Podcasts about brain regions

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Play Episode Listen Later Sep 28, 2023 56:51

I see a lot of neurological cases that experience symptoms like dizziness, vertigo, lightheadedness, inability to tolerate motion, flashing lights, sounds, etc. Many of these people are not local to my area, and they are all wondering "What else can I do to help myself get better?" so I am always looking for new ways to help them.While I focus primarily on looking deeper into underlying mechanisms, root causes, neurotoxins, pathogens, gut health, autoimmunity, etc, one thing that anyone who is experiencing these symptoms can do is VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION, so we have recommended VizStim kits to many of our clients.My guest on today's episode is Dr. Ashley Contreras, the creator and founder of VizStim. She is a physical therapist who specializes in vestibular issues and vestibular rehab, and throughout her 15-year career has developed this amazing kit of exercises to help people retrain their vestibular system. It's an inexpensive, easy-to-use, at-home kit with a wide variety of different exercises, journals, and levels of difficulty designed to walk through your progress as you are retraining your vestibular system. I've used it with my kids, it's super easy to use, easy to teach, and as long as you are willing to do the exercises and put in a few minutes of rehab each day, it is AWESOME. The vestibular system is a complex system in the brain that detects how your head and body are existing in relation to their surroundings - are your eyes level with gravity, are you moving, what position are you in, etc. When those signals get disrupted, from concussions, infections, neurotoxins, spinal subluxations and other injuries, etc, even the slightest miscue in signaling can make your body feel uneasy, unstable, nauseous, like the room is moving, or can fire to the amygdala and create a lot of anxiety or fear. When this system is disrupted, it can be retrained and rewired. I discuss the vestibular system quite a bit more in podcast number 47 (Brain Regions), and we discuss this much more in this podcast episode, so listen to the episode to learn more, and check out VizStim , and follow VizStim Recovery on social media for some great tips and tricks!

Divergent patterns of healthy aging across human brain regions at single-cell resolution reveal links to neurodegenerative disease

music psychology language affect brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 1, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551097v1?rss=1 Authors: Duffy, M., Ding, J., Langston, R. G., Shah, S. I., Nalls, M. A., Scholz, S. W., Whitaker, D. T., Auluck, P. K., Gibbs, J. R., Marenco, S., Cookson, M. R. Abstract: Age is a major common risk factor underlying neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Previous studies reported that chronological age correlates with differential gene expression across different brain regions. However, prior datasets have not disambiguated whether expression associations with age are due to changes in cell numbers and/or gene expression per cell. In this study, we leveraged single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNAseq) to examine changes in cell proportions and transcriptomes in four different brain regions, each from 12 donors aged 20-30 years (young) or 60-85 years (old). We sampled 155,192 nuclei from two cortical regions (entorhinal cortex and middle temporal gyrus) and two subcortical regions (putamen and subventricular zone) relevant to neurodegenerative diseases or the proliferative niche. We found no changes in cellular composition of different brain regions with healthy aging. Surprisingly, we did find that each brain region has a distinct aging signature, with only minor overlap in differentially associated genes across regions. Moreover, each cell type shows distinct age-associated expression changes, including loss of protein synthesis genes in cortical inhibitory neurons, axonogenesis genes in excitatory neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, enhanced gliosis markers in astrocytes and disease-associated markers in microglia, and genes critical for neuron-glia communication. Importantly, we find cell type-specific enrichments of age associations with genes nominated by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in microglia that are independent of overall expression levels across cell types. We present this data as a new resource which highlights, first, region- and cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in healthy aging that may contribute to selective vulnerability and, second, provide context for testing GWAS-nominated disease risk genes in relevant subtypes and developing more targeted therapeutic strategies. The data is readily accessible without requirement for extensive computational support in a public website, https://brainexp-hykyffa56a-uc.a.run.app/ . Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

MUSIC AND LANGUAGE AFFECT SPECIFIC AND DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS

Psychology Tidbits

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 10, 2023 2:37

Metamorphosis pt. 3.2: Integration across Landscapes and Brain Regions

Fight Like An Animal

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 21, 2023 72:37

We continue the story of humanity's journey to modern thought and behavior, examining how a mosaic of both cultural and anatomical traits existed throughout Africa for ~200 thousand years. Then, this patchwork of cultures and anatomies fused, a process of integration that is also reflected in increasing brain connectivity. We see how isolated populations lose traits, but connected ones generate feedback loops of characteristically human tendencies: tolerance, social comprehension, communication, behavioral flexibility, and mobility all encourage one another. We also introduce the notion of the vocabulary of temperaments, the features such as neurotransmitters and brain regions shared by complex animal life, giving us a common language of rapid, novel responsiveness to environmental conditions, henceforth official Fight Like An Animal nomenclature.

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Intracranial electroencephalography reveals effector-independent evidence accumulation dynamics in multiple human brain regions

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Play Episode Listen Later Apr 12, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536314v1?rss=1 Authors: Gherman, S., Markowitz, N., Tostaeva, G., Espinal, E., Mehta, A. D., O'Connell, R. G., Kelly, S. P., Bickel, S. Abstract: Neural representations of perceptual decision formation that are abstracted from specific motor requirements have previously been identified in humans using non-invasive electrophysiology, however, it is currently unclear where these originate in the brain. Here, we capitalized on the high spatiotemporal precision of intracranial EEG to localize such abstract decision signals. Presurgical epilepsy patients judged the direction of random-dot stimuli and responded either with a speeded button press (N=23), or vocally, after a randomized delay (N=11). We found a widely distributed motor-independent network of regions where high-frequency activity exhibited key characteristics consistent with evidence accumulation, including a gradual build-up that was modulated by the strength of the sensory evidence, and an amplitude that predicted subjects' choice accuracy and response time. Our findings offer a new view on the brain networks governing human decision making. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Linking the evolution of two prefrontal brain regions to social and foraging challenges in primates

