Podcasts about C14

Meredith for Real: the curious introvert

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 6, 2024

* Flat Earth, Diamonds, Dinosaur DNA, and more. Fred and Ryan Williams grab a mic and camera for RSR's first ever Man On The Street Interviews! See how the general public responds to questions about champs and man, C14 in Diamonds, whether or not the earth is flat or round, and more. One of Ryan's leading questions includes asking two different couples if they are ring shopping, you won't want to miss their reactions! * “Interesting Fact of the Week”. RSR begins a new weekly segment, where Fred's co-host is challenged to answer the interesting fact posed as a question. Will they be on the receiving end of a buzzer, or applause! * January is Telethon Month. Please help RSR and the Dominic Enyart Show improve their Youtube video outreach! VIDEO upload in progress, ETA today @ 4:30pm MST!

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RSR's Man On The Street at Cherry Creek Mall

Real Science Radio

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 6, 2024

* Flat Earth, Diamonds, Dinosaur DNA, and more. Fred and Ryan Williams grab a mic and camera for RSR's first ever Man On The Street Interviews! See how the general public responds to questions about champs and man, C14 in Diamonds, whether or not the earth is flat or round, and more. One of Ryan's leading questions includes asking two different couples if they are ring shopping, you won't want to miss their reactions! * “Interesting Fact of the Week”. RSR begins a new weekly segment, where Fred's co-host is challenged to answer the interesting fact posed as a question. Will they be on the receiving end of a buzzer, or applause! * January is Telethon Month. Please help RSR and the Dominic Enyart Show improve their Youtube video outreach!

Bergès Mietté: au Togo, «Il est peu probable que les élections se tiennent selon le calendrier constitutionnel»

Invité Afrique

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 24, 2023 6:28

Au Togo, le mandat des députés expire le 31 décembre, mais pour l'instant, aucune date n'est fixée pour les prochaines législatives. Va-t-on vers un report des élections ? Si oui, pourquoi ? L'analyse de Bergès Mietté, qui est chercheur associé au laboratoire pluridisciplinaire « Les Afriques dans le monde », à Sciences Po Bordeaux, dans le sud-ouest de la France. RFI : Le mandat des députés togolais expire le 31 décembre, mais on ne connait toujours pas la date des prochaines législatives. Est-ce qu'on va vers un « glissement », comme on dit au Congo ? Bergès Mietté : Effectivement, on s'interroge aujourd'hui sur la capacité du Togo à tenir cet engagement-là, avec l'organisation des élections législatives et locales à la date indiquée.Oui, parce qu'il faut le temps de faire campagne…Effectivement.Donc on ne votera pas avant le 31 décembre ? Au regard de la situation actuelle, il est peu probable que les élections se tiennent effectivement selon le calendrier constitutionnel.S'il y a glissement, ce sera une première dans l'histoire du Togo depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir de Faure Gnassingbé en 2005. Est-ce parce que le pouvoir ne veut plus d'aide étrangère pour financer les élections et est-ce parce qu'il manque d'argent ? Je pense que cette idée fait sens. J'ignore l'état réel de la trésorerie togolaise à l'heure actuelle, mais certaines sources évoquent des difficultés de trésorerie pour organiser efficacement les élections législatives et locales prévues cette fin d'année.En 2018, l'opposition avait boycotté les législatives. Cette fois-ci, l'ANC de Jean-Pierre Fabre et la DMP de Brigitte Adjamagbo-Johnson disent vouloir aller à ce scrutin, pourquoi ce changement de stratégie ? Ce qu'il faut dire, c'est que la C14, la principale coalition politique de l'opposition, avait boycotté les législatives de décembre 2018, effectivement, en raison des irrégularités constatées. Force est de constater que cet appel au boycott n'avait pas fait consensus au sein de l'opposition, puisque d'autres partis de l'opposition ont bel et bien participé à ce scrutin, c'est notamment le cas de l'UFC de Gilchrist Olympio, qui était presque en état fantomatique depuis son alliance avec le RPT (au pouvoir) en 2010. À bien des égards, la non-participation de l'ANC à ce scrutin a permis à l'UFC, qui a en partage le même bastion politique que l'ANC, de se régénérer et de renouer avec l'Assemblée nationale en tant que principal parti institutionnel de l'opposition nationale. On compte également le parti d'Agbéyomé Kodjo, l'ancien Premier ministre, le MPDD, ainsi que le parti de Gerry Taama, le Nouvel engagement togolais. Je pense que l'ANC et bien d'autres partis ont pu tirer des enseignements de ce boycott passé, c'est pour cette raison qu'ils ont décidé pour les élections législatives et locales à venir de participer activement et ont appelé leurs sympathisants à se mobiliser.Pour préparer au mieux ces législatives, l'opposition a fortement mobilisé ses partisans lors du dernier recensement de la population. C'était il y a six mois. Mais ce recensement fait polémique. Pourquoi ? L'opposition dénonce les processus en cours parce qu'il y a eu des irrégularités. Plusieurs citoyens togolais n'ont pas pu s'enrôler.Oui, beaucoup d'opposants disent que les difficultés d'enrôlement, c'était dans le sud du pays qui est, comme par hasard, le fief de l'opposition… Tout à fait. Selon l'opposition, le but, c'est que ces populations ne participent pas véritablement au processus électoral, à la différence des Togolais de la région septentrionale, par exemple, parce que, selon l'opposition, la forte participation des Togolais du Sud peut effectivement avoir des conséquences sur la primauté du parti au pouvoir. Et selon l'opposition, durant les processus d'enrôlement sur les listes électorales, tout est fait de manière à ce que certains Togolais du Sud ne puissent pas y participer.Autre sujet polémique, le découpage électoral. Pourquoi est-ce une telle pomme de discorde au Togo ? Ce qu'il faut dire, c'est que la problématique du découpage électoral est un sujet de discorde permanent dans le pays. L'opposition appelle à un découpage à partir du critère démographique, de sorte que chaque député représente exactement le même nombre de citoyens au Parlement. Il se trouve malheureusement que, depuis 1991, il existe d'énormes disparités et incohérences que l'opposition et la société civile togolaise dénoncent. Pour vous donner quelques chiffres, le Parlement togolais compte 91 députés et la région maritime – la plus peuplée, au sud du pays, avec Lomé et sa périphérie – qui abrite un peu plus de 3,5 millions d'habitants compte effectivement 25 sièges de député, autant que la région des plateaux, dont la population ne représente que le tiers de celle de la région maritime. Ce sont ces disparités-là que les partis politiques de l'opposition et la société civile dénoncent.Donc le fief de l'opposition est sous-représenté à la Chambre alors que le fief du pouvoir est sur-représenté ? Effectivement. Je pense que c'est le nœud de discorde au Togo.

france va force premier tout berg congo sud oui selon plusieurs afrique nouvel donc autre togo chambre parlement probable calendrier lom effectivement dmp rpt tiennent kodjo sciences po bordeaux au togo c14 constitutionnel togolais faure gnassingb j'ignore

Ep. 212 | Who Has the Right to Die? Decisions & Dignity

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 6, 2023 46:50

In 2016 the Canadian government passed the C14 bill, allowing some individuals to have assistance from a medical practitioner in ending their own life. Jan Ditchfield is the founder of a non-profit called Bridge C14, A Network of Peer-to-Peer Connections and Community Supports Through All Stages of Medical Assistance in Dying (AKA Maid). She is also someone with first-hand experience with how the laws (& the stigmas) impact the loved ones who decide to have a Maid death. Her mother was one of the first in her region to choose a Maid death. In this episode, we talk about fear of death, judgment, how the Maid approval process works & how her organization is supporting families.If you like this episode, you'll also like episode 165: GRIEVING DURING THE HOLIDAYS: SNEAKY SYMPTOMS & FINDING JOYGuest: https://www.bridgec14.org/ | https://www.facebook.com/BridgeC14/ | https://twitter.com/bridgec14 | https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7BC4dwXZswpmzCMC2bfCGw | https://www.instagram.com/bridge.c14 Host: https://www.meredithforreal.com/ | https://www.instagram.com/meredithforreal/ | meredith@meredithforreal.com | https://www.youtube.com/meredithforreal | https://www.facebook.com/meredithforrealthecuriousintrovertSponsors: https://uwf.edu/university-advancement/departments/historic-trust/ | https://www.ensec.net/

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Bridge Bible Talk 10 - 23 - 23

Bridge Bible Talk

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 23, 2023 57:01

Host Rico Basso, Pastor Robert Baltodano, and Dr. Jason Lisle Question Timestamps: (1:00) - Discussion with Dr. Jason Lisle on Bible manuscripts and Biblical creation. Travis, SC (9:41) - Could you explain the distant starlight problem and your response to it? Email (12:49) - What kind of physics will there be in heaven? Tim, FL (15:59) - Was the original Bible corrupted by Satan? Are there any scripture fragments from before the time of Christ? Tim, NY (20:36) - Is there anything good in us that God pursues, or thinks is worth saving? John, KY (34:54) - Did God use evolution to create everything? Tim, TX (40:10) - Did Adam's age start counting at his creation or at the Fall? Carol, NY (41:41) - What resources do you have that explain that the Bible is valid to be studied and trusted? Victoria, NJ (46:58) - Who says that God's day is 24 hours? Couldn't God's day be a million years? Oswald, Facebook (51:15) - What translation do you prefer for word-for-word Bible translations? Andrew, NJ (53:10) - What do scientists claim is the answer when C14 is found in dinosaur bones? Questions? 888-712-7434 Questions@bbtlive.org

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RSR's List of Not So Old Things

LYON DEMAIN Gérald BOUCHON

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 11, 2023

-- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months, Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds? Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things! * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa. - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees: - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe. * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion."Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. * Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years? From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old", with RWU's oceanography textbook also putting it at "0.001 mm per thousand years." But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees," to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack of mutational differences in this specifically male DNA, the Y-chromosomal Adam would have lived only a few thousand years ago! (He's significantly younger than mtEve because of the genetic bottleneck of the global flood.) Yet while the Darwinian camp wrongly claimed for decades that humans were 98% genetically similar to chimps, secular scientists today, using the same type of calculation only more accurately, have unintentionally documented that chimps are about as far genetically from what makes a human being a male, as mankind itself is from sponges! Geneticists have found now that sponges are 70% the same as humans genetically, and separately, that human and chimp Y chromosomes are "horrendously" 30%

united states america god jesus christ university amazon california world lord australia google earth school science bible man washington france england space mexico energy news living phd zoom nature colorado africa chinese european writing australian philadelphia evolution japanese moon search mit dna minnesota missing alabama tennessee psalm current mars modern hawaii jewish wisconsin bbc nasa island maryland journal stage nbc natural sun stone prof birds melbourne catholic documentary speed mt chile flash millions large mass scientists abortion dvd origin decade latin genius wikipedia idaho cambridge increasing pacific conservatives thousands usa today bone rings whales wyoming consistent generations iceland uganda limited ohio state instant wired resource published decades nobel chicago cubs rapid talks national geographic protein assessing remembrance formation carbon washington state maui detail diamonds labs saturn wing lab yellowstone national park gulf bizarre copenhagen princeton university slim years old simulation grand canyon leaf chemical big bang concrete nova scotia species burial papers nbc news international association astronomy smithsonian blu exceptional secular reversal daily mail allegedly telegraph mines bacteria jurassic lizard temple university yates mayan greenlight continental groundbreaking trout screenshots royal society 2m papua new guinea botswana ng charles darwin huntsville silicon variants originalsubdomain evolutionary chadwick fossil fuels 10m fossil first world war death valley geology neanderthals jellyfish mud life on mars american journal geo nps astrophysics shrine hubble national park service astronomers helium nkjv north carolina state university northern hemisphere genome algae steve austin isaac newton public libraries sodium env mammals calendars cambridge university press missoula galapagos fossils galaxies ugc organisms mojave geographic proofs petroleum carlsbad ams diabolical bada darwinism forest service astrophysicists aig darwinian veins enlarge mount st tyrannosaurus rex new scientist humphreys geologists new evidence lincoln memorial 3c plos one helens magnetic fields galapagos islands empirical australian financial review 3f septuagint dolomites million years channel 4 tol tertiary eggshells calibrating saa ordinarily shale science news inky us forest service cambrian icm cmi usgs human genetics pnas live science creationist ginkgo google books geneticists jesus christ himself one half google reader science daily billion years canadian arctic millennia opals asiatic lathrop murdoch university spines canadian broadcasting corporation denisovan old things current biology manganese cuttlefish atheistic before christ redirectedfrom mycobacterium rsr mesozoic palouse feed 3a snr park service pope gregory how old two generations american geophysical union phil plait common era space telescope science institute spirit lake junk dna carlsbad caverns unintelligible silurian sciencealert aron ra fred williams archaeopteryx pacific northwest national laboratory john yates sedimentary ctrl f nodule 260m precambrian science department mtdna nature geoscience from creation vertebrate paleontology ny time crab nebula c14 diatoms ordovician sandia national labs physical anthropology 2fjournal eugenie scott buckyballs mitochondrial eve larval british geological survey star clusters spiral galaxies rwu box canyon adam riess walt brown bob enyart oligocene snrs planetary science letters geomagnetism mudstone jenolan caves ann gibbons real science radio allan w eckert kgov hydroplate theory

Pont Lafayette : chacun sa voie...

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 5, 2023 7:00

Le Pont Lafayette affiche une nouvelle configuration de circulation. Après de longues semaines de travaux durant l'été 2023, l'ouvrage fait désormais la part belle aux mobilités douces... En tous cas, piétons, vélos et bus peuvent désormais circuler sans se gêner... Le gros changement, c'est pour les cyclistes. Ces derniers devaient jusque-là emprunter une piste cyclable, sur le trottoir et encombrée par les candélabres. Idéal pour apprendre à slalomer. Beaucoup moins en terme d'efficacité et de confort. Le pont a fait l'objet d'un profond réaménagement malgré son âge. Julien Mazille est chargé d'opérations pour la Métropole de Lyon. Il nous explique les travaux : "Les poteaux ne sont pas très esthétiques, mais ils sont fixés au pont. Les démonter aurait été très compliqué. On a donc élargi les trottoirs et on a placé une séparation en granit dans l'alignement des candélabres..." Sur le pont Lafayette, fini les deux voies réservées aux automobilistes. Il n'en reste qu'une, dans le sens pour aller vers la rive gauche. Les voies réservées aux bus sont au centre. Ce pont est particulièrement fréquenté par les lignes C3, C13, C14, 27. Soit quotidiennement 900 bus et plus de 24 000 usagers Pour Bruno Bernard, président de la Métropole : "Cela fait 30 ans qu'on avait une piste cyclable sur le trottoir. Cyclistes et piétons se gênaient mutuellement. Il était temps de résoudre ce point noir. Il y aura toujours une place pour la voiture, tant qu'on n'aura pas suffisamment développer les transports." Le pont Lafayette est une axe stratégique, entre le 2ème, le 6ème et le 3ème arrondissement. Il suffit de rester quelques minutes côté rive gauche pour le constater. Ce réaménagement est finalement plutôt bien accueilli par le maire du 6ème, Pascal Blache... après quelques points de crispations à l'annonce du projet par les écologistes. "On voit passer sur ce pont, des centaines de vélos, en direction du 3ème, du 6ème, de Villeurbanne... Pareil pour les bus; Tous ces aménagements sont utiles pour fluidifier... C'est moins pertinent pour le pont Morand. mais les déplacements évoluent au fil du temps..." Un comptage systématique des véhicules mais aussi des piétons et des vélos a été installé dans la chaussée du pont. Pres de 10 000 voitures et encore davantage de vélos sont attendus au quotidien sur le pont Lafayette . La circulation automobile devrait chuter lorsque la rue Grenette sera réservée aux transports urbains, dans le cadre du plan d'apaisement de la presqu'île.

id ces lyon cela beaucoup lafayette pont chacun soit voie pareil morand villeurbanne c14

#139 - Douglas Vogt - Diehold Foundation - Pole Reversals - Senate Bills - DARPA and the dumb DUMBS

Grimerica Outlawed

Play Episode Listen Later May 28, 2023 59:21

Douglas Vogt joins us to chat about Bill 4488, The US Govt's acknowledgment of his Nova Pole Reversal research, the UN and the global search for underground tunnels. We get into Sun Spot Max, CIA infiltration in research like Chan Thomas - Adam and Eve, Hapgood, the JASON group, Darpa dumb DUMBS, and Govt AI analysis confirming his work. This government bill mentions "Human Extinction" 17 times! and Catastrophe many many more. In the second half we get deeper into what happens in a Pole reversal, if you survive the flood, the dust, and the Nova, what comes next - thousands of feet of snow if you are in the wrong underground location. Where IS the best place to be? We get more into CIA disinfo, why they won't just tell everyone what's going on. Who knows the depth of this or do they just know of the Carrington threats? We are swimming through an ocean of lies. How important is Philosophy? Doug gets into the C14 dating of lava around the world that shows these reversals, Navy Melting Ice experiments, trying for funding to create door to block out water and pressure, the inner core, the deadliest secret, how Piso destroyed science so so long ago.... The Diehold Foundation was created in 1997 to accomplish four major goals: 1. Fund geological expeditions to gather information on the past climate and biomass of selected regions of the earth. The period of interest is from 10,000 BP to 120,000 BP. Collect samples to be tested and C14 dated. We believe we can determine what side of the earth will be facing the sun when it novas during the next geomagnetic reversal (polar reversal). 2. Develop and expand the Theory of Multidimensional Reality and its applications. 3. Expand our finding on the Hebrew alphabet and its similarity to Quantum Computing and its programming. 4. Finish our work at the real Mount Sinai with another expedition. THE NOVA PRODUCES THE HEAT THAT PRODUCES THE ICE AGE. https://dieholdfoundation.com/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjBe55XpYzc0HzkK-8lgQtA https://vectorpub.com/ To gain access to the second half of show and our Plus feed for audio and podcast please clink the link http://www.grimericaoutlawed.ca/support. For second half of video (when applicable and audio) go to our Substack and Subscribe. https://grimericaoutlawed.substack.com/ or to our Locals https://grimericaoutlawed.locals.com/ Help support the show, because we can't do it without ya. If you value this content with 0 ads, 0 sponsorships, 0 breaks, 0 portals and links to corporate websites, please assist. Many hours of unlimited content for free. Thanks for listening!! Support the show directly: https://www.patreon.com/grimerica Our Audiobook Site: www.adultbrain.ca Our Audiobook Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@adultbrainaudiobookpublishing/videos Grimerica Media Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@grimerica/featured Darren's book www.acanadianshame.ca Check out our next trip/conference/meetup - Contact at the Cabin www.contactatthecabin.com Other affiliated shows: www.grimerica.ca The OG Grimerica Show www.Rokfin.com/Grimerica Our channel on free speech Rokfin Join the chat / hangout with a bunch of fellow Grimericans Https://t.me.grimerica https://www.guilded.gg/chat/b7af7266-771d-427f-978c-872a7962a6c2?messageId=c1e1c7cd-c6e9-4eaf-abc9-e6ec0be89ff3 Get your Magic Mushrooms delivered from: Champignon Magique Mushroom Spores, Spore Syringes, Best Spore Syringes,Grow Mushrooms Spores Lab Get Psychedelics online Leave a review on iTunes and/or Stitcher: https://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/grimerica-outlawed http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/grimerica-outlawed Sign up for our newsletter http://www.grimerica.ca/news SPAM Graham = and send him your synchronicities, feedback, strange experiences and psychedelic trip reports!! graham@grimerica.com InstaGRAM https://www.instagram.com/the_grimerica_show_podcast/ Purchase swag, with partial proceeds donated to the show www.grimerica.ca/swag Send us a postcard or letter http://www.grimerica.ca/contact/ ART - Napolean Duheme's site http://www.lostbreadcomic.com/ MUSIC Tru Northperception, Felix's Site sirfelix.bandcamp.com

foundation philosophy theory develop finish cia stitcher fund hebrew expand substack cabin torah catastrophe collect global warming pole bp locals mount sinai darpa quantum computing magic mushrooms senate bills cme carrington piso vogt reversals sunspots usgs medialies us govt dumb dumbs rokfin dumbs c14 hapgood messageid mushroom spores spam graham spore syringes best spore syringes

#88 Heiko Antoniewicz - Ist das System der dualen Kochausbildung gescheitert?

MKN Küchenschnack

Play Episode Listen Later May 25, 2023 56:51

Wir erstrahlen im neuen Glanz und präsentieren uns im neuen Look!Für so eine besondere Folge haben wir uns deshalb einen außergewöhnlichen Gast eingeladen. Herzlichen Willkommen Heiko Antoniewicz! Die neuesten Trends, alte Gerichte neu denken und alles zu Aromen und Gewürzen erfahrt ihr in Folge #88. Und übrigens? Wie gefällt euch der neue Küchenschnack Look? www.mkn.compodcast@mkn.deInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/antoniewiczheiko/?hl=deWebsite: https://antoniewicz.shop/Kochbücher: https://antoniewicz.shop/collections/kochbucherNeues Kochbuch: https://www.amazon.de/Sous-vide-Standardwerk-Grundrezepte-Antoniewicz/dp/3985410674/ref=sr_1_6?adgrpid=68557647022&hvadid=606567221240&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=9042905&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=14939385674314842658&hvtargid=kwd-300155655530&hydadcr=22_2631296&keywords=heiko+antoniewicz+sous-vide&qid=1684307154&sr=8-6Übersicht:00:15 Einleitung01:00 Nina Stiller – Photography03:30 Herzlich willkommen Heiko Antoniewicz05:30 Flavour Paring – Aromakombinationen06:10 Maispourlade mit Pastinake06:30 Schweinbauch mit 36 Monate gereiften Schwarzwurzeln08:20 Kartoffelkochwasser mit Löwenzahnkaffee11: 30 Kalt sieden. Kochen bei 60°C14:10 Zitronen Huhn15:40 Wirtschaftliche Situation nach Corona20:00 Seminare für Profis und Hobbyköche21:50 Regenerieren und Fertigprodukte23:40 Ich halte duale System für gescheitert27:20 KüchenMeister Titel35:45 Social Media & Instagram36:20 ChatGPT38:35 Was ist Umami39:45 Ein neues sous vide buch42:45 Du hast Dich weiterentwickelt44:35 10 Fragen und Antworten50:00 IKA – Olympiade der Köche Culinary Olympics52:45 Wo kann man Dich im Netz finden?54:20 Abmoderation mit der richtigen Aussprache

How Did Hazardous Nuclear Testing Help Science?

BrainStuff

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 27, 2023 8:46

Aboveground nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and '60s has exposed every living thing on Earth to harmful radiation -- but has also made dating the remains of living things much more accurate. Learn more in this episode of BrainStuff, based on this article: https://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-tests-bomb-pulse.htmSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

history earth science carbon archaeology hazardous radioactivity above ground nuclear testing c14

Los sedimentos marinos nos cuentan los climas pasados, con Isabel Cacho Lascorz #176

Actualidad y Empleo Ambiental

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 18, 2023 64:02

En este programa hacemos un doble viaje: viajamos a los fondos marinos para hacer un viaje al pasado. Viajamos hacia los sedimentos marinos para conocer como fueron los climas del pasado. Y lo hacemos de la mano de Isabel Cacho Lascorz.⭐ *// * ⭐ * * ⭐ PATROCINADO POR GEOINNOVA, PROFESIONALES DEL TERRITORIO Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE - https://geoinnova.org ⭐ *// * ⭐ * * ⭐ Isabel Cacho Lascorz (Invitado) Geóloga y doctora en Geología, especialista en la reconstrucción de la variabilidad climática a partir del análisis de sedimentos marinos. Profesora Catedrática de la Universidad de BarcelonaTwitter: https://twitter.com/@isabelcacho8 y https://twitter.com/GRCGM https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Cacho_Lascorz https://webgrec.ub.edu/webpages/000009/cat/icacho.ub.edu.html# *** TEMAS TRATADOS****No necesariamente en este ordenQué son los sedimentos marinos y como nos ayudan a estudiar el climaProcedencia de los sedimentosDatación temporal de sedimentosMarcadores de tiempo: C14, Estratigrafía isotópicaCambio Climático actualVariación corriente del Atlántico NorteVariación climática en el Mediterráneo*** SECCIÓN DE GEOINNOVA ***La sección de Geoinnova nos la trae Luis Quesada, su director.

Kosmisk stråling – Christian Skjødt Hasselstrøm & Jørgen Beck Hansen

Bloom

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 15, 2023 41:24

Den kosmiske stråling fra universet har til alle tider været et vilkår for livet på Jorden. Vi er måske ikke vant til at tænke på det, men Jordens magnetfelt og atmosfære er med til at beskytte os mod de energirige partikler, der konstant bombarderer kloden. Hvis vi i fremtiden rejser mellem stjernerne eller endda bosætter os på fjerne planeter med en svagere atmosfære, vil vi være udsat for langt større doser af disse partikler, som vores kroppe næppe ville kunne holde til. Men selvom vi er mere beskyttede på Jorden, er der stadig stråling, der slipper igennem atmosfæren og henfalder ned mod jorden – og den er også med til at forme vores liv på forskellige måder. Den kosmiske stråling skaber nemlig den radioaktive kulstofisotop C14, som alt liv indoptager fra atmosfæren, og hvis henfald gør det muligt at datere arkæologiske fund. Men det er ikke kun vores billede af fortiden, der kan ændre sig ved hjælp af den kosmiske stråling – det er måske også vores egne kroppe. For kunne den kosmiske stråling, som det er blevet foreslået, tænkes at være en væsentlig faktor til, at vores arvemateriale muterer? Til Bloom 2022 udviklede Christian Skjødt Hasselstrøm kunstværket 'µ', der indfanger den kosmiske stråling. I podcasten går han, i dialog med partikelfysiker Jørgen Beck Hansen, i dybden med værkets tilblivelse og den kosmiske strålings vilde perspektiver. Christian Skjødt Hasselstrøm er en kunstner og komponist, der arbejder i spændingsfeltet mellem lyd, installation og videnskab. I sine stedspecifikke og videnskabeligt inspirerede værker undersøger han, hvordan vi sanser vores omgivelser – ofte med afsæt i glemte teknologier. µ var en totalinstallation skabt specifikt til Bloom af kunstneren Christian Skjødt Hasselstrøm. Jørgen Beck Hansen er lektor i eksperimental subatomar fysik ved Niels Bohr Institutet på Københavns Universitet og en af landets førende eksperter i kosmisk stråling.

science men bloom hvis ling jorden universitet jordens c14 kosmisk niels bohr institutet beck hansen

Världens äldsta runsten berättar

Historia.nu

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 1, 2023 62:22

Svingerudsteinen hittades nästan slumpartat hösten 2021 i en gravplats vid Tyrifjorden nordväst om Oslo i Norge. Svingerudsteinens runor ristades så tidigt som år ett till år 250 e. Kr. Det gör den till världens äldsta runsten som vi känner till.De upp till 2 000 år gamla inskriptionerna är från den allra äldsta perioden i runskriftens gåtfulla historia. Runskriften uppstod bland germaner sannolikt utifrån det latinska alfabetet, alternativt det grekiska eller etruskiska.I detta avsnitt av podden Historia Nu samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med Kristel Zilmer, professor i runologi vid Kulturhistoriska museet i Oslo.Runor är skrivtecken som uppstod århundradena efter Kristi födelse och brukades av germaner. "Runraden" kallas futhark på grund av de sex första runornas ordningsföljd: ᚠᚢᚦᚬᚱᚴ (jämför alfabet). De äldsta runfynden härrör från det sena 100-talet e.Kr. Flera olika runrader användes för olika språk, och vissa runtecken införlivades även i varianter av det latinska alfabetet, vilket allteftersom (i Norden på 1000–1200-talet) ersatte runorna, även om spridda bruk av dessa länge levde kvar på sina håll – i Dalarna skrevs det exempelvis runor ända in på 1800-talet.Den rödbruna Svingerudsteinen är inte större än 31x32. De som ristade talade fornnordiska som är moderspråket för de nordiska språk som idag talas i Skandinavien. På stenens framsida framträder åtta runor tydligt bland andra inskriptioner. Omskrivet i bokstäver står det: idiberug. Är stenen gjord "för Idibera"? Eller var det meningen att man skulle skriva namnet "Idibergu" eller släktnamnet "Idiberung"?Stenen har flera typer av gravyrer. Vissa linjer bildar ett rutmönster, det finns små sicksackfigurer och andra intressanta saker. Alla markeringar är inte språkliga, och man kan få intrycket av att någon har imiterat, utforskat eller lekt med att skriva. Kanske höll en eller flera personer på att lära sig att hugga runor.C14-datering av de övriga gravfynden visar att stenen härstammar från en tidpunkt mellan åren 0 och 250 efter Kristus. Epoken är känd som romersk järnålder. På stenen finns en blandning av olika inskrifter, för det mesta tunna streck som påminner om klotter. Den tydligaste inskriptionen är åtta runor som bildar ordet ”idiberug”.Skrivsätten i äldre inskrifter varierade mycket, och språket förändrades mycket från det att dessa runor ristades fram till vikingatiden och medeltiden. Det är därför krävande att tolka budskapet på stenen.Bild: Svingerudsteinen hittades i en flatmarksgrav i Svingerud nordost om Oslo vid utgrävningar som genomfördes av Kulturhistorisk museum i Oslo. Daterad genom andra gravfynd bedöms den vara från år 0- 250 evt. Fotograf: Urban LindstedtMusik: Electra to the Baltic Sea av Giuseppe Rizzo, Storyblocks audio.Lyssna också på Ölands fornborgar – kultplatser och försvarsanläggningar.Klippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

acast kr eller oslo norge lyssna norden kanske kristus skandinavien vissa flera baltic sea dalarna storyblocks stenen c14 klippare kulturhistorisk urban lindstedt

A Dating Show

The Dirt Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 3, 2022 55:02

Valentine's Day is upon us, and love is in the air-- love for relative and absolute dating methods, that is! Anna brings the science with C14 dating and its gang of radiometric friends, boggles minds with flipped magnetic poles and the last time archaeological material saw the sun, and finds some hot tree-ring takes in California. Meanwhile, Amber goes on a bit of a jag about ancient imperialism, makes a lot of jokes that even she hates, embraces the nihilism of climate change, and attempts to explain the law of superposition via cake. So, the usual— but that's why you love us!Dating in Archaeology (The Canadian Encyclopedia)10 Chronometric Methods in Paleoanthropology (Handbook of Paleoanthropology, downloaded via ResearchGate)Everything Worth Knowing About ... Scientific Dating Methods (Discover)Redwood Cross-Section of Time (Roadside America) more like RUDE-side America, amirite?Explainer: what is radiocarbon dating and how does it work? (The Conversation)What is OSL? (Utah State University)K-12 Resources about Radiocarbon Dating (C14Dating.com)Research illuminates inaccuracies in radiocarbon dating (Phys.org)Radiocarbon, The Calibration Curve and Scythian Chronology (Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia, downloaded via Wayback Machine)Correlating the Ancient Maya and Modern European Calendars with High-Precision AMS 14C Dating (Scientific Reports)The bible and radiocarbon dating: Archaeology, text and science (via ResearchGate)The Iron Age Architecture at Hasanlu: An Essay (Expedition)East of Assyria? Hasanlu and the problem of Assyrianization, in Imperial Peripheries in the Neo-Assyrian Period (via Academia.edu)

america california research dating environment academia rude archaeology assyria eurasia explainer dating show phys osl paleoanthropology radiocarbon human migration c14 ancient maya

10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know - Part 3

Anchored by Truth from Crystal Sea Books - a 30 minute show exploring the grand Biblical saga of creation, fall, and redempti

