Podcasts about snrs

This episode is full of new and exclusive music. Don't miss it! 1. Calvin Harris, Clementine Douglas - Blessings 2. Andryx & Adam Griffin ft. Roan Cass - All I Need 3. Safri Duo, Noel Holler - Helele 4. Barbatuques, Matt Sassari, CHRSTPHR - Baiana 5. BYOR & Angel Janson - Saving It All 6. MIDAS - Mistress 7. Waka Flocka Flame - Grove St. Party ft. Kebo Gotti (Basura Boyz Remix) 8. Curbi, AC Slater & BIG WETT - Psycho 9. Bessey - All That +++ GUEST MIX BY SNRS +++ 10. SNRS & KHAG3 – Rock The Party 11. FAST BOY – Loveless 12. Costa UK – Overdose 13. Tchami & OOTORO – Late Night Secrets 14. Eyemad & SNRS – Bellaco 15. Icarix – Shake That 16. Martin Ikkin - Everybody's Got To Learn Sometime 17. SNRS & Jínzz – People In The Back 18. LAETER & SNRS – Toda Noise 19. Wux x SNRS x Sergi Cubero – Booty Sexy

Le mix de Lucas Steve dans 103 Klubb le 01 Février 2025 de 20H à 21H Tracklist: Audien & Shallou feat. Rosie Darling - Bittersweet *** LAWRENT, Thierry Von Der Warth feat. Colton Avery - Home *** Pawelo? - Give Me One Reason *** Yves V, Chester Young, .EXA - Insanity *** Anyma x Ellie Goulding – Hypnotized *** Tiësto x Lucas & Steve - Free Your Mind *** Brooks & Repiet - I Don't Wanna Know *** Funkin Matt - Tamagotchi *** ZAYTEK - Su Canción *** Sander van Doorn - Riff (BLR Remix) *** Afshin Momadi, JULES - Euphoria *** Lucas & Steve feat. Jordan Shaw - Heart First (Club Mix) *** MOGUAI, Djs From Mars, ALEX LNDN - Insanity (Club Mix) *** NLW - Loco 24 *** SNRS & Cim & Skinz - Get Naughty *** Lucas & Steve, Maynamic, Edd Blaze - Lift Me Up *** Valentino Khan - The Sound *** Marco Nobel & Bzars - Sunset

Check out the podcast from Saturdays show 11-01-2025 with artists like : Jazzy, Wiz Khalifa Ft. Ty Dolla $ign & Zerb, Kisch, David Guetta, Hardsoul & CASSIMM, James Hype & Miggy Dela Rosa, Milk & Sugar & James Hurr, Tony Romera Ft. Low Steppa & Crushy, CASSIMM & Mahalia Fontaine, Cherry Tooth, Huxley, Redfield, Thvnder Ft. SNRS & Ivy ScrancH, Yellow Claw,Ft. €URO TRASH & Syaqis, Alex Preston, Adrian Hour, Good Times Ahead, Jewel Kid, Malla, Mau P, Max Jones, Yellow Claw & €URO TRASH, Yellow Claw Ft. €URO TRASH & Syaqis, Basement Jaxx, Charlie Powell, Mason Collective, A-Trak Ft. Duck Sauce & Armand Van Helden, Jake Silva & Frankie Sims, LF SYSTEM, Catz "n Dogz & Aaron Veal, Kiimi, Inner City Ft. Danny Lees & Morgan Seatree ..........

Check out the artists from Saturday's show 30-11-2024: Adventures of Stevie V & PAWSA, Essex & DaniCW, Mia Martina & My Pal Al, Arash Ft. Topic, Daecolm & HUGEL, Camila Cabello Ft. Adam Port & STRYV, DJ Snake & Naomi Sharon, Alex Preston, Jasper Street Co., Earth n Days, Ferreck Dawn & Shyan P, Josh Hunter & Mila Falls, Mark Knight & Rene Amesz, Mat.Joe, Richard Grey & Marcos Carnaval, Vanilla Ace & Marc Vedo, Alex Adair & Bottom Lip, Ferreck Dawn & Jem Cooke, Fish Go Deep & Tracey K, Low Steppa, Paul Woolford & Pessto, Sammy Porter & Jess Bays, Voost, Dino Sauce, Dombresky & CID, Ferreck Dawn Gus, Piero Pirupa, The Blessed Madonna & Clementine Douglas, Thvndex Ft. SNRS & Ivy ScrancH, TLC & Pessto, CASSIMM, Kaleena Zanders, Mark Knight Ft. Kathy Brown, WhO & James Hurr, KC Lights & Welt, SAINT (LDN), GHSTGHSTGHST &Arielle Free, Hayley May Ft. Sammy Porter & George Mensah ........

New radioshow with some future musical releases* -Listen ll of your favorite podcast apps : tr.ee/BhmG-T3QUG -Promos : https://inbox.bridge.audio/b-prada Tracklits : 01)Randoree - Suéltate * 02)Cajmere - Percolator (Bontan Remix) 03)Fabi Hernandez & Mathieu Ruz - La Fiesta * 04)Tom Enzy - Hola Venga * 05)Tony Cortez - Mi Flauta * 06)Voost - Quiero * 07)Marvin Sykes - Raver * 08)Vintage Culture & Fancy Inc & Meca - Electricity * 09)NuKey & MorganJ - Acid Is Strong 10)Noizu - Gasoline 11)Laidback Luke & Roland Clark - Praise To the Bass * 12)Thvndex & SNRS ft. Ivy Scranch - Hypnotize 13)Oxylion & Danger - Heat * 14)Wrex & Grimix & Azooland - Louder ON THE WAY 15)Oomloud & Thando & Jusske - Famous * Tracklits : https://www.1001tracklists.com/tracklist/18kkdk8t/b-prada-this-is-the-groove-radio-show-44-2024-11-05.html

Le mix de Mike Williams dans 103 Klubb le 12 Octobre 2024 de 20H à 21H Tracklist: Swanky Tunes & Shapov - Rolling Deep *** Freejak - Blow Ya Mind *** Mike Williams feat. Joe Jury - Alice *** KVSH, CERES & Öwnboss - Molly *** Thvndex & SNRS feat. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize *** Matroda x Teko - Let The Bass Kicks In *** Karner H - Engage and Dance *** Silque - Gotta Move On *** Luke Miller & OFFDATA - Let It Rain *** GUZ, Thomas Newson - The Middle *** Odd Mob feat. Ed Graves - Vertigo *** Tiësto, Goldcher, Irina Rimes - Dudada *** Tiësto - LA Hills (VIP MIX) *** Tiësto feat. Stevie Appleton - Blue (Mike Williams Remix) *** Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go *** Gil Glaze x Afrojack - Don't Go *** Robbie Mendez & Edwin Reiman - Need You *** Sam Feldt feat. Rosa Linn - Heart Like Mine *** Timmy Trumpet x Cheat Codes - Chasing Ghosts *** W&W x Harris & Ford x Special D - Another Day In Paradise