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 4, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.04.535524v1?rss=1 Authors: Bouret, S., Paradis, E., Prat, S., Castro, L., Gilissen, E., Garcia, C. Abstract: The diversity of cognitive skills across primates remains both a fascinating and a controversial issue. Recent comparative studies provided conflicting results regarding the contribution of social vs ecological constraints to the evolution of cognition. Here, we used an interdisciplinary approach combining comparative cognitive neurosciences and behavioral ecology. Using brain imaging data from 16 primate species, we measured the size of two prefrontal brain regions, the frontal pole (FP) and the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), respectively involved in metacognition and working memory, and examined their relation to a combination of socio-ecological variables. The size of these prefrontal regions, as well as the whole brain, was best explained by three variables: body mass, daily travelled distance (an index of ecological constraints) and population density (an index of social constraint). The strong influence of ecological constraints on FP and DLPFC volumes suggests that both metacognition and working memory are critical for foraging in primates. Interestingly, FP volume was much more sensitive to social constraints than DLPFC volume, in line with laboratory studies showing an implication of FP in complex social interactions. Thus, our data clarifies the relative weight of social vs ecological constraints on the evolution of specific prefrontal brain regions and their associated cognitive operations in primates. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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Modality of odor perception is transmitted to cortical brain regions from the olfactory bulb

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 27, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.26.530150v1?rss=1 Authors: Craft, M. F., Barreiro, A. K., Hari Gautam, S., Shew, W., Ly, C. Abstract: Odor perception is the impetus for important animal behaviors, most obviously for feeding but also for mating and communication. There are two predominate modes of odor processing: odors pass through the front of the nose (orthonasal) while inhaling and sniffing, or through the rear (retronasal) during exhalation and while eating. Despite the importance of olfaction for an animal's well-being and specifically that ortho and retro naturally occur, it is unknown how the modality (ortho versus retro) is even transmitted to cortical brain regions, which could significantly affect how odors are processed and perceived. We show mitral cell neurons in the rat olfactory bulb reliably transmit ortho versus retro food odor stimuli. Drug manipulations affecting GABAA that control synaptic inhibition lead to worse decoding of ortho/retro, independent of whether overall inhibition increases or decreases, suggesting that the olfactory bulb circuit is naturally structured to encode this important aspect of odors. Detailed data analysis paired with a firing rate model to capture population trends in spiking statistics shows how this circuit with baseline inhibition can encode odor modality. We have not only shown that ortho versus retro information is encoded to downstream brain regions, but models and analyses reveal the network dynamics that promotes this encoding. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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Endothelial Cells are Heterogeneous in Different Brain Regions and are Dramatically Altered in Alzheimer's Disease

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 16, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528825v1?rss=1 Authors: Bryant, A. G., Li, Z., Jayakumar, R., Serrano-Pozo, A., Woost, B., Hu, M., Woodbury, M. E., Wachter, A., Lin, G., Kwon, T., Talanian, R. V., Biber, K., Karran, E. H., Hyman, B. T., Das, S., Bennett, R. E. Abstract: Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining brain health, but their contribution to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is obscured by limited understanding of the cellular heterogeneity in normal aged brain and in disease. To address this, we performed single nucleus RNAseq on tissue from 32 AD and non-AD donors each with five cortical regions: entorhinal cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, visual association cortex and primary visual cortex. Analysis of 51,586 endothelial cell nuclei revealed unique gene expression patterns across the five regions in non-AD donors. Alzheimer's brain endothelial cell nuclei were characterized by upregulated protein folding genes and distinct transcriptomic differences in response to amyloid beta plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This dataset demonstrates previously unrecognized regional heterogeneity in the endothelial cell transcriptome in both aged non-AD and AD brain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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The proteomic landscape of synaptic diversity across brain regions and cell types

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 27, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.525780v1?rss=1 Authors: van Oostrum, M., Blok, T., Giandomenico, S. L., tom Dieck, S., Tushev, G., Fuerst, N., Langer, J. D., Schuman, E. M. Abstract: Brain function relies on communication via neuronal synapses. Neurons build and diversify synaptic contacts using different protein combinations that define the specificity, function and plasticity potential of synapses. More than a thousand proteins have been globally identified in both pre- and postsynaptic compartments, providing substantial potential for synaptic diversity. While there is ample evidence of diverse synaptic structures, states or functional properties, the diversity of the underlying individual synaptic proteomes remains largely unexplored. Here we used 7 different Cre-driver mouse lines crossed with a floxed mouse line in which the presynaptic terminals were fluorescently labeled (SypTOM) to identify the proteomes that underlie synaptic diversity. We combined microdissection of 5 different brain regions with fluorescent-activated synaptosome sorting to isolate and analyze using quantitative mass spectrometry 18 types of synapses and their underlying synaptic proteomes. We discovered ~1800 unique synapse-enriched proteins and allocated thousands of proteins to different types of synapses. We identify commonly shared synaptic protein modules and highlight the hotspots for proteome specialization. A protein-protein correlation network classifies proteins into modules and their association with synaptic traits reveals synaptic protein communities that correlate with either neurotransmitter glutamate or GABA. Finally, we reveal specializations and commonalities of the striatal dopaminergic proteome and outline the proteome diversity of synapses formed by parvalbumin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing cortical interneuron subtypes, highlighting proteome signatures that relate to their functional properties. This study opens the door for molecular systems biology analysis of synapses and provides a framework to integrate proteomic information for synapse subtypes of interest with cellular or circuit-level experiments. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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Paternal morphine exposure enhances morphine self-administration and induces region-specific neural adaptations in reward-related brain regions of male offspring

