Podcasts about Concomitant

The secret to scoring a 170 on the LSAT? Don't finish the section—just slow down and focus on accuracy. Ben and Nathan share an excerpt from their new book, The LSAT Is Easy, that breaks down what it takes to reach score milestones. They also unpack common admissions gimmicks, share tips from a departing demon, and host another round of the Personal Statement Gong Show.Study with our Free PlanDownload our iOS appWatch Episode 503 on YouTube0:37 - The LSAT Is EasyBen and Nathan explain why the LSAT isn't as difficult as it seems. Rushing through questions leads to repeated mistakes, not progress. They encourage slowing down, focusing on accuracy, and carefully solving each question. The episode also introduces their new, budget-friendly book. Improving your score starts with doing questions right, not doing more of them.19:33 – Marketing gimmicks Law schools use tactics like seat deposit deadlines and “priority waitlists” to pressure applicants into accepting full-price offers. Ben and Nathan explain how these strategies work, why they don't reflect actual capacity, and how they help schools find eager, full-paying students.  Their advice?  Ignore the pressure. Focus on scholarships and long-term results.40:50 – Why didn't Ben enjoy his job in the justice department? Ben recalls his time at the DOJ, where much of his work involved revising boilerplate from other lawyers. They also discuss clerkships—what they entail, how they differ, and why federal ones are more significant. For more on clerkships, check out Thinking LSAT Episode 418, Demystifying Federal Clerkships.43:53 – You Don't Need to Explain Every Wrong Answer. Some students waste time trying to explain every wrong answer. Ben and Nathan suggest it's more useful to understand the logic behind the correct ones and focus your review on the questions you missed. The point isn't to memorize everything—it's to build real understanding.48:23 – Personal Statement Gong ShowAngel shares a personal statement for critique. Ben and Nathan emphasize that it needs to focus squarely on the applicant. Highlighting anything other than your skills wastes space that should be used to show why you will succeed in law school and the legal profession. 1:09:16 - Tips from a Departing DemonBlake shares two pieces of advice: every word on the LSAT counts, and practice doesn't make perfect—just better. Ben and Nathan agree with another student who reminds listeners not to take the test until they're truly ready.1:14:16 - Word of the Week - Concomitant"Neurosurgery seemed to present the most challenging and direct confrontation with meaning, identity, and death. Concomitant with the enormous responsibilities they shouldered, neurosurgeons were also masters of many fields: Neurosurgery, ICU Medicine, neurology, radiology."

Read the article here: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/30494826241296676

Commentary by Dr. Alexander Maass.

Send us a textChorioamnionitis and Two-Year Outcomes in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Cornet MC, Gonzalez FF, Glass HC, Wu TW, Wisnowski JL, Li Y, Heagerty P, Juul SE, Wu YW.J Pediatr. 2024 Nov 20:114415. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114415. Online ahead of print.PMID: 39577760 Free article.As always, feel free to send us questions, comments, or suggestions to our email: nicupodcast@gmail.com. You can also contact the show through Instagram or Twitter, @nicupodcast. Or contact Ben and Daphna directly via their Twitter profiles: @drnicu and @doctordaphnamd. The papers discussed in today's episode are listed and timestamped on the webpage linked below. Enjoy!

What happens when patients with psoriasis present with comorbidities and concomitant medical concerns? The availability of numerous treatments with differing mechanisms of action means that prescribers have more opportunity than ever before to help patients manage their disease safely, says April Armstrong, MD, MPH. Plus, Biologic Coordinator Neo Cuellar discusses therapeutic access and Hilary Baldwin, MD discusses skin care for patients with acne and rosacea.Like what you're hearing? Want to learn more about the Dermatology Education Foundation? Explore assets and resources on our website.

I talk about how and why I coach the way that I do, in this emotional episode, celebrating my 50th podcast. Show Notes: Concomitant Coaching: https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/concomitant The #1 Reason Why Inventors Don't Get Licensing Deals Article: https://inventright.com/the-1-reason-why-inventors-dont-get-licensing-deals/#:~:text=A%20licensing%20contract%20is%20like,build%20one%20with%20each%20company Holistic Coaching: https://www.ukcoaching.org/holistic-coaching Developmental Coaching: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-developmental-coaching-thomas-j-pickett/ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/serial-inventing-podcast/support

Welcome to the latest episode of Cardiology Digest, where we chart a course through groundbreaking studies that are shaping cardiology practice!   STUDY #1: First, we discuss the nuanced world of drug interactions involving diltiazem and direct-acting oral anticoagulants like apixaban and rivaroxaban. Tune in as we scrutinize the study's limitations and practical implications for your patients with atrial fibrillation.  Ray, WA, Chung, CP, Stein, CM, et al. 2024. Serious bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation using diltiazem with apixaban or rivaroxaban. JAMA. 18: 1565–1575. (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2817546) STUDY #2: Next, we turn our attention to a case-control study examining the bleeding risks associated with the combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Are the bleeding risks substantial enough to rethink this combination therapy, or are there scenarios where the benefits outweigh the dangers? We'll leave no stone unturned. Rahman, AA, Platt, RW, Beradid, S, et al. 2024. Concomitant use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with oral anticoagulants and risk of major bleeding. JAMA. 3: e243208. (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2816687) STUDY #3: Finally, we explore a fascinating meta analysis that looked at renal denervation and its long-term efficacy in controlling blood pressure. See how renal denervation stacks up against traditional antihypertensive medications and what you need to consider when thinking about incorporating it into your treatment arsenal. Sesa-Ashton, G, Nolde, JM, Muente, I, et al. 2024. Long-term blood pressure reductions following catheter-based renal denervation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 6: e63–e70. (https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22314) Join us to explore the potential impacts of these studies, the ongoing debates they spark within the cardiology community, and to see how these findings could influence your clinical decisions. Learn more with these courses: Atrial Fibrillation Essentials (1 CME):  Pacemaker Essentials (5 CME) Pacemaker Essentials Workshop (1 CME) Get a Basic or Pro account, or, get a Trial account. Show notes: Visit us at  https://www.medmastery.com/podcasts/cardiology-podcast.

This conversation starts by focusing on the impact of concomitant metabolic therapies in MASH drug development and patient treatment and then moves on to explore some major implications of the earlier conversations. Roger Green begins this conversation by returning to the issue of metabolic drugs. Specifically, he mentions a recent tirzepatide Phase 3 trial that demonstrated efficacy against symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Louise Campbell points out that sleep apnea correlates highly with SLD as well as obesity. She suggests this is one more point proving that we need to educate more physician specialties on liver health and educate them more effectively. Will Alazawi agrees with Louise's comment, citing a talk he and a colleague gave at the Diabetes UK conference the previous week that was part of an academic session on liver disease, noting that the session itself was well-attended. Will emphasizes applauding Diabetes UK for arranging and promoting this kind of multidisciplinary academic session of MASLD and MASH. Roger shifts focus by asking what insights investors or other professionals who listen to the episode should take from this discussion. Jörn Schattenberg starts with the most important point: we now know how to get a drug approved. Considering other drugs in development, he adds that the drugs we are studying now may be potent enough to overcome issues that challenged earlier agents. Sven Francque adds that in future years, prior use of incretin double-agonists and triple-agonists will change the nature of the MASH patient population and make drugs like Rezdiffra that have liver-specific modes of action more important and valuable.   

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

Dr. Eduardo Fernandez discusses with Dr. Hiroaki Sekiya the surprising findings of his study evaluating the presence of concomitant pathologies and how they impact the disease progression in a large cohort of patients with MSA from the Mayo Clinic brain bank. Read the article

durée : 00:05:45 - Le Journal de l'éco - par : Anne-Laure Chouin - 3% du commerce mondial transite par le canal de Panama, 30% par le Canal de Suez or le passage par ces deux passages clés a diminué de 40%. Pour des raisons différentes, mais les conséquences se cumulent, avec des effets néfastes, notamment pour le climat.

References FEMS Microbiol Rev.1998. Oct;22(4):255-75 Discoveries(Craiova). 2017 Jul-Sep; 5(3): e77. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Jul; 19(7): 1427–1440. Oncogene. 2017 Mar 23; 36(12): 1607–1618. Bach, JS. 1742. Kunst der Fuge , BWV 1080; Marta Czech https://youtu.be/p1Sq1HOYglU?si=2GMF7kf3dLW4rr2O Lennon and MCartney.1968. "Martha my Dear" https://youtu.be/RXawa90YU2s?si=dUPDtTdm4UqrgWit --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

NEJM 1991;324:781-788Background A hallmark of post-myocardial infarction (MI) care in the 1980's was the monitoring and suppression of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) via use of antiarrhythmic drugs. The practice was based on pathophysiologic rationale that PVC burden is a strong risk factor for sudden and non-sudden cardiac death following MI and thus, suppression must reduce death. PVC reduction was a seductive surrogate endpoint that was easy to measure and declare victory on, but it had never been tested in a proper RCT. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) was sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and sought to test the hypothesis that suppression of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic PVCs with antiarrhythmic therapy with encainide, flecainide, or moricizine after MI would reduce death due to arrhythmia.Patients Patients were eligible for enrollment 6 days to 2 years post MI with an average of ≥6 PVCs per hour on ambulatory monitoring of at least 18 hours duration, and no runs of VT of ≥15 beats at a rate of ≥120 bpm. An ejection fraction (EF) of ≤55% was required within 90 days of MI or ≤40% if recruited after 90 days. There was a run-in phase. Patients were only enrolled in the main trial if they had at least 80% suppression of PVCs and at least 90% suppression of runs of VT during an initial, open-label titration period. Initial open-label drug assignment was based, in part, on the EF. Flecainide was not given to patients with an EF of ≤30%. Moricizine was only used as a second line drug in patients with an EF of ≥30%.Baseline characteristics Baseline characteristics of the patients enrolled in the trial are not provided in the main manuscript and cannot be inferred from the results, tables or figures presented.Procedures Patients in whom arrhythmias were suppressed were randomly assigned to receive either the effective drug or its matching placebo. A detailed description of study procedures is not presented in the main manuscript. Compliance with the study drug was assessed in follow-up visits and based on pill counts of tablets returned but the schedule of these visits is not provided. Concomitant drug therapy was assessed at the time of the last visit, according to a standardized checklist.During the trial, patients could be instructed to discontinue the study drug based on the occurrence of the following events: ventricular tachycardia, significant increase in arrhythmia burden, disqualifying ECG changes including significant QT prolongation or bradycardia, new or worsened congestive heart failure, the need for treatment with an antiarrhythmic agent outside the entry criteria for the study, or any number of other adverse medical events divided into cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular events.Endpoints The primary endpoint of the study was death or cardiac arrest with resuscitation due to arrhythmia. The site PI was responsible for classifying each death without knowledge of the patient's assigned treatment. Secondary endpoints included cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes of death, disqualifying ventricular tachycardia without arrest, syncope, pacemaker implantation, recurrent MI, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris or coronary artery revascularization.Results Observation began on the day of randomization to blinded therapy and was censored on April 18, 1989, the date when the use of encainide and flecainide was discontinued by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board because the data indicated it was unlikely that benefit could be demonstrated, and it was likely that the drugs were harmful. The original CAST trial manuscript reports data on patients assigned to the encainide and flecainide groups. Moricizine use was continued and would be reported separately in the revised CAST II trial.1498 participants were randomized to receive either encainide, flecainide or their matching placebo and followed for an average of 10 months. Compliance with the assigned treatments was estimated to be >90% in 70% of all patients and was similar in the active-drug and placebo groups. Antiarrhythmic therapy significantly increased the relative risk of the primary endpoint of death or cardiac arrest due to arrhythmia (RR 2.64; 5.7% vs 2.2%; p=0.0004) and was associated with a number needed to harm (NNH) of approximately 29. It also increased the risk of all deaths and cardiac arrests (RR 2.38; 8.3% vs 3.5%; p=0.0001; NNH = 20); even those not associated with arrhythmia (2.3% vs 0.7%; p=0.01).Conclusions The CAST trial unexpectedly demonstrated that treatment of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic PVCs in post-MI patients, with encainide and flecainide, increased death and cardiac arrests. From a chronological standpoint, it is the first major trial in cardiovascular medicine (perhaps all of medicine) that “reversed” a standard medical practice. In this case, one that was instituted and broadly adopted on the basis of pathophysiologic reasoning and one that targeted a surrogate endpoint. Thus, more than anything it highlights the importance of testing interventions in properly conducted RCTs prior to adoption and basing the analysis on hard outcomes that are meaningful to patients and society. How many practices in modern medicine are supported by high quality RCTs? It may be as low as 30-40%. Get full access to Cardiology Trial's Substack at cardiologytrials.substack.com/subscribe

