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Christian College Sex Comedy: Part 17 I Need A Bigger Bed? In 30 parts, By FinalStand. Listen to the podcast at Explicit Novels.             Being dead is wonderful; you never get tired and you have all the time in the world to regret how you ended up this way      Yes, Rio," Mercy wiggled in even tighter, "you can annoy me whenever you want." I was starting to seriously work over Heaven's butthole when I caught Barbie Lynn move her lips over to Rio's ear. "You rock," Barbie Lynn whispered to my 'Bro'. Rio kept her eyes shut but grunted in disgust. She was a stone-cold pitiless bad-ass who cared about nothing and nobody, just ask her. "Are you putting your whole god-damn fist up my ass?" Heaven hissed. "That's my thumb, ya big baby," I quietly teased. We owed it to our bed buddies to keep the noise down as much as possible. "That's right, Big Daddy, tear my poor little hinny up," she pouted devilishly. She was on top so she had to press her tits hard against me to whisper in my ear. "Next time I want to be alone so you can treat me like your dog-bitch, press my face into a pillow to stifle my screams, and drill me deeper than you've ever reached before." "Are you trying to make me cum before I even get inside you?" I gasped. "Oh, God, no," Heaven squeaked. "Don't you dare, please," she begged. "You make me feel so good. I'm sorry I teased you. We can take it slow if you want." "If you want to make me happier, play with yourself and let me feel it," I breathed. Heaven struggled for words before giving up and grunting. Her hips shook as she accelerated her hand's manipulations of her cock, which rested tightly against my stomach. At the same time, I switched up my one thumb with three fingers in her rectum. Heaven gave a choked whimper as she took my intrusion tentatively, then pushed down even harder. As my bulbous head pressed past her sphincter, Heaven hiccupped and tears welled in her eyes. "I, I, did the calculations," she gulped. "If I, have sex with you, every twelve hours, my rectum will, adjust so sex, will be more, fun." "You figured this all out?" I teased. "Purely scientific, I swear," she grinned. "It is, not because, I want to, fuck you, all the time." "I respect you for your mind, Heaven, but this time I think you might be too close to the subject matter," I tickled her back. She took hold of my cock. "Too close to this," she gulped. I swiveled my hips back and forth, sending my cock deeper and deeper into Heaven. She eventually gave up any hopes of a coherent argument and curled herself onto my chest, panting. "Hello, Lover," I told her in near silence. "Thank you, my Bitch," she responded between kisses to the line where the jaw meets the throat. The rest of what either one of us wanted to say was lost as I rocked my hips up, propelling my cock even deeper into her bowels. Heaven clawed at my chest as her sexual tension ramped up. Eventually, our symmetry brought Heaven struggling to the end of her road. "Boyfriend, boyfriend, boyfriend," she gurgled. "He's my Boyfriend!" she screamed. At least she didn't use my name, unless you counted the fact that I was the only boy on campus. "Oh, damn," Heaven gasped for air. "Thanks for bringing me back, Zane." We kissed passionately. "Thanks for the, attitude adjustment too." "Huh?" I wondered. I'd heard the term before but not from someone who regularly talked with Heaven. "Iona posted the slang," Heaven gasped-giggled. I shifted my head from the right side of Heaven's head to the left. My shock must have registered with Heaven, whose gaze went from my face to looking over her shoulder to the form of Gabrielle Black. Heaven scrambled off me and pulled the sheets tight. Shades of Gabrielle Black "We need to talk, Zane Braxton." I saw Gabrielle's lips move but I was pretty sure the words floated across the room without disturbing the ears of anyone around us. I gave her a nod, planted on Heaven a reassuring, full-on kiss, then quick-stepped over to a wardrobe and put on a robe. She followed me out, keeping a keen eye on me while mostly hanging in my blind spot. Vivian was sound asleep as we passed her. I took Gabrielle to the far corner of the Solarium, locating a remote control when we were close. Ms. Black gave me a fatally cold look as I punched in the code that would give us a dead zone electronically to talk in. "Surveillance," I held up the remote. She understood the implications. "I want to see more of your so-called gift with women." I had no doubt this was not a sexual come-on. I would have been a hell of a lot happier if it was; instead, it put me in a situation I knew very little about. "Strip," I requested, with as much calm as I could instill in my voice. Gabrielle gave me a lightning assessment, then started shedding her perpetually black outerwear and lingerie. When she finished, the words 'Hot Damn' came up a ton of times unbidden to my thoughts. I worked out regularly, took martial arts, and stretched whenever I could. I might as well have been a coach potato as far as Gabrielle was concerned. She wasn't bulky; rather, strong in the long muscles that counted more for strength and stamina. I still managed to have the courage to ask her to extend her arms and spread her legs. Hell, I even touched her ass, thigh, and caressed the right shoulder twice. When I finished up, I was before her once more. I leaned on the back of a chair and waited, I had taken five minutes, where in most cases it took seconds, but this woman's body wove deceptions like a champion. "Well?" she finally gave in to her curiosity before I gave in to my fear. "Well, I imagine the most important thing to you at this second is the wrists. I did spend some time in a high-pressure private academy in my formative years and I know the difference between horizontal and vertical. Horizontal cuts on the wrist are a cry for help, vertical show a real desire to die." "Now, I can't know for sure that you didn't make two attempts but you look like you're insanely intense, emphasis on the insane, so I guess some fucked up shit happened to you that made you damn sure the only answer was to check out permanently," I stated evenly. "What now?" she questioned me, her intonation utterly devoid of emotion or compassion. "I'd like to tell you what I tell every other woman I learn a secret about, that your past is your business and your business alone," I sighed. "But?" she prodded me. "Gabrielle, your body is a roadmap of pain, suffering, and death," I shrugged, "and there is no damn way you came to this school legally." Gabrielle studied me in a way that made an icy fist grasp my heart. "Of course, I am hardly a poster child for someone who does belong at FFU. Are you going to kill me now or do you want me to continue?" I inquired hopefully. "Mr. Braxton, Zane, the wiring in this place is sub-standard and clearly unauthorized. I would choke you unconscious, put you in the hot tub, then electrocute you," she informed me with the air of a professor describing the events of tenth century Anglo-Saxon England. "I will not do this right now because you are terrified of me, which shows a great deal of insight and intelligence, somewhat remarkable in someone so young," she added. "Okay. Something allowed you to slip past the Psych Evaluation to get into someone's military; I could put that down to being experience with the system plus being clever enough to fool the testers," I said. "Once inside, something fucked up your perception of authority, something not good. I figure you are obsessed with physical defense, bi-sexual, yet your sexual attitude toward me is one of contempt. Since you don't know me enough to hold me in contempt yet, you were abused by a man in authority over you," I delivered the bad news. Gabrielle did not respond. "This is total conjecture but it patches in with what comes later; you entered some kind of actual combat duty. You learned not only that you were good at killing but you liked it. It substituted for sexual release and that whole risk-pain thing you have kept until today. I count six bullet wounds, a knife wound on the back above the right kidney, and two things I guess are shrapnel wounds but I've never seen any before to compare," I added. "I imagine you got out of the regular service because the level of your medical care diminished for a while, then, Bang!, you got this expensive plastic surgery. You do okay for maybe three years, then you pick up that nick in your left ankle, followed by the shoulder getting done," I said. "No indications of why these two injuries?" she narrowed her eyes. "I'm going to go all James Bond on you. Gabrielle Black fell for somebody hard and I'm betting it was a woman. It is kind of frightening to think of what kind of psycho she was to lure you in and trap you," A light flickered in her eyes when I went down this path. "You guarded her, became very close to her as a parade of lovers passed through her life until she sucked you in." "One day you found yourself killing for her and I doubt you asked why. I doubt there was only one time but in the end, it was never enough. One night you came back and found this year's model on the payroll. Gabrielle Black is way too smart to wait for this to play out. You loved her but you liked living more, so you escaped before you were introduced to your employer's retirement plan," I grimaced. "You came back to the United States, your accent indicates time in France or Italy, and this job fell into your lap. Lancaster, Virginia is out of the way enough for you to hide in while close enough to several major cities for you to move around if you need to, so you edit your work record and hire on at an all-girls university," I finished. "What now?" "I don't kill you and Vivian. Making two deaths look like an accident would be incredibly difficult; murder-suicide would only make your female cohorts dig deeper and there are some serious advantages in staying here for me," she stated. Sensing my confusion, she clarified. "Vivian has been awake for some time observing us but I doubt she can hear what we are saying." Gabrielle finished redressing; she gave me a once-over. "My turn. What makes you hard? Seriously, you have been perpetually aroused since I've met you," she mused. "There is a bit of a list: fear, joy, sunlight, moonlight, sex, the impossibility of sex, I informed her. "I understand," Gabrielle cut me off. "Who are you going to tell?" "Christina Buchanan, Cordelia Dresden, and Dana Gorman." I decided that lying would do me worse than no good; I might get one or two lies past Gabrielle and this wasn't the time to waste one. "Good enough. But if there are repercussions from tonight, I will feel far less tolerant toward you," she made sure I understood. I was happy that this looked like a painless parting of the ways. "Thank you," I spoke to her retreating form. She looked over her shoulder questioningly. "For taking me seriously," I explained. She gave a curt nod, turned, and departed. Vivian pretended to be asleep when I returned to bed and I let her. It seemed like the rare sane thing for me to do. Say 'Lesbian Bikers' at your own peril.             Mankind is poison because we compromise our souls for the companionship of others   "Vivian, I'm going to take a shower," I whispered to Vivian. I was hovering over her from the back of the sofa-sleeper, asking permission to take my shower downstairs. She was laid out beneath me, her jersey bunched up around her breasts and her left thumb hooked into the band of her shorts and pushing them dangerously down. "Umm," she sighed, a little smile tilting her lips. "Honey, I need your permission to use the downstairs shower," I continued. I wisped across her lips with my own. Her smile blossomed into full-blown pleasure. "Okay, I'm getting up, I'm getting up," she moaned. Vivian slowly opened her eyes as she stretched and twisted her body to wakefulness. "Good morning, Zane," she yawned with this adorable little grin on her face. "You look beautiful," I complimented quietly. "Umm, thank you," she purred. "You look, Zane! What are you doing?" she bolted upright, barely missing a head-on-head collision. "I'm asking you permission to go down to the fifth floor and take a shower," I repeated. "Why didn't you simply sneak past me?" she propped herself up on her elbows. "I said I would wait on your decision, so I waited. Can I please, please do something," I pleaded, "before I go nuts?" "Umm, okay," Vivian said cautiously. I reached down to her midsection and she flinched so I held back. No word passed for several seconds so I resumed my journey to her pushed up sleeping jersey and slowly pulled it down until her stomach and crotch were covered. "Zane," Vivian sighed, "could you control your hormones for thirty minutes, when you are awake?" "I have to go now," I stood up, "because covering you up didn't make you any less attractive." "Zane," Vivian came off the sofa and followed me, "you should attempt to look at a woman as a fellow follower of Christ and less in terms of beautiful and ugly and you might be happier. Go take a shower." She's telling me this with an earnest warm face and finely sculpted legs that disappear right below the crotch into that billowing Dallas Cowboys shirt. "Go on and fuck the bitch," Rio growled as she traipsed by with Mercy's hand on her shoulder. Barbie Lynn came slowly limping behind. Barbie flashed me a grin and I raced to catch up. At the bottom of the stairs something occurred to me. "Hon, where is your towel?" I asked Barbie Lynn. She shot me an apologetic smile. I stepped behind Barbie Lynn, ran a hand along her hip to the curve of her stomach and kissed her on the neck. "Take mine; I'll catch up," I chuckled. I draped my towel over her shoulder and bounded up the stairs. At the top of the stairs I stumbled to a stop. Vivian had only then finished taking off her jersey and was holding it in her left hand. The bottom of the shirt scrapped the ground. Vivian looked at me, neither shocked, ashamed, nor outraged. Her breasts were freaking gorgeous, fully round, buoyant, and with a miniscule droop. Her pale blue panties left little to the imagination, her cunt lips clearly camel toed. "I apologize," I quickly spun away and raced to my sleep area. I grabbed a towel and headed straight for the stairs. "Zane, it is okay," Vivian called out. She'd covered her breasts and diaphragm with the jersey. "Huh?" "I don't mind; I know you didn't mean to see me so I'm not offended and I don't feel you went back on your word," she related with a sense of grace. I wasn't truly sure of what word I hadn't gone back on but she appeared happy. "Does that mean you can flash me your ta-ta's guilt free?" I asked hopefully. Vivian regarded me with amusement. "Zane, constantly being distracted by unbridled sexuality will not leave you content," she lectured me patiently. We regarded each other for some time. "Is there anything else I can do for you?" "If you are going to offer, could you come over here, turn around, bend over, grab your ankles and finally look past your thigh at me?" I cringed. She shook her head, regarded me once, then rolled her eyes. "I may not be able to save you but I'm not going to shove you down to damnation either," she stated firmly. "Do it; I won't take advantage of you and I'll tell you a valuable secret," I offered. Lesbian Bikers Normally my chance of success with Vivian and that line was nil, but the convergence of a Gabrielle's midnight visit and her desire to show me that trust and honesty could exist without a sexual context brought her to me. She slowly turned around and assumed my desired position. I rabidly wanted to step up to her, gently slip her panties aside and take her cunt with deep languid strokes. "Please stand up," I groaned. Once she was up I leaned into her ear. "You are not a virgin," I whispered carefully. Vivian tensed slightly. "All it means to me is that you know what you are talking about when you mention sexuality and I have to treat you with more respect. I apologize for prying." She twisted to face me and was about to say something but I put a finger to her lips to silence her. "People are listening," I cautioned her quietly. "Thank you for that," Vivian whispered. "It was one time in high school and we had exchanged Promise Rings. It was a mistake we both regret." "It's all cool," I grinned. "I kind of wish your first time had turned you into a wild sex monkey and you and your beau planned on having five hundred kids, but we're good." "Zane," Vivian sounded exasperated, "I pity the woman you decide to marry." "What?" I acted shocked, "I would never cheat on my wife." "Oh, I believe you, but I fear the poor woman would die from exhaustion," she scolded me. "She'd die happy?" I offered up as my only defense. "Lord, give me strength," Vivian groaned. "Go take a shower." "Gotchya, Boss," I beamed happily. I turned half way to the door, then gave a backward glance. "Vivian, if you ever need anything, just ask." "I, ." she was about to scold me but she stopped and sighed. "Fine, Zane, I know you mean well; now go." I winked and raced away. I could swear Vivian believed she was getting a crash course in Mothering a Teenage Boy. Biker Bar Horror Story It had been a hard day of first-round semester testing plus restructuring the Marksmanship and Orienteering Clubs. I still managed to get in sufficient studying (in my opinion) for Friday's round of activities. At lunch I had a little talk with Cordelia and Christina about Gabrielle Black and their fears concerning her. I really wish both women hadn't looked so concerned. I would have preferred they called me paranoid instead. I was sitting watching some bizarre sitcom rerun with an arm around Iona when Rio came rocketing up the stairs. "Hey, Princess," she screamed at me (in case anyone has missed it, Rio is a freak), "Val found out about a Biker bar called the Dixie Roadhouse and we're heading there. Do you want in?" I looked down to Iona who, despite a look of fearful concern, gave me a nod of consent. "Sure thing, Rio," I said, as I popped over the sofa and pulled Iona along after me. "Zane, you are not going out to a bar," Vivian rose to the challenge. "You are only eighteen." "If I don't go, we may not get Rio back," I cautioned my guardian. "Speaking of which: Rio, where is Mercy?" Vivian rounded on my 'Bro'. "I ambushed her: hit her in the head with the Gutenberg Bible and tied her to the back of Valerie's hog," Rio smiled proudly. Pulling Iona along with me, I pursued Rio down the stairs. "I promise I'll bring them all back," I shouted to Vivian. She was kind enough not to chase me down and make me stay. The Dixie Roadhouse looked like some sort of converted barn with a few cobbled together outbuildings. Mine was probably not the first car to grace this dirt parking lot but it was definitely rare to have a ride with four wheels parked here. I had Rio and Mercy with me. Of course, Mercy had not been beaten and tied up for tonight's outing. Iona had ridden gleefully on the back of Val's bike. "This is going to be epic," Rio exulted. "That's right," I joked tragically. "We are five teenagers in school uniforms going into a place that constantly lays down new sawdust to cover up all the blood." "Hey, Sissy-Boy," Rio punched me, "this is on my Bucket List, so don't wimp out on me now." We quickly paired up, Rio with Mercy and Iona with me. Val, Valkyrie went in alone as she felt that would increase her odds of survival. She also wore her Stormriders' patch and colors. Unfortunately, the rest of her gang was two thousand miles away. "Rio," Valerie coughed as she handed Rio a switchblade. Rio snickered, flipped the blade out several times in quick succession before stealthily stashing it into her waist band. 'Thank God,' I thought, 'she actually knows how to use a knife.' The double doors leading into the bar/club were propped open so we migrated in as a group. People didn't stop and stare but they managed a passable job of telling us to 'get the hell out' with their eyes alone. Valerie led us to the bar where the lone bartender took his time getting to us. The guy was going for the chest hair with a black leather vest look along with copious amounts of facial hair. "We don't serve kids," he growled out when he stopped in front of Valkyrie. "We are not high school kids, we are not cops; we are college kids who need a damn drink, not a lecture. So are you going to give us shit or a beer, because there must be a dozen lame college dumps we can go slumming at." "Who are you?" he grumbled. "Valkyrie, Stormriders," Valerie answered. "What is your name?" he persisted. "Valerie Palmer," she shrugged. "Are you kin of Mad Dog Palmer?" he inquired. "Dude, no one calls him Mad Dog who wants to live, and he's my grandfather," she smiled. "Got it," the bartender gave a sinister grin. "What are you doing here?" "My Dad divorced my Mom and became a born again Christian," she informed the guy. "Harsh; so are these kids yours?" he asked; meaning the rest of us. "They are not members but I consider them my associates," Valkyrie allowed. The bartender shrugged and started handing out beers. Val pulled out a roll of bills and paid for our first round. Val and I took slow steady pulls on our drinks. Rio downed hers in two chugs. Mercy and Iona took tentative sips and made disgusted faces as a result. I paid for Rio's second round. "It tastes awful," Iona whispered to me. "Pretend you are drinking it then. Beer is not for everyone," I assured her, and letting her see my smile dispelled any thought that I felt less of her for being different. "Rio," Mercy tried next. "Drink it," Rio demanded. "Do it, and I'll screw you with the bottle; don't, and I'll pour it over your head and shirt." Mercy choked on her response and took a swig of beer. "You annoy the hell out of me, Mercy," Rio reacted in a warmer tone. I looked at Valerie; she looked to me and nodded. Things could be working out far worse. I noticed six biker babes playing pool off in the darkest corner. I didn't think they were a problem but two of them kept giving me the eye. I hoped my current group of women would provide me shielding. A group of ten bikers came rolling into the place, laughing, punching, and doing other masculine bonding rituals. They noted the five out-of-place newcomers at the bar but didn't seem put out until I saw these two guys in the pack and they saw me. We had a bit of history that went all the way back to a bad night for me on a bench in a communal jail cell. Perhaps I suggested that if they didn't get out of my way, I would shove their heads through the bars of the cell. I was in for two counts of assault and they were in for minor drug possession so they backed down. By the look on their faces, they remembered that night, oh, fuck. "Guys!" I cried out. I came off my stool and quickly walked up to the closer of the two. He actually took a step back into one of his buddies. "It is good to see you, Man," I kept grinning. I stepped up, put my left hand on his right elbow to propel his hand up. I clasped his palm and shook it, chest to chest. "A week ago we were all in lock-up together, I was totally wasted, and this guy and his buddy (I nodded to the second guy) saved my ass. Let me buy all of you guys the first two rounds," I offered. The guy who was clearly the dominant member gave my 'buddy' a look. He figured something wasn't right but he didn't know what it was. The two bikers in the cell hadn't talked about their facedown with some college kid since they'd backed off without a fight. "That's about right, Zane," the guy holding my hand said. "Those two guys get out of the hospital?" he continued as we walked as a group to the bar. "Yeah, I administered a warning more than a lesson," I shrugged. "I wanted them to leave my ladies alone. The point was made. The whole jail thing was the Sheriff getting me back for a fight I was in the previous weekend but no one pressed charges." That earned me some knowing chuckles. Beers were handed out; I paid for this round and the next, my heart finally calming down from the near catastrophe. "Gus, what's with the little girls?" the leader addressed the bartender. He titled his head toward Valkyrie. Her colors gave her the higher status. "The little one is with Zane and those two (Rio and Mercy) are together," Valarie answered deadpan. The big guy put his hand on Iona's shoulder while looking at me. "Mind if I take your girl for a dance," he didn't ask, he told me. "You take your hand off of her and I'll forget you touched my girl," I stated with a quiet calm coming over me. "If I don't?" he taunted me. "I don't play twenty questions," I warned him. "Seriously, dude, you want to get into a fight over a girl barely out of a training bra?" Valerie tried to make light of the situation. "She's his sister." The leader let go of Iona and stepped back. "She's your sister? Why in the hell did you bring you sister to this place?" he was curious. "Are you trying to tell me this place isn't 'family friendly'?" I grinned, finally taking a real breath. "That's a fucked-up way to look at things but yes, I guess it is," he chuckled. He reached past Iona and took his beer. Everyone around us relaxed again. "What were you going to do?" he idly asked me. "Since you had your left hand on Iona and your right was going for that steel rod you use as a sap, I was going crush your trachea then introduce your forehead to the bar," I explained. "That might have killed me," he noted. "Nothing personal, but I had nine more bodies to put down," I reminded him. "I would have given us better than even odds that we would be getting out of here," Valerie joined in. "So you really kicked Dog-Boy and Sticks off their bench?" he changed direction. Apparently, then, some in the gang did know. "They were a bit stoned and I was really pissed off," I exaggerated. "That makes sense; they are idiots," the leader grinned. A group of four more bikers with the same colors as the current crop came in. The guy we'd been talking with and five others broke off and headed to the rear of the establishment to seats around two circular tables. The four guys remaining gathered around Rio and Mercy. One guy put a hand on Mercy's shoulder. "Come on out and see my ride," he grinned at a surprisingly calm Mercy. "Hands off," Rio sneered, "I own the bitch." That caused the four men to look at each other. "Don't worry, I rent her out from time to time," Rio acted nonchalant. Two of the guys closed in, one running a hand down Mercy's shoulder and thigh while the other put a hand on each of her hips. "How much?" he growled. "We can take her into the bathroom right now." "Nope," Rio shrugged. "She's got tests at school tomorrow and I've got her busy all weekend long, but write down your number and I'll call you. Zane, pen." I tossed Rio a pen who handed it to the biggest biker. The guy looked Rio, then to her hand. "No," Rio snickered. "Mercy, off the stool and lean over the bar," she emphasized with a slap to the ass. Mercy scrambled to obey. Rio smiled at the dude then flipped Mercy's skirt up, wedged her already slender lacy underwear into her ass crack. Rio smacked a cheek. "Here you go." "Hell, ya," he laughed, as he scrawled his name and number over Mercy's proffered ass cheek. "Are you sure you are going to remember this?" "Oh, yeah; I'm going to be pounding this ass most of the night when I get her home," Rio told him. "I thought you said she had tests tomorrow," the third guy joked. "So do I, and that means I've got a lot of stress to work through," Rio grinned shark-like. "She's going to have to suck it up." That earned another round of laughs. "You really, truly annoy the hell out of me, Mercy," Rio snorted. Mercy resumed her barstool, turned to face Rio and sipped her beer once more. The warming radiance of Mercy's smile was both tragic and sweet. I stole a look toward Iona who had a wide-eyed curious look about her and ended up at Valarie, who looked relieved enough to finally put her back to the bar and look around. We were into our second beer (still Iona and Mercy's first and Rio's fourth) when our sense of ease began floundering. One of the biker chicks that had been playing pool came over to get a round of beers for her outfit. "Candy-ass whores," the woman taunted Rio as she picked up the six beers and walked away. Rio looked to me, somewhat confused and then outraged, and ended up with a glance to Valarie. "What did you say?" Rio sounded disarmingly curious to the biker chick. "You heard me," the woman scoffed. Rio was off the stool like a shot and brought her beer down on the biker chick's head. "Iona, stay close behind me," I hissed. I motioned to Mercy to get her attention. Before the woman could right herself, Rio kicked her in the thigh. As she stumbled forward, all of her beers crashed to the sawdust on the ground. Since the target of her wrath wasn't face-planting fast enough, Rio linked her fists together and hammer-slammed the chick between the shoulder blades; down she went. "I told you to repeat what you said, Bitch!" Rio screamed as she kicked the fallen woman in the ribs. At that point, three of the biker chick's closest companions descended on Rio and pulled her away. Valarie gestured to me to stay seated and I got Mercy's attention and kept her on her stool as well. "Hold her up," growled the biker girl Rio had decked. "What did you say, Bitch?" Rio snarled right back. "Lose the bull-dykes and I'll make you taste my shoe leather." "She's trying to get killed," Valarie whispered to me. Iona tensed with fear. "No, she's trying to get us all killed," I responded softly. "Let's take her outside," the first biker babe suggested as Rio struggled and kicked, attempting to free herself. "No," a different girl directed. "Let's take her to the john; I have an idea." The other women laughed and began dragging Rio away. "Zane!" Rio called out, "We are about to have a Leather Lesbian Slut orgy. Join in anytime you like." That was my cue to get my ass kicked. I moved to intervene, Val on my left between me and the worst of the crowd, Mercy to my right, and Iona taking up the rear. Sadly, a guy around my height but with a beer gut decided that I wasn't going to have an easy time of it. "No, you don't," he threatened. It was pretty clear four or five other guys were ready to jump in. Rio's cursing form disappeared behind the doors. I didn't have much time before Rio incensed the biker chicks so much they throttled her. "Do you have a gun?" I asked with as much patience as I could muster. He grinned evilly, pulled back his vest, and showed me the automatic he had stuck into his belt. I waited until his hand released the vest and moved toward his hip. I snatched the gun, flipped it around and rammed the barrel into his stomach. The only sound in the place was the four overhead fans and some Chris Rock wannabe belting it out over the stereo system. Rio's screams were becoming shriller. "I don't appreciate you pointing a gun at one of my brothers," a different man said. He was one of the group of four that had arrived earlier but I had the impression he was 'somebody'. "I'm really busy right now but I promise to deal with you when I retrieve my friend; okay?" I didn't wait for his response because I was sure it would suck. "Do you want me to feed you your gun back one bullet at a time?" I prodded the guy I had the gun on? He looked around for the moral support from his gang members. "Do it and you are dead," he countered with what I felt was false bravado. "That will hardly do you any good," I grinned as I cocked the hammer back. "Do you want your gun back?" "Ah, yes?" the biker gulped. "Are you going to let me get my girl and get her out of here?" I asked. "Ah, sure?" he seemed confused. I un-cocked the gun, flipped the handhold around and offered him his piece, grip first. No one appeared to know what to make of that. As if expecting a trick, the guy moved slowly. When he took it, I made to move past him. "You be careful now," I told him. He cocked the gun and pressed it into the side of my ribs. "Fuck you," he managed to get out before the 'click' and the point of Valkyrie's blade dug into his jugular, drawing a line of blood. "You really are too fucking stupid to live," Val seethed. "I'm Valkyrie of the Stormriders," she challenged the room. "We wage war on the Hell's Angels and the Mongols so some two-bit outfit like you Warlords doesn't bother me in the least. I'll bleed every one of you fuckers. Your bitch picked a fight with our bitch and you wouldn't man up and deal with it so now my friends will," she growled. "Zane, go get Rio." I nodded quickly and moved past the guy with the gun. "Iona with me; Mercy, you watch Valkyrie's back," I ordered. Iona clung to my back while Mercy hesitantly moved back to back with Val. She wanted to come with us and save Rio, no doubt. I raced over to the women's bathroom and flung open the door. Four sets of eyes riveted me as I came in. The other two women were busy shoving Rio headfirst into one of the toilets. The rest of us were facing knives and guns and Rio was about to get a swirlie. "Hi," I stammered. The two women holding Rio down backed out of the stall and joined the stand-off. "Zane, what fucking took you so long?" Rio panted. She staggered out and looked Iona and I over. "Where the fuck is Mercy?" Rio sounded concerned. "You stupid cow!" I snapped. "We are about to be murdered because of you, damn it." "You left Mercy out there with those animals?" Rio screeched back. She tried to push past the other biker chicks but thankfully didn't get very far. I'd have decked her myself. "Would you please give us our friend back," I requested after taking a deep breath. I was about to be told 'no' when one of the other bikers stepped into the light and I made her out clearly for the first time. "You're, I started to say. "You are Zane Braxton," she stated. "The guy who fucked your sister for an hour?" the lady closest to the lead girl asked. "Yeah," she leered. "He's the kid from the DVD she sent me and her husband, the bitch." Yes, this was the twin sister of the Sheriff's Deputy I'd had a three-way with. Didn't she work at a college club as a bartender? What a small damn world. The whole atmosphere of the room changed. Rio shrugged off the hands holding on to her but didn't bolt. "Rio, take Iona out to the others and wait for me in the parking lot," I insisted. "No, Zane. I'm not leaving you here to take Rio's beating," Iona resisted. Rio wasn't abandoning me either. I reached out and stroked Iona's hair and put my keys in her hand. "It will be okay. No one is going to kill anyone here tonight. Now I need you to go so I can settle up accounts," I grinned down at her with only a twinge of worry. Rio resolved the matter by taking Iona by the hand and dragging her out. Iona looked to be on the verge of tears. Rio's eyes told me she's suddenly sobered up and was regretting leaving me in harm's way. I looked back at the six women and the one oddity chipped away at my senses but I didn't know what to make of it. "So, how's your husband?" was the only, and rather lame, thing I could think to say. "I think he's turned State's Evidence against the Aryan Nation," she shrugged. "I thought your husband was some sort of hardened criminal," I inquired. "Ha," several of the chicks chuckled. "Zane, my husband is an accountant," she clarified with some amusement at my expense. "But, weapons charges, he was laundering money?" I pieced it together. "Good job, College boy," the 'strange' woman congratulated me. "Let's get you out of here before someone takes offense," the leader said. "Give me your number and we'll walk you out. I'm Belle, by the way." She offered her hand and I foolishly kissed it. I quickly gave up my digits, then we did a series of handshakes, French kisses and introductions. When the 'strange' woman's turn came, she introduced herself as Willa. I wanted to fucking cry because just looking at a woman will tell me a good deal about her person, a handshake even more, and a kiss is freaking El Dorado. Willa was a biker chick but she was also college educated, had a regimented training background, and was the only woman in the room who was looking for a way to not hurt Rio, very service-minded of her. "There may be a problem," I interrupted as we headed for the door. "There is this guy," I described the guy I took the gun from, "who I took his gun and threatened him with it. This other guy," I painted a portrait of the authoritative guy, "told me he was pissed with the whole gun thing." All the women stopped and looked at one another. "Zane, where is the gun?" Belle questioned me. "I gave it back to him once he agreed that I could come in here and retrieve Rio, my friend," I answered. "It is a damn miracle you aren't dead," Willa scowled. "I would have been but my other buddy, Val, put a knife to his throat. I left her with Rio's companion covering her back," I explained. "She's kind of tough." "That the one with Stormrider colors?" Belle asked. "Yeah. She's Valarie Palmer, my classmate as FFU," I told them. "Is she Damien Palmer's little girl?" Willa guessed. "She's his oldest granddaughter; is that important?" I inquired. The women seemed nervously amused by my ignorance. "He's a God-damn legend, Zane," Belle said. "Damien Palmer once took the Stormriders to a Mongol gathering in Las Vegas. Outnumbered three to one, they kicked serious ass, cleared out the place, and he ended the fight by grabbing a Mongol chapter president and some other poor Mongol bastard, jumped out a fifth-story balcony, and used their bodies to cushion his fall. I doubt prison has mellowed him much." "Your problems are a little more immediate. The guy whose gun you took is Big Ted, he's a moron. That 'other guy' is Deacon, Warlord chapter president for Northern Virginia," Willa weighed in. "Is he going to let my girls go?" I fretted. "Let's go and find out," Belle shrugged. We stepped out, Belle in the lead, followed by Willa, then me, then the rest. There were a few guys standing by the doors watching something. No one was jumping around or nursing serious wounds so I hoped the girls had exited. "Belle, the kid and I need to have a word out back," Deacon ordered confidently. "Deacon, my sister is keeping an eye on this guy," Belle suggested. "It may not be a good idea to put him in the hospital." "We can't let him push Big Ted around; it is happening," Deacon declared. "Big Ted," she looked to the guy I'd punked, "you want to kick Zane's ass out front?" Belle left Big Ted in the awkward position of taking his chances with me or looking weak in front of his gang. "I'll hand him his nuts," Big Ted growled. Deacon gave his consent and the club emptied out into the front lot. My girls were huddled around my car and Valarie's bike. Rio looked like she was going to do something stupid like run up to me but Mercy and Val held her back. I was actually relieved to see that Iona was behind the wheel of my car with the engine running. The Warlords spread out in a rough semi-circle with Deacon, Big Ted and Belle in the center. I had backed up about ten feet toward the road, facing the Warlords, when Big Ted came for me. He was about my height but around fifty pounds heavier, thus the name Big Ted. The Warlord flexed his arms and did some kind of primitive gesture meant to intimidate me. "So do we start with 'ready, set, go' or what?" I questioned. That brought a round of laughter from the motorcycle gang and Big Ted looked over his shoulder to share in their mirth. My first kick caught him in the nuts, the second one caught him in the chest and knocked him down, and the third saw me stomping on his nut sack once again. I swept around him and kicked him in the head hard enough, he rolled over twice in the dust. Ted was seriously unconscious. For ten seconds no one said a word. Any hope I had of getting away with my underhanded win began to fade when Deacon came forward. "You come to my roadhouse, beat up one of my people, and expect to get away with it?" he grumbled. "Deacon, I am so very sorry this happened. My friends and I only wanted to come by, have a few beers, and let my buddy Val soak in the kind of establishment she was used to going to, namely a biker bar," I said carefully. "Things were said, my best bud went a little nuts, and the shit got out of hand. How can I make it up to you?" "What the fuck can you do for me?" Deacon sneered. "Five thousand dollars?" I threw out there. He studied me. "You have that kind of money?" he questioned me. "Absolutely; I can have you the money tomorrow at six p.m." I promised. "Don't fuck up," he stated with menace, "or I will hunt you and your friends down. Got it?" "Understood," I pledged. Deacon snorted in disdain and headed back inside. The rest of the Warlords were heading inside with a few dragging Ted in and I finally let my focus expand beyond my immediate environs. The car pulling up was still unexpected. I knew the shape of the person who stepped out of the Sheriff's cruiser. "Zane," Sheriff's Deputy Tara Cavanaugh greeted me happily. "Belle," she said to her sister with far less warmth. "Zane, what brings you here?" "A schoolmate of mine is a motorcyclist; she wanted to see what a biker bar was like so we ended up here." "We couldn't get in because we are only eighteen but another friend of mine got sick and had to go to the bathroom. Belle was good enough to get her out," I lied. "Zane, you have sawdust on your shoes," Tara pointed out. "I had to go part of the way in to get my friend," I grinned feebly. "Zane, are you lying to me?" Tara frowned. "Yes," I admitted. "The truth is only going to cause a whole lot of trouble, though." "Wow, morally flexible where the law is concerned," Belle licked her lips. "Of course we already knew he was all kinds of flexible, didn't we?" "Usually the point where I start being talked about like a piece of meat is my cue to leave," I stated crossly. "Deputy Cavanaugh, may I leave now?" "Beat it, Zane," Tara told me. "Thanks, Deputy; take care, Belle. It was nice to meet you and thanks for all your help," I thanked her before rejoining my companions. Valarie drove alone in the lead. The rest of us followed in my car, sans conversation. Sorting Through One Helluva Mess We kept our silence until we stepped out of the elevator on the fifth floor. Valarie grabbed Rio ferociously, slammed her into the wall with one hand holding Rio's right bicep while her forearm was pressed so it choked Rio's throat. "You stupid, crazy bitch!" Valarie howled. "You could have gotten us all killed!" I looped an arm around Mercy's waist before she could go charging to Rio's rescue, and have Valarie beat her up. "Hang on, Mercy; I'll work this out," I whispered. She nodded but her concern was burning through. It was heart-warming to see Iona put an arm through Mercy's in what would be a futile gesture to keep Mercy still if things went bad. "Get your hands off me, Cum-dumpster," Rio snarled, followed by some choking noises as Valerie applied pressure to her windpipe. Next Rio tried to kick Valerie but the bigger woman deflected it with her thigh. It was time for me to step up. "I've got this, Valerie," I told her calmly. Valerie stepped back because she figured her next option was to beat Rio black and blue. I moved into Valerie's place but put my hands to either side of Rio's shoulders. "Rio, this is done; let's put it aside and go to bed early if you want, but I want to ask you one thing if you'll let me," I asked softly. "Fuck off, Zane," Rio rumbled, "I'm not in the mood for one of your mind games." "Okay," I shrugged. "To the Bitter End," I nodded. "To the Bitter End," she muttered back, her eyes drooping to the ground. "We are done," I told the rest of the crowd. Valerie snorted angrily and I figured she'd either bitch me out or never speak to me again. Rio grabbed me before I got away. "I, damn it, Zane, I screwed up again," she choked back a sob. "I'm fine, Rio. I signed on for the crazy so I have no one to blame but myself," I reassured her. "What did you want to ask me?" she sighed as she put her cheek on my chest. "Bro, I can't keep charging in to save you and keep Iona safe at the same time. What am I going to do?" I inquired. "Sorry, Man. I fucked up big time," she moaned. "I don't know why it happened." "That doesn't matter, Rio. Let's call it a night," I said serenely. We started to break up and I could see Valerie still glaring hate at me and Rio. "Rio, do me a favor?" "What?" Rio sounded dejected. "What was the second and, third thing you asked me in the bathroom?" I inquired. Rio snapped her face up toward me, angry and upset. "Don't," she insisted. "I have a near-eidetic memory so if you don't remember, I do," Iona chimed in. "Shut up, you two," Rio snarled. "Rio, I have had it with you. Jump and I'll kick in your teeth," Val seethed in response. Mercy looked ready to jump in too. "You said 'Where is, I began. "Don't, damn it," Rio growled, but she could see I wasn't going to relent. "Fine," she groaned in defeat. "I asked where Mercy was, then I bitched you out for leaving her with those 'animals'. Happy now?" "Pretty much, yeah," I tried not to sound pleased with myself. What I did accomplish was put a glimmer of understanding in Valerie's mind. A few seconds later Mercy clued in too. "Oh, Rio," Mercy teared up, "you didn't have to worry." "I swear, if you cry I'm going to shove so many ice cubes up your cunt, your eyes will shimmer like a snow globe," Rio swore to Mercy. "Rio," Valerie sighed with exasperation, "Learn how to fight, and more importantly, learn when not to fight." In the pack dynamic, going off and picking your own fight was nuts; fighting for someone in your group was totally different. By the uncomplicated code that nomads lived by, you stuck up for your own, and that made all the difference to Valerie. Rio was still crazy and could have gotten us all killed, but she'd done it for another member of the group; in this, case, Mercy. That demanded a reprimand, not expulsion. "How about we go up to Zane's and have some ice-cream?" Iona suggested. "We have ice-cream?" Rio perked up. "When did this happen?" "Rio," Iona sighed wearily, "we put them in on the first day. They are two 1950's style ice-cream freezers, one opposite the close showers and the other down by the far kitchenette." "Mercy," Rio grinned fiercely, "Bring several wash cloths to bed tonight. I'm going to cover your nipples with mint chocolate chip and lick it off." I wondered if Mercy could actually orgasm to death, she certainly looked ready to. "I thought you were going to, Mercy turned to Rio and patted her own behind. "Pound-cake, what makes you think you are getting any sleep tonight?" Rio chastised Mercy, then spanked her ass. "Rio, are you bi-polar?" Val ground out. "One second you are weeping on Zane's shoulder and the next you are engaging in kinky foreplay with your girlfriend." "She's not my girlfriend, she's my toy," Rio corrected. "Also, this shit ain't over. I know Zane jumped on a grenade meant for me but I can't do anything about it right now. I know I put us all in danger, again, nothing I can do about it at the moment. I do know that when I find that bitch Belle or any of her girl-pals, I'm going upside their heads with a pool cue, though." "Gosh," mused Iona, "I should figure out what I want on my tombstone." "Mine is going to read 'didn't kill Rio Talon soon enough'," griped Valerie. "Hardy-har-har," grumped Rio. "You are acting like they'll ever find our bodies." "You annoy me," Mercy whispered to Rio before licking her ear. "Careful, you," Rio smirked. "Ice cubes-cunt snow globe." I was thankful when I got to the door lock, entered my code, and held the door for them to head up. I tagged Valerie at the top of the stairs. She looked at me with annoyance but softened to curiosity when she saw my concern. "Zane," Vivian called out before I got anywhere. "We need to talk." That was depressing. "Val, I need to ask you something important. Can you please wait?" I asked the biker babe. "Sure," she promised before heading to get a drink. I walked with Vivian into my bedroom area. At the foot of the bed was laid out a skirt, shirt, bra, panties and socks. The shoes were on the floor. The owner was no mystery. Reclining on the pillows was Paige. She was clothed, sort of. She was decked out all in brilliant red: stockings, garter belt, silky panties, and a gauze-like bra that highlighted her pale breasts perfectly. Her flesh radiated like freshly fallen snow and her hair flowed forth from my pillow like a glacier crafted by spiders into a delicate web. "Hey," I sighed hungrily. "Hey," Paige responded in a rich sultry voice. "Paige!" Vivian snapped. "How did you get past me?" "I'm a ghost-panthress stalking my prey," Paige leered. "With the way Zane's heart is pounding, I'm doing a good job of it too." "Get up, put on a robe, and leave the room now," Vivian insisted. "Oh," groaned Paige as she rolled over and shook her delicious shaped bottom at me, "I'm so tired. I need someone's help in getting out of bed." Yes, I wanted to go to the bed right then, but it had nothing to do with helping Paige actually get out of that bed or that position. "I'll take care of her," I told Vivian. I walked to a wardrobe across the room, opened it up, and took a look around inside. Vivian walked behind me and gasped. "What are you doing with all these robes, all these women's robes, Zane?" Vivian muttered. "I got them predicated on the notion that I would have women up here. I thought it would be considerate of me to give them a choice of what to wear," I indicated my selection. "How did you smuggle them all in here?" Vivian wondered. "We have mail service, Vivian. I ordered them online." She seemed confused. The university didn't block clothing sites from their computer network. I pulled out a short red one with a white and black tiger circling on the back and showed it to Paige. "Oh, cool, I'll look like a Bangkok whore," Paige sounded conflicted. "Actually, this one is from China so that would make you a White Russian Shanghai hooker," I corrected. "Oh, I like that," Paige purred as she crawled over to my side of the bed on all fours. &qu