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 4, 2023

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522600v1?rss=1 Authors: Toussaint, A. B., Ellis, A. S., Bongiovanni, A. R., Peterson, D. R., Bavley, C. C., Karbalaei, R., Mayberry, H. L., Bhakta, S., Dressler, C. C., Imperio, C. G., Maurer, J. J., Schmidt, H. D., Chen, C., Bland, K., Liu-Chen, L.-Y., Wimmer, M. E. Abstract: Background: A growing body of preclinical studies report that preconceptional experiences can have a profound and long-lasting impact on adult offspring behavior and physiology. However, less is known about paternal drug exposure and its effects on reward sensitivity in the next generation. Methods: Adult male rats self-administered morphine for 65 days; controls received saline. Sires were bred to drug-naive dams to produce first-generation (F1) offspring. Morphine, cocaine, and nicotine self-administration were measured in adult F1 progeny. Molecular correlates of addiction-like behaviors were measured in reward-related brain regions of drug naive F1 offspring. Results: Male, but not female offspring produced by morphine-exposed sires exhibited dose-dependent increased morphine self-administration and increased motivation to earn morphine infusions under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. This phenotype was drug-specific as self-administration of cocaine, nicotine, and sucrose were not altered by paternal morphine history. The male offspring of morphine-exposed sires also had increased expression of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area but not in the nucleus accumbens. Conclusions: Paternal morphine exposure increased morphine addiction-like behavioral vulnerability in male but not female progeny. This phenotype is likely driven by long-lasting neural adaptations within the reward neural brain pathways. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is Associated with Increased Engagement of Frontal Brain Regions Across Multiple Event Related Potentials

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 5, 2022

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.05.515279v1?rss=1 Authors: Perera, M. P. N., Mallawaarachchi, S., Bailey, N. W., Murphy, O. W., Fitzgerald, P. B. Abstract: Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition leading to significant distress and poor quality of life. Successful treatment of OCD is restricted by the limited knowledge about its pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiology of OCD using electroencephalographic (EEG) event related potentials (ERP), elicited from multiple tasks to characterise disorder-related differences in underlying brain activity across multiple neural processes. Methods: ERP data were obtained from 25 OCD patients and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) by recording EEG during Flanker and Go/Nogo tasks. Error-related negativity (ERN) was elicited by the Flanker task, while N200 and P300 were generated using the Go/Nogo task. Primary comparisons of the neural response amplitudes and the topographical distribution of neural activity were conducted using scalp field differences across all time points and electrodes. Results: Compared to HC, the OCD group showed altered ERP distributions. Contrasting with the previous literature on ERN and N200 topographies in OCD where fronto-central negative voltages were reported, we detected positive voltages. Additionally, the P300 was found to be less negative in the frontal regions. None of these ERP findings were associated with OCD symptom severity. Conclusions: These results indicate that individuals with OCD show altered frontal neural activity across multiple executive function related processes, supporting the frontal dysfunction theory of OCD. Furthermore, due to the lack of association between altered ERPs and OCD symptom severity, they may be considered potential candidate endophenotypes for OCD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

048 - How to Support Your Brain - part 4 of 4 - BRAIN SOLUTIONS

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 2, 2022 57:24

Autoimmune Doc Supplement Store Limbic System and Cell Danger Response Video Binaural Beats VideoHere is the final episode in my 4-part series on the brain - Brain Solutions. This episode ties together the previous 3 episodes: you have to understand some of the general targets you are aiming at - neuroinflammation, methylation, oxygenation, low omega 3s - that is episode one, Brain Overview. Next you have to understand the neurotransmitters - dopamine, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine - this is episode two. Last, you have to understand the brain regions - the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, cerebellum - this is episode three, Brain Regions. NOW, you can choose your tools from the solutions tool box, and that is what this episode is all about. In this episode I focus on the tools that I personally use, which are typically inexpensive and non-invasive, but I also give my opinion on several other options that are out there available for people who can access them, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and neurofeedback. Many of these solutions are the specific supplements that I suggest to support neuroinflammation or neurotransmitters, when I might recommend using them, and how I would use them, but I also discuss other tools for vagus nerve stimulation, vestibular rehabilitation, and more. There are a lot of options out there and a lot of opinions, I hope this helps you choose the right tools for you. Purchase TENS Devices, supplements, and more at our online supplement store!Schedule a New Client Consultation with me HERE.

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047 - How to Support Your Brain - part 3 of 4 - BRAIN REGIONS

gaba limbic system brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 30, 2022 57:55

Here is episode #3 in my series on brain health.....let's recap.The brain is complex. There are important mechanisms (neuroinflammation), functions (neuronal signaling), neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, GABA), and regions that are helpful to understand for those out there trying to support their brain or support a certain symptom such as brain fog or heightened anxiety. The first episode was about general brain health, the second was about neurotransmitters and their functions, and this episode is about specific brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. For example, the amygdala is part of the brain's Limbic System. The amygdala is the "fear center" and increased amygdala activity is associated with heightened anxiety....but the neurotransmitters involved may be epinephrine and GABA, and the mechanism may be microglial neuroinflammation, which may be triggered by mast cell activation, and the underlying cause(s) could be gut inflammation, it could be a traumatic childhood, or it could be mold toxins, or gluten, or it could be a combination, and it's always a combination of factors that need to be addressed. Understanding these brain regions and their functions can give you options (that aren't just supplements...) for training or rehabilitating a specific area, such as specific exercises you can easily do at home, or avoiding gluten and dairy to avoid cerebellar cross-reactivity. My next episode will tie all of these brain puzzle pieces together. It's all about brain solutions (which I give a lot of in this episode as well...), including all the supplements, brain exercise programs, and dietary strategies that I employ when trying to help someone support their brain health and function, and all of the options available and when or why you might consider using them. Enjoy! Leave a rating and review, and share this with a friend or family member with a brain!