House music at its best! Let Dave Baker take you on a journey of discovery and aural pleasure as he brings you the hottest and freshest funky, deep and tech house releases every week. This week we have Crystal Waters getting a sprinkle of Block & Crown stardust once again; LF System deliver another trademark track; we have a super advanced promo from Mr.Diamond that you won't be able to resist moving to; Declan Knapp teams up with Groove Armada for a bass-heavy remix; BLOND:ISH is back with a nice bouncy tune; and we have so much more as you can imagine on the show that's so hot, you might work up a sweat just from listening! If you love this mix please take a minute out of your day to comment against the episode 234 instagram post here: www.instagram.com/hothousehours/ Share the Soundcloud direct link with friends: >>https://soundcloud.com/hothousehours/episode234

Le mix de Lucas Steve dans 103 Klubb le 05 Octobre 2024 de 20H à 21H Tracklist: Dubdogz, NIIKO X SWAE feat. Stace Cadet - Song Stuck In My Head *** Thvndex & SNRS feat. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize *** Kryder - Fade Till Sunrise, Pt. II *** Lucas & Steve - Do It All Again *** Laidback Luke, Chris Lorenzo - Break The House Down *** Odd Mob feat. Ed Graves - Vertigo *** Max Styler, Gorgon City - Touch *** Lucas & Steve - Are You Ready *** Oliver Heldens x RoRo - Shine *** Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go *** Tiësto, Goldcher, Irina Rimes - Dudada *** Mr. Belt & Wezol - It's Not Right (But It's Ok) (Jengi Remix) *** Lucas & Steve - Renegade Master *** CYRUS - Hold That Beat *** Marten Hørger, Goodboys & Poppy Baskcomb - Keep On Pushing *** Riordan, Ellis Moss - GETAWAY *** jeonghyeon - Closer *** Achilles, Sharon Valerona - Listen

Le mix de Yves V dans 103 Klubb le 05 Octobre 2024 de 19H à 20H Tracklist: Yves V & Joyse - All Of The Lights *** Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go *** Thvndex & SNRS feat. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize *** Nicola Fasano, Salento Guys, RKN - Emergency *** Naffe, Flare - Angel *** Yves V & NEO - Slow Me *** Dubdogz, NIIKO X SWAE feat. Stace Cadet - Song Stuck In My Head *** Going Deeper & Mamot & Wicks - Hyperreality *** Kryder - Fade Till Sunrise, Pt. II *** Tim Bliss - Summer Love *** Yves V - Now Or Never *** Skytech - Crank It Up *** Yves V & Lukas Vane - Breathe *** Jaison Silva & DUH PROJECT & Artorya - Brokemold *** Yves V & Header - Stars Align *** Spankox - To The Club

01. Armin van Buuren Me feat. Louis III - Part Of Me (Extended Mix) 02. Hoax (BE) - Girls Just Wanna (Extended Mix) 03. CYRIL - We Dont Need (Extended Version) 04. Mark Vox - Work My Body (Extended Mix) 05. Cedric Gervais & Nile Rodgers - We Are Family (Extended Mix) 06. Thomas Anthony, Mood Swing & Chevy Bass, Sharif D - Rhythm Is Groove (Extended Mix) 07. AR_CO x Don Diablo - Solar Eclipse (Extended Mix) 08. SMACK & KDH feat. ALAN SHIRAHAMA - All Night (Extended Mix) 09. Valy Mo & Devarra - Rock like this (Extended Mix) 10. Joe Stone & Ian Asher - Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh) 11. Thvndex & SNRS ft. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize (Extended Mix) 12. DJ Nejtrino, DJ Baur - Shakalaka (Extended Mix) 13. Cat Dealers, Rain Radio - Eyes (Extended Mix) 14. Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go (Extended Mix) 15. DONT BLINK - MUSIC IS OUR LIFE (Extended Mix) 16. Katy Alex - Hustle (Extended Mix) 17. Kryder & Ownboss - Connect (Extended Mix) 18. HAWK. & Penn Brothers & Jaydan Wolf - Inside (Extended Mix) 19. Firebeatz & Noise Cans - Selecta (Extended Mix) 20. KVSH, CERES & Ownboss - Molly (Extended Mix) 21. Icarix & Amyntas - Blessings (Extended Mix) 22. KDH x Oak x Julia Temos x SMACK - Pull Me In (Extended Mix) 23. Nicola Schenetti, Rivaz - Died In Your Arms Tonight (Extended Mix) 24. DJs From Mars, The Stickmen Project, Lukkee - Shout (Extended Mix) 25. CamelPhat, RHODES - Healing (Extended Mix)

01. Armin van Buuren Me feat. Louis III - Part Of Me (Extended Mix) 02. Hoax (BE) - Girls Just Wanna (Extended Mix) 03. CYRIL - We Dont Need (Extended Version) 04. Mark Vox - Work My Body (Extended Mix) 05. Cedric Gervais & Nile Rodgers - We Are Family (Extended Mix) 06. Thomas Anthony, Mood Swing & Chevy Bass, Sharif D - Rhythm Is Groove (Extended Mix) 07. AR_CO x Don Diablo - Solar Eclipse (Extended Mix) 08. SMACK & KDH feat. ALAN SHIRAHAMA - All Night (Extended Mix) 09. Valy Mo & Devarra - Rock like this (Extended Mix) 10. Joe Stone & Ian Asher - Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh) 11. Thvndex & SNRS ft. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize (Extended Mix) 12. DJ Nejtrino, DJ Baur - Shakalaka (Extended Mix) 13. Cat Dealers, Rain Radio - Eyes (Extended Mix) 14. Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go (Extended Mix) 15. DONT BLINK - MUSIC IS OUR LIFE (Extended Mix) 16. Katy Alex - Hustle (Extended Mix) 17. Kryder & Ownboss - Connect (Extended Mix) 18. HAWK. & Penn Brothers & Jaydan Wolf - Inside (Extended Mix) 19. Firebeatz & Noise Cans - Selecta (Extended Mix) 20. KVSH, CERES & Ownboss - Molly (Extended Mix) 21. Icarix & Amyntas - Blessings (Extended Mix) 22. KDH x Oak x Julia Temos x SMACK - Pull Me In (Extended Mix) 23. Nicola Schenetti, Rivaz - Died In Your Arms Tonight (Extended Mix) 24. DJs From Mars, The Stickmen Project, Lukkee - Shout (Extended Mix) 25. CamelPhat, RHODES - Healing (Extended Mix)

01. Yves V & Joyse - All Of The Lights (Extended Mix) 02. Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go (Extended Mix) 03. Thvndex & SNRS ft. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize (Extended Mix) 04. Nicola Fasano, Salento Guys, RKN - Emergency (Extended Mix) 05. Naffe, Flare - Angel (Extended Mix) 06. Yves V & NEO - Slow Me (Extended Mix) 07. Dubdogz, NIIKO X SWAE - Song Stuck In My Head (feat. Stace Cadet) (Extended Mix) 08. Going Deeper & Mamot & Wicks - Hyperreality (Extended Mix) 09. Kryder - Fade Till Sunrise, Pt. II (Extended Mix) 10. Tim Bliss - Summer Love (Extended Mix) 11. Yves V - Now Or Never (Extended Mix) 12. Skytech - Crank It Up (Extended Mix) 13. Yves V & Lukas Vane - Breathe (Extended Mix) 14. Jaison Silva & DUH PROJECT & Artorya - Brokemold (Extended Mix) 15. Yves V & Header - Stars Align (Extended Mix) CLASSIC OF THE WEEK 16. Spankox - To The Club (Extended Mix)