fWotD Episode 3088: Ulfcytel Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Saturday, 18 October 2025, is Ulfcytel.Ulfcytel (died 1016) was an early eleventh-century East Anglian military leader. He commanded East Anglian forces in a battle in 1004 against Danish Viking invaders led by Sweyn Forkbeard; although he lost, the Danes said that "they never met worse fighting in England than Ulfcytel dealt to them". He led a local English army to another defeat in the Battle of Ringmere in 1010 and died in 1016 in the Battle of Assandun. He exercised the powers of an ealdorman, the second highest rank in Anglo-Saxon England; to the puzzlement of historians, he was never formally given the title.Ulfcytel was a greatly respected English military leader during the reign of Æthelred the Unready (978–1013 and 1014–1016), in which ineffective opposition to Danish Viking invasions ended in the Danish conquest of England. Ulfcytel is highly praised in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Scandinavian skaldic poetry, and also by Anglo-Norman writers and modern historians. Scandinavian sources gave him the byname snilling, meaning "bold", and the court poet Sigvatr Þórðarson called East Anglia "Ulfkell's Land" after him. His origin and background are unknown, and the etymology of his name is Scandinavian. According to one source, he was married to a daughter of King Æthelred, although historians disagree whether the claim is credible.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:30 UTC on Saturday, 18 October 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Ulfcytel on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Aria.