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 30, 2022 30:00

Episode 175 – 10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know 3 – Facts about Facts Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. In John 14:6, Jesus said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” The goal of Anchored by Truth is to encourage everyone to grow in the Christian faith by anchoring themselves to the secure truth found in the inspired, inerrant, and infallible word of God. Script: Come now, let us reason together, says the LORD: though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall become like wool. Isaiah, chapter 1, verse 18, English Standard Version ******** VK: Hello! I’m Victoria K. Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. We’re excited to be with you today as we continue the new series we recently started on Anchored by Truth, which we are calling “10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know.” In the studio today we have RD Fierro. RD is an author and the founder of Crystal Sea Books and he is the one picking the facts we are covering in this series. RD, why did you entitle this series “10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know?” I’m sure many listeners would think that there are far more than just 10 facts that are pertinent to the Christian faith. There are surely thousands of facts that are important to a thorough understanding of Christianity. Picking 10 seems a bit counter-intuitive. After all, here on Anchored by Truth we’ve probably talked about hundreds or thousands of facts that help demonstrate that the Bible is the inspired, inerrant, and infallible word of God. RD: Well, I’d first like to start by thanking everyone for joining us here today. And you are absolutely right that there are thousands, or perhaps hundreds of thousands of facts that are relevant to the Christian faith. I have wanted to do this series for a while to highlight a couple of key points. But, not all facts are equal and that’s something I want to talk about today. One of the ways we can be confident about the truth of the Christian faith is that Christianity permits us to test it by examining its principle source – the Bible – through the lens of logic, reason, and evidence. Relevant facts are a major part of the evidence that can help us in our examination. But just as in other situations - say a court case – not all facts bear equal weight in helping settle the truth of the major claim at issue. Some facts are informative and in conjunction with others help frame how the jury may view the decision they have to make. But some facts aren’t just informative. They are dispositive. VK: One definition of the term “dispositive” that we found on “yourdictionary.com” says that dispositive means “That disposes of, or settles, a dispute, question, etc.; conclusive; decisive.” Dispositive can mean facts or evidence that are pertinent to the outcome of a legal case but in the law it quite often refers to facts or evidence that – as the definition says – settles the matter. But I think you’re going to need to give us an example of to tell us what you’re trying to get at. RD: Well, let’s say that I was accused of robbing a bank. VK: But you’re innocent, right? RD: Yes. I’m innocent. But the police were given a description of someone who roughly matches my height and weight. And they said the bank robber was wearing an old brown coat and hat and they heard from my neighbor that I have an old brown coat and hat. When the police talk to me they tell me the bank was robbed on the 13th. But I can prove that on the 13th I was in Montana giving a speech to a crowd of 500 people at the exact time the bank was being robbed. The fact that I was thousands of miles away would be dispositive in demonstrating that I was not the one who robbed the bank. Now there may be other facts that might also be equally dispositive but all I really need is one. VK: You mean that there may be other facts that are equally strong in ruling you out as a possibility for the bank job. Maybe the robber was 6 feet 8 inches tall but you’re a foot shorter. Maybe the robber had a physical deformity like a missing finger on one hand but you still have, thankfully, all of your fingers. Maybe a bank guard shot the robber and they know that your blood type doesn’t match his. In other words there might be many facts that rule you out as a suspect but you’re saying you really only need one to settle the matter. I suppose they could say you had an accomplice. RD: They could and that is a great illustration of another point that we need to talk about. All of us, every single one of us, views the world and any particular set of facts through a set of starting axioms. That’s true for Christians and it’s true for non-Christians. And therefore when we present conclusions we very rarely simply present a set of sort-of bare facts. When we talk about conclusions we have almost always applied some level of analysis to a set of facts. We have filtered facts through our set of starting axioms, hopefully applied valid logical principles, and drawn a conclusion either deductively or inductively. VK: Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the specific. Inductive reasoning goes in the opposite direction – from the specific to the general. Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations or facts, looks for patterns, and then formulates a hypothesis or conclusion based on the determination of whether a pattern exists based on those specific observations. Someone who notices that every time they eat dairy products they have some unpleasant gastric experience might come to the conclusion they are lactose intolerant. They arrived at their conclusion inductively. Conversely, if a mother told her daughter that everyone in her family is lactose intolerant the daughter might test the idea that she is lactose intolerant by exposing herself to specific dairy products and then see if she has the same problems. The daughter started with a general premise that she was likely lactose intolerant and then confirmed that premise with specific observations. The daughter reasoned deductively. RD: Yes. The point is that arriving at reasonable hypotheses or conclusions requires not just facts but also the application of valid logical processes. But we all begin that process with a set of starting axioms. So, we need to be aware of those starting axioms and we need to be sensitive to whether or not, as we evaluate facts and apply logic, whether those starting axioms are remaining valid. VK: What you’re saying is that it is possible that as we gather evidence and apply logic we may come to realize that our starting axioms are themselves in jeopardy. And, unfortunately, we have examples of people who adhere to sets of starting axioms long past the point where those axioms have remained valid. RD: Exactly. And that is particularly prevalent in the debates that swirl around the Bible and critical portions of the truth that the Bible presents. And there is no more glaring example of where some people adhere to starting axioms than when it comes to the history that is contained in the book of Genesis – which is why we started with the first two facts that we did in our “10 Facts” series. VK: The first fact that we discussed that every Christian needs to know is that science confirms that the universe and earth are thousands of years old, not millions or billions of years old. The second fact that we covered was that the complexity of life makes it impossible that life could have arisen as a result of the random collision of atoms and molecules – even if you could explain the existence of the atoms and molecules to begin with. We started with those two facts because they get to the heart of whether the opening chapters of the book of Genesis – which are the opening chapters of the Bible – is, in fact, true. RD: Yes. So, let’s take that first fact – that science provides solid evidence that the conventional idea that the universe is 14 Billion years old is untenable. So, when we did our episode on that fact, which was the first episode in this “10 Facts” series – we pointed out 3 lines of evidence that are a real problem for the conventional view on the age of the universe: the presence of soft tissue in dinosaur remnants, the faint young sun paradox, and lunar recession. VK: And anyone who would like to get a more in-depth understanding of those lines of evidence can review the podcast version of that show which is available from most podcast apps or our website, crystalseabooks.com. RD: So, in that show we cited three lines of evidence that the conventional supposed-age of the universe is wrong. But there are dozens of other lines of evidence as well such as the presence of carbon-14 in diamonds. Carbon-14 is a radioactive form of carbon and it decays very quickly. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. That means that after 5,730 years the amount of carbon-14 present would decrease by half. After 11,460 years only a quarter of the original amount would be left. After 17,190 years only an eighth and so on and so on. If the entire earth had started out as carbon-14, which it didn’t, in less than a million years there wouldn’t be enough carbon-14 left to be detectable. VK: This does not mean that the earth is a million years old. It is simply a way of putting an extreme upper limit on the age of the earth. Because we find trace amounts of carbon-14 in diamonds it means that the earth cannot be anywhere near a million years old. RD: Right. Now we know that carbon-14 can be produced by cosmic rays entering the upper levels of the earth’s atmosphere but this would not account for the presence of detectable carbon-14 in diamonds. Diamonds are essentially a closed system so there is no way carbon-14 formed in the atmosphere today could penetrate a diamond so it would be detectable within one. But scientists have detected carbon-14 in diamonds. The point is that this is yet another line of evidence that the earth is nowhere near the 4.5 Billion years old that conventional science claims it to be. The presence of detectable carbon-14 in diamonds is evidence that the earth is thousands of years old not millions or billions. The presence of detectable carbon-14 in diamonds is devastating to the whole idea of a billions of years old earth and therefore devastating to the entire evolutionary hypothesis. VK: In our last episode you said “Deep time is the root of the evolutionary weed.” Deep time is the idea that the universe is 14 Billion years old and the earth is 4.5 Billion years old. Evolution needs deep time because without it the whole idea that the random collision of unintelligent atoms and molecules could have produced life – let alone atomic physicists or molecular biologists – is ridiculous. So, what you are getting at is that the fact that science confirms that the universe and earth are thousands of years old, not millions or billions of years old is dispositive in the destruction of the evolutionary hypothesis. Without deep time evolution dies as an hypothesis even worthy of contemplation. RD: Exactly. And that’s why in this episode of Anchored by Truth I wanted to take a break from the presentation of the 10 facts themselves and ensure that we were focusing listener attention on why these facts are so important to their faith. We are not doing this so much to provide an apologetic or evangelistic tool as we are to ensure that our listeners are able to be confident in their faith. Recently, I had a conversation with a young believer – much younger than me anyway – and he told me that before his conversion the one question that he kept asking himself was how can you be sure which faith is the true one? Well, properly understood and presented Christianity can answer that question clearly and comprehensively. And it’s the only faith that can with an answer that covers all of the various disciplines by which we discern truth. VK: Your point is that Christianity, by means of the Bible, answers all of the big questions. Where did the universe come from? How did life begin? Where did man come from? Why is there pain and trouble in the world? Why can people still be hopeful in the midst of a troubled world? Why do people feel a compulsion to distinguish between right and wrong in such a way that they frame moral and ethical systems and standards by which they live and want others to live? And why does mankind have a near universal apprehension of the divine – the sense that has pervaded every culture regardless of location, time in history, or other traditions that there is a supernatural realm that lies outside our physical senses? RD: Yes. Christianity can give meaningful, intelligent, and reasonable answers to those questions. And the answers that Christianity gives are consistent with what we know about the physical order in which we live (physics, chemistry, biology, geology) and the revealed history of humanity (history, archeology, sociology), and also provides verifiable evidence of the supernatural by means of fulfilled prophecy. But to be able to give those answers intelligently Christians must have a basic awareness of how facts, evidence, and logic are applied when sorting through competing truth claims. VK: Our lives today are lived in a world where truth claims that compete with Christianity assault us on a daily basis. Supposedly science tells us that the universe started with a big bang billions of years ago and life arose randomly and chaotically by the undirected collision of inanimate particles. Supposedly human beings resulted from a lengthy series of genetic mutations that transformed carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, and other non-living chemical elements into a being that can write sonnets, invent telescopes that can study galaxies billions of light years away, grieve over their failures and yet pursue future greatness. And even for those people who are willing to acknowledge that physics and chemistry alone cannot produce biology they must contend with hundreds of claims about how the supernatural world is ordered and what supernatural beings may or may not exist. And those messages come to us through just about every show that arrives on a television or computer screen, is playing at a local theater, or is transmitted through radio waves or the internet. When you think about it, it’s enough to almost make you want to stay in bed in the morning. RD: But in the midst of all that Christians can turn to Deuteronomy 31:8 and hear God telling us “I will never leave you or forsake you.” And we can turn to the Gospel of John 16:33 Jesus tells us that “in this world we will have tribulation” but that we can remain at peace because he has overcome the world. Well, one of the biggest ways Jesus has overcome the world is because He has the truth on his side. He is, in fact, THE TRUTH. He made and sustains everything so truth is actually dependent on him and not He on the truth but that is a subject for a different day. For today, we need to focus on the fact that one of the reasons Christians can be confident that their faith is the true faith is because the Bible gives abundant evidence of being true. VK: The Bible simultaneously proclaims the truth but in its unmatched reliability, fidelity, and accuracy it contains evidence of the truth of the claims. But to be able to use that truth we must understand the relationship of facts to sorting among competing truth claims. And one of the most interesting things I have heard you point out is that when we have dispositive facts at our disposal we may have one or many, but all we really need is one. Can you explain that a bit more as it applies to our principle concern about 10 facts every Christian needs. RD: Sure. Let’s go back to the fact the General Theory of Evolution needs lots of time to even be worthy of attention. That’s why Charles Darwin’s views didn’t flourish until another Charles, Charles Lyell, popularized the idea of uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism is the idea that “the present is the key to the past.” Lyell is often called a “Scottish geologist” but his actual training and educations was as a lawyer. Before Lyell most scientists subscribed to some form of catastrophism – the premise that most of the features we see on the earth’s surface were the result of previous catastrophes such as Noah’s flood. But Lyell postulated that rather than a Biblical flood carving features such as the Grand Canyon it was actually done by slow erosion over eons. VK: And Darwin was well aware of Lyell wasn’t he? RD: Yes. Darwin had a copy of Lyell’s book, Principles of Geology, with him in the infamous voyage of the British 10-gun brig named the Beagle under the command of a Captain FitzRoy. Lyell’s idea that there were eons of time available on the earth allowed Darwin to posit that biological changes may have occurred in the same way Lyell posited that geological change had occurred – slowly and gradually. But Darwin had no idea of, for instance, the complexity of a living cell. In Darwin’s day they knew about cells but cells were thought to be simple blobs of protoplasm. VK: Darwin wrote long before the explosion in knowledge of molecular biochemistry which didn’t occur until the middle of the 20th century – about a 100 years after Darwin wrote The Origin of the Species. But today we are well aware that far from being simple structures living cells are, in fact, complex micro-systems. The complexity of the simplest living cell dwarfs the complexity of any mechanical device invented by man. The irreducible and specified complexity of living cells and creatures is dispositive evidence that such a system could have been produced by random and undirected activity. RD: Yes. And we covered that in greater detail in our last episode of Anchored by Truth. But back to the point that we were covering – that the General Theory of Evolution needs billions of years to work. Well, we’ve now covered 4 lines of evidence, facts if you will, that demonstrate that the earth is more likely thousands of years old than billions. We’ve talked about lunar recession, the faint young sun paradox, the presence of soft tissue in dinosaur remains, and the decay rate of carbon-14. Any single one of those facts is dispositive evidence that evolution does not have billions of years to work with. Said differently, they do not all have to be true to show that the earth is only thousands of years old. Any one of those lines of evidence is sufficient to do the trick. VK: I see what you’re saying. All of those lines of evidence demonstrate the same thing. But if one or two were somehow shown to be in error that doesn’t save the evolutionary time frame. All of them would have to be false to save the evolutionary time frame. And not just those 4 lines of evidence are available to show that the time needed for evolution to be conceivable isn’t available. Creation Ministries International has a single article that contains 101 lines of evidence that show that the earth is far more likely to be on the order of thousands of years old. But given that this is true why do most conventional scientists continue to support the idea that the earth and universe are billions of years old. RD: That goes back to the compulsive power of a person’s starting set of axioms. Most scientists look at the age of the universe or earth from the starting point that it is billions of years old. That’s what their training and education have led them to believe. That’s what they had to believe to get their degrees, their funding, and their approval from colleagues. So, when they come to evidence that doesn’t agree with their starting axioms they start trying to find a suitable explanation for how their axioms can remain in place but account for the evidence that doesn’t fit. In the case of lunar recession they might say the moon has not always orbited the earth – that at some distant time in the past the earth “captured” the moon as it was flying by. In the case of the faint young sun paradox they say that the faint young sun could keep the earth warm enough for life because the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 1,000 times greater than it is now. To account for the problem the varying evidence presents they have to invent explanations. VK: But if the moon was “captured” by the earth or the level of carbon dioxide was much higher in the past those ideas violate their presumption that all of the forces operating today have been operating in the same way in the past. In other words to save deep time they have to sacrifice the idea of uniformitarianism. Right? RD: Right. And that’s the beautiful thing about the Bible and Christianity. The time frames that we learn from the Bible don’t require any of that. This is not to say that the Biblical time periods don’t have some challenges they must address with respect to dating. There are some and Christian scientists routinely work on solutions to those problems. But this all goes back to the basic point. There are facts, a great many of them, that help that young Christian get an answer to his basic question of “how can I know which religion is true?” VK: And that includes the most widespread religion of our day which might be termed “secularism.” If belief in God is a “religious” viewpoint, then not believing in God is also a “religious” viewpoint. It’s the opposite position on the same question. In our culture we like to label a belief in God as being religious but we don’t put that same label on not believing in God. And that has led to a lot of mischief hasn’t it. RD: Yes. In our culture we have said that we must separate “church and state.” But when we interpret that phrase to mean we must expunge religion, especially Christianity from our public institutions, we have not become religiously neutral – we have become religiously hostile. We have replaced religious tolerance with secular coercion under the label of neutrality. But this is also a discussion for another day. For today, the point we need for people to remember is that not all facts, not all lines of evidence, are of equal value in arriving at valid conclusions. So, when we come to facts that apply to our faith we need to become aware of, even master, certain facts that are in conflict with the substructure for secularism in our culture. And that subculture is the theory of evolution. Without evolution the culture has no credible alternative to God as creator. VK: The General Theory of Evolution has two Achilles heels: time and complexity. Without deep time no one contends that there would have been enough random activity to produce one fortuitous event of the first so-called “self replicating molecule.” But as we now know life consists of far more than just one molecule. Life consists of millions of molecules all working properly and all working together. The simplest cell will not work if its component parts don’t function properly individually and collectively. The same is true for body systems that those cells build. That’s irreducible complexity. The cells and body systems must be organized in very specific ways. They must exist as systems that have utility, function, and purpose so they must have been developed and must be maintained in very specific configurations. In other words, they are specified in their design and function. That’s specified complexity. RD: Right. The first two facts we have covered in our “10 Facts” series are dispositive in demonstrating that the conventional view that God is not necessary to explain life has fatal flaws. VK: Life is complex – irreducibly, specifically, and informationally. But let’s hasten to add that as complex as it is to us, it presents no challenge to an omniscient God. Today let’s listen to a prayer of adoration for our Creator God. The complexity of life tells us that only an omniscient, omnipotent, and infinite God could create it. And the fact that He gave us the ability to appreciate His creation tells us that He genuinely wants to have a personal relationship with each of us so that for all eternity we can enjoy fellowship with Him and proclaim His unmatched glory. ---- PRAYER OF ADORATION FOR THE CREATOR VK: Before we close we’d like to remind our audience that a lot of our radio episodes are linked together in series of topics so if they missed any episodes in this series or if they just want to hear one again, all of these episodes are available on your favorite podcast app. To find them just search on “Anchored by Truth by Crystal Sea Books.” If you’d like to hear more, try out crystalseabooks.com where “We’re not perfect but our Boss is!” (Opening Bible Quotes from the New Living Translation) Psalm 139,verse 14, New Living Translation Diamonds: a creationists best friend - creation.com C14 dinos - creation.com Satan’s Strategy Cast doubt on God’s goodness Deny God’s truth Elevate self-importance Establish a replacement in the mind and heart for God’s truth

10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know - Part 1

Anchored by Truth from Crystal Sea Books - a 30 minute show exploring the grand Biblical saga of creation, fall, and redempti

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 16, 2022 30:00

Episode 173 – 10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know 1 Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. In John 14:6, Jesus said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” The goal of Anchored by Truth is to encourage everyone to grow in the Christian faith by anchoring themselves to the secure truth found in the inspired, inerrant, and infallible word of God. Script: Then God said: Let there be light, and there was light. God saw that the light was good. God then separated the light from the darkness. God called the light “day,” and the darkness he called “night.” Evening came, and morning followed—the first day. Genesis, chapter 1, verses 3 through 5, New American Bible Revised Edition ******** VK: Hello! I’m Victoria K. Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. We’re excited to be with you today as we begin a new series on Anchored by Truth. So, to announce the series and tell us why we are doing it, we have RD Fierro in the studio. RD is an author and the founder of Crystal Sea Books. RD, you’ve entitled this series “10 Facts Every Christian Needs to Know.” This ought to be fascinating. I’m not sure how many facts there are that pertain to the Christian faith but way more than 10. How in the world are you going to pick 10 from the hundreds or thousands of facts that are relevant to those who put their trust in Christ? RD: Well, I’d first like to start by expressing my gratitude for everyone who is joining us here today whether on the radio broadcast or the podcast. And you are absolutely right that there are hundreds, thousands, or perhaps hundreds of thousands of facts that shape and fill the Christian faith. And that is the one of the points that we want to make by doing this series. The Christian faith is a faith of facts. VK: Well, that’s an interesting phrase – “a faith of facts.” That phrase alone starts to raise questions. I think most people would see or draw a distinction between faith and facts. RD: And I think you’re right about that. Many people in our world think that if we’re talking about faith and facts we’re talking about two different categories of ideas. But that is a modern fiction. The great theologians through the ages have always recognized that authentic, saving faith has three dimensions. Authentic, saving faith consists of content, assent to the content, and trust in that content. Well, the content of authentic, saving faith must consist of facts or it’s not faith at all. It might be gullibility, credulity, or imaginative fantasy but it is not faith. If someone says I believe moon fairies visit me at night and sprinkle glow berries at the foot of my bed, that’s not faith. And if someone chooses to label that kind of belief as “faith” it’s certainly not what the Bible means, or classic Christian theology means, when we use the term. VK: And while critics might assert that we are playing word games there is a very concrete distinction between Biblical faith and the “glow berry” kind. Christian faith always begins with and ends with the truth. Truth is that which corresponds to reality. We make this point regularly on Anchored by Truth. It is a critical distinction. Belief in moon fairies and glow berries might give a small child a distraction but it won’t help an adult struggling with addiction, or financial troubles, or a sick loved one, or comfort with a desperate illness. Authentic, saving faith will help with all of those situations and a great many more. RD: So, when we say that Christianity is a faith with facts we are saying that it is a faith grounded in the real world – in time and place – but it is nevertheless a faith that recognizes that there is a real realm that is outside of the created order that is perceived through the senses. We know the reality of that other realm from the Bible which is why we must become so familiar with the Bible that we can use its truth to guide us through our lives in the created order until Jesus brings us safely into that unseen realm at his side. VK: So, during this series you want to give people a group of facts that will help them reinforce their confidence in their faith and in the Bible. You don’t see this series so much as evangelistic tool – though it could help with that – as much as you do helping believers fend off the world’s attacks on their faith. RD: Yes. Classically the believer’s enemies are the world, the flesh, and the devil. Well, in the modern “world” the world’s enmity with Christ has been steadily escalating. The contemporary reliance on instantaneous and mass media has allowed false messages to move instantly and continuously. And one of the messages with which Christians are bombarded today is the whole notion of what is sometimes termed “deep time.” VK: Deep time is essentially the idea that the universe and the earth are billions of years old. The secular world must have deep time in order to maintain the illusion that the General Theory of Evolution is plausible. Evolution needs billions of years of time to change bacteria into biologists. The only supposed creative force evolution has is beneficial mutation - in other words the random interaction of unthinking matter. To make the whole evolutionary hypothesis plausible the scheme needs lots of time. Lots of time is necessary so that lots of those random, chaotic, interactive events can take place. They need untold trillions of those interactions in the hope that a few of them will produce a living being so complex that the code that describe its construction can contain 3 billion data elements. RD: The task to turn an amoeba into an anthropologist is even more formidable than just having the 3 billion base pairs that comprise human DNA properly organized and functioning. When DNA was first discovered it was thought to be similar to other chemical components of living beings. The initial idea was that somehow the chemistry controlled the biology. VK: But we now know with absolute certainty that the chemistry of DNA is not sufficient to explain its operation within the human body or any other living creature for that matter. Just as the chemistry of ink and paper does not control the message printed on the paper, the chemistry of DNA does not control the messages it provides. DNA is far more akin to a language that conveys information to other chemical structures and its complexity goes well beyond its numerical attributes. RD: Yes. And we’re going to get more into that in a future show. But for today I just want to stick with the issue of time and specifically that there is abundant scientific evidence that deep time does not exist. The best science tells us, in fact, that the Biblical time frame is far more reasonable that the secular alternatives. So, the first fact that every Christian needs to know is that science confirms that the universe and earth are thousands of years old, not millions or billions. VK: Ok. That’s a very bold proclamation given that probably 95% of the people who call themselves scientists would probably disagree with it. RD: I recognize that. And it would be a lot easier for us at Anchored by Truth to simply go along with conventional thinking. But as we started out saying Christianity is a faith of facts and the facts of science are not helpful to a billions of years old earth. VK: I think we better get into some specific examples of what you’re thinking about. RD: I agree. So, today we’re going to talk about 3 specific lines of evidence that demonstrate that the earth is far more likely thousands of years old than billions of years old. And the 3 lines we’re going to talk about are all mentioned in an article on the Creation Ministries International website entitled “age of the earth.” VK: And we are going to put a link to that article on the podcast notes that accompany the podcast version of this show. So, if your podcast app supports written notes you can just go to them and find a link. If not, the Creation Ministries International website is creation.com and you can just search for “age of the earth.” RD: Right. So, the article we’re linking to contains references to these 3 lines of evidence but the article itself actually contains 101 forms of evidence that earth is far younger than normally thought. VK: We don’t have time on one of our shows to go through 101 lines of evidence, do we? RD: Nope. So, I just wanted to pick a few of the many, many lines of evidence just to give our audience a sample of why they don’t need to accept the proclamation of the world that directly challenges a straightforward reading of the book of Genesis. VK: So, what is the first line of evidence you want to discuss? RD: The first thing that demonstrates that the conventional understanding of the age of the earth is in error is that biologists and paleontologists have recovered blood cells, blood vessels, and proteins from dinosaur remains that were supposedly millions of years old. But even the scientist, who made the discovery, Mary Schweitzer, has admitted that contemporary science has no explanation for how such tissue could have survived intact for 65 million years which was the supposed age of the bone. VK: And since that first discovery of dinosaur soft tissue in the mid-1990’s many other similar discoveries have followed. The first discovery of dinosaur soft tissue was in a T. Rex bone but since then they have found intact soft tissue in other species as well. RD: Right. The Tyrannosaurus Rex bone that contained the first soft tissue discovered was supposedly 65 million years old. But then they discovered the protein collagen in the bone of a hadrosaur which was purportedly 80 million years old. That has been followed by the discovery of the protein osteocalcin in an Iguanodon bone that is thought to be 120 million years old – twice as old as the T. Rex. VK: The dilemma for the scientists is how could such soft tissue have survived for those enormous amounts of time? In his book, The Greatest Hoax on Earth, Dr. Jonathan Sarfati says, “Yet analysis of collagen stability shows that it would last only 2.7 [million years] at freezing point under the most favorable preservation conditions. At 10 [degrees centigrade] the limit was 180,000 years and 15,000 years at 20 [degrees centigrade]; [it is normally thought] dinosaurs were supposed to live in a warm climate.” RD: So, the discovery of soft tissue in dinosaur bones, and not just in one but in many, poses a huge challenge for conventional time periods. But it poses no challenge for Biblical time frames. While Biblical scholars are not uniform on their dating schedules it’s fair to say that most scholars believe the earth is about 6,500 years old. But let’ just say that they were off 1 or 2 thousand years. That still does not pose a problem for the preservation of the soft tissue. The analyses of the preservation possibilities even under the warmer conditions allows easily for the tissue to be preserved for the Biblical time frame. And it is reasonable to say that the availability of the dinosaur soft tissue is far more consistent with the time frames laid out in the Bible than with any of the secular speculations. VK: At this point we should remind the listeners that whether the dinosaur soft tissue was thousands of years old or millions no one alive on the earth today was there to see it. So, all that any scientist, or anyone else for that matter, can do is to look at current evidence and see how that evidence fits in with a particular hypothesis or theory. And all scientists, whether they are Christians or not, look at evidence through a lens comprised of a set of starting axioms. The evidence might be consistent with the expectations that arise from those starting axioms or it might not be. What we are pointing out here is that, contrary to popular belief, the preservation of soft tissue from dinosaurs creates many additional questions for the conventional time frames but none at all for Biblical ones. So, what’s next? RD: Well, another conundrum for the conventional idea that the earth and universe are billions of years old is what is often termed “the faint young sun paradox.” VK: A “young sun paradox” – this should be interesting. RD: It is. Let’s start out by noting that one commonly accepted idea for how the sun generates energy is by nuclear fusion – the combination of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms deep within the core of the sun. According to Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2, as the thermonuclear fusion occurs massive amounts of energy are released. But the combination of multiple hydrogen atoms into few helium atoms takes up less space. So, over billions of years the sun would shrink in size but it would increase in brightness. As the sun increased in brightness its energy output would increase meaning the energy that would hit the earth would increase. VK: So, the “faint young sun” means that if the sun-earth system were really 4.5 billion years old as conventional dating asserts the sun would have been far less bright billions of years ago. It would have been “fainter” in the earth’s sky 4 billion years ago than it is today. A fainter, weaker sun would mean a lot cooler earth. So, the question is how much cooler would the earth have been? RD: Reasonable estimates say the earth would have received anywhere from 20% – 30% less sunlight than it does today. VK: And how much cooler would the earth have been with that much less sunlight? RD: The current average temperature of the earth is about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. With 25% less sunlight the average temperature of the earth would have been below freezing – about 25 degrees Fahrenheit. In other words with a sun that is 20% to 30% less bright the entire globe would have been glaciated – essentially a solid ball of ice. That certainly would not have been a condition in which any kind of life would have developed much less spread widely and begun to create the kind of biodiversity we see on the earth today. VK: In fact, most scientists believe that the primordial world was much warmer than it is today. Whenever we see movies with dinosaur scenes in them we are always regaled with lush, tropical vegetation surrounding them. But, of course, there is a “faint young sun” paradox only if the earth is billions of years old. If the earth is only several thousands of years old the way the Bible tells us the paradox never arises. There is simply not sufficient time for the sun to have been any different than it is today. Well, I’m sure secular scientists are aware of this difficulty so how do they respond? RD: The most common response is that the level of greenhouse gases in the primordial earth’s atmosphere was much, much higher than today. This higher level of greenhouse gas provided a much thicker “blanket” than our current atmosphere does. But the problem is that the level of greenhouse gases needed to compensate for the lower luminosity is hundreds of times the present atmospheric levels of such gases. Not only is that an inconceivable proposition but according to analyses information from so-called “ancient soils” does not give any indication of dramatically greater levels of carbon dioxide which is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Recently, newer solutions have been proposed involving only slightly higher levels of greenhouse gases but with a lower level of planetary albedo. Albedo is the reflective level of the atmosphere. With lower albedo more sunlight would penetrate the atmosphere and keep things warmer. VK: Does this solve the problem? RD: Not really. The models that have been proposed use a one-dimensional form of climate modeling but all responsible climate models use a three-dimensional model. In our podcast notes we’ll link to a couple of articles on creation.com but this a comment from one of the articles entitled The Faint Young Sun Paradox and the Age of the Solar System. “…any climate model, other than a three-dimensional general circulation model with a realistic ocean, biosphere, and cryosphere (the snow/ice component), is inaccurate. For example, such a one-dimensional model ignores important feedbacks, such as the powerful ice albedo feedback. As snow and ice increase, the albedo increases to cause further cooling.” VK: Ok. Well, just to remind everyone today we’re discussing the first fact in our new series “10 facts every Christian needs to know.” And the first fact that you believe all Christians need to firmly grasp is that there is abundant scientific evidence that confirms that the universe and earth are thousands of years old, not millions or billions of year old. And the reason this fact is so important is because the General Theory of Evolution needs billions of years to perform its magic of turning colliding molecules into computer scientists. Without these billions of years – deep time as it is sometimes called – even the evolutionists admit their paradigm wouldn’t work. So, the evidence we’re providing today demonstrates that that deep time just isn’t reflected in what we see in the created order that surrounds us. So, we have time to do one more line of evidence. Where do you want to go now? RD: Let’s talk about what is termed “lunar recession.” After the first missions to the moon we were able to place mirrors on the moon that allow us to bounce laser pulses off them. We can then measure very precisely the length of time it takes the returning photons to reach the earth and thereby determine with a high degree of precision the distance between the earth and the moon. So, we’ve done that and we now know that the moon is moving away from the earth about 1.5 inches per year. VK: Now if the earth-moon system is only several thousand years old as the Bible tells us one and a half inches a year is no big deal. But, if the earth-moon system is billions of years old all that changes. And the conventional understanding is that the earth is 4.5 billion years old. Right? RD: Right. In fact, lunar recession means that in a system billions of years old the moon would have been a lot closer to the earth than it is today. The calculations about the movement of the moon place a maximum age on the earth-moon system at about 1.4 billion years old. At that point the moon would have been below the Roche limit. The Roche limit is the distance from a central body, such as a planet, inside of which orbiting debris cannot coalesce. In other words, the moon would have been torn apart if had been below the Roche limit. As a result of this various theories have been proposed to explain how the earth and moon have arrived in their current configuration in such precise balance. But none of these theories such as the “capture” theory or adjusting the earth’s tidal parameters resolve the problem. VK: We have to remember that the moon is the principle cause of tidal action on the earth and it is well understood that tidal action is important to the earth’s eco-system. If the moon had been a lot closer to the earth in the past there would have been enormous tides – tides so large they would have swept over huge portions of the land. That would have been devastating for the formation of any land dwelling creatures. But we also know that tides are important for keeping the boundary between the earth and land healthy and beneficial for life as it exists. The harmony between the earth and moon is an essential part of making life on this earth possible. RD: Again, lunar recession in an earth-moon system thousands of years old is not a problem. The relative position change of the two bodies is negligible. But try to take that back millions or billions of years and now there are lots of difficulties that arise that must be explained away. This is a problem for science because the mantra of contemporary science is uniformitarianism. The present is the key to the past. VK: But the present is not the key to the past for an earth-moon system where the current recession rate of the moon puts a limit on the age of the system that rules out evolutionary time scales. RD: Yes. So, these are just three of the lines of evidence that show that good science supports an age for the earth that is consistent with the Bible but a challenge for the most widely held conventional beliefs. Now, notice I’m being careful about how I say this. Present empirical observations cannot “prove” the age of the earth. Only an eyewitness to events could do that. All empirical observations are made by observers in the present who must integrate the information they get from current observations into what we might receive from recorded events and then interpret that information. But notice that the three lines of evidence that we have mentioned today pose no problems for a Biblical timeframe but do so for evolutionary schedules. And these are just 3 of the lines of evidence out of the 101 lines that are contained in the article we first mentioned. And that article, even with the 101 points of evidence it covers, is illustrative and not exhaustive. The big point – the fact every Christian needs to know is that there is abundant scientific evidence that the earth is only thousands of years old, not billions of years old. And this fact alone destroys any possibility of evolution as it is normally envisioned. Evolution needs deep time. But empirical observations, even when aligned with a typical uniformitarian perspective, do not provide deep time. Empirical observations just pose one problem after another and each solution that is proposed to resolve them tends to raise more problems that must be resolved. None of that is necessary for those who simply trust the Bible’s historicity. VK: Well, as you said the only way to know when the earth was created would be from an eyewitness and that’s what the Bible provides. God was there at the beginning and the Bible is His testimony to the world of what He did. It’s up to us to decide whether we will accept His testimony to us or continue to shove Him aside in favor of our manufactured idols such as evolution or deep time. There is really no need to do that scientifically despite what our culture continually insists. As we always do we want to close with prayer. Today let’s listen to a prayer of adoration for the Holy Spirit who is the One who hovered over the water and testifies to us that it was God who is the one and only Creator of everything. ---- PRAYER OF ADORATION FOR THE HOLY SPIRIT VK: Before we close we’d like to remind our audience that a lot of our radio episodes are linked together in series of topics so if they missed any episodes in this series or if they just want to hear one again, all of these episodes are available on your favorite podcast app. To find them just search on “Anchored by Truth by Crystal Sea Books.” If you’d like to hear more, try out crystalseabooks.com where “We’re not perfect but our Boss is!” (Opening Bible Quotes from the New American Bible Revised Edition) Genesis, chapter 1, verses 3 through 5, New American Bible Revised Edition Age of the earth - creation.com Young sun paradox - creation.com The young faint Sun paradox and the age of the solar system - creation.com The moon's recession and age - creation.com Paleozoic Corals and Lunar Recession - creation.com C14 dinos - creation.com