Visual Occlusions Result in Phase Synchrony Within Multiple Brain Regions Involved in Sensory Processing and Balance Control

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 30, 2022

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.28.514058v1?rss=1 Authors: Symeonidou, E.-R., Ferris, D. Abstract: There is a need to develop appropriate balance training interventions to minimize the risk of falls. Recently, we found that intermittent visual occlusions can substantially improve the effectiveness and retention of balance beam walking practice (Symeonidou and Ferris 2022). We sought to determine how the intermittent visual occlusions affect electrocortical activity during beam walking. We hypothesized that areas involved in sensorimotor processing and balance control would demonstrate spectral power changes and inter-trial coherence modulations after loss and restoration of vision. Ten healthy young adults practiced walking on a treadmill-mounted balance beam while wearing high-density EEG and experiencing reoccurring visual occlusions. Results revealed spectral power fluctuations and inter-trial coherence changes in the visual, occipital, temporal, and sensorimotor cortex as well as the posterior parietal cortex and the anterior cingulate. We observed a prolonged alpha increase in the occipital, temporal, sensorimotor, and posterior parietal cortex after the occlusion onset. In contrast, the anterior cingulate showed a strong alpha and theta increase after the occlusion offset. We observed transient phase synchrony in the alpha, theta, and beta bands within the sensory, posterior parietal, and anterior cingulate cortices immediately after occlusion onset and offset. Our results provide support for cross-modal phase resetting and enhanced processing in areas involved in sensory processing and balance control as an explanation for increased long-term balance improvement when training with intermittent visual occlusions. Our training intervention could be implemented in senior and rehabilitation centers, improving the quality of life of elderly and neurologically impaired individuals. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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The integrity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic brain regions is associated with different aspects of late-life memory performance

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Play Episode Listen Later Oct 17, 2022

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.12.511748v1?rss=1 Authors: Dahl, M. J., Bachman, S. L., Dutt, S., Duezel, S., Bodammer, N. C., Lindenberger, U., Kuehn, S., Werkle-Bergner, M., Mather, M. Abstract: Researchers have identified changes in dopaminergic neuromodulation as playing a key role in adult memory decline. Facilitated by technical advancements, recent research has also implicated noradrenergic neuromodulation in shaping late-life memory development. However, it is not yet clear whether these two neuromodulators have distinct roles in age-related cognitive changes. Combining longitudinal high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the dopaminergic substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), we found that dopaminergic and noradrenergic integrity are differentially associated with individual differences in younger (n = 69) and older adults' (n = 251) memory performance. While LC integrity was related to better episodic memory across several memory tasks, SN-VTA integrity was linked to working memory. Moreover, consistent with their dense interconnection and a largely shared biosynthesis, dopaminergic and noradrenergic brain regions' integrity were positively related, and correlated with medial temporal lobe volumes. Longitudinally, we found that older age was associated with more-negative change in SN-VTA and LC integrity (time point 1--time point 2; mean delay ~1.9 years). Importantly, changes in LC integrity reliably predicted future episodic memory performance (at time point 3). These findings support the feasibility of in-vivo indices for catecholaminergic integrity with potential clinical utility, given the degeneration of both neuromodulatory systems in several age-associated diseases. Moreover, they highlight differential roles of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuromodulatory nuclei in late-life cognitive decline. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Mapping the glial transcriptome in Huntington's disease using snRNAseq: Selective disruption of glial signatures across brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 10, 2022

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.10.507291v1?rss=1 Authors: Boestrand, S. M. K., Seeker, L. A., Kazakou, N.-L., Bestard-Cuche, N., Jaekel, S., Kenkhuis, B., Henderson, N. C., de Bot, S. T., van Roon-Mom, W., Priller, J., Williams, A. Abstract: Huntington's disease (HD) is a severely debilitating, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease with a fatal outcome. There is accumulating evidence of a prominent role of glia in the pathology of HD, and we investigated this by conducting single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) of human post mortem brain in four differentially affected regions; caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Across 127,205 nuclei from people with HD, and age/sex matched controls, we found heterogeneity of glia which is altered in HD. We describe prominent changes in the abundance of certain subtypes of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes between HD and control samples, and these differences are widespread across brain regions. Furthermore, we highlight two possible mechanisms that characterise the glial contribution to disease pathology. Firstly, we show that upregulation of molecular chaperones represents a cross-glial signature in HD, which likely reflects an adaptive response to the accumulation of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT). Secondly, we show an oligodendrocyte-specific upregulation of the calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A (PDE1A) in HD brain compared to controls, which may cause dysfunction of key cellular functions due to the downregulation of the important second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Our results support the hypothesis that glia have an important role in the pathology of HD, and show that all types of glia are affected in the disease. As glia are more tractable to treat than neurons, our findings may be of therapeutic relevance. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