From the kitchens of medieval Europe to the orchards of Anglo-Saxon England, the apple became far more than just a fruit. It was medicine, it was myth, it was ritual. In part two of our apple series, John and Patrick explore how crab apples were pressed into sharp, sour verjuice to season everything from pigs' feet to plague remedies, how Anglo-Saxon charms and midwinter wassailing blended Christianity with ancient fertility rites, and how monks carried apple cuttings—and their spiritual symbolism—across the continent. From the orchard-cemeteries of St. Gall to the fruit catalogues of Charlemagne, apples became embedded in the medieval imagination. And just as they took root in law codes, legends, and royal gardens, they also crept into the realm of story—appearing in myths of archers, kings, and poisoned fruit. Join John and Patrick as they uncover how the humble apple became a cornerstone of medieval life, belief, and lore…----------In Sponsorship with J&K Fresh.The customs broker who is your fruit and veggies' personal bodyguard. Learn more here!-----------Join the History of Fresh Produce Club for ad-free listening, bonus episodes, book discounts and access to an exclusive chatroom community.Support us!Share this episode with your friendsGive a 5-star ratingWrite a review -----------Subscribe to our biweekly newsletter here for extra stories related to recent episodes, book recommendations, a sneak peek of upcoming episodes and more.-----------Instagram, TikTok, Threads:@historyoffreshproduceEmail: historyoffreshproduce@gmail.com

Matt Lewis shifts the Gone Medieval spotlight from well-known Viking raiders and celebrated Anglo-Saxon kings to consider Æthelstan, an often overlooked yet crucial figure in British history. Æthelstan was the first monarch to unite the region that resembles modern England and to call himself King of the English. Matt is joined by David Woodman - author of The First King of England: Athelstan and the Birth of a Kingdom - for an in-depth exploration of Æthelstan's significance and legacy.MoreMurder in Anglo-Saxon EnglandThe Witan: England's First Parliament?Gone Medieval is presented by Matt Lewis. It was edited by Amy Haddow, the producers are Joseph Knight and Rob Weinberg. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff.All music used is courtesy of Epidemic Sounds.Gone Medieval is a History Hit podcast.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here: https://uk.surveymonkey.com/r/6FFT7MK Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Battle of Hastings, which took place on October 14, 1066 was a pivotal moment in the invasion from across the English Channel that resulted in the conquest of Anglo-Saxon England by William, the French Duke of Normandy.Written by Wenxi Liu. In honor of Wenxi Liu, April 21, 1949 - October 30, 2023.Narration by Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video production byHannah Keller, Dr. Nicholas B. Breyfogle, and Laura Seeger. A transcript is available at https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/october-2016-norman-conquest-england-1066This is a production of Origins: Current Events inHistorical Perspective at the Goldberg Center in the Department of History at The Ohio State University and the Department of History at Miami University. Be sure to subscribe to our channel to receive updates about our videos and podcasts. For more information about Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, please visit origins.osu.edu.

