Podcasts about tio2

Fresh from the European Coatings Show 2025 in Nuremberg, Germany, ICIS looks over the key talking points and challenges facing the key sectors.The main challenges are the ongoing sluggish demand, coupled with the wider geopolitical volatility and economic headwinds.Attending ECS '25 for ICIS and speaking on this podcast are: Mathew Jolin-Beech on acrylic acid (AA), acrylate esters, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) Jane Gibson on phenol, acetone, and refinery solvents Nick Cleeve on isopropanol (IPA), Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM), Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK), Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Heidi Finch on TIO2 and epoxy resins

Dr. Guerry Grune. Guerry is a surfer and chemical engineer. His surfer life revealed the dangers of excessive sun exposure and his chemistry knowledge revealed the dangers of toxic chemicals and hormone disruptors in cosmetics. this inspired him to figure a way to make a safe sunscreen that actually worked, applied easily, and lasted in the water. Through his efforts he developed such a product and named it "3rd Rock Sunblock" with the help of his 13 year old daughter. Eventually the creation of additional products with the same standards bloomed into 3rd Rock Essentials. this episode is sort of a geeky product review. Guerry's high standards makes him a customer of Haley Nutrition and my high standards recently made me a customer of 3rd Rock Essentials. RESOURCES:Visit 3rd Rock Essentials:https://drhaley.com/3rdrockTIMESTAMPS:00:00 Intro Snip00:16 Dr. Haley Show Intro00:48 Introduce Dr. Guerry Grune02:06 Introduce Nutroleum Lip Balm with beeswax05:06 Dr. Guerry Grunes credentials09:51 How did 3rd Rock Sun Block come to be the world's best sunscreen?11:15 Are Sunscreens Safe? by Margaret Schlumpf from University of Zurich21:23 the patented zinc Oxide Complex made with L-Arginine23:35 which rays does Zinc Oxide filter, uva or uvb? and which rays are the cancer causing rays?24:15 What is the difference between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (TIO2) in sunscreen?25:15 What is SPF, Sun Protection Factor and what does it mean?25:45 How is UVA rays dangerous?32:37 What chemicals should we tolerate and what are "Earth Grown Ingredients"?33:42 What is the difference between synthetic and non-synthetic36:04 What is D3+K2?39:21 What is chelation?40:28 What is the Hi-Z Chelated Zinc Oxide? 41:16 Why did you make this Zinc Oxide product and what other forms are there and what is best?44:54 What is Nutrasporin?47:51 What killed Muhamad Ali?48:12 What strains of bacteria are killed by your chelated silver oxide product?48:27 study of 12 women with urinary tract infectins (UTI) getting results with topical application of chelated silver oxide.50:20 How safe is consumming chelated silver oxide when it comes to potentially killing off healthy gut flora?52:15 Case example of ingesting chelated silver oxide to treat food poisoning55:40 Should I buy concentrated silver or diluted ready to drink silver?57:00 Here are some common topical applications of silver in a spray bottle1:00:27 What is the difference between 3rd Rock Essentials Silver Infusion Silver Oxide Dietary Supplement and the colloidal silver?1:03:40 can you nebulize silver?1:08:46 Do the chelated silver oxide products expire?

Interview with Shaun Bunn, Managing Director of Empire Metals Ltd.Our previous interview: https://www.cruxinvestor.com/posts/empire-metals-loneee-titanium-opportunity-taking-shape-at-pitfield-project-4933Recording date: 12 June 2024Empire Metals, a junior mining company, recently announced exploration targets of approximately 30 billion tons grading 4.5-5% TiO2 at their Pitfield titanium project in Australia. According to Managing Director Shaun Bunn, this represents about 20% of the project's total mineral system and equates to 1.5 billion tons of contained TiO2, enough to theoretically supply current world demand for 150 years.The company believes the project is highly unusual, with mineralization comprised predominantly of titanite (calcium titanium silicate) that has weathered to high-value titanium minerals like rutile and anatase in the oxidized surface zone. They see potential for a low-cost, fully integrated operation to produce finished TiO2 pigment. Significant infill drilling and technical studies would be required to convert these targets to mineral resources or reserves that could support a viable mining operation. The company acknowledges that the unique mineralogy may pose processing challenges. Metallurgical test work to define an economically feasible extraction method is at an early stage. Much more work is needed to assess mining and processing costs, capital requirements, product marketability and overall project economics.Development plans and timelines remain vague at this point. Management aims to complete a mineral resource estimate and processing flowsheet over the next 6-12 months. However, any potential production would likely be many years away, after extensive further drilling, technical studies, permitting, financing and construction.As with any early-stage exploration project, Pitfield carries very high risk for investors. Bold claims of world-class potential should be viewed skeptically without independent verification. The project's economic viability remains unproven. Even if exploration targets are confirmed, there is no guarantee the deposit will be mineable at a profit.Empire Metals should be considered a highly speculative stock. Investors must have a strong appetite for risk and ability to withstand potential loss of capital. As further studies are completed, the company may have to raise substantial additional equity funding, likely resulting in significant dilution.Key upcoming catalysts could include announcement of a maiden resource, metallurgical test results, and a preliminary economic assessment.In summary, Empire Metals' Pitfield is an intriguing but highly speculative exploration play. A cautious approach is warranted until the project is significantly derisked. Investors should monitor the company's progress in converting exploration targets to mineral resources, defining viable processing methods, and demonstrating economic potential.View Empire Metals' company profile: https://www.cruxinvestor.com/companies/empire-metalsSign up for Crux Investor: https://cruxinvestor.com

Empire Metals Ltd managing director Shaun Bunn joined Proactive's Stephen Gunnion with news of a significant discovery of rutile and anatase deposits at the Pitfield project in Western Australia. Bunn highlighted the significance of these minerals, which are rich in titanium dioxide (TiO2) and highly sought after for their use in high-end applications such as chloride pigment production, titanium metal production, and welding rod tips. He emphasised the scarcity of large natural deposits of these minerals and the increasing demand, which places Empire Metals in a favourable position. Bunn described the discovery as an oxidised mineral cap found in weathered sandstones near the surface, making it easy to mine and process. The rutile and anatase deposits do not require extensive beneficiation, as they are nearly 95% pure TiO2, simplifying the processing to a final product. He noted that while rutile and anatase are easier to process, titanite also remains in their focus for development, requiring slightly more downstream processing. The discovery accelerates the company's development strategy, providing an opportunity for a dual development process. Bunn mentioned that the company would focus on refining the high-quality TiO2 mineral product to a final pigment-grade product. Additionally, he said this new discovery changes the project's economics and dynamics, offering a straightforward processing flow and high-value product potential. #EmpireMetals, #ShaunBunn, #MineralDiscovery, #Pittsfield, #Rutile, #Anatase, #TitaniumDioxide, #MiningIndustry, #HighValueMinerals, #ChloridePigment, #TitaniumProduction, #WeldingRods, #MineralProcessing, #Beneficiation, #ScarceDeposits, #EconomicImpact, #DualDevelopment, #HighGradeProduct, #SurfaceMining, #naturalresources #ProactiveInvestors #invest #investing #investment #investor #stockmarket #stocks #stock #stockmarketnews

There's an ingredient in Skittles and lots of other food that Dunkin Donuts stopped using it in their powdered donuts. Skittles said they were phasing it out too back in 2016 but still haven't and now the lawsuits flow like The Spice.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

West Cobar Metals (ASX: WC1) managing director Matt Szwedzicki joins Small Caps to discuss the company's plans for its promising Salazar rare earth element (REE) project in Western Australia. After a highly active year of exploration and acquisitions, West Cobar is preparing to undertake drilling and metallurgy studies to further confirm the potential of Salazar. A 2023 review of the asset produced an updated exploration of 800 to 1250 million tonnes at 1050 to 1350 parts per million total rare earth oxides (TREO) and 101 to 154 million tonnes at 4.6 to 5.4% TiO2. A key component of its 2024 exploration campaign is a large upcoming aircore drill program which has been designed to consolidate that exploration target estimate. The drilling results will also be considered in a future update of the JORC mineral resource estimates (MREs) at Newmont and O'Connor. The current estimate for the two deposits including a total rare earths mineral resource of 190 million tonnes of 1172 parts per million TREO, an inferred titanium mineral resource of 29 million tonnes of 5.0% TiO2 and an inferred alumina mineral resource of 4 million tonnes at 29.6%, with the potential for high purity alumina feedstock. The flagship Salazar project is situated in the Esperance district, approximately 120km north-east of the port and all tenements are located on non-agricultural undeveloped state land. Articles:https://smallcaps.com.au/west-cobar-metals-high-grade-ilmenite-potential-salazar-ree-project/https://smallcaps.com.au/west-cobar-metals-prepares-major-drilling-program-salazar-ree-project/https://smallcaps.com.au/west-cobar-metals-upgrades-exploration-targets-salazar-ree-project/ For more information on West Cobar Metals:https://smallcaps.com.au/stocks/asx-wc1/See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Find More Episodes on PCA Overdrive: https://www.pcaoverdrive.org/estimate-rocket-podcast-1 PCA Overdrive is free for members. Not a member? Download the app on the Apple Store or Google Play and enjoy a 7 day free trial! Become a member: https://www.pcapainted.org/membership-resources/ On this episode of Rocket Your Business for Trade Contractors we chat with Tony Margani from Nubilis about the ability of trade contractors to innovate within their company while simultaneously elevating their trade with products and services that make the world a better place. Not everyone is able to create world-changing products while staying profitable in their business, but Tony suggests that passion for one's trade will lead to the discovery of adjacent passions and opportunities that allows one to expand into new interests that could have a more global impact. The product Tony's team created connects innovation to sustainability through controlling Tio2 by using 66% less Tio2 than traditional products. We chat about the progress Tony and his team has made in paint chemistry that pairs efficiency with eco-friendliness, and we discuss the bandwidth needed to balance innovation and elevation. See Tony's article in the December issue of In Paint magazine!