Russian hottest electronic dance music duo Swanky Tunes delivers you a weekly radio show. Thrilling 60 minutes of their biggest tracks and hottest bootlegs are waiting for you. From Russia with love!   Swanky Tunes - SHOWLAND 533 01. Jaden Bojsen & David Guetta - Let's Go (Extended Mix) 02. ANTI UP feat. Leven Kali - Freaky Feed Me 03. Cazztek - Push That Pedal (Extended Mix) 04. TOYZZ - Midnight Trip (Extended Mix) 05. Freejak - Blow Ya Mind (Extended Mix) 06. Swanky Tunes, Shapov - Rolling Deep (Extended Mix) 07. longstoryshort - In My Mind (Extended) 08. NOME. - High Roller (Extended Mix) 09. Riordan, Ellis Moss - GETAWAY (Extended Mix) 10. Robbie Mendez & Edwin Reiman - Need You (Extended Mix) 11. Fisher & Flowdan - Boost Up (Kriss Reeve Remix) 12. OZALID x WES (US) - Rock The Party (Extended Mix) 13. Tiësto, Goldcher, Irina Rimes - Dudada (Extended Mix) 14. KVSH, CERES & Öwnboss - Molly (Extended Mix) 15. Thvndex & SNRS feat. Ivy ScrancH - Hypnotize (Extended Mix) 16. Layton Giordani x Tiga x Audion - Let's Go Dancing (Extended Mix) 17. Axwell Λ Ingrosso - Sun Is Shining (Lavern Remix) 18. Amadou & Mariam - Mogolu (Major Lazer Extended Remix) 19. Swanky Tunes & Going Deeper - Time x HUGEL x Topic x Arash feat. Daecolm - I Adore You

Host: Andrew Wilner, MD, FACP, FAAN Guest: Dejan Jakimovski, MD, PhD Despite the fact that categorial scores like the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the MS Severity Scale (MSSS) are considered to be the gold standard, a recent study found that the Scripps Neurological Rating Scale (SNRS) and the Combinatorial Weight-Adjusted Disability Score (CombiWISE) may be better suited for assessing disability in patients who are severely affected by MS. Learn more about this study's findings with Dr. Andrew Wilner and Dr. Dejan Jakimovski, a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Neurology at the University of Buffalo who presented this research at the joint 2023 ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS meeting.

-- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion."Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old", with RWU's oceanography textbook also putting it at "0.001 mm per thousand years." But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack of mutational differences in this specifically male DNA, the Y-chromosomal Adam would have lived only a few thousand years ago! (He's significantly younger than mtEve because of the genetic bottleneck of the global flood.) Yet while the Darwinian camp wrongly claimed for decades that humans were 98% genetically similar to chimps, secular scientists today, using the same type of calculation only more accurately, have unintentionally documented that chimps are about as far genetically from what makes a human being a male, as mankind itself is from sponges! Geneticists have found now that sponges are 70% the same as humans genetically, and separately, that human and chimp Y chromosomes are  "horrendously" 30%

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529509v1?rss=1 Authors: Van Hirtum, T., Somers, B., Verschueren, E., Dieudonne, B., Francart, T. Abstract: Behavioral tests are currently the gold standard in measuring speech intelligibility. However, these tests can be difficult to administer in young children due to factors such as motivation, linguistic knowledge and cognitive skills. It has been shown that measures of neural envelope tracking can be used to predict speech intelligibility and overcome these issues. However, its potential as an objective measure for speech intelligibility in noise remains to be investigated in preschool children. Here, we evaluated neural envelope tracking as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 14 5-year-old children. We examined EEG responses to natural, continuous speech presented at different SNRs ranging from -8 (very difficult) to 8 dB SNR (very easy). As expected delta band (0.5-4 Hz) tracking increased with increasing stimulus SNR. However, this increase was not strictly monotonic as neural tracking reached a plateau between 0 and 4 dB SNR, similarly to the behavioral speech intelligibility outcomes. These findings indicate that neural tracking in the delta band remains stable, as long as the acoustical degradation of the speech signal does not reflect significant changes in speech intelligibility. Theta band tracking (4-8 Hz), on the other hand, was found to be drastically reduced and more easily affected by noise in children, making it less reliable as a measure of speech intelligibility. By contrast, neural envelope tracking in the delta band was directly associated with behavioral measures of speech intelligibility. This suggests that neural envelope tracking in the delta band is a valuable tool for evaluating speech-in-noise intelligibility in preschoolers, highlighting its potential as an objective measure of speech in difficult-to-test populations. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Peering into the Milky Way by FAST: IV Identification of two new Galactic supernova remnants G203 1+6 6 and G206 7+5 9 by X. Y. Gao et al. on Wednesday 30 November A 5$^{circ}$ $times$ 7$^{circ}$ sky area containing two large radio structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 with a size of about 2.5$^{circ}$ and 3.5$^{circ}$ respectively is scanned by using the L-band 19-beam receiver of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The FAST L-band receiver covers a frequency range of 1.0-1.5 GHz. Commissioning of the receiving system, including the measurements of the half-power beam width, gain, and main-beam efficiency is made by observing the calibrators. The multi-channel spectroscopy backend mounted to the receiver allows an in-band spectral-index determination. The brightness-temperature spectral indices of both objects are measured to be $beta$ $sim$ $-$2.6 to $-$2.7. Polarized emission is detected from the archival Effelsberg $lambda$11 cm data for all the shell structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9. These results clearly indicate a non-thermal synchrotron emitting nature, confirming that G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 are large shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs). Based on morphological correlation between the radio continuum emission of G206.7+5.9 and the HI structures, the kinematic distance to this new SNR is estimated to be about 440 pc, placing it in the Local Arm. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11408v2

Peering into the Milky Way by FAST: IV Identification of two new Galactic supernova remnants G203 1+6 6 and G206 7+5 9 by X. Y. Gao et al. on Wednesday 30 November A 5$^{circ}$ $times$ 7$^{circ}$ sky area containing two large radio structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 with a size of about 2.5$^{circ}$ and 3.5$^{circ}$ respectively is scanned by using the L-band 19-beam receiver of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The FAST L-band receiver covers a frequency range of 1.0-1.5 GHz. Commissioning of the receiving system, including the measurements of the half-power beam width, gain, and main-beam efficiency is made by observing the calibrators. The multi-channel spectroscopy backend mounted to the receiver allows an in-band spectral-index determination. The brightness-temperature spectral indices of both objects are measured to be $beta$ $sim$ $-$2.6 to $-$2.7. Polarized emission is detected from the archival Effelsberg $lambda$11 cm data for all the shell structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9. These results clearly indicate a non-thermal synchrotron emitting nature, confirming that G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 are large shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs). Based on morphological correlation between the radio continuum emission of G206.7+5.9 and the HI structures, the kinematic distance to this new SNR is estimated to be about 440 pc, placing it in the Local Arm. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11408v2