From the 5th to the 11th centuries, Anglo‑Saxon England was shaped by a rich tapestry of religion and magic: early on, villagers and warriors honored a polytheistic pagan pantheon—Wōden, Thunor, Tīw, Frīge—worshipped in groves, springs, and timber sanctuaries, alongside a belief in spirits such as elves and dwarfs.Embedded in daily life were practices of magico‑medicinal healing and protective charms—meticulously recorded in manuscripts like Bald's Leechbook and the Lacnunga, exemplified by the Nine Herbs Charm As Christianity spread from the 7th century onwards, pagan rites and witchcraft—terms rooted in Old English words like wicca and hæġtesse—were increasingly criminalised by church law codes and royal decrees Yet, despite official condemnation, folk magic persisted, practiced by “cunning folk” renowned for healing and charms, forging a syncretic culture at the crossroads of ancient pagan customs and emerging Christian norms

Daily life in Anglo-Saxon England, spanning from the 5th to the 11th centuries, was predominantly rural and centred around agriculture. Most people lived in small villages, often comprising fewer than 100 inhabitants, and worked the land to sustain their communities.Homes were modest wooden structures with thatched roofs, typically consisting of a single room where families cooked, ate, and slept together. These dwellings were part of self-sufficient villages that relied on farming and local resources for survival .Society was structured into distinct classes: at the top were the thanes, the Saxon upper class who enjoyed hunting and feasting; below them were the churls, free peasants who worked their own land; and at the bottom were the thralls, slaves who performed laborious tasks .The majority of Anglo-Saxons were farmers, cultivating crops like wheat and barley, and raising livestock. Some were skilled craftsmen, producing tools, jewelry, and textiles. Women played vital roles in the household and economy, engaging in activities such as weaving, baking, and dairy production .Life was challenging, with hard work and limited comforts, but communities were tight-knit, and traditions were strong. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations for many aspects of English culture and society that would follow in the centuries to come.Warfare was a significant aspect of Anglo-Saxon life. Most able-bodied freemen were expected to serve in the fyrd, a local militia mobilised during times of conflict. These part-time soldiers provided their own weapons and supplies, balancing military duties with their agricultural responsibilities .On the battlefield, the Anglo-Saxons employed the formidable shield wall tactic, where warriors stood shoulder to shoulder, interlocking their shields to form a solid defensive line. This formation was central to their combat strategy, as seen in battles like Maldon and Hastings .Weapons commonly used included spears, swords, axes, and seaxes (single-edged knives). While bows and arrows were less prevalent, they were occasionally used. Defensive gear comprised shields, helmets, and mail shirts, though such armor was typically reserved for wealthier warriors due to its cost In response to persistent Viking invasions, King Alfred the Great restructured the military by establishing a network of fortified towns known as burhs. These strongholds served both as defensive positions and administrative centres, enhancing the kingdom's ability to repel attacks and maintain order Thus, warfare was deeply intertwined with daily life in Anglo-Saxon England, influencing social structures, settlement patterns, and the evolution of military strategies.

In this episode, Shawn and David wrap up the series on Ragnar Lobrok (cue dozens of solo episodes where Shawn and David have not in fact wrapped up their series on Ragnar Lodbrok), discussing chapters 18 - 20. In tandem with "The Tale of Ragnars Sons", you find out about the fates of the sons of Ragnar, including their deaths. There are then a couple of chapters of some nameless characters (well one is named), who in later years begin discussing the the heroic brothers either in their cups while getting drunk, or looking at monuments set to be reminders of them.The pair explore the descendents of these heroes, leading to the historical origins of 3 Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, tying together the legendary sagas with historical figures like Gorm the Old, Harald Fairhair, and Eirik the Victorious. There is also an interesting passing of the torch where in 1066 William the Conqueror supposedly dug up the grave of Ivar the Boneless (deciding to burn his body), which may represent the end of Anglo-Saxon England and the Viking Age.Ways to support us:If you have been enjoying our show, please write a 5 star review on itunes to help spread our podcast to a wider audience:https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/between-two-ravens-a-norse-mythology-podcast/id1604263830Buy Shawn a Beer or Coffee: https://ko-fi.com/tworavenpodcastFollow us for updates or send us a message on Instagram:Instagram: (@TwoRavensPodcast): https://www.instagram.com/tworavenspodcast/Check out David's writing: Walled Garden (https://thewalledgarden.com/davidalexander)Our podcast is part of The Walled Garden Podcast Network. The Walled Garden is committed to the pursuit of Truth, Wisdom, Virtue, and the Divine, wherever it might be found. Visit thewalledgarden.com to learn more.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5910787/advertisement

Since a major part of King Edgar's legacy is based on his advocacy of church reform, it is reasonable to spend some time considering the state of the Church in the mid-tenth century and the role it played in society. It's easy to fall into rhetoric which assumes that the Church is the same in all places and at all times. This obviously cannot be true, thus why we tend to talk about the Church in medieval England or the Church in the ancient world. But it can be easy to forget that even within an historical period – like the period of ‘Anglo-Saxon England' – ideas and institutions did not remain static. The Church of the conversion period was different from the Church of the Norman Conquest. Credits – Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media - Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Send me a messageIn the year 793, the monks at Lindisfarne—one of the holiest sites in Anglo-Saxon England—were attacked by Viking raiders.It heralded the start of growing Viking raids and then invasions that would bring Anglo Saxon England to its knees.Become a PatronMake a  DonationSupport the show

Send me a messagePenda of Mercia, the last pagan king in Anglo-Saxon England.A warrior king who was largely written out of history by Christian monks.You might also enjoy the story of Raedwald: The Forgotten Warrior from Dark Ages Britain.Become a PatronBuy me a CoffeeSupport the show

Let's talk about murder that was happening in Anglo-Saxon England, who was killing whom, why and what was the punishment?With kings and queens, Did primogeniture or the lack of it made any difference?What were the most gruesome cases?Annie Whitehead wrote a book on True Murder History in Anglo-Saxon England, with the tagline Justice, Wergild, Revenge, published by Amberley.Find Annie: https://anniewhiteheadauthor.co.uk/Murder in Anglo-Saxon England: https://www.amberley-books.com/murder-in-anglosaxon-england.htmlMercia: The Rise and Fall of a Kingdom: https://www.amberley-books.com/mercia-9781398103337.htmlWomen of Power in Anglo-Saxon England: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Women-of-Power-in-Anglo-Saxon-England-Hardback/p/17769/aid/1238Join Natalie on her London walking tours:Monarchy Anglo-Saxons to Stuarts: https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/london-the-royal-british-kings-and-queens-walking-tour-t426011/Naughty London: https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/london-unsavory-history-guided-walking-tour-t428452/and a new one Royal Love Stories:https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/royal-love-stories-walking-tour-t481358/ https://www.ifitaintbaroquepodcast.art/ Our New Podcast Finally Got Round To...: https://open.spotify.com/show/1R2IGs4ISTwtE5SD1cecNW https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/finally-got-round-to/id1796730805 Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In the year 955, Eadwig became king of England – and, according to 10th-century sources, he celebrated in quite a salacious fashion. These stories claim that at his coronation feast, Eadwig left the hall to have a sex romp with his wife... and her mother. Speaking to David Musgrove, historian Katherine Weikert explains why this sensational story caught on, despite the fact that it probably never actually happened – and what it reveals about English kingship in the early Middle Ages. The HistoryExtra podcast is produced by the team behind BBC History Magazine. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Records from Anglo-Saxon England are filled with stories of murder, witchcraft and betrayals of the worst kind, giving the impression that this period was one of lawlessness and rebellion. But how many of these tales are true? How do they square with a period known to have had lengthy, detailed law codes and harsh punishments for unlawful killing? Dr. Eleanor Janega meets historian and author Annie Whitehead who has collated some 100 cases from regicides to robberies gone wrong, to ask what, if anything, they can tell us about the motives of those who recorded them and about Anglo-Saxon governance and society?Gone Medieval is presented by Dr. Eleanor Janega. Edited by Amy Haddow, the producer is Rob Weinberg. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff.All music used is courtesy of Epidemic Sounds.Gone Medieval is a History Hit podcast.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on

Æthelstan is routinely regarded as one of Anglo-Saxon England's greatest kings. This is a reputation ascribed to him not only for his military and political achievements, but also for the remarkable impression that his decades on the throne have left in the historical record. The abundance of material provides unparalleled insight into how the royal government of Æthelstan functioned and how the king's policies shaped English culture for the next several generations. Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In Anglo-Saxon England, murder was regarded as a serious crime, and there were various legal practices and customs in place for dealing with it. These practices evolved over the course of the Anglo-Saxon period (roughly 5th to 11th centuries) and were largely shaped by both customary law and Christian teachings. The way murder was handled depended on the social status of the individuals involved, the nature of the crime, and the region in which it occurred. Anglo-Saxon England relied on a mixture of local and regional laws, often codified by kings or councils. Several historical records document aspects of murder and how it was dealt with in Anglo-Saxon England. These records come in the form of law codes, charters, and chronicles:

In this episode of Charlie Higson's canter through Anglo-Saxon England, he reaches the end of the Wessex dynasty.Edward The Confessor. He died without an heir, which triggered a real life Game of Thrones, although it was more like Musical Chairs.Ably assisting Charlie in understanding Edward's motives is David Woodman, author of the Penguin Monarch's edition on Edward The Confessor. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

What did the Norman invasion mean for Anglo-Saxon England? We'll explore the influence of William the Conqueror and the Norman rule in today's episode! Center for Civic Education

Generations of college students have probably imagined that his first name was Venerable, and his family name Bede. But Bede–that's B-E-D-E–was his only name. He was a native of Northumbria, in the north of what we now think of as England. Apparently never going abroad, his life was spent within a few miles of his monastery, and probably just a few miles from where he was born. Yet this seemingly narrow and circumscribed life was full of intense intellectual activity. Bede authored dozens of works: teaching texts to be used for young boys entering the monastery, as he had done; biblical commentaries; arithmetical works; sermons and homilies; and lives of Northumbrian saints. Yet when he is remembered by historians, it is for his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, An Ecclesiastical History of the English People.  With me to discuss Bede as historian is Rory Naismith, Professor of Early Medieval History and Fellow of Corpus Christi College at the University of Cambridge. This is his third appearance on the podcast; he was last on Historically Thinking in Episode 343 discussing whether we should talk about the Anglo-Saxons.   For Further Investigation This is one of our occasional podcasts on important historians. For others, see this one on Polybius, and this on another medieval historian, Princess Anna Komnene The remnants of the monastery of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow The historical site formerly known as "Bede's World": now Jarrow Hall Anglo-Saxon Farm Village and Bede Museum, reopened after a short closure. FYI, in contemporary Britain it's probably true that Jarrow is best known for the "Jarrow Crusade" rather than for Bede A good companion to Bede is, amazingly enough, J. Robert Wright, A Companion to Bede: A Reader's Commentary on The Ecclesiastical History of the English People Rory Naismith also suggests: Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People/Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum: "This is available in very many translations, including those of Bertram Colgrave and D. H. Farmer. A scholarly edition, with facing-page Latin and English, is available from Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors." J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986), pp. 1–48 G. Hardin Brown, A Companion to Bede (Woodbridge, 2009) P. Hunter-Blair, The World of Bede (Cambridge, 1970) H. Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (London, 1991) R. Shaw, The Gregorian Mission to Kent in Bede's Ecclesiastical History: Methodology and Sources (London, 2018) A. Thacker, ‘Bede and History', in The Cambridge Companion to Bede, ed. S. DeGregorio (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 170–89 A. Thacker, ‘Bede's Ideal of Reform', in Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies Presented to J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. P. Wormald et al. (Oxford, 1983), pp. 130–53