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Transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscapes across 25 distinct human brain regions expand the susceptibility gene set for neuropsychiatric disorders

blood supply brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 4, 2022

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.02.506419v1?rss=1 Authors: Dong, P., Bendl, J., Misir, R., Shao, Z., Edelstien, J., Davis, D. A., Haroutunian, V., Scott, W. K., Acker, S., Lawless, N., Hoffman, G. E., Fullard, J. F., Roussos, P. Abstract: Brain region- and cell-specific transcriptomic and epigenomic molecular features are associated with heritability for neuropsychiatric traits, but a systematic view, considering cortical and subcortical regions, is lacking. Here, we provide an atlas of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei across 25 distinct human cortical and subcortical brain regions from 6 neurotypical controls. We identified extensive gene expression and chromatin accessibility differences across brain regions, including variation in alternative promoter-isoform usage and enhancer-promoter interactions. Genes with distinct promoter-isoform usage across brain regions are strongly enriched for neuropsychiatric disease risk variants. Using an integrative approach, we characterized the function of the brain region-specific chromatin co-accessibility and gene-coexpression modules that are robustly associated with genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, we identified a novel set of genes that is enriched for disease risk variants but is independent of cell-type specific gene expression and known susceptibility pathways. Our results provide a valuable resource for studying molecular regulation across multiple regions of the human brain and suggest a unique contribution of epigenetic modifications from subcortical areas to neuropsychiatric disorders. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Exploring Blood Supply to Different Brain Regions with Dr Yongsoo Kim

Brain Explained

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 16, 2022 57:26

Come at listen to the latest episode of Brain Explained where we explore research looking into blood flow across the brain. A relatively new and very important area o research that is opening up so many findings. The paper Dr YongSoo lab website Dr YongSoo's Twitter Brain Explained website Brain Explained Twitter

Brain Regions Involved in Fever and Illness with Dr Jessica Osterhout

Brain Explained

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 16, 2022 52:42

New neurons have been discovered that generate fever and illness in the brain. Want to learn more about them and how they where discovered then listen in to the latest podcast episode. Dr Jessica Osterhout's Twitter Dr Jessica Osterhout's University Profile The Paper Brain Explained Twitter Brain Explained Website

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Lesions in 3 Brain Regions Can Help Distinguish MS & Upgrading a Cane

MS News & Perspectives

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 8, 2022 9:02

Multiple Sclerosis News Today's multimedia associate, Price Wooldridge, reads a news article on how lesions in three specific brain regions may help distinguish people with MS from those with other inflammatory brain diseases He also reads “Another Busted Cane Leads to a Search for Something Better” from Ed Tobias' column "The MS Wire." =================================== Are you interested in learning more about multiple sclerosis? If so, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/ ===================================== To join in on conversations regarding multiple sclerosis, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/forums/

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Inflammation may reshape brain regions tied to autism

autism inflammation tied reshape spokenlayer brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later May 18, 2022 6:57

Having a genetic predisposition to inflammation is linked to structural changes in brain regions implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions. The post Inflammation may reshape brain regions tied to autism appeared first on Spectrum | Autism Research News.

Hwamee Oh, Brown University – Why Some Brain Regions and Cognitive Functions Are More Vulnerable to Aging

The Academic Minute

Play Episode Listen Later May 12, 2022 2:30

On Brown University Week: Detecting Alzheimer's early on is key. Hwamee Oh, assistant professor in the department of psychiatry and human behavior and cognitive, linguistics and psychological sciences, determines one way to do so. Dr. Hwamee Oh is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences […]

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Inflammation may reshape brain regions tied to autism

autism inflammation tied reshape brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later May 6, 2022 6:57

Having a genetic predisposition to inflammation is linked to structural changes in brain regions implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions.

Inflammation may reshape brain regions tied to autism

autism inflammation tied reshape brain regions

Play Episode Listen Later May 6, 2022 6:57

Having a genetic predisposition to inflammation is linked to structural changes in brain regions implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions.

034 - Anxiety, Neuroinflammation, and Autoimmunity - 10 Big Things

The Science of Psychotherapy

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2022 54:37

Anxiety was escalating at a rapid rate before 2020, and now it's just crazy. Long-haulers, mandates, lockdowns, wars, masks, headlines, our kids.....let's just say it isn't expected to get any better anytime soon, hence counseling services are increasing, doctors visits and prescriptions are increasing, but so are people searching for information and trying to solve their anxiety puzzle without medications, on their own. There are tons of options for medications, supplements, and general advice out there - where do you turn and what do you do?? Understand the mechanisms of anxiety, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS PROVIDE SOLUTIONS!I have at least 20 things in my Vitamin Store that I have used in my clinic that have helped people tremendously with anxiety, including magnesium, CBD, L-theanine, B6 and other B vitamins, keto diet, avoiding gluten or dairy, binders, methyl donors, sauna, herbs for pathogens, probiotics, adaptogens, vagus nerve stimulation. Some of these people were mold, Lyme, EBV, IBS, or autoimmune disease patients with a list of 10+ other symptoms, but some were kids, moms, dads, people who just dealt with a lot of anxiety but otherwise had few complaints. It can happen to anybody. What are the mechanisms for YOU?? Here is a list of 10 things you need to know about when searching for the next clue to solve your health puzzle:1. Mitochondria - the batteries behind it all!! Also the cause behind it all.....listen to episodes 30, 31, 32 for more info on mitochondria but you have a QUADRILLION of them in your brain, so they are kinda important.....2. Brain Cells - Neurons vs. Microglia vs. Mast Cells vs. Astrocytes.....you don't need to know everything, but a little bit about each one can help!3. Brain Regions - limbic regions - amygdala, insula, hippocampus, hypothalamus; cerebellar-vestibular regions4. Neurotransmitters - GABA/Glutamate, Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetycholine, Epinephrine, Norepipheprine5. Hormones - HPA Axis (adrenals), Thyroid, Androgens, Estrogens, and most importantly Cortisol 6. Blood-Brain-Barrier - protector of the brain - damaged by head traumas, glutathione depletion, histamine, gut inflammation and permeability (leaky gut)7. Dysfunctional Pathways - Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS), LPS, Mast Cell Activation, Kynurenine Pathway, Methylation, NO/ONOO, iNOS, excitotoxins (MSG, red 40), EMF radiation8. Nervous System Balance - Sympathetic/Parasympathetic balance - "fight or flight" vs. "rest and digest"9. Mitophagy/Autophagy - the clearing of "junk" from the brain10. Autoimmunity! - Self-tissue antibodies against things like GAD-65, cerebellum, thyroid, Myelin Basic Protein, Synapsin, Asiologanglioside, etcThese are 10 heavy topics!! But they are all important. You don't need to know everything about them, but knowing a little bit about each topic can help you figure out a bit more what's going on in your brain!