Interview with Shaun Bunn, Managing Director of Empire Metals Ltd.Our previous interview: https://www.cruxinvestor.com/posts/empire-metals-eee-massive-high-grade-titanium-mineral-system-explores-copper-potential-3202Recording date: 21st November 2023Massive Titanium Discovery in Western AustraliaEmpire Metals has announced a major titanium discovery at their 100% owned Pitfield Project in Western Australia. Initial drilling intercepted significant mineralization over a 30km strike length, with exceptional grades up to 20% TiO2 sampled at the surface. This points to a very large mineralised system with world-class potential.As Managing Director Sean Burger stated, “We found titanium we found titanium over 30km strike length, we found it now 300-400m below surface, every meter full of titanium minerals.” The company believes Pitfield has uncovered a unique sedimentary-hosted titanium deposit not seen globally before. The scale and richness show similarities to giant discoveries like the Carlin Trend in Nevada.Strategic Importance of TitaniumTitanium has faced structural supply deficits with accelerating demand from aerospace, defence, automotive, and other key industries. This backdrop provides strong incentives for new projects, especially those with clear scale advantages. With market size expected to reach $26 billion by 2030 and steady 6% annual growth, Pitfield offers exposure to these dynamics.Empire's Focus on Delineating High-Grade AreasWhile the sheer district-scale mineralised footprint is proven, Empire is prioritizing drilling and metallurgical analysis to pinpoint higher-grade zones. As Burger explained, “we need to narrow down our scope, focus on where the grades are...then that translates to metallurgical investigations.” Defining optimised mineralization and processing flowsheets will drive commercialisation plans. By targeting high-purity titanium compounds rather than bulk minerals, Empire can substantially boost potential revenues per tonne of ore.Attracting Strategic PartnersEmpire recognises it will require strategic partnerships and cornerstone investments to develop a project of this magnitude. But they want to control and drive the upside. As Burger asserted, “I don't imagine us as a seller, I don't imagine a situation where we get there and flip it, give it away.” The company is actively building connections across the industry and shoring up technical capabilities to advance Pitfield.The Coming MonthsWith over 12,000m of additional drilling starting in Q1 2023, Empire expects to significantly advance resource modelling and metallurgical analysis over the next 6-12 months. The work programs are fully funded and will feed into initial development planning. As results further validate Pitfield's remarkable credentials, interest from majors and strategic investors is expected to accelerate. Titanium assets this significant rarely come to market. Exposure today represents exceptional leverage as Empire transitions into the development cycle to potentially build a multi-billion dollar project in a Tier 1 location.—View Empire Metals' company profile: https://www.cruxinvestor.com/companies/empire-metalsSign up for Crux Investor: https://cruxinvestor.com

On this episode of Rocket Your Business for Trade Contractors we chat with Tony Margani from Nubilis about the ability of trade contractors to innovate within their company while simultaneously elevating their trade with products and services that make the world a better place. Not everyone is able to create world-changing products while staying profitable in their business, but Tony suggests that passion for one's trade will lead to the discovery of adjacent passions and opportunities that allows one to expand into new interests that could have a more global impact. The product Tony's team created connects innovation to sustainability through controlling Tio2 by using 66% less Tio2 than traditional products. We chat about the progress Tony and his team has made in paint chemistry that pairs efficiency with eco-friendliness, and we discuss the bandwidth needed to balance innovation and elevation. See Tony's article in the December issue of In Paint magazine!Learn more about Nubilis here.

This audio is brought to you by Wearcheck, your condition monitoring specialist. South African ilmenite used to manufacture titanium dioxide pigment in KwaZulu-Natal has received a major value boost with the signing of an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the long-awaited sulphuric acid titanium dioxide project that has been championed over many years by Nyanza Light Metals CEO Donovan Chimhandamba. The project highlights the huge opportunity for Africa and South Africa to move up the value curve by establishing advanced material production companies that make competitive use of locally mined materials. The $750-million required for the far-reaching titanium dioxide (TiO2) project is no small change and has been awaiting the high-level EPC signing with East China Engineering Science and Technology Company (ECEC), a subsidiary of China National Chemical Engineering Group Company. The signing was essential to give the many finance houses committed to funding the 80 000 t/y project the confidence needed. This solace stems from ECEC having built 31 plants in China over 60 years, as well as the EPC signed being followed by an ongoing operational upkeep agreement. The important backdrop to all this is that South Africa's ilmenite, a heavy mineral sands derivative, sells at around $300/t on export markets, whereas using it to manufacture TiO2 pigment at the Richards Bay Industrial Development Zone will enable it to potentially fetch a ten-times-higher $3 000/t. The first thing the R14-billion Nyanza project is seeking to achieve is to move Africa's abundant raw materials up the value curve, Chimhandamba emphasised to Engineering News & Mining Weekly in a Zoom interview earlier this year. The 80 000 t/y of TiO2 pigment is probably around half of Africa's buying capacity and just over 1% in terms of the global market. TiO2 is widely used in the fields of coatings, cosmetics, medicine, electronics and environmental protection. However, at present, there is not a single TiO2 factory in operation all across Africa, China Chemical Industry News journalists Li Dongzhou and Wang Peng have noted in their article sent to Engineering News & Mining Weekly. At last month's third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in Beijing, the EPC signing breakthrough was finally achieved. With shared technology and cooperation, Nyanza will produce TiO2 pigment in South Africa, demonstrating how the Belt and Road Initiative is benefiting development in Africa through cooperation with China, Dongzhou and Peng emphasise. Nyanza will be sourcing its ilmenite from within South Africa and Mining Weekly can report manufacturing costs could be lowered further if a way is found to blend in the 45-million tons of stockpiled ilmenite-containing slag at Evraz, the former Highveld Steel and Vanadium, in eMalahleni, Mpumalanga. The blending in could conceivably be brought about with higher-content ilmenite, or synthetic rutile from Richards Bay Minerals. Self-generation of 12 MW of solar power supported by battery storage is planned, augmented by cogenerated electricity from theTiO2 pigment plant itself once it is in operation. Already commissioned is a R200-million product testing and development centre, which is able to provide 700 t/y of TiO2 pigment sample to offtake partners. Offtake agreements for more than 60% of the 80 000 t/y capacity have already been signed and while the main plant is being built, the testing and development will be used to train the 850 employees that will be brought in early for upskilling. Africa Finance Corporation of Nigeria and African Export-Import Bank of Egypt are co-funders of the project's feasibility phase, and a third multilateral international finance institution is going through concluding the agreements. Senior debt is already oversubscribed, equity players have expressed interest, financial close is likely by year-end and construction is expected to begin next year. Arkein Industr...

Empire Metals Ltd (AIM:EEE) CEO Shaun Bunn speaks to Thomas Warner from Proactive London after the resource exploration and development company revealed fresh indications of titanium at its Pitfield Project in Western Australia. The potential titanium deposit was initially revealed back in the spring, and fresh results from surface sampling showcasing high-grade titanium concentrations. Bunn says that the surface sampling program, conducted over recent months in previously unexplored areas of the license, revealed extraordinary results. Many samples exhibited titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentrations exceeding 10%, with a peak of 21.5%. The CEO emphasises the importance of these findings, setting the stage for potential high-grade zones within the vast mineral system. The Pitfield project's diamond drill program, initiated in late September, has completed three holes across the extensive anomaly, notably the Mt Scratch area. Bunn reveals that handheld XRF testing confirmed mineralization throughout the entire depth of the drill holes, reaching 350 meters below the surface. The consistency across all three holes, even at a significant distance, has exceeded expectations. While awaiting final assay results from the diamond drilling, Bunn expresses enthusiasm about the project's scale, describing it as possibly one of the largest titanium systems yet reported. The challenge now lies in identifying high-grade zones for concentrated mining and understanding the mineral distribution for effective processing.