Using Anisotropies as a Forensic Tool for Decoding Supernova Remnants by Abigail Polin et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present a method for analyzing supernova remnants (SNRs) by diagnosing the drivers responsible for structure at different angular scales. First, we perform a suite of hydrodynamic models of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) as a supernova collides with its surrounding medium. Using these models we demonstrate how power spectral analysis can be used to attribute which scales in a SNR are driven by RTI and which must be caused by intrinsic asymmetries in the initial explosion. We predict the power spectrum of turbulence driven by RTI and identify a dominant angular mode which represents the largest scale that efficiently grows via RTI. We find that this dominant mode relates to the density scale height in the ejecta, and therefore reveals the density profile of the SN ejecta. If there is significant structure in a SNR on angular scales larger than this mode, then it is likely caused by anisotropies in the explosion. Structure on angular scales smaller than the dominant mode exhibits a steep scaling with wavenumber, possibly too steep to be consistent with a turbulent cascade, and therefore might be determined by the saturation of RTI at different length scales (although systematic 3D studies are needed to investigate this). We also demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that this power spectrum is independent of the magnitude and length scales of perturbations in the surrounding medium and therefore this diagnostic is unaffected by ``clumpiness" in the CSM. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02134v2

A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey VII Supernova remnants in the Galactic longitude range 28^ circ

Electron acceleration at supernova remnants by Artem Bohdan. on Monday 28 November Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to produce the majority of galactic cosmic rays (CRs). SNRs harbor non-relativistic collisionless shocks responsible for acceleration of CRs via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA), in which particles gain their energies via repeated interactions with the shock front. As the DSA theory involves pre-existing mildly energetic particles, a means of pre-acceleration is required, especially for electrons. Electron injection remains one of the most troublesome and still unresolved issues and our physical understanding of it is essential to fully comprehend the physics of SNRs. To study any electron-scale phenomena responsible for pre-acceleration, we require a method capable of resolving these small kinetic scales and Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations fulfill this criterion. Here I report on the latest achievements made by utilising kinetic simulations of non-relativistic high Mach number shocks. I discuss how the physics of SNR shocks depend on the shock parameters (e.g., the shock obliquity, Mach numbers, the ion-to-electron mass ratio) as well as processes responsible for the electron heating and acceleration. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13992v1

Using Anisotropies as a Forensic Tool for Decoding Supernova Remnants by Abigail Polin et al. on Monday 28 November We present a method for analyzing supernova remnants (SNRs) by diagnosing the drivers responsible for structure at different angular scales. First, we perform a suite of hydrodynamic models of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) as a supernova collides with its surrounding medium. Using these models we demonstrate how power spectral analysis can be used to attribute which scales in a SNR are driven by RTI and which must be caused by intrinsic asymmetries in the initial explosion. We predict the power spectrum of turbulence driven by RTI and identify a dominant angular mode which represents the largest scale that efficiently grows via RTI. We find that this dominant mode relates to the density scale height in the ejecta, and therefore reveals the density profile of the SN ejecta. If there is significant structure in a SNR on angular scales larger than this mode, then it is likely caused by anisotropies in the explosion. Structure on angular scales smaller than the dominant mode exhibits a steep scaling with wavenumber, possibly too steep to be consistent with a turbulent cascade, and therefore might be determined by the saturation of RTI at different length scales (although systematic 3D studies are needed to investigate this). We also demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that this power spectrum is independent of the magnitude and length scales of perturbations in the surrounding medium and therefore this diagnostic is unaffected by ``clumpiness" in the CSM. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02134v2

Using Anisotropies as a Forensic Tool for Decoding Supernova Remnants by Abigail Polin et al. on Monday 28 November We present a method for analyzing supernova remnants (SNRs) by diagnosing the drivers responsible for structure at different angular scales. First, we perform a suite of hydrodynamic models of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) as a supernova collides with its surrounding medium. Using these models we demonstrate how power spectral analysis can be used to attribute which scales in a SNR are driven by RTI and which must be caused by intrinsic asymmetries in the initial explosion. We predict the power spectrum of turbulence driven by RTI and identify a dominant angular mode which represents the largest scale that efficiently grows via RTI. We find that this dominant mode relates to the density scale height in the ejecta, and therefore reveals the density profile of the SN ejecta. If there is significant structure in a SNR on angular scales larger than this mode, then it is likely caused by anisotropies in the explosion. Structure on angular scales smaller than the dominant mode exhibits a steep scaling with wavenumber, possibly too steep to be consistent with a turbulent cascade, and therefore might be determined by the saturation of RTI at different length scales (although systematic 3D studies are needed to investigate this). We also demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that this power spectrum is independent of the magnitude and length scales of perturbations in the surrounding medium and therefore this diagnostic is unaffected by ``clumpiness" in the CSM. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02134v2

A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey VII Supernova remnants in the Galactic longitude range 28^ circ

Electron acceleration at supernova remnants by Artem Bohdan. on Sunday 27 November Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to produce the majority of galactic cosmic rays (CRs). SNRs harbor non-relativistic collisionless shocks responsible for acceleration of CRs via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA), in which particles gain their energies via repeated interactions with the shock front. As the DSA theory involves pre-existing mildly energetic particles, a means of pre-acceleration is required, especially for electrons. Electron injection remains one of the most troublesome and still unresolved issues and our physical understanding of it is essential to fully comprehend the physics of SNRs. To study any electron-scale phenomena responsible for pre-acceleration, we require a method capable of resolving these small kinetic scales and Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations fulfill this criterion. Here I report on the latest achievements made by utilising kinetic simulations of non-relativistic high Mach number shocks. I discuss how the physics of SNR shocks depend on the shock parameters (e.g., the shock obliquity, Mach numbers, the ion-to-electron mass ratio) as well as processes responsible for the electron heating and acceleration. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13992v1

Peering into the Milky Way by FAST: IV Identification of two new Galactic supernova remnants G203 1+6 6 and G206 7+5 9 by Xuyang Gao et al. on Tuesday 22 November A $5^{circ} times 7^{circ}$ sky area containing two large radio structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 with a size of about 2.5$^{circ}$ and 3.5$^{circ}$ respectively is scanned by using the L-band 19-beam receiver of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The FAST L-band receiver covers a frequency range of 1.0 GHz $-$ 1.5 GHz. Commissioning of the receiving system, including the measurements of the half-power beam width, gain, and main-beam efficiency is made by observing the calibrators. The multi-channel spectroscopy backend mounted to the receiver allows an in-band spectral-index determination. The brightness-temperature spectral indices of both objects are measured to be $beta sim$ $-$2.6 to $-$2.7. Polarized emission is detected from the archival Effelsberg $lambda$11 cm data for all the shell structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9. These results clearly indicate a non-thermal synchrotron emitting nature, confirming that G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 are large shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs). Based on morphological correlation between the radio continuum emission of G206.7+5.9 and the HI structures, the kinematic distance to this new SNR is estimated to be about 440 pc, placing it in the Local Arm. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11408v1