U.K. study says COVID-19 can shrink some brain regions.

Jeff McArthur

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 8, 2022 7:58

Jeff McArthur talks with Dr Peter Juni, Scientific Director of Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table since July 2020 about a U.K. study that says COVID-19 can shrink some brain regions: AND COVID-19: Florida advises against vaccines for healthy kids.

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Jennifer Sweeton talks about brain regions and therapy

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 16, 2021 43:46

Today we talk with clinical and forensic psychologist Dr Jennifer Sweeton. Originally trained as a neuroscientist, Dr. Sweeton is a best-selling author in clinical psychology, and internationally-recognized expert on trauma and the neuroscience of mental health. We talk with her about her latest book Eight Key Brain Areas of Mental Health and Illness. You can find out more about Dr Sweeton at jennifersweeton.com Thanks for listening! Support us by becoming a subscriber to The Science of Psychotherapy Academy! Please leave a review! (Reviews are fabulously important to us! On your podcast player you should find an option to review at the bottom of the main page for the podcast - after the list of available episodes) - Here's a link for iTunes. And please subscribe to our show! You can also find our podcast at: The Science of Psychotherapy Podcast Homepage If you want more great science of Psychotherapy please visit our website thescienceofpsychotherapy.com - and get the app! Details in the footer of our site. Grab a copy of our latest book! The Practitioner's Guide to the Science of Psychotherapy

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What proportion of the brain stores memory?

Question of the Week - From the Naked Scientists

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 16, 2021 3:22

Dave got in touch with The Naked Scientists to ask, "How much of the brain is memory?" This week Harrison Lewis only just remembered to get in touch with Amy Milton from the University of Cambridge. Thank goodness he did, as Amy has extensive experience wrapping her head around this brain teaser... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

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JATCast | Neuroplasticity in Corticolimbic Brain Regions After ACL Reconstruction

JAT Podcasts

Play Episode Listen Later May 17, 2021 8:56

Dr. Luke Donovan summarizes the article "Neuroplasticity in Corticolimbic Brain Regions in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction" by Dr. Shelby Baez and colleagues. This article is featured in the April issue of the Journal of Athletic Training. Article link: https://bit.ly/32D9GaC

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CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT SENSITIZES BRAIN REGIONS TO LATER LIFE TRAUMA

Psychology Tidbits

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 7, 2021 2:44

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Transmission delays and frequency detuning can regulate information flow between brain regions

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Play Episode Listen Later Jul 9, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.09.194969v1?rss=1 Authors: Aref Pariz, Ingo Fischer, Alireza Valizadeh, Claudio Mirasso Abstract: Brain networks exhibit very variable and dynamical functional connectivity and flexible configurations of information exchange despite their overall fixed structure (connectome). Brain oscillations are hypothesized to underlie time-dependent functional connectivity by periodically changing the excitability of neural populations. In this paper, we investigate the role that the connection delay and the frequency detuning between different neural populations play in the transmission of signals. Based on numerical simulations and analytical arguments, we show that the amount of information transfer between two oscillating neural populations can be determined solely by their connection delay and the mismatch in their oscillation frequencies. Our results highlight the role of the collective phase response curve of the oscillating neural populations for the efficacy of signal transmission and the quality of the information transfer in brain networks.Author summary Collective dynamics in brain networks is characterized by a coordinated activity of their constituent neurons that lead to brain oscillations. Many evidences highlight the role that brain oscillations play in signal transmission, the control of the effective communication between brain areas and the integration of information processed by different specialized regions. Oscillations periodically modulate the excitability of neurons and determine the response those areas receiving the signals. Based on the communication trough coherence (CTC) theory, the adjustment of the phase difference between local oscillations of connected areas can specify the timing of exchanged signals and therefore, the efficacy of the communication channels. An important factor is the delay in the transmission of signals from one region to another that affects the phase difference and timing, and consequently the impact of the signals. Despite this delay plays an essential role in CTC theory, its role has been mostly overlooked in previous studies. In this manuscript, we concentrate on the role that the connection delay and the oscillation frequency of the populations play in the signal transmission, and consequently in the effective connectivity, between two brain areas. Through extensive numerical simulations, as well as analytical results with reduced models, we show that these parameters have two essential impacts on the effective connectivity of the neural networks: First, that the populations advancing in phase to others do not necessarily play the role of the information source; and second, that the amount and direction of information transfer dependents on the oscillation frequency of the populations.View Full Text Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Ep 11: Brain Regions & Neural Functions Critical to Conscious States w/ Dr Jay Giedd On Consciousness