The continent of Africa must industrialise as quickly as it can, South Africa's Trade, Industry and Competition Deputy Minister Nomalungelo Gina said on Tuesday when she presided over the signing ceremony of contracts to advance a titanium beneficiation project in KwaZulu-Natal. “Africa must catch up to other industrialised economies,” Gina stated as East China Engineering Science and Technology formalised an engineering procurement and construction contract as well as an operational and maintenance contract with Nyanza Light Metals, for the building of an 80 000 t/y titanium dioxide (Ti02) pigment plant in the Richards Bay Industrial Development Zone. “The African Continental Free Trade Area enables us to change the game. Our endowments can be beneficiated on the continent, and be exported as value added products. Nyanza Light Metals represents that direction of downstream beneficiation,” said Gina, who emphasised the need for government officials to keep on improving project speed and turnaround times for investors. “Investors are our salvation and we must be quick in sorting out regulatory blockages. This is critical for us as government because the spin-offs are far wider than corporate tax benefits. Associated with this project is vital job creation – permanent jobs – once the company operates in full after construction is completed. We will meet on the ground as we will come and do site inspection from time to time,” Gina said in acknowledging the contributions of Nyanza and the government of China. TiO2, a bulk commodity produced using ilmenite or rutile, is a white pigment used in products such as paints, industrial coatings, plastics, papers, inks, foods, medicines and toothpaste. Ilmenite and rutile are found in KwaZulu-Natal's rich mineral sands patrimony. Gina's meeting of the leadership of the East China Engineering Science and Technology earlier this year in her Department of Trade, Industry and Competition offices, coincided with her meeting Chinese Ambassador Chen Xiadong in Pretoria. At that meeting, the Deputy Minister recognised the commitment to bring value in the Nyanza partnership. “China's experience in complex projects of this nature has been emphasised, and to us, that is reassuring. Nyanza represents our pride as Africans. We want it to succeed. The journey travelled, including the raising of capital to finance, has been commendable. “The completion of Phase 1 has inspired confidence that construction deadlines will be met. Chinese people are known for project completion, either on time or ahead of schedule. I have no doubt that we will meet the set deadlines in the months that have been targeted," Gina stated. The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition has been supporting Nyanza ever since it pledged its investment during President Cyril Ramaphosa's Investment Conference five years ago. “We have been accelerating with them in navigating the path, working with our Richards Bay Industrial Development Zone and the KwaZulu-Natal provincial government. “I want to commit, once again, that we want to see this project continuing uninterrupted, right to end. As government, we will protect this project. “The R4.5-billion investment represent an opportunity that South Africa and Africans can change the resource curse that Africa has been known for, which is being the net exporter of raw materials from gold, diamond, platinum, iron-ore and many more minerals, including titanium. That era belongs to the past,” said Gina.

First Phosphate Corp CEO John Passalacqua joined Steve Darling from Proactive to share news the company has taken another step forward with the announcement it has completed the commissioning of a pilot plant to produce phosphate concentrate to be used in the manufacture of lithium iron phosphate cathode active material for the LFP battery industry in North America. Passalacqua telling Proactive the plant is located inside the facilities of SGS Canada in Quebec City and will use fully solventless, environmentally friendly extraction methods. The company began with a positive bench test results with a recovery of 91.4% of its phosphate-bearing apatite to a concentrate containing 40.2% phosphate so the company has setup the pilot plant to process a large 15-tonne bulk sample which was assayed 7.6% P2O5 and 6.9% TiO2. #proactiveinvestors #firstphosphatecorp #phosphate #BéginLamarcheproject #CEOInterview #CompanyUpdate #StrategicGrowth #SustainableMining #GreenApproach #EVMarket #BatteryStorage #WorldClassOpportunity #LFPBattery #MiningIndustry #CorporateUpdate #Milestones2023 #PilotFacilities #PhosphateConcentrate #IronSulfate #IronPowder #InvestmentOpportunity #FutureOfMining #LeadershipTeam #CEOandCFO #BusinessExpansion #CorporateStrategy #invest #investing #investment #investor #stockmarket #stocks #stock #stockmarketnews #invest #investing #investment #investor #stockmarket #stocks #stock #stockmarketnews

El Dr. Ildefonso Zamudio Torres Profesor Investigador de la División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura de la UJAT, nos habla sobre el proyecto: "Degradación de plaguicidas y sus metabolitos mediante fotocatálisis heterogénea utilizando superficies nanotubulares de TiO2". --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ciencia-y-tecnologa-ujat/message

In this episode we discussed with Anders Teigland, CEO of TioTech, about battery technology and it's impact on the Energy Transition process and the green shift. This start-up created a patented titania nanoparticle used as anode-material in Lithium-ion batteries, called TitanB, Their speciality is nanotechnology and they were able to create a battery with: Longer life time: Li-ion batteries last up to 10.000 cycles. Standard Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes last about 2500-3000 cycles. Shorter charging times: A Li-ion cell with TitanBTM can be charged to 80% within 6 minutes. In a standard Li-ion cell, the same operation would take 25-30 minutes. Both these aspects are important to optimize the charging process which is crucial to the Energy Transition.

US stocks fell Thursday. Plus, Apollo and Sixth Street are out on Twitter deal, Constellation Brands is upbeat, and Venator Materials will cut TiO2 production.

US stocks fell Thursday. Plus, Apollo and Sixth Street are out on Twitter deal, Constellation Brands is upbeat, and Venator Materials will cut TiO2 production.

A group of consumers are suing candy maker Mars, alleging Skittles contain a "known toxin" that makes the rainbow candies "unfit" to eat.  A class action lawsuit filed on Thursday in Oakland, California by San Leandro resident Jenile Thames alleged that Skittles are unsafe for consumers because they contain "heightened levels" of titanium dioxide.Seeking class-action status filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on Thursday, attorneys for San Leandro resident Jenile Thames said that Skittles were unsafe for consumers because they contain "heightened levels" of titanium dioxideor, TiO2, as a food additive.Join this channel to get access to perks:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHm8vWol8eNjTJZSjq2jaLQ/joinLIKE & SUBSCRIBE for new videos everyday. https://bit.ly/3KBUDSK

Capsule Manufacturing: It's Not Only What's Inside That Counts The recent EU ban on Titanium Dioxide and changing customer habits are shaking up capsule production. Over the past few years, the coloring and manufacturing of pill capsules have undergone significant changes due to new EU regulations and customer demand for natural ingredients. And while originally invented to mask and protect the contents inside a capsule, research suggests that the color of a tablet or pill can affect how patients feel about their medication. Until recently, manufacturers have primarily used Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) to create white capsules due to its efficiency in protecting the active ingredients from UV rays. However, this year an EU-wide ban on TiO2 has forced the industry to move towards alternatives that work as well, or better, than TiO2. To add to the colorant shake-up, many people are actively avoiding unnatural ingredients in their food and nutritional supplements, which has created a new demand for plant-based capsule colorants. Anticipating these changes and solving the technological challenges in a timely manner are key to a successful long-term strategy for capsule manufacturing. Curious to Know More? Listen to the conversation between A View On host Martina Hestericová and Ljiljana Palangetic, Lonza's Associate Director of Hard Capsules R&D, about the challenges and solutions in current capsule manufacturing.   KEY TERMS IN CONTEXT: Pharmaceutical capsules can be either hard or soft. Soft-shelled capsules are one unique mold that encapsulates the contents, whereas the more widely-used hard-shelled capsules—such as the ones produced by Lonza—are two molded telescopic pieces of capsule: a smaller one contains the active ingredients, and a larger one encloses the capsule. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely-used pigment in capsule manufacturing, as well as in food, paint and sunscreen. Considered completely inorganic and nontoxic from a chemical point of view, it is labeled as an unnatural ingredient for ingestion, and carries the E number E171. Earlier this year, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) announced a six-month phasing-out ban of the colorant over concerns about nano-sized particles of TiO2 accumulating in the body. The full ban takes effect in August. The dip molding process is the manufacturing process for capsules. The final shape of the two pieces that make the capsules is defined by specifically designed molds, which are dipped in a bath of liquid formulation to pick up material that will, after the drying process, give the final capsule form, shape and composition.

Sovereign Metals join the UK Investor Magazine Podcast to dicuss progress at their globally significant Titanium Rutile project in Malawi.Sovereign Metals controls Kasiya, the world's largest undeveloped Titanium Rutile resource and the excitement around this year's developments was palpable as we spoke to Sapan Ghai, Sovereign's Chief Commercial Officer. Rutile is a major source of titanium and is listed by the US and EU as a Critical Raw Material due to supply risk and economic importance. Rutile's application as titanium feedstock is predominately used in paint pigments (58%), welding (31%), and Titanium Metals (11%). Natural Rutile is the purest of Titanium and attracts a significantly higher price per tonne than Ilmenite. Natural Rutile contains ~95% TiO2 compared to ~50% TiO2 found in Ilmenite. Processing Ilmenite still doesn't achieve the TiO2 grade observed in Natural Rutile. Read Sovereign Metals signs premium rutile offtake agreement:https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/sovereign-metals-signs-premium-rutile-offtake-agreement/Watch: Sovereign Metals Investor Presentation February 2022https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/sovereign-metals-investor-presentation-february-2022/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Para oferecer a elevada proteção necessária, os fotoprotetores modernos associam diferentes filtros orgânicos em conjunto com filtros inorgânicos. Didaticamente, os filtros Ultra-Violetas (UV) podem ser divididos em filtros inorgânicos, também chamados físicos, e filtros orgânicos, também chamados químicos. Segundo a diretora Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia – Secção RS (SBD-RS), médica Francine Costa, os filtros inorgânicos (físicos) são partículas de óxidos metálicos capazes de, por mecanismo óptico, refletir ou dispersar a radiação incidente. Seus principais representantes são o óxido de zinco (ZnO) e o dióxido de titânio (TiO2).As principais características são a baixa permeação cutânea, com a consequente redução do risco de potencial irritativo e sensibilizante, e sua elevada foto estabilidade, ou seja, a capacidade do filtro manter fotoproteção, mesmo após longos períodos de radiação solar. Ela recomenda o uso de protetor solar inclusive para as pessoas que ficarão sob o guarda-sol na beira-mar e também para todos que, de certa forma, estiverem expostos aos raios solares nos meses de verão. A entrevista é conduzida pela coordenadora de Produção do Correio do Povo, Luciamem Winck e a edição é de Pedro Bastos.