"Keep Love in your Heart and Brain, Be aware of Surroundings- ACROSS 3 KONTINENTS podcast" EPISODE 23 Season3

ACROSS 3 KONTINENTS podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2022 9:09

Keep your Spirit Lifted with Joy ACROSS 3 KONTINENTS podcast Copyright Charshee Links 61,262 EPISODE 23 Season3 Be aware of Neo-Nazi, Far-Right, and Military Battalion Hate-groups AZOV, C14, Svarozhich, Rusich, Ratibor, Atomwaffen, The Base, Pride and Modernity, Social National Assembly, Far Right Party, Right Wing politicians, Russian Imperial Movement, National Democratic Party (Germany), Skinhead, Svoboda Party, aforementioned Hate-groups are Murdering Innocent Indigenous Peoples as well as others in Turtle Island so-called U.S, Australia, Azania so-called-South Africa, Brazil, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Lativa, Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, England, Palestine, Belarus. Please Research all Hate-groups using search engine https://www.Startpagesearch.com and https://www.duckduckgo.com

5/8: Brothers in Arms: One Legendary Tank Regiment's Bloody War from D-Day to VE-Day, by James Holland

The John Batchelor Show

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 12, 2022 10:24

Photo: Mark IV tank C14. Commanded by 2nd Lt Francis James Arnold. Photographed with German forces after the Battle of Cambrai. CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor CBS Audio Network @Batchelorshow 5/8: Brothers in Arms: One Legendary Tank Regiment's Bloody War from D-Day to VE-Day, by James Holland Hardcover – November 16, 2021 https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08YS123SZ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0 In the annals of World War II, certain groups of soldiers stand out, and among the most notable were the Sherwood Rangers. Originally a cavalry unit in the last days of horses in combat, whose officers were landed gentry leading men who largely worked for them, they were switched to the “mechanized cavalry” of tanks in 1942. Winning acclaim in the North African campaign, the Sherwood Rangers then spearheaded one of the D-Day landings in Normandy on June 6, 1944; led the way across France; were the first British troops to cross into Germany, and contributed mightily to Germany's surrender in May 1945. Inspired by Stephen Ambrose's Band of Brothers, the acclaimed WWII historian James Holland memorably profiles an extraordinary group of citizen soldiers constantly in harm's way. Their casualties were horrific, but their ranks immediately refilled. Informed by never-before-seen documents, letters, photographs, and other artifacts from Sherwood Rangers' families—an ongoing fraternity—and by his own deep knowledge of the war, Holland offers a uniquely intimate portrait of the war at ground level, introducing heretofore unknowns such as the Commanding Officer Stanley Christopherson, the squadron commander John Semken, Sergeant George Dring, and other memorable characters who helped the regiment become the single unit with the most battle honors of any ever in the British army. He weaves the Sherwood Rangers' exploits into the larger narrative and strategy of the war, and also brings fresh analysis to the tactics used. Following the Sherwood Rangers' brutal journey over the dramatic eleven months between D-Day and V-E Day, Holland presents a vivid and original perspective on the endgame of WWII in Europe. .. .. .. Permission s: Photographer Unknown author Archive description Description provided by the archive when the original description is incomplete or wrong. You can help by reporting errors and typos at Commons:Bundesarchiv/Error reports.I. Weltkrieg 1914 - 1918Title Bei Cambrai, erbeuteter englischer Panzer Original caption For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. . English: Mark IV tank C14 (No 509 female). Commanded by 2nd Lt Francis James Arnold. Photographed with German forces after the Battle of Cambrai. Depicted placeBei CambraiDateDecember 1917Collection German Federal Archives Current location Sammlung von Repro-Negativen (Bild 146) Accession number Bild 146-1998-098-10 Source | This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive(Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany license. | Attribution: Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1998-098-10 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the workUnder the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

Govern America | March 5, 2022 | Stealing Ukraine

Govern America

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 6, 2022 177:22

"Stealing Ukraine" Hosts: Darren Weeks, Vicky Davis Website for the show: https://governamerica.com Vicky's websites: https://thetechnocratictyranny.com and http://www.channelingreality.com COMPLETE SHOW NOTES AND CREDITS AT: https://governamerica.com/radio/radio-archives/22458-govern-america-march-5-2022-stealing-ukraine Listen LIVE every Saturday at 11AM Eastern time at http://live.governamerica.com Text GOVERN to 80123 to be notified of live broadcasts that occur outside of our regularly-scheduled Saturday broadcasts. These rare broadcasts are moved if circumstances warrant. American foreign and domestic policy is a wrecking ball. Empire and the Westphalian system of nation-states. Jesse Jackson set the talking points for the takedown of America. University study indicates Pfizer COVID shot modifies DNA. Clot shot injuries continues as silent genocide sweeps the world. Bill introduced to criminalize First Amendment speech, as Big Tech companies given deadline to turn over information on users for posting "misinformation" (the truth) about COVID. Biden's State of the Union confusion. Deep dive analysis of the situation in Ukraine, leading up to the present day, and where it is likely headed next. Russia is being deplatformed and isolated in very the same way the technocrats deplatform and isolate patriots. What is the U.S. strategy? Is there a deeper purpose for the conflict?

nutrition 101: macros + micros // why nutrition matters + what it does for our health

Fun and Gains

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 19, 2022 35:49

if you have ever felt overwhelmed or lost when it comes to the science of nutrition, then this is the episode for you! britt is serving up some major brain gains, going in depth on macros, micros, vitamins & minerals— WHY nutrition matters, WHAT role nutrition plays in our health & HOW you can make educated strides with using food to fuel a healthy, happy life full of fun & gains.Timestamps1:00 weekly recap2:36 britt's YouTube BEGINNER SERIES3:10 focusing on nutrition4:40 the big picture5:22 education is key 6:30 macros vs micros7:55 why's & what's 8:22 MICROS: fruit's & vegetables 8:34 story time w/ britt10:40 vitamins & minerals11:05 vitamin A11:35 B vitamins13:20 earth's vitamins14:13 vitamin C14:45 vitamin D15:50 calcium17:05 iron17:27 potassium18:00 YOU ARE NOT ALONE18:15 britt's tips21:40 MACROS: protein, fat & carbs22:00 CARBS25:10 whole vs refined 25:22 PROTEIN27:50 sources 28:50 FAT29:20 sources30:00 saturated vs unsaturated30:30 omega 3's32:30 whole-nutrient-dense-foods33:22 balance34:20 get the most out of your workouts 34:30 *disclaimer*35:09 SHARE THIS WITH ME!YouTube vidsMy gym routine & tips for beginners:https://youtu.be/Zg4X4clW_VoMy fitness journey:https://youtu.be/ulqafyeEKqkWeek of workouts:https://youtu.be/sedCYV7XknkFollow the podcast@funandgains.podcastFollow Brittinsta // @_brittanyluptonyoutube // Brittany Luptontiktok // brittanyluptonContact Ushello@funandgainspodcast.com

health macros micros a11 c14 nutrition matters

How the Flesh is like Gravity

leben museum bones beats tunnel tiere pal inneren knochen norddeutschland die vergangenheit eiszeit pflanzenwelt dachs c14 deutschen h

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 30, 2021

* The Flesh: Just as gravity affects our physical universe, our flesh affects our spiritual lives. On this special edition of Real Science Radio, we present a previously aired episode of Theology Thursday. * Trading Genesis: Check out Bob Enyart's theistic evolution presentation in Malibu: * From the RSR Email Inbox:Forwarded conversation Subject: Guys, this email thread btw some guy Ken and me re dino bones cracks me up... ------------------------ From: Bob Enyart Date: Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 5:56 PM To: Jane Albright, Kevin Lea In chronological order... On Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 12:30 PM, k wrote: Dan says you will pay me 10,000 to test some material for you. Please let me know how to collect the 10k. I could use the money, also please let me know how you would like to freight the material to me and where you would like me to freight it to for testing. ------------------------ On 9/30/2015 2:42 PM, Bob Enyart wrote: 10,000 what? Dan who? Ken, maybe you've emailed the wrong person? - Bob EnyartKGOV.com - RealScienceRadio.com - rsr.org - DinosaurSoftTissue.com ------------------------ On Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 1:45 PM, k wrote: Hi Bob, Ah maybe, sorry if so. A friend told me to get in contact with you about collecting ten thousand dollars to test some material. I know now it was a joke... LOL Sorry again, ~ Ken ------------------------ On 9/30/2015 3:20 PM, Bob Enyart wrote: :) - Bob EnyartKGOV.com - RealScienceRadio.com - rsr.org - DinosaurSoftTissue.com https://youtu.be/t8FfF2BgP9E [RSR Trading Genesis video]https://youtu.be/ML-p2CV8SHU [RSR Dino Soft Tissue video trailer] ------------------------ On Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 5:13 PM, k wrote: Very sorry, but my friend Dan is pretty worked up, I think the joke will not die... So I will send you what he says and I promise not to take any more of your important time. " You should reply to him and tell him that you would like to date a dinosaur bone for C-14 and that you have heard he offers 10,000 dollars (link him to the video) for someone to do it. Then he will probably clarify.. " Again, please forgive me for this, ~ Ken ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Bob Enyart Date: Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 5:46 PM Subject: Re: 10 dogs To: k Yes, of course, a thousand pardons Ken for not understanding you right off. Your friend Dan is right to be worked up. There's real money to be made here. This brief YouTube video documents our verbal offer to paleontologist Jack (smell-these-dino-bones) Horner, and then a scan of our written grant offer follows, as does an excerpt from our rsr.org/soft-tissue page... youtu.be/PXy7EH13lCo [Bob's call to Jack Horner]And Ken, then there's this, from atop our rsr.org/dino-soft-tissue page... * Summer 2015 UPDATE: Two Dinosaur Soft Tissue Predictions Confirmed! Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams had predicted on air and in writing atrsr.org/predictions that: - Dinosaur soft tissue will be found not only in rare circumstances, but rather easily, i.e., when looked for. CONFIRMED in JUNE 2015! The journal Nature Communications reported original tissue in six of eight dinosaur bones investigated, leading to the conclusion that "preservation is more common than previously thought." And: - Original dinosaur and other soft tissue will be found largely independent of the claimed age of the fossil. CONFIRMED in April 2014! The Journal of Paleontology reported original soft tissue in Precambrian "beard worms" that are allegedly 530 million years old! Here, RSR presents the scientific journals reporting, the kinds of biological material found so far, and the dinosaurs yielding up these exciting discoveries: Scientific Journals: Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Bone, Acta Histochemica, the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, and others below in our chronological catalog, "the web's most complete list of dinosaur soft tissue discoveries," as published in many leading journals, according to a co-author of one of those papers. Biological Material Found: As of April 2015, in fossils from dinosaur-layer and deeper strata, researchers have discovered flexible and transparent blood vessels, red blood cells, many various proteins including the microtubule building block tubulin, collagen, the cytoskeleton component actin, and hemoglobin, bone maintenance osteocyte cells, pigment and evidence of melanosomes, DNA-related histone proteins, and powerful evidence for DNA including positive results from multiple double-helix tests. Dinosaur and Dinosaur-Layer Creatures: The dinosaurs and other Mesozoic creatures that have yielded their biological material are hadrosaur, titanosaur, ornithomimosaur [ostrich-like dinosaurs], mosasaur, [bird-like] Anchiornis huxleyi, triceratops, Lufengosaurs, T. rex, and Archaeopteryx. As you view the exciting scientific discoveries below in this chronological catalog, please feel free to listen to Real Science Radio co-hosts Fred Williams and Bob Enyart observe their annual tradition of presenting dinosaur soft tissue and other amazing discoveries including short-lived left-handed amino acids, DNA, and Carbon 14, all in bones and other specimens from dinosaur-layer Mesozoic and even deeper strata. And finally, as you probably know Ken (although Dan might be a bit slow on the uptake), and as first realized by Libby when he discovered carbon dating, if we can identify carbon 14 atoms that are actually a part of the collagen protein lattice, then they cannot be contamination, but have to be original 14c, which, when we document that in dinosaur protein, then everyone who is anti-science will tightly close their eyes, but everyone else will then have even more incontrovertible evidence that dinosaurs are young, all of them. And, when they lose the dinosaurs, they lose it all. Because dinosaurs have become missionary lizards. For dinosaur soft tissue means that the secular worldview is wrong, which leaves only one man standing, and that is Jesus Christ, who is God. Thanks for writing! - Bob Enyart co-hostRealScienceRadio.com 1-800-8Enyart rsr.org ---------- From: k Date: Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 8:33 PM Subject: Re: 10 dogs To: Bob Enyart Hi Bob, Thanks very much for the reply! :-) Talk to you soon, ~ Ken

Dachsbau: Tunnel in die Vergangenheit

Beats & Bones

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 14, 2021 40:37

Ein Dachsbau in Norddeutschland: Von außen ist er recht unscheinbar, in seinem Inneren verbergen sich jedoch Überreste von 13.000 Jahre Tier - und Pflanzenwelt. Wie man das Alter der Knochen bestimmt, welche Tiere früher in Norddeutschland gelebt haben könnten und wie sich das Leben nach der Eiszeit verändert hat- das kann Paläontologe und Grabungsleiter Johannes Müller unserem Host Lukas Klaschinski erklären. Beats & Bones wurde 2021 als Bester Podcast mit dem Deutschen Hörbuchpreis ausgezeichnet. Der Podcast entsteht in freundlicher Produktionsunterstützung der Auf die Ohren GmbH. Weitere Informationen zum Podcast und Museum gibt es auf: www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/beatsandbones

Diamonds again disappoint evolutionists, and Multicellular animal from flood revived!

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 6, 2021

Real Science Radio's Fred Williams is joined by guest host Ryan Williams to share the latest headlines from the current issue of Creation Magazine (creation.com/magazine). The biggest headline comes from a study that shows diamonds are once again a creationists best friend. Scientific analysis of gas bubbles in diamonds reveal the earth's atmosphere hasn't changed since the diamonds were formed. That's a serious problem for evolutionists who think it took billions of years just for our atmosphere to support life. But it makes perfect sense from a Biblical view of creation. The diamonds were formed in the basement rock during creation week and some of them were expelled to the surface by the fountains of the great deep during Noah's flood. Some in fact are found on meteorites! (see rsr.org/meteorites-with-diamonds). Then there's the multicellular rotifer that was found in supposed “24,000 years old” permafrost that when thawed, revived and started reproducing! Fred & Ryan discuss why C14 dates on objects that existed before the flood will show older ages, and also talk about the true ice age following the flood when this little critter was entombed. Sponsor a Show! Click here to help keep us broadcasting! (We really need it :) We have now officially begun our November 2021 telethon! We typically set a dollar goal, like 30 or 40 thousand. But this time, we're looking for 20 new monthly donors who will sponsor one show a month. Being on air isn't cheap. We run about 20 broadcasts and it costs us about $150 dollars per show. We operate on a shoestring budget, so in the past we've relied heavily on those large donations and big dollar telethons. But that was when Bob was here. Now the ministry has less security, and that makes promoting Bob's teaching a daunting task. So if just you and 19 others can help us guarantee that the show goes on, Bob's Biblically centered teachings will go out to thousands more. The ministries of so many Godly leaders, authors & preachers have been magnified tenfold, or even a hundredfold after their passing. Think of C.S. Lewis, and how he still, today, has such an impact on millions. We have no doubt Bob could have a similar impact, and your sponsorship of just one show a month will be the force to magnify this ministry, and the Gospel. So if you can help, and sponsor just one show a month, that would be a massive blessing. Thanks so much, Godspeed! ~The Bob Enyart Live Staff

Diamonds again disappoint evolutionists, and Multicellular animal from flood revived!

Real Science Radio

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 6, 2021

Real Science Radio's Fred Williams is joined by guest host Ryan Williams to share the latest headlines from the current issue of Creation Magazine (creation.com/magazine). The biggest headline comes from a study that shows diamonds are once again a creationists best friend. Scientific analysis of gas bubbles in diamonds reveal the earth's atmosphere hasn't changed since the diamonds were formed. That's a serious problem for evolutionists who think it took billions of years just for our atmosphere to support life. But it makes perfect sense from a Biblical view of creation. The diamonds were formed in the basement rock during creation week and some of them were expelled to the surface by the fountains of the great deep during Noah's flood. Some in fact are found on meteorites! (see rsr.org/meteorites-with-diamonds). Then there's the multicellular rotifer that was found in supposed “24,000 years old” permafrost that when thawed, revived and started reproducing! Fred & Ryan discuss why C14 dates on objects that existed before the flood will show older ages, and also talk about the true ice age following the flood when this little critter was entombed. Sponsor a Show! Click here to help keep us broadcasting! (We really need it :) We have now officially begun our November 2021 telethon! We typically set a dollar goal, like 30 or 40 thousand. But this time, we're looking for 20 new monthly donors who will sponsor one show a month. Being on air isn't cheap. We run about 20 broadcasts and it costs us about $150 dollars per show. We operate on a shoestring budget, so in the past we've relied heavily on those large donations and big dollar telethons. But that was when Bob was here. Now the ministry has less security, and that makes promoting Bob's teaching a daunting task. So if just you and 19 others can help us guarantee that the show goes on, Bob's Biblically centered teachings will go out to thousands more. The ministries of so many Godly leaders, authors & preachers have been magnified tenfold, or even a hundredfold after their passing. Think of C.S. Lewis, and how he still, today, has such an impact on millions. We have no doubt Bob could have a similar impact, and your sponsorship of just one show a month will be the force to magnify this ministry, and the Gospel. So if you can help, and sponsor just one show a month, that would be a massive blessing. Thanks so much, Godspeed! ~The Bob Enyart Live Staff

Episode 33

The Damian & Jesse Show

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 5, 2021 23:08

In todays episode Damian and Jesse give Baja Land and Cattle LLC a huge shootout for such great amazing beef at a great price! Check them out on Facebook, Instagram and www.bajalandandcattletx.com Damian also talks about how he cooked his first brisket and the turnout and of course the meat judging from the Rattlesnake Roundup and those great tasting C14 ribs!

RSR's List of Not So Old Things

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 26, 2021

[While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months, Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds? Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things! * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa. - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees: - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe. * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation.* Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. * Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient.* Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years? From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees," to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack o

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RSR's List of Not So Old Things

Real Science Radio

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 26, 2021

[While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months, Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds? Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things! * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa. - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees: - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe. * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. * Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years? From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees," to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the cla

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Prayer 127, A Course in Miracles, 2021

Play Episode Listen Later May 7, 2021 1:26

Prayer 127 Let's pray together!

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Prayer 126, A Course in Miracles, 2021.m4a

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Play Episode Listen Later May 6, 2021 1:50

Prayer 126 Let's pray together!

Just Forget About It x The Damian and Jesse Show

Just Forget About It

Play Episode Listen Later May 3, 2021 137:54

In this bonus episode welcome very special guests from across the pond - Damian and Jesse. In this collaboration special we discuss our podcast origin stories, a near death experience, C14 and the pop sound of Jesse's 18th beer. Make sure you've got a bit of time as this bonus episode with our great friends at The Damian and Jesse Show is a little over two hours long!! Check out The Damian and Jesse Show - great podcast and well worth a listen! If you want to get away from the strains of everyday life, this weekly show will try to put a smile on your face or make you laugh with us (or at us!). Just Forget About It! We're available here: Twitter Instagram TikTok LinkTree YouTube Intro music (Secret Agent Rock) courtesy of John_Bartmann Outro music (Robocall) courtesy of Legally Blind Logo Designed by Just Forget About IT Images courtesy of The Damian and Jesse Show and Dave. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/jfaipodcast/message

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Prayer 122, A Course in Miracles, 2021

Play Episode Listen Later May 2, 2021 1:44

Prayer 122 Let's pray together!

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Prayer 121, A Course in Miracles, 2021

Dr. Schmidt erklärt die Welt

Play Episode Listen Later May 1, 2021 1:32

Prayer 121 Daily new by Simone Fugger www.kursvergebung.com 01.05.2021 Let's pray together!

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Odcinek 12 jest rozmową z dr Marcinem Czarnowiczem na temat archeologii i stanowisku w Tel Erani

PO IZRAELU

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 1, 2021 69:23

Marcin Czarnowicz o metodach datacji w archeologii i wykopaliskach w Tel Erani W tym odcinku rozmawiam z dr Marcinem Czarnowiczem, archeologiem z Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie na temat pracy archeologa oraz wykopalisk prowadzonych przez polską grupę badawczą w Tel Erani. Stwierdzenie:"Archeologia jest ogladaniem pokoju przez dziurkę w drzwiach od klucza" pokazuje, że jest to nauka bardzo obszerna, ale jakże ciekawa. Z tego odcinka podcastu dowiesz się: • Jak wyglądało pierwsze spotkanie Pana Marcina z Izraelem i kiedy miało to miejsce?• Jak wyglądał pobyt w Instytucie Badań Archeologicznych Albright w Jerozolimie w 2010 r.?• Czy archeolodzy mają czas na wycieczki turystyczne?• Skąd wzięło się zainteresowanie archeologią u Pana Marcina?• Jakich narzędzi używają archeolodzy, aby określić pochodzenie i czas danych przedmiotów?• Na czym polega badanie izotopem węgla C14?• Dlaczego badania ceramiki są istotne?• Jakie ma znaczenie stratygrafia?• Jak wygląda dzień na wykopaliskach?• Skąd wiadomo, że egipscy królowie raczyli się winem z terenu południowego Lewantu?• Gdzie umieszczane są odnalezione przedmioty i co się z nimi dzieje?• Czy można wywozić odnalezione zabytki z Izraela i na jakiej zasadzie się to odbywa?• Czy archeolodzy się mylą i na czym polega konflikt naukowy w archeologii?• Jak wyglądają wykopaliska w Tel Erani?• Kto wchodził w skład grupy badawczej wyjeżdżającej na wykopaliska?• Gdzie grupa badwcza mieszkała w trakcie wykopalisk i ile osób wchodziło w jej skład?• W jakich miesiącach archeolodzy prowadzą wykopaliska w Izraelu?• Jak wygląda prowadzenie dokumentacji?• Na czym polega misja studyjna?• Kto finansuje badania na terenie Tel Erani?• Jaki jest cel tych badań?• Czy wolontariusze muszą płacić za udział w wykopaliskach?• Jaka jest historia prowadzenia badań wykopalisk w Tel Erani?• Dlaczego Uniwersytety Jagieloński w Krakowie współpracuje w Uniwersytetem Ben Guriona w Ber Sheevie?• Co polska grupa odkryła w Tel Erani i jakie znaczenie ma to dla nauki?• Czy najstarszy mur obronny w Izraelu znajduje się w Tel Erani?• Czy badania w Tel Erani są zakończone?• Czy jest szansa, że Tel Erani będzie przekształcone w przyszłości w Park Narodowy?• Dlaczego według Pana Marcina warto wyjechać do Izraela?• Kogo spotkał Pan Marcin w Izraelu i dlaczego to było poruszające spotkanie? NOTATKI: Zdjęcia i artykuł z wykopalisk w Tel Erani Film na youtube przedstawiający archeologów pracujących w Tel EarniZachęcam do pozostawienia komentarza poniżej. Napisz co myślisz na temat tego odcinka.Jeżeli masz sugestie, propozycje czy uwagi, możesz również skontaktować się ze mną bezpośrednio poprzez formularz kontaktowy.A jeśli podobał ci się ten odcinek podcastu, proszę podziel się nim ze swoimi znajomymi, czy to w mediach społecznościowych czy bezpośrednio. Będzie mi bardzo miło.Music by @idanraichel, courtesy of Helicon Records, Israel.

Ist die Antike älter als gedacht?