On this episode, we're going to continue our discussion with Dr. William Bugbee and focus on OCA surgical technique and then discuss clinical outcomes including return to sports.Our conversation picks back up with a recent paper from the July issue of Cartilage this year titled “Young Age and Concomitant or Prior Bony Realignment Procedures are Associated with Decreased Risk of Failure of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee.” This retrospective nationwide database study represents the largest OCA cohort study to date and found that less than 2% of patients required salvage surgery. Young age, less than 29, and having a bony realignment procedure were associated with a significantly lower rate of salvage surgery – include revision cartilage procedures and arthroplasty.We finish up today with an article from the June 2017 issue of AJSM titled “Return to Sport and Recreational Activity after Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee.” Dr. Bugbee and colleagues at Scripps Clinic in La Jolla California reported that at a mean follow up of 6 years, 75% of patients were able to return to sport or recreational activity. Patients who did not return were more likely to be female and have a large graft size. 25% of knees underwent further surgery and 9% were considered allograft failures. Of the patients without OCA failure, 91% were satisfied with the results of surgery.

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

How do concomitant meds affect antidepressant response? Find out about this and more in today's PV Roundup podcast.

The management of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response is often complicated by the presence of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The presence of HFrEF limits pharmacologic options for rate control. This podcast will cover a retrospective study looking at the use of metoprolol vs diltiazem in patients with A fib with RVR and concomitant heart failure

Dr. Ami Kapadia, MD, ABFM, ABIHM: https://www.amikapadia.com/ Dr. Rebecca Sand, ND, LAc: https://www.drrebeccasand.com/ Dr. Ilana Gurevich, ND, LAc: https://www.naturopathicgastro.com/ - Kids, nutrition and constipation - Celiac and constipation - Food sensitivity and kids with constipation - Constipation, dairy, and food allergies - Constipation and comprehensive elimination diet - Comprehensive elimination diet options - Lactase deficiency as an underlying cause of constipation in children - Casein intolerance as an underlying cause of constipation - Concomitant conditions that present with constipation in children - Food allergy testing vs food elimination testing - Testing for food allergies in constipation with kids - Discussion on drugs for allergies in children - Supplement discussion for allergies in children

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534302v1?rss=1 Authors: Yordanov, T. E., Martinez, M. A. E., Esposito, T., Tefft, J. B., Labzin, L. I., Stehbens, S. J., Rowan, A., Hogan, B. M., Chen, C. S., Lauko, J., Lagendijk, A. K. Abstract: Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions that predominantly form in blood vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) upon loss of the CCM multimeric protein complex. The endothelial cells (ECs) within CCM lesions are characterised by overactive MEKK3 kinase and KLF2/4 transcription factor signalling, leading to pathological changes such as increased EC spreading and reduced junctional integrity. Concomitant to aberrant EC signalling, non-autonomous signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) have also been implicated in CCM lesion growth and these factors might explain why CCM lesions mainly develop in the CNS. Here, we adapted a three dimensional (3D) microfluidic system to examine CCM1 deficient human micro-vessels in distinctive ECMs. We validate that EC pathological hallmarks are maintained in this 3D model. We further show that supplementing the ECM with distinct forms of Hyaluronic Acid (HA), a major ECM component of the CNS, alters CCM1 biology, independent of KLF2/4. This study provides a proof-of-principle that ECM embedded 3D microfluidic models are ideally suited to identify how changes in ECM structure and signalling impact vascular malformations. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527487v1?rss=1 Authors: Blanco, I., Caccavano, A., Wu, J. Y., Vicini, S., Glasgow, E., Conant, K. Abstract: The mammalian hippocampus exhibits sharp wave events (1-30 Hz) with an often-present superimposed fast ripple oscillation (120-200 Hz) forming a sharp wave ripple (SWR) complex. During slow wave sleep or consummatory behaviors, SWRs result from the sequential spiking of hippocampal cell assemblies initially activated during imagined or learned experiences. SWRs occur in tandem with cortical/subcortical assemblies critical to the long-term storage of specific memory types. Leveraging juvenile zebrafish, we show that SWR events in their hippocampal homologue, the anterodorsolateral lobe (ADL), in ex vivo whole-brains are locally generated and maintained. SWR events were also recorded in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Concomitant single cell calcium imaging and local field potential (LFP) recordings showed that BLA SWs couple to ADL SWs. Calcium imaging recordings of whole-brains demonstrated that ADL and BLA SWRs are endogenously and spontaneously silenced by the activation of a more caudal population of putative cholinergic cells. Electrical stimulation of this caudal region silenced ADL SWs. Our results suggest that the SWR-generating circuit is evolutionarily conserved through shared acetylcholine modulating mechanisms. These findings further our understanding of neuronal population dynamics in the zebrafish brain and highlights their advantage for simultaneously recording SW/SWRs and single cell activity in diverse brain regions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

WE & OUR ENEMIES: FACE-TO-FACEKeep Right with Ralph K. GinorioI am a sinner.  I am also a Christian.  I am therefore keenly aware that no human being has earned the right to cast the first stone.  My clay feet are inescapable.  I try to live from a basis of genuine humility, because I have so very much about which to be humble.Concomitant with this, though, is my duty as a Christian, as a man, and as an American to endeavor to speak truth, serve conscience, and stand against evil.  Christian love and civic duty require that I not be mute and neutral when faced with matters of right and wrong.  I believe we are each called to take sides.Today, as our civilization teeters on the brink, we could drown in the rising tide of controversy.  I cannot think of any area of life that does not have enemies within clamoring for the West to destroy itself in shame over what they say we have done.  Simultaneously, there are outside forces hungering for our decrepitude, enslavement, or outright destruction.The scope of these two types of attack on Judeo-Christian Western Civilization is staggering.  It is traumatic to have every powerful voice mobilized to tell us that we, ourselves, are the world's chief problem.  In fact, our demoralization is their objective.“Confusion to the enemy!” is an old British war toast.  The Greek word for the dark enemy of God literally means “confusion, through-and-through”.  Each and all of these contemporary attacks on our West aim to overwhelm our reason and confuse our certainties.  We are to be made insensible to our own conscience and unable to think clearly about effective ways we can serve it.We are not faced, as we were in the Cold War, with a monolithic creed that intends to replace what we hold dearest in life.  Instead, there is a cacophony of voices raised against our traditions, values, freedoms, and folkways.  Many of these hold mutually-exclusive ideals.  Many hate one another.But, be certain that they hate us more.  Their hatred coalesces this unlikely alliance of LGBTQ+ activists, Islamist Fundamentalists, Feminists, Transnormatives, Academic Deconstructivists, Western Communists, Globalist Plutocrats, Chinese Communists, Anarchists, De-Christianizers, Christian Liberation Theologians, Woke Social Justice Warriors, Anti-White Racists, Hollywood Propagandists, Climate Alarmists, Teachers' Unions, and Legacy Media Moguls.They want to destroy the Judeo-Christian West, with our many denominations, liberal democracy, human rights, freedoms of speech, liberty of conscience, free market, armed citizens, traditional gender roles, national identities, Constitutions, inspirational myths, and insistence on the sanctity of human life.Our enemies are not interested in negotiating a live-and-let-live peace between us.  Their aim is not lassiez-faire mutual toleration with a genuine diversity of peaceably coexisting faiths.  Despite their babble of mutually-exclusive utopias, they are each in their own way religious zealots whose fervor will usher in our Apocalypse.These Millenarians see our world as irredeemably evil.  They see the growing peace, prosperity, freedom, and population ushered in by the post-1945 Pax Americana as the Devil's work.This world will be cleansed by the holy fire of their convictions.  After our society is burned to ash, their proverbial Thousand Years of Peace will be all that remains.  For their New Jerusalem to be born, the West must die.In service to such a purpose, any means are justified.  Our domestic and foreign enemies will enthusiastically lie, cheat, steal, seduce, deceive, imprison, and murder without shame or restraint.  Only their monomaniacal unscrupulousness can forge true Paradise-on-Earth.  Nothing must stand in their way.This is why grown men are cheered when they dress as transvestites and shake their privates in the faces of children.  This is why free expression must be called misinformation, so that only their message can be heard.  This is why our own wealthiest citizens are using their influence to destroy the very way of life that brought them success.  This is why our security agencies have been unleashed against us as a Gestapo.  This is why our culture is deteriorating in decadence.  This is why our schools ardently steal hope and truth from innocents.  This is why,... all of it!We must answer their fanaticism with courage, their lies with truth, their vanity with humility, their zealotry with mercy, their subjectivity with objectivity, their willfulness with faith, their excesses with restraint, their anxiety with trust, and their unscrupulousness with integrity.  We must answer their hatred with God's love.***In Maine and then Idaho, Ralph K. Ginorio has taught the history of Western Civilization to High School students for nearly a quarter century.  He is an “out-of-the-closet” Conservative educator with experience in Special Education, Public Schools, and Charter Schools, Grades 6-12.  He has lived in Coeur d'Alene since 2014.Would you like to share your thoughts with Ralph?  Please email your comments to hello@idahospeaks.com or post your comments on @IdahoSpeaks on Facebook.Idaho Speaks is a listener supported production.  Please visit idahospeaks.com/support to learn more.Do you have something so say?  Interested in learning more about publishing on the Idaho Speaks Network?  Our nation was built on ideas and your idea could be the next political advancement for Idaho.  Call Ed at (208) 209-7170 or email hello@idahospeaks.com to start the conversation.

Dr. Jessica Smith presents her team's work to answer the question whether fluconazole can be used while a patient is receiving a direct oral anticoagulant. The full manuscript is available open access at: https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.2738.