In this episode, we speak with Reg Adams founder of Artikol, an agency specialised in market intelligence on titanium dioxide.

Economic Mobility, Innovation, and Women of Color in Tech.In this episode of The Outspoken Podcast, host Shana Cosgrove talks to Kendra Parlock, Executive Director at NPower Maryland. Kendra talks about her early love of science and what growing up was like with both her parents being in the Marines. She also goes into the heart of NPower and the importance of bringing more women and women of color into the tech industry. Kendra discusses what it was like working in the mayor's office and how her organization and detail orientation has allowed her to be successful in her career. QUOTES “That's how innovation happens. It's not mysterious and magical. It's committing to and identifying a problem, asking the right questions, collecting the right data, coming up with ideas, trying them out, collecting that information. That's when the innovation happens.”– Kendra Parlock [15:55] “There was a lot to manage and that's where my value came in. Like okay, I can make sense of this, and I kept all of that organized.”– Kendra Parlock [21:23] “People are drawn to people who present themselves well. And so, I was able to meet more people, collaborate more, make more connections because, you know, I looked the part.”– Kendra Parlock [46:34]   TIMESTAMPS  [00:04] Intro [03:20] Meet Kendra Parlock [05:45] Schooling and Love of Science [07:03] Kendra's Parents [07:45] College and Six Sigma Training [10:43] DuPont and TiO2 [15:07] Organization, Detail Orientation, and Innovation [19:35] Starting at W. R. Grace & Co. [22:55] Executive MBA at Michigan State University [25:54] W. R. Grace & Co. to Mayor's Office [29:32] Office Architecture, Community Data, and Working for the Mayor [34:20] NPower and Women in Tech [44:33] Kendra's Style in Life and Business [46:48] Kendra's Husband [50:02] Wrap-Up Questions [55:27] Outro   RESOURCES https://www.npower.org/locations/maryland/ (NPower) https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/04/pdf/citistat_report.pdf (CitiStat) https://www.cabotcorp.com/ (Cabot Corporation) https://grace.com/ (W. R. Grace & Co.) https://www.dupont.com/ (DuPont) https://www.ufl.edu/ (University of Florida) https://www.wright.edu/ (Wright State University) https://msu.edu/ (Michigan State University) https://www.uwcm.org/ (United Way of Central Maryland) https://boltonhillmd.org/ (Bolton Hill Community Association) https://www.iwbmore.org/ (Innovation Works) https://www.the-daily-record.com/ (The Daily Record) https://www.umbiopark.com/ (University of Maryland BioPark) https://www.marines.com/ (Marines) https://www.6sigma.us/ (Six Sigma) https://www.donaldjtrump.com/ (Former President Donald J. Trump) https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/01/403629104/baltimore-protests-what-we-know-about-the-freddie-gray-arrest (Freddie Gray) https://www.comptia.org/certifications/it-fundamentals (CompTIA ITF+ Certification) https://www.comptia.org/certifications/a (CompTIA A+ Certification) https://www.comptia.org/certifications/security (CompTIA Security+ Certification) http://www.baltimorefamilies.org/ (Baltimore Family Alliance) https://www.northropgrumman.com/ (Northrop Grumman) https://www.mica.edu/ (Maryland Institute College of Art) https://www.amazon.com/Things-Fall-Apart-Chinua-Achebe/dp/0385474547 (Things Fall Apart) by Chinua Achebe https://www.agathachristie.com/ (Agatha Christie) https://digitalequitybaltimore.org/ (Baltimore Digital Equity Coalition) https://digitalequitybaltimore.org/hotline/ (Baltimore Digital Equity Coalition Community Tech Support Hotline)   RELEVANT LINKS https://www.linkedin.com/in/kendraparlock/ (Kendra Parlock) on LinkedIn https://twitter.com/kendraparlock?lang=en (Kendra Parlock) on Twitter https://thedailyrecord.com/2021/05/14/kendra-parlock/ (The Daily Record Kendra Parlock) https://nylatechnologysolutions.com/ (Nyla Technology Solutions) I'd love to hear from you -- your feedback is

I caught up with Annabel #Colorocon's EMEA Market Development Director and Kevin, EMEA Regulatory Manager, to discuss the possible impact of an EU ban on #TitaniumDioxide (TiO2) in food/food supplements would have on the industry and Colorcon,We covered...What is Ti02, how is used and why are the EU likely to ban it? 02:39How does this impact the industry and Colorcon? 03:55How do you overcome not using Ti02 for #tablets? 04:56Is there likely to be any impact to pharma? 06:21What about the OTC products that I might buy without prescription in drugstores/pharmacies and supermarkets? 07:49Is there a risk that pharma or food supplement manufacturers will decide to stop coating their tablets? 8:36You can find out more by visiting https://lnkd.in/gbRuWShYou can also watch the interview on my YouTube Channel RSK Life Science Media here  https://lnkd.in/g42Yi2z#Filmcoatings, #Tabletcoatings, #Vitamins, #Nutraceuticals, #Pharma,  

In Episode 3 of ALD Stories, we meet with Professor Jan Macak from the University of Pardubice. Hear his findings on ALD as an exceptional way to tailor the functionality of nanostructures, and the overlooked steps for making the perfect TiO2 nanotube.

- More extreme weather events threaten chemical supply chains- Tropical Storms Marco and Laura approach the Gulf of Mexico- Three Gorges Dam in China at its highest level ever- China flooding displaces 60m people and causes $40bn in damage, hindering recovery- Russian Sibur's massive new 2.7m tonne/year cracker at Amur should find export markets- Russia part of the Belt and Road region, giving access to faster-growing markets- China's new five-year plan aims to boost self-sufficiency in chemicals- China's need for imported paraxylene (PX), styrene, polypropylene (PP) could disappear - China will still need imports of polyethylene (PE) and ethylene glycol (EG)- Chemical companies need to plan for impact of Belt and Road- Europe titanium dioxide (TiO2) markets well supplied domestically and from China- Healthy recovery in end use markets, though still below last year- Shift to local supply chains for Europe TiO2 to minimise disruption and risk- Need for closer analysis of market segmentation

Un estudio advierte del peligro de un tipo de colorante muy común en la mayonesa y las gominolasUn estudio científico publicado en la revista científica Small, ha alertado de que un tipo de colorante alimentario, que es muy común en Estados Unidos y Europa, puede producir daños intestinales e incluso cáncer de colon.El colorante E-171, que contiene nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio (TiO2), se utiliza en alimentos como la mayonesa, los refrescos, o las gominolas de los niños. Nuestra endocrinóloga, Carmen Candela, nos cuenta que la alarma sobre la peligrosidad de este colorante saltó hace un año, pero que este estudio, en el que ha colaborado la Universidad de Massachusetts Amherst (EEUU) nos los corrobora.“Tenemos que cuidar las bacterias del colon, y para eso es muy importante la buena alimentación. Todas estas sustancias aditivas, como este colorante, que se encuentra en los alimentos procesados, nos perjudican…” Afirma Carmen Candela.“De entrada, deberíamos dudar de todos los alimentos que compramos. Lo mejor es intentar elaborar las comidas desde alimentos naturales. Debemos abogar por los no procesados.”Además Cristina y Candela cuentan la historia de Manuel Lunara y su experiencia en los calabozos de Plaza de Castilla, donde no se cumplen las distancias de seguridad, en una época en la que laboratorios de todo el mundo trabajar para batir al virus.Carmen...

Juan José Caravaca es el creador de SANICOOLLa esterilización del aire con el sistema SANICOOL se realiza utilizando diversas tecnologías para la purificación del aire.Para el filtrado de aire se combina el ionizador y la luz ultravioleta de onda corta, con el proceso de filtrado catalítico, quedando el aire purificado más de un 99,97%.En la actualidad muchos de los elementos que nos rodean (aparatos eléctricos, TV, teléfonos móviles, coches,…) produce iones positivos quetienen un efecto perjudicial sobre la salud (dolor de cabeza, fatiga, somnolencia).El ionizador de aire genera iones negativos, que es lo que genera la sensación de respirar el aire fresco y limpio de después de una tormenta.Los rayos de la luz ultravioleta de onda corta (germicida) destruye microorganismos. Y esta luz desencadena una reacción fotocatalítica en el filtro TiO2 y logra la esterilización del aire.https://sanicool.es/

On this episode, we bring you an update on TiO2 labeling, bio-based resin, and the issues with lead in paint in developing countries. Joe Powder answers questions about curing parts with different gauges of metal and covering faraday areas. Send in your questions to askjoepowder@yahoo.com or leave a voicemail at 1-478-2ASKJOE if you want to […]

Breal and the Green Talk team interview CEO Andy Huang of Nerovana. He addresses the importance of Pure8 Photocatalyst TiO2 to help stop the spread of the Covid-19 virus. It also helps protect cannabis cultivations. This non-toxic formula has many uses and is essential in keeping us safe. Pure8.co Promo Code "GreenTalk10" 10% Offhttp://nerovana.com/pure8/https://pure8.co/SUBSCRIBE to our podcast to enter to win $500! We will randomly select a winner who subscribes, likes and comments to one of our platforms. iHeart: https://www.iheart.com/podcast/966-green-talk-by-green-care-s-30334171/Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1jjg9M05HJhyNgO2P2ukWLYoutube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5xrrYqcBuua_PmueD1dg8A