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 16, 2020 16:56

Ich habe im Radio gehört, dass die Antike älter sei als angenommen. Denn es gibt ein neues Messverfahren, die C14-Methode. Kennst du die? Neu ist daran nichts. Die C14-Methode, auch Radiokarbonmethode genannt, ist ziemlich alt. Dafür gab es sogar schon mal einen Nobelpreis: 1960 für Willard Frank Libby. Man kann damit das Alter von Dingen bestimmen, die Kohlenstoff enthalten, also von organischen Funden wie Holz, Knochen, Resten von Pflanzen oder Nahrung, zum Beispiel in Tonscherben. Denn zu Lebzeiten dieser Organismen wurde Kohlenstoff eingelagert. Davon gibt es mehrere Isotope, die eine unterschiedliche Zahl von Neutronen besitzen und deshalb unterschiedlich schwer sind. Der normale Kohlenstoff ist C12. Der hat zwölf Teilchen im Kern. Und C14 hat eben zwei mehr, ist instabil und zerfällt radioaktiv, wenn auch sehr langsam. Das ist das Schöne, denn damit kann man diese Datierungen machen. Okay, und was ist jetzt das Neue? Bei antiken Funden aus dem Mittelmeerraum hatte man diese Methode bisher kaum genutzt. Als man es tat - siehe da, da fing die Antike schon mindestens hundert Jahre früher an. Allerdings ist auch die Radiokarbonmethode nicht ohne Tücke. Denn das C14 hat sich in der oberen Atmosphäre nicht konstant gebildet. Wenn das Erdmagnetfeld sich mal geändert hat oder ein großer Sonnensturm war, dann entstand auch mal mehr C14 als normalerweise. Man braucht also außerdem noch ein Eichsystem. Und als Eichsystem dienen unter anderem alte Holzreste und deren Jahresringe. Was bringt es, dass man die Antike hundert Jahre vordatieren kann? Man kann viele Sachen, die man vielleicht vorher in den falschen Zusammenhang gestellt hat, anders einordnen. Bei der Himmelsscheibe von Nebra wäre das interessant gewesen, aber sie enthielt leider keinerlei geeignete Reste. Und sie wurde von Grabräubern entdeckt. Das ist immer blöd für die Archäologen, weil der Fundzusammenhang zerstört ist. Das Objekt taucht auf wie Kasper aus der Kiste. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert war Archäologie nur mit sehr viel gutem Willen von Grabräuberei und Schatzsuche zu unterscheiden. Wolltest du mal Archäologe werden? Witzigerweise ja. In der 10. Klasse. Dann hat mein Vater mich zu einem Archäologen mitgeschleppt, und da kam ich auf den Trichter, dass man als Archäologe in der DDR wohl die meiste Zeit in irgendeinem Museum zubringt. Das fand ich dann doch nicht so toll. Aber jetzt könntest du im Alter ja noch umschulen. Das wär wohl etwas viel. Man sollte nicht unterschätzen, dass das Lernen mit dem Alter auch immer schwieriger wird. Oder wolltest du jetzt mal Physik machen?

man radio museum als bei beispiel bis lernen vater dingen zusammenhang sachen kern allerdings methode arch davon zahl willen jahrhundert klasse atmosph ddr kennst reste pflanzen neu holz kasper nahrung physik knochen gedacht antike resten kiste nobelpreis isotopes lebzeiten schatzsuche teilchen organismen wolltest kohlenstoff c12 nebra mittelmeerraum trichter funden c14 himmelsscheibe grabr erdmagnetfeld messverfahren sonnensturm witzigerweise neutronen jahresringe

70. Existing Legend

Researchat.fm

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 6, 2020 88:36

現存する伝説の武器について話しました。Shownotes 前回の武器回 researchat.fm ep30 Battle Aura 草薙剣 … 別名天叢雲剣三種の神器 … 八咫鏡、草薙剣、八尺瓊勾玉。三種の神器といえばKOFを思い出しますね。一向一揆 THE CELL … 分子生物学における代表的な鈍器の一つ放射性炭素年代測定 … C14の存在比率で年代測定をする手法空海熱田神宮 … 草薙剣の実物が祀られている三種の神器と贈与税 … 非課税壇ノ浦の戦い … 草薙剣の形代が一度失われた聖骸布古事記千と千尋の神隠しポールアレン十握剣 … 日本神話に出てくる剣。特定の剣を指す言葉ではなく、10束の長さの剣の総称。天之尾羽張剣 … イザナギが使用した十握剣。カグツチを斬った。天羽々斬剣 … スサノオが使用した十握剣。ヤマタノオロチを斬った。八咫烏ミスティルテイン … 古ノルド語・アイスランド語、スウェーデン語・デンマーク語、ノルウェー語でヤドリギの木を差す。北欧神話でバルドルを殺すのに使用された。バルドル … 世界中の生物・無生物から傷付けられないはずだったが、ヤドリギの木だけは例外だった。グラディウス … 古代ローマで使用された剣。特殊の剣を指す言葉ではない。同名の名作シューティングゲームもあります。ツヴァイハンダー … 剣の種類、特定の剣を指す言葉ではない。クレイモア … 剣の種類、特定の剣を指す言葉ではない。実は2種類ある。余談ですが同名の漫画もオススメです。ショーテル … 剣の種類、特定の剣を指す言葉ではない。ファイナルファンタジーシリーズ … いろんな伝説の武器が登場ヴァルキリープロファイル … 北欧神話を題材としたプレイステーションの名作ゲーム。フレイ様の「まったく褒められたものではないわね」はトラウマ。リンクはスマホ移植版。刀剣乱舞天下五剣　… 童子切・鬼丸・三日月・大典太・数珠丸映画刀剣乱舞-継承- Fateシリーズ村正 … 具体的な日本刀の名前ではなく刀工の名前干将莫耶 … 中国の名剣、並びに製作者の夫婦の名前ジョワユーズ … シャルルマーニュ伝説でシャルルマーニュが所持していた剣。ルーブル美術館にあります！カール大帝 … 初代神聖ローマ皇帝。フランス語でシャルルマーニュ。シャルルマーニュ関連は伝説と史実の両方があるのでややこしい。アーサー王 … 円卓の騎士、エクスカリバーなどが有名なアーサー王伝説に登場する王様。エクスカリバー … 語る事が無いぐらい有名な剣死海文書の偽物デュランダル … フランスの叙事詩ローランの歌に登場する英雄・ローランが持つ剣。イーリアスに登場するヘクトールが所持していた剣と同一のものとされることもある。ロカマドールの岩に今も刺さっているという話やそれはレプリカであるという話があるらしい。ローラン … シャルルマーニュに仕えた聖騎士イーリアス … 最古期の古代ギリシア詩作品ヘクトール … ギリシャ神話の英雄トロイア戦争 … トロイの木馬で有名天の逆鉾 … 日本の中世神話に登場する矛。レプリカが高千穂山頂部に刺さっている(オリジナルの柄は地中にあるらしい)。坂本龍馬が引っこ抜いた話が有名。イタリアの修道院に刺さってる剣　…　サン・ガルガーノ修道院には岩に刺さった剣が保管されている。カーテナ … イギリス王家に代々伝わる剣。剣の先が折れたような形をしており無先刀、無鋒剣、慈悲の剣などと呼ばれる。戴冠宝器の一つ。ピューリタン革命で失われたが後に作り直された。現在ロンドン塔の宝物館に保管されている。アーサー王伝説に登場するトリスタンが使用したとされる伝承がある。トリスタン … 「トリスタンとイゾルデ」や「アーサー王物語」に登場する騎士。連合王国の戴冠宝器 … 141個ある。中には聖界正義の剣（Sword of Spiritual Justice）、俗界正義の剣（Sword of Temporal Justice）、献納の宝剣（Jewelled Sword of Offering）、国剣（Great Sword of State）などカッチョイイ名前の剣がある。ロンドン塔の宝物館カリナン … ロンドン塔で展示されている世界最大のダイヤモンド。530.20カラット。 4C… 宝飾用ダイヤモンドの品質を評価する国際基準。色（color）、透明度（clarity）、重さ（carat）、研磨（cut）の4点。甲斐駒ケ岳の二本剣　　… 甲斐駒ケ岳に刺さっている二本の剣七支刀蜻蛉切 … 本田忠勝が使用した槍。天下名三槍の一つ。ダマスカス … 都市の名前並びにそこで造られていた鋼。ガンダリウム合金 … 詳細は省くがガンダムに使われている合金ティソーナ … スペインの叙事詩「わがシッドの歌」の主人公(実在の人物ロドリーゴ・ディアス・デ・ビバール)が所持していた二振りの剣のうちの一本。ブルゴスの博物館(スペイン)で展示されている。ダマスカス鋼製。わがシッドの歌根津美術館弓取式越王勾践剣方天画戟 … よくゲームなどで呂布が持っている武器。これも厳密には特定の武器を指す言葉ではない。青龍偃月刀 … よくゲームなどで関羽が持っている武器。これも厳密には特定の武器を指す言葉ではない。蛇矛 … よくゲームなどで張飛が持っている武器。これも厳密には特定の武器を指す言葉ではない。イージス … アイギス、エイジスとも。ギリシャ神話で女神アテナが持つ防具。イージス艦ペルセウス … ギリシャ神話の英雄。ゴルゴーン(メデューサ)を退治など様々なエピソードがある。テセウス … ギリシャ神話の英雄。ミノタウルス退治などのエピソードが有名。テセウスの船 … パラドックスの一つ。アルゴナウタイ … ギリシャ神話でアルゴー船に搭乗した英雄の総称。英語ではアルゴノーツ。 Argonaut … RNAサイレンシングに関わるタンパク質。RNAサイレンシングに関してはep45でも話してます！r リチャードドーキンス The Extended Phenotype UMA タキタロウ … 釣りキチ三平にO池の滝太郎として登場倉谷滋キングダム終末のワルキューレ … 今回のおすすめ漫画 Editorial notes 古事記をまた読み返したくなりました (soh) このshownotesの熱量を見ればcoelaさんがどれだけ頑張っていたかがわかると思います。ただ、あまりにも何を話しているのかわからなくて泣きました。他分野の学会に参加した気分でした。ヨイショすらできなかったので面白いと感じた方はおたよりかTwitterでcoelaさんを褒めていただくとcoelaさんも喜ぶと思います。そうすると第三回もすぐあるかもしれません。(tadasu) 第三回はもう少しみんなに興味持って貰えそうなネタ考えとくわ！！(coela)

state fate sword uma existing editorial rna 4c argonaut kof c14 argonaute

‘Ireland's ice-age world revealed: new discoveries from Ballynamintra Cave, Co. Waterford'

uk ireland revealed caves revealing archaeology ice age new discoveries university belfast standing committee liverpool john moores university royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 29:57

Dr Richard Jennings, Liverpool John Moores University, UK and Mr Cóilín Ó Drisceoil, Kilkenny Archaeology. Presentated by Dr Richard Jennings. Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

‘A medieval meeting place by the Boyne: excavation of a possible ferta at Dowth, Co. Meath'

ireland revealing medieval archaeology university college dublin university belfast excavation standing committee boyne stephen davis royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 25:49

Dr Clíodhna Ní Lionáin, Project Archaeologist, Devenish Lands at Dowth and Dr Stephen Davis, University College Dublin. Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

A clean slate: the science of writing on slate in late medieval Ireland'

school science writing ireland revealing geography archaeology clean slate university belfast standing committee nui galway royal irish academy late medieval tu dublin c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 23:27

Professor Elizabeth FitzPatrick, School of Geography and Archaeology, NUI Galway and Professor Hugh Byrne, FOCAS Research Institute, TU Dublin. Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

‘A good vintage: early medieval grape pips from Kilkenny'

ireland vintage medieval grapes archaeology pips university belfast standing committee royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 27:15

Dr Susan Lyons, Environmental Archaeological Consultant and Mr Cóilín Ó Drisceoil, Kilkenny Archaeology Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

Feeding the poor: revealing relief food from dental calculus analyses in victims of the Irish Famine

university history school ireland poor feeding relief victims classics revealing dental archaeology calculus analyses university belfast standing committee royal irish academy irish famine c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 21:58

Dr Jonny Geber, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

‘Down by the river: looking for early Mesolithic people at Hermitage, Co. Limerick'

ireland archaeology hermitage university belfast standing committee down by the river royal irish academy mesolithic c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 20:45

Dr Tracy Collins, Aegis Archaeology Limited and Hermitage Archaeological Research Project Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

Introduction to Afternoon—session two

ireland vice archaeology session two university belfast standing committee royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 0:34

Maeve Sikora, Vice-chair, Royal Irish Academy Standing Committee for Archaeology Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

‘Embracing the dead on Baltinglass Hill: a newly discovered palisade enclosure'

ireland embracing discovered archaeology university belfast standing committee palisade royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 28:12

Dr Alan Hawkes, Consultant Archaeologist Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

‘Prehistoric ritual practices revealed at the Newgrange Farm excavation, 2018'

ireland farm revealed practices ritual archaeology prehistoric university belfast excavation standing committee newgrange royal irish academy c14

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 26:20

Dr Geraldine Stout, National Monuments Service Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

Introduction to the morning session

ireland archaeology university belfast morning session standing committee royal irish academy c14 ian doyle

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 27, 2019 4:19

Ian Doyle, Chair, Royal Irish Academy Standing Committee for Archaeology Revealing the past: archaeological excavation and research in Ireland' This biennial seminar was held on 10 October 2019 and show cased a selection of recent discoveries from archaeological excavation and related research in Ireland funded by the National Monuments Service, and from C14 dating research funded by Queen's University Belfast, through grants administered by the Royal Irish Academy's Standing Committee for Archaeology.

Friends With Fascists

Stranger Encounters

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 26, 2019 33:04

In Episode 69 Tommy digs into the CIA obsession with fascists since the defeat of NAZI Germany in WW2. Every time the CIA intervenes in another country's affairs it does so on behalf of a fascist insurgency.

friends cia ww2 nazi germany fascists battalion azov c14

The facts about horse "evolution." Part 2

Scripture On Creation podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 11, 2019 13:32

The discovery of a mummified horse (dated using C14 to be 42,000 years old!) has astounded researchers because of its extreme preservation. The significance of the specimen, and evolution vs. creation explanations for the origin and "development" of horses are discussed. (Photo taken from LiveScience.com April 18, 2019)

evolution horses live science c14

Commander 2014: Hidden Gems, Part 1

TheCardPool

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 8, 2019 31:42

For all you Magic players who, like us, are big fans of Commander, we've got a special set review just for you! We're taking a look at Commander 2014 in this series of videos and some of the ways it revolutionized how we play the game. First off, part 1 of our look at C14's hidden gems!

magic commander hidden gems c14

Busting Shroud Myths: Did Carbon 14 dating prove that The Shroud of Turin was a fake?

Bible Reading Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 30, 2019 59:28

Jessica Spitz, writing recently for NBCNews.com, basically asserts that science has proven - again and again - that The Shroud of Turin is conclusively a fake. The centerpiece of her argument is the carbon dating of The Shroud. She writes: Forensic scientists have once again concluded that the Shroud of Turin, supposedly the burial cloth Jesus was wrapped in after his crucifixion, was artificially created. The Shroud, which is kept in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, has long been a subject of controversy within the Catholic community. Believers say its stains are the blood of Jesus, while others have questioned whether the stains are even blood at all. The new research is in line with numerous previous studies that have concluded that the Shroud is not authentic. Earlier carbon dating work has determined that it dates to 1260 to 1390; Jesus is generally believed to have died in the year 33. And a blue ribbon panel called the Turin Commission concluded in 1979 that stains on the garment are likely pigments, not blood, while textiles experts and art historians have suggested that the materials and images are not from the right era. SOURCE Reading the article, it sounds very, very definitive. Science has CERTAINLY concluded in many ways that The Shroud is a fake, and this new study just adds more evidence. So - let's take a look at some of these definite proofs and consider whether or not they can convince us that The Shroud is a forgery. Spitz summarizes how this particular 2018 scientific inquiry ‘proved' the Shroud of Turin false in this way: In the most recent study, forensic scientists used blood pattern analysis to investigate the arm and body position necessary to yield the pattern seen on the Shroud. Using a living volunteer and a mannequin to model several positions, researchers determined that the patterns were consistent with multiple poses, which contradicts with the theory that Jesus was buried in the cloth lying down. In other words, reading between the lines, the researchers concluded that the blood splatter pattern on The Shroud conclusively could NOT have come from a victim that was lying still, but one that was moved about some. Think about it for a moment. Does the fact that the figure on The Shroud shows evidence of being moved AFTER being wrapped in the burial cloth indicate that The Shroud itself must be a forgery? I'm not sure how one could come to that conclusion - especially considering the Biblical testimony that the followers of Jesus took steps to prepare the body of Jesus for permanent burial. As well, we see clear evidence in Matthew that the body of Jesus was wrapped in linen AND THEN MOVED into the tomb. Surely such a thing could account for “multiple poses.” Consider: So Joseph took the body, wrapped it in clean, fine linen, 60 and placed it in his new tomb, which he had cut into the rock. He left after rolling a great stone against the entrance of the tomb. 61 Mary Magdalene and the other Mary were seated there, facing the tomb. (Matthew 27:59-61) So - does the fact that the Shroud Figure had “multiple poses” conclusively prove that The Shroud is a fake? Of course not - Scripture is clear the body of Jesus was moved, which could certainly account for those multiple poses. But don't take my word for it. Victor Weedn, chairman of forensic sciences as George Washington University in Washington, D.C., said in an interview that while the experimental approach seemed to make sense, he was "skeptical of this analysis," saying there was no reason to believe that the body could not have been moved while being transported. "We're not dealing with things we really know about," Weedn said. "We just don't know if this cloth was laid on someone who just laid there or was wrapped around the body or moved some before being put in a particular place." Weedn is an Ivy League professor with a Juris doctorate and a Medical doctorate - a brilliant man. I think we can consider this particular scientific study conclusively debunked. As a side note, I believe these passages about the burial of Jesus and the preparation of His body in particular are quite interesting relative to the resurrection of Jesus, and I've written about it fairly extensively in my book on the resurrection Easter: Fact or Fiction. We often assume the ancient followers of Jesus were quite gullible and not at all sophisticated - that they would have glibly accepted the idea of a person coming back to life because they would not have understood it to be scientifically impossible. However, biblical evidence clearly contradicts this - the disciples of Jesus DID NOT expect Him to return. They hid out and mourned. An expensive linen cloth was used to wrap the body of Jesus - strange behavior if one expected him to return in a few short days - why waste the cloth? The female followers of Jesus DID NOT expect Him to rise from the dead - they came to prepare His body for permanent entombment. Even Mary Magdalene, upon seeing the open tomb of Jesus did not assume resurrection, but asked where His lifeless body had been moved to. The followers of Jesus did not expect the resurrection, despite Jesus' claims that He would return from the dead. Probably the biggest single evidence against the authenticity of The Shroud - at least in most people's mind - is the results of the 1988 radiocarbon dating, which concluded that the fabric was from the 1300s, give or take 200 years. If that conclusion was accurate, then The Shroud would very obviously be a medieval forgery of some sort. I believe that the number of congruences between the figure in The Shroud and the biblical account of the passion, suffering and crucifixion of Jesus are too numerous for one to assume that the figure in The Shroud is anyone but Jesus, and thus - if the cloth is from the 1300s, then The Shroud is an intentional forgery meant to mislead. The trouble is, that there is much debate - scientific, theological, and philosophical - about that carbon dating figure. In one of the groups mentioned above, we can see the two polarizing opinions that people have adopted based on this carbon dating: N.S: “No one has been able to replicate how it was made, which is fascinating. And one of the fiber samples taken for carbon dating turns out to have been a repaired section so that accounts toward the dating inconsistencies. I've always been interested in the Shroud and it's physical characteristics. On the other hand, A.M. wrote: I feel like the “carbon dating was from a repaired section” thing has been taken as gospel (no pun intended) without looking at the evidence against that theory; among them the fact that the weaving is not typical of judaean fabrics of the early first century CE, and that several experts including a textile restoration specialist have said that the section from which the sample is taken is microscopically indistinguishable from the rest of the cloth, which is simply not possibly if the repair were undertaken in the time to which the sample dates. There have been many, MANY attempts to prove the 14th century origin date wrong, and all of them have been failures or have been ginned up with test results that were not able to be duplicated and independently verified. A survey of headlines on major websites shows a similar pattern: Confident and contradictory claims that appear to be irrefutable. For instance: Life Site News: Scientists debunk theory that Shroud of Turin is medieval ‘hoax' NBC News: Forensic research (once again) suggests the Shroud of Turin is fake. BBC News: Turin Shroud Older than Thought. Independent.Co.Uk: 628-year-old fake news: Scientists prove Turin Shroud not genuine (again) USA Today: New Test Dates Shroud of Turin to Era of Christ. Reuters: New Forensic Tests Suggest Shroud of Turin is a Fake. History.com: Shroud of Turin Isn't Jesus' Burial Cloth, Claims Forensic Study Phys.org - Study of Data from 1988 Shroud of Turin testing suggests mistakes. Dozens - or more - studies have sought to undermine the 1988 C14 tests. Some have been quite convincing...other, a bit less so. For instance, from a Churchmilitant.com article: “A theory surfaced in 2014 that the earthquake when Our Lord died on the Cross might have impacted the Shroud's radiocarbon results. Radiocarbon dating is based on measuring radioactive decay, the process by which atoms lose neutrons. The group of scientists in Italy made the case that the tremors on Good Friday possibly caused emissions of neutrons from the earth's crust, impacting atoms in the Shroud's fibers. If atoms in the Shroud were affected by neutron emissions, this would massively skew the results of radiocarbon dating.” Source Are you confused yet? I sure am. I think it is obvious that scientific consensus isn't 100 percent behind the hoax or genuine side of The Shroud debate. So - what's the story on that C-14 dating that conclusively and supposedly proved The Shroud was faked? Here's what happened: (FROM WIKIPEDIA SO AS TO BE NEUTRAL) On April 17, 1988, ten years after the S.T.U.R.P. project had been initiated, British Museum scientific director Michael Tite published in Nature[31] the "final" protocol: the laboratories at Oxford, Zürich, and Tucson would perform the test; they would each receive one sample weighing 40 mg., sampled from a single portion of weave; the laboratories would each receive two control samples, clearly distinguishable from the shroud sample; samples would be delivered to the laboratories' representatives in Turin; each test would be filmed; there would be no comparison of results (nor communication) between laboratories until the results be certified as definitive, univocal, and complete; Samples were taken on April 21, 1988, in the Cathedral by Franco Testore, an expert on weaves and fabrics, and by Giovanni Riggi di Numana. Testore performed the weighting operations while Riggi made the actual cut. Also present were Cardinal Ballestrero, four priests, archdiocese spokesperson Luigi Gonella, photographers, a camera operator, Michael Tite of the British Museum, and the labs' representatives. As a precautionary measure, a piece twice as big as the one required by the protocol was cut from the Shroud; it measured 81 mm × 21 mm (3.19 in × 0.83 in). An outer strip showing coloured filaments of uncertain origin was discarded.[37] The remaining sample, measuring 81 mm × 16 mm (3.19 in × 0.63 in) and weighing 300 mg, was first divided in two equal parts, one of which was preserved in a sealed container, in the custody of the Vatican, in case of future need. The other half was cut into three segments, and packaged for the labs in a separate room by Tite and the archbishop. The lab representatives were not present at this packaging process, in accordance with the protocol. The labs were also each given three control samples. In a well-attended press conference on October 13, Cardinal Ballestrero announced the official results, i.e. that radio-carbon testing dated the shroud to a date of 1260-1390 AD, with 95% confidence. (SOURCE: Wikipedia) So - that's that, right? 95 percent confidence by three different labs that The Shroud was from the 12-1300s. End of story. The radiocarbon dating slammed the door on The Shroud's authenticity for many, many people. One of the foremost Shroud researchers and proponents, who was himself a member of the original STURP team of scientists who studied the Turin Shroud in the late 1970s, is a man named Barrie Schwortz. He runs Shroud.com, which is probably the most visited site devoted to the TS on the internet. In commenting on the results of the dating, Schortz describes the reaction by Shroud devotees: “As soon as the dating results were leaked to the press, the world of the Shroud came to a complete and sudden halt. Many researchers took this as the final word and disengaged completely. The years of hard work by the STURP team and the many papers they published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature was immediately disregarded and ultimately, forgotten. These were indeed the bleak years of Shroud research.” (SOURCE) Except, there were objections raised about the radiocarbon testing almost from the beginning. Actually, to be fair, there were objections raised YEARS before the testing actually took place. Professor William Meacham is an archaeologist who writes articles with titles like, “High-throughput field phenotyping using hyperspectral reflectance and partial least squares regression (PLSR) reveals genetic modifications to photosynthetic capacity” and “Determination of the original firing temperature of ceramics from Non Nok Tha and Phimai, Thailand” Before The Shroud was carbon-dated, Meacham cautioned against letting the results be the end-all determinant of the authenticity or lack thereof of Shroud. In 1986, he wrote: “In recent discussions on the possible authenticity of the Turin Shroud, the question of the value of C-14 dating persistently recurs. Virtually all researchers agree that the test should be performed; sufficiently small samples can now be measured so that the appearance of the relic is not altered. Several C-14 dating proposals are now under consideration by the Archbishop of Turin. In contrast to these positive developments, however, there appears to be an unhealthy consensus approaching the level of dogma among both scientific and lay commentators, that C-14 dating will "settle the issue once and for all time." This attitude sharply contradicts the general perspective of field archaeologists and geologists, who view possible contamination as a very serious problem in interpreting the results of radiocarbon measurement. In this paper I shall examine the issue of the reliability of C-14 testing to produce an "absolute date" on the linen sheet known as the Holy Shroud of Turin and believed by some to be the gravecloth of Christ...Reviewing recent Shroud literature of all persuasions, I find little awareness of the limitations of the C-14 method, an urge to "date first and ask questions later," and a general disregard for the close collaboration between field and laboratory personnel which is the ideal in archaeometric projects. Regarding the Shroud, consultations should take place among archeologists, historians, conservationists, cellulose chemists and of course radiocarbon scientists in order to formulate a specific C-14 sampling and dating procedure. As I shall endeavor to demonstrate below, the radiocarbon measurement of the Shroud is a complex issue, and the inclusion of all relevant expertise is highly important.” Later, Dr. Meacham concludes his long and excellent paper on this issue, “My own tentative proposal for dating the Shroud is that at least five samples be taken: 1) a single thread from the middle of the cloth, between dorsal and ventral images; 2) a small piece cut just in from the edge next to the site of Raes' piece I; 3) a piece of the charred cloth; 4) a piece cut from the side strip next to the site of Raes' 11; 5) a piece of the backing cloth sewn on in 1534. The principal samples would be 1 and 2, with 3 possibly confirmatory; 4 would hopefully clarify the question of an added side strip: 5 would be a control for modern contamination. All samples would be subjected to elaborate pretreatment, SEM screening and testing (microchemical, mass spectrometry, micro-Raman) for impurities or intrusive substances such as higher order hydrocarbons, inorganic and organic carbonates. Samples 2-5 would be measured by both gas proportional and accelerator counting. Samples of a least 3sq. cm each would be required for intensive pretreatment (likely to sacrifice a portion of the sample), measurement of fractions, and controls for micro-testing. A total of 12 sq. cm. or so of the relic itself would thus be required. Selvage edges would be avoided, as in the British Museum inter-comparison experiment (Burleigh et al 1985:3). In view of the myriad contamination possibilities, at least two fractions of each sample should be measured, by each counting method, if possible. In the end, with luck, we would have at least two or three radiocarbon ages in good agreement and possibly, quite possibly, indicative of the true calendrical age of the Shroud linen. That is all we would be justified in claiming. The existence of significant indeterminant errors can never be excluded from any age determination. No method is immune from giving grossly incorrect datings when there are non-apparent problems with the samples originating in the field. The results illustrated [in this paper] show that this situation occurs frequently. Regardless of the C-14 result, evidence from other sources would of course remain of considerable importance in the overall evaluation of the age and origin of the relic. A C-14 age later than the first century would not of course constitute scientific proof of the inauthenticity of the Shroud, since radiocarbon dating is a based on a number of unverifiable assumptions -- the most important in this context being that the carbon extracted from the sample is indeed identical with the carbon absorbed from the environment when the sample was alive. But of course C-14 measurement does usually provide a reliable indication of true calendrical age.” SOURCE (CLICK HERE) Over the years, many have raised objections to the method and conclusions of the test, which most certainly did not follow the protocols that Professor Meacham called for. The main objections raised included the possibility of contamination of the sample (due to more than one fire that The Shroud was exposed to - as well as the touch of hundreds/thousands of medieval hand), as well as the location of the sample being near the edge of the garment - an area some have thought to be part of a medieval repair. Think of it like this: Have you heard of the Ship of Theseus? It's one of the more fascinating thought experiments and it has been around for thousands of years, at least since 500 years before the time of Jesus. So - who was Theseus? He was the possibly mythical founding king of Athens. The thought experiment goes like this: Let's say Theseus had a great battle ship that he won some big battles in. Over the years, the ship has to be repaired some planks are damaged, the mast is broken, rot sets in, etc. After a few decades, due to the nature of wood, fabric and rope (and the corrosive effect of salty winds and oceans) - all of the original parts of Theseus' ship has been replaced. Not all at once, of course - but over the years, bit by bit. The philosophical question is this: Is it still Theseus' ship despite the fact that there is not a single original part left?? The second part of the thought experiment is to consider another hypothetical. What if Theseus kept in a storehouse EVERY single part of his boat that was replaced. Further still, what if somebody was able to restore and repair every single former part of the ship, and then completely rebuilt it - using the original parts and to the exact specifications of the original. Which of the two boats is more the original ship of Theseus?? Well, that's not the Bible mystery we are here to solve today, but it does serve as an oblique introduction to one of the major issues with testing The Shroud. - What if The Ship of Theseus - or a similar ship - was somehow in service for hundreds of years - dating back to an indeterminate time. Perhaps some modern scientists would want to radiocarbon date the ship to test how old it was. That test would only be accurate if one took a sample from an original plank on the ship. If the ship was originally built in 1525, but then repaired in multiple places in 1875, and the sample taken for the carbon test was from a repaired plank, then one could quickly see how the c14 test would fail to ascertain the real age of the ship, right? Well, that is exactly what many claim has happened with the 1988 radiocarbon dating of The Shroud. Many claim that the sample tested was either from a section subject to some unknown medieval era repairs, or it was tainted by a medieval fire, or medieval hands, etc. This is why professor Meacham argued in 1986 that radiocarbon dating should not be the only way that the date of The Shroud was determined. A 2000 study by Joseph Marino and his wife Sue Benford found interesting results based on x-ray analysis of the TS sample sites. They found what they believe to be a seam in the sampled area of the fabric which is indicative of a repair made much later than when the cloth was originally made. The seam they found is diagonal and runs through the entire strip of the piece of fabric that was divided into three parts and sent to three different labs. Marino and Benford indicate that the variance of roughly 200 years found in the c14 dating of Arizona, Zurich and Oxford seems to correspond to the location of this diagonal seam, which caused the researchers to theorize that the repair was skewing the results of the dating test, and causing the three results to fall outside of the bounds of date agreement that statistical analysis would expect for three tests of the same exact cloth. Interestingly, after my first episode on the T.S., Mr Marino contacted me and sent some very helpful research my way. Raymond Rogers was a chemist and thermal analysis expert who served for nearly 40 years at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was a high ranking military analyst as well, and wrote and edited numerous scientific journal articles. Rogers was the head of chemical analysis for the original STURP team that studied The Shroud. After the 1988 c14 testing, Rogers was initially convinced for years by the results of the test, but began to reconsider those results after reviewing the paper mentioned previously by Joe Marino and Sue Benford. Rogers reexamined some fiber samples from the Turin Shroud in order to debunk the debunkers. He was surprised to find clear microscopic evidence that a cotton patch had been skillfully weaved into the original linen of the tested part of the Turin Shroud. Rogers also noted that x-ray fluorescent photography done of The Shroud demonstrated that the part of the cloth where the sample was taken glowed a different color than the rest of the cloth, which would likely be an indicator that different fabric was contained in the tested sample. In 2005, shortly before his death from cancer, Rogers wrote a scientific paper on The Shroud for the chemistry journal Thermochimica Acta that contained a detailed chemical analysis of The Shroud fibers, (with pictures) and a discussion of the likely contamination of the sampled section of the cloth. The paper concludes: “If the shroud had been produced between a.d. 1260 and 1390, as indicated by the radiocarbon analyses, lignin should be easy to detect. A linen produced in a.d. 1260 would have retained about 37% of its vanillin in 1978. The Raes threads, the Holland cloth, and all other medieval linens gave the test for vanillin wherever lignin could be observed on growth nodes. The disappearance of all traces of vanillin from the lignin in the shroud indicates a much older age than the radiocarbon laboratories reported...Because the shroud and other very old linens do not give the vanillin test, the cloth must be quite old. It is thus very unlikely that the linen was produced during medieval times...The combined evidence from chemical kinetics, analytical chemistry, cotton content, and pyrolysis proves that the material from the radiocarbon area of the shroud is significantly different from that of the main cloth. The radiocarbon sample was thus not part of the original cloth and is invalid for determining the age of the shroud. Because the storage conditions through the centuries are unknown, a more accurate age determination will require new radiocarbon analyses with several fully characterized and carefully prepared samples” SOURCE More recently, Summer of 2019, a peer reviewed academic journal called Archaeometry, produced by The University of Oxford, published a very interesting article that called into question the results of the c14 dating of The Shroud. If you aren't familiar, Archaeometry “is an international research journal covering the application of the physical and biological sciences to archaeology and the history of art. The topics covered include dating methods, artifact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing techniques, conservation science, environmental reconstruction, biological anthropology and archaeological theory.” An international team of researchers led by French researcher Tristan Casabianca obtained the raw results from the original 1988 radiocarbon testing and did some significant statistical analysis of those results, and also looked for other possible issues. In a recent interview with the French magazine L'Homme Nouveau (The New Man), Casabianca summarized the findings of his team's study: “In 1989, the results of the shroud dating were published in the prestigious journal Nature: between 1260 and 1390 with 95% certainty. But for thirty years, researchers have asked the laboratories for raw data. These have always refused to provide them. In 2017, I submitted a legal request to the British Museum, which supervised the laboratories. Thus, I had access to hundreds of unpublished pages, which include these raw data. With my team, we conducted their analysis. Our statistical analysis shows that the 1988 carbon 14 dating was unreliable: the tested samples are obviously heterogeneous, [showing many different dates], and there is no guarantee that all these samples, taken from one end of the sheet, are representative of the whole fabric. It is therefore impossible to conclude that the shroud of Turin dates from the Middle Ages.” The paper itself is incredibly complex, and very heavy on a type of statistical analysis that is well over my head in most places. I've read and reread portions of that paper, though, and I feel like I understand it well enough to note that it raises some very troubling concerns about the results of the 1988 dating. Some of those concerns include: Significant contamination of various pieces of the very small Shroud samples sent to each laboratory. The paper notes: “ Despite the close visual inspection of the TS by textile experts and the loss of weight of approximately 25% after the cutting (FOIA 2017, 162), Oxford found and removed several textile fibres of different colours, including one identified by a textile laboratory to be cotton, ‘possibly of Egyptian origin and quite old' (Anonymous 1988; FOIA 2017, 104). Oxford mentions that in one subsample there may have been ‘glass', perhaps sodium Radiocarbon dating of the Turin Shroud 7 © 2019 University of Oxford, Archaeometry ••, •• (2019) ••–•• chloride crystals (Wilson 1995, 18; FOIA 2017, 103). In the original draft, Arizona indicated that ‘a red thread and three blue threads' were removed from one of their subsamples (Turin Shroud Archive). In 2010, Arizona recognized that they had kept one piece of an undated TS subsample. On this subsample, the authors identified foreign material invisible to the naked eye, including a blue substance described as ‘apparently wax' (Freer-Waters and Jull 2010, 1522) and some cotton fibres. Zürich may have found an assortment of debris (Marinelli 2012, 26).” 2. Significant statistical differences between the raw dates obtained by the three labs that each tested a similar sample of the Turin Shroud. Recall that a very small piece of the TS was cut off and sent to three different labs. One in Arizona, one in Zurich and one in Oxford. Supposedly all three labs returned the same results for the dating of the TS, but according to Casabianca's statistical survey of the raw results, that claim is not true. He shows that there was significant statistical variance between the results obtained by the three labs, especially the Arizona lab. Now, I'm going to read a part of the paper where Casabianca's team makes this claim, but I do not claim to fully understand what's going on here: The analysis of the Arizona counts showed further interesting aspects. The eight counts of the Arizona data were categorized into four groups (A1 and A2, A3 and A4, A5 and A6, and A7 and A8) because they were executed on the same day using the same standards. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test (Table 5; see also Table S10 for the assumptions) shows highly statistically significant differences even if we consider the eight counts both separately and gathered (p-values < 0.0001). The results show that the different assessments produced by the same laboratory (raw vs. Nature) are not statistically significant, whereas the analysis of the raw radiocarbon dates confirmed that the different laboratories produced different assessments and that these differences are, in most cases, statistically significant. That might be the most understandable section out of the paper's discussion of the statistical anomalies between the dates obtained by the three labs. Ultimately, I take it that Casabianca's work is demonstrating that the lab results are different enough that something must account for the difference - contamination, medieval repairs, botched handling, etc. 3. The dates obtained by the labs on the small samples they were given, appear to vary throughout the length of the sample, rather than remain the same. In other words, different parts of the small sample size tested by each lab test out with a statistically significant different date, a result which could be explained by contamination, and many other factors. The paper makes this claim about the non-homogenous results: Moreover, our statistical analysis of the raw data supports the conclusion of Riani et al. (2013). They used the known locations of the tested samples in each laboratory and showed a significant decrease in the radiocarbon age as one gets closer to the centre of the sheet (in length, from the tested corner). This variability of the Nature radiocarbon dates in a few centimetres, if linearly extrapolated to the opposite side of the TS, would lead to a dating in the future. So - those are some significant scientific issues raised with the 1988 dating in this paper, and many other scientific studies are cited which reveal similar problems with the dating. Casabianca's paper concludes this way: “The discussed statistical analysis reinforced the argument against the goodness of the radiocarbon dating of the TS, suggesting the presence of serious incongruities among the raw measurements. Our results, which are compatible with those previously reported by many other authors (Brunati 1996; Van Haelst 1997, 2002; Riani et al. 2013), strongly suggest that homogeneity is lacking in the data. The measurements made by the three laboratories on the TS sample suffer from a lack of precision which seriously affects the reliability of the 95% AD 1260–1390 interval. The statistical analyses, supported by the foreign material found by the laboratories, show the necessity of a new radiocarbon dating to compute a new reliable interval. This new test requires, in an interdisciplinary research, a robust protocol. Without this re-analysis, it is not possible to affirm that the 1988 radiocarbon dating offers ‘conclusive evidence' that the calendar age range is accurate and representative of the whole cloth. This is not a lightweight attack on the credibility of the 1988 radiocarbon dating of The Shroud. If you are a committed and convinced Shroud-skeptic, then I have no beef with you, since I am currently a Shroud-agnostic. However, if you have based your assured skepticism primarily on the radiocarbon dating of The Shroud, then I would encourage you to sit down and try to read Casabianca's paper. It's not an easy read in the least, and you might need some Tylenol, but i believe it does poke significant holes in the credibility of that 1988 test - enough holes that I believe that the test represents minor evidence - at best - against the genuineness of The Shroud, rather than conclusive evidence. So - has 1988 radiocarbon dating conclusively shown that The Shroud was a medieval hoax? I believe that scientists (textile experts, statisticians, chemists, historians and archaeologists) have raised enough objections with the method and the conclusions of the original 1988 test to say, ‘no.' This, of course, does NOT prove that The Shroud is the original burial cloth of Jesus, nor does it prove that The Shroud was produced originally in the first century. What it does suggest - strongly, I'd say - is that we need an updated radiocarbon testing of The Shroud. One that utilizes fabric far closer to the middle of The Shroud, and one that uses fabric that is checked and rechecked for contaminants, repairs and reweaves prior to the testing. What does The Vatican have to lose here? I realize that they want to preserve the Turin Shroud as well as possible - it is a priceless artifact whether it is genuine or not. However, I believe the loss of a small portion of the middle, non-imprinted section of The Shroud is an acceptable loss, and a worthwhile risk. If the updated testing again shows a medieval date, then nothing significant has been lost, considering that The Shroud already bears the scars of years of use and fire damage, and considering that The Vatican has never officially vouched for the authenticity of the cloth. If, however, the test comes back as dating to near the time of Christ, then imagine the clamor and positive publicity over such a finding? It would be immense, and clearly worth the risk. Worth the risk, of course, if The Vatican truly believes The Shroud could be authentic. Next episode we will consider to what degree The Vatican really does esteem The Shroud, and maybe bust a few more myths along the way.