Drs Spider and Jiminez discuss Athletes Undergoing Concomitant Hip Arthroscopy and Periacetabular Osteotomy Demonstrate Greater Than 80% Return-to-Sport Rate at 2-Year Minimum Follow-Up

20221102 Two concomitant by-products and the actual result of chanting the holy name Māyāpur, India © JPS Archives

Commentary by Dr. Arnethea Sutton

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.05.506629v1?rss=1 Authors: Devi, R., Lepsien, J., Lorenz, K., Schlumm, T., Mildner, T., Möller, H. E. Abstract: Unlike the positive blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response (PBR), commonly taken as an indication of an 'activated' brain region, the physiological origin of negative BOLD signal changes (i.e. a negative BOLD response, NBR), also referred to as 'deactivation' is still being debated. In this work, an attempt was made to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanism by obtaining a comprehensive measure of the contributing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its relationship to the NBR in the human visual cortex, in comparison to a simultaneously induced PBR in surrounding visual regions. To overcome the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of CBF measurements, a newly developed multi-echo version of a center-out echo planar-imaging (EPI) readout was employed with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL). It achieved very short echo and inter-echo times and facilitated a simultaneous detection of functional CBF and BOLD changes at 3 T with improved sensitivity. Evaluations of the absolute and relative changes of CBF and the effective transverse relaxation rate, R2*, the coupling ratios, and their dependence on CBF at rest, CBFrest, indicated differences between activated and deactivated regions. Analysis of the shape of the respective functional responses also revealed faster negative responses with more pronounced post-stimulus transients. Resulting differences in the flow-metabolism coupling ratios were further examined for potential distinctions in the underlying neuronal contributions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Dr. Mark A. Munger shares his team's research on the concomitant use of NSAIDs plus misoprostol and the associated reduced risk of NSAID-induced cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal adverse events. Full text manuscript available at: https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.2708.

Authors Michael Stauff, MD and Ben Mitchell, MD of the University of Massachusetts discuss their paper "Patterns of concomitant injury in thoracic spine fractures" with NASSJ editor in chief Jonathan Grauer, MD. Access the full article here. Disclosures: Grauer, Jonathan: Board of Directors: LSRS (Nonfinancial), NASS (Nonfinancial); Other: NASS (D). Stauff, Michael: Research Support (Staff and/or materials): Empirical Spine (B, Paid directly to institution/employer); Speaking and/or Teaching Arrangements: Spineart (B), Stryker Spine (C). Key: A: $100-$1,000; B: $1001-$10,000; C: $10,001-$25,000; D: $25,001-$50,000; E: $50,001-$100,000; F: $100,001- $500,000; G: $500,001-$1M; H: $1,000,001- $2.5M; I: $2.5M+

In this episode Jimmy and Roya talk about all the new treatments available to help treat or relieve different eye conditions such as the collarette, cataract, demodex and more...SOURCESC3-R-CXLDr. Boxer WachlerCOMING SOON New treatment for demodex blepharitisTea tree harmful to MGD?Concomitant conditions present with demodexWeave

Marcela, Pedro e Fred discutem 7 armadilhas sobre a crise de gota. Pode usar alopurinol na crise? Precisa puncionar toda monoartrite? Colchicina, AINEs ou corticoide, qual é o melhor? Essas armadilhas e mais algumas são discutidas nesse episódio. Referências: Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. Hill EM, et al. Does Starting Allopurinol Prolong Acute Treated Gout? A Randomized Clinical Trial. JCR - Journal of Clinical Rheumatology Apr 2015. Vol21 Issue 3. Taylor TH. Initiation of Allopurinol at First Medical Contact for Acute Attacks of Gout: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The American Journal of Medicine. Vol 125, Issue 11. Nov 2012.  Xin Feng, Yao Li, Wei Gao. Significance of the initiation time of urate-lowering therapy in gout patients: A retrospective research. Joint Bone Spine Volume 82, Issue 6, December 2015.  Park Y, Park Y, Lee S, et al. Clinical analysis of gouty patients with normouricaemia at diagnosisAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62:90-92.  LOGAN JA, MORRISON E, McGILL PE. Serum uric acid in acute goutAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1997;56:696-697.  FitzGerald, J. D., Dalbeth, N., Mikuls, T., Brignardello‐Petersen, R., Guyatt, G., Abeles, A. M., ... & Neogi, T. (2020). 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis care & research, 72(6), 744-760. Ragab, Gaafar, Mohsen Elshahaly, and Thomas Bardin. "Gout: An old disease in new perspective–A review." Journal of advanced research 8.5 (2017): 495-511. Janssens, H. J., Janssen, M., Van de Lisdonk, E. H., van Riel, P. L., & van Weel, C. (2008). Use of oral prednisolone or naproxen for the treatment of gout arthritis: a double-blind, randomised equivalence trial. The Lancet, 371(9627), 1854-1860. Parperis, K. (2021). Open-label randomised pragmatic trial (CONTACT) comparing naproxen and low-dose colchicine for the treatment of gout flares in primary care. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 80(12), e202-e202. Barthélémy, I., Karanas, Y., Sannajust, J. P., Emering, C., & Mondié, J. M. (2001). Gout of the temporomandibular joint: pitfalls in diagnosis. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 29(5), 307-310. Terkeltaub, R. A., Furst, D. E., Bennett, K., Kook, K. A., Crockett, R. S., & Davis, M. W. (2010). High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: twenty‐four–hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, dose‐comparison colchicine study. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 62(4), 1060-1068. Lumezanu, E., Konatalapalli, R., & Weinstein, A. (2012). Axial (spinal) gout. Current rheumatology reports, 14(2), 161-164. Kienhorst, Laura BE, et al. "The validation of a diagnostic rule for gout without joint fluid analysis: a prospective study." Rheumatology 54.4 (2015): 609-614. Clebak, Karl T., Ashley Morrison, and Jason R. Croad. "Gout: Rapid evidence review." American family physician 102.9 (2020): 533-538. Robin, F., et al. "External validation of Gout-calculator performance on a cohort of acute arthritis (SYNOLACTATE) sparing distal joints such as hallux and midfoot. A cross-sectional study of 170 patients." Clinical Rheumatology 40.5 (2021): 1983-1988. Ma, Lingling, Ann Cranney, and Jayna M. Holroyd-Leduc. "Acute monoarthritis: what is the cause of my patient's painful swollen joint?." Cmaj 180.1 (2009): 59-65. Yu, K. H., et al. "Concomitant septic and gouty arthritis—an analysis of 30 cases." Rheumatology 42.9 (2003): 1062-1066. NBR 6023Janssens, Hein JEM, et al. "A diagnostic rule for acute gouty arthritis in primary care without joint fluid analysis.Archives of Internal Medicine170.13 (2010): 1120-1126

Commentary by Dr. Sabahat Bokhari

Join Colm, Professor Steve Macfarlane, Maree Mastwyk, Trish and John as they discuss the personal and professional characteristics of a clinical trial.  Professor Steve Macfarlane is the Head of Clinical Services at HammondCare's Dementia Centre  and his colleague, Maree Mastwyk  is a Team leader of Clinical trials. Together they define clinical trials in a professional context and provide their expertise on how to operate a clinical trial.  John, a person living with dementia and his partner Trish are both currently on a clinical trial. They describe their personal experiences of this trial.  The Australian Clinical Trials Alliance's ‘Report on the Activities & Achievements of Clinical Trials Networks in Australia' and an article by the Western Alliance are informative resources on the operations of clinical trials in Australia.  Policy & Medicine's article 'The Importance of Clinical Trials' explains the impact of clinical trials in America.  ANZCTR is an online registry for of clinical trials being undertaken predominately in Australia and New Zealand, and to a smaller extent other parts of the globe. This link connects you to a similar network in the America and here is a dementia research registry located in the United Kingdom.   *We would like to acknowledge as clinical best practise is continuously evolving that the comments made in this episode is reflective of the period leading up to the 7th of October.  Below we have listed the definitions of some terms mentioned in this episode:  Efficacious: Something is able to produce its intended result.  Placebo: A substance given to someone who is told that it is a particular medicine, either to make that person feel as if they are getting better or to compare the effect of the particular medicine when given to others.  Sponsor: Any individual or group that provides financial or material support to a study or endeavour in return for commercial advertisement.  Comparator: The comparator study is used to compare the effectiveness of the investigational product to the existing drug. Tolerability: Represents the degree to which overt adverse effects can be tolerated by the subject/patient. Con-meds: Concomitant medications (con-meds) are any prescription or over-the-counter drugs and supplements taken in addition to an investigational therapy by a study subject. Proof of concept: Proof of concept (POC) is an exercise in which work is focused on determining whether an idea can be turned into a reality. A proof of concept is meant to determine the feasibility of the idea or to verify that the idea will function as envisioned. It is sometimes also known as proof of principle. Adverse events: An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy. Adverse events may be mild, moderate, or severe, and may be caused by something other than the drug or therapy being given. Also called adverse effect.For all feedback please email hello@dementiacente.com.au

In this soundbite, William Schaffner, MD, speaks about whether concomitant receipt of recombinant zoster vaccine with another vaccine increases the risk of herpes zoster compared with receiving recombinant zoster vaccine alone. This topic was presented at the 2021 virtual Annual Conference on Vaccinology Research sponsored by the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials' isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown's policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world. 

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials' isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown's policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials’ isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown’s policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials’ isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown’s policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/latin-american-studies

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials’ isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown’s policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials’ isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown’s policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/caribbean-studies