Most renewable energy sources suffer from intermittency and have to be coupled with sophisticated energy conversion and storage technologies. An elegant solution is offered by photoelectrochemical water splitting, where solar energy is directly converted into chemical energy by splitting water into oxygen and the energy carrier hydrogen. Photoelectrochemical water splitting requires two photoelectrodes which are immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. These photoelectrodes are semiconductors with valence and conduction bands straddling the redox potential of water. Upon illumination, electrons and holes are produced, separated and transferred to the electrolyte, leading to the evolution of oxygen at the photoanode and the evolution of hydrogen at the photocathode. The resulting hydrogen can be stored, transported and then either burnt in fuel cells to regain electrical energy or used for industrial applications like the Haber-Bosch process. The photoelectrodes are often nanostructured to increase the surface area, at which the reaction takes place. This strategy has been realized with several morphologies such as nanotubes, inverse opals, etc. and has often lead to performance increases of several hundred percent. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the morphology is important and can be obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM is a powerful technique that allows imaging samples with a resolution down to the sub-Ångstrom scale. In addition, TEM can be combined with spectroscopic methods such as electron energyloss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to quantify the chemical composition. In this thesis, three different materials systems were studied by TEM: noble metal nanoparticles on TiO2 for hydrogen evolution with the sacrificial agent MeOH, Fe2O3/WO3 dual absorber photoanodes and photocathodes out of the novel material FeCrAl oxide. Titania is one of the most researched photoanode materials. However, it only absorbs UV light. Au and Au/Ag core-shell nanoparticles were deposited by the project partners Michael Karnahl and Sandra Peglow of the LIKAT and the INP Greifswald, respectively, on anatase thin films by photodeposition and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. These noble metal nanoparticles absorb visible light by surface plasmon resonance and also act as co-catalysts for electrons excited in the titania and injected into them. Cross-section were prepared for a detailed TEM investigation of the microstructure. The distribution of the nanoparticles varied greatly with the synthesis method, as photodeposited particles grew in and on top of the titania, whereas the plasma-deposited nanoparticles only grew on top. Different growth and coarsening mechanisms could be identified and correlated to the synthesis conditions by careful particle size distribution determination. In addition to defect-free nanoparticles, several defects such as five-fold twinning, grain boundaries and stacking faults were found. The TEM analysis was complemented by optical absorption and photocatalysis measurements, and the synthesis as well as the properties could be correlated to microstructural features. Due to its narrow band gap, hematite is a popular photoanode material. However, it also has several disadvantages, which were addressed by several studies. Tin-doping increased the transfer efficiency and therefore the photocurrent, with the tin being enriched at the surface of the hematite nanoparticles and hinting at a structure-function relationship. Deposition of a Co3O4 co-catalyst and the introduction of a conductive scaffold all further increased the photocurrent. Another performance-increasing approach, combining multiple photocatalytically active materials, was tested with Fe2O3/WO3 dual absorbers prepared by Ilina Kondofersky of the group of Prof. Thomas Bein. WO3 was systematically applied as a scaffold and/or as a surface treatment. The arrangement of the different materials and the interfaces between them was studied in detail by TEM. Both the host-guest approach and the surface treatment strongly increased the performance compared to the pure materials and several beneficial interactions could be identified. For example, WO3 strongly scatters visible light, resulting in increased absorption by Fe2O3 and higher current densities. We also determined a cathodic shift in the onset potential to 0.8 V and, compared to pure Fe2O3, increased transfer rates of up to 88 %, and can therefore conclude that the Fe2O3/WO3 dual absorbers are a very promising system. In spite of all the different performance-enhancing strategies developed so far, it is becoming apparent that all currently available materials, regardless of how heavily they are improved, will not reach sufficient performances. This has led to the search for novel materials and in this thesis, meso- and macroporous photocathodes with the overall stoichiometry Fe0.84Cr1.0Al0.16O3 were investigated in close cooperation with Ilina Kondofersky. Using TEM cross-sections, a phase separation into Fe- and Cr-rich phases was observed for both morphologies and could be correlated to the precursor stabilities. In comparison to the mesoporous layer, the macroporous photocathode had a significantly increased charge collection efficiency and therefore performance, proving the benefits of tuning the morphology. In all studies, performance-increasing strategies were successfully applied and we found the performance to depend heavily on the morphologies. By combining the results of all techniques, insight into the complex interplay between synthesis conditions, morphology and properties could be achieved and the gained knowledge is expected to benefit future work.

Hybrid solar cells based on nanoparticulate TiO2, dye and poly(3-hexylthiophene) are a common benchmark in the field of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. One-dimensionally nanostructured titanium dioxide is expected to enhance power-conversion efficiency (PCE) due to a high surface area combined with a direct path for electrons from the active interface to the back electrode. However, current devices do not meet those expectations and cannot surpass their mesoporous counterparts. This work approaches the problem by detailed investigation of diverse nanostructures on a nanoscale by advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Anodized TiO2 nanotubes are analyzed concerning their crystallinity. An unexpectedly large grain size is found, and its implication is shown by corresponding solar cell characteristics which feature an above-average fill factor. Quasi-single crystalline rutile nanowires are grown hydrothermally, and a peculiar defect structure consisting of free internal surfaces is revealed. A growth model based on Coulombic repulsion and steric hindrance is developed to explain the resulting V-shaped defect cascade. The influence of the defects on solar cell performance is investigated and interpreted by a combination of TEM, electronic device characterization and photoluminescence spectroscopy, including lifetime measurements. A specific annealing treatment is proposed to counter the defects, suppressing several loss mechanisms and resulting in an improvement of PCEs by 35 %. Simultaneously, a process is developed to streamline electron-tomographic reconstruction of complex nanoparticles. Its suitability is demonstrated by the reconstruction of a gold nanostar and a number of iron-based particles distributed on few-layered graphene.

The use of PbS quantum dots (QDs) acting as light absorbers in a range of nanostructured solar cell devices has been investigated. The impact of different QD deposition methods, of the nature and structure of different metal oxides serving as electrodes, as well as interface and surface effects on device performance has been explored. Chapter 3 describes the application of in situ grown PbS QDs as absorber layer for extremely thin absorber solar cells with the inorganic solid hole transporter CuSCN. A polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer was employed as a structure-directing agent for the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 metal oxide thin films with high surface area and ordered porous structure. Chapter 4 outlines further work in which water-solubilized ex situ grown QDs capped with L-glutathione ligands were employed in order to improve the loading of the PbS QDs onto the internal surface of the porous oxide. Successful sensitization was achieved by inducing opposite surface charges on the surfaces of the QDs and the oxide in order to attract and attach QDs onto the surface of the porous supporting oxide film. The sensitized TiO2 electrodes were used to make efficient liquid electrolyte quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Chapter 5 describes the use of SnO2, which has a lower lying conduction band than TiO2, to fabricate scaffolding electrodes that were sensitized with water-solubilized PbS QDs. Passivation of the SnO2 electrodes with a thin layer of MgO, TiO2 and a combination of both was utilized to investigate the effect of surface treatments on the performance of solid-state QDSCs, using Spiro-OMeTAD as organic hole transporter. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with different approaches towards interface tuning in solid-state QDSCs. This part of the work involved the study of solar cell devices utilizing in situ grown PbS QDs with and without organic and inorganic surface passivation, and ex situ grown PbS QDs anchored on mesoporous TiO2 via organic linker molecules. The performance of the fabricated solar cells was evaluated with standard current-voltage and incident-photon-to-collected-electron efficiency measurements, and physical parameters of the devices were characterised with frequency- and time-resolved techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, intensity-modulated photovoltage/photocurrent spectroscopy, and open circuit voltage decay measurements, respectively. Overall, the work highlights the importance of surface passivation of QDs, loading of the QDs onto porous semiconducting oxide electrodes, as well as the significance of interfacial effects between QDs, oxides and hole transporter to achieve high-efficiency devices.

Whether it is to form an optical cavity, to control dispersion, or merely to transport the laser beam, multilayer mirrors are fundamental components of every ultrafast laser system. The performance of current state of the art ultrafast high-power lasers in terms of pulse energy is often restrained by optical breakdown of multilayer coatings. One way to overcome this problem is to increase the size of the laser beam, but this is usually undesirable, as it rises the costs and the footprint of the laser system. Therefore, increasing the optical resistance of multilayer mirrors is essential to the development of cost- and space-efficient lasers. In turn, this requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind optical damage. In this work, we have studied the ultrafast optical breakdown of dispersive mirrors, as well as that of other multilayer thin-films, in three different regimes: (i) at 500 Hz repetition rate with 30 fs pulses, at a central wavelength of 800nm; (ii) at 11:5MHz repetition rate with 1 ps pulses, at 1030 nm; (iii) at 5 kHz repetition rate with 1:4 ps pulses at 1030 nm. The results from (ii) and (iii) have been compared side by side. In addition, a novel technique for dispersion measurements has been developed. In the femstosecond regime, the samples have been: single layer coatings made of Au; Ag; Nb2O5; SiO2;Ta2O5 and mixtures of Ta2O5 with silica in different concentrations; and different dispersive coatings, consisting of SiO2 as the low-index material and different high-index materials (Nb2O5; Ta2O5; HfO2). We have also given a suggestion as to what is the best approach to increase the damage threshold of thin-film dielectric coatings. The ultrafast optical breakdown of multilayer thin-films has been investigated at MHz repetition rate and high average power. The optical breakdown threshold of three different types of coatings has been measured. All samples have been coated with either TiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2, or Al2O3 as high-index material and with SiO2 as low-index material. The same samples have been measured also at kHz repetition rate. The results obtained in both regimes have been compared. The band gap dependencies of damage threshold in both cases were linear. However, the one retrieved at kHz rate was steeper than its MHz counterpart. This is an interesting finding, which must be investigated further. The developed method for dispersion measurements has been based on the location of resonance peaks in a Fabry-Perot-type of interferometer. By simultaneously processing data obtained at different spacer thicknesses, we were able to obtain superior resolution compared to the conventional method.