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Busting Shroud Myths: Did Carbon 14 dating prove that The Shroud of Turin was a fake?

Bible Questions Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 30, 2019 59:28

Jessica Spitz, writing recently for NBCNews.com, basically asserts that science has proven - again and again - that The Shroud of Turin is conclusively a fake. The centerpiece of her argument is the carbon dating of The Shroud. She writes: Forensic scientists have once again concluded that the Shroud of Turin, supposedly the burial cloth Jesus was wrapped in after his crucifixion, was artificially created. The Shroud, which is kept in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, has long been a subject of controversy within the Catholic community. Believers say its stains are the blood of Jesus, while others have questioned whether the stains are even blood at all. The new research is in line with numerous previous studies that have concluded that the Shroud is not authentic. Earlier carbon dating work has determined that it dates to 1260 to 1390; Jesus is generally believed to have died in the year 33. And a blue ribbon panel called the Turin Commission concluded in 1979 that stains on the garment are likely pigments, not blood, while textiles experts and art historians have suggested that the materials and images are not from the right era. SOURCE Reading the article, it sounds very, very definitive. Science has CERTAINLY concluded in many ways that The Shroud is a fake, and this new study just adds more evidence. So - let's take a look at some of these definite proofs and consider whether or not they can convince us that The Shroud is a forgery. Spitz summarizes how this particular 2018 scientific inquiry ‘proved' the Shroud of Turin false in this way: In the most recent study, forensic scientists used blood pattern analysis to investigate the arm and body position necessary to yield the pattern seen on the Shroud. Using a living volunteer and a mannequin to model several positions, researchers determined that the patterns were consistent with multiple poses, which contradicts with the theory that Jesus was buried in the cloth lying down. In other words, reading between the lines, the researchers concluded that the blood splatter pattern on The Shroud conclusively could NOT have come from a victim that was lying still, but one that was moved about some. Think about it for a moment. Does the fact that the figure on The Shroud shows evidence of being moved AFTER being wrapped in the burial cloth indicate that The Shroud itself must be a forgery? I'm not sure how one could come to that conclusion - especially considering the Biblical testimony that the followers of Jesus took steps to prepare the body of Jesus for permanent burial. As well, we see clear evidence in Matthew that the body of Jesus was wrapped in linen AND THEN MOVED into the tomb. Surely such a thing could account for “multiple poses.” Consider: So Joseph took the body, wrapped it in clean, fine linen, 60 and placed it in his new tomb, which he had cut into the rock. He left after rolling a great stone against the entrance of the tomb. 61 Mary Magdalene and the other Mary were seated there, facing the tomb. (Matthew 27:59-61) So - does the fact that the Shroud Figure had “multiple poses” conclusively prove that The Shroud is a fake? Of course not - Scripture is clear the body of Jesus was moved, which could certainly account for those multiple poses. But don't take my word for it. Victor Weedn, chairman of forensic sciences as George Washington University in Washington, D.C., said in an interview that while the experimental approach seemed to make sense, he was "skeptical of this analysis," saying there was no reason to believe that the body could not have been moved while being transported. "We're not dealing with things we really know about," Weedn said. "We just don't know if this cloth was laid on someone who just laid there or was wrapped around the body or moved some before being put in a particular place." Weedn is an Ivy League professor with a Juris doctorate and a Medical doctorate - a brilliant man. I think we can consider this particular scientific study conclusively debunked. As a side note, I believe these passages about the burial of Jesus and the preparation of His body in particular are quite interesting relative to the resurrection of Jesus, and I've written about it fairly extensively in my book on the resurrection Easter: Fact or Fiction. We often assume the ancient followers of Jesus were quite gullible and not at all sophisticated - that they would have glibly accepted the idea of a person coming back to life because they would not have understood it to be scientifically impossible. However, biblical evidence clearly contradicts this - the disciples of Jesus DID NOT expect Him to return. They hid out and mourned. An expensive linen cloth was used to wrap the body of Jesus - strange behavior if one expected him to return in a few short days - why waste the cloth? The female followers of Jesus DID NOT expect Him to rise from the dead - they came to prepare His body for permanent entombment. Even Mary Magdalene, upon seeing the open tomb of Jesus did not assume resurrection, but asked where His lifeless body had been moved to. The followers of Jesus did not expect the resurrection, despite Jesus' claims that He would return from the dead. Probably the biggest single evidence against the authenticity of The Shroud - at least in most people's mind - is the results of the 1988 radiocarbon dating, which concluded that the fabric was from the 1300s, give or take 200 years. If that conclusion was accurate, then The Shroud would very obviously be a medieval forgery of some sort. I believe that the number of congruences between the figure in The Shroud and the biblical account of the passion, suffering and crucifixion of Jesus are too numerous for one to assume that the figure in The Shroud is anyone but Jesus, and thus - if the cloth is from the 1300s, then The Shroud is an intentional forgery meant to mislead. The trouble is, that there is much debate - scientific, theological, and philosophical - about that carbon dating figure. In one of the groups mentioned above, we can see the two polarizing opinions that people have adopted based on this carbon dating: N.S: “No one has been able to replicate how it was made, which is fascinating. And one of the fiber samples taken for carbon dating turns out to have been a repaired section so that accounts toward the dating inconsistencies. I've always been interested in the Shroud and it's physical characteristics. On the other hand, A.M. wrote: I feel like the “carbon dating was from a repaired section” thing has been taken as gospel (no pun intended) without looking at the evidence against that theory; among them the fact that the weaving is not typical of judaean fabrics of the early first century CE, and that several experts including a textile restoration specialist have said that the section from which the sample is taken is microscopically indistinguishable from the rest of the cloth, which is simply not possibly if the repair were undertaken in the time to which the sample dates. There have been many, MANY attempts to prove the 14th century origin date wrong, and all of them have been failures or have been ginned up with test results that were not able to be duplicated and independently verified. A survey of headlines on major websites shows a similar pattern: Confident and contradictory claims that appear to be irrefutable. For instance: Life Site News: Scientists debunk theory that Shroud of Turin is medieval ‘hoax' NBC News: Forensic research (once again) suggests the Shroud of Turin is fake. BBC News: Turin Shroud Older than Thought. Independent.Co.Uk: 628-year-old fake news: Scientists prove Turin Shroud not genuine (again) USA Today: New Test Dates Shroud of Turin to Era of Christ. Reuters: New Forensic Tests Suggest Shroud of Turin is a Fake. History.com: Shroud of Turin Isn't Jesus' Burial Cloth, Claims Forensic Study Phys.org - Study of Data from 1988 Shroud of Turin testing suggests mistakes. Dozens - or more - studies have sought to undermine the 1988 C14 tests. Some have been quite convincing...other, a bit less so. For instance, from a Churchmilitant.com article: “A theory surfaced in 2014 that the earthquake when Our Lord died on the Cross might have impacted the Shroud's radiocarbon results. Radiocarbon dating is based on measuring radioactive decay, the process by which atoms lose neutrons. The group of scientists in Italy made the case that the tremors on Good Friday possibly caused emissions of neutrons from the earth's crust, impacting atoms in the Shroud's fibers. If atoms in the Shroud were affected by neutron emissions, this would massively skew the results of radiocarbon dating.” Source Are you confused yet? I sure am. I think it is obvious that scientific consensus isn't 100 percent behind the hoax or genuine side of The Shroud debate. So - what's the story on that C-14 dating that conclusively and supposedly proved The Shroud was faked? Here's what happened: (FROM WIKIPEDIA SO AS TO BE NEUTRAL) On April 17, 1988, ten years after the S.T.U.R.P. project had been initiated, British Museum scientific director Michael Tite published in Nature[31] the "final" protocol: the laboratories at Oxford, Zürich, and Tucson would perform the test; they would each receive one sample weighing 40 mg., sampled from a single portion of weave; the laboratories would each receive two control samples, clearly distinguishable from the shroud sample; samples would be delivered to the laboratories' representatives in Turin; each test would be filmed; there would be no comparison of results (nor communication) between laboratories until the results be certified as definitive, univocal, and complete; Samples were taken on April 21, 1988, in the Cathedral by Franco Testore, an expert on weaves and fabrics, and by Giovanni Riggi di Numana. Testore performed the weighting operations while Riggi made the actual cut. Also present were Cardinal Ballestrero, four priests, archdiocese spokesperson Luigi Gonella, photographers, a camera operator, Michael Tite of the British Museum, and the labs' representatives. As a precautionary measure, a piece twice as big as the one required by the protocol was cut from the Shroud; it measured 81 mm × 21 mm (3.19 in × 0.83 in). An outer strip showing coloured filaments of uncertain origin was discarded.[37] The remaining sample, measuring 81 mm × 16 mm (3.19 in × 0.63 in) and weighing 300 mg, was first divided in two equal parts, one of which was preserved in a sealed container, in the custody of the Vatican, in case of future need. The other half was cut into three segments, and packaged for the labs in a separate room by Tite and the archbishop. The lab representatives were not present at this packaging process, in accordance with the protocol. The labs were also each given three control samples. In a well-attended press conference on October 13, Cardinal Ballestrero announced the official results, i.e. that radio-carbon testing dated the shroud to a date of 1260-1390 AD, with 95% confidence. (SOURCE: Wikipedia) So - that's that, right? 95 percent confidence by three different labs that The Shroud was from the 12-1300s. End of story. The radiocarbon dating slammed the door on The Shroud's authenticity for many, many people. One of the foremost Shroud researchers and proponents, who was himself a member of the original STURP team of scientists who studied the Turin Shroud in the late 1970s, is a man named Barrie Schwortz. He runs Shroud.com, which is probably the most visited site devoted to the TS on the internet. In commenting on the results of the dating, Schortz describes the reaction by Shroud devotees: “As soon as the dating results were leaked to the press, the world of the Shroud came to a complete and sudden halt. Many researchers took this as the final word and disengaged completely. The years of hard work by the STURP team and the many papers they published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature was immediately disregarded and ultimately, forgotten. These were indeed the bleak years of Shroud research.” (SOURCE) Except, there were objections raised about the radiocarbon testing almost from the beginning. Actually, to be fair, there were objections raised YEARS before the testing actually took place. Professor William Meacham is an archaeologist who writes articles with titles like, “High-throughput field phenotyping using hyperspectral reflectance and partial least squares regression (PLSR) reveals genetic modifications to photosynthetic capacity” and “Determination of the original firing temperature of ceramics from Non Nok Tha and Phimai, Thailand” Before The Shroud was carbon-dated, Meacham cautioned against letting the results be the end-all determinant of the authenticity or lack thereof of Shroud. In 1986, he wrote: “In recent discussions on the possible authenticity of the Turin Shroud, the question of the value of C-14 dating persistently recurs. Virtually all researchers agree that the test should be performed; sufficiently small samples can now be measured so that the appearance of the relic is not altered. Several C-14 dating proposals are now under consideration by the Archbishop of Turin. In contrast to these positive developments, however, there appears to be an unhealthy consensus approaching the level of dogma among both scientific and lay commentators, that C-14 dating will "settle the issue once and for all time." This attitude sharply contradicts the general perspective of field archaeologists and geologists, who view possible contamination as a very serious problem in interpreting the results of radiocarbon measurement. In this paper I shall examine the issue of the reliability of C-14 testing to produce an "absolute date" on the linen sheet known as the Holy Shroud of Turin and believed by some to be the gravecloth of Christ...Reviewing recent Shroud literature of all persuasions, I find little awareness of the limitations of the C-14 method, an urge to "date first and ask questions later," and a general disregard for the close collaboration between field and laboratory personnel which is the ideal in archaeometric projects. Regarding the Shroud, consultations should take place among archeologists, historians, conservationists, cellulose chemists and of course radiocarbon scientists in order to formulate a specific C-14 sampling and dating procedure. As I shall endeavor to demonstrate below, the radiocarbon measurement of the Shroud is a complex issue, and the inclusion of all relevant expertise is highly important.” Later, Dr. Meacham concludes his long and excellent paper on this issue, “My own tentative proposal for dating the Shroud is that at least five samples be taken: 1) a single thread from the middle of the cloth, between dorsal and ventral images; 2) a small piece cut just in from the edge next to the site of Raes' piece I; 3) a piece of the charred cloth; 4) a piece cut from the side strip next to the site of Raes' 11; 5) a piece of the backing cloth sewn on in 1534. The principal samples would be 1 and 2, with 3 possibly confirmatory; 4 would hopefully clarify the question of an added side strip: 5 would be a control for modern contamination. All samples would be subjected to elaborate pretreatment, SEM screening and testing (microchemical, mass spectrometry, micro-Raman) for impurities or intrusive substances such as higher order hydrocarbons, inorganic and organic carbonates. Samples 2-5 would be measured by both gas proportional and accelerator counting. Samples of a least 3sq. cm each would be required for intensive pretreatment (likely to sacrifice a portion of the sample), measurement of fractions, and controls for micro-testing. A total of 12 sq. cm. or so of the relic itself would thus be required. Selvage edges would be avoided, as in the British Museum inter-comparison experiment (Burleigh et al 1985:3). In view of the myriad contamination possibilities, at least two fractions of each sample should be measured, by each counting method, if possible. In the end, with luck, we would have at least two or three radiocarbon ages in good agreement and possibly, quite possibly, indicative of the true calendrical age of the Shroud linen. That is all we would be justified in claiming. The existence of significant indeterminant errors can never be excluded from any age determination. No method is immune from giving grossly incorrect datings when there are non-apparent problems with the samples originating in the field. The results illustrated [in this paper] show that this situation occurs frequently. Regardless of the C-14 result, evidence from other sources would of course remain of considerable importance in the overall evaluation of the age and origin of the relic. A C-14 age later than the first century would not of course constitute scientific proof of the inauthenticity of the Shroud, since radiocarbon dating is a based on a number of unverifiable assumptions -- the most important in this context being that the carbon extracted from the sample is indeed identical with the carbon absorbed from the environment when the sample was alive. But of course C-14 measurement does usually provide a reliable indication of true calendrical age.” SOURCE (CLICK HERE) Over the years, many have raised objections to the method and conclusions of the test, which most certainly did not follow the protocols that Professor Meacham called for. The main objections raised included the possibility of contamination of the sample (due to more than one fire that The Shroud was exposed to - as well as the touch of hundreds/thousands of medieval hand), as well as the location of the sample being near the edge of the garment - an area some have thought to be part of a medieval repair. Think of it like this: Have you heard of the Ship of Theseus? It's one of the more fascinating thought experiments and it has been around for thousands of years, at least since 500 years before the time of Jesus. So - who was Theseus? He was the possibly mythical founding king of Athens. The thought experiment goes like this: Let's say Theseus had a great battle ship that he won some big battles in. Over the years, the ship has to be repaired some planks are damaged, the mast is broken, rot sets in, etc. After a few decades, due to the nature of wood, fabric and rope (and the corrosive effect of salty winds and oceans) - all of the original parts of Theseus' ship has been replaced. Not all at once, of course - but over the years, bit by bit. The philosophical question is this: Is it still Theseus' ship despite the fact that there is not a single original part left?? The second part of the thought experiment is to consider another hypothetical. What if Theseus kept in a storehouse EVERY single part of his boat that was replaced. Further still, what if somebody was able to restore and repair every single former part of the ship, and then completely rebuilt it - using the original parts and to the exact specifications of the original. Which of the two boats is more the original ship of Theseus?? Well, that's not the Bible mystery we are here to solve today, but it does serve as an oblique introduction to one of the major issues with testing The Shroud. - What if The Ship of Theseus - or a similar ship - was somehow in service for hundreds of years - dating back to an indeterminate time. Perhaps some modern scientists would want to radiocarbon date the ship to test how old it was. That test would only be accurate if one took a sample from an original plank on the ship. If the ship was originally built in 1525, but then repaired in multiple places in 1875, and the sample taken for the carbon test was from a repaired plank, then one could quickly see how the c14 test would fail to ascertain the real age of the ship, right? Well, that is exactly what many claim has happened with the 1988 radiocarbon dating of The Shroud. Many claim that the sample tested was either from a section subject to some unknown medieval era repairs, or it was tainted by a medieval fire, or medieval hands, etc. This is why professor Meacham argued in 1986 that radiocarbon dating should not be the only way that the date of The Shroud was determined. A 2000 study by Joseph Marino and his wife Sue Benford found interesting results based on x-ray analysis of the TS sample sites. They found what they believe to be a seam in the sampled area of the fabric which is indicative of a repair made much later than when the cloth was originally made. The seam they found is diagonal and runs through the entire strip of the piece of fabric that was divided into three parts and sent to three different labs. Marino and Benford indicate that the variance of roughly 200 years found in the c14 dating of Arizona, Zurich and Oxford seems to correspond to the location of this diagonal seam, which caused the researchers to theorize that the repair was skewing the results of the dating test, and causing the three results to fall outside of the bounds of date agreement that statistical analysis would expect for three tests of the same exact cloth. Interestingly, after my first episode on the T.S., Mr Marino contacted me and sent some very helpful research my way. Raymond Rogers was a chemist and thermal analysis expert who served for nearly 40 years at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was a high ranking military analyst as well, and wrote and edited numerous scientific journal articles. Rogers was the head of chemical analysis for the original STURP team that studied The Shroud. After the 1988 c14 testing, Rogers was initially convinced for years by the results of the test, but began to reconsider those results after reviewing the paper mentioned previously by Joe Marino and Sue Benford. Rogers reexamined some fiber samples from the Turin Shroud in order to debunk the debunkers. He was surprised to find clear microscopic evidence that a cotton patch had been skillfully weaved into the original linen of the tested part of the Turin Shroud. Rogers also noted that x-ray fluorescent photography done of The Shroud demonstrated that the part of the cloth where the sample was taken glowed a different color than the rest of the cloth, which would likely be an indicator that different fabric was contained in the tested sample. In 2005, shortly before his death from cancer, Rogers wrote a scientific paper on The Shroud for the chemistry journal Thermochimica Acta that contained a detailed chemical analysis of The Shroud fibers, (with pictures) and a discussion of the likely contamination of the sampled section of the cloth. The paper concludes: “If the shroud had been produced between a.d. 1260 and 1390, as indicated by the radiocarbon analyses, lignin should be easy to detect. A linen produced in a.d. 1260 would have retained about 37% of its vanillin in 1978. The Raes threads, the Holland cloth, and all other medieval linens gave the test for vanillin wherever lignin could be observed on growth nodes. The disappearance of all traces of vanillin from the lignin in the shroud indicates a much older age than the radiocarbon laboratories reported...Because the shroud and other very old linens do not give the vanillin test, the cloth must be quite old. It is thus very unlikely that the linen was produced during medieval times...The combined evidence from chemical kinetics, analytical chemistry, cotton content, and pyrolysis proves that the material from the radiocarbon area of the shroud is significantly different from that of the main cloth. The radiocarbon sample was thus not part of the original cloth and is invalid for determining the age of the shroud. Because the storage conditions through the centuries are unknown, a more accurate age determination will require new radiocarbon analyses with several fully characterized and carefully prepared samples” SOURCE More recently, Summer of 2019, a peer reviewed academic journal called Archaeometry, produced by The University of Oxford, published a very interesting article that called into question the results of the c14 dating of The Shroud. If you aren't familiar, Archaeometry “is an international research journal covering the application of the physical and biological sciences to archaeology and the history of art. The topics covered include dating methods, artifact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing techniques, conservation science, environmental reconstruction, biological anthropology and archaeological theory.” An international team of researchers led by French researcher Tristan Casabianca obtained the raw results from the original 1988 radiocarbon testing and did some significant statistical analysis of those results, and also looked for other possible issues. In a recent interview with the French magazine L'Homme Nouveau (The New Man), Casabianca summarized the findings of his team's study: “In 1989, the results of the shroud dating were published in the prestigious journal Nature: between 1260 and 1390 with 95% certainty. But for thirty years, researchers have asked the laboratories for raw data. These have always refused to provide them. In 2017, I submitted a legal request to the British Museum, which supervised the laboratories. Thus, I had access to hundreds of unpublished pages, which include these raw data. With my team, we conducted their analysis. Our statistical analysis shows that the 1988 carbon 14 dating was unreliable: the tested samples are obviously heterogeneous, [showing many different dates], and there is no guarantee that all these samples, taken from one end of the sheet, are representative of the whole fabric. It is therefore impossible to conclude that the shroud of Turin dates from the Middle Ages.” The paper itself is incredibly complex, and very heavy on a type of statistical analysis that is well over my head in most places. I've read and reread portions of that paper, though, and I feel like I understand it well enough to note that it raises some very troubling concerns about the results of the 1988 dating. Some of those concerns include: Significant contamination of various pieces of the very small Shroud samples sent to each laboratory. The paper notes: “ Despite the close visual inspection of the TS by textile experts and the loss of weight of approximately 25% after the cutting (FOIA 2017, 162), Oxford found and removed several textile fibres of different colours, including one identified by a textile laboratory to be cotton, ‘possibly of Egyptian origin and quite old' (Anonymous 1988; FOIA 2017, 104). Oxford mentions that in one subsample there may have been ‘glass', perhaps sodium Radiocarbon dating of the Turin Shroud 7 © 2019 University of Oxford, Archaeometry ••, •• (2019) ••–•• chloride crystals (Wilson 1995, 18; FOIA 2017, 103). In the original draft, Arizona indicated that ‘a red thread and three blue threads' were removed from one of their subsamples (Turin Shroud Archive). In 2010, Arizona recognized that they had kept one piece of an undated TS subsample. On this subsample, the authors identified foreign material invisible to the naked eye, including a blue substance described as ‘apparently wax' (Freer-Waters and Jull 2010, 1522) and some cotton fibres. Zürich may have found an assortment of debris (Marinelli 2012, 26).” 2. Significant statistical differences between the raw dates obtained by the three labs that each tested a similar sample of the Turin Shroud. Recall that a very small piece of the TS was cut off and sent to three different labs. One in Arizona, one in Zurich and one in Oxford. Supposedly all three labs returned the same results for the dating of the TS, but according to Casabianca's statistical survey of the raw results, that claim is not true. He shows that there was significant statistical variance between the results obtained by the three labs, especially the Arizona lab. Now, I'm going to read a part of the paper where Casabianca's team makes this claim, but I do not claim to fully understand what's going on here: The analysis of the Arizona counts showed further interesting aspects. The eight counts of the Arizona data were categorized into four groups (A1 and A2, A3 and A4, A5 and A6, and A7 and A8) because they were executed on the same day using the same standards. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test (Table 5; see also Table S10 for the assumptions) shows highly statistically significant differences even if we consider the eight counts both separately and gathered (p-values < 0.0001). The results show that the different assessments produced by the same laboratory (raw vs. Nature) are not statistically significant, whereas the analysis of the raw radiocarbon dates confirmed that the different laboratories produced different assessments and that these differences are, in most cases, statistically significant. That might be the most understandable section out of the paper's discussion of the statistical anomalies between the dates obtained by the three labs. Ultimately, I take it that Casabianca's work is demonstrating that the lab results are different enough that something must account for the difference - contamination, medieval repairs, botched handling, etc. 3. The dates obtained by the labs on the small samples they were given, appear to vary throughout the length of the sample, rather than remain the same. In other words, different parts of the small sample size tested by each lab test out with a statistically significant different date, a result which could be explained by contamination, and many other factors. The paper makes this claim about the non-homogenous results: Moreover, our statistical analysis of the raw data supports the conclusion of Riani et al. (2013). They used the known locations of the tested samples in each laboratory and showed a significant decrease in the radiocarbon age as one gets closer to the centre of the sheet (in length, from the tested corner). This variability of the Nature radiocarbon dates in a few centimetres, if linearly extrapolated to the opposite side of the TS, would lead to a dating in the future. So - those are some significant scientific issues raised with the 1988 dating in this paper, and many other scientific studies are cited which reveal similar problems with the dating. Casabianca's paper concludes this way: “The discussed statistical analysis reinforced the argument against the goodness of the radiocarbon dating of the TS, suggesting the presence of serious incongruities among the raw measurements. Our results, which are compatible with those previously reported by many other authors (Brunati 1996; Van Haelst 1997, 2002; Riani et al. 2013), strongly suggest that homogeneity is lacking in the data. The measurements made by the three laboratories on the TS sample suffer from a lack of precision which seriously affects the reliability of the 95% AD 1260–1390 interval. The statistical analyses, supported by the foreign material found by the laboratories, show the necessity of a new radiocarbon dating to compute a new reliable interval. This new test requires, in an interdisciplinary research, a robust protocol. Without this re-analysis, it is not possible to affirm that the 1988 radiocarbon dating offers ‘conclusive evidence' that the calendar age range is accurate and representative of the whole cloth. This is not a lightweight attack on the credibility of the 1988 radiocarbon dating of The Shroud. If you are a committed and convinced Shroud-skeptic, then I have no beef with you, since I am currently a Shroud-agnostic. However, if you have based your assured skepticism primarily on the radiocarbon dating of The Shroud, then I would encourage you to sit down and try to read Casabianca's paper. It's not an easy read in the least, and you might need some Tylenol, but i believe it does poke significant holes in the credibility of that 1988 test - enough holes that I believe that the test represents minor evidence - at best - against the genuineness of The Shroud, rather than conclusive evidence. So - has 1988 radiocarbon dating conclusively shown that The Shroud was a medieval hoax? I believe that scientists (textile experts, statisticians, chemists, historians and archaeologists) have raised enough objections with the method and the conclusions of the original 1988 test to say, ‘no.' This, of course, does NOT prove that The Shroud is the original burial cloth of Jesus, nor does it prove that The Shroud was produced originally in the first century. What it does suggest - strongly, I'd say - is that we need an updated radiocarbon testing of The Shroud. One that utilizes fabric far closer to the middle of The Shroud, and one that uses fabric that is checked and rechecked for contaminants, repairs and reweaves prior to the testing. What does The Vatican have to lose here? I realize that they want to preserve the Turin Shroud as well as possible - it is a priceless artifact whether it is genuine or not. However, I believe the loss of a small portion of the middle, non-imprinted section of The Shroud is an acceptable loss, and a worthwhile risk. If the updated testing again shows a medieval date, then nothing significant has been lost, considering that The Shroud already bears the scars of years of use and fire damage, and considering that The Vatican has never officially vouched for the authenticity of the cloth. If, however, the test comes back as dating to near the time of Christ, then imagine the clamor and positive publicity over such a finding? It would be immense, and clearly worth the risk. Worth the risk, of course, if The Vatican truly believes The Shroud could be authentic. Next episode we will consider to what degree The Vatican really does esteem The Shroud, and maybe bust a few more myths along the way.