Dr. Juan José Ponce Vázquez's new book, Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580-1690 (Cambridge UP, 2020) tracks the importance of smuggling to the society, economy, and politics of the island of Hispaniola in this “long seventeenth century.” Smuggling, in his words, made people's lives on the island, an island that had suffered from imperial commercial neglect and a declining sugar industry. Concomitant with this endemic smuggling, local elites began asserting their authority over local and imperial institutions on the island, taking advantage of royal officials’ isolation from the Spanish metropole and their need for local alliances. These factors, Dr. Ponce Vásquez argues, allowed local elites to gain immense wealth and power, alter the course of European inter-imperial struggles, limit, redirect, and suppress the Spanish crown’s policies, and thus take control of the destinies of Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish Empire in the region during this period. R. Grant Kleiser is a Ph.D. candidate in the Columbia University History Department. His dissertation researches the development of the free-port system in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, investigating the rationale for such moves towards “free trade” and the impact these policies had on subsequent philosophers, policy-makers, and revolutionaries in the Atlantic world.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In this episode I talk Edward Mills and Dr. Tom Hinton about their supervisory relationship, from exchanging their first speculative emails about the PhD to working together now on a postdoctoral project.  Music credit: Happy Boy Theme Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/    Podcast transcript 1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:15,000 Hello and welcome, R, D and And The Inbetweens, I'm your host, Kelly Preece, 2 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:31,000 and every fortnight I talk to a different guest about researchers development and everything in between. 3 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:36,000 Hello and welcome to the latest episode of R, D and The Inbetweens. 4 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:44,000 It's Kelly Preece. And today I'm gonna be talking to both sides of a PhD supervisory team to Edward Mills. 5 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:53,000 He's been on this podcast a few times, talking about writing up his thesis and preparing for your Viva is here today with his PhD supervisor 6 00:00:53,000 --> 00:01:02,000 and now postdoc supervisor Dr. Thomas Hinton to talk about the supervisory relationship from both sides. 7 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:11,000 What makes a good supervisor? What makes a good supervisor? And what advice they have for other students and academics. 8 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,000 So, Tom, first, you happy to introduce yourself? Yes. 9 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:15,000 So I'm Tom Hinton. 10 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:26,000 I'm a senior lecturer in French in the Department of Modern Languages, specialised in the Middle Ages, particularly medieval French and Occitan Fab. 11 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:32,000 Edward. Hello, my name's Edward. I am just in the process of finishing up my PhD 12 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:38,000 I've just submitted my corrections in modern languages. Work on many of these similar areas. 13 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:44,000 Tom. Really Which is appropriate, I think, given the focus for for this podcast. 14 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:49,000 So, yeah, we're gonna talk about the supervisory relationship and the particular supervisory 15 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:53,000 relationship that Tom and Edward have experienced over the past four years. 16 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:57,000 I guess best thing to do is go right back to the start. Back to the beginning. 17 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:03,000 So how did you come to be Tom's student Edward? 18 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:05,000 So I am very fortunate. 19 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:18,000 I think on one thing which I am conscious of in this episode is I'm going to give everybody supervisor envy. But to go way back. 20 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:22,000 It actually happened because of an email that we sent out. 21 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:32,000 So I was working in France after finishing my master's and my masters supervisor who knew that myself, 22 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:37,000 another master's candidate, were interested in doing PhDs 23 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:43,000 occasionally sent out emails to us saying, you know, have you seen this opportunity for funding, this opportunity for funding and so on and so forth. 24 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:51,000 And it just so happened that Tom had sent one round about some funding that was available in Exeter, 25 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:59,000 mentioning that there were these three student ships and it would be great to have some mediaeval French representation 26 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:07,000 in amongst that this sort of new cohort and that French specific PhD funding was and still is quite rare. 27 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:18,000 So I sat down over Christmas five years ago and wrote an email, basically, and that's sort of where it started, isn't it, Tom? 28 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:29,000 Really? Yeah, I think it's a I mean, that's how a lot of PhD supervisor relationships start, I think is through someone e-mailing in this case. 29 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,000 I was, as I would explain, 30 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:39,000 I was trying to be proactive in terms of putting feelers out to colleagues around the country to see if they had students who be interested. 31 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:47,000 And then you get an email in your inbox. And I think obviously it's important that the project is a good fit. 32 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:52,000 So it doesn't it doesn't have to be exactly what you're working on, but you have to, as a supervisor, 33 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:58,000 be able to see yourself giving good value, being the right person for that project. 34 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:03,000 In this case, it did so happen that it was remarkably close to what I was interested in. 35 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:10,000 And I think, um, the the topic immediately caught my interest. 36 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:13,000 So was that so that you said that there was funding available? 37 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:22,000 So was there an interview process? Did you like what kind of interaction did you have in advance of you starting Ed? 38 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:28,000 Edward, did you speak on the phone or did you meet and get to meet in person or. 39 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:33,000 So we most did it via e-mail. I think Tom is not fair to say. 40 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:38,000 Yeah, I think almost entirely wasn't it I think. Yeah. I actually spoke face to face to you. 41 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:43,000 I don't think we ever spoke on the phone. But the time we spoke face to face, I think you already had your offer. 42 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:47,000 I think that's why. Yeah. So there was an application process. 43 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:57,000 I actually did something I wouldn't recommend to future applicants, which is I only applied for this one particular pot of funding. 44 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,000 I this was university funding rather than DTP funding. 45 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:06,000 So looking back, I was incredibly fortunate that I was successful in this respect. 46 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:12,000 I would definitely recommend applying for funding in as many places as possible. 47 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:16,000 But in terms of the particular funding stream that I was on. 48 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:21,000 Yeah, there was an application and interview process. 49 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:26,000 So I'd say that our correspondance kind of split into two phases roughly. 50 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:31,000 The first one was when we were kind of hammering out what the project would would be about. 51 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:36,000 And again, that was mostly for me. I think it's it's fair to say, Tom, I think that's really the right way of going about it. 52 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:40,000 Yeah. And I think that's quite it's kind of surprisingly important stage. 53 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:51,000 I think potentially in it as a supervisor, I see that's the time when I can ask questions that that might prompt further reflection, 54 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:56,000 might prompt revision of certain parts,  improvements. 55 00:05:56,000 --> 00:06:00,000 So that by the time a candidate arrives at they're actually submitting an actual application. 56 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:07,000 They're in the best possible place. I think it's you know, if this relationship is going to work well afterwards, 57 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:13,000 it's useful if you can kind of get it in even in that speculative phase when you don't know if you need to get to work together. 58 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:18,000 I've had other students where they weren't successful in the applications, 59 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:25,000 and you could look at that as a lost time when you invest time in in a student and helping them to refine their ideas. 60 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:31,000 But actually, it's it's crucial, I think, once that those projects that do get off the ground once you get going, 61 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:36,000 because then it allows you to already know that you are probably for it. 62 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:43,000 I mean, I'll ask you here, Edward, but I think for the student, it's an opportunity to kind of see how you might work with that supervisor as well. 63 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:48,000 Intellectually. Yeah, I think that's that's absolutely right. 64 00:06:48,000 --> 00:07:00,000 And I remember being very struck when I started emailing back and forth and we started coming to see the second stage in particular, 65 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:08,000 which was why me producing a rough research proposal now kind of refining it together. 66 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:14,000 I think we went through several versions of it, didn't we, before before we submitted it. 67 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:28,000 And I remember being struck by the level of detail of care and of interest that Tom showed for it. 68 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:32,000 It's definitely an opportunity, as you said, time for the student to see how the relationship would work. 69 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:38,000 And it was something that really. Made me think that. 70 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:39,000 Exeter was a place I'd want to go. 71 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:45,000 This isn't an advert for the University of Exeter or necessarily for Tom Hinton, though I certainly would make that in a heartbeat. 72 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:51,000 But it's if you get that sense that there's a good dialogue going between you. 73 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:57,000 It's it's really, really positive step. Nothing made me feel. 74 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:03,000 More keen to go to Exeter. Or to work with this particular supervisor, 75 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:11,000 then the degree of interest that there was in the feeling that this was a project that that you take it on were interested in. 76 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:13,000 I think. 77 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:20,000 I think I think that that's a it's such an important part of the process and it's not depending what discipline you're in, it's not always possible, 78 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:30,000 because particularly in the sciences, you're applying to a very specific project which is led by a very specific supervisor or principal investigator. 79 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:34,000 But we're kind of in the more humanities and social sciences. 80 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:41,000 It's such so important to have that conversation. It's like you say, Tom, it's not just about how you're going to work together intellectually, 81 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:46,000 but also about actually what the dynamic of the relationship is going to be. 82 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:53,000 And if that that that is right for you, it's kind of like an audition like it for you both to sort of feel like, is this is this going to work for us? 83 00:08:53,000 --> 00:09:00,000 Is this going to be the kind of relationship that we're both going to find? 84 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:05,000 Intellectually and I guess professionally is the word I'd use fruitful. 85 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:10,000 Say they want to commit to over a significant period of time? It is. 86 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:15,000 Yeah, I'm pleased to say that I managed to I managed to dupe Tom and four a bit. 87 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:22,000 Years later, he's still trying to escape, I believe. So. 88 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:30,000 Thinking about this over the span of the past four years of your supervisory relationship. 89 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:34,000 What will? I guess I'll ask you first. 90 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,000 Edward, what? How would you describe the dynamic of it? 91 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:44,000 You talked about how in those initial interactions you felt that there was an awful lot of attention to detail and a sense of care. 92 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:49,000 Is that did that kind of follow through in there in the rest of the relationship? 93 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:55,000 How how would you say the dynamics are? Yeah, I think it definitely did carry on through. 94 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,000 So in our first meeting together in September, we already met in person over the summer. 95 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,000 But in our first sort of September meeting, 96 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:10,000 Tom suggested that we start by effectively just discussing the document that I've been working on over the previous few months, 97 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:15,000 which was the research proposal, just seeing if anything had changed in the couple of months since, 98 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:23,000 obviously I'd last discussed it with him and seeing if anything new had come up and discussing how we might get started. 99 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:27,000 Which in the arts nad humanities is often a difficult conversation to have. 100 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:32,000 So, yeah, I definitely did, I think continue on that sense of good care and an interest. 101 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:35,000 Yeah. What about. What about for you, Tom? 102 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:44,000 How would you describe your dynamically working relationship with Edward as this as a supervisor and supervisor? 103 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:49,000 I think the great thing about Edward is that he'll always come to meetings with ideas. 104 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:56,000 So there's always something to discuss. There's always a really some really interesting routes in 105 00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:07,000 And I guess for me it's been I'd say, first of all, I want to talk about it intellectually and then about sort of interpersonally, intellectually. 106 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:13,000 It's been an interesting experience supervising PhD that's really quite close to the kinds of questions that I'm interested in, 107 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:22,000 because I've been very aware all the way through not wanting to to guide the project in the way that I might have if it was me working on it. 108 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:27,000 So it's obvious it's crucial that this is the student's project. 109 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:35,000 And your role as supervisor, I think, is to try to prompt, to nudge, to advise, but not to not to guide or to take over in any way. 110 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:41,000 Hopefully that's something I've managed to avoid doing. And interpersonally, I think it's always been. 111 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,000 It was very straightforward and easy from the start. 112 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:50,000 I think we were lucky from that point of view because, you know, there's an element of luck about this as well. 113 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:56,000 So you get a bit of a sense of of your supervisor's personality and your students personality from early exchanges. 114 00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:00,000 But in the end, you you can bring two people together. 115 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:05,000 Hopefully we'll get on and certainly be professional. You know, it's very important that professional relationship. 116 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:10,000 In our case, I think we did get on genuinely with. We are friends now. 117 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:16,000 And and that's a that's that was a really good serendipitous thing. 118 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:25,000 But I think as a supervisor, even if you didn't have immediate chemistry with the student on an interpersonal level, 119 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:31,000 you obviously have responsibilities and a professional attitude that you need to have. 120 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:40,000 You can maybe talk about that as well later on, what you're saying about the kind of the interpersonal, but also. 121 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:45,000 You know how you work with someone professionally, I think it's really important because, yes, 122 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:54,000 in either lots of cases you do have that sort of interpersonal connection and you do kind of end up becoming not just, 123 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,000 you know, colleagues or supervisors supervisor, but friends. 124 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:02,000 But that's not always the case because it's not always the case with anybody we work with in our professional lives. 125 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:08,000 And just because you don't have that kind of platonic connection with someone doesn't 126 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:15,000 mean that you can't work very productively with them on a professional level. 127 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:27,000 Yeah, I think that's really nicely put, actually. I think yeah, I think that's my experience of sort of second hand experience of other colleagues. 128 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:34,000 Supervisory relationships is that on the whole I think As you suggested, the staff most often there is there. 129 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:42,000 I mean, it's it's quite a natural thing to evolve out of being so closely involved with someone's work and not just work, but their working life, 130 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:50,000 I suppose, over such a long period of time that there very often is a strong personal relationship that develops and the supportive relationship. 131 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:56,000 But it's not it's not a given. And even in cases where that didn't develop. 132 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:01,000 I think the important thing is that there's a strong professional relationship. 133 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:07,000 And one thing I'd add to that, actually, you were very kind earlier, Tom, to mention I come to. 134 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:12,000 We call them supervisions. I think that's probably a hangover from. 135 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:23,000 Where I did my undergraduate and various other bits of terminology, but meetings or kind of contact events or whatever you want to call them. 136 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:30,000 I think coming to them with ideas is something I would encourage all students to do when working with supervisors. 