This work focuses on the interaction of few-cycle laser pulses with nanosystems. Special emphasis is placed on the spatio-temporal evolution of the induced near-fields. Measurements on carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) controlled photoemission from isolated SiO2 nanospheres are taken by single-shot velocity map imaging (VMI) combined with CEP tagging. The obtained photoelectron spectra show a pronounced dependence on the CEP and extend to unexpectedly high energies. Comparison with numerical simulations identify the additional Coulomb forces of the liberated electron cloud as an effective additional acceleration mechanism for distinct trajectories. For larger spheres, an asymmetry in the field distribution is classically predicted. This asymmetry is also observed in the photoelectron momentum distributions. The mapping between position and momentum space in the VMI approach are investigated by analyzing the correlation of the photoelectron's birth and detection position. In a second set of experiments, photoemission at intensities exceeding 10^14 W/cm^2 from isolated nanospheres of different composition (SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2, Si, Au) is examined by stereo time-of-flight spectroscopy. It is found that the measured cutoff energies scale non-linearly with laser intensity depending on the material properties of the nanosystem. A trend towards a unified behavior for high intensities is observed indicating a drastic change in optical properties within the duration of the few-cycle laser pulse. The charge carrier generation mechanisms that could lead to such a transient effect are discussed. For a better understanding of the interaction of few-cycle fields with nanosystems, a direct access to the temporal evolution of (plasmonic) near-fields is highly desirable. The efforts on the realization of nanoplasmonic attosecond streaking spectroscopy are presented. Numerical simulations are used to identify the influence of the inhomogeneous near-field distributions on the streaking process. First experimental results obtained from Au nanotips show clear streaking features of sub-micron localized near-fields. The near-field oscillations are found to be phase offset as compared to reference measurements. The exact origin of the streaking features of the Au tip and possible improvements of the experimental approach are discussed.

We present results of a comparative study of colloidal anatase titanium oxide nanorods and extremely thin atomic wires of systematically decreasing (2.6 nm down to 0.5 nm) diameter in terms of their optical absorption as well as steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence. Steady-state photoluminescence spectra of the titania samples show three well-distinguished spectral components, which are ascribed to excitonic emission (4.26 +/- 0.2 eV), as well as radiative recombination of trapped holes with electrons from the conduction band (4.04 +/- 0.4 eV) and radiative recombination of trapped electrons with holes in the valence band (3.50 +/- 0.2 eV) in nanocrystalline anatase TiO2. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements point out the existence of different emissive species responsible for the appearance of high-energetic and low-energetic emission peaks of TiO2 atomic wires and nanorods.

Hypersensitivity reactions to titanium (Ti) are very rare. Thus, we assessed the proinflammatory response and also potential tolerance favoring in vitro reactivity of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes (PBMC) to Ti in healthy individuals (14 without, 6 with complication-free dental Ti implants). The proliferation index (SI) in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and production of cytokines linked to innate immune response (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha) or immune regulation (IL-10) were assessed in response to TiO2 particles or Ti discs. In both groups, the Ti-LTT reactivity was not enhanced (e.g., SI < 3). The control antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) gave adequate reactivity (median SI individuals without/with implant: 20.6 +/- 5.97/19.58 +/- 2.99). Individuals without implant showed higher cytokine response to Ti materials than individuals with symptom-free implants; for example, TiO2 rutile particle induced increase of IL-1 beta 70.27-fold/8.49-fold versus control medium culture. PBMC of 5 of the 6 individuals with complication-free Ti implants showed an ex vivo ongoing production of IL-10 (mean 4.18 +/- 2.98 pg/mL)-but none of the 14 controls showed such IL-10 production. Thus in vitro IL-1 beta-, IL-6-, and TNF-alpha production reflects ``normal'' unspecific immune response to Ti. This might be reduced by production of tolerogenic IL-10 in individuals with symptom-free Ti dental implants.

Porous materials in the nanometer range are interesting materials in many fields of science and technology. Especially in terms of colloidal suspensions, these materials are promising candidates for applications such as gas sensing, host-guest chemistry, drug delivery and coatings in the semiconductor industry. In this work, syntheses of monodisperse, stable, colloidal suspensions of different materials for the preparation of porous thin films were described. Colloidal suspensions of zeolite Beta nanocrystals with low aluminum content were prepared and the crystallization kinetics was studied. The crystalline Beta was stabilized in colloidal suspensions by addition of inorganic silica-based binders and applied for the preparation of films by a spin-on process. The thickness of the films was controlled by repeated coating steps, speed of deposition and Beta concentration of the coating suspensions. The Beta films exhibit good mechanical properties, smooth surfaces and show a low refractive index, which is typical for highly porous silica based materials. Additionally, a synthetic approach for the preparation of colloidal mesoporous silica spheres and functionalized colloidal suspensions of nanoscale mesoporous materials with high yields from concentrated solutions is presented. Narrow particle size distributions in the range of about 50 to 150 nm were established with Dynamic Light Scattering measurements and electron microscopy before and after template extraction. Discrete nanoscale mesoporous particles with functionalized pore surfaces resulted when adding functional organoalkoxysilanes directly to the initial silica precursor solutions. Nitrogen sorption analysis indicated that the functional groups were located at the inner surfaces of the mesoporous channel systems. By further decreasing the diameter of these mesoporous silica spheres, their scattering ability for visible light was also drastically decreased. We have demonstrated the synthesis of extremely small mesoporous silica nanoparticles via a specific co-condensation process with phenyl groups. If the size of the particles falls below about 1/10 of the wavelength of the incoming light (0.1 ), the colloidal suspensions show optical transparency. Because of an easy handling and a good reproducibility, the suspensions are ideal for the production of thin film by spin-coating. The films showed excellent optical qualities, exhibited good diffusion properties and a highly accessible pore system. Thanks to the small particle size and the resulting low surface roughness, the formation of multilayers was possible without transmitting defects on the surface with every following coating step. The availability of such homogeneous porous thin films made it possible to use ellipsometry as analysis method. Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) is a convenient method to determine the effective porosity of a thin film on its original support without destroying it. It was possible to record sorption isotherms of the thin films with ellipsometry and to correlate the data with nitrogen sorption data of dried powders of the same material. The thin films showed very low refractive indices around 1.2 in the case of both, zeolites and functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Besides, a synthesis procedure for TiO2 particles in an acidic medium by a simple sol-gel process was investigated. The material showed a high surface area and the thin films prepared from the colloidal suspensions had a high refractive index combined with a certain porosity. Thus, the preparation of wavelength specific Bragg mirrors could be realized by a simple and reproducible spin-coating approach using colloidal suspensions of functionalized porous silica nanoparticles and titania sols. The Bragg reflectors show a sensitivity towards specific relative pressures of organic vapors like isopropanol or toluene.