jesus christ university history uk science bible washington french nature dating arizona reading italy cross data mystery study resurrection fake scripture table biblical myths medical catholic oxford independent fiction scientists good friday confident supernatural egyptian era rogers holland john the baptist ship athens reviewing believers paranormal prove anonymous significant carbon determination vatican tucson arizona sem recall ivy league busting mary magdalene cathedrals nbc news george washington university zurich virtually apologetics dozens middle ages turin samples marino our lord archbishop forensic ts a1 tylenol british museum shroud a2 foia a4 tite raman theseus a3 spitz a5 shroud of turin a6 los alamos national laboratory burleigh casa bianca marinelli meacham a7 riggi benford church militant a8 juris raes jull radiocarbon c14 turin shroud barrie schwortz riani

La datazione della Sindone con il metodo del radiocarbonio fu una truffa

Scienza

Play Episode Listen Later May 8, 2019 14:02

TESTO DELL'ARTICOLO ➜ http://www.bastabugie.it/it/articoli.php?id=5643LA DATAZIONE DELLA SINDONE CON IL METODO DEL RADIOCARBONIO FU UNA TRUFFA di Emanuela MarinelliNon ci sono prove conclusive che la Sindone sia medievale. Nel 1988 fu effettuata una datazione radiocarbonica della Sindone, da molti ritenuta il lenzuolo funerario di Gesù. Il risultato, pubblicato sulla rivista Nature, fu chiaro: la Sindone è medievale (1260-1390 d.C.). Fino ad ora, questa conclusione era stata ritenuta dalla maggior parte degli scienziati come una confutazione dell'autenticità del telo. La nostra nuova analisi statistica, basata sui dati ufficiali e i dati grezzi (pubblicati solo recentemente), dimostra che questa conclusione non è affidabile. La nostra analisi prova che non c'è evidenza definitiva che la Sindone di Torino sia medievale. Questi nostri risultati sono stati pubblicati su una rivista di Oxford, Archaeometry, edita per conto dell'Oxford Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art.Fin dalla pubblicazione dell'articolo su Nature, molti ricercatori hanno richiesto, invano, la pubblicazione dei dati grezzi. Infatti, i tre laboratori (Oxford, Tucson, Zurigo) e il British Museum, l'istituzione incaricata dell'analisi statistica, hanno sempre eluso tale richiesta. Nel 2017, per la prima volta, uno dei ricercatori del nostro team, il francese Tristan Casabianca, ha richiesto legalmente (tramite il Freedom of Information Act) al British Museum tali dati, riuscendo a ottenere i report inviati dai tre laboratori all'istituzione.PROCEDURE SCORRETTEFin dal 1988 erano sorti molti dubbi sulle conclusioni della datazione della Sindone al Medioevo. Nel 2013, un'analisi statistica basata sui dati ufficiali mise in dubbio la validità dell'articolo pubblicato su Nature. Ma la questione principale ruotava attorno ai dati grezzi, i dati usati dai laboratori per ottenere le datazioni pubblicate su Nature. Una volta ottenuti questi dati, abbiamo usato diversi strumenti statistici molto potenti per individuare eventuali problemi (analisi della varianza, test di Ward e Wilson, test parametrici e non-parametrici e un software promosso da Oxford usato attualmente dagli analisti che si occupano di datazione al radiocarbonio, l'OxCal). I risultati suggeriscono fortemente che i laboratori hanno prodotto risultati differenti non riconducibili allo stesso fenomeno. Probabilmente, durante il processo di datazione qualcosa è andato storto e la causa andrebbe rintracciata nella non omogeneità dei campioni selezionati.I nostri risultati sono ulteriormente corroborati dal fatto che i campioni di controllo non hanno mostrato le stesse problematiche. In aggiunta a ciò, i tre laboratori menzionano la presenza di importante materiale eterogeneo non menzionato nell'articolo su Nature, quale antico cotone o fili blu e rossi.La documentazione rilasciata dal British Museum dipinge un quadro molto più complesso di quanto presentato nell'articolo su Nature. Per esempio, possiamo ora affermare con certezza che uno dei laboratori - quello di Tucson (Arizona) - realizzò otto misurazioni, e che queste misurazioni grezze mostrano eterogeneità. Queste eterogeneità non sono menzionate su Nature. Sulla base di questi risultati, non è possibile continuare ad affermare che la quantità di atomi di C14 nei campioni era costante, il che rappresenta un'assunzione fondamentale per la datazione. Eliminare i valori estremi risulta quindi impossibile, perché ciò si tradurrebbe in una decisione puramente arbitraria.Le nostre scoperte evidenziano il fatto che le procedure (selezionate dopo più di 10 anni di negoziazioni tra archeologi, esperti di tessuti e Santa Sede) sono state ben lontane dalla perfezione. Questo punto era già stato messo in luce da vari ricercatori, tra cui Harry E. Gove, l'inventore del metodo AMS, il metodo unico e innovativo usato per testare la Sindone. In molti erano preoccupati del fatto che con solo 3 laboratori, se qualcosa fosse andata male in uno di essi, sarebbe stato impossibile sapere quale invece avesse prodotto risultati attendibili. Inoltre, non c'è certezza del fatto che il protocollo sia stato strettamente seguito da tutti i laboratori. Per esempio, un sotto-campione non fu testato e quindi non fu distrutto dal laboratorio in Arizona.È NECESSARIO UN NUOVO ESPERIMENTO?Nel 1988, durante una famosa conferenza stampa, gli scienziati rivelarono al mondo che l'età della datazione era compresa negli anni "1260-1390!" (con il punto esclamativo). Il nostro studio rende più che legittimo cambiare questo punto esclamativo in un punto interrogativo. Non si può più dire che le conclusioni della datazione al radiocarbonio sono, con confidenza al 95%, accurate e nemmeno che sono rappresentative dell'intero tessuto. Dai risultati ottenuti nel 1988 nessuno può affermare con certezza che la Sindone abbia origini medioevali.Una nuova datazione è quindi necessaria, ma dovrebbe essere inserita in un vero processo interdisciplinare e, se possibile, utilizzando tecniche di datazione non distruttive. Questa procedura dovrebbe essere pensata attentamente e applicata impegnandosi preventivamente a rendere liberamente consultabili i dati.Nel 1988 in molti presentarono la datazione medievale della Sindone come il trionfo della scienza sulla religione o quantomeno come il trionfo della scienza sulle reliquie e sulle affermazioni dei miracoli. La nostra visione è molto più sottile: quando lo strumento di indagine è la rigorosa analisi scientifica, le conclusioni passate, seppur proposte da scienziati, possono e devono essere messe sempre in dubbio, anche dopo 30 anni.La storia scientifica della Sindone iniziò circa 120 anni fa. La prima fotografia fu realizzata del fotografo astigiano Secondo Pia e la controversia riguardo alla sua veridicità fu rinvigorita. Le nostre scoperte dimostrano che questa storia scientifica non è ancora conclusa e forse non lo sarà mai. La Sindone fu definita il «Vangelo per il XX secolo» e non esiste dubbio sul fatto che sarà anche il Vangelo del XXI secolo. Come affermò san Giovanni Paolo II, la Sindone è «una sfida alla nostra intelligenza».

26. F U, A-ROD

Pretty Neat Pod - A Podcast about Culture, Drinking, and Embarrassing our Wives.

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 11, 2019

SUPPORT US: Patreon.com/prettyneatpodCONNECT:prettyneatpod@gmail.comfacebook.com/prettyneatpod@prettyneatPodcast, listen, free, fun, funny, talking, silly, movies, drinking, comedy, culture, pretty neat podcast, MI6, Mission Impossible, Grant, Jeff, Segment

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23. The One with the Cats

Pretty Neat Pod - A Podcast about Culture, Drinking, and Embarrassing our Wives.

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 6, 2019

SUPPORT US: Patreon.com/prettyneatpodGrant and Jeff discuss the important issues of the day.CONNECT:prettyneatpod@gmail.comfacebook.com/prettyneatpod@prettyneatPodcast, listen, free, fun, funny, talking, silly, movies, drinking, comedy, culture, pretty neat podcast, MI6, Mission Impossible, Grant, Jeff, Segment

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22. Pretty Neat Gestacular, (We're Pregnant with Segments)

Pretty Neat Pod - A Podcast about Culture, Drinking, and Embarrassing our Wives.

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 7, 2018

SUPPORT US: Patreon.com/prettyneatpodTHE BOYS ARE BACK IN TOWN.Grant and Jeff have big news, they are pregnant! Pregnant with segments!That's right, following the Fluffuside pattern Jeff and Grant go through some of the favorite segments while eating 50 chicken nuggets!CONNECT:prettyneatpod@gmail.comfacebook.com/prettyneatpod@prettyneatPodcast, listen, free, fun, funny, talking, silly, movies, drinking, comedy, culture, pretty neat podcast, MI6, Mission Impossible, Grant, Jeff, Segment

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Das 774-775 C14 Ereignis

Anerzählt Archiv 601-900

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 28, 2018 5:44

Die Radiokarbonmethode ist eine zuverlässige Methode um das Alter organischer Fossilien zu bestimmen weil das Verhältnis der Isotope C12 und C14 bekannt sind und unterschiedlich schnell abnehmen. Erfasst man nun die C14 Konzentration in der Atmosphäre über Zeit stellt man fest, dass es im Verlauf der Erdgeschichte zu verschiedenen sprunghaften Anstiegen kam. Das 774 Ereignis ist ein solcher Anstieg und gibt immer noch Rätsel auf...

verh methode atmosph verlauf ereignis anstieg fossilien erdgeschichte c14 anstiegen

20. Serial 2, (Oops, All Berries)

Pretty Neat Pod - A Podcast about Culture, Drinking, and Embarrassing our Wives.

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 25, 2018

SUPPORT US: Patreon.com/prettyneatpodThe real life investigation of an actual event. Hearts are broken. Friends are lost. Truth is found.CONNECT:prettyneatpod@gmail.comfacebook.com/prettyneatpod@prettyneatPodcast, listen, free, fun, funny, talking, silly, movies, drinking, comedy, culture, pretty neat podcast, MI6, Mission Impossible, Grant, Jeff, Segment

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19. JEFF BROKE MY HEART, (And he'll kill again)

Pretty Neat Pod - A Podcast about Culture, Drinking, and Embarrassing our Wives.

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 12, 2018

SUPPORT US: Patreon.com/prettyneatpodI, uh, I don't want to talk about it. I'm fine. It's fine. He was just joking, probably. FOR GOODNESS SAKE MARK, I SAID LEAVE ME ALONE. I WILL TALK TO YOU ABOUT IT WHEN I AM READY, MARK. I JUST NEED SOME SPACE, MARK. MARK, ARE YOU EVEN LISTENING? IT'S LIKE YOU DON'T EVEN HEAR ME MARK. MARK. MARK? MARK, TALK TO ME DAMMIT. YOU CAN'T DO ME LIKE THIS MARK. I NEED YOU, MARK. MARK. MARK. Anyways, call me back when you get this voicemail.CONNECT:prettyneatpod@gmail.comfacebook.com/prettyneatpod@prettyneatPodcast, listen, free, fun, funny, talking, silly, movies, drinking, comedy, culture, pretty neat podcast, MI6, Mission Impossible, Grant, Jeff, Segment

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#02 - The Return of Theme Hospital

Noclip

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 29, 2018 41:49

We talk to Bullfrog and Lionhead legends Gary Carr and Mark Webley about the design of PC cult classic Theme Hospital, and how their careers twisted and turned to see them return to create a spiritual successor. Learn more about Two Point Hospital: https://www.twopointhospital.com/ Play Theme Hospital: https://www.gog.com/game/theme_hospital Download CorsixTH: http://corsixth.com/ iTunes Page: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/noclip/id1385062988 RSS Feed: http://noclippodcast.libsyn.com/rss Google Play: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/If7gz7uvqebg2qqlicxhay22qny Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5XYk92ubrXpvPVk1lin4VB?si=JRAcPnlvQ0-YJWU9XiW9pg Episode transcription: http://noclippodcast.libsyn.com/02-the-return-of-theme-hospital Learn About Noclip: https://www.noclip.video Become a Patron and get early access to new episodes: https://www.patreon.com/noclip Follow @noclipvideo on Twitter Hosted by @dannyodwyer Funded by 4,197 Patrons. -------------------------------------------------------------- TRANSCRIPTION; - [Danny] Hello and welcome to Noclip, the podcast about video games and the people who make them. On today's episode, we pay a much needed visit to the video game doctor, as we celebrate the return of a PC cult classic. Bullfrog are synonymous with a wonderful period in time for games development in the United Kingdom. Producing many cult classics including Populus, Dungeon Keeper, Syndicate, and Theme Park. But to me, the jewel in Bullfrog's crown has always been their lesser-known follow up to the theme park management game. While becoming an instant classic in the UK, Theme Hospital is much lesser known here in the United States. So it was quite the surprise to me when, on a date with an American, the girl across the table from me mentioned it as one of her favorite games ever. I think that was the moment I decided I wanted to marry you, was when you mentioned you liked Theme Hospital. - [Lindsay] Oh yeah, that's, like, an important aspect of our relationship. - [Danny] Yeah, what do you remember about that game? - [Lindsay] I remember all the little goofy components of it, like how the people look, and how you can pop heads, and how you can deal with a million Elvis' and the helicopter comes in and has a thousand people on it, and the fancy man comes around with his top hat. - [Danny] Oh yeah, I forgot about the VIP. - [Lindsay] The fancy man. - [Danny] Yeah. And you had to make sure that he didn't, like-- - [Lindsay] See all your rats and shit, like-- So you be, like, "This way, Sir." - [Danny] Or somebody would get sick right in front of him. He kind of looked like the Monopoly man. - [Lindsay] Yeah, he was so fancy. And he, remember when he stopped by all the wards and looked in all the windows, he peaked in. He'd be like, "Oops, not that one, "no one works in there." - [Danny] I wonder how much it mattered. Because when he was walking around, I always thought, oh, I better make sure that wherever he walks we have fire extinguishers. - [Lindsay] Totally. - [Danny] But I bet it was just, like-- - [Lindsay] It was predetermined before he even landed on his helicopter or however he got there. - [Danny] I think this might be the first time I've ever worked on a Noclip project which is a game that you care about? Is that true? I guess Rocket League you liked. - [Lindsay] Rocket League I liked for a few minutes. None of the other video games you've ever done a podcast on, I mean done a documentary on, I've ever even heard of. - [Danny] Yeah. You're not a final fan of C14 fan? - [Lindsay] I've heard of Final Fantasy. I didn't know there were 14 of them, but-- - [Danny]There's way more than 14 of them. - [Lindsay] I've heard of it. Oh, really? - [Danny] Yeah. And since it is the first time I've kind of worked on something that you actually have a deep knowledge of-- - [Lindsay] Oh, I'm excited. - [Danny] If you had any questions, let me be those sort of the translator between you and the developers. What would you ask if you had any questions? - [Lindsay] Well my big question is when they are going to make a sequel. Because as fun as it is to play that pixelly thing, they better make a sequel. My real questions are about the silly things, like how the handyman could smell cabbage or just little silly components that they put in there. - [Danny] It's the doctors, isn't it, it smells faintly of cabbage. - [Lindsay] It smells faintly of cabbage, yeah. - [Danny] When you were hiring them. Oh yeah, I guess the handyman, too. - [Lindsay] Anybody could smell like cabbage in real life. Anyone could smell like cabbage. So I had that question, and also about shooting rats. Like, what that's about and sometimes you could unlock that secret level where it was just rat shooting. And that was really cool. - [Danny] It was kind of random, though. - [Lindsay] Yeah yeah, it was just like-- - [Danny] Like, why does this happen? - [Lindsay] Right, I have some experience in hospitals and I've never once shot a rat, but they thought it was important that we have that component. - [Danny] I can answer the first question. - [Lindsay] Oh, when the sequel's coming out? - [Danny] Yeah, so I decided I wanted to do this a while back, and it took a while for me to hunt down the two main dudes who worked on Theme Hospital. It turns out both of them ended up having really prolific careers and getting to the top of Lionhead Studios, who made a bunch of games. - [Lindsay] The Movies. - [Danny] They made The movies, I remember you love, which is so funny, you love The Movies because it's probably Lionhead's most obscure game. - [Lindsay] The Movies was really hard. I've never made any progress at all in that game. I think I'm doing something wrong, actually. - [Danny] And the guys who, I think both of them actually worked on The Movies as well. - [Lindsay] Well then I have further questions for them of how you achieve anything in that game. - [Danny] We'll have to leave that for another podcast. - [Danny] But I ended up finding them because they're working on a spiritual successor. So after, I think it's been eight, 19 years? Around two decades, and finally you can play a new hospital management game, it's coming out really soon, so-- - [Lindsay] Yes. - [Danny] Let me ask the questions and I'll get back to you. - [Lindsay] Report back. - [Danny] Like report back to you-- - [Lindsay] Thank you. - [Danny] On the condition of our patient. - [Lindsay] Of our fair game. - [Danny] Yeah. - [Mark] Yeah, I'm Mark Webley, I'm one of the founders and I guess I'm game director at Two Point Studios. - [Gary] I'm Gary Carr, I'm also a founder and I'm creative director at Two Point Studios. - [Mark] I kind of heard about Bullfrog, I didn't really know that much about them until I saw this EA poster, a friend of mine worked at EA, and it was a poster with all their games on, it kind of looked like interesting games. You saw this one in the middle, which is, looks incredible, I said, "What the hell was that?" And it was Populus, and I thought, wow that just looks insane, I mean, you kind of looked back at it and you might not see it, but at the time it was, in my view, whoa that looks so different and cool. - [Gary] I think I started a couple years before Mark, I think I started in 89. - [Mark] Yeah, you were definitely before me. - [Gary] So I done my first game at Bullfrog was Powermonger, I was there at the back in the Populus and I did a little bit on the data disks but not very much if I'm honest. I did a little bit actually on Syndicate, but it was called Cyber Assault when I worked on it. - [Mark] I thought it was called Quaz at one point. - [Gary] It was called Bub as well. - [Mark] Bub? Yeah. Just something easy to type. - [Gary] That's the game that we could never actually decide what it was going to be. It was in production forever. - [Danny] Back in the early 90's, the team at Bullfrog was only around eight people led by the excitable hand of a man called Peter Molyneux. The studio operated out of a makeshift office crammed into an attic above a stereo shop and a flat occupied by a chain-smoking old lady. Peter had used his charm to persuade Commodore to lend them a suite of Amiga's and it was on these computers that the team worked on games, games like Powermonger, Syndicate, Magic Carpet, Flood, and Dungeon Keeper. Gary, an artist, left for a time after they had completed the iconic Theme Park. He went to work at famed UK developers the Bitmap Brothers for a number of years before being tempted back to Bullfrog by a devilish dungeon keeper. - [Gary] Yeah, Peter has got a great way of, kind of, sort of making people believe that these things are going to be what they want them to be and he's brilliant at that and I loved the guy for it. But I wanted to come back and do something that wasn't Theme, so I kept saying, "Could the game idea possibly be a dungeon-y game?" And he sort of said, "Could be." What he meant was it could be, but it's not. So I came back, but actually it was the best decision of my life, it really was because it was great to work with Mark. We're very different people, and we both have sort of different things we bring together and we had-- - [Mark] We argue a lot. - [Gary] We argue a lot and we had total freedom. I mean, back then there was only about three or four people that had the luxury to sort of take an idea and own it, and we were one of those few. So it was a great time in our careers, we were at the right time, I think, to sort of build a team together and make that game. When Mark and I were probably at similar age and different types of experience, I'd had a bit more games experience at the time, Mark had had a lot more management experience at the time. - [Mark] But I was a lot smarter. - [Gary] Yeah, I think so. But at this point in time, I think it was when Bullfrog was splitting up into creating teams within Bullfrog because we'd gotten a little bit bigger. So Mark kicked off what was called Pluto, believe it or not, which was the design and series team that was gonna do all the theme games and I was brought in to sort of partner with Mark on this game, we had no idea what was going to be coming and it ended up being Theme Hospital. - [Mark] Well at that time, it was just me and you to start with, it was just, I mean, the team at its maximum size was probably about five or six. So it was pretty small teams, there's no producer, there's no designer, so I was programming, Gary as doing the art and-- - [Gary] And we were kind of making it up as we went along so that process kind of carried on for a while and I think that kind of originally it was a game about a hospital, a game about a theme park was kind of great, you got rides and exciting things and lots of fun just without even having to go outside the box. - [Gary] Try too hard. - [Mark] And then afterwards it was different. We kind of thought about the flow of the game the patient, the diagnosis, and the treatment of patients, but the sticking point was after. In fact, we were on the research back in Gilford, it's right next to the hospital, so we'd often spend out lunchtime walk around Dart U we'd probably get choked out now. - [Gary] Trying to get inspiration, weren't we? - [Mark] Yeah, just walking around the corridors, and just kind of seeing what's in the hospital. We're going to have lunch in the cafeteria and it was, it came to a point where I think you just, you said, "This is it, isn't it. "There's nothing more, it's just "boring corridors and plain walls." - [Gary] They're all very similar, it doesn't matter if it's the US or the UK, I think hospitals share, they always have the same floor tiles. They have these slightly curved floors where obviously they're easy to wash in up corners so the floors slightly curve, they have this kind of shiny, painted up to about waist-high where I think that can be washed down as well. - [Mark] Hosed down. - [Gary] Hosed down. And they have a few machines with little screens on them and they all sort of makeshift beds that seems to be some sort of crash unit near it. And that's it, and we just suddenly thought, Oh my God, how does this compete with things like roller coasters, and water fluids, and all that kind of color? And we got really scared and we also spent about, and this has been said many times, but we spent about a month in different hospitals trying to do some research, trying to find a game out of all that. - [Mark] Integrate on the street. - [Gary] On the street, we went to Brimley and Rolsory, and we just spent time in all these hospitals and we just kind of got so weary. - [Mark] Gary even got circumcised. - [Gary] No, I didn't. We viewed operations, we were invited to go and look around the morgue and we went into business meetings about how one hospital could strategically beat another hospital to people that have been in injuries. And it just sounds like, oh god this is so grim. - [Mark] We were setting up the ambulance. - [Gary] That's right. Do you remember that? - [Mark] Yeah yeah. - [Gary] And then we sort of went for lunch and again in the canteen that looked very much like a real canteen, they have lots of really unhealthy food. And, uh, we just suddenly I think just landed on this idea at the same time to sort of just let's just make it up. Because we actually knew nothing about hospitals, we didn't know how they really worked. - [Danny] Mark and Gary did their game design due diligence and visited hospitals all around the Greater London Area. They were kicked out of an operation for distracting a surgeon once, and almost visited a morgue before losing their nerve. It was these experiences that brought the boys to the conclusion that they were better off distancing themselves from the grim reality of hospitals as much as they could. They knew that the subject matter wasn't really the focus of the gameplay experience. It wasn't like people who played Theme Park all wanted to run Theme Parks, and the same could be true here. Through their experience they understood that the drive of this game came from the problems players would encounter and the ways in which they would solve them. So they didn't have to make a game about running a real hospital, they just had to make a game that was fun and challenging. It was around this time that Bullfrog was acquired by Electronic Arts. And when their new bosses turned up to see what the team was working on, they were, a bit confused. - [Gary] And when they'd come to the studio and have a look at all the games, it's kind of like, a hospital game? No, I don't get it. It's like, oh, think about ER and things, we were trying to jazz it up. It's actually a really popular, exciting show. They'd say, "But this isn't like ER, is it." - [Mark] I guess that's the problem. I think everybody probably would assume science fiction or fantasy-- - [Gary] Or killing or blowing up. - [Mark] Making some sim game around that would be the best possible subject matter, but I think coming up with, if we stay in kind of reality, and relatable subject, but then you twist that into something else is, makes it way more interesting. - [Danny] EA was right. It wasn't really ER. For one, Theme Hospital didn't have any real illnesses. The people in this world suffered from conditions like Slack Tongue, Bloaty Head, Kidney Beans and Third Degree Sideburns. One condition originally called Elvitus had to be changed when Elvis' estate got wind of it. The character art, which did look a lot like Elvis, was slightly changed, and the condition was renamed King Complex. Another legal faux-pas came with the original box-art of Theme Hospital, which carried a red cross. The Red Cross wasn't too happy about that, so they changed it to a green star. The guys were starting to warm up so I figured it was probably about the time to ask Lindsay's questions. First of all, what was with all the doctors that smelled faintly of cabbage? Who wrote this stuff? And why did Theme Hospital have a rat shooting mini game? - [Gary] One thing I think Lionhead and Bullfrog haven't probably promoted enough is the great writers who have actually made us look even, well, made us look way better than we actually are. Because it's actually, it's interesting, there wasn't that many visual illnesses in Theme Hospital, but a lot of people remember the wonderful names and they paint their own pictures. - [Mark] Yeah, and the descriptions of how they're contracted, so. - [Gary] So I think, but the writing was really important to us. - [Mark] There was a guy called James Leech. - [Gary] But James Leech did the original, but James also worked with a guy called Mark Hill throughout, on and off through the Lionhead days, and that was something we wanted to bring, keep that consistency of writing. So, it was probably Mark, probably is, he's really strong. - [Mark] Yeah, if you've got enough, if you've shot enough rats in a level, you could unlock a secret in between levels, you rat shoot. And it was basically just a lot of rats. You had a certain amount of time to kill as many as you can, and if you kind of chain them together, if you've got enough, if you've got a streak as it were, you could level up your weapons. - [Gary] That's right. - [Mark] And they were really difficult, I think the rat was two by one pixels, you know it was some of my best work, and you had to get a headshot. So you literally had to be almost pixel perfect, certainly in the harder levels. - [Gary] It was hard, yeah. - [Mark] And it's weird, things like that used to happen because we didn't have design documents. We didn't have, you know, we weren't scheduled to do, this week we're on this, next week we're on that. So, you know, this is just when developers just start dicking about really. - [Voiceover] Could people please try not to be sick in the corridors. - [Danny] Theme Hospital was a critical and commercial success, but once they were done post-acquisition Bullfrog saw an exodus of developers as Peter Molyneux left to form a new studio, Lionhead. Mark followed his old boss to Lionhead while Gary was part of another group that founded the studio Mucky Foot. There, he worked on the art for Urban Chaos, Startopia, and Blade 2, and left once the studio closed in 2003 whereupon he joined Lionhead to work on The Movies. By this stage the two friends found themselves in lead positions at the company. They shepherded many games through the studio during this time including Black and White, Fable, Kinect Sports, and unreleased projects such as Project Milo and "BC". They worked together at Lionhead for a decade, but as time passed the job became less like the good old days. Microsoft had acquired Lionhead in 2006 and the now 200 person studio had run into financial difficulty. So as the years wore on, the influence of their parent company was having an erosive effect on the team's creativity. Gary found it especially difficult to get his ideas to gain traction, and so he decided to leave. - [Gary] I guess the thing I enjoyed most of the Bullfrog era was definitely Theme Hospital. It just was, because it was a point when I was ready to do more than just the artwork on a game. So I felt I was much more stepping into being a kind of a co-creating role rather than just making things look as pretty as I could. Then, I enjoyed my period with Mucky Foot, which was a company I sort of helped formulate, and we had some great years there. Lionhead, I guess the challenges were always working with Peter on such ambitious ideas because Peter would, I was in a team that wasn't Fable, so my part of that was Peter would throw some incredibly outlandish ideas around and it was kind of my job to get a little group of people together to try and realize that ambition. And it was really exciting, I mean, we literally went from making things on Kinect or things like Milo and Cabige, which was a bit nice for a while, it was just weird and wonderful opportunities to try and make a difference and do something strange and interesting, so I enjoyed that, too. - [Danny] By the time Mark's tenure was coming to a close, Peter Molyneux had long left the company and Mark was creative director of Lionhead. His final act at the studio was to help get Fable: Anniversary out the door, and it was then that he stepped away from a job where he'd spent most of his adult life. - [Mark] Yeah, I mean, I was there from the beginning, and my tenure was 15 to 16 years. - [Gary] It was 16 nearly, I think. - [Mark] Yeah, I left in the beginning of 2013. But it was a long and anxious period that I was kind of working through. I mean things had changed, obviously Peter had gone, and the kind of vision for Lionhead was, well, a vision for the Europe Microsoft was free to play console stuff and it wasn't really, I wasn't really enjoying it anymore. I think that's the best thing to say. You know, I kind of, if I was going to do it again, I wanted to fall back in love with making games and-- - [Gary] You're quite an emotional person, if you don't like something, you let people know about it. - [Mark] And I sulk about it. - [Danny] Mark and Gary were free agents and worked odd jobs here and there for old friends. They enjoyed the easier workload after years of grind at the top of one of the UK's largest developers. Perhaps it was then, given the benefit of hindsight, that the two remembered just how much fun they had had working on those old games together. So it was then, one evening, when Mark was picking up pizza, Gary pitched him an idea about starting a small, independent studio, and working on games sort of like they used to, in a cramped old flat stuck above a stereo shop and a chain-smoking old lady. - [Gary] Yeah, I kind of didn't think. I thought, well who'd be interested in, you know, revisiting-- - [Mark] Two old farts you know, making old games, who's interested in it? And I think that was kind of-- - [Gary] We had to go on a journey of discovery. And actually it was when we started sort of talking to some people when we were still trying to find a partner to make this, we certainly realized there was a lot of interest. - [Mark] We did a tour, didn't we? - [Gary] We did a tour, we sort of went on the roads, and met up with a bunch of either, we were looking to either sell publish, initially, maybe do a kickstarter, or partner with a small publisher. We didn't know, you know, who would go for this. So we just sort of started looking into it. And we just literally got in the car, booked into a sort of cheap hotel, motel-type places, and just knocked on doors and that's how we started. Which was great fun because this was a couple of 50 year old guys, basically in a band back together again. - [Mark] And going on tour, so we just, our wives probably thought, look at them, they're pathetic. What do they think right now? - [Danny] Mark and Gary thought there might still be a thirst for their old sim games. The classic Bullfrog titles were still selling well over on GOG and new games like Prison Architect and City Skylines were creating a whole new generation of fans. They had considered crowdfunding the project at one point, but they were warned away by some of the developers they talked to during their road-trip. So, they wrote a pitch for a new hospital game that would evolve the ideas of a game they had made almost two decades earlier. They knew they needed financial help. The guys were experienced and understood the type of game they wanted to create would require more money and time than they personally had. They shot the pitch around to publishers, and while some were receptive, there was one in particular that seemed very keen: SEGA. They negotiated terms with SEGA from the end of 2015 right up to the summer of 2016. And as it happens, right as the deal was signed, news broke that Microsoft would be closing Lionhead Studios. So, somewhat ahead of schedule, Gary and Mark rushed to hire their new team. - [Gary] We kind of imagined we'd take them over a period of time, but Lionhead closed, and it was suddenly these brilliant people were out of work. - [Mark] Tons of brilliant people. - [Gary] And they weren't around for long. - [Mark] No, we were going to lose them. - [Gary] Companies were coming to Gilford doing presentations just going, "You should come work for us." And we, you know, we had to kind of promise-- - [Mark] That was a risky thing to do. Because obviously we had to sort of lay out a huge amount of our expenditure earlier than we would ordinarily do it, but the point thing is we made a huge advancement in the development in the game and also this team, I wouldn't swap them for the world. They're amazing bunch of people. - [Gary] Some of them have worked with us for over twenty years. But Alan, who's sat behind Mark right now, I think he was your best mate at school, wasn't he? - [Mark] Pretty much. I mean Pram, Pram reminds me of Chris. Pram literally knocked on the door, and one of the guys we've worked with for over twenty years, I hired him out of college. And now he's absolutely integral to this team. So that's the kind of things we like to do. It's to build those relationships. - [Danny] Mark and Gary founded Two Point Studios, and over the coming years built a team of 16 people to help make this game. Some were old friends and colleagues, others new kids on the block. Their game was going to be called Two Point Hospital. The spiritual successor to a Bullfrog classic. But it wouldn't be enough to simply re-make an old game. For one, Theme Hospital was a 2D game. When Edge Magazine came to visit the studio in the mid 90's, they barely took notice of it, as gamers were far more interested in 3D screenshots of games like Dungeon Keeper. But time would prove to be kinder to Theme Hospital. While those early 3D games aged quickly as 3D technology improved, 2D games have a sort of timeless, inviting quality to them. Plus, to create these sophisticated sandbox they were aiming for, Two Point Hospital would have to be in 3D. - [Gary] We knew how Theme Hospital had done better over 20 years and some of it's contemporary. - [Mark] So we needed to come up with a style which incorporated something that felt like it was fresh and up-to-date, but we felt if the game does have legs, if people do love this game and we can keep it around for long enough, won't look out of sorts in two, three, four years time. So, we went for something quite organic feeling, it doesn't feel like it's rendered, it feels more like it's made of clay or plasticine, and it feels drawn rather than engineered, - [Gary] And I think also that that art style back then was, with was certainly Theme Park and Theme Hospital had, we had quite a big proportion of female players, which back then was certainly unheard of for our types of games. Obviously something like the sims, which came later, it just blew their market wide open. But I think we didn't have an art style that was-- - [Mark] Exact not footing. - [Gary] Yeah, it kind of, it was accessible, I'm not going to be patronizing and suggest that, you know, we made something that was appealing to girls, Because I wouldn't even have a clue how that would, you know-- - [Mark] I think it felt accessible, it felt like it wasn't aimed at any particular type of gamer. - [Gary] Because you're looking at the game not from a fixed angle, you could be above or sort of, like, low down, you could kind of twist the camera. So a lot of these kind of considerations were kind of worked through and then, - [Mark] And then the US, is it Where's Wilbur in the US? Where's Wally? - [Danny] Oh yeah, Waldo they say over here. - [Gary] Waldo, that's it. And we, you know, to make something readable when you've got so much on screen, and I don't know if you need a screenshot with some of the later levels where you've got absolutely vast marks with hundreds of people on screen. To get a clean read and not get it to look noisy and kind of, I don't know, slightly put you on edge because everything's moving and they've been shimmering because everything's trying to fight for your attention was a real consideration for us. In fact, I've seen some footage that's just gone out last night, and the guy's captured all his footage top down. - [Danny] Right. - [Gary] Imagine being a designer or an artist trying to design a game that looks good from anything possible conceivable angle. It's really difficult. - [Danny] Theme Hospital was accessible, not just with both men and women, but with gamers and non-gamers, and young and old too. It was one of those games that was effortless to pick up. But after the first few missions, Theme Hospital's rough edges began to show. First of all the game got rather hard really quickly. And secondly, there just wasn't any interesting progression. Each level in Theme Hospital was almost identical to the previous one. So to combat this, the team created a world where each hospital takes places in a unique region with its own biome and its own unique needs. - [Gary] Because the regions are very different, the people in that area are very different, some are rich, some are poor regions, and some of the challenges are different. In some cases, you may be running a hospital that's actually funded rather than you get paid for curing people from the individuals, they don't pay, you just get a budget at the beginning of the level. And that just makes the plagues spin completely different, so we wanted to kind of make it stay fresh as much as possible. And also give people the opportunity to circle back and go back and do things that they probably struggled earlier on and keep that fresh by putting new challenges in there. - [Mark] And you have the ability to progress through the county reasonably easy. But if you really want to max out the game, you can kind of return to earlier hospitals, you can unlock things in later levels, you can do research, maybe unlock certain qualifications, come back to one of the earlier hospitals and train the staff in those things, upgrade those machines. - [Gary] So the game doesn't have that pinch point, which the original game had where it just got too hard for me, I think I got to about level seven and would find it a real struggle. And we didn't want to do that again. - [Danny] When I ask the guys about the features that excite them most, there's one that immediately stands out. Two Point Hospital features characters with a variety of personality traits that are not only affected by the world around them, but also by the people around them. They want you to care a lot more about your employees in this game, but more than that, this system has the ability to create wonderful emergent moments as doctors and patients clash with both each other, and the rules of the world. M This is what's real new cutting edge stuff is we've got this, the brains the little people now, is they've got these traits and of course they also have the conditions they're under combined to make quite unique animation blends, which means they do things, they react almost uniquely. It doesn't feel like it's pre-canned. You see somebody walk up to somebody and they'll respond completely different to the next person based on how those two people feel about each other. - [Danny] Could you give an example? Like is it, if two doctors don't like each other, or if they have a tough patient, or how does that sort of manifest? - [Gary] It's just patient is a good example, I mean, they as well as the personality traits, the things that are going on, if doctors has just treated a patient and they die, that has an effect on their happiness, they go on a break to the staff room, and that could end up in an argument with another doctor, and then just that argument could just-- - [Mark] And it's not all emotional, sometimes it's just that the habitual things, like you have a fantastic doctor who may just never wash his hands when he goes to the toilet. - [Gary] Right, now that has an impact on the game. It's not just funny, it actually has an impact and in fact, there was somebody who was showing the game to in San Francisco the other week, and this person has an amazing hospital, doing really well, but when you put the filter on to look at hygiene, the hospital is really clean, but all the staff are really filthy, and I mean you couldn't work it out, and she'd built this massive facility with a toilet which only had two cubicles and she put no sinks in it and no hand dryers and put no sanitizer units anywhere in the hospital. So all these doctors were working on all these patients, filthy. And we put this kind of filter over it and showed her all the instants of filth trails in the game, and Mark just went, I can see your problem. He said, "Do you ever wash your hands "when you go to the toilet?" And this girl was just so embarrassed and immediately went and put this bathroom, a sink into the bathroom, to the toilet. And all the staff just ran to cure, to wash their hands, it's that stuff. - [Mark] Everything in the game affects something else so the people, the machines, the way and the sick, and everything in your world is important. - [Gary] If you have a brilliant surgeon but he's an angry man or woman, right, your job is to try and work out how to diffuse that situation to get them to do even better. And that's kind of the fun depth that the game has. Maybe this person just needs more caffeine in their life. Maybe this person needs more weird executive toys in the office. Those kind of things, it's just you getting that extra ten percent out of their performance which is the real depth I think this game supports. - [Danny] As Gary just said in Two Point Hospital you can have an angry surgeon, man or woman. Another evolution from games past that shows not only just how far games have come in terms of representation, but also in terms of technology. If there's one thing I keep hearing when I interview designers today, it's that technology provides, it provides answers. Many design problems that used to exist in the past have been rendered moot by the advancement of technology. And Two Point's character variety is a perfect example of this. The original Theme Hospital had four main character types: A nurse who was a women, a doctor who was a man, a receptionist who was a woman, and a janitor who was a dusty-looking old man. So I asked Mike and Gary, why? - [Mark] It covered respective times people have said that we made a sexist game, but we had to make the game run in four megabytes. I mean, it was a time and memory, and it wasn't a question of, like, well doctors are just men and nurses are just women, it was just a question of like, we had to make a call with it, and I think you had new, you had different heads, but it was pretty much the same body, different jackets and stuff, and we couldn't have made-- - [Gary] I was really keen on skin tone was important. I did not want to have a particular skin tone, but we just did not have the time or the memory, mainly the memory. - [Mark] The character variation was important to us back then, and it was only 21 years ago but you very rarely got very different clothing variations and we did manage to get an element of that in. But the basic model of the man and the woman, that was the huge memory part of this. You know, so rightly or wrongly, I could have made a male nurse and a female doctor, I could have made a young janitor, I could have made a male reception administration staff. All of those things are absolutely true. You know, 20 odd years down the line it just seems critically incorrect but it wasn't our intention, I'd like to think we're quite right on. But the decision was made that the doctors were male and the nurses were female, rightly or wrongly, it was a call I made but I certainly didn't mean the offend anybody. - [Danny] But it sounds like that's something that's been changed for Two Point? - [Mark] Totally. - [Gary] Absolutely. I mean, you know, that would have, that's absolutely goes without saying, he's not trying to correct anything, it's just that we had no choice back then to make a decision, rightly or wrongly, but it was just never going to be a situation. I mean, we've got so many more other types now of staff anyway, and what they do is very different. I mean, and thank God our initiative stuff in this game do all sorts of things, they're not just manning, I mean the little bit of footage you've probably seen, it may look like, oh look, there's somebody on the reception desk again. They do all sorts of different roles. - [Mark] Yeah so we've got a marketing department which you open up later in the game, so the assistants can work, if they have the qualification, they can work in marketing, - [Gary] They're kind of civil-servant-y type people, aren't they. They do a cross of different things, but the other things is we've taken a variation to a ridiculous level now. You can have hundreds of people, in fact, somebody took a fantastic screenshot within the studio, it's on our Twitter feed, and it's just about three hundred people just jammed into section and no two, they're all completely different characters. We've got this amazing modular system which puts on things such as steam goggles if it wants to, you know, boots, every component can be different and it just randomly generates them. So you really are lucky if you see two characters that look vaguely similar. Certainly more similar people in Yorkshire than there are in our game. - [Danny] What excites me most about Two Point Hospital isn't replaying a style of game that I enjoyed in my youth, it's that this game seems to be free of the technological restrictions of its predecessor. It's full of neat little features like teaching janitors to vacuum up gDannys. So even that old dog has a new trick. The guys are busy finalizing the game so I didn't want to take too much more of their time. But before they left, I had to ask them the most important question: What new illnesses could we look forward to treating in Two Point Hospital? - [Mark] Turtle Head is an affliction where the head shrinks down to a very small and it has to be a, I'm only saying that because I know it's on our website. - [Gary] There's another one where the guy's foot is like a camel's foot and it's called Camel Toe and that has to be, that's not in there, it's just hardly been-- - [Mark] That was one of my favorites ones. I thought you liked it. - [Gary] Mark, he's trying to get that in the game. I have to say as well-- - [Mark] I say we've talked about it now in the press, so we have to put it in. - [Danny] Lads, you sound like you're having a great laugh. This sounds like a very professionally exciting period in your lives. Is that fair to say? - [Mark] I mean, 21 years ago, releasing Theme Hospital, that was an amazing time. We had such good time, and just kind of starting a studio and going "Wouldn't it be cool to be able to "recapture some of that kind of--" - [Gary] Actually we started our families. I mean, we both got married, you might have been before me. Side having your family at the beginning, I think-- - [Mark] Yeah, I hear you, Sam was born just as we started. - [Gary] There's a story: Sam actually worked with us here. Sam's Mark's firstborn, was born right at the beginning. - [Mark] Pretty much as we started. - [Gary] As we started, and he's one of the engineers and creatives on this, it's very odd, it's very strange, but that's what makes it fun, right, because we got to a stage in our careers where we just want to actually enjoy coming into work, not have to be some, the problem with games is you get promoted, that's the problem with games. And when you get promoted, you stop making games. You start becoming that person nobody likes. You have to get a game done, and it has to be done like this, and nobody likes people telling people what to do. So we've basically set up this company so nobody, we don't have to tell people what to do and no one tells us what to do and yeah, it's great fun coming into work everyday. I don't think we've had one day where I haven't felt this is the best thing I've done in my life. - [Danny] Two Point Hospital should be available to purchase on PC, Mac, and Linux around the time you hear this podcast. You can learn more about the game at twopointhospital.com. If you're interested in playing the original Theme Hospital and you should be, it's really good, it's available on GOG.com. If fact, if you're a fan of GOG, you should check out our documentary on the company and their game preservation efforts over on our YouTube channel: YouTube.com/Noclipvideo. I'd also like to recommend a patch for that game: Corsix TH. It's a tremendous community-created wrapper that updates the GOG version of Theme Hospital to work with modern resolutions with sharper graphics and updated menus. A wonderful testament to the fan passion that has surrounded this game for 19 years. As ever thanks to our Patrons for supporting our work. You can support our documentaries, this podcast, and more by joining up at Patreon.com/Noclip. You'll also get access to this podcast early via a special RSS feed. Thanks so much to Gary and Mark for their time, Lauran Carter over at SEGA for setting the whole thing up, and my wonderful wife for chatting to me about one of our favorite games. Sorry for the delay in getting this episode number two out. It was supposed to be up about six weeks ago, But then my baby girl decided to come a couple of weeks early. So we've been rather busy here in the O'Dwyer household. We have a bunch of fun podcasts planned for between now and the end of the year, so of course, keep this feed running. Until then, play some games. We'll talk again soon.