137 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:36,000 Tom and I both did. Alternate components of the same training. 138 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,000 I think didn't we Tom in the kind of the first couple of months. 139 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:43,000 So I had it as a hDE session on working with the supervisors, 140 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:51,000 which is now being developed into an excellent set of online resources put together by one of our PGRs. And there's an ECR or supervisors equivalent to that. 141 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:57,000 And I think one thing we both fully took away from the versions of that was that. 142 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:07,000 As a PhD student, you have a lot more responsibility for shaping your project than you may be used to from an undergraduate or master's perspective. 143 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,000 So I would always be. 144 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:20,000 Possibly slightly annoying in coming to Supervisions which is certainly the early ones with an actual agenda, which may be overkill. 145 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:24,000 But I would always come along with ideas of what I wanted to discuss because 146 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:31,000 I was very conscious from the start of the fact that my supervisor's time, 147 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:37,000 one of my supervisors in the plural, because of course, it's not just the one person supervision job is precious. 148 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:46,000 And I want to effectively milk my supervisors as efficiently as possible. 149 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:56,000 You've been working together for four years now on the PhD, but also on a postdoctoral project which we can perhaps come to later. 150 00:15:56,000 --> 00:16:01,000 But how has the dynamic of the relationship changed in that time? 151 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:06,000 I'm interested in hearing from Tom first. Obviously, you know, you helped him. 152 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:11,000 Put the proposal together or gave him some advice and guidance, and he said that, 153 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:16,000 you know, because the research areas are so close, you didn't want to steer him too heavily. 154 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:24,000 But how have things. How have things shifted during that time as he's got more knowledgeable about the project? 155 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:30,000 I think. I think one thing I should have said probably earlier is that Edwards was my first student. 156 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:35,000 And so it's been a learning process for me. At the same time as I think it has to him. 157 00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:43,000 So I think we both felt our way into the relationship in the in the first the first phase. 158 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:48,000 And nothing, as is probably natural as most PhD projects. 159 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:56,000 Initially, the initial stages were about Edward getting a sense of what he wanted to work on. 160 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:05,000 And so I probably had more of a. More of a directional 161 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:15,000 involvement At that stage, whereas I think as the project's gone on, particularly in the last year of it, 162 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:23,000 when a lot of work was coming from Edward in quite a short space of time. 163 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,000 It's been nice to see how he's developed his expertise. 164 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:36,000 And I've been I've had much more of a secondary role, I think, in terms of just responding to the kind of big ideas that he was bringing. 165 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:49,000 But I think probably that initial phase was interested to hear what Edward says to this was about helping him to 166 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:58,000 see the big ideas that he might pursue and that he might weigh what kind of direction he might take is his PhD. 167 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:06,000 Yeah, I think I said absolutely accurate description of what I think your role was that on? 168 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:11,000 Only I. Always found big ideas in some aspect of that quite scary. 169 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:20,000 So. I think certainly in the early stages, the thesis work quite well was Tom sort of pushing me to think about the big ideas 170 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:26,000 in response to me producing what was actually quite specific pieces of text. 171 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:35,000 So one of the things that we decided from the start of the thesis is that for pretty much every meeting that we'd have, 172 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:39,000 I would bring something to the table. Why? 173 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:43,000 I'd bring. I think we set it like fifteen hundred words of writing 174 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:47,000 Tom as a minimum something. like that. Yeah. 175 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:51,000 When we when we draftedd the supervision agreement, 176 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:58,000 which is something that requires of PhD students and their supervisors both to sign off on. 177 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:03,000 We said, okay, so if I produce this that will then leave something to lead us to, something to to discuss. 178 00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:11,000 So looking back, I'm looking now at first piece of work I submitted to Tom, and it's slightly painful to read in some respects. 179 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:17,000 But I can see here how how your role, how you how how you saw your role fits into that. 180 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:25,000 Now, in terms of encouraging me to think about these bigger ideas, I'm watching something quite specific about certain texts. 181 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:33,000 And I remember you sort of encouraging me to think more broadly and to look at where I might go with all of that, 182 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:35,000 these ideas I was bringing to the table. 183 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:44,000 Whereas I think more recently that the latter stages of PhD, you've been much more assertive about the way you think you want to go next. 184 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:50,000 And that's been really great. That's interesting. Actually, I hadn't I hadn't realised that. 185 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:54,000 I mean, clearly you've been managing it, managing it very, very effectively. 186 00:19:54,000 --> 00:20:03,000 I think you always knew you always it's this is something that must vary a lot across from one student to another in that, 187 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:09,000 as you say, some students are more comfortable initially diving straight into the kind of the big questions. 188 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,000 And I think in your case, as you rightly said, 189 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:18,000 it was much more about working on focussed on smaller questions and then seeing what the implications of that were. 190 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:23,000 And I think those implications, I think you where I think you really developed over the. 191 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:29,000 PhD is in getting to grips with those implications and seeing them a lot a lot earlier. 192 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:37,000 Well, one of the one of the things that I was being told in, my Masters, is that I work best when I have a very specific question to answer. 193 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:45,000 And I think that's still true. But one of the things that I think supervision has allowed me to do is to develop 194 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:51,000 those specific questions into bigger ideas more quickly and more efficiently, 195 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,000 I suppose, if that's fair to say. 196 00:20:54,000 --> 00:21:01,000 I think the one thing for you that's been a consistent all the way through is probably the corpus that you thought you wanted to work on. 197 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:05,000 So that has stayed fairly stable, hasn't it, all the way through fairly. 198 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,000 I mean, it has hasn't really changed, I think. 199 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:12,000 But yeah the corpus itself has remained fairly similar. 200 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:25,000 I think the way I approach it, as you say, Tom, has changed, particularly after the the upgrade, which was a a challenging point in the PhD for me. 201 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:33,000 And I think one where I came to really appreciate your role in the supervisor's supervisor relationship. 202 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:40,000 And I think that's a really good Segue actually into thinking about that, because you've talked and you both talked a lot about the the you know, 203 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:49,000 the many, many positives and strengths in your intellectual, interpersonal, professional relationship as supervisor and supervisor. 204 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,000 But, of course, you know, no research degree is without its challenges. 205 00:21:53,000 --> 00:22:02,000 So, Edward, first, can you talk a little bit about the upgrade and why that was a why that was such a challenge? 206 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:09,000 And maybe, Tom, you can reflect on how you worked with Edward through that process. 207 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:14,000 So to answer that, I'm going to have to be a little bit specific about certain parts of my PhD. 208 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:18,000 And I'll I'll try and keep this as sort of brief as possible. 209 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:26,000 The first year of my PhD, I was basically thinking about a distinctive Anglo Norman. 210 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:38,000 Didactic, that is to say how what was special about French texts in medieval England and how they thought about and engaged with education. 211 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:52,000 And I'd spent the year producing effectively a lot of contextual material about the Latin background to a lot of these medieval texts and the. 212 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:58,000 Upgrade itself, which for me under the old system happened at the in the fourth term. 213 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:07,000 So sort of around the start of my second year rather than the end of the first, which is the norm nowadays was something of a shock, I think. 214 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:15,000 I think it's fair. Is it fair to say Tom was a bit of a shock for both of us? Oh, yeah, definitely a learning experience for me as well. 215 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:24,000 So effectively, what was pointed out to me, quite rightly, I think and this is something that we had both missed. 216 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:36,000 Was that if I'm going to ask the what's special about this block of texts that would require a significant amount of engagement with. 217 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:46,000 The texts that they'd need to be compared to so continental French texts and Latin texts, which was really several PhDs 218 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:55,000 And so it wasn't really something I could do in one PhD. Concomitant to that, I was also asked. 219 00:23:55,000 --> 00:24:01,000 OK. So you're doing a lot of close reading. This is this mysterious thing in the humanities we call close reading. 220 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:11,000 So what where are you going with this? And two phrases jumped out at me from the upgrade report. 221 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:18,000 The first one was the best backhanded compliment I've ever heard, which was Edward has done a significant amount of contextual work, 222 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:22,000 which will stand him in good stead for primary source material later in the thesis, 223 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:28,000 which is a very nice way of saying why is there no primary source work in this chapter that you've submitted? 224 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:38,000 And the second was Edward needs to develop a methodology that goes beyond close reading to encompass broader questions of X, Y and Z. 225 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:44,000 So those would be difficult things to hear. Tom, you were you were in the upgrades, I think, with me, weren't you? 226 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:50,000 You you'd. You were keen to come along and I did. 227 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:56,000 Can I. Can I ask what your experience was of the upgrade? I think so, yeah. 228 00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:02,000 I wanted to be there. I was invited and asked if I wanted to be there. I wanted to sit in and 229 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:11,000 Edward was happy with that as well to learn because this was my first experience of having a student go through the upgrade. 230 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:17,000 And I think, yes, slightly chastening experience for me as well, because, I mean, 231 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:21,000 there was a there was good and bad mixed in in terms of the the feedback that you were getting there. 232 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:28,000 Right. I think it made me realise that both of us had been unclear on this. 233 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,000 I think is the supervisors responsibility in this case. 234 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:38,000 I should have known the process better, but I think there are some things you learn just through going going through them and experiencing them. 235 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,000 I should have been clearer about what the upgrade wanted. 236 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:48,000 So the one thing I learnt from listening to the examiners in the conversation they were having with you, Edward, 237 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:58,000 was that what they really wanted to see was a sign of how you argued and what kind of what 238 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:02,000 kind of thesis in the literal sense of that word you were building and what kind of argument, 239 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:07,000 overarching argument you you're building? And I realised that that was something that we hadn't because we'd focus so much on 240 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:13,000 getting you the contextual knowledge and getting you a mastery of the of the whole area. 241 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:19,000 We hadn't really done enough on that. I think what I learnt was some I talked a bit about how great it's been, 242 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:23,000 see Edward becoming more confident as he's developed his expertise through the thesis. 243 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:29,000 I think it made me a little bit more confident subsequently about my roles. 244 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,000 So I mentioned earlier that you kind of as a supervisor, 245 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:38,000 I think you need to step stand back and make sure that you don't take ownership in any sense of the of the project, 246 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:43,000 that there is a balance to strike where sometimes you do need to be a little bit more interventionist. 247 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:52,000 And I think possibly in that first year of our relationship, I was probably standing back too much, maybe I think or not one. 248 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:56,000 I was very conscious of not wanting to interfere with your voice. 249 00:26:56,000 --> 00:27:00,000 Edward and your your way of approaching your intellectual. 250 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:08,000 And I think that's still crucial. But I think also, having gone through the viva sorry, the upgrade, 251 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:13,000 Viva made me more confident probably about pointing out where think if you remember, 252 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:20,000 one of the things that they mentioned was that quite a lot of things were in the passive or you were you were kind 253 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:26,000 of presenting other scholars views rather than taking ownership yourself off of the topic you were talking about. 254 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:32,000 And so pushing you a little bit more to to do that in response to those to those comments. 255 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:37,000 I think that that probably became a little bit more part of what I was doing subsequent to that. 256 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:45,000 And this is something which you then quite rightly began to point out more, I think, in my writing. 257 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:55,000 My tendency in when I write to hide behind authorities and to be a little bit too deferential on occasion, 258 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:59,000 I think using quotation where you could actually say things in your own words. 259 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:06,000 So we'd have situations when we were I'd be saying, oh, there's a possible way of why the quotation marks here, you know? 260 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:14,000 Couldn't you just say that in your own words? Yes. Yep. Which might sound like a really, really specific point to make. 261 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:21,000 But he actually fitted into a broader development, I think, in terms of how I argued it was a really important steppingstone. 262 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,000 I disagree about that being a specific thing. 263 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:33,000 I think that that is part of the process of learning to be an independent scholar and learning to value your contribution and your voice, 264 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:38,000 because that process is about having. 265 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:43,000 The confidence to articulate that in your own words, rather than always being deferential and referring to others. 266 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:50,000 I think that's part of the a part of the process and a part of the journey. 267 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,000 you're trying to work out where you are. I can relate to the fields. 268 00:28:54,000 --> 00:29:01,000 And so some PGRs are going to be very confident, being very comfortable, being assertive from the off and others are not. 269 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:06,000 And you know, those who are very assertive, they may need to tone it down slightly. 270 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:13,000 And those who are not assertive enough, they may need to learn to turn it up. It's a very it's really fine balance. 271 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:20,000 Really fine balance. And in the in the sort of weeks or months following the the upgrade, 272 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:28,000 I think there were probably two points in the PhD the where I was really struggling. 273 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:33,000 I think this is probably one of them. 274 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:42,000 Sad to say, my way out of that eventually was to effectively do the same thing that I'd done in my first year, 275 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:46,000 which was just to pick a text and write something on it. 276 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:55,000 Except this time we were thinking a lot more about the the broader implications of it, in particular the focus that the thesis started to take. 277 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,000 And this was a suggestion from you, 278 00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:03,000 which I bought into very enthusiastically because I realised it fitted very well with what I like to talk about anyway, 279 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:14,000 was that we focus less on what's special about Ango Norman didactic texts and more about the environment in which they were conceived and used. 280 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:16,000 Again, getting slightly technical here. 281 00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:24,000 One of the really cool things about the work that Tom and I both do now actually on the same project is that medieval England is multilingual. 