Die Produktion von Phthalsäureanhydrid aus o-Xylol ist eine industriell etablierte Reaktion. Diese heterogen katalysierte Oxidation stellt die weltweit mengenmäßig bedeutendste Anwendung für die Gruppe der Alkylaromaten dar. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Effekte von Phosphor als Additiv auf das reine Trägeroxid und auf das Katalysatorsystem V2O5/TiO2. Zu Beginn wurde ein kontaminationsarmes Trägeroxid in der Anatasmodifikation hergestellt. Für die TiO2-getragenen Vanadiumoxide wurden unabhängig von der Art der Syntheseroute die thermodynamisch stabilsten Strukturen erhalten. Außer kristallinem Vanadiumpentoxid können eine isolierte tetraedrisch koordinierte Monooxospezies (O=VO3) und polymere Vanadate detektiert werden. Durch thermische Spreitung erfolgte eine Zunahme der Dispersion auf der TiO2-Oberfläche. Die Lewis-aziden Titanzentren wurden partiell durch getragenes VOx abgedeckt. Für die oxidierte Probe konnten nur Vanadium-Kationen in der Oxidationsstufe +5 nachgewiesen werden. Durch Behandlung mit Wasserstoff erfolgte die Reduktion zu V4+ und V3+. Im Vergleich zu ungetragenem V2O5 konnte im binären System V2O5/TiO2 eine synergetische Wechselwirkung zwischen den beiden Komponenten beobachtet werden. Die TPR-Methode bewies die leichtere Reduzierbarkeit von getragenem Vanadiumoxid. Durch den Zusatz von Phosphor konnten intensive Wechselwirkungen sowohl mit dem Trägeroxid als auch mit getragenem Vanadiumoxid beobachtet werden. Mit TiO2 allein erfolgte die Bildung von stabilen Oberflächen-Phosphatspezies. Hierbei wurden neue Brønsted-azide POH-Zentren gebildet. Die Lewis-aziden Titanzentren wurden partiell blockiert und ihre Azidität verstärkt. Je nach Beladung mit Phosphat führte die Kalzinierung zu einer Kondensation von benachbarten Phosphateinheiten. Durch Zusatz von Phosphor konnte eine Stabilisierung der Anatasmodifikation erreicht werden. Für das ternäre System P2O5/V2O5/TiO2 wurde der Einfluß der P-Modifikation in Abhän- gigkeit von der Konzentration bzw. der Dotierungssequenz untersucht. Die spezifische Oberfläche der Katalysatoren wurde durch die Dotierung mit VOx und/oder POy nicht beeinflußt. Obwohl die Beladungen größer als eine berechnete Monolagenbelegung waren, verblieb unbedecktes TiO2. Phosphor erhöhte die Azidität der Lewiszentren. Aus physiko- chemischen Charakterisierungen konnte ein gut dispergiertes Katalysatorsystem gefolgert werden. Die Bildung neuer V―O―P-Bindungen wurde beobachtet. Abhängig von den Syntheseparametern konnte VOPO4 · 2 H2O oder durch dessen Dehydratisierung αI-VOPO4 reversibel gebildet werden. Eine Bedingung für die Bildung der mikrokristallinen VPO- Mischoxide war die Anwesenheit von V2O5 und ein molares P/V-Verhältnis > 1/2. Andere Parameter führten zur Bildung von amorphem VPO. Die Vanadiumzentren sind die katalytisch aktiven Zentren bzgl. der Oxidationsreaktion. Die Aktivierung von o-Xylol führt zur Abstraktion eines Wasserstoffatoms. Die Bildung einer chemisorbierten o-Methylbenzylspezies findet bereits bei Raumtemperatur statt. Die Aktivität der Oxidationsreaktionen von o-Xylol und o-Toluylaldehyd kann mit der Bindungsstärke für Sauerstoff korreliert werden. Diese wird durch die sukzessive Bildung von V―O―P-Bindungen erhöht. Aus der TPR-Methode konnte die Zunahme der charakteri- stischen Temperaturen gefunden werden. Analog folgte eine kontinuierliche Abnahme der Aktivität der katalysierten Oxidationen in Abhängigkeit von der P-Beladung. Für industriell eingesetzte Katalysatorsysteme bedeutet dies die Möglichkeit einer zielgerichteten Anpassung an die gegebenen Bedingungen. Da die o-Xylol-Oxidation eine stark exotherme Reaktion ist, können durch Abschwächung der Reaktivität lokale Überhitzungsstellen und damit die Katalysatordesaktivierung vermieden werden. An dieser Stelle soll erneut auf das Reaktionsschema für die o-Xylol-Oxidation eingegangen werden. In Abbildung 11–1 ist ein im Vergleich zu Abbildung 10–1 vereinfachtes Schema abgebildet, welches die in dieser Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse der Phoshordotierung hinsichtlich der Produktausbeuten anschaulich erläutern soll. Ausgehend von o-Xylol mußte ein System gefunden werden, für das gilt: Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der konsekutiven Umsetzung von o-Xylol nach Phthalsäureanhydrid > Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Desorp- tion der C8-Moleküle > Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Totaloxidation zu COx. Die Oxidation von o-Xylol zu Phthalsäureanhydrid erfolgt durch Insertion von O-Atomen in das Eduktmolekül. Aus dem basischen o-Xylol resultiert das azide PSA. Je nach Säurestärke der Katalysatoroberfläche können die Produktselektivitäten gesteuert werden. Mit o-Xylol als Edukt führt die Adsorption an VT-Katalysatoren mit niedrigen P-Mengen weder zu einem positiven noch zu einem negativen Effekt. Durch große P-Mengen wird die Lebensdauer der adsorbierten Intermediate im Vergleich zu V2O5/TiO2 verlängert. Es folgt die Zunahme der oxidativen Kupplungsreaktion und die quantitativ stärkere Bildung von organischen Ablagerungen mit prägraphitischer Struktur. Diese Deposite werden oxidativ zu COx abgebaut. Phosphor ist demnach für die o-Xylol-Oxidation kein Promotor. O O O O O C H O C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 Deposite COx Des. Desorption COx Des. Des. COx Einfluß von Phosphor o-Xylol o-Toluylaldehyd Phthalid PSA Abbildung 11–1: Einfluß von Phosphor auf die katalytische Gasphasenoxidation von o-Xylol und o-Toluylaldehyd, Des.: Desorption, COx: (CO und CO2) o-Xylol ist im wesentlichen die Quelle für die Depositbildung. Mit o-Toluylaldehyd als Edukt resultieren andere Produktverteilungen. Durch azide Katalysatoren wird die Adsorption von o-Toluylaldehyd, Phthalid und PSA gehemmt bzw. deren Desorption gefördert. Dies führt zu einer Unterdrückung der COx-Bildung (Abbildung 11–1). Bei vollständigem Umsatz kann durch geringe Phosphormengen die maximale Ausbeute an PSA gesteigert werden. Phosphor ist demzufolge für die o-Toluylaldehyd-Oxidation ein Promotor, da er die katalytische Wirksamkeit eines V2O5/TiO2-Katalysators erhöhen kann. Versuche im Pilotreaktor konnten die aus dem Labormaßstab gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bestätigen. Des weiteren konnte durch Zusatz von Phosphor zum einen eine längere Formierungsphase für die katalytisch aktive Spezies beobachtet und zum anderen eine quantitative Abnahme durch Austrag aus dem VT-Katalysatorsystem nachgewiesen werden. Effekte auf die Langzeitstabilität wurden nicht gefunden. Das Ziel der in dieser Arbeit gezeigten Versuche war, die Frage nach der Rolle von Phosphor als Additiv bei der o-Xylol-Oxidation zu beantworten. Im industriellen Betrieb werden im Rohrreaktor mindestens zwei Katalysatorschichten eingesetzt. Am Reaktoreintritt besteht der Gasstrom zu 100 % aus o-Xylol. Durch Zugabe geringer Phosphormengen (V/P > 5) wird die PSA-Selektivität nicht beeinflußt, die Aktivität jedoch erniedrigt. Die Rolle von Phosphor besteht in der Dämpfung der stark exothermen Reaktion und der Ermöglichung einer kontrollierten Reaktionsführung bei hohen o-Xylol-Beladungen. Im weiteren Verlauf entlang der Reaktorachse erfolgt die Umsetzung zu den Folgeprodukten. Der o-Toluylaldehyd ist das wichtigste Intermediat. Durch Zusatz von Phosphor (V/P = 5) kann die Selektivität zu PSA im o-Toluylaldehyd-reichen Reaktantenstrom gesteigert werden. Die Anpassung der Katalysator- schichten im axialen Konzentrationsprofil der Reaktantengasmischung führt je nach Wahl der Phosphormenge zu einer Steigerung der PSA-Selektivitäten. Durch die Promotierung mit Phosphor kann die maximale Ausbeute des Zielproduktes Phthalsäureanhydrid zielgerichtet erhöht werden.