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如果有机会，你愿意去南极探险么？ | 中科大教授孙立广

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 22, 2017 20:08

出品：中国科普博览 SELF格致论道讲坛导语：遥远的南极是许多科学家研究的重点区域，科研成果甚多，难寻突破。孙立广教授另辟蹊径，独创“企鹅考古法”——研究企鹅粪和企鹅毛里存留的人类活动痕迹，开拓了“全新世南极无冰区生态地质学”这一新的研究领域。在“探索者”年度创新大会上，孙立广给我们讲述南极探险的历程。---嘉宾介绍---孙立广中科大地球空间科学学院教授生态学家以下为孙立广演讲实录： 1998年以前，我曾经多次做梦，梦到自己像鸟儿一样，在天空中自由地飞翔，但我从来没有梦到过去南极。有一天，我突然接到一个电话：“孙老师，你愿意去南极吗？”这个时候我的感觉是什么？喜出望外！天上掉下一块馅饼！我想问问在座的各位，如果天上给你们掉这样一块馅饼，邀请你们今年冬天去南极昆仑站，有不愿意去的吗？愿意去的，是因为你们不知天高地厚，你们敢上九天揽月，敢下五洋捉鳖，别说南极了，深海太空你们都敢去。但是，我的一位研究生，我要派他到南极去的时候，他很严肃地告诉我：“孙老师，你要知道，我父母亲只有我这么一个儿子！”他是胆小吗？不是，是他知道不少关于南极的探险故事。去南极是有风险的，你现在看到的雪龙号，那么的安详、稳重、壮观，进去也感到很舒服，但是我告诉大家，它到了太平洋就是一叶扁舟，过了赤道、进入环南极、进入西风带的时候，你五脏六腑都可能吐出来，晕到天翻地覆，眼看着冰山过来了，死神就在不远处。等到这个时候，有人就发誓——我再也不来了！我有一个校友就是这样，他去南极吐得不得了，回来以后就向我发誓他再也不去了，他总共向我发过两次誓，但是他去过三次南极。这还没完，到南极大陆周边海冰过来的时候，就要卸货了，这时候就要坐上雪地车。当雪地车在冰面上走的时候，那感觉真的是如履薄冰、如临深渊。雪龙船员下船的时候，他们就处在这两种状态之中。我给大家讲一个真实的小故事，有一位雪地车的船员，装了货物开始走的时候，几米厚的冰裂开了，车体往下降，他自己从天窗上爬出来，扑到冰面上逃生了，接着那个雪地车就掉下去了！深度多少？一两千米！你说惊险不惊险？到了冰面上，裂缝就像一个个陷阱，表面上都是雪盖着的，一不小心人和车就掉下去了。为什么我们没有掉下去？我们有很好的保护，车和车之间有铁链拉着，人和人之间有绳子拉着，你掉下去了再拉上来。到了南极，如果你碰到乳白色的天空，那就更可怕了。你们可能看到过沙尘暴，但是可能没有看到过冰尘暴。在南极如果碰到冰尘暴，你可能就完了。因为它一吹起来不是几个小时，而是几天！冰尘暴是怎么回事？强烈的下降风把冰吹成粉末状飞向天空。有个韩国炊事员在管食品的过程中就被吹下去了。为什么我要说得那么惊险那么恐怖，因为事实就是这样。但是，我们的科考队员还要去，每年去几百个人，为什么要去？他们为什么两次发誓三次去南极？有的人去了十几次，为什么？第一这是国家的需求，第二每个人去南极的想法都是不一样的。我不能代表他们，我只能讲讲我自己。我去南极，第一我对南极充满了好奇心。毛主席有一句诗：已是悬崖百丈冰，我想去南极看看这样的百丈冰。第二，我有强烈的求知欲望，南极大陆是给拓荒者、探索者去的，那里有很多的奥秘。前人给了我们那么多知识，不能老是享受别人的知识，我们还应该有自己的知识，自己去创造知识，让后人去享受，这才是科学工作者的本分。这就是我的想法，但是谈何容易？你看看照片里的脚印，是我们的科考队员留下来的，整齐的一行脚印，后人跟着前人的脚印在走，为什么？避免危险，每一步都可能是有危险的。这给了我一个启示，沿着前人的脚印走，永远走不出自己的脚印，所以你必须要另开新路。我去南极，地质、环境、空间，什么都有人做了，我只能做别人没有做过的工作，谈何容易！别人没做的工作，只有三种情况：一、没意义；二、硬骨头；三、没想到。我们要做的是别人没想到的。于是我坐在阳台上想了七个晚上，终于想到一招——第一，在边界上去做，在人家的边界上去做；第二，我要寻找到别人以前没有做过的东西，企鹅粪。企鹅是一个边界动物，它是鸟类，但是又在陆地上生活繁衍，在海洋里取食，实际上是把海洋里的食物消化了，以粪便的形式出现在陆地上。这样就完成了一个海洋——大气——陆地的大尺度的循环，这样的循环保存了海洋的信息、生物的信息，同时也保存了湖泊的信息。研究企鹅粪，可以了解历史的变化。粪便流入一个湖泊、一个积水区的时候，可以看到，最底部的是最老的，最上面的是最新的，如果这个沉积物有一千年的话就有一千年的历史，有三千年的话就有三千年的历史。粪里面有很多信息，有元素、有同位素，还有企鹅的毛、企鹅的骨，植物的残积等等，它就是历史的文字。我们再用碳十四（C14）、铅、锶这些传统经典的定年方法，来测这些粪便的年龄，这些年龄就是历史的页码。所以，我可以通过企鹅粪来了解历史的变化，我还可以了解海豹的历史变化，甚至可以研究出来南极海洋里磷虾的数量变化。这是一个非常需要思想、非常有技术的工作。因为企鹅吃的是磷虾，海豹也吃磷虾，鲸鱼也吃磷虾。磷虾很可怜，处于食物链底端，但是它很伟大，如果磷虾的数量减少了，其他生物的也要减少，所以它在食物链里起一个非常重要的作用。所以我选择了企鹅、磷虾、海豹，这三个作为我的研究的支撑，把南大洋的食物链给搞清楚，这是非常有意思的事情。研究企鹅粪，可以得到两个东西：一个可以了解企鹅的生态历史；一个在企鹅粪和企鹅毛里面，可能保存着几千年，甚至上万年前人类的活动信息。说实在的，这是一个大胆的想法，这两个想法以前没有人想过的，我自己也不知道它能不能验证我的想法。但我相信，人类完全有可能把自己的活动痕迹留在这里。我们经常讲，头上三尺有神明，其实地下三尺一定也有人类活动的信息，我们做的好事歹事都会在那里留下记录。后来，我的想法确实被证实了。人类有冶金文明，冶炼黄金就需要汞，汞是挥发的，它通过大气和海洋这两个流体，把汞元素从大陆移动到海洋上去，移动到南极洲上去。而且通过食物链，把它富集起来，保存在企鹅粪和企鹅毛骨里面去。这样，我们就可以追寻人类明文的历史、追寻那些丢失的文明。后来这个想法，在一段67.6厘米厚的湖泊沉积里实现了。这个企鹅粪里，我们测了27种元素，其中锶、氟、硫、磷、硒、钡、钙、铜、锌这9中元素是高度统一的，非常吻合，波形是完全一致的。这里面磷的含量特别高，达到5%到15%，其中氟的含量也很高，高出背景值30倍到100倍。这是什么意思呢？企鹅吃的是磷虾，磷虾里面氟的含量非常高。这样一来，磷和氟这两个元素就证明了，这27种元素里面的这9种元素是企鹅粪的标形元素，用它们来指示企鹅粪的多少。多了，就说明那时候企鹅多，少了就说明企鹅少了。如果今天在浦东这个地方发现了老虎粪，那我们就可以肯定老虎到了浦东了，是一个道理。我们以此来研究三千年来企鹅数量的变化。在距今1800年到2300年的时候，气候锐减，企鹅数量也锐减，就是说它和气候变化之间存在着密切的关系。这是第一次用企鹅粪的方法考证了企鹅的历史变化。因为企鹅和人不一样，它没有给我们留下秦砖汉瓦、也没有留下金字塔、也没有留下文字记录，只有通过这个不成器的、腐朽的粪便了解历史之间的变化。后来我们发现了8500年前企鹅的变化、1300年海豹的变化、8500年磷虾数量的变化——磷虾是没有粪便的，但是我们通过企鹅和海豹的尸骨考证了磷虾历史上的数量变化。这些东西非常有意思，这个文章在Nature上发表的时候，Nature给我们一个评论：这是一种研究湖泊集水区的一种新颖的生物的进化学方法，相信在不久的将来它可能形成一个活跃的研究领域。果然从这里开始，我们推出了一个生态地质学的研究方向，也就是我们用地质学、地球化学、有机地球化学等各种方法研究生态的历史，研究过去没法研究的，过去一万年以来的生物的历史。我们已经发现气候变化、温度变化影响企鹅的数量，后来又发现区域气候变化同样影响了企鹅的数量变化。这个文章我们很快也要发表，就是低气压降低，导致底流的上升，导致营养液的增加，导致磷虾数量增加，导致企鹅数量增加。所以冷的时候企鹅也会增加，这也是我们的一个新的发现。追寻失落的文明。海豹毛里面的汞，果然和我们想象的完全一样——汞可以在海豹毛里聚集起来，人类活动在海豹毛里留下了痕迹。距今250年的时候，海豹毛里的汞含量数量大增，比现在还高，但过了几十年以后，它又降低，降到比过去还要低，这似乎是不可能的，最后证明了什么问题呢？在250多年以前，南美大陆新发现了很多金矿。炼金就必须要有汞，当时冶炼出24万吨的汞，汞挥发出来以后，影响到南极大气，影响到生物，最后影响到海豹毛，所以那段时间海豹毛里汞含量就高了。后来南北独立战争打响了，金矿关闭，汞消失了，海豹毛里汞含量就降低了，所以人类所谓的文明的活动，实际上对生态产生了很大的影响。实际上，我们每个人都在地球上留下了痕迹。这个痕迹就是我们排放的气体，它已经在南极存在了，也许是十亿分之一，也许百亿分之一，但是存在那儿了。大家还记得不记得，2008年整个南方都被大冰雪覆盖，气候变暖过程中可以产生突然变冷的这种状态，这是非常可怕的，在历史上发生过多次。距今一万八千年的时候，末次冰期开始结束，慢慢变暖，变到一万一千年左右的时候，又开始一个冰冻的过程，叫新仙女木事件。暖了以后又突然变冷，冷了以后又慢慢变暖，变暖了以后又是一个突然的变冷。在北极我们也开展了研究工作，在那里我们发现了距今11200年的鸟飞过来了，那时候冰退去了，到9400年的时候，一次暖期里面的冷冻事情发生了，当时海洋里的钝贝一下子就绝灭了。为什么产生这样的现象？为什么暖期会产生这样的情况？看这个图，上面红的是热的洋流，底下是冷的洋流。洋流相当于大海里的河，它在运动着，当暖洋在大西洋上空过去到顶的时候，温度特别高，北冰洋的冰融化了，水变成淡水，盐度变低了，洋流北边那个头就下不去了，下不去就往后退，热流的温度就上不去，上不去怎么办，就突然变冷了。美国有一个电影《后天》，就讲述了全球变暖过程中的变冷事件。所以我们都在关心全球变暖，没有想到在变暖的时候也需要少量的人去研究变暖里面的冷事件的发生。250年前，库克船长到了南极留了脚印，100年前两个英国人在南极点留下了脚印。昨天，新华社发布新闻，中国雪龙船第一次穿越了北冰洋，穿过中间通道经过了北极点，它把东亚经济带和欧洲经济带连起来了，这是一个史无前例的、里程碑式的重大的事件。北极留下了中国人的脚印，我感到非常自豪。另外，我们在黄海、南海都留下了脚印。我跟年轻人要说一句，那些伟大的人，那些伟大的天才，“上帝”总是给他们准备了非常好的礼物，但是前人总是要给后人留下一些东西，让后人去研究。世界上所有的事情都有值得去研究，所以大家要跟着前人的路去创新，这是非常重要的。最后，一首词，送给我的战友，照片里这个人是我的学生，不是我本人。冰海同舟兄弟，雪山一行足迹，展臂揽青云，回眸汗洒南极，南极，南极，走遍天涯无极。 “SELF格致论道”是中国科学院全力推出、中国科普博览承办的科学讲坛，致力于精英思想的跨界传播，由中国科学院计算机网络信息中心和中国科学院科学传播局联合主办。登陆“SELF格致论道”官方网站、关注微信公众号“SELF格致论道讲坛”、微博“SELF格致论道”获取更多信息。更多合作与SELF工作组self@cnic.cn联系。