The Battle of Brunanburh took place in 937, and is often referred to as the battle that made England. But there are a LOT of questions about that battle, including how it played out and where it took place. Research: “Battle of Brunanburh.” The Anglo Saxons. https://www.theanglosaxons.com/battle-of-brunanburh-poem/ Anderson, Anne. “Battle of Brunanburh: The Site Argument.” Liverpool Daily Post. Sept. 18, 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/891771637/?match=1&terms=brunanburh Blakemore, Erin. “England Was Born on This Battlefield. Why can't historians find it?” National Geographic. May 24, 2023. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/battle-of-brunanburh-england-anglo-saxon-victory?loggedin=true&rnd=1725286067852 Bolton, W. F. “‘Variation' in The Battle of Brunanburh.” The Review of English Studies, vol. 19, no. 76, 1968, pp. 363–72. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/512805 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Athelstan". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Aug. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athelstan Castelow, Ellen. “Battle of Brunanburh 937AD.” Historic UK. Nov. 25, 2014. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Battle-of-Brunanburh/ Cavill, P. (2022). The Battle of Brunanburh: The Yorkshire Hypothesis. English Studies, 104(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2022.2154045 Cavill, Paul. “Vikings: Fear and Faith in Anglo-Saxon England.” Harper Collins. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/-sczsteve/Cavill_2001.pdf “The Danes in Lancashire, or the Battle of Brunanburh, and the Probable Locality of the Conflict.” Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advisor. Jan. 17, 1857. https://www.newspapers.com/image/392902369/?match=1&terms=brunanburh Halloran, Kevin. “The Brunanburh Campaign: A Reappraisal.” The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 84, no. 218, 2005, pp. 133–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25529849 Hardwick, Charles. “Where was the Batt;e of Brunanburh fought?” The Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser. July 12, 1856. https://www.newspapers.com/image/392945292/?match=1&terms=brunanburh Livingston, Michael. “Never Greater Slaughter: Brunaburh and the Birth of England.” Osprey. 2021. Loxton, Alice. “What happened at the Battle of Brunanburh?” History Hit. Oct. 25, 2019. https://www.historyhit.com/what-happened-at-the-battle-of-brunanburh/ McDonald, J.E. “Stockport and the Battle of Brunanburh.” Wimslow and Alderley and Knutsford Advertiser. Sept. 22, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/887178425/?match=1&terms=brunanburh Neilson, Geo. “Brunanburh and Burnswork.” The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 25, 1909, pp. 37–55. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25518148 Sartore, Melissa. “Who was the first king of England? The answer is … complicated.” National Geographic. May 2, 2023. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/first-king-of-england-aethelstan?loggedin=true&rnd=1725286069300 Whitelock, Dorothy. "Alfred". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex WIRRAL ARCHAEOLOGY. “The search for the Battle of Brunanburh, is over.” Liverpool University Press Blog. October 21, 2019. https://liverpooluniversitypress.blog/2019/10/22/the-search-for-the-battle-of-brunanburh-is-over/ “Wirral Archaeology and the Search for the Battle of Brunanburh.” Wirral Archaeology. https://www.wirralarchaeology.org/pages/wirral-archaeology-and-the-search-for-the-battle-of-brunanburh/ “Walton-Le-Dale in the Olden Time.” The Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser. June 20, 1863. https://www.newspapers.com/image/392939927/?match=1&terms=brunanburh Wood, M. (2013). Searching for Brunanburh: The Yorkshire Context of the ‘Great War' of 937. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 85(1), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1179/0084427613Z.00000000021 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Leather working Leather working was an essential craft in Anglo-Saxon England (circa 5th to 11th centuries) and played a crucial role in everyday life. The Anglo-Saxons were skilled artisans who relied on natural resources for crafting items, and leather was highly prized for its durability and versatility. The leather working process during this period involved a blend of practical craftsmanship and traditional techniques passed down through generations. Leather was primarily obtained from the hides of domesticated animals, particularly cows, sheep, and goats. The hides were tanned to preserve them, a process that involved treating the skin with natural substances like oak bark, which was abundant in England. This method, called vegetable tanning, helped to make the leather durable and resistant to decay. The tools used by Anglo-Saxon leatherworkers were fairly simple but effective, including: Awls: pointed tools for piercing holes. Knives: for cutting the leather into shape. Bone and wooden needles: used for stitching pieces together. Scrapers: to remove hair and fat from the hide during preparation. The crafting of leather goods required several key techniques: Cutting and Shaping: After the hide was tanned, it was cut into appropriate shapes using sharp knives. Stitching: Anglo-Saxon leatherworkers used thread made from sinew, gut, or leather strips to stitch pieces of leather together. Leather thongs were also used for lacing items. Decoration: Leather items were often tooled or stamped with patterns for decoration, a process that involved pressing or carving designs into the leather while it was still damp and pliable. Dyeing: Leather could be dyed using natural substances like plant materials or minerals to achieve different colors. However, this was not as widespread as other techniques, and many leather items remained their natural hue. Leather was employed for a wide variety of purposes, from the practical to the decorative. Common leather goods included: Clothing and Footwear: Shoes, belts, and gloves were made from leather to provide protection and warmth. Pouches and Bags: Leather bags and pouches were essential for carrying goods and personal items, often worn at the waist or across the body. Horse Tack: Saddles, reins, and harnesses for horses were made of leather, reflecting the importance of horses in transportation and warfare. Armour: Leather was sometimes used as part of armor, especially for straps and bindings on metal armor. It was also used to make protective garments like leather jerkins. Leather working was both a domestic craft and a specialised trade in Anglo-Saxon society. Many households would have been capable of basic leather working, but more complex items, such as finely tooled belts or saddles, were likely made by skilled artisans. Leather goods were practical, but they also served as status symbols; finely made and decorated items were prized possessions among the wealthy. Leather working not only fulfilled practical needs but also had cultural and symbolic importance. Leather items were often decorated with intricate designs, reflecting the Anglo-Saxon appreciation for craftsmanship and artistry. In summary, Anglo-Saxon leather working was an essential craft that provided functional, durable goods for everyday life while also allowing artisans to express their skill and creativity. The tradition of leather working from this period influenced later medieval craftsmanship and continues to be studied and admired today. Materials and ToolsTechniquesUses of LeatherSignificance in Anglo-Saxon Society

The spear has been a crucial weapon in English warfare, both for its versatility and its effectiveness in various military contexts. Its use spans from the early medieval period through the Renaissance, reflecting the evolution of military tactics and societal changes. During the early medieval period, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon era (5th to 11th centuries), the spear was a primary weapon for warriors. The typical Anglo-Saxon spear featured a wooden shaft with an iron spearhead, often used for both thrusting and throwing. Spears were commonly used by the fyrd, the local militia, who were not professional soldiers but could be called upon to defend their territories. The Norman Conquest of 1066 introduced new military strategies and weaponry. The Normans used spears in conjunction with cavalry, enhancing their effectiveness. Norman knights would often use lances, a type of spear designed for mounted combat, which significantly impacted the way battles were fought. Throughout the 12th to 14th centuries, the spear remained a staple in English warfare. During the Renaissance, the spear evolved into the pike—a longer version designed to counter cavalry and other infantry. The pike became essential in pike and shot formations, which combined pikemen and early musketeers. This period marked a transition as firearms began to dominate the battlefield, but the spear still played a critical role in holding lines and providing defence against charges. Spears were integral to the formation of shield walls, where warriors would stand side by side with overlapping shields and spears projecting outwards. This formation was highly effective in defensive situations and required discipline and coordination. The lance, a type of spear used by mounted knights, was crucial in medieval cavalry charges. The momentum of a charging horse combined with the reach of a lance made it a devastating weapon against both infantry and other cavalry. Spears could be used for both offensive and defensive purposes. In sieges, they were effective for defending walls and fortifications. In open battle, their reach allowed soldiers to strike enemies from a distance, keeping them at bay and reducing the risk of close combat. The spear's enduring presence in English warfare highlights its fundamental role in historical military tactics. From the shield walls of Anglo-Saxon England to the pike formations of the Renaissance, the spear adapted to changing warfare demands, proving its effectiveness across centuries. Its legacy is a testament to the ingenuity and adaptability of English military strategy.

One of the last kings of Anglo-Saxon England, Edward the Confessor regained the throne for the House of Wessex and is the only English monarch to become a Saint. But Edward the Confessor has also been blamed for causing the invasion of 1066―the last successful conquest of England by a foreign power. In this episode of Gone Medieval, Dr. Eleanor Janega talks to Professor Tom Licence, author of Edward the Confessor: Last of the Royal Blood, about a compassionate and conscientious ruler, whose reign marked an interval of peace and prosperity between periods of strife.This episode was edited by Ella Blaxill and produced by Joseph Knight and Rob Weinberg.Gone Medieval is a History Hit podcast.Enjoy unlimited access to award-winning original documentaries that are released weekly and AD-FREE podcasts. Get a subscription for £1 per month for 3 months with code MEDIEVAL - sign up here.You can take part in our listener survey here.

After just under 70 episodes, we come to a point that I have always imagined as the dividing line in this series: the Norse invasions. What is coming is a huge undertaking, so I wanted to take the opportunity to look back on where we have been; to highlight key themes and to clarify my stance on the term ‘Anglo-Saxon'. Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This episode we will be looking at one of the most elusive of the small kingdoms which proliferated in early Anglo-Saxon England. The Hwicce were located mainly in what is today Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire. Their history is extremely patchy, but from what can be said they offer a unique view of the emergence and downfall of a tribal kingdom caught between the worlds of the Britons and the Anglians. Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In Anglo-Saxon England, hide tanning was a significant craft. Hides were processed to create leather, which served various purposes, including clothing, footwear, armor, and household items. Here are some true facts about hide tanning in Anglo-Saxon England: Importance of Leather: Leather was a crucial material in Anglo-Saxon society, used for a wide range of products due to its durability and versatility. It played a vital role in daily life, from clothing to tools to housing. Tanning Methods: Anglo-Saxons used several methods to tan hides, including vegetable tanning and brain tanning. Vegetable tanning involved the use of tannins from plant sources such as oak bark, while brain tanning utilised animal brains to soften and preserve the hides. Craftsmanship: Hide tanning was a skilled craft, often performed by specialised craftsmen known as tanners or leatherworkers. These artisans had extensive knowledge of the tanning process and techniques for achieving different qualities of leather. Tanning Locations: Tanning was typically carried out in specialised workshops or areas within Anglo-Saxon settlements. These locations were equipped with tools and facilities necessary for the tanning process, such as vats for soaking hides and stretching frames for drying. Economic Significance: Leather working was an economically significant trade in Anglo-Saxon England. Tanners produced leather goods not only for local consumption but also for trade with neighbouring communities and beyond, contributing to the region's economy. Social Status: Leather working was a respected craft, tanners were not typically among the highest social classes in Anglo-Saxon society. However, skilled artisans could still achieve a level of prosperity and respect within their communities. Archaeological Evidence: Archaeological excavations have uncovered evidence of hide tanning in Anglo-Saxon settlements, including tanning pits, tools, and residues associated with the tanning process. These findings provide insights into the techniques and practices employed by Anglo-Saxon leatherworkers. Overall, hide tanning was a vital craft in Anglo-Saxon England, supporting various aspects of daily life and contributing to the region's economy and material culture.