282 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:34,000 And this is something that does distinguish it from what we now call the hexagons as a continental fault in that sense. 283 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:38,000 So English is working with French and with Latin and with other minority languages. 284 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:43,000 And this is something that we came to realise should be a much more important part of the thesis. 285 00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:48,000 And that's, I think, how we got out of that first sort of caught my eye. 286 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:54,000 And I think Tom played a very important role there in reminding me of these big, big questions that I had to consider. 287 00:30:54,000 --> 00:31:04,000 So I think it's some that this is really common thing for these students to experience at some point during the whole process, 288 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:08,000 a period of writer's block or of loss of confidence. There are potential knock backs. 289 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:13,000 So in Edward's case, it was the upgrade viva. For other people, it'll be different moments. 290 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:19,000 And it's really, I think is quite a challenge as a supervisor at that point, because your heart goes out to them. 291 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:28,000 But then once again, we've talked about that balance of giving, giving space for the student to find their feet again, 292 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:34,000 but equally not allowing them to feel like they're abandoned or that they're on their own with it. 293 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,000 And and so I think in Edward's case, 294 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:45,000 coming back to writing just a little bit on something focussed was a was a very good way of getting back into getting back into the saddle. 295 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:56,000 I. But I've had yeah. I'm aware of this as a general point, that if you as a supervisor, you have a student who's. 296 00:31:56,000 --> 00:32:00,000 Struggling to write something, then you sort of don't want to. 297 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:07,000 You kind of, yeah, you want to try and get the right amount of of contact because you don't want to do it. 298 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:17,000 Translate into pressure from another source. But at the same time, I think you do need to maintain an active role in that stage as well. 299 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:28,000 And I think the takeaway for me from that period, this is kind of middle end of my second year, actually, to take away from me the. 300 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:35,000 Was very much one of Tom being there when I needed him to be. 301 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:43,000 I think this was the thing. At no point I think did the Tom have to step in and say, you've gone quiet. 302 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:50,000 You know how you know. Do you want to meet at some point? 303 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:55,000 But Tom did know when I was writingsomething he'd need to give me sometimes a little bit of space. 304 00:32:55,000 --> 00:33:05,000 And we balanced that, I think, quite well. I remember one one email I received which legitimately made me. 305 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:12,000 weep a little bit in the office. I think Tom described me is writing beautifully. 306 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:22,000 Was the word that you use, the phrase you use Tom. And by that, which was genuinely slightly emotional. 307 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:28,000 But it was that sort of that was that just that moment of your life. 308 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:36,000 You've got this. While I was struggling, that was very much appreciated. 309 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:42,000 As we're talking about writing, I think it would be useful to have a have a quick chat about. 310 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:48,000 Feedback on written work, because it's such a fundamental part of the research degree process, 311 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:54,000 because, of course, in the end what you're examined on is the thesis and the viva on the thesis. 312 00:33:54,000 --> 00:34:03,000 So I wonder if you could say a little bit about how you managed that, how you managed that process of. 313 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:11,000 I guess from Tom's perspective how you gave feedback on the writing and how you approached it and then from Edward's perspective, 314 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:19,000 how you kind of dealt with that and responded to that. So I think with feedback. 315 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:25,000 Something the supervisors need to bear in mind and maybe that students need to bear in mind when reading feedback 316 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:35,000 is the effect of written the written format in relation to feedback that you can give through to the voice, 317 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:41,000 because there's a there are all sorts of things we do when we face to face it. Someone that attenuate criticism, 318 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:49,000 that make it easier is to make suggestions for improvement without coming across painfully and sometimes with written feedback. 319 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,000 I'm aware of this when I mark undergraduate work. 320 00:34:52,000 --> 00:35:02,000 When I comment on these students work and when I write do review reports or what, when I write book reviews or when I do reports, submissions, 321 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:10,000 article submissions to journals across all of that, you can come across very aggressively, sometimes very dismissively, if you're not careful. 322 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:15,000 And I think if you do, probably if you do get a comment that is uncomfortable, 323 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:23,000 it's worth bearing in mind as a student that there may be just a slight infelicities of tone there. 324 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:31,000 Hopefully the key thing is that the feedback is constructive and that means for me, it means engaging both on point of detail. 325 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:38,000 As I read through as a kind of interested reader, really, I sort of I'm having a conversation with the with the text on the page, 326 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:42,000 I guess, but then also engaging with those bigger questions that we talked about. 327 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:48,000 So trying to put one's finger on where there's an implication that's not being teased out. 328 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:55,000 Was that something that can go further productively? So I think that's those two levels on which you work. 329 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:59,000 One is that the level of detail on the other is the level of implications and 330 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:07,000 consequences way you want to try and help the student to see where they could go further. 331 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:15,000 I would add, actually, that it is possible to inject some warmth into feedback for PDG arse, 332 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:23,000 and I think that the work that Thomas is a very good example of that in that it was feedback rather than correction. 333 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:30,000 So I would occasionally get a little note along the lines of, oh, I haven't seen this exclamation mark. 334 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:35,000 If there was an article I'd come across the previous week that just been published, for example, I hasten to add. 335 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:38,000 That was fantastically rare. 336 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:51,000 But I'd also get things like nice or good analysis here, you know, which is a way of conveying that warmth and that interest in your project. 337 00:36:51,000 --> 00:37:03,000 I think. The question about the mitigation and not not coming across too harshly is one that the supervision meeting itself can really help with. 338 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:06,000 Yes. So I think we varied it, didn't we, Tom? 339 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:10,000 Sometimes you'd send me feedback ahead of a session. Sometimes you do it in the session. 340 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:15,000 It depended on how punctual I was in getting the work to you. 341 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:24,000 Probably how busy I was. No, no, no. I vaguely remember sending you, like, 10000 words on a Wednesday and that Friday was the meeting. 342 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,000 So I don't know. I'd always if I did that. 343 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:33,000 I'd say, you know, here's a bit to focus on if, you know, including the highly likely event that I'm being unrealistic or or, 344 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:42,000 you know, do you want to delay by a week or something like that. But there was there was real warm for thinking in your comments. 345 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:49,000 We also varied, I think, between print and PDF in terms of how we did it. 346 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:58,000 Obviously, in terms of the last few months, the thesis when when we weren't seeing each other in person because of covic, we went to PDF. 347 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:03,000 But I think you tended to quite like printing out and writing, didn't you, Tom? 348 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:07,000 Yes. That's I think that's just a personal personal preference. 349 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:14,000 Yeah, I think it's one of these things that might be worth for PhD students sort of seeing what they what they like as well, 350 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:22,000 since it works quite well for me as well to the benefit I have of that sort of thing was I then had to take away from I then go away. 351 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:27,000 You usually go a cup of tea, sit down and just read it all again. 352 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:32,000 And then when I was revising that piece of work a bit later, I'd go through with a massive marker 353 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:41,000 And you put a big tick through the comments. I did. Then if I ever told you that you say the other thing I want to say is that it might be 354 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:46,000 easy to forget that you think of your supervisor as someone who's an expert in that field. 355 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:51,000 You hope that they are. But that doesn't mean that they know everything, and particularly they don't necessarily know everything about your project. 356 00:38:51,000 --> 00:39:01,000 And one of the benefits of supervision for the supervisor is that it's genuinely interesting and exciting to follow someone else's project, 357 00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:06,000 to follow these ideas that are coming at you and that you're getting a lot from intellectually as well. 358 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:12,000 Yes, so. It does sound like it's been an incredibly fruitful relationship intellectually and obviously, you know, it's continued. 359 00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:18,000 You submitted your thesis and Viva'd got minor corrections and submitted those and are just waiting to hear. 360 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:21,000 Is that right? Still waiting to hear. That's right. 361 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:27,000 And, you know, you've been working together already for, you know, the last part of the PhD on a of projects. 362 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:32,000 So, you know, you don't continue those relationships if they're not intellectually fruitful. 363 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:38,000 No. I want to say I've been I'm. But they did mention at the start of this podcast my worries about giving one supervisor envy. 364 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,000 I do want to apologise because I did get incredibly fortunate, 365 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:48,000 not just to be able to work with Tom, but also in the fact that he wanted to keep working with me. 366 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:55,000 And in fact, that a particular project came along and got funding at the moment when I was finishing 367 00:39:55,000 --> 00:40:00,000 up my PhD and that because we were so closely aligned in terms of what we worked on. 368 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:06,000 I was an eligible candidate for that position. I wonder what you had to say about that, Tom. 369 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:11,000 So I think it was yeah, it was serendipitous that this project got funded at the point when it did. 370 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,000 Ed is too modest to say this, but he wasn't just eligible. 371 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:22,000 He was an ideal candidate for that role because of the skill set that he had, because I knew that we had this good working relationship. 372 00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:33,000 So I remember my PhD supervisor, former PhD supervisor, who was talking to me about this project saying, well, it would. 373 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,000 It's really important if you're looking for a research associate to think about 374 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:41,000 the working relationship and the fact that Edward and I already knew each other, 375 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:48,000 already had this this connection and an established positive way working meant that 376 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:53,000 it was really perfect to be able to interview and appoint him for that post. 377 00:40:53,000 --> 00:41:01,000 One thing that that has been interesting, actually, in this this phase now is thinking about making sure that it's not just the phd 378 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:05,000 supervisors supervisor relationship anymore is we've moved beyond that now. 379 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:10,000 We're colleagues. So that's been an interesting evolution as well. Yeah, it really has. 380 00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:17,000 I think Tom is the P.I. on the project and I'm the RD on the project. 381 00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:24,000 Tom, did I say some acronyms there that I'll just explain for our listeners just in case P I is principal investigator, RS is Research associate. 382 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:30,000 Yes. Tom did make a point about the difference between research assistant and research associate at the start of this position. 383 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:41,000 I think it's a valid one. I think this is an extension of the that the PhD the relationship in that Tom, 384 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:46,000 while not technically my boss, is the person that I'm accountable to on a day to day basis. 385 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:55,000 But the way that the project is set up, there's definitely a difference in terms of some of the technical skills. 386 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,000 I was very fortunate to have some experience in that respect. 387 00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:06,000 So the discussions that Tom and I have had in certain areas are very collegiate, more so certainly than at the start of the PhD 388 00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:16,000 our discussions were around e Anglo Norman didacticism, hard to say that, you'd have thought I;d have practise after four years. 389 00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:22,000 So I guess to wrap up what I'm thinking would be useful is is just, you know, 390 00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:30,000 through the process of this supervisory relationship to Tom, you said it was, you know, and it was your first p h d student. 391 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:34,000 So you kind of both new to either side of this. 392 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:44,000 I wondered if you had any reflections or advice for other supervisors or supervises about what makes it kind of productive, 393 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:51,000 intellectually exciting, good kind of professional supervisory relationship. 394 00:42:51,000 --> 00:43:00,000 Can I go first here for for supervises? I've heard a lot of discussion about what makes. 395 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:06,000 A good environment for these student over the last few years. 396 00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:15,000 And I think that from the discussions that I've heard, the most important thing is not effective marketing. 397 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:21,000 It's not. Advertising certain resources. 398 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:26,000 It's not X, Y or Z, which you can you can list off very neatly and easily. 399 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:31,000 I think it's something more ephemeral than that. 400 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:42,000 It's the idea of finding a supervisor who genuinely cares about you as a person, about what you're doing and about your project as well. 401 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:47,000 Any amount of. Advertising about Library resources. 402 00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:55,000 Any amount of boasting about research rankings will fall by the wayside. 403 00:43:55,000 --> 00:44:04,000 If the relationship with your supervisor doesn't work and I've been very fortunate in finding a relationship that does. 404 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,000 It was actually one that was put onto me by my undergraduate supervisor, who, 405 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,000 when I mentioned your the opportunity of working with Tom, specifically went. 406 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:17,000 Yes, that one. That one. Do that one. Do it now. But. 407 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:27,000 I think if you get a sense that a potential supervisor is someone that you will work with and get on with. 408 00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:34,000 Go with your gut there for current PGRs . I'd extend that and say I appreciate your supervisors and what they do. 409 00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:42,000 There's a lot of training available through the doctoral college in managing relationships with supervisors, and I would encourage you to do that. 410 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:53,000 It's certainly helped me way back at the start of the thesis and also through the thesis as well to appreciate what exactly. 411 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:59,000 The role of supervisor is and what you can reasonably and should not expect. 412 00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:10,000 That was supervisor. What about you Tom? I think I'm probably going to repeat a fair bit of someone's fair bit of what I've been saying. 413 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:16,000 I think from supervisor's point of view, remember that each project and each student is different. 414 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:24,000 And that's part of the joy of supervision, because you get to be involved in all these different ways of working to get 415 00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:30,000 that balance of being available without being overbearing and then enjoy it. 416 00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:40,000 Thank you so much to Edward and Tom for taking the time to have a really rich and in-depth discussion with me about their supervisory relationship. 417 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:49,000 And I think it's been really fascinating to hear them talk about those kind of initial emails that they exchanged 418 00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:56,000 before Edward even applied right through to now working together as colleagues on the postdoctoral project. 419 00:45:56,000 --> 00:46:28,490 And that's it for this episode. Don't forget to, like, rate and subscribe and join me next time where I'll be talking to someone else about researchers, development, and everything in between!    