In vorliegender Arbeit wurden unterschiedliche Katalysatorsysteme untersucht. Grundlage der Untersuchungen sind spinellähnliche Kupfer-Chrom-Ceroxide, welche eine vielversprechende Alternative zu den herkömmlich verwendeten Automobilkatalysatoren darstellen. Ein weiterer Bestandteil dieser Arbeit sind vanadium- und magnesiumhaltige Aluminiumphosphate, die aufgrund ihrer dreidimensionalen Gittergerüste und ihrer Oberflächeneigenschaften gute katalytische Eigenschaften für selektive Oxidationsreaktionen zeigen. Ferner wurde das binäre System TiO2/SiO2 untersucht, das sowohl als katalytisches Material an sich als auch als modifiziertes Trägersystem zur Verankerung von Edelmetallen auf SiO2-Oberflächen Verwendung findet. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag jedoch auf phosphorpromotierten V2O5/TiO2-Katalysatoren zur Herstellung von Phthalsäureanhydrid (PSA) aus o-Xylol. Das Hauptinteresse lag dabei neben dem Einfluss der verschiedenen Präparationsmethoden auf der Beeinflussung des Systems V2O5/TiO2 durch Phosphor als Promotor. Als Hauptuntersuchungsmethode diente die Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie, die aufgrund ihrer Oberflächensensitivität Informationen über den Oberflächenzustand und damit hochrelevante Daten für die heterogene Katalyse liefert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit weiteren Messmethoden und Spektroskopiearten ergänzt. Ferner wurden die neu ermittelten Daten und Ergebnisse in den Gesamtkontext schon bestehender Erkenntnisse eingebaut. Trotz weitreichender Informationen und Publikationen zu Katalysatoren für die Herstellung von Phthalsäureanhydrid aus o-Xylol, die auf dem System V2O5/TiO2 basieren, sind noch viele Fragen bezüglich Existenz und Funktion der Oberflächenkomponenten in promotierten PSA-Katalysatoren ungeklärt. Im Rahmen des Kapitels 1 dieser Arbeit war es das Ziel, den Einfluss von Phosphor auf das System V2O5/TiO2 zu beleuchten. Dazu wurde systematisch ausgehend von den Einzelsubstanzen über die binären Systeme bis hin zum ternären System vorangeschritten. Die Quantifizierung von XPS-Messungen mit Hilfe von Modellen lieferte Zahlenwerte für die prozentuale Abdeckung von TiO2 durch Vanadiumoxid im binären System V2O5/TiO2. So wurden für die höchste, beobachtete Dispersion bei der 20 h gemahlenen und anschließend kalzinierten V2O5/TiO2-Probe eine volle Bedeckung der TiO2-Oberfläche bei Zugabe der Monolagenmenge an V2O5 berechnet. Für das binäre System P2O5/TiO2 konnte für kleine Belegungen bis 1 Gew.% P2O5 die in der Literatur beschriebene Ausbildung einer monomolekularen Schicht bekräftigt werden. Die angewendeten Präparationsmethoden Suspension, Imprägnierung und Mahlen ergeben P2O5/V2O5/TiO2-Proben, bei denen alle Komponenten und vor allem Vanadium und Phosphor in enger Wechselwirkung miteinander stehen. Es konnte gefolgert werden, dass die Zugabe von Phosphor dabei hilft, kristallines V2O5 „abzubauen“ und VPO-Phasen zu bilden. Zur Veranschaulichung der Oberflächenzusammensetzung der gemahlenen P2O5/V2O5/TiO2-Proben wurde ein Modell für die Verteilung der beiden Oberflächenkomponenten in Abhängigkeit von der Mahldauer und der Kalzinierung entworfen (Abbildung 4–20). Eine Kalzinierungsdauer von 5 h bei 450 °C wurde als ausreichend erachtet, um P2O5/V2O5/TiO2-Systeme zu erzeugen, die gegenüber weiterer Kalzinierung stabil sind. Ergebnisse, die aus quasi-in-situ XPS-Messungen resultierten, seien an dieser Stelle besonders erwähnt. Mit ihrer Hilfe war es möglich, eine gänzlich neue Aussage bezüglich der Rolle des Phosphors im System P2O5/V2O5/TiO2 zu treffen. Dem schon bekannten Einfluss von Phosphor auf das Säure-Base-Verhalten des Katalysatorsystems konnte der Einfluss von Phosphor auf das Redoxverhalten von Vanadium in P2O5/V2O5/TiO2 hinzugefügt werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Zusatz von Phosphor den Wechsel der Oxidationsstufe zwischen V +5 und V +4 im System P2O5/V2O5/TiO2 über mehrere Oxidationszyklen hinweg erleichtert. Anwendungsbezogen bedeutet das, dass der entsprechende Katalysator eine höhere Langzeitstabilität aufweisen sollte. Auf dem Wege der Copräzipitation hergestellte Cu-Cr/Ce-Oxide, über die schon weitreichende Informationen zur Festkörperzusammensetzung aus Röntgenbeugung- und EXAFS-Messungen bereitstanden, wurden erstmals mit XPS bezüglich ihrer Oberflächenzusammensetzung analysiert. Die gefundene Tendenz der gemessenen Oxidationsstufen stimmt mit den für die bei den verschiedenen Kalzinierungstemperaturen zu erwartenden und mit Festkörpermethoden bestimmten Oxidationsstufen überein. Es wurde festgestellt, dass neben der geforderten Spinellhauptkomponente noch weitere Phasen wie CuO oder Cr2O3 vorliegen. Dies steht im Einklang mit den Messergebnissen der Festkörpermethoden. Die Anwendung der XPS lieferte Informationen über den Oxidationszustand der an vanadium- und magnesiumhaltigen Aluminiumphosphaten beteiligten Elemente. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in unkalziniertem VMgAPO-5 vorhandene V 4+ -Spezies durch thermische Behandlung weitgehend zu V 5+ oxidiert werden. Es konnte gefolgert werden, dass Vanadium in kalziniertem VMgAPO-5 nicht nur innerhalb, sondern auch außerhalb der AlPO-5-Struktur vorliegt. Dieses Vanadium liegt wahrscheinlich in Form von V2O5 an der Oberfläche vor. Das binäre System TiO2/SiO2 wurde bezüglich seiner Oberflächenzusammensetzung und seines Oberflächenzustandes untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Sauerstoff im System TiO2/SiO2 prinzipiell drei verschiedene Koordinationen aufweisen kann. Neben dem von Silicium umgebenen Sauerstoff, wie er im Trägermaterial vorliegt (Si-O-Si), existiert bei niedrigen Belegungen auch Sauerstoff, der sowohl Silicium als auch Titan als nächste Nachbarn hat (Si-O-Ti). Bei hohen Belegungen kommt zunehmend Sauerstoff vor, der nur Titan als nächste Nachbarn aufweist (Ti-O-Ti). Dies steht im Einklang mit Untersuchungen an Modellsystemen, die in der Literatur dokumentiert sind. Es konnte eine Grenzbelegung bei 3 Gew.% TiO2-Belegung ermittelt werden, ab der die nahezu ideale Dispersion auf dem verwendeten Präparationsweg nicht mehr aufrechterhalten werden kann. Diese Beobachtung konnte anhand von Oberflächenmodellvergleichen bekräftigt werden, nämlich dass bei höheren Belegungen neben Partikelbildung und damit einer herabgesetzten Dispersion eine weitere Abdeckung des Trägers durch Titanoxid stattfindet.

The effect of composition on the relaxed adiabatic bulk modulus (K0) of a range of alkali- and alkaline earth-titanosilicate [X 2 n/n+ TiSiO5 (X=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba)] melts has been investigated. The relaxed bulk moduli of these melts have been measured using ultrasonic interferometric methods at frequencies of 3, 5 and 7 MHz in the temperature range of 950 to 1600°C (0.02 Pa s < s < 5 Pa s). The bulk moduli of these melts decrease with increasing cation size from Li to Cs and Ca to Ba, and with increasing temperature. The bulk moduli of the Li-, Na-, Ca- and Ba-bearing metasilicate melts decrease with the addition of both TiO2 and SiO2 whereas those of the K-, Rb- and Cs-bearing melts increase. Linear fits to the bulk modulus versus volume fraction of TiO2 do not converge to a common compressibility of the TiO2 component, indicating that the structural role of TiO2 in these melts is dependent on the identity of the cation. This proposition is supported by a number of other property data for these and related melt compositions including heat capacity and density, as well as structural inferences from X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES). The compositional dependence of the compressibility of the TiO2 component in these melts explains the difficulty incurred in previous attempts to incorporate TiO2 in calculation schemes for melt compressibility. The empirical relationship KV-4/3 for isostructural materials has been used to evaluate the compressibility-related structural changes occurring in these melts. The alkali metasilicate and disilicate melts are isostructural, independent of the cation. The addition of Ti to the metasilicate composition (i.e. X2TiSiO5), however, results in a series of melts which are not isostructural. The alkaline-earth metasilicate and disilicate compositions are not isostructural, but the addition of Ti to the metasilicate compositions (i.e. XTiSiO5) would appear, on the basis of modulus-volume systematics, to result in the melts becoming isostructural with respect to compressibility.

The densities of thirteen silicate liquids along the Na2SiO3-TiO2 and CaSiO3-TiO2 joins and six other titanium-bearing silicate liquids of the general formula TiSiO5 (where X = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba) have been measured in equilibrium with air using the double Pt bob Archimedean method. The Na2SiO3-TiO2 join was investigated from 10–50 mole% TiO2 in the temperature range 1000–1150°C whereas the CaSiO3-TiO2 join was investigated from 10–80 mole% TiO2 in the temperature range of 1400–1625°C. Density increases with TiO2 content along both joins. Partial molar volumes of the binary endmembers, Na2SiO3 and CaSiO3, and of TiO2 have been computed. The partial molar volume of Na2SiO3 agrees well with that determined by Bockris et al. (1955). The partial molar volume of CaSiO3 is in disagreement with that of Tomlinson et al. (1958). The partial molar volume of TiO2 derived from a linear fit to the Na2SiO3-TiO2 join is 27.6(3) cm3/mole at 1150°C. The partial molar volume of TiO2 derived from linear extrapolation of the CaSiO3-TiO2 data to TiO2 at 1600°C is 24.3(4) cm3/mole. Comparison of the partial molar volume data from these binary joins with TiO2 liquid density data (Dingwell, 1991) requires the existence of a large positive excess volume in the Na2SiO3-TiO2 system at 1150°C.

The density of TiO2 liquid in equilibrium with air has been measured at 1875° to 1925°C using an Ir double bob Archimedean method. The melt density data have been combined with data extrapolated from the CaSiO3─TiO2 join at 1600°C. A combined fit to these density data yields the following description of the density of liquid TiO2: ρ= 3.7611 - 0.00028T(°C), in the temperature range of 1600° to 1925°C. This expansivity value is consistent with those obtained on TiO2-rich melts using a Pt-based system at lower temperature and with multicomponent oxide data. The similarity between the volume of liquid TiO2 and that of crystalline rutile implies a dominantly octahedral coordination of Ti in the liquid state.