The spring 2024 edition of Unearthed! concludes with books and letters, fashion and cosmetics, medicine, shipwrecks, and the assorted finds that are categorized as potpourri. Research: Abdallah, Hannah. “The first Neolithic boats in the Mediterranean.” EurekAlert. 3/20/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1037843 Adam Rohrlach, Cases of trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 among historic and prehistoric individuals discovered from ancient DNA, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45438-1. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45438-1 Addley, Esther. “‘Flat-packed furniture for the next life': Roman funerary bed found in London.” The Guardian. 2/5/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/feb/05/flat-packed-furniture-for-the-next-life-roman-funerary-bed-found-in-london Alberge, Dalya. “‘Incredibly rare' discovery reveals bedbugs came to Britain with the Romans.” The Guardian. 2/3/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/03/incredibly-rare-discovery-reveals-bedbugs-came-to-britain-with-the-romans Anderson, Sonja. “Another Mysterious Roman Dodecahedron Has Been Unearthed in England.” Smithsonian. 1/22/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/another-of-ancient-romes-mysterious-12-sided-objects-has-been-found-in-england-180983632/ Anderson, Sonja. “Bodies and Treasure Found in Polish Lake Could Be Connected to Ancient Water Ritual.” Smithsonian. 1/26/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-europeans-buried-bodies-and-treasure-in-this-polish-lake-180983666/ Anderson, Sonja. “Just How Old Are the Cave Paintings in Spain's Cova Dones?.” Smithsonian Magazine. January/February 2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-old-cave-paintings-spain-cova-dones-180983456/ Anderson, Sonja. “Police Find Ancient Teenager's Body, Preserved in Irish Bog for 2,500 Years.” 2/6/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-bog-in-northern-ireland-preserved-this-teenagers-body-for-2500-years-180983734/ Anderson, Sonja. “Sunken British Warship That Left Crew Marooned for 66 Days Has Been Identified.” Smithsonian Magazine. 3/27/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-the-marooned-crew-of-this-sunken-warship-escaped-the-florida-keys-in-improvised-boats-180984028/ Anderson, Sonja. “This Medieval Sword Spent 1,000 Years at the Bottom of a Polish River.” Smithsonian. 2/6/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-medieval-sword-spent-1000-years-at-the-bottom-of-a-polish-river-180983684/ “Megalithic ‘Blinkerwall' Found in the Baltic Sea.” 2/14/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12157-240214-baltic-sea-blinkerwall “Unbaked Neolithic Bread Identified in Turkey.” 3/6/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12195-240306-turkey-unbaked-bread org. “Ship's Bell Recovered From Torpedoed WWI Destroyer.” 2/15/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12161-240215-jacob-jones-bell ArtNet News. “Archaeologists Discover a Medieval Kitchen in a Polish Museum's Basement.”2/8/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/royal-kitchen-poland-museum-basement-2429236 Babbs, Verity. “A Chinese Imperial Robe Found in a Cardboard Box Could Fetch $60,000 at Auction.” ArtNet. 2/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/market/imperial-robe-dreweatts-2444018 Babbs, Verity. “A Liverpool Museum Wants Your Help to ID This Enigmatic Portrait.” ArtNet. 3/22/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/liverpool-museums-black-boy-information-request-2457075 Babbs, Verity. “An Artifact Found by a Metal Detectorist in Wales Is Officially Treasure.” 3/19/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/silver-thimble-treasure-2454023 Babbs, Verity. “Experts Have Identified the Tombs Where Alexander the Great's Family Are Buried.” Artnet. 2/21/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/alexander-the-great-father-tomb-2437376 Babbs, Verity. “Is the Secret Ingredient to Preserving Ancient Papyrus…Wasabi?.” ArtNet. 2/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wasabi-ancient-egyptian-papyrus-2443171 Bangor University. “Researchers locate cargo ship SS Hartdale, torpedoed in 1915.” Phys.org. 3/13/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-03-cargo-ship-ss-hartdale-torpedoed.html#google_vignette Bartelme, Tony. “Searching for Amelia Earhart.” Post and Courier. https://www.postandcourier.com/news/special_reports/amelia-earhart-search-tony-romeo-deep-sea-vision/article_3a42e6a8-a0e5-11ee-a942-77a1581d6b19.html Binswanger, Julia. “Engravings on 2,000-Year-Old Knife Might Be the Oldest Runes Ever Found in Denmark.” 1/25/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-find-denmarks-oldest-written-word-on-a-2000-year-old-knife-180983650/ Binswanger, Julia. “Metal Detectorist Finds a Rare 3,000-Year-Old Dress Fastener.” Smithsonian. 3/13/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/metal-detectorist-finds-a-potentially-life-changing-3000-year-old-gold-accessory-180983770/ Cardiff University. “Evidence of ancient medieval feasting rituals uncovered in grounds of historic property.” Phys.org. 1/4/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-evidence-ancient-medieval-feasting-rituals.html Cawley, Laurence & Sam Russell. “Medieval paintings found at Christ's College, Cambridge by builders.” 1/9/2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-67926737 CBS News. “Theft of ruby slippers from "Wizard of Oz" was reformed mobster's "one last score," court memo says.” 1/21/2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/reformed-mobster-one-last-score-judy-garlands-wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers/. Clayton, Abene. “Second man charged with stealing Dorothy's Wizard of Oz ruby slippers.” The Guardian. 3/18/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/18/wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-stolen-second-man-charged “Discovery of immense fortifications dating back 4,000 years in northwestern Arabia.” Phys.org. 1/10/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-discovery-immense-fortifications-dating-years.html#google_vignette “Solving the 120-year maritime mystery of the SS Nemesis.” PhysOrg. 2/26/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-02-year-maritime-mystery-ss-nemesis.html Deb, Sopan. “Old Newspaper Stories Offer Clues to 19th-Century Shipwreck in Lake Michigan.” New York Times. 3/28/2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/us/uss-milwaukee-shipwreck.html?smid=em-share Deter-Wolf A, Robitaille B, Riday D, Burlot A, Sialuk Jacobsen M. Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings. European Journal of Archaeology. Published online 2024:1-22. doi:10.1017/eaa.2024.5 Dietrich, Oliver. “Burial mounds and a chariot grave. Archaeologists discover a Neolithic burial landscape on the Eulenberg near Magdeburg.” 3/15/2024. https://idw-online.de/en/news830373 Drury-Bradey, Paul. “Huge tsunami with 20 meter waves may have wiped out Stone Age communities in Northumberland.” Phys.org. 1/29/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-huge-tsunami-meter-stone-age.html#google_vignette El-Aref, Nevine. “Spanish archaeologists unearth Ptolemaic and Roman treasures in Minya's Al Bahnasa.” Ahram Online. 1/8/2024. https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/515253.aspx Eskandari, N., De Carlo, E., Zorzi, F. et al. A Bronze Age lip-paint from southeastern Iran. Sci Rep 14, 2670 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52490-w Georgiou, Aristos. “Prehistoric Burials Reveal Early Evidence of Body Piercing 11,000 Years Ago.” Newsweek. 3/11/2024. https://www.newsweek.com/prehistoric-burials-reveal-early-evidence-body-piercing-11000-years-ago-1877984 Green, Clare. “First prehistoric person with Turner syndrome identified from ancient DNA.” Via EurekAlert. 1/11/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1030707 Hemsworth, Wade. “Researchers create method to detect cases of anemia in archaeological remains.” Via EurekAlert. 2/28/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1035984 Huntington, Stewart. “New NAGPRA rules: ‘We have an obligation to change'.” Indian Country Today. 3/20/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/new-nagpra-rules-we-have-an-obligation-to-change “ICT Reports: NAGPRA crackdown sends museums reeling.” Indian Country Today. 3/22/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/ict-reports-nagpra-crackdown-sends-museums-reeling Killgrove, Kristina. “1st known tuberculosis cases in Neanderthals revealed in prehistoric bone analysis.” LiveScience. 2/2/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/1st-known-tuberculosis-cases-in-neanderthals-revealed-in-prehistoric-bone-anaylsis Kuta, Sarah. “Everyone Thought This 4,000-Year-Old Tomb Had Been Destroyed. Then, an Archaeologist Found It.” Smithsonian. 1/30/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lost-tomb-rediscovered-ireland-180983662/ Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “A Stolen Van Gogh Painting Worth $6.5 Million Will Go Back on Display.” Artnet. 2/8/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stolen-van-gogh-on-display-2430094 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “British Museum Will Publicly Display Some of Its Stolen Gems.” 2/2/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-gems-on-display-2427128 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Students Make Major Breakthrough in Use of A.I. to Decipher Ancient Scrolls.” Artnet. 2/7/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/students-make-major-breakthrough-in-use-of-a-i-to-decipher-ancient-scrolls-2429506 Leonardo P. Troiano et al, A remarkable assemblage of petroglyphs and dinosaur footprints in Northeast Brazil, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56479-3 Lewsey, Fred. “Study reveals ‘cozy domesticity' of prehistoric stilt-house dwellers in England's ancient marshland.” University of Cambridge via EurekAlert. 3/19/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1037495 Marx, Danae. “Unraveling the mysteries of the Mongolian Arc: exploring a monumental 405-kilometer wall system in Eastern Mongolia.” EurekAlert. 1/3/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1030161 Matthew Steggle, John Shakespeare's "Spiritual Testament" Is Not John Shakespeare's, Shakespeare Quarterly (2024). DOI: 10.1093/sq/quae003 net. “Medieval love badge discovered in Poland.” https://www.medievalists.net/2024/02/medieval-love-badge-discovered-in-poland/ Metcalfe, Tom. “3,300-year-old tablet from mysterious Hittite Empire describes catastrophic invasion of four cities.” LiveScience. 3/11/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/3300-year-old-tablet-from-mysterious-hittite-empire-describes-catastrophic-invasion-of-four-cities Metcalfe, Tom. “Undeciphered script from Easter Island may predate European colonization.” LiveScience. 2/9/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/undeciphered-script-from-easter-island-may-predate-european-colonization Moran, Tony. “First DNA study of ancient Eastern Arabians reveals malaria adaptation – study.” EurekAlert. 2/27/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1035287 Morris, Steven. “Tintern Abbey excavation suggests poor people were later buried alongside lords.” Steven Morris. The Guardian. 1/3/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/04/tintern-abbey-excavation-suggests-poor-people-were-later-buried-alongside-lords O'Laughlin Frank. “‘Rising tide lifts all boats': Century-old shipwreck unearthed on Massachusetts beach.” Boston 25 News. 3/12/2024. https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/rising-tide-lifts-all-boats-century-old-shipwreck-unearthed-massachusetts-beach/DLLJF5C3DZGKJOEUU7KTRUWUZI/ org. “Archaeologists probe mysterious Canadian shipwreck.” 2/6/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-02-archaeologists-probe-mysterious-canadian-shipwreck.html org. “Vessel off Florida Keys identified as British warship that sank in the 18th century.” 3/10/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-03-vessel-florida-keys-british-warship.html#google_vignette Qiblawi, Adnan. “Italians Worry the Deciphering of the Herculaneum Scrolls Could Lead to More Digs.” 2/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/italians-fear-more-herculaneum-digs-vesuvius-2437451 Quiblawi, Adnan. “Spanish Archaeologists Make the Sweet Discovery of a 19th-Century Chocolate Factory.” ArtNet. 2/15/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/barcelona-19th-century-chocolate-factory-2435176 Rascius, Brendan. “Spicy wine: New study reveals ancient Romans may have had peculiar tastes.” Phys.org. 1/24/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-spicy-wine-reveals-ancient-romans.html Schrader, Adam. “Ancient Lipstick Dating Back More Than Three Millennia Is Found in Iran.” ArtNet. 2/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-lipstick-found-in-iran-2434396 Schrader, Adam. “The Van Gogh Museum Fires Four Staff Members Over Pokémon Chaos.” ArtNet. 1/24/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/van-gogh-museum-fires-workers-pokemon-2422901 Shoichet, Catherine E. “A new trove of records could help many reconnect with their Irish roots. They come from a surprising source.” CNN. 3/8/2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/irish-ancestry-guinness-brewery-archives-cec/index.html Smithsonian Magazine. “Metal Detectorist Finds Rare 1,500-Year-Old Gold Ring in Denmark.” 2/26/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/metal-detectorist-discovers-a-rare-1500-year-old-gold-ring-in-denmark-180983830/ ‘ South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. “Ötzi's tattooing technique through self-experimentation.” https://www.iceman.it/en/tattootechniqueotzi/ Sullivan, Will. “Ancient DNA From Eurasian Herders Sheds Light on the Origins of Multiple Sclerosis.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/12/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-dna-from-eurasian-herders-sheds-light-on-the-origins-of-multiple-sclerosis-180983579/ The Francis Crick Institute. “First prehistoric person with Turner syndrome identified from ancient DNA.” 1/11/2024 https://phys.org/news/2024-01-prehistoric-person-turner-syndrome-ancient.html The History Blog. “Full gamut of Neolithic occupation, funerary practices found at site in France.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69681 The History Blog. “Medieval love token found under Gdańsk port crane.” 2/17/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69492 The History Blog. “Rare medieval belt loop found in Poland.” 3/20/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69734 The History Blog. “Rare Merovingian gold ring found in Jutland.” 2/20/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69517 The History Blog. “Roman silver toilet spoon found in Wales.” 1/30/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69380 The History Blog. “Section of Roman 3rd century wall found in Aachen.” 3/24/2024. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69767 The History Blog. “Warring States cemetery with chariot burial found in central China.” https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69748 The National Archives. “Pristine sweater in parcel posted in 1807.” 2/29/2024. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/pristine-sweater-found-in-parcel-posted-in-1807/ Thijs Porck, Newly Discovered Pieces of an Old English Glossed Psalter: The Alkmaar Fragments of the N-Psalter, Anglo-Saxon England (2024). DOI: 10.1017/S0263675123000121 Thorsberg, Christian. “DNA From 2,000-Year-Old Skeletons Hints at the Origins of Syphilis.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/29/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-from-2000-year-old-skeletons-hints-at-the-origins-of-syphilis-180983657/ Tondo, Lorenzo. “Archaeologists find Pompeii fresco depicting Greek mythological siblings.” The Guardian. 3/1/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/mar/01/pompeii-fresco-phrixus-and-helle-greek-mythological-siblings S. Department of the Interior. “Interior Department Announces Final Rule for Implementation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.” 12/6/2023. https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-announces-final-rule-implementation-native-american-graves “Anglo-Saxon cemetery discovered in Lincolnshire to appear on BBC.” https://www.viking-link.com/news/anglo-saxon-cemetery-discovered-in-lincolnshire-to-appear-on-bbc-s-digging-for-britain/ Weber, Bob. “Divers involved in Franklin expedition say the 2023 season 'highly productive'.” CBC. 1/29/2024. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/franklin-expedition-update-2024-1.7097874 Whiddington, Richard. “Archaeologists in Brazil Discover 16 New Rock Art Sites.” ArtNet. 3/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/16-new-rock-art-sites-brazil-2452134 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Time for all the things literally or figuratively unearthed in the first quarter of 2024. Part one includes updates, burial sites, walls, edibles and potables, and art and architecture.  Research: Abdallah, Hannah. “The first Neolithic boats in the Mediterranean.” EurekAlert. 3/20/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1037843 Adam Rohrlach, Cases of trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 among historic and prehistoric individuals discovered from ancient DNA, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45438-1. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45438-1 Addley, Esther. “‘Flat-packed furniture for the next life': Roman funerary bed found in London.” The Guardian. 2/5/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/feb/05/flat-packed-furniture-for-the-next-life-roman-funerary-bed-found-in-london Alberge, Dalya. “‘Incredibly rare' discovery reveals bedbugs came to Britain with the Romans.” The Guardian. 2/3/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/03/incredibly-rare-discovery-reveals-bedbugs-came-to-britain-with-the-romans Anderson, Sonja. “Another Mysterious Roman Dodecahedron Has Been Unearthed in England.” Smithsonian. 1/22/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/another-of-ancient-romes-mysterious-12-sided-objects-has-been-found-in-england-180983632/ Anderson, Sonja. “Bodies and Treasure Found in Polish Lake Could Be Connected to Ancient Water Ritual.” Smithsonian. 1/26/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-europeans-buried-bodies-and-treasure-in-this-polish-lake-180983666/ Anderson, Sonja. “Just How Old Are the Cave Paintings in Spain's Cova Dones?.” Smithsonian Magazine. January/February 2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-old-cave-paintings-spain-cova-dones-180983456/ Anderson, Sonja. “Police Find Ancient Teenager's Body, Preserved in Irish Bog for 2,500 Years.” 2/6/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-bog-in-northern-ireland-preserved-this-teenagers-body-for-2500-years-180983734/ Anderson, Sonja. “Sunken British Warship That Left Crew Marooned for 66 Days Has Been Identified.” Smithsonian Magazine. 3/27/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-the-marooned-crew-of-this-sunken-warship-escaped-the-florida-keys-in-improvised-boats-180984028/ Anderson, Sonja. “This Medieval Sword Spent 1,000 Years at the Bottom of a Polish River.” Smithsonian. 2/6/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-medieval-sword-spent-1000-years-at-the-bottom-of-a-polish-river-180983684/ “Megalithic ‘Blinkerwall' Found in the Baltic Sea.” 2/14/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12157-240214-baltic-sea-blinkerwall “Unbaked Neolithic Bread Identified in Turkey.” 3/6/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12195-240306-turkey-unbaked-bread org. “Ship's Bell Recovered From Torpedoed WWI Destroyer.” 2/15/2024. https://www.archaeology.org/news/12161-240215-jacob-jones-bell ArtNet News. “Archaeologists Discover a Medieval Kitchen in a Polish Museum's Basement.”2/8/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/royal-kitchen-poland-museum-basement-2429236 Babbs, Verity. “A Chinese Imperial Robe Found in a Cardboard Box Could Fetch $60,000 at Auction.” ArtNet. 2/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/market/imperial-robe-dreweatts-2444018 Babbs, Verity. “A Liverpool Museum Wants Your Help to ID This Enigmatic Portrait.” ArtNet. 3/22/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/liverpool-museums-black-boy-information-request-2457075 Babbs, Verity. “An Artifact Found by a Metal Detectorist in Wales Is Officially Treasure.” 3/19/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/silver-thimble-treasure-2454023 Babbs, Verity. “Experts Have Identified the Tombs Where Alexander the Great's Family Are Buried.” Artnet. 2/21/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/alexander-the-great-father-tomb-2437376 Babbs, Verity. “Is the Secret Ingredient to Preserving Ancient Papyrus…Wasabi?.” ArtNet. 2/29/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wasabi-ancient-egyptian-papyrus-2443171 Bangor University. “Researchers locate cargo ship SS Hartdale, torpedoed in 1915.” Phys.org. 3/13/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-03-cargo-ship-ss-hartdale-torpedoed.html#google_vignette Bartelme, Tony. “Searching for Amelia Earhart.” Post and Courier. https://www.postandcourier.com/news/special_reports/amelia-earhart-search-tony-romeo-deep-sea-vision/article_3a42e6a8-a0e5-11ee-a942-77a1581d6b19.html Binswanger, Julia. “Engravings on 2,000-Year-Old Knife Might Be the Oldest Runes Ever Found in Denmark.” 1/25/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-find-denmarks-oldest-written-word-on-a-2000-year-old-knife-180983650/ Binswanger, Julia. “Metal Detectorist Finds a Rare 3,000-Year-Old Dress Fastener.” Smithsonian. 3/13/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/metal-detectorist-finds-a-potentially-life-changing-3000-year-old-gold-accessory-180983770/ Cardiff University. “Evidence of ancient medieval feasting rituals uncovered in grounds of historic property.” Phys.org. 1/4/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-evidence-ancient-medieval-feasting-rituals.html Cawley, Laurence & Sam Russell. “Medieval paintings found at Christ's College, Cambridge by builders.” 1/9/2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-67926737 CBS News. “Theft of ruby slippers from "Wizard of Oz" was reformed mobster's "one last score," court memo says.” 1/21/2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/reformed-mobster-one-last-score-judy-garlands-wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers/. Clayton, Abene. “Second man charged with stealing Dorothy's Wizard of Oz ruby slippers.” The Guardian. 3/18/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/18/wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-stolen-second-man-charged “Discovery of immense fortifications dating back 4,000 years in northwestern Arabia.” Phys.org. 1/10/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-discovery-immense-fortifications-dating-years.html#google_vignette “Solving the 120-year maritime mystery of the SS Nemesis.” PhysOrg. 2/26/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-02-year-maritime-mystery-ss-nemesis.html Deb, Sopan. “Old Newspaper Stories Offer Clues to 19th-Century Shipwreck in Lake Michigan.” New York Times. 3/28/2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/us/uss-milwaukee-shipwreck.html?smid=em-share Deter-Wolf A, Robitaille B, Riday D, Burlot A, Sialuk Jacobsen M. Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings. European Journal of Archaeology. Published online 2024:1-22. doi:10.1017/eaa.2024.5 Dietrich, Oliver. “Burial mounds and a chariot grave. Archaeologists discover a Neolithic burial landscape on the Eulenberg near Magdeburg.” 3/15/2024. https://idw-online.de/en/news830373 Drury-Bradey, Paul. “Huge tsunami with 20 meter waves may have wiped out Stone Age communities in Northumberland.” Phys.org. 1/29/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-huge-tsunami-meter-stone-age.html#google_vignette El-Aref, Nevine. “Spanish archaeologists unearth Ptolemaic and Roman treasures in Minya's Al Bahnasa.” Ahram Online. 1/8/2024. https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/515253.aspx Eskandari, N., De Carlo, E., Zorzi, F. et al. A Bronze Age lip-paint from southeastern Iran. Sci Rep 14, 2670 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52490-w Georgiou, Aristos. “Prehistoric Burials Reveal Early Evidence of Body Piercing 11,000 Years Ago.” Newsweek. 3/11/2024. https://www.newsweek.com/prehistoric-burials-reveal-early-evidence-body-piercing-11000-years-ago-1877984 Green, Clare. “First prehistoric person with Turner syndrome identified from ancient DNA.” Via EurekAlert. 1/11/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1030707 Hemsworth, Wade. “Researchers create method to detect cases of anemia in archaeological remains.” Via EurekAlert. 2/28/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1035984 Huntington, Stewart. “New NAGPRA rules: ‘We have an obligation to change'.” Indian Country Today. 3/20/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/new-nagpra-rules-we-have-an-obligation-to-change “ICT Reports: NAGPRA crackdown sends museums reeling.” Indian Country Today. 3/22/2024. https://ictnews.org/news/ict-reports-nagpra-crackdown-sends-museums-reeling Killgrove, Kristina. “1st known tuberculosis cases in Neanderthals revealed in prehistoric bone analysis.” LiveScience. 2/2/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/1st-known-tuberculosis-cases-in-neanderthals-revealed-in-prehistoric-bone-anaylsis Kuta, Sarah. “Everyone Thought This 4,000-Year-Old Tomb Had Been Destroyed. Then, an Archaeologist Found It.” Smithsonian. 1/30/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lost-tomb-rediscovered-ireland-180983662/ Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “A Stolen Van Gogh Painting Worth $6.5 Million Will Go Back on Display.” Artnet. 2/8/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/stolen-van-gogh-on-display-2430094 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “British Museum Will Publicly Display Some of Its Stolen Gems.” 2/2/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-gems-on-display-2427128 Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Students Make Major Breakthrough in Use of A.I. to Decipher Ancient Scrolls.” Artnet. 2/7/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/students-make-major-breakthrough-in-use-of-a-i-to-decipher-ancient-scrolls-2429506 Leonardo P. Troiano et al, A remarkable assemblage of petroglyphs and dinosaur footprints in Northeast Brazil, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56479-3 Lewsey, Fred. “Study reveals ‘cozy domesticity' of prehistoric stilt-house dwellers in England's ancient marshland.” University of Cambridge via EurekAlert. 3/19/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1037495 Marx, Danae. “Unraveling the mysteries of the Mongolian Arc: exploring a monumental 405-kilometer wall system in Eastern Mongolia.” EurekAlert. 1/3/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1030161 Matthew Steggle, John Shakespeare's "Spiritual Testament" Is Not John Shakespeare's, Shakespeare Quarterly (2024). DOI: 10.1093/sq/quae003 net. “Medieval love badge discovered in Poland.” https://www.medievalists.net/2024/02/medieval-love-badge-discovered-in-poland/ Metcalfe, Tom. “3,300-year-old tablet from mysterious Hittite Empire describes catastrophic invasion of four cities.” LiveScience. 3/11/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/3300-year-old-tablet-from-mysterious-hittite-empire-describes-catastrophic-invasion-of-four-cities Metcalfe, Tom. “Undeciphered script from Easter Island may predate European colonization.” LiveScience. 2/9/2024. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/undeciphered-script-from-easter-island-may-predate-european-colonization Moran, Tony. “First DNA study of ancient Eastern Arabians reveals malaria adaptation – study.” EurekAlert. 2/27/2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1035287 Morris, Steven. “Tintern Abbey excavation suggests poor people were later buried alongside lords.” Steven Morris. The Guardian. 1/3/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/04/tintern-abbey-excavation-suggests-poor-people-were-later-buried-alongside-lords O'Laughlin Frank. “‘Rising tide lifts all boats': Century-old shipwreck unearthed on Massachusetts beach.” Boston 25 News. 3/12/2024. https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/rising-tide-lifts-all-boats-century-old-shipwreck-unearthed-massachusetts-beach/DLLJF5C3DZGKJOEUU7KTRUWUZI/ org. “Archaeologists probe mysterious Canadian shipwreck.” 2/6/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-02-archaeologists-probe-mysterious-canadian-shipwreck.html org. “Vessel off Florida Keys identified as British warship that sank in the 18th century.” 3/10/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-03-vessel-florida-keys-british-warship.html#google_vignette Qiblawi, Adnan. “Italians Worry the Deciphering of the Herculaneum Scrolls Could Lead to More Digs.” 2/20/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/italians-fear-more-herculaneum-digs-vesuvius-2437451 Quiblawi, Adnan. “Spanish Archaeologists Make the Sweet Discovery of a 19th-Century Chocolate Factory.” ArtNet. 2/15/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/barcelona-19th-century-chocolate-factory-2435176 Rascius, Brendan. “Spicy wine: New study reveals ancient Romans may have had peculiar tastes.” Phys.org. 1/24/2024. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-spicy-wine-reveals-ancient-romans.html Schrader, Adam. “Ancient Lipstick Dating Back More Than Three Millennia Is Found in Iran.” ArtNet. 2/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-lipstick-found-in-iran-2434396 Schrader, Adam. “The Van Gogh Museum Fires Four Staff Members Over Pokémon Chaos.” ArtNet. 1/24/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/van-gogh-museum-fires-workers-pokemon-2422901 Shoichet, Catherine E. “A new trove of records could help many reconnect with their Irish roots. They come from a surprising source.” CNN. 3/8/2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/irish-ancestry-guinness-brewery-archives-cec/index.html Smithsonian Magazine. “Metal Detectorist Finds Rare 1,500-Year-Old Gold Ring in Denmark.” 2/26/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/metal-detectorist-discovers-a-rare-1500-year-old-gold-ring-in-denmark-180983830/ ‘ South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. “Ötzi's tattooing technique through self-experimentation.” https://www.iceman.it/en/tattootechniqueotzi/ Sullivan, Will. “Ancient DNA From Eurasian Herders Sheds Light on the Origins of Multiple Sclerosis.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/12/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-dna-from-eurasian-herders-sheds-light-on-the-origins-of-multiple-sclerosis-180983579/ The Francis Crick Institute. “First prehistoric person with Turner syndrome identified from ancient DNA.” 1/11/2024 https://phys.org/news/2024-01-prehistoric-person-turner-syndrome-ancient.html The History Blog. “Full gamut of Neolithic occupation, funerary practices found at site in France.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69681 The History Blog. “Medieval love token found under Gdańsk port crane.” 2/17/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69492 The History Blog. “Rare medieval belt loop found in Poland.” 3/20/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69734 The History Blog. “Rare Merovingian gold ring found in Jutland.” 2/20/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69517 The History Blog. “Roman silver toilet spoon found in Wales.” 1/30/2024. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69380 The History Blog. “Section of Roman 3rd century wall found in Aachen.” 3/24/2024. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69767 The History Blog. “Warring States cemetery with chariot burial found in central China.” https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/69748 The National Archives. “Pristine sweater in parcel posted in 1807.” 2/29/2024. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/pristine-sweater-found-in-parcel-posted-in-1807/ Thijs Porck, Newly Discovered Pieces of an Old English Glossed Psalter: The Alkmaar Fragments of the N-Psalter, Anglo-Saxon England (2024). DOI: 10.1017/S0263675123000121 Thorsberg, Christian. “DNA From 2,000-Year-Old Skeletons Hints at the Origins of Syphilis.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/29/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-from-2000-year-old-skeletons-hints-at-the-origins-of-syphilis-180983657/ Tondo, Lorenzo. “Archaeologists find Pompeii fresco depicting Greek mythological siblings.” The Guardian. 3/1/2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/mar/01/pompeii-fresco-phrixus-and-helle-greek-mythological-siblings S. Department of the Interior. “Interior Department Announces Final Rule for Implementation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.” 12/6/2023. https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-announces-final-rule-implementation-native-american-graves “Anglo-Saxon cemetery discovered in Lincolnshire to appear on BBC.” https://www.viking-link.com/news/anglo-saxon-cemetery-discovered-in-lincolnshire-to-appear-on-bbc-s-digging-for-britain/ Weber, Bob. “Divers involved in Franklin expedition say the 2023 season 'highly productive'.” CBC. 1/29/2024. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/franklin-expedition-update-2024-1.7097874 Whiddington, Richard. “Archaeologists in Brazil Discover 16 New Rock Art Sites.” ArtNet. 3/14/2024. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/16-new-rock-art-sites-brazil-2452134 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode, we discuss the evidence for Anglo-Saxon smiths, the people who created the artefacts at Sutton Hoo and other princely burials. To do this we analyse the Neolithic tomb called Wayland's Smithy and the legend associated with its namesake.Buy T-Shirts Join on Patreon (and access transcripts and sources) Support the Substack

