded light intensity in transmission dark field illumination exceeds a selected threshold. The calibration tests included autoradiographs with low (3H- thymidin) and high (3H-desoxyuridin) silver grain density. The results are proportional to the customary visual grain count. For the range of visibly countable grain densities in single labeled specimens, the correlation coefficient between the computed values and the visual grain counts is better than 0.96. In the first emulsion of the two emulsion layer autoradiographs of double labeled specimens (3H-14C- thymidin) the correlation coefficient is 0.919 and 0.906. The method provides a statistical correction for the background grains not due to the isotope. The possibility to record 14C tracks by shifting the focus through the second emulsion of the double labeled specimens is also demonstrated. The reported technique is essentially independent of size, shape and density of the grains.