Peering into the Milky Way by FAST: IV Identification of two new Galactic supernova remnants G203 1+6 6 and G206 7+5 9 by Xuyang Gao et al. on Monday 21 November A $5^{circ} times 7^{circ}$ sky area containing two large radio structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 with a size of about 2.5$^{circ}$ and 3.5$^{circ}$ respectively is scanned by using the L-band 19-beam receiver of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The FAST L-band receiver covers a frequency range of 1.0 GHz $-$ 1.5 GHz. Commissioning of the receiving system, including the measurements of the half-power beam width, gain, and main-beam efficiency is made by observing the calibrators. The multi-channel spectroscopy backend mounted to the receiver allows an in-band spectral-index determination. The brightness-temperature spectral indices of both objects are measured to be $beta sim$ $-$2.6 to $-$2.7. Polarized emission is detected from the archival Effelsberg $lambda$11 cm data for all the shell structures of G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9. These results clearly indicate a non-thermal synchrotron emitting nature, confirming that G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9 are large shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs). Based on morphological correlation between the radio continuum emission of G206.7+5.9 and the HI structures, the kinematic distance to this new SNR is estimated to be about 440 pc, placing it in the Local Arm. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11408v1

Detection of the extended γ -ray emission from the high Galactic latitude Calvera's SNR candidate by Yuliang Xin et al. on Monday 21 November We report the extended GeV $gamma$-ray emission that spatially associated with the high Galactic latitude supernova remnant (SNR) candidate - Calvera's SNR with the Pass 8 data recorded by the {em Fermi} Large Area Telescope. The $gamma$-ray spectrum of Calvera's SNR between 100 MeV and 1 TeV shows an evident ($sim$ 3.4$sigma$) spectral curvature at several tens of GeV. The multi-wavelength data can be fitted with either a leptonic model or a hadronic one. However, the leptonic model exhibits the inconsistent between the flat radio spectrum and the hard GeV $gamma$-ray spectrum of Calvera's SNR. For the hadronic model, the spectral index of protons should be harder than 1.6. And the total energy of protons is fitted to be more than one order of magnitude higher than the explosion energy of a typical supernova, which also challenges the hadronic model. The evident spectral curvature and the absence of non-thermal X-ray emission from Calvera's SNR makes it to be an interesting source bridging young-aged SNRs with bright non-thermal X-ray emission and old-aged SNRs interacting with molecular clouds. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10016v1

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.02.514923v1?rss=1 Authors: Cordier, A., Mary, A., Vander Ghinst, M., Goldman, S., De Tiege, X., Wens, V. Abstract: Electrophysiological measures of functional connectivity can be affected by the power bias, i.e., variations in their estimation due to variations in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) rather than in genuine neural interactions. Intrinsic functional networks emerge at rest from magnetoencephalography (MEG) amplitude connectivity mostly within the and {beta} frequency bands, where the SNR of MEG recordings is coincidentally maximal. This raises the question, is the spectral specificity of these networks really driven by neural oscillatory dynamics or is it an artifact due to the power bias? Here, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of the power bias in amplitude connectivity allowing to disentangle the neural part of connectivity from the nonlinear SNR dependence of estimated amplitude connectivity (as well as from the contribution of noise correlations). On this basis, we developed a new correction technique involving a SNR-dependent renormalization of amplitude connectivity, which we validated using synthetic data. We then applied the technique to resting-state MEG data and quantified to what extent the power bias affects the spectral content of intrinsic functional brain couplings. We demonstrated the absence of such effect, which was explained by the observation in synthetic data that the power bias is very reduced at the sufficiently high SNRs found in resting-state MEG recordings. Comparison with a classical linear regression technique highlights the importance of our nonlinear correction to reach this conclusion. Our analysis thus confirms the crucial role of neural oscillations for the spontaneous emergence of intrinsic brain functional networks. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Discovery of Year-Scale Time Variability from Thermal X-ray Emission in Tycho's Supernova Remnant by Masamune Matsuda et al. on Monday 26 September Mechanisms of particle heating are crucial to understanding the shock physics in supernova remnants (SNRs). However, there has been little information on time variabilities of thermalized particles so far. Here, we present a discovery of a gradually-brightening thermal X-ray emission found in Chandra data of Tycho's SNR obtained during 2000--2015. The emission exhibits a knot-like feature (Knot1) with a diameter of $simeq0.04$~pc located in the northwestern limb, where we also find localized H$alpha$ filaments in an optical image taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2008. The model with the solar abundance reproduces the spectra of Knot1, suggesting that Knot1 originates from interstellar medium; this is the first detection of thermal X-ray emission from swept-up gas found in Tycho's SNR. Our spectral analysis indicates that the electron temperature of Knot1 has increased from $sim0.30$~keV to $sim0.69$~keV within the period between 2000 and 2015. These results lead us to ascribe the time-variable emission to a small dense clump recently heated by the forward shock at the location of Knot1. The electron-to-proton temperature ratio immediately downstream the shock ($beta_{0}equiv T_e/T_p$) is constrained to be $m_e/m_pleqbeta_{0}leq0.15$ to reproduce the data, indicating the collisionless electron heating with efficiency consistent with previous H$alpha$ observations of Tycho and other SNRs with high shock velocities. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.12150v1

On Odd Radio Circles as Supernova Remnants by Sumit K. Sarbadhicary et al. on Thursday 22 September The origin of arcmin-sized Odd Radio Circles (ORCs) found in modern all-sky radio surveys remain uncertain, with explanations ranging from starburst/AGN-driven shocks to supernova remnants (SNRs) in the low-density ambient medium. Using well-calibrated radio light curve models, we assess the possibility that ORCs are radio SNRs evolving in low ambient densities. Our models imply that ORCs 1-5 and J0624-6948 (near the LMC) as SNRs must be within 200 kpc and 100 kpc from the Sun respectively, given their observed flux densities and angular sizes. To be evolving in the circumgalactic medium of the Milky Way, our models require ORCs 1-5 to be ejecta-dominated SNRs within 50 kpc, evolving in ambient densities of $(0.2-1.2) times 10^{-3}$ cm$^{-3}$. However, this is statistically unlikely because ORCs 1-5 would have ages $