The Vikings are attacking England, and it's up to Alfred, King of Wessex, to stop them. In this episode of Bow & Blade, Michael and Kelly discuss this important battle in Anglo-Saxon England. You can support this podcast on Patreon - go to https://www.patreon.com/medievalists

990-1035: Part 1. We go back and review how the Anglo Saxons began to sow the seeds of their eventual demise.Song: Blood Code by Le Castlevania- John Wick 4 Soundtrack www.warandconquest.comwarandconquestpcast@gmail.com https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdUOD52RBg1BBm_zndE-DdA https://www.patreon.com/warandconquesthttps://www.facebook.com/warandconquestpcasthttps://www.instagram.com/warandconquestpcast/ https://twitter.com/warandconquest1Venmo: @Warand Conquest https://www.twitch.tv/theproslayer7

Dr. Ben Reinhard is an Associate Professor of English at the Franciscan University of Steubenville, where he teaches courses in medieval literature, mythology, and the Western literary tradition. He received his B.A. from Purdue University and his M.M.S. and Ph.D. from the Medieval Institute at the University of Notre Dame. His articles have appeared in Mythlore, Tolkien Studies, Anglo-Saxon England, and several other journals; his new translation of Beowulf was published by Cluny Press in 2022.

Friends, Romans, and podcast listeners! Lend me your ears for about 27 and a bit minutes! Listener Sam (https://www.instagram.com/britishbondfan), asked me to look into Pre-Roman and Pre-Christian Britain, and I kind of allowed this little rabbit hole to go wherever. I am very keen on written texts when it comes to history, archeology, less so (sorry Indiana Jones). I hope you all enjoy the highways and byways this took me down.I read from a 1908 translation of 'De Bello Gallico' (original by Julius Caeser aka The Roman Geezer), and also 'Anglo-Saxon England' by Sir Frank Stenton, part of the 'Oxford History of England' series. I hope you enjoy the former with my comments interluded, and the later without.Message me anytime on Instagram, or e-mail: AlbionNeverDies@gmail.comCheck out my https://www.youtube.com/britishcultureCheck out my Red Bubble shopSubscribe to my newsletter for update e-mails, random postcards, and stickers: https://youtube.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=b3afdae99897eebbf8ca022c8&id=5165536616Support the show

This is the first of a two-part series on the most famous monster story in pre-modern literature, the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. My co-host for both is Dr. Christine Senecal of Shippensburg University. In this episode Chrissy and I talk about the poem itself. We begin with the story of the hero Beowulf and how as a youth he kills two monsters ravaging the mead-hall of King Hrothgar, the fearsome Grendel and his even more fierce mother, and how as an aged king he fights and kills a fire-breathing dragon, saving his kingdom and winning the dragon's treasure, but at the cost of his life.  We then discuss when the poem was written and what we can learn from it about the warrior aristocratic culture of early Anglo-Saxon England.  In the follow-on episode, Chrissy and I talk about modern literary and cinematic adaptations of the Beowulf  story. I hope you can join us. Passages are quoted fromBeowulf, A Dual-Language Edition, trans. Howell D. Chickering, Jr. (New York: Anchor Books, 1977).Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation Backgrounds and Sources Criticism, ed. Joseph Tuso (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1975).Beowulf, A New Translation, trans. Maria Dahvana Headley (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020).The Heliand: The Saxon Gospel, trans. G. Ronald Murphy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).The Dating of Beowulf, A Reassessment, ed. Leonard Neidorf (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2014).Music:"Wælheall," composed by Hrōðmund Wōdening (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g)"Caedmon's Hymn" on a lyre, sung and played by Peter Pringle (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8WaPIu1tAc)If you are interested in the Middle Ages--and I assume you are if you listening to 'Tis But A Scratch--you might want to check out Dr. Christine Senecal's Instagram page (https://www.instagram.com/chrissysenecal/) and her webpage, "Weird History Stories" (https://chrissysenecal.com/). Both are well worth a visit.I would same about Medievalists.net,  a website dedicated to offering readers news, articles, videos and more about the medieval world and how that history is presented today (https://www.medievalists.net/)Finally, if you are enjoying 'Tis But A Scratch, please tell friends and family about it. Good ratings and good reviews help spread the word! Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com

In his Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1755,  Samuel Johnson did not define the words Saxon, Angle, or Anglo-Saxon. But Noah Webster in his 1828 American Dictionary defines Anglo-Saxon as "adjective. Pertaining to the Saxons, who settled in England, or English Saxons." Something had happened in between the two, and not just the American Revolution, and Johnson's and Webster's different views of that event–but that probably did contribute to the difference. And when Webster published his definition, the term was already taking on new connotations. Indeed, the term Anglo-Saxon has a rich and complicated history, right to the present moment. And so does perception of the peoples to which it refers…or does it actually refer to them? With me to discuss the history of the definition and the ideology of the term is Rory Naismith, Professor of Early Medieval English History at the University of Cambridge, Fellow of Corpus Christi College. Author of numerous books, including Citadel of the Saxons: The Rise of Early London, he was last on the podcast talking about medieval money in Episode 328.  For Further Investigation Content, S., and Williams, H., ‘Creating the Pagan English, from the Tudors to the Present Day', in Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited, ed. M. Carver, A. Sanmark and S. Semple (Oxford, 2010), pp. 181–200 Foot, S., ‘The Making of Angelcynn: English Identity before the Norman Conquest', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 6 (1996), 25–50 [on use of Anglo-Saxon and English terminology in the pre-Norman period itself] Frantzen, A. J., and Niles, J. D. (eds.), Anglo-Saxonism and the Construction of Social Identity (Gainesville, FL, 1997) [a collection of essays - the introduction is probably the most helpful single thing] Horsman, R., Race and Manifest Destiny: the Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981) [this is really good on the early modern and American side of the story] Kidd, C., British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World 1600–1800 (Cambridge, 1999), esp. ch. 4–5 and 9 [again, excellent on early modern Anglo-Saxonism] Mandler, P., The English National Character: the History of an Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair (New Haven, 2006), esp. ch. 3 Niles, J., The Idea of Anglo-Saxon England 1066–1901 (Oxford, 2015) Rory Naismith observes, "There is also a welter of very polemical stuff on the web; for a selection, see below" Rubinstein, S., ‘Anglo-Saxon Extremists: the Strange Logic of the Activists who Insist the Term “Anglo-Saxon” is Racist', The Critic, June 2023 Rambaran-Olm, M., ‘History Bites: Resources on the Problematic Term “Anglo-Saxon”', a three-part series on Medium: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, 7 September 2020 Rambaran-Olm, M., ‘Misnaming the Medieval: Rejecting “Anglo-Saxon” Studies', History Workshop, 4 November 2019 Rambaran-Olm, M., and Wade, E., ‘The Many Myths of the Term “Anglo-Saxon”', Smithsonian Magazine, 14 July 2021 Sewer, A., ‘“Anglo-Saxon” is What You Say when “Whites Only” is Too Inclusive', The Atlantic, 20 April 2021 Williams, H., ‘The Fight for “Anglo-Saxon”', Aeon, 29 May 2020 Wood, M., ‘“As a Racism Row Rumbles on, is it Time to Retire the Term ‘Anglo-Saxon'?” Michael Wood Explores the Controversy', History Extra, 4 November 2019  