如果有机会，你愿意去南极探险么？ | 中科大教授孙立广

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 22, 2017 20:08

出品：中国科普博览 SELF格致论道讲坛导语：遥远的南极是许多科学家研究的重点区域，科研成果甚多，难寻突破。孙立广教授另辟蹊径，独创“企鹅考古法”——研究企鹅粪和企鹅毛里存留的人类活动痕迹，开拓了“全新世南极无冰区生态地质学”这一新的研究领域。在“探索者”年度创新大会上，孙立广给我们讲述南极探险的历程。---嘉宾介绍---孙立广中科大地球空间科学学院教授生态学家以下为孙立广演讲实录： 1998年以前，我曾经多次做梦，梦到自己像鸟儿一样，在天空中自由地飞翔，但我从来没有梦到过去南极。有一天，我突然接到一个电话：“孙老师，你愿意去南极吗？”这个时候我的感觉是什么？喜出望外！天上掉下一块馅饼！我想问问在座的各位，如果天上给你们掉这样一块馅饼，邀请你们今年冬天去南极昆仑站，有不愿意去的吗？愿意去的，是因为你们不知天高地厚，你们敢上九天揽月，敢下五洋捉鳖，别说南极了，深海太空你们都敢去。但是，我的一位研究生，我要派他到南极去的时候，他很严肃地告诉我：“孙老师，你要知道，我父母亲只有我这么一个儿子！”他是胆小吗？不是，是他知道不少关于南极的探险故事。去南极是有风险的，你现在看到的雪龙号，那么的安详、稳重、壮观，进去也感到很舒服，但是我告诉大家，它到了太平洋就是一叶扁舟，过了赤道、进入环南极、进入西风带的时候，你五脏六腑都可能吐出来，晕到天翻地覆，眼看着冰山过来了，死神就在不远处。等到这个时候，有人就发誓——我再也不来了！我有一个校友就是这样，他去南极吐得不得了，回来以后就向我发誓他再也不去了，他总共向我发过两次誓，但是他去过三次南极。这还没完，到南极大陆周边海冰过来的时候，就要卸货了，这时候就要坐上雪地车。当雪地车在冰面上走的时候，那感觉真的是如履薄冰、如临深渊。雪龙船员下船的时候，他们就处在这两种状态之中。我给大家讲一个真实的小故事，有一位雪地车的船员，装了货物开始走的时候，几米厚的冰裂开了，车体往下降，他自己从天窗上爬出来，扑到冰面上逃生了，接着那个雪地车就掉下去了！深度多少？一两千米！你说惊险不惊险？到了冰面上，裂缝就像一个个陷阱，表面上都是雪盖着的，一不小心人和车就掉下去了。为什么我们没有掉下去？我们有很好的保护，车和车之间有铁链拉着，人和人之间有绳子拉着，你掉下去了再拉上来。到了南极，如果你碰到乳白色的天空，那就更可怕了。你们可能看到过沙尘暴，但是可能没有看到过冰尘暴。在南极如果碰到冰尘暴，你可能就完了。因为它一吹起来不是几个小时，而是几天！冰尘暴是怎么回事？强烈的下降风把冰吹成粉末状飞向天空。有个韩国炊事员在管食品的过程中就被吹下去了。为什么我要说得那么惊险那么恐怖，因为事实就是这样。但是，我们的科考队员还要去，每年去几百个人，为什么要去？他们为什么两次发誓三次去南极？有的人去了十几次，为什么？第一这是国家的需求，第二每个人去南极的想法都是不一样的。我不能代表他们，我只能讲讲我自己。我去南极，第一我对南极充满了好奇心。毛主席有一句诗：已是悬崖百丈冰，我想去南极看看这样的百丈冰。第二，我有强烈的求知欲望，南极大陆是给拓荒者、探索者去的，那里有很多的奥秘。前人给了我们那么多知识，不能老是享受别人的知识，我们还应该有自己的知识，自己去创造知识，让后人去享受，这才是科学工作者的本分。这就是我的想法，但是谈何容易？你看看照片里的脚印，是我们的科考队员留下来的，整齐的一行脚印，后人跟着前人的脚印在走，为什么？避免危险，每一步都可能是有危险的。这给了我一个启示，沿着前人的脚印走，永远走不出自己的脚印，所以你必须要另开新路。我去南极，地质、环境、空间，什么都有人做了，我只能做别人没有做过的工作，谈何容易！别人没做的工作，只有三种情况：一、没意义；二、硬骨头；三、没想到。我们要做的是别人没想到的。于是我坐在阳台上想了七个晚上，终于想到一招——第一，在边界上去做，在人家的边界上去做；第二，我要寻找到别人以前没有做过的东西，企鹅粪。企鹅是一个边界动物，它是鸟类，但是又在陆地上生活繁衍，在海洋里取食，实际上是把海洋里的食物消化了，以粪便的形式出现在陆地上。这样就完成了一个海洋——大气——陆地的大尺度的循环，这样的循环保存了海洋的信息、生物的信息，同时也保存了湖泊的信息。研究企鹅粪，可以了解历史的变化。粪便流入一个湖泊、一个积水区的时候，可以看到，最底部的是最老的，最上面的是最新的，如果这个沉积物有一千年的话就有一千年的历史，有三千年的话就有三千年的历史。粪里面有很多信息，有元素、有同位素，还有企鹅的毛、企鹅的骨，植物的残积等等，它就是历史的文字。我们再用碳十四（C14）、铅、锶这些传统经典的定年方法，来测这些粪便的年龄，这些年龄就是历史的页码。所以，我可以通过企鹅粪来了解历史的变化，我还可以了解海豹的历史变化，甚至可以研究出来南极海洋里磷虾的数量变化。这是一个非常需要思想、非常有技术的工作。因为企鹅吃的是磷虾，海豹也吃磷虾，鲸鱼也吃磷虾。磷虾很可怜，处于食物链底端，但是它很伟大，如果磷虾的数量减少了，其他生物的也要减少，所以它在食物链里起一个非常重要的作用。所以我选择了企鹅、磷虾、海豹，这三个作为我的研究的支撑，把南大洋的食物链给搞清楚，这是非常有意思的事情。研究企鹅粪，可以得到两个东西：一个可以了解企鹅的生态历史；一个在企鹅粪和企鹅毛里面，可能保存着几千年，甚至上万年前人类的活动信息。说实在的，这是一个大胆的想法，这两个想法以前没有人想过的，我自己也不知道它能不能验证我的想法。但我相信，人类完全有可能把自己的活动痕迹留在这里。我们经常讲，头上三尺有神明，其实地下三尺一定也有人类活动的信息，我们做的好事歹事都会在那里留下记录。后来，我的想法确实被证实了。人类有冶金文明，冶炼黄金就需要汞，汞是挥发的，它通过大气和海洋这两个流体，把汞元素从大陆移动到海洋上去，移动到南极洲上去。而且通过食物链，把它富集起来，保存在企鹅粪和企鹅毛骨里面去。这样，我们就可以追寻人类明文的历史、追寻那些丢失的文明。后来这个想法，在一段67.6厘米厚的湖泊沉积里实现了。这个企鹅粪里，我们测了27种元素，其中锶、氟、硫、磷、硒、钡、钙、铜、锌这9中元素是高度统一的，非常吻合，波形是完全一致的。这里面磷的含量特别高，达到5%到15%，其中氟的含量也很高，高出背景值30倍到100倍。这是什么意思呢？企鹅吃的是磷虾，磷虾里面氟的含量非常高。这样一来，磷和氟这两个元素就证明了，这27种元素里面的这9种元素是企鹅粪的标形元素，用它们来指示企鹅粪的多少。多了，就说明那时候企鹅多，少了就说明企鹅少了。如果今天在浦东这个地方发现了老虎粪，那我们就可以肯定老虎到了浦东了，是一个道理。我们以此来研究三千年来企鹅数量的变化。在距今1800年到2300年的时候，气候锐减，企鹅数量也锐减，就是说它和气候变化之间存在着密切的关系。这是第一次用企鹅粪的方法考证了企鹅的历史变化。因为企鹅和人不一样，它没有给我们留下秦砖汉瓦、也没有留下金字塔、也没有留下文字记录，只有通过这个不成器的、腐朽的粪便了解历史之间的变化。后来我们发现了8500年前企鹅的变化、1300年海豹的变化、8500年磷虾数量的变化——磷虾是没有粪便的，但是我们通过企鹅和海豹的尸骨考证了磷虾历史上的数量变化。这些东西非常有意思，这个文章在Nature上发表的时候，Nature给我们一个评论：这是一种研究湖泊集水区的一种新颖的生物的进化学方法，相信在不久的将来它可能形成一个活跃的研究领域。果然从这里开始，我们推出了一个生态地质学的研究方向，也就是我们用地质学、地球化学、有机地球化学等各种方法研究生态的历史，研究过去没法研究的，过去一万年以来的生物的历史。我们已经发现气候变化、温度变化影响企鹅的数量，后来又发现区域气候变化同样影响了企鹅的数量变化。这个文章我们很快也要发表，就是低气压降低，导致底流的上升，导致营养液的增加，导致磷虾数量增加，导致企鹅数量增加。所以冷的时候企鹅也会增加，这也是我们的一个新的发现。追寻失落的文明。海豹毛里面的汞，果然和我们想象的完全一样——汞可以在海豹毛里聚集起来，人类活动在海豹毛里留下了痕迹。距今250年的时候，海豹毛里的汞含量数量大增，比现在还高，但过了几十年以后，它又降低，降到比过去还要低，这似乎是不可能的，最后证明了什么问题呢？在250多年以前，南美大陆新发现了很多金矿。炼金就必须要有汞，当时冶炼出24万吨的汞，汞挥发出来以后，影响到南极大气，影响到生物，最后影响到海豹毛，所以那段时间海豹毛里汞含量就高了。后来南北独立战争打响了，金矿关闭，汞消失了，海豹毛里汞含量就降低了，所以人类所谓的文明的活动，实际上对生态产生了很大的影响。实际上，我们每个人都在地球上留下了痕迹。这个痕迹就是我们排放的气体，它已经在南极存在了，也许是十亿分之一，也许百亿分之一，但是存在那儿了。大家还记得不记得，2008年整个南方都被大冰雪覆盖，气候变暖过程中可以产生突然变冷的这种状态，这是非常可怕的，在历史上发生过多次。距今一万八千年的时候，末次冰期开始结束，慢慢变暖，变到一万一千年左右的时候，又开始一个冰冻的过程，叫新仙女木事件。暖了以后又突然变冷，冷了以后又慢慢变暖，变暖了以后又是一个突然的变冷。在北极我们也开展了研究工作，在那里我们发现了距今11200年的鸟飞过来了，那时候冰退去了，到9400年的时候，一次暖期里面的冷冻事情发生了，当时海洋里的钝贝一下子就绝灭了。为什么产生这样的现象？为什么暖期会产生这样的情况？看这个图，上面红的是热的洋流，底下是冷的洋流。洋流相当于大海里的河，它在运动着，当暖洋在大西洋上空过去到顶的时候，温度特别高，北冰洋的冰融化了，水变成淡水，盐度变低了，洋流北边那个头就下不去了，下不去就往后退，热流的温度就上不去，上不去怎么办，就突然变冷了。美国有一个电影《后天》，就讲述了全球变暖过程中的变冷事件。所以我们都在关心全球变暖，没有想到在变暖的时候也需要少量的人去研究变暖里面的冷事件的发生。250年前，库克船长到了南极留了脚印，100年前两个英国人在南极点留下了脚印。昨天，新华社发布新闻，中国雪龙船第一次穿越了北冰洋，穿过中间通道经过了北极点，它把东亚经济带和欧洲经济带连起来了，这是一个史无前例的、里程碑式的重大的事件。北极留下了中国人的脚印，我感到非常自豪。另外，我们在黄海、南海都留下了脚印。我跟年轻人要说一句，那些伟大的人，那些伟大的天才，“上帝”总是给他们准备了非常好的礼物，但是前人总是要给后人留下一些东西，让后人去研究。世界上所有的事情都有值得去研究，所以大家要跟着前人的路去创新，这是非常重要的。最后，一首词，送给我的战友，照片里这个人是我的学生，不是我本人。冰海同舟兄弟，雪山一行足迹，展臂揽青云，回眸汗洒南极，南极，南极，走遍天涯无极。 “SELF格致论道”是中国科学院全力推出、中国科普博览承办的科学讲坛，致力于精英思想的跨界传播，由中国科学院计算机网络信息中心和中国科学院科学传播局联合主办。登陆“SELF格致论道”官方网站、关注微信公众号“SELF格致论道讲坛”、微博“SELF格致论道”获取更多信息。更多合作与SELF工作组self@cnic.cn联系。

如果有机会，你愿意去南极探险么？ | 中科大教授孙立广

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 22, 2017 20:08

出品：中国科普博览 SELF格致论道讲坛导语：遥远的南极是许多科学家研究的重点区域，科研成果甚多，难寻突破。孙立广教授另辟蹊径，独创“企鹅考古法”——研究企鹅粪和企鹅毛里存留的人类活动痕迹，开拓了“全新世南极无冰区生态地质学”这一新的研究领域。在“探索者”年度创新大会上，孙立广给我们讲述南极探险的历程。---嘉宾介绍---孙立广中科大地球空间科学学院教授生态学家以下为孙立广演讲实录： 1998年以前，我曾经多次做梦，梦到自己像鸟儿一样，在天空中自由地飞翔，但我从来没有梦到过去南极。有一天，我突然接到一个电话：“孙老师，你愿意去南极吗？”这个时候我的感觉是什么？喜出望外！天上掉下一块馅饼！我想问问在座的各位，如果天上给你们掉这样一块馅饼，邀请你们今年冬天去南极昆仑站，有不愿意去的吗？愿意去的，是因为你们不知天高地厚，你们敢上九天揽月，敢下五洋捉鳖，别说南极了，深海太空你们都敢去。但是，我的一位研究生，我要派他到南极去的时候，他很严肃地告诉我：“孙老师，你要知道，我父母亲只有我这么一个儿子！”他是胆小吗？不是，是他知道不少关于南极的探险故事。去南极是有风险的，你现在看到的雪龙号，那么的安详、稳重、壮观，进去也感到很舒服，但是我告诉大家，它到了太平洋就是一叶扁舟，过了赤道、进入环南极、进入西风带的时候，你五脏六腑都可能吐出来，晕到天翻地覆，眼看着冰山过来了，死神就在不远处。等到这个时候，有人就发誓——我再也不来了！我有一个校友就是这样，他去南极吐得不得了，回来以后就向我发誓他再也不去了，他总共向我发过两次誓，但是他去过三次南极。这还没完，到南极大陆周边海冰过来的时候，就要卸货了，这时候就要坐上雪地车。当雪地车在冰面上走的时候，那感觉真的是如履薄冰、如临深渊。雪龙船员下船的时候，他们就处在这两种状态之中。我给大家讲一个真实的小故事，有一位雪地车的船员，装了货物开始走的时候，几米厚的冰裂开了，车体往下降，他自己从天窗上爬出来，扑到冰面上逃生了，接着那个雪地车就掉下去了！深度多少？一两千米！你说惊险不惊险？到了冰面上，裂缝就像一个个陷阱，表面上都是雪盖着的，一不小心人和车就掉下去了。为什么我们没有掉下去？我们有很好的保护，车和车之间有铁链拉着，人和人之间有绳子拉着，你掉下去了再拉上来。到了南极，如果你碰到乳白色的天空，那就更可怕了。你们可能看到过沙尘暴，但是可能没有看到过冰尘暴。在南极如果碰到冰尘暴，你可能就完了。因为它一吹起来不是几个小时，而是几天！冰尘暴是怎么回事？强烈的下降风把冰吹成粉末状飞向天空。有个韩国炊事员在管食品的过程中就被吹下去了。为什么我要说得那么惊险那么恐怖，因为事实就是这样。但是，我们的科考队员还要去，每年去几百个人，为什么要去？他们为什么两次发誓三次去南极？有的人去了十几次，为什么？第一这是国家的需求，第二每个人去南极的想法都是不一样的。我不能代表他们，我只能讲讲我自己。我去南极，第一我对南极充满了好奇心。毛主席有一句诗：已是悬崖百丈冰，我想去南极看看这样的百丈冰。第二，我有强烈的求知欲望，南极大陆是给拓荒者、探索者去的，那里有很多的奥秘。前人给了我们那么多知识，不能老是享受别人的知识，我们还应该有自己的知识，自己去创造知识，让后人去享受，这才是科学工作者的本分。这就是我的想法，但是谈何容易？你看看照片里的脚印，是我们的科考队员留下来的，整齐的一行脚印，后人跟着前人的脚印在走，为什么？避免危险，每一步都可能是有危险的。这给了我一个启示，沿着前人的脚印走，永远走不出自己的脚印，所以你必须要另开新路。我去南极，地质、环境、空间，什么都有人做了，我只能做别人没有做过的工作，谈何容易！别人没做的工作，只有三种情况：一、没意义；二、硬骨头；三、没想到。我们要做的是别人没想到的。于是我坐在阳台上想了七个晚上，终于想到一招——第一，在边界上去做，在人家的边界上去做；第二，我要寻找到别人以前没有做过的东西，企鹅粪。企鹅是一个边界动物，它是鸟类，但是又在陆地上生活繁衍，在海洋里取食，实际上是把海洋里的食物消化了，以粪便的形式出现在陆地上。这样就完成了一个海洋——大气——陆地的大尺度的循环，这样的循环保存了海洋的信息、生物的信息，同时也保存了湖泊的信息。研究企鹅粪，可以了解历史的变化。粪便流入一个湖泊、一个积水区的时候，可以看到，最底部的是最老的，最上面的是最新的，如果这个沉积物有一千年的话就有一千年的历史，有三千年的话就有三千年的历史。粪里面有很多信息，有元素、有同位素，还有企鹅的毛、企鹅的骨，植物的残积等等，它就是历史的文字。我们再用碳十四（C14）、铅、锶这些传统经典的定年方法，来测这些粪便的年龄，这些年龄就是历史的页码。所以，我可以通过企鹅粪来了解历史的变化，我还可以了解海豹的历史变化，甚至可以研究出来南极海洋里磷虾的数量变化。这是一个非常需要思想、非常有技术的工作。因为企鹅吃的是磷虾，海豹也吃磷虾，鲸鱼也吃磷虾。磷虾很可怜，处于食物链底端，但是它很伟大，如果磷虾的数量减少了，其他生物的也要减少，所以它在食物链里起一个非常重要的作用。所以我选择了企鹅、磷虾、海豹，这三个作为我的研究的支撑，把南大洋的食物链给搞清楚，这是非常有意思的事情。研究企鹅粪，可以得到两个东西：一个可以了解企鹅的生态历史；一个在企鹅粪和企鹅毛里面，可能保存着几千年，甚至上万年前人类的活动信息。说实在的，这是一个大胆的想法，这两个想法以前没有人想过的，我自己也不知道它能不能验证我的想法。但我相信，人类完全有可能把自己的活动痕迹留在这里。我们经常讲，头上三尺有神明，其实地下三尺一定也有人类活动的信息，我们做的好事歹事都会在那里留下记录。后来，我的想法确实被证实了。人类有冶金文明，冶炼黄金就需要汞，汞是挥发的，它通过大气和海洋这两个流体，把汞元素从大陆移动到海洋上去，移动到南极洲上去。而且通过食物链，把它富集起来，保存在企鹅粪和企鹅毛骨里面去。这样，我们就可以追寻人类明文的历史、追寻那些丢失的文明。后来这个想法，在一段67.6厘米厚的湖泊沉积里实现了。这个企鹅粪里，我们测了27种元素，其中锶、氟、硫、磷、硒、钡、钙、铜、锌这9中元素是高度统一的，非常吻合，波形是完全一致的。这里面磷的含量特别高，达到5%到15%，其中氟的含量也很高，高出背景值30倍到100倍。这是什么意思呢？企鹅吃的是磷虾，磷虾里面氟的含量非常高。这样一来，磷和氟这两个元素就证明了，这27种元素里面的这9种元素是企鹅粪的标形元素，用它们来指示企鹅粪的多少。多了，就说明那时候企鹅多，少了就说明企鹅少了。如果今天在浦东这个地方发现了老虎粪，那我们就可以肯定老虎到了浦东了，是一个道理。我们以此来研究三千年来企鹅数量的变化。在距今1800年到2300年的时候，气候锐减，企鹅数量也锐减，就是说它和气候变化之间存在着密切的关系。这是第一次用企鹅粪的方法考证了企鹅的历史变化。因为企鹅和人不一样，它没有给我们留下秦砖汉瓦、也没有留下金字塔、也没有留下文字记录，只有通过这个不成器的、腐朽的粪便了解历史之间的变化。后来我们发现了8500年前企鹅的变化、1300年海豹的变化、8500年磷虾数量的变化——磷虾是没有粪便的，但是我们通过企鹅和海豹的尸骨考证了磷虾历史上的数量变化。这些东西非常有意思，这个文章在Nature上发表的时候，Nature给我们一个评论：这是一种研究湖泊集水区的一种新颖的生物的进化学方法，相信在不久的将来它可能形成一个活跃的研究领域。果然从这里开始，我们推出了一个生态地质学的研究方向，也就是我们用地质学、地球化学、有机地球化学等各种方法研究生态的历史，研究过去没法研究的，过去一万年以来的生物的历史。我们已经发现气候变化、温度变化影响企鹅的数量，后来又发现区域气候变化同样影响了企鹅的数量变化。这个文章我们很快也要发表，就是低气压降低，导致底流的上升，导致营养液的增加，导致磷虾数量增加，导致企鹅数量增加。所以冷的时候企鹅也会增加，这也是我们的一个新的发现。追寻失落的文明。海豹毛里面的汞，果然和我们想象的完全一样——汞可以在海豹毛里聚集起来，人类活动在海豹毛里留下了痕迹。距今250年的时候，海豹毛里的汞含量数量大增，比现在还高，但过了几十年以后，它又降低，降到比过去还要低，这似乎是不可能的，最后证明了什么问题呢？在250多年以前，南美大陆新发现了很多金矿。炼金就必须要有汞，当时冶炼出24万吨的汞，汞挥发出来以后，影响到南极大气，影响到生物，最后影响到海豹毛，所以那段时间海豹毛里汞含量就高了。后来南北独立战争打响了，金矿关闭，汞消失了，海豹毛里汞含量就降低了，所以人类所谓的文明的活动，实际上对生态产生了很大的影响。实际上，我们每个人都在地球上留下了痕迹。这个痕迹就是我们排放的气体，它已经在南极存在了，也许是十亿分之一，也许百亿分之一，但是存在那儿了。大家还记得不记得，2008年整个南方都被大冰雪覆盖，气候变暖过程中可以产生突然变冷的这种状态，这是非常可怕的，在历史上发生过多次。距今一万八千年的时候，末次冰期开始结束，慢慢变暖，变到一万一千年左右的时候，又开始一个冰冻的过程，叫新仙女木事件。暖了以后又突然变冷，冷了以后又慢慢变暖，变暖了以后又是一个突然的变冷。在北极我们也开展了研究工作，在那里我们发现了距今11200年的鸟飞过来了，那时候冰退去了，到9400年的时候，一次暖期里面的冷冻事情发生了，当时海洋里的钝贝一下子就绝灭了。为什么产生这样的现象？为什么暖期会产生这样的情况？看这个图，上面红的是热的洋流，底下是冷的洋流。洋流相当于大海里的河，它在运动着，当暖洋在大西洋上空过去到顶的时候，温度特别高，北冰洋的冰融化了，水变成淡水，盐度变低了，洋流北边那个头就下不去了，下不去就往后退，热流的温度就上不去，上不去怎么办，就突然变冷了。美国有一个电影《后天》，就讲述了全球变暖过程中的变冷事件。所以我们都在关心全球变暖，没有想到在变暖的时候也需要少量的人去研究变暖里面的冷事件的发生。250年前，库克船长到了南极留了脚印，100年前两个英国人在南极点留下了脚印。昨天，新华社发布新闻，中国雪龙船第一次穿越了北冰洋，穿过中间通道经过了北极点，它把东亚经济带和欧洲经济带连起来了，这是一个史无前例的、里程碑式的重大的事件。北极留下了中国人的脚印，我感到非常自豪。另外，我们在黄海、南海都留下了脚印。我跟年轻人要说一句，那些伟大的人，那些伟大的天才，“上帝”总是给他们准备了非常好的礼物，但是前人总是要给后人留下一些东西，让后人去研究。世界上所有的事情都有值得去研究，所以大家要跟着前人的路去创新，这是非常重要的。最后，一首词，送给我的战友，照片里这个人是我的学生，不是我本人。冰海同舟兄弟，雪山一行足迹，展臂揽青云，回眸汗洒南极，南极，南极，走遍天涯无极。 “SELF格致论道”是中国科学院全力推出、中国科普博览承办的科学讲坛，致力于精英思想的跨界传播，由中国科学院计算机网络信息中心和中国科学院科学传播局联合主办。登陆“SELF格致论道”官方网站、关注微信公众号“SELF格致论道讲坛”、微博“SELF格致论道”获取更多信息。更多合作与SELF工作组self@cnic.cn联系。

如果有机会，你愿意去南极探险么？ | 中科大教授孙立广

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 22, 2017 20:08

出品：中国科普博览 SELF格致论道讲坛导语：遥远的南极是许多科学家研究的重点区域，科研成果甚多，难寻突破。孙立广教授另辟蹊径，独创“企鹅考古法”——研究企鹅粪和企鹅毛里存留的人类活动痕迹，开拓了“全新世南极无冰区生态地质学”这一新的研究领域。在“探索者”年度创新大会上，孙立广给我们讲述南极探险的历程。---嘉宾介绍---孙立广中科大地球空间科学学院教授生态学家以下为孙立广演讲实录： 1998年以前，我曾经多次做梦，梦到自己像鸟儿一样，在天空中自由地飞翔，但我从来没有梦到过去南极。有一天，我突然接到一个电话：“孙老师，你愿意去南极吗？”这个时候我的感觉是什么？喜出望外！天上掉下一块馅饼！我想问问在座的各位，如果天上给你们掉这样一块馅饼，邀请你们今年冬天去南极昆仑站，有不愿意去的吗？愿意去的，是因为你们不知天高地厚，你们敢上九天揽月，敢下五洋捉鳖，别说南极了，深海太空你们都敢去。但是，我的一位研究生，我要派他到南极去的时候，他很严肃地告诉我：“孙老师，你要知道，我父母亲只有我这么一个儿子！”他是胆小吗？不是，是他知道不少关于南极的探险故事。去南极是有风险的，你现在看到的雪龙号，那么的安详、稳重、壮观，进去也感到很舒服，但是我告诉大家，它到了太平洋就是一叶扁舟，过了赤道、进入环南极、进入西风带的时候，你五脏六腑都可能吐出来，晕到天翻地覆，眼看着冰山过来了，死神就在不远处。等到这个时候，有人就发誓——我再也不来了！我有一个校友就是这样，他去南极吐得不得了，回来以后就向我发誓他再也不去了，他总共向我发过两次誓，但是他去过三次南极。这还没完，到南极大陆周边海冰过来的时候，就要卸货了，这时候就要坐上雪地车。当雪地车在冰面上走的时候，那感觉真的是如履薄冰、如临深渊。雪龙船员下船的时候，他们就处在这两种状态之中。我给大家讲一个真实的小故事，有一位雪地车的船员，装了货物开始走的时候，几米厚的冰裂开了，车体往下降，他自己从天窗上爬出来，扑到冰面上逃生了，接着那个雪地车就掉下去了！深度多少？一两千米！你说惊险不惊险？到了冰面上，裂缝就像一个个陷阱，表面上都是雪盖着的，一不小心人和车就掉下去了。为什么我们没有掉下去？我们有很好的保护，车和车之间有铁链拉着，人和人之间有绳子拉着，你掉下去了再拉上来。到了南极，如果你碰到乳白色的天空，那就更可怕了。你们可能看到过沙尘暴，但是可能没有看到过冰尘暴。在南极如果碰到冰尘暴，你可能就完了。因为它一吹起来不是几个小时，而是几天！冰尘暴是怎么回事？强烈的下降风把冰吹成粉末状飞向天空。有个韩国炊事员在管食品的过程中就被吹下去了。为什么我要说得那么惊险那么恐怖，因为事实就是这样。但是，我们的科考队员还要去，每年去几百个人，为什么要去？他们为什么两次发誓三次去南极？有的人去了十几次，为什么？第一这是国家的需求，第二每个人去南极的想法都是不一样的。我不能代表他们，我只能讲讲我自己。我去南极，第一我对南极充满了好奇心。毛主席有一句诗：已是悬崖百丈冰，我想去南极看看这样的百丈冰。第二，我有强烈的求知欲望，南极大陆是给拓荒者、探索者去的，那里有很多的奥秘。前人给了我们那么多知识，不能老是享受别人的知识，我们还应该有自己的知识，自己去创造知识，让后人去享受，这才是科学工作者的本分。这就是我的想法，但是谈何容易？你看看照片里的脚印，是我们的科考队员留下来的，整齐的一行脚印，后人跟着前人的脚印在走，为什么？避免危险，每一步都可能是有危险的。这给了我一个启示，沿着前人的脚印走，永远走不出自己的脚印，所以你必须要另开新路。我去南极，地质、环境、空间，什么都有人做了，我只能做别人没有做过的工作，谈何容易！别人没做的工作，只有三种情况：一、没意义；二、硬骨头；三、没想到。我们要做的是别人没想到的。于是我坐在阳台上想了七个晚上，终于想到一招——第一，在边界上去做，在人家的边界上去做；第二，我要寻找到别人以前没有做过的东西，企鹅粪。企鹅是一个边界动物，它是鸟类，但是又在陆地上生活繁衍，在海洋里取食，实际上是把海洋里的食物消化了，以粪便的形式出现在陆地上。这样就完成了一个海洋——大气——陆地的大尺度的循环，这样的循环保存了海洋的信息、生物的信息，同时也保存了湖泊的信息。研究企鹅粪，可以了解历史的变化。粪便流入一个湖泊、一个积水区的时候，可以看到，最底部的是最老的，最上面的是最新的，如果这个沉积物有一千年的话就有一千年的历史，有三千年的话就有三千年的历史。粪里面有很多信息，有元素、有同位素，还有企鹅的毛、企鹅的骨，植物的残积等等，它就是历史的文字。我们再用碳十四（C14）、铅、锶这些传统经典的定年方法，来测这些粪便的年龄，这些年龄就是历史的页码。所以，我可以通过企鹅粪来了解历史的变化，我还可以了解海豹的历史变化，甚至可以研究出来南极海洋里磷虾的数量变化。这是一个非常需要思想、非常有技术的工作。因为企鹅吃的是磷虾，海豹也吃磷虾，鲸鱼也吃磷虾。磷虾很可怜，处于食物链底端，但是它很伟大，如果磷虾的数量减少了，其他生物的也要减少，所以它在食物链里起一个非常重要的作用。所以我选择了企鹅、磷虾、海豹，这三个作为我的研究的支撑，把南大洋的食物链给搞清楚，这是非常有意思的事情。研究企鹅粪，可以得到两个东西：一个可以了解企鹅的生态历史；一个在企鹅粪和企鹅毛里面，可能保存着几千年，甚至上万年前人类的活动信息。说实在的，这是一个大胆的想法，这两个想法以前没有人想过的，我自己也不知道它能不能验证我的想法。但我相信，人类完全有可能把自己的活动痕迹留在这里。我们经常讲，头上三尺有神明，其实地下三尺一定也有人类活动的信息，我们做的好事歹事都会在那里留下记录。后来，我的想法确实被证实了。人类有冶金文明，冶炼黄金就需要汞，汞是挥发的，它通过大气和海洋这两个流体，把汞元素从大陆移动到海洋上去，移动到南极洲上去。而且通过食物链，把它富集起来，保存在企鹅粪和企鹅毛骨里面去。这样，我们就可以追寻人类明文的历史、追寻那些丢失的文明。后来这个想法，在一段67.6厘米厚的湖泊沉积里实现了。这个企鹅粪里，我们测了27种元素，其中锶、氟、硫、磷、硒、钡、钙、铜、锌这9中元素是高度统一的，非常吻合，波形是完全一致的。这里面磷的含量特别高，达到5%到15%，其中氟的含量也很高，高出背景值30倍到100倍。这是什么意思呢？企鹅吃的是磷虾，磷虾里面氟的含量非常高。这样一来，磷和氟这两个元素就证明了，这27种元素里面的这9种元素是企鹅粪的标形元素，用它们来指示企鹅粪的多少。多了，就说明那时候企鹅多，少了就说明企鹅少了。如果今天在浦东这个地方发现了老虎粪，那我们就可以肯定老虎到了浦东了，是一个道理。我们以此来研究三千年来企鹅数量的变化。在距今1800年到2300年的时候，气候锐减，企鹅数量也锐减，就是说它和气候变化之间存在着密切的关系。这是第一次用企鹅粪的方法考证了企鹅的历史变化。因为企鹅和人不一样，它没有给我们留下秦砖汉瓦、也没有留下金字塔、也没有留下文字记录，只有通过这个不成器的、腐朽的粪便了解历史之间的变化。后来我们发现了8500年前企鹅的变化、1300年海豹的变化、8500年磷虾数量的变化——磷虾是没有粪便的，但是我们通过企鹅和海豹的尸骨考证了磷虾历史上的数量变化。这些东西非常有意思，这个文章在Nature上发表的时候，Nature给我们一个评论：这是一种研究湖泊集水区的一种新颖的生物的进化学方法，相信在不久的将来它可能形成一个活跃的研究领域。果然从这里开始，我们推出了一个生态地质学的研究方向，也就是我们用地质学、地球化学、有机地球化学等各种方法研究生态的历史，研究过去没法研究的，过去一万年以来的生物的历史。我们已经发现气候变化、温度变化影响企鹅的数量，后来又发现区域气候变化同样影响了企鹅的数量变化。这个文章我们很快也要发表，就是低气压降低，导致底流的上升，导致营养液的增加，导致磷虾数量增加，导致企鹅数量增加。所以冷的时候企鹅也会增加，这也是我们的一个新的发现。追寻失落的文明。海豹毛里面的汞，果然和我们想象的完全一样——汞可以在海豹毛里聚集起来，人类活动在海豹毛里留下了痕迹。距今250年的时候，海豹毛里的汞含量数量大增，比现在还高，但过了几十年以后，它又降低，降到比过去还要低，这似乎是不可能的，最后证明了什么问题呢？在250多年以前，南美大陆新发现了很多金矿。炼金就必须要有汞，当时冶炼出24万吨的汞，汞挥发出来以后，影响到南极大气，影响到生物，最后影响到海豹毛，所以那段时间海豹毛里汞含量就高了。后来南北独立战争打响了，金矿关闭，汞消失了，海豹毛里汞含量就降低了，所以人类所谓的文明的活动，实际上对生态产生了很大的影响。实际上，我们每个人都在地球上留下了痕迹。这个痕迹就是我们排放的气体，它已经在南极存在了，也许是十亿分之一，也许百亿分之一，但是存在那儿了。大家还记得不记得，2008年整个南方都被大冰雪覆盖，气候变暖过程中可以产生突然变冷的这种状态，这是非常可怕的，在历史上发生过多次。距今一万八千年的时候，末次冰期开始结束，慢慢变暖，变到一万一千年左右的时候，又开始一个冰冻的过程，叫新仙女木事件。暖了以后又突然变冷，冷了以后又慢慢变暖，变暖了以后又是一个突然的变冷。在北极我们也开展了研究工作，在那里我们发现了距今11200年的鸟飞过来了，那时候冰退去了，到9400年的时候，一次暖期里面的冷冻事情发生了，当时海洋里的钝贝一下子就绝灭了。为什么产生这样的现象？为什么暖期会产生这样的情况？看这个图，上面红的是热的洋流，底下是冷的洋流。洋流相当于大海里的河，它在运动着，当暖洋在大西洋上空过去到顶的时候，温度特别高，北冰洋的冰融化了，水变成淡水，盐度变低了，洋流北边那个头就下不去了，下不去就往后退，热流的温度就上不去，上不去怎么办，就突然变冷了。美国有一个电影《后天》，就讲述了全球变暖过程中的变冷事件。所以我们都在关心全球变暖，没有想到在变暖的时候也需要少量的人去研究变暖里面的冷事件的发生。250年前，库克船长到了南极留了脚印，100年前两个英国人在南极点留下了脚印。昨天，新华社发布新闻，中国雪龙船第一次穿越了北冰洋，穿过中间通道经过了北极点，它把东亚经济带和欧洲经济带连起来了，这是一个史无前例的、里程碑式的重大的事件。北极留下了中国人的脚印，我感到非常自豪。另外，我们在黄海、南海都留下了脚印。我跟年轻人要说一句，那些伟大的人，那些伟大的天才，“上帝”总是给他们准备了非常好的礼物，但是前人总是要给后人留下一些东西，让后人去研究。世界上所有的事情都有值得去研究，所以大家要跟着前人的路去创新，这是非常重要的。最后，一首词，送给我的战友，照片里这个人是我的学生，不是我本人。冰海同舟兄弟，雪山一行足迹，展臂揽青云，回眸汗洒南极，南极，南极，走遍天涯无极。 “SELF格致论道”是中国科学院全力推出、中国科普博览承办的科学讲坛，致力于精英思想的跨界传播，由中国科学院计算机网络信息中心和中国科学院科学传播局联合主办。登陆“SELF格致论道”官方网站、关注微信公众号“SELF格致论道讲坛”、微博“SELF格致论道”获取更多信息。更多合作与SELF工作组self@cnic.cn联系。