Distances, Radial Distribution and Total Number of Galactic Supernova Remnants by S. Ranasinghe et al. on Monday 12 September We present a table of 215 SNRs with distances. %estimate New distances are found to SNR G$51.26+0.11$ of $6.6 pm 1.7$ kpc using HI absorption spectra%Additionally, and to 5 other SNRs using maser/molecular cloud associations. We recalculate the distances and errors to all SNRs using a consistent rotation curve and provide errors where they were not previously estimated. This results in a significant distance revisions for 20 SNRs. Because of observational constraints and selection effects, there %seems to be is an apparent deficit of observed number of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs). To investigate this, we employ two methods. The first method applies correction factors for the selection effects to derive the radial density distribution. The second method compares functional forms for the SNR surface density and selection function against the data to find which functions are consistent with the data. The total number of SNRs in the Galaxy is $sim3500$ (Method 1) or in the range $sim2400$ to $sim5600$ (Method 2). We conclude that the current observed number of SNRs is not yet complete enough to give a well-determined total SNR number or radial density function. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04570v1

Evaluating the efficacy of sonification for signal detection in univariate, evenly sampled light curves using astronify by J. Tucker Brown et al. on Monday 12 September Sonification is the technique of representing data with sound, with potential applications in astronomy research for aiding discovery and accessibility. Several astronomy-focused sonification tools have been developed; however, efficacy testing is extremely limited. We performed testing of astronify, a prototype tool for sonification functionality within the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). We created synthetic light curves containing zero, one, or two transit-like signals with a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs=3-100) and applied the default mapping of brightness to pitch. We performed remote testing, asking participants to count signals when presented with light curves as a sonification, visual plot, or combination of both. We obtained 192 responses, of which 118 self-classified as experts in astronomy and data analysis. For high SNRs (=30 and 100), experts and non-experts performed well with sonified data (85-100% successful signal counting). At low SNRs (=3 and 5) both groups were consistent with guessing with sonifications. At medium SNRs (=7 and 10), experts performed no better than non-experts with sonifications but significantly better (factor of ~2-3) with visuals. We infer that sonification training, like that experienced by experts for visual data inspection, will be important if this sonification method is to be useful for moderate SNR signal detection within astronomical archives and broader research. Nonetheless, we show that even a very simple, and non-optimised, sonification approach allows users to identify high SNR signals. A more optimised approach, for which we present ideas, would likely yield higher success for lower SNR signals. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04465v1

Molecular and Atomic Clouds Associated with the Gamma-Ray Supernova Remnant Puppis A by M. Aruga et al. on Thursday 08 September We have carried out a study of the interstellar medium (ISM) toward a shell-like supernova remnant SNR Puppis A by using the NANTEN CO and ATCA HI data. We synthesized a comprehensive picture of the SNR radiation by combining the ISM data with the gamma-ray and X-ray distributions. The ISM, both atomic and molecular gas, is dense and highly clumpy, and is distributed all around the SNR, but mainly in the north-east. The CO distribution revealed an enhanced line intensity ratio of CO($J$ = 2-1)/($J$ = 1-0) transitions as well as CO line broadening, which indicate shock heating/acceleration. The results support that Puppis A is located at 1.4 kpc, in the local arm. The ISM interacting with the SNR has a large mass of $sim$10$^{4}$ $M_{odot}$ which is dominated by HI, showing good spatial correspondence with the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray image. This favors the hadronic origin of the gamma-rays, while additional contribution of the leptonic component is not excluded. The distribution of the X-ray ionization timescales within the shell suggests that the shock front ionized various parts of the ISM at epochs ranging over a few to ten 1000 yr. We therefore suggest that the age of the SNR is around 10$^{4}$ yr as given by the largest ionization timescale. We estimate the total cosmic ray energy $W_{rm p}$ to be 10$^{47}$ erg, which is well placed in the cosmic-ray escaping phase of an age-$W_{rm p}$ plot including more than ten SNRs. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.00211v3

Nonthermal Electron Acceleration at Collisionless Quasi-perpendicular Shocks by T. Amano et al. on Thursday 08 September Shock waves propagating in collisionless heliospheric and astrophysical plasmas have been studied extensively over the decades. One prime motivation is to understand the nonthermal particle acceleration at shocks. Although the theory of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) has long been the standard for cosmic-ray acceleration at shocks, plasma physical understanding of particle acceleration remains elusive. In this review, we discuss nonthermal electron acceleration mechanisms at quasi-perpendicular shocks, for which substantial progress has been made in recent years. The discussion presented in this review is restricted to the following three specific topics. The first is stochastic shock drift acceleration (SSDA), which is a relatively new mechanism for electron injection into DSA. The basic mechanism, related in-situ observations and kinetic simulations results, and how it is connected with DSA will be discussed. Second, we discuss shock surfing acceleration (SSA) at very high Mach number shocks relevant to young supernova remnants (SNRs). While the original proposal under the one-dimensional assumption is unrealistic, SSA has now been proven efficient by a fully three-dimensional kinetic simulation. Finally, we discuss the current understanding of the magnetized Weibel-dominated shock. Spontaneous magnetic reconnection of self-generated current sheets within the shock structure is an interesting consequence of Weibel-generated strong magnetic turbulence. We argue that high Mach number shocks with both Alfven and sound Mach numbers exceeding 20-40 will likely behave as a Weibel-dominated shock. Despite a number of interesting recent findings, the relative roles of SSDA, SSA, and magnetic reconnection for electron acceleration at collisionless shocks and how the dominant particle acceleration mechanisms change depending on shock parameters remain to be answered. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.03521v1

Using Anisotropies as a Forensic Tool for Decoding Supernova Remnants by Abigail Polin et al. on Tuesday 06 September We present a method for analyzing supernova remnants (SNRs) by diagnosing the drivers responsible for structure at different angular scales. First, we perform a suite of hydrodynamic models of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) as a supernova collides with its surrounding medium. Using these models we demonstrate how power spectral analysis can be used to attribute which scales in a SNR are driven by RTI and which must be caused by intrinsic asymmetries in the initial explosion. We predict the power spectrum of turbulence driven by RTI and identify a dominant angular mode which represents the largest scale that efficiently grows via RTI. We find that this dominant mode relates to the density scale height in the ejecta, and therefore reveals the density profile of the SN ejecta. If there is significant structure in a SNR on angular scales larger than this mode, then it is likely caused by anisotropies in the explosion. Structure on angular scales smaller than the dominant mode exhibits a steep scaling with wavenumber, possibly too steep to be consistent with a turbulent cascade, and therefore might be determined by the saturation of RTI at different length scales (although systematic 3D studies are needed to investigate this). We also demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that this power spectrum is independent of the magnitude and length scales of perturbations in the surrounding medium and therefore this diagnostic is unaffected by ``clumpiness" in the CSM. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02134v1