Swap the stance, Put your best foot forward, Swap the stance, Put your bet foot forward, Swap the stance and say: Turn Oh Wet Sky Don't go searching for the things that hurt you Don't go searching for the things that hurt you Don't fish the swamp and don't go lying Don't fish the swamp and don't go lying Don't go lying Don't go lying Down In Roads! Turn, O, Wet Sky …. The nipple will dribble the harder you try The nipple will dribble the harder you try The nipple will dribble the harder you try And the teat of creation will never run dry! The great big voloptuous teat, The mighty teat, The ever-so-sweet teat The sweetest teat That sweet sweet teat (Perhaps there's two, One for me. One for you) The nipple will dribble the harder you try. And the teat of creation will never run dry. How long had it been? How long? Not too long. Two haircuts, maybe three, and here he was back on track, still with his bicycle that Neil had fortunately rescued, and with a new fresh bald head on his shoulders and a wee bit of agitation inside it on account for the fact that he was late for work. Andy Zalupan, the meatworker, was late for work.

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

During the First Annual Texas Virtual MPN Workshop, the MPN Hub spoke to our Steering Committee members Laura Michaelis, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, US, and Tiziano Barbui, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, IT. We asked, What do we know about the outcome of concomitant MPN and COVID-19?In this podcast, Tiziano Barbui starts by giving some background to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Prof. Barbui has focused on how to help his patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) during the outbreak. As a member of the European LeukemiaNet Working party on MPN, Prof. Barbui launched a study in 38 European centers, collecting 180 patients with both MPN and COVID-19. Laura Michaelis asks, are patients with MPN more susceptible to COVID-19 infection? Prof. Barbui discusses this question with reference the prevalence of people infected with COVID-19, who are asymptomatic but show serum-positivity.Then, Prof. Michaelis asks what the fatality rate was in patients with MPN who also contracted COVID-19. Tiziano Barbui speaks about the results that he found in his hospital and in the study he commissioned. Laura Michaelis highlights that the stage of the epidemic also impacts on case fatality. They go on to comment on the type of comorbidities present in patients with MPN and how this effects their risk of severe disease with COVID-19. This leads to a discussion of the important variables identified during analysis of the data from Prof. Barbui's study. Prof. Michaelis in particular asks about how ruxolitinib modifies the risk for patients with MPN. Tiziano Barbui answers this, paying particular attention to the inflammatory environment in patients with COVID-19. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Hunt for the Wilderpeople! A secret gem of movies. Directed by the same guy that did JoJo Rabbit, so you know it's gonna be good. It takes a serious situation, sprinkles it with some satirical humor that makes you fall in love with the characters. Need a weekend movie recommendation? I got you.  --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/grevocab/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/grevocab/support

Why celebrating collaborations that facilitate opportunities is more critical than ever. As South Africa tentatively adjusts to Level 1 of our national lockdown, BASA CEO Ashraf Johaardien remarks his surprise at the rapidity at which it occurred, with Hollard CMO Heidi Brauer echoing this and applauding South Africans' collective capacity for care and our gift for embracing change. This was the tone of the latest episode of the BASA Awards' podcast. When Samm Marshall sat down to speak to Ashraf and Heidi about their Awards partnership, front of mind were with the keen adjustments both organisations were compelled to make in light of current crucial needs and changes. This sensitivity to the appropriateness of an Awards ceremony during a time of great need in the creative sector was paramount to ensuring the Awards sustain their focus on being a platform that recognises success stories in business and arts partnerships. Concomitant to this was BASA and Hollard's overarching mandate to the arts sector, evidenced by both BASA's Artist Relief Fund and its associated fundraising efforts, as well as Hollard's redirecting of 50% of its sponsorship fund to the ARF. Listen to how these partners have tirelessly worked to present the 2020 BASA Awards as being truly representative of the overall tone of the creative sector today.

Why celebrating collaborations that facilitate opportunities is more critical than ever. As South Africa tentatively adjusts to Level 1 of our national lockdown, BASA CEO Ashraf Johaardien remarks his surprise at the rapidity at which it occurred, with Hollard CMO Heidi Brauer echoing this and applauding South Africans' collective capacity for care and our gift for embracing change. This was the tone of the latest episode of the BASA Awards' podcast. When Samm Marshall sat down to speak to Ashraf and Heidi about their Awards partnership, front of mind were with the keen adjustments both organisations were compelled to make in light of current crucial needs and changes. This sensitivity to the appropriateness of an Awards ceremony during a time of great need in the creative sector was paramount to ensuring the Awards sustain their focus on being a platform that recognises success stories in business and arts partnerships. Concomitant to this was BASA and Hollard's overarching mandate to the arts sector, evidenced by both BASA's Artist Relief Fund and its associated fundraising efforts, as well as Hollard's redirecting of 50% of its sponsorship fund to the ARF. Listen to how these partners have tirelessly worked to present the 2020 BASA Awards as being truly representative of the overall tone of the creative sector today.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.20.258863v1?rss=1 Authors: Barak-Broner, N., Singer-Lahat, D., Chikvashvili, D., Lotan, I. Abstract: The polybasic juxtamembrane region (5RK) of the plasma membrane neuronal SNARE, syntaxin1A (Syx), was shown by us to act as a fusion clamp in PC12 cells, making release dependent on stimulation by Ca2+. By using a Syx-based FRET probe, we demonstrated that 5RK is absolutely required for a depolarization-induced Ca+2-dependent, close-to-open transition (CDO) of Syx that involves the vesicular SNARE synaptobrevin2 and occurs concomitantly with Ca2+-triggered release. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the 5RK requirement, and identified phosphorylation of Syx at Ser-14 (S14) by protein kinase CK2 as a crucial molecular determinant. Following biochemical verification that both endogenous Syx and CSYS are constitutively S14 phosphorylated in PC12 cells, dynamic FRET analysis of phospho-null and phospho-mimetic mutants of CSYS and the use of a CK2 inhibitor revealed that it is the S14 phosphorylation that confers the 5RK requirement. Concomitant amperometric analysis of catecholamine release revealed that the phospho-null mutants do not support release, spontaneous and evoked. Collectively, these results identify a functionally important CK2 phosphorylation site in Syx that is required for 5RK-regulation of CDO and for concomitant Ca2+-triggered release. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

In conversation with Ms Patience Mungwari “The pandemic has travelled along the fault lines of social injustice to really expose some of the weaknesses in our governance systems”.  This conversation discusses the impact of Covid-19 and concomitant government regulations on skyrocketing cases of gender-based violence. Ms Patience Mungwari talks about the challenges women from different walks of life such as migrant and rural women face, as a result of government regulations in an effort to curb the spread of Covid-19. This episode discusses the conflicting nature of government policies and their implementation following lockdowns. In this discussion, she also highlights weaknesses in the system and provides solutions to address the plight of women. She calls for a gendered analysis in implementing policies as well as for inclusive participation from all stakeholders to reduce the effects of the pandemic on women during and post lock down. Ms Patience Mungwari is a Project Manager for the Women’s Right Unit at the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria. She has expert knowledge of gender related issues and women’s rights in particular. She also has considerable experience in advocacy, training and facilitation to promote the implementation and popularisation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) through research, training and advocacy.  Report abuse if you are experiencing gender- based violence or you if know of someone who is. Please contact the Gender-Based Violence Command Centre help line for immediate assistance. This conversation was recorded on 27 May 2020.Music: Inner Peace by Mike Chino https://soundcloud.com/mike-chinoCreative Commons — Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...Music promoted by Audio Library https://youtu.be/0nI6qJeqFcc 