Are you ready to traverse through time and uncover the enthralling period of Early Medieval Poetry in Anglo-Saxon Britain? Join us and our guest, Andrew Rader Hansen, a poet and law school candidate, as we journey back into the past, unearthing the captivating cultures, intricate poetry, and complex histories of this epoch often shrouded in mystery.Venture with us into the fascinating world of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Let's unravel its rich tapestry, decode the emotions, feelings, and literary tropes used in the period, and delve into the artistry of alliteration, rhyme, meter, and rhythm. We'll flirt with the enigmatic charm of an Old English riddle and compare the poetic traditions of Old English with other literary traditions such as Hebrew and Chinese poetry. As we weave through the complexities of dating Beowulf, discussing the idea of a unified Anglo-Saxon England, and the influence of Scandinavian people on the dramatic peoples, Andrew lends his unique perspective and insights. We'll grapple with the challenges of reconstructing Anglo-Saxon paganism, study what you enjoy and its practical application, and debate on the fascinating role of the papacy in the early medieval period. So, gear up for an enlightening exploration of the past, to better understand our present and future.Some of the works discussed: Slavery, Onion Poem, Bede Poem, Ruin Poem Support the showCrew:Host: C. Derick VarnAudio Producer: Paul Channel Strip ( @aufhebenkultur )Intro and Outro Music by Bitter Lake.Intro Video Design: Jason MylesArt Design: Corn and C. Derick VarnLinks and Social Media:twitter: @skepoetYou can find the additional streams on Youtube

Who are the most famous family in history? The Tudors? The Stuarts? The Osmonds? No! Wrong! Silly! Just before 1066 and all that...the Godwin Family were 'god winning' the Dark ages! Mainly through murder plotting and ACID. So join the Silliest Boys in history and Tremble at the torrid tale of the house that Earl* built... right before Anglo Saxon England got 'one in the eye' from William the Conqueror!  Vikings, Saxons, Normans and ACID** Oh and laughs! Lots of Silly Laughs!   An Earldome and a luxury hamper is winging its way to musical science man Scott Buckley ZapSplat get to marrywhich ever of us has a daughter/Hazmat first for the their sounds effects For the 78th Time we thank Lord Fast Fingers for the Intro and you kind listener for buying us a decaff juice on Ko-Fi ...  Come find us on your fave anti-social media for updates on our live shows and general boobery.  RATE and COMMENT leave THREATS on your platform! We're big boys, we can take it.    *He was an Earl, he wasn't called Earl, its a title. Stop being Silly. ** No. Behave.

Warrior princesses. Gender-bending Vikings. Nuns who were writing about orgasms and writing world-class music. This week, Dr. Janina Ramirez is taking us back to the 400s—and introducing us to the baddies of the Middle Ages. What did people think about abortions? Did Vikings really wear horned helmets? And why is this period anything but a dark age? Dr. Janina Ramirez is a cultural historian, broadcaster and author based at the University of Oxford. Her research began with a degree in English literature at Oxford, followed by an MA and PhD at the Centre for Medieval Studies in York on the art, literature and culture of Anglo-Saxon England. Her book Femina: A New History of the Middle Ages, Through the Women Written Out of It is available now! You can follow Dr. Ramirez on Instagram and Twitter @DrJaninaRamirez. Follow us on Instagram @CuriousWithJVN to join the conversation. Jonathan is on Instagram @JVN. Transcripts for each episode are available at JonathanVanNess.com. Find books from Getting Curious guests at bookshop.org/shop/curiouswithjvn. Our executive producer is Erica Getto. Our producer is Chris McClure. Our associate producer is Allison Weiss. Our engineer is Nathanael McClure. Production support from Julie Carrillo, Anne Currie, and Chad Hall. Our theme music is “Freak” by QUIÑ; for more, head to TheQuinCat.com. Curious about bringing your brand to life on the show? Email podcastadsales@sonymusic.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

It's the 13th of December, 1642, and Parliamentarian soldiers have just stormed the city of Winchester. They burst into the city's grand cathedral on horseback, and begin tearing it apart. The soldiers smash windows, burn tables and tapestries and steal anything of value. Stashed away in ornate wooden chests, they stumble across something unique - inside are the sanctified bones of English kings and queens, diligently collected over hundreds of years. But they are of no material interest to the rampaging soldiers, who turn the chests inside out and shatter many of the bones to dust.Nearly four hundred years later, Dan is joined by historian and bioarchaeologist Cat Jarman, to talk about her new book, The Bone Chests. Cat picks up this intriguing tale, and explains what the remaining fragments can tell us about the world of England's Anglo-Saxon forebears.Produced by James Hickmann and edited by Dougal Patmore.Discover the past on History Hit with ad-free original podcasts and documentaries released weekly presented by world-renowned historians like Dan Snow, Suzannah Lipscomb, Lucy Worsley, Matt Lewis, Tristan Hughes and more. Get 50% off your first 3 months with code DANSNOW. Download the app or sign up here.PLEASE VOTE NOW! for Dan Snow's History Hit in the British Podcast Awards Listener's Choice category here. Every vote counts, thank you!We'd love to hear from you! You can email the podcast at ds.hh@historyhit.com.You can take part in our listener survey here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The burial at Sutton Hoo is one of the enduring symbols of Anglo-Saxon England, but who is the man that is often said to be buried there? In this episode we take a look at the life of one King Raedwald and the famous burial that may be he enduring legacy. Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

East Anglian history poses a particular problem for historians of Anglo-Saxon England. The Kingdom of East Anglia was one of just four kingdoms still in existence when the Great Heathen Army landed in England in 865, but hardly anything written records have survived from its time as an independent kingdom, most likely due to its having suffered the bulk of the Army's initial onslaught which seemingly destroyed the kingdom's major religious and administrative centres.  Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/  YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode I dig deeper into the search for the natural social arrangement of man, with a look at The Rule of the Clan by Mark Weiner. I examine the structure of clannism and look especially at the rise of Anglo-Saxon England.

With Kent wrapped up, and while I'm working on the next part of the podcast, I wanted to do another patron request episode. I have been asked to talk a bit about good books and resources for studying Anglo-Saxon history. This episode will be more free form than others, I just going to go through what for me are some of my go to resources. Some of these are academic books, so when they are likely to be expensive I will say so and I will try to suggest good alternatives where possible.  Resources recommended in this episode: -       A Guide to Old English by B. Mitchell and F. C. Robinson -       http://www.oldenglishaerobics.net/ -       https://www.memrise.com/ -       English Historical Documents: Volume 1: c.500–1042, edited by D. Whitelock -       Councils and Synods: with other documents relating to the English Church, vol. I, part I: A.D. 871–1066, edited by D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke. -       The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles by M. Swanton -       Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford Medieval Texts), transl. and ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors -       The Complete Old English Poems (The Middle Ages Series), transl. C. Williamson -       https://oldenglishpoetry.camden.rutgers.edu/ -       The Anglo Saxon Literature Handbook by M. C Amodio -       Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary by J. R. R. Tolkien -       https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/about/index.html -       The Anglo-Saxons, ed. J. Campbell -       The Anglo-Saxon World by N. J. Higham and M. Ryan -       The Anglo-Saxons: A History of the Beginnings of England by M. Morris -       The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes, and D. Scragg -       The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society by J. Blair -       The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England by H. Mayr-Harting -       Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited, ed. M. Carver, A. Sanmark, and S. Semple -       Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England by R. Ables -       Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources, transl. S. Keynes and M. Lapidge -       Aethelstan: The First King of England by S. Foot -       Aethelred the Unready by L. Roach -       Edward the Confessor: Last of the Royal Blood by T. Licence Credits - Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How do you prepare a royal princess for the throne? In this episode, we look at the writings of two giants of Reformation humanism: Johannes Sturm and Roger Ascham, and in particular, their correspondence about Ascham's work training the future Queen Elizabeth I in Latin and Greek. Ascham himself variously tutored and served as Latin secretary to Lady Jane Grey, the woman who ordered her execution (Queen Mary), and the woman who replaced Queen Mary (Queen Elizabeth). If you think speaking dead languages is a new-fangled approach to language learning, you might be surprised at what Princess Elizabeth was doing in class.Richard M. Gamble's The Great Tradition: https://amzn.to/3Q4lRnORoger Ascham's The Scholemaster: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1844Roger Ascham's Toxophilus: https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/toxophilus/New Humanists episode on Ælfric's Colloquy: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-first-english-conversation-feat-dr-colin-gorrie/id1570296135?i=1000581249310C. P. Wormald's "The Uses of Literacy in Anglo-Saxon England and Its Neighbours": https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679189C.S. Lewis' The Abolition of Man: https://bookshop.org/a/25626/9780060652944Herodotus' Histories: https://bookshop.org/a/25626/9781400031146Shakespeare's The Tempest: https://bookshop.org/a/25626/9780743482837New Humanists is brought to you by the Ancient Language Institute: https://ancientlanguage.com/Links may have referral codes, which earn us a commission at no additional cost to you. We encourage you, when possible, to use Bookshop.org for your book purchases, an online bookstore which supports local bookstores.Music: Save Us Now by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.com

How is history written? How did women shape it? Today's episode was a great chat with Dr. Jenina Ramirez, about her just recently released book "Femina: A New History of the Middle Ages, through the Women Written Out of it." Bio: I'm a cultural historian, broadcaster and author based at the University of Oxford with a passion for communicating ideas about the past. As a lecturer and course director, I want to share ideas, information and inspiration with every student. And also open up the subject to anyone and everyone who cares to listen, through the wide reach of television, radio, publications and new media. My research began with a degree in English literature at Oxford, followed by an MA and PhD at the Centre for Medieval Studies in York on the art, literature and culture of Anglo-Saxon England. But my interests have constantly branched outwards in all directions as I have taught more broadly on everything from classical architecture to the work of Tracey Emin.  Broadcasting has allowed me to see narrative threads stretching across time and disciplines, and to find shared human concerns, themes, problems and innovations throughout time. I've lived, researched, broadcasted and published through a period of great change – the Digital Revolution – where traditional modes of communication are being replaced by new ways of interacting with audiences worldwide. I'm dedicated to embracing ideas, opportunities and advances, moving with the fast flow of modern thought.  There's one word that has appeared in every school and university report I've ever had: ‘enthusiastic'. I want to share this enthusiasm. Website - https://www.janinaramirez.co.uk/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/DrJaninaRamirez?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Artwork by Phillip Thor - https://linktr.ee/Philipthor_art  The Way Podcast - www.PodcastTheWay.com - Follow at Twitter / Instagram - @podcasttheway (Subscribe/Follow on streaming platforms and social media!) To watch the visuals with the trailer go to https://www.podcasttheway.com/trailers/ Thank you Don Grant for the Intro/Outro. Check out his podcast - https://threeinterestingthings.captivate.fm Intro guitar copied from Aiden Ayers at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UiB9FMOP5s  *The views demonstrated in this show are strictly those of The Way Podcast/Radio Show*

We have reached the energetic peak of the year. The main ancient and folkloric themes of June ritualise the human relationship to two of our primary life-givers, the sun and water. Our romance with these elements (and one another) reach a peak as the year completes its in-breath around the summer solstice. This episode outlines a faint thematic arc in historical Whitsun practices at the start of June, and Midsummer at the end, focusing especially on the folk rituals and folksong of the Baltic countries, Eastern Europe and Ireland. Purchase my new Gathering the Gods course on Thor, Odin, & Freya: fantastic-hall-390.myflodesk.com/ My excellent Midsummer Solstice / June Almanac playlist on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0gG8z6O83kpkjflUqaSMZc?si=a7a6693c091046ef The Midsummer Solstice episode of Fair Folk podcast from 2018: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1QZliHXdfHHmSVy0ySfpbv?si=fe6608a7395c4a5e “Rusalki: Anthropology of time, death, and sexuality in Slavic folklore” by Jiří Dynda https://www.academia.edu/34620531/Rusalki_Anthropology_of_time_death_and_sexuality_in_Slavic_folklore “The Mythic Sun: An Aerial Perspective” by Thomas Dubois: https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/thomas-a-dubois-the-mythic-sun-an-areal-perspective/ “Migration of Song Genres: Two Typical Lithuanian Cases” by Rytis Ambrazevičius https://bop.unibe.ch/EJM/article/view/8335 “The Midsummer Solstice As It Was, Or Was Not, Observed in Pagan Germany, Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon England” by Sandra Billington https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hX0NJJHjoicOq-5VH3kPfsQAX3NTbAtj/view?usp=sharing Music in this episode: Opening theme: "Forest March" by Sylvia Woods Buy Sylvia Woods' music: www.harpcenter.com/category/harp-cds “O Na Ivana Na Kupala” by Olexa Kabanov - Buy it: https://music.apple.com/ca/album/oh-na-ivana-na-kupala/919387915?i=919387973 “Švinta Jona Vakaralia” by Nalšia - Learn more and buy it (scroll down for English): http://www.lnkc.lt/go.php/lit/Kupole-roze-sekminiu-joniniu-dainuojamoji-tautosaka/110946 Ozolini, Ozolini by Vilkači - Buy it: https://music.apple.com/ca/album/j%C4%81nis/1201942701

Any list of the most consequential Anglo-Saxons would need to include King Æthelberht of Kent. As the king who welcomed the Augustinian Mission in 597 and gave them his protection Æthelberht was personally responsible foe the start of England's official conversion to Christianity; an event which would have massive cultural and political implications for later generations. At least that's the traditional narrative. To what extent is Æthelberht's reputation deserved? As I will show in this episode, much of what he pioneered vanished soon after his death and consequently it seems that his actual importance to early Anglo-Saxon England is somewhat overstated by later hagiography. Credits –  Music: 'Wælheall' by Hrōðmund Wōdening https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g&list=LL&index=5&ab_channel=Hr%C5%8D%C3%B0mundW%C5%8Ddening Social Media -  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/anglosaxonengland Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-Saxon-England-Podcast-110529958048053 Twitter: https://twitter.com/EnglandAnglo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anglosaxonenglandpodcast/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzyGUvYZCstptNQeWTwfQuA  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

For monks and monasteries in Anglo-Saxon England, obliteration by Vikings was a constant threat. Like Lindisfarne - first raided in 793 AD - religious houses were frequently preyed upon by marauding Danes searching for rich and easy pickings. But just how devastating were these raids? And were some monasteries capable of survival?In this episode of Gone Medieval, Dr Cat Jarman talks to Dr Gabor Thomas from the University of Reading about his research into Lyminge, a monastery in Kent that adopted genius defensive strategies to hold back the Viking menace.This episode was edited by Joseph Knight, and produced by Rob Weinberg.Read more about the latest research into Lyminge Monastery here >If you're enjoying this podcast and are looking for more fascinating Medieval content then subscribe to our Medieval Monday newsletter here.If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today! To download, go to Android or Apple store Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Dr Eleanor Parker, author of Conquered: The Last Children of Anglo-Saxon England, talks to David Musgrove about the young people whose lives were upended by the momentous change of circumstances brought about by the Norman Conquest of 1066. She reveals how exploring their stories can offer a fresh approach to studying the Normans. (Ad) Eleanor Parker is the author of Conquered: The Last Children of Anglo-Saxon England (Bloomsbury, 2022). Buy it now from Amazon:https://www.amazon.co.uk/Conquered-Parker-Eleanor/dp/1788314506/?tag=bbchistory045-21&ascsubtag=historyextra-social-histboty See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.