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.02.506424v1?rss=1 Authors: Xiu, B., Paul, B. T., Chen, J. M., Le, T. N., Lin, V. Y., Dimitrijevic, A. Abstract: There is a weak relationship between clinical and self-reported speech perception outcomes in cochlear implant (CI) listeners. Such poor correspondence may be due to differences in clinical and "real-world" listening environments and stimuli. Speech sounds in the real world are often accompanied by visual cues, background environmental noise and is generally in the context of a connected conversation. The aims of this study were to determine if brain responses to naturalistic speech could index speech perception and listening demand in CI users. Accordingly, we recorded high density EEG while CI users listened/watched a naturalistic stimulus (i.e., the television show, "The Office"). We used continuous EEG to quantify "speech neural tracking" (i.e., TRFs, temporal response functions) to the television show audio track and additionally 8-12 Hz (alpha) brain rhythms commonly related to listening effort. Background noise at three different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), +5, +10, and +15 dB were presented to vary the difficulty of following the television show mimicking a natural noisy environment. The task included an additional condition of audio-only (no video). After each condition, participants subjectively rated listening demand and the degree of words and conversations they felt they could understand. Fifteen CI users reported progressively higher degrees of listening demand and less words and conversation with increasing background noise. Listening demand and conversation understanding in the audio-only condition was comparable to that of the highest noise condition (+5 dB). The addition of the background noise reduced the degree of speech neural tracking. Mixed effect modeling showed that listening demand and conversation understanding were correlated to cortical speech tracking such that high demand and low conversation understanding lower associated with lower amplitude TRFs. In the high noise condition, greater listening demand was negatively correlated to parietal alpha power such that higher demand was related to lower alpha power. No significant correlations were observed between TRF/alpha and clinical speech perception scores. These results are similar to previous findings showing little relationship between speech perception and quality of life in CI users. However, the physiological responses to complex natural speech may anticipate aspects of quality-of-life measures such as self-perceived listening demand. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

As a platform enabler, Ken Sutton of Yobe see a future where voice is moving from a "nice to have" user interface to a "need to have" revenue generator. Yobe's AI-powered platform is purpose-built for live crowds and noisy environments to identify and decode human voices. Modeled on human hearing, Yobe's signal processing techniques substantially increase SNRs (signal-to-noise ratio) in noisy environments allowing the ability to decipher emotion, intent, mood, and other biological markers for an added layer of meaning. In this episode, Ken talks with Darin & Jeff about the challenges of understanding speech in real-world environments.

  [While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation.* Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient.* Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack o

[While Bob & Cheryl Enyart go fishing we invite you to enjoy from the RSR archives our favorite List of Not So Old Things! Photos from today, June 25, 2021.] -- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion." Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the cla

Jay Jacobs, SVP and head of research and strategy at Global X ETFs, joined the podcast this week to discuss thematic investing and the new Global X Telehealth ETF (EDOC). Plus, we take a look at two ETF themes that have seen strong gains in the coronavirus market recovery: Global X Internet of Things ETF (SNSR) and Global X Genomics and Biotechnology ETF (GNOM). For the video version, show notes and charts, visit investors.com/podcast.

"Approximately 38 million people in the United States have hearing loss.The inability to understand speech-in-noise (SIN) is one of the main complaints of people with untreated sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), as well as many people who wear traditional hearing aids. It is also estimated that an additional 26 million American adults possess hearing thresholds within the range of normal limits (WNL), but they, too, complain of hearing difficulty (HD) and SIN problems, as will be reviewed below.These additional 26 million adults with HD and/or SIN problems (ie, suprathreshold auditory deficits) often report experiencing a reduced quality of life (QOL) due to their auditory problems. When these individuals seek help from audiologists, they are often informed that their hearing thresholds are WNL and are subsequently counseled about advantages that can be derived from better lighting, use of visual redundancy, sitting closer to the person speaking, and other advice given to persons with hearing loss in traditional auditory rehabilitation programs. However, it is likely that many of these individuals are not being tested thoroughly or that traditional audiometric tests are not sensitive enough to determine their actual SIN ability. It is also likely that these people are not being informed of commercially available tools that could improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and, thus, address their listening and communication needs and potentially lead to positive benefits. Indeed, Tremblay and colleagues asked why people with normal hearing sensitivity (ie, pure-tone thresholds WNLs) still complain of HDs and/or trouble understanding SIN.The article below reviews published benefits that are associated with improving the SNR for some adults and children who present with hearing sensitivity and thresholds which are generally accepted as within normal limits (WNL) but have HD and/or trouble understanding SIN. We also review and speculate on benefits that some people receive from enhanced SNRs which are delivered through sophisticated hearing aids and remote microphone (RM) systems, and technologies that can be wirelessly coupled to personal hearing aids and other devices."

This man Kenny Davis spills knowledge throughout the entire episode. His views are very open-minded and righteous. He speaks on the psychology of people stuck in certain ways as he reveals the truth in the cup and SPILLS THAT SHIT! ALL OVER THE MIC! I hope you have a great listen! Kenny Davis' YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOjGq4cWE6v0NGMcjJWIM0g Kenny Davis' Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/__kennydavis/KennyDavis' Twitter: https://twitter.com/__kennydavis Sedeck's Cup Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sedecks_cup/ Sedeck's Cup Twitter: https://twitter.com/CheeksSedeck Visual version up on YouTube: https://youtu.be/sNRs_gx-y48 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mrcupz/message

Dr. Badenes is a Research Fellow at Tel-Aviv University and the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. At TAU, he works at the Department of Astrophysics. At WIS, he is a member of the Experimental Astrophysics Group. His research focuses on Type Ia supernova explosions, their binary progenitor systems, and the supernova remnants (SNRs) that they leave behind.