On Consciousness with Bernard Baars

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 30, 2020 21:24

"Episodic memory involves conscious experiences being encoded. Same goes for semantic and autobiographical memories. All varieties of memories come in through conscious moments of recall. So, I think that consciousness is the means by which any kinds of memories are established."- Bernard Baars, PhD, originator of global workspace theory and global workspace dynamics, former Senior Fellow in Theoretical Neurobiology at the Neurosciences Institute in La Jolla, CA, editor in Chief of the Society for MindBrain Sciences, and a recipient of the 2019 Hermann von Helmholtz Life Contribution Award by the International Neural Network Society.EPISODE 11: Roundtable Part Four "Brain Regions and Neural Functions Critical to Conscious States" In the final episode of their roundtable talks, originator of Global Workspace Theory Bernard Baars, neuroscientist David Edelman, and developmental neuropsychiatrist Dr. Jay Giedd conclude their discussion by analyzing the brain areas which are critical for higher brain function, neuroimaging techniques associated with detecting conscious experiences, and the possible existence of consciousness in non-mammalian animals. Get your 40% Discount for your copy of Bernie Baars' acclaimed new book On Consciousness: Science & Subjectivity - Updated Works on Global Workspace TheoryGO TO: https://shop.thenautiluspress.com/collections/baars APPLY DISCOUNT CODE AT CHECKOUT: "PODCASTVIP" Talking Points00:03 – Introduction by David Edelman02:09 – The Role of Thalamus and Cortex in Higher Brain Processing08:08 – Is Memory Fundamental to Consciousness12:14 – Brain Variations Between Mammals and Other Animals16:22 – Differences Between Sleep and Awake States in the Human Brain Summary of the ConversationIn this absorbing episode of ‘On Consciousness,’ Bernard Baars, David Edelman, and developmental neuropsychiatrist Dr. Jay Giedd initiate the conversation by considering the functional aspects of the brain that are believed to be absolutely critical to consciousness.Bernie, Jay, and David ponder the role of cortex and thalamus in higher brain function, including conscious processing. Bernie underlines the problem of considering the linkage between thalamus and cortex as merely a simple feedback loop. From an engineering perspective, this sort of circuit could not possibly work as such an arrangement would inevitably, as Bernie puts it, lead to effective failure of the thalamocortical circuit. Instead, it seems to be the case that the cortex functions in a state of near-criticality. As Jay indicates, this implies that the cortex is always at a tipping point, i.e., close to a phase transition and “always ready to be influenced.”Elucidating the neurobiology of consciousness has been somewhat hindered by technical hurdles. But, despite the spatial and temporal limitations of current neurophysiological and imaging technologies, David observes that certain aspects of brain anatomy—including cortex and thalamus—have been established as the sine qua non of conscious experience in mammals. In an optimistic vein, Jay offers that new combinations of existing techniques (such as MEG, EEG, and fMRI) may soon yield a much clearer picture.Next, Edelman, Baars, and Giedd consider the idea that certain higher neural processes are central to consciousness, even though those processes may often function independently of any state of awareness. Memory, which seems to be fundamental to conscious experience, is one such process. While memory and recall figure prominently in conscious experience, it’s certainly the case that some varieties of memory are regularly engaged during non-conscious states and behaviors.The trio concludes the conversation by reflecting on the prospect of consciousness as a biological phenomenon. Additionally, they consider the possibility of consciousness in animals distant from the mammalian line and as it is the case of the octopus, a creature separated from the vertebrate radiation by more than half a billion years. The octopus as a possible test case for consciousness beyond the realm of vertebrates is particularly tantalizing, given that, unlike mammals, it has neither a cerebral cortex nor a thalamus. BiosDr. Jay GieddChair of child psychiatry at Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego and director of child and adolescent psychiatry, Dr. Giedd is also a professor of psychiatry at UCSD School of Medicine, and professor in the Dept of Population, Family and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Giedd was chief of the Section on Brain Imaging, Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). His widely published research and expertise evaluates how the child's brain develops in health and illness, the factors that influence development and how to optimize treatments to take advantage of the child's changing brain. Jay and his award winning work were featured in the PBS 2 part series "Brains on Trial" hosted by Alan Alda. David Edelman, PhD: A neuroscientist and currently Visiting Scholar in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College, David has taught neuroscience at the University of San Diego and UCSD. He was Professor of Neuroscience at Bennington College until 2014 and visiting professor in the Dept of Psychology, CUNY Brooklyn College from 2015-2017.He has conducted research in a wide range of areas, including mechanisms of gene regulation, the relationship between mitochondrial transport and brain activity, and visual perception in the octopus. A longstanding interest in the neural basis of consciousness led him to consider the importance—and challenge—of disseminating a more global view of brain function to a broad audience.Bernard Baars is best known as the originator of global workspace theory and global workspace dynamics, a theory of human cognitive architecture, the cortex and consciousness. Bernie is a former Senior Fellow in Theoretical Neurobiology at the Neurosciences Institute in La Jolla, CA, and Editor in Chief of the Society for MindBrain Sciences. He is author of many scientific papers, articles, essays, chapters, and acclaimed books and textbooks. Bernie is the recipient of the 2019 Hermann von Helmholtz Life Contribution Award by the International Neural Network Society, which recognizes work in perception proven to be paradigm changing and long-lasting. He teaches science. It keeps him out of trouble. *Watch Episode 11 on Our YouTube Channel!#podbean #podcast #spotify #itunes #podcasting #podcastlife #stitcher #podcasts #applepodcasts #googleplay #youtube #podcasters #podcaster #soundcloud #podcastshow #newpodcast #googlepodcasts #applepodcast #iheartradio #spotifypodcast #itunespodcast #podcastmovement #entertainment #castbox #radio #subscribe #listen #neuroscience #psychology #brain #globalworkspace #gwt #bernardbaars #davidedelman #jaygiedd #brainscience #sciencepodcast #science