This dissertation presents the analysis of a large and deep XMM-Newton survey of the second large Local Group spiral galaxy M 31. The survey observations, taken between June 2006 and February 2008, together with re-analysed archival observations from June 2000 to July 2004 cover, for the first time, the whole D25 ellipse of M 31 with XMM-Newton down to a limiting luminosity of ~10^35 erg/s in the 0.2-4.5 keV band. The main goal of the thesis was a study of the different source populations of M 31 that can be observed in X-rays. Therefore a catalogue was created, which contains all 1948 sources detected in the 0.2-12.0 keV range. 961 of these sources were detected in X-rays for the first time. Source classification and identification was based on X-ray hardness ratios, spatial extent of the sources, and by cross correlating with catalogues in the X-ray, optical, infrared and radio wavelengths. An additional classification criterion was the long-term temporal variability of the sources in X-rays. This variability allows us to distinguish between X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. Furthermore, supernova remnant classifications of previous studies that did not use long-term variability as a classification criterion, could be validated. Including previous Chandra and ROSAT observations in the long-term variability study allowed me to detect additional transient or at least highly variable sources, which are good candidates for being X-ray binaries. Fourteen of the 40 supersoft source (SSS) candidates correlated with optical novae and therefore can be considered the supersoft emission of the optical novae. Among them is the first nova/SSS detected in a globular cluster of M 31. Correlations with previous ROSAT and Chandra studies revealed that only three SSSs are visible for at least one decade. This result underlines the strong long-term variability found for the class of SSSs. In addition the correlations demonstrated that strict selection criteria have to be applied to securely select SSSs. An investigation of the spatial distribution of the 25 supernova remnants (SNRs) and 37 SNR candidates showed that many of these sources are consistent with the location of the 10 kpc dust ring and other star forming regions in M 31. This connection between SNRs and star forming regions implies that most of the remnants are from type II supernovae. The brightest sources of M 31 belong to the class of X-ray binaries (XRBs). Ten low mass XRBs (LMXBs) and 26 LMXB candidates were identified based on their temporal variability. In addition 36 LMXBs and 17 LMXB candidates were identified due to correlations with globular clusters and globular cluster candidates. From the LMXBs located in globular clusters one is a black hole candidate and another a neutron star candidate. From optical and X-ray colour-colour diagrams, possible high mass XRB (HMXB) candidates were selected. Two of these candidates have an X-ray spectrum as is expected for an HMXB containing a neutron star primary. To investigate the logN-logS relations of sources in the field of M 31, a catalogue of sources detected in the 2.0-10.0 keV energy range was created. The slope of the logN-logS relation for the whole galaxy is consistent with the expectation for spiral galaxies (Colbert et al. 2004). Subtracting the background logN-logS relation, the region beyond the D25 ellipse still contains about 13 sources/deg^2 of M 31 with fluxes above the completeness limit of ~3.2x10^{-14} erg/cm^2/s (~2.3x10^36 erg/s at the distance of M 31). The radial dependence of the source distribution in M 31's disc can be well fitted with an exponential profile, for limiting fluxes of ~3.2x10^{-14} erg/cm^2/s and 10^{-13} erg/cm^2/s (~7.3x10^36 erg/s). About 60% of all sources with fluxes above 3.2x10^{-14} erg/cm^2/s are background sources. While the contribution of background sources lies at ~20% in the inner disc region, the fraction increases to >~80% in the outer areas of M 31. For the dust ring region, the slope of the logN-logS relation as well as the number of sources and their dependence on the star forming rate were consistent with the universal logN-logS relation predicted from theoretical considerations of HMXBs (Grimm et al. 2003). These findings propose that the dust ring region contains a population of HMXBs. A comparison of the number of X-ray binaries (XRBs) obtained from the logN-logS study to the ones listed in the source catalogue showed that many XRBs detected in the logN-logS study with fluxes between 10^{-13} erg/cm^2/s and 3.2x10^{-14} erg/cm^2/s, or (independent from the flux) those XRBs located in the inner disc of M 31, remain without XRB classification in the source catalogue. The results presented in this thesis gave us deeper insights in the properties of the population of X-ray sources in M 31. Nevertheless, about 65% of all sources detected in the field of M 31 can be classified as ``hard" sources only, i.e. it is not possible to decide whether these sources are X-ray binaries or Crab-like supernova remnants in M 31, or active galactic nuclei. Deeper observations in the X-ray and at other wavelengths are needed to classify these sources.

In den letzten Jahren wurden 373 ausgedehnte Roentgenquellen in der ROSAT Himmelsdurchmusterung (RASS) als Supernova Ueberreste (SNRs) Kandidaten identifiziert (Busser, 1998). Ein Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die genaue Untersuchung und Identifizierung dieser Galaktischen SNR Kandidaten an Hand ihrer Roentgen- und Radiomorphologie. Diese Analyse erlaubte es fuer die untersuchten Objekte, zwischen extragalaktischen Hintergrundsquellen und SNR Kandidaten zu unterscheiden. Rund 16% der 373 Kandidaten (59) stellten sich als wahrscheinliche Galaxien oder Galaxienhaufen heraus, wohingegen sich 99 Kandidaten als unechte Hintergrundsquellen erwiesen. Nachbeobachtungen der besten Kandidaten wurden im Radioband sowie im Roentgenband durchgefuehrt und G38.7-1.4 und G296.7-0.9 als SNRs identifiziert. Neun Objekte wurden als hervorragende Kandidaten und weitere 90 als moegliche SNRs auf Grund ihrer Radio- und Roentgenmorphologie klassifiert. Die restlichen 114 Quellen zeigen kaum Indizien fuer SNRs and wurden deswegen als SNR Kandidaten verworfen. Ein Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit denen einer Simulation von Busser zeigt, dass weniger SNR Kandidaten im RASS gefunden wurden als von der Simulation erwartet. Um eine Uebereinstimmung beider Ergebnisse zu erreichen, muss eine hoehere interstellare Dichte, eine geringe Explosionsenergie und eine geringe galaktische SN Rate angenommen werden. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibt die detailierte Untersuchung dreier galaktischer SNRs. XMM-Newton Beobachtung von RCW 103: RCW 103 ist ein schalenfoermiger SNR mit einer kompakten Roentgenquelle im Zentrum. Es ist allerdings noch unklar, ob RCW 103 von einer Supernova (SN) Ia oder einem Kernkollaps SN stammt. Allerdings konnte gezeigt werden, dass RCW 103 in verschiedenen Linienemissionen die gleiche Ausdehnung hat, sowie eine geringe Expansionsgeschwindigkeit leichter Elemente wie z. Bsp. Magnesium aufweist, was fuer Kernkollaps SN erwartet wird. Schliesslich liefert die Existenz einer zentralen Punktquelle, die wahrscheinlich einem Neutronenstern und seinem Begleitstern zuzuordnen ist, ein ueberzeugendes Argument fuer ein Kernkollaps Szenario. XMM-Newton Beobachtung von G21.5-0.9: G21.5-0.9 ist ein dem Krebsnebel aehnlichen SNR mit einer kompakten Roentgenquelle im Zentrum. XMM-Newton Daten zeigen, dass der diffuse Nebel von G21.5-0.9 am besten durch ein Potenzgesetz beschrieben wird, dessen Spektralindex von 1.72 im Zentrum bis 2.43 am Rande des Halos ansteigt. Weder Linienemission noch Randaufhellung konnte im Halo gefunden werden und auch die spaehrische Symnmetrie legen eine Interpretation des aeusseren Halos als eine Ausdehnung des zentralen Synchrotronnebels nahe. ROSAT Beobachtung von G65.3+5.7: Das Roentgenspektrum von G65.3+5.7 zeigt thermische Roentgenemission, welches durch ein Raymond-Smith Model mit einer Durchschnittstemperatur von 0.20 keV und einer geringen Umgebungsdichte von ~0.019~cm^{-3} beschrieben wird. Unter der Annahme einer Entfernung von 1 kpc und unter der Benutzung der Sedov Gleichungen, erhaehlt man ein Alter von ~ 27500 Jahren, eine Explosionsenergie von ~ 0.18 x 10^{51} erg und eine Leuchtkraft L_x ~ 9.9 x 10^{34} erg. Der Radiopulsar PSR J1931+30 befindet sich in G65.3+5.7. Da keine zeitliche Frequenzaenderung bekannt ist, wurde mit Hilfe einer oberen Schranke der Roentgenzaehlrate und unter Annahme eines Spektrums, das dem des Krebsnebels aehnelt, ein Roentgenfluss f_x = 3.93 x 10^{-13} erg~cm^{-2} s^{-1} bestimmt, das einer Leuchtkraft L_x = 4.32 x 10^{32} erg entspricht und folglich einer unteren Schranke des charakteristischen Alters von 1400 Jahren entspricht.