Effects of gonadectomy and androgen on neuronal plasticity in motivation and reward related brain regions in the male rat

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 24, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.23.166777v1?rss=1 Authors: Huijgens, P. T., Snoeren, E. M. S., Meisel, R. L., Mermelstein, P. G. Abstract: Gonadal hormones affect neuronal morphology to ultimately regulate behavior. Here, we investigated the effect of both castration and androgen replacement on spine plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell and core (NAcSh and NAcC), caudate putamen (CPu), medial amygdala (MeA), and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Intact and castrated (GDX) male rats were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 1.5mg) or vehicle (oil) in 3 experimental groups: intact-oil, GDX-oil and GDX-DHT. Spine density and morphology, measured 24 hours after injection, were determined through 3D reconstruction of DiI-labeled dendritic segments. GDX decreased spine density in the MPN, which was rescued by DHT treatment. MeA spine density increased in GDX-DHT animals compared to intact-oil animals. In the NAcSh, DHT decreased spine density, and also rapidly increased the number of pCREB+ cell bodies. These findings indicate that androgen signaling plays a role in the regulation of spine plasticity within neurocircuits involved in motivated behaviors. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

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Intracranial recordings reveal ubiquitous in-phase and in-antiphase functional connectivity between homologous brain regions in humans

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 20, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.19.162065v1?rss=1 Authors: O'Reilly, C., Elsabbagh, M. Abstract: Whether neuronal populations exhibit zero-lag (in-phase or in-antiphase) functional connectivity is a fundamental question when conceptualizing communication between cell assemblies. It also has profound implications on how we assess such interactions. Given that the brain is a delayed network due to the finite conduction velocity of the electrical impulses traveling across its fibers, the existence of zero-lag functional connectivity may be considered improbable. However, in this study, using intracranial recordings we demonstrate that most inter-hemispheric connectivity between homologous cerebral regions is zero-lagged and that this type of connectivity is ubiquitous. Volume conduction can be safely discarded as a confounding factor since it is known to drop almost completely within short inter-electrode distances (< 20 mm) in intracranial recordings. This finding should guide future electrophysiological connectivity studies and highlight the importance of considering the role of zero-lag connectivity in our understanding of communication between cell assemblies. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

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Antagonism Between Brain Regions Relevant for Cognitive Control and Emotional Memory Facilitates the Generation of Humorous Ideas

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Play Episode Listen Later Jun 4, 2020

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.03.131417v1?rss=1 Authors: Bitsch, F., Berger, P., Fink, A., Nagels, A., Straube, B., Falkenberg, I. Abstract: The ability to generate humor gives rise to positive emotions and thus facilitate the successful resolution of adversity. Although there is consensus that inhibitory processes might be related to broaden the way of thinking, the neural underpinnings of these mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a humorous alternative uses task and a stroop task, to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying the emergence of humorous ideas in 24 subjects. Neuroimaging results indicate that greater cognitive control abilities are associated with increased activation in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the superior and medial frontal gyrus during the generation of humorous ideas. Examining the neural mechanisms more closely shows that the downregulation of frontal brain regions is associated with an upregulation in the amygdala, which is concurrently linked with an increased number of humorous ideas and enhanced amygdala responses during the task. Our data therefore suggests that a neural antagonism previously related to the emergence and regulation of negative affective responses, is linked with the generation of emotionally positive ideas and may represent an important neural pathway supporting mental health. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Visual, sensory brain regions in autistic children may have weak links

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Play Episode Listen Later Apr 22, 2020 3:54

Areas of the brain involved in processing vision are more weakly connected to those that process sensory information in autistic children than in controls, according to a new study.

Learning Difficulties Caused by Poor Connectivity in Brain Regions, Study Says

レアジョブ英会話 Daily News Article Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 9, 2020 2:25

A new study by University of Cambridge scientists found that learning difficulties in children are caused by poor connectivity in brain regions. Data shows that around 14 to 30% of children and teens around the world need special assistance because of learning difficulties. These difficulties include dyslexia—a reading disorder—and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—a condition that affects a person's impulses and self-control. Other scientists have attempted to determine specific brain regions that may possibly cause the learning difficulties. However, the new study hypothesized that no specific brain region causes these difficulties. To test their hypothesis, the University of Cambridge scientists scanned the brains of nearly 480 children. Over 330 of them had learning problems in areas like vocabulary, listening, and problem-solving. The scientists used machine learning to interpret data from the scans. The data was then categorized according to the children's cognitive abilities. The scientists found that children's brains were organized around a network of brain areas or “hubs.” Children whose brains had well-connected hubs appeared to have higher cognitive skills. On the other hand, children with poorly connected brain hubs had more cognitive problems. Thus, the scientists concluded that the level of connectivity among the hubs is a strong indicator of children's cognitive skills. According to the scientists, interventions for learning disabilities should focus less on making a diagnosis because not all diagnoses can explain the reasons for a child's learning difficulties. To support struggling children, the scientists advised creating a broad range of interventions suitable for many. Another option is to create tailor-made interventions that utilize children's skills to address their difficulties.

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Visual, sensory brain regions in autistic children may have weak links