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.05.137190v1?rss=1 Authors: Borrelli, K. N., Dubinsky, K. R., Szumlinski, K. K., Carlezon, W. A., Chartoff, E. H., Bryant, C. D. Abstract: Rationale: Addiction to methamphetamine (MA) is a public health issue in the United States. While psychostimulant use disorders are heritable, their genetic basis remains poorly understood. We previously identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (Hnrnph1; H1) as a quantitative trait gene underlying sensitivity to MA-induced locomotor activity. Mice heterozygous for a frameshift deletion in the first coding exon of H1 (H1+/-) showed reduced MA-induced locomotor activity, dopamine release, and dose-dependent differences in MA conditioned place preference. However, the effects of H1+/- on innate and MA-modulated reward sensitivity are not known. Objectives: We examined innate reward sensitivity and modulation by MA in H1+/- mice via intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Methods: We used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle to assess shifts in reward sensitivity following acute, ascending doses of MA (0.5-4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) at 10 min or 2 h post-MA. We also assessed video-recorded behaviors during ICSS testing sessions. Results: Ten min post-MA, H1+/- mice displayed reduced maximum response rates, H1+/- females had lower M50 values than wild-type females, and H1+/- influenced ICSS responding relative to maximum control rates (MCR). Two h post-MA, higher response rates were observed in females, irrespective of genotype. There was a dose-dependent reduction in distance to the response wheel 10 min post-MA and reduced immobility time in the perimeter corners both 10 min and 2 h post-MA. Conclusions: H1+/- mice displayed altered MA-induced reward modulation in a time-, sex-, and dose-dependent manner. This expands the set of MA-induced phenotypes observed in H1+/- mice. Keywords: Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS), methamphetamine, genetics, addiction, behavioral genetics, psychostimulants, mouse, forward genetics, QTL, sensitization Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.071852v1?rss=1 Authors: Handa, T., Harukuni, R., Fukai, T. Abstract: The frontal cortex-basal ganglia network plays a pivotal role in adaptive goal-directed behaviors. Medial frontal cortex (MFC) encodes information about choices and outcomes into sequential activation of neural population, or neural trajectory. While MFC projects to the dorsal striatum (DS), whether DS also displays temporally coordinated activity remains unknown. We studied this question by simultaneously recording neural ensembles in the MFC and DS of rodents performing an outcome-based alternative choice task. We found that the two regions exhibited highly parallel evolution of neural trajectories, transforming choice information into outcome-related information. When the two trajectories were highly correlated, spike synchrony was task-dependently modulated in some MFC-DS neuron pairs. Our results suggest that neural trajectories concomitantly process decision-relevant information in MFC and DS with increased spike synchrony between these regions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Baking. Is it fun? Is it lame? These along with some other of Life’s deepest questions answered today! --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/grevocab/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/grevocab/support

In the initial podcast episode of the LEADfluncer Podcast, Drs. David W. Rausch and Christopher F. Silver discuss what the listeners can expect regarding topics and themes, including how each and every one of us has the potential to influence change in an organization for good or bad. The hosts discuss how to find influencers and the impact each person has on an organization. Many times, these people are completely unaware of their influence. The podcast will discuss theories, research, and cultural trends in higher education and business organizations. Welcome to the listeners.

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

In this episode of the Award-winning PRS Journal Club Podcast, 2019 Resident Ambassadors to the PRS Editorial Board – Raj Parikh, Lily Mundy, and Kyle Sanniec- and special guest Terry Myckatyn, MD, discuss the following articles from the May 2019 issue: “Breast Cancer Knowledge and Decisions Made for Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy-A Survey of Surgeons and Women in the General Population” by Momoh, Hooper, Hsu, et al.  “Venous Thromboembolism After Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Prospective Analysis and Review of the Literature” by Janis, and Kraft.  “Comparing Reconstructive Outcomes in Patients with Gustilo Type IIIB Fractures and Concomitant Arterial Injuries” by Ricci, Stranix, Lee, et al.  Special Guest Terry Myckatyn, MD, professor of plastic and reconstructive surgery and Director of Cosmetic and Breast Microsurgery at Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis.  #PRSJournalClub #PlasticSurgery

Show notes at pharmacyjoe.com/episode374. In this episode I ll: 1. Discuss a review article about musculoskeletal toxicities in patients receiving concomitant statin and daptomycin therapy 2. Answer the drug information question “Is there any benefit in de-escalating ceftriaxone to cefazolin?” The post 374: Musculoskeletal toxicities in patients receiving concomitant statin and daptomycin therapy and the benefit of de-escalating ceftriaxone to cefazolin appeared first on Pharmacy Joe.

Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster

John is joined by John B as they discuss the recent events in Scottish football. Both charity bets were unsuccessful as we picked the wrong Ayr player to score first and Motherwell let us down. Celtic found out who they've been drawn against in Europa League as they face a tough contest against Zenit of Russia. McInnes deciding to stay shocked most of us though for the two John's, it was a pleasant surprise. Aberdeen can now focus on what goes on on the field and got back to winning ways. Rangers came out with an absurd statement which led to our podcast title. They managed to win again though ahead of a busy period coming up. Kilmarnock won their first game at home in the league and St Johnstone brought a halt to their poor run of form. Predictions are made and charity bets chosen. Thanks as always to McBookie for your support. As always, thanks for downloading and listening. We're on Twitter as sffpodcast if you wish to interact with us.

John is joined by John B as they discuss the recent events in Scottish football. Both charity bets were unsuccessful as we picked the wrong Ayr player to score first and Motherwell let us down. Celtic found out who they've been drawn against in Europa League as they face a tough contest against Zenit of Russia. McInnes deciding to stay shocked most of us though for the two John's, it was a pleasant surprise. Aberdeen can now focus on what goes on on the field and got back to winning ways. Rangers came out with an absurd statement which led to our podcast title. They managed to win again though ahead of a busy period coming up. Kilmarnock won their first game at home in the league and St Johnstone brought a halt to their poor run of form. Predictions are made and charity bets chosen. Thanks as always to McBookie for your support. As always, thanks for downloading and listening. We're on Twitter as sffpodcast if you wish to interact with us.

JAACAP August 2017: Contributing Editor Dr. Danella M. Hafeman interviews Dr. Mehmet Burcu on polypharmacy and type 2 diabetes in youth treated with antipsychotics.

JAACAP August 2017: Contributing Editor Dr. Danella M. Hafeman interviews Dr. Mehmet Burcu on polypharmacy and type 2 diabetes in youth treated with antipsychotics.

With rising participation in youth sports such as baseball, proximal humeral epiphysiolysis, or Little League shoulder (LLS), is being seen with increasing frequency. However, there remains a paucity of literature regarding the causes, natural history, or treatment outcomes of LLS. Little League shoulder is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. While most common in male baseball pitchers, the condition can occur in females, youth catchers, other baseball positions players, and tennis players. Concomitant elbow pain may be seen in up to 13%. After rest and physical therapy, recurrent symptoms may occur in a small subset of patients (7%), generally 3 to 6 months after return to sports. Almost one-third of LLS patients had GIRD, and this group had approximately three times higher probability of recurrence compared with those without GIRD.   Click here to read the article.

Prof Eichhorst talks to ecancertv at SIOG 2015 about new challenges in treatment of elderly chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients. Combinations of chemotherapy and antibodies are becoming standard in younger and/or physically fit patients. Concomitant diseases and physically fitness are playing a major role for the selection of treatment for elderly patients. So far, there is no ideal tool to measure the comborbidity burden, but a geriatric assessment before treatment initiation is strongly recommended.

Concerning vending products from the body, a tea tasting test and an excellent wasp.

The Almighty Supreme (1268.1) 116:0.1 IF MAN recognized that his Creators — his immediate supervisors — while being divine were also finite, and that the God of time and space was an evolving and nonabsolute Deity, then would the inconsistencies of temporal inequalities cease to be profound religious paradoxes. No longer would religious faith be prostituted to the promotion of social smugness in the fortunate while serving only to encourage stoical resignation in the unfortunate victims of social deprivation. (1268.2) 116:0.2 When viewing the exquisitely perfect spheres of Havona, it is both reasonable and logical to believe they were made by a perfect, infinite, and absolute Creator. But that same reason and logic would compel any honest being, when viewing the turmoil, imperfections, and inequities of Urantia, to conclude that your world had been made by, and was being managed by, Creators who were subabsolute, preinfinite, and other than perfect. (1268.3) 116:0.3 Experiential growth implies creature-Creator partnership — God and man in association. Growth is the earmark of experiential Deity: Havona did not grow; Havona is and always has been; it is existential like the everlasting Gods who are its source. But growth characterizes the grand universe. (1268.4) 116:0.4 The Almighty Supreme is a living and evolving Deity of power and personality. His present domain, the grand universe, is also a growing realm of power and personality. His destiny is perfection, but his present experience encompasses the elements of growth and incomplete status. (1268.5) 116:0.5 The Supreme Being functions primarily in the central universe as a spirit personality; secondarily in the grand universe as God the Almighty, a personality of power. The tertiary function of the Supreme in the master universe is now latent, existing only as an unknown mind potential. No one knows just what this third development of the Supreme Being will disclose. Some believe that, when the superuniverses are settled in light and life, the Supreme will become functional from Uversa as the almighty and experiential sovereign of the grand universe while expanding in power as the superalmighty of the outer universes. Others speculate that the third stage of Supremacy will involve the third level of Deity manifestation. But none of us really know. 1. The Supreme Mind (1268.6) 116:1.1 The experience of every evolving creature personality is a phase of the experience of the Almighty Supreme. The intelligent subjugation of every physical segment of the superuniverses is a part of the growing control of the Almighty Supreme. The creative synthesis of power and personality is a part of the creative urge of the Supreme Mind and is the very essence of the evolutionary growth of unity in the Supreme Being. (1269.1) 116:1.2 The union of the power and personality attributes of Supremacy is the function of Supreme Mind; and the completed evolution of the Almighty Supreme will result in one unified and personal Deity — not in any loosely co-ordinated association of divine attributes. From the broader perspective, there will be no Almighty apart from the Supreme, no Supreme apart from the Almighty. (1269.2) 116:1.3 Throughout the evolutionary ages the physical power potential of the Supreme is vested in the Seven Supreme Power Directors, and the mind potential reposes in the Seven Master Spirits. The Infinite Mind is the function of the Infinite Spirit; the cosmic mind, the ministry of the Seven Master Spirits; the Supreme Mind is in process of actualizing in the co-ordination of the grand universe and in functional association with the revelation and attainment of God the Sevenfold. (1269.3) 116:1.4 The time-space mind, the cosmic mind, is differently functioning in the seven superuniverses, but it is co-ordinated by some unknown associative technique in the Supreme Being. The Almighty overcontrol of the grand universe is not exclusively physical and spiritual. In the seven superuniverses it is primarily material and spiritual, but there are also present phenomena of the Supreme which are both intellectual and spiritual. (1269.4) 116:1.5 We really know less about the mind of Supremacy than about any other aspect of this evolving Deity. It is unquestionably active throughout the grand universe and is believed to have a potential destiny of master universe function which is of vast extent. But this we do know: Whereas physique may attain completed growth, and whereas spirit may achieve perfection of development, mind never ceases to progress — it is the experiential technique of endless progress. The Supreme is an experiential Deity and therefore never achieves completion of mind attainment. 2. The Almighty and God the Sevenfold (1269.5) 116:2.1 The appearance of the universe power presence of the Almighty is concomitant with the appearance on the stage of cosmic action of the high creators and controllers of the evolutionary superuniverses. (1269.6) 116:2.2 God the Supreme derives his spirit and personality attributes from the Paradise Trinity, but he is power-actualizing in the doings of the Creator Sons, the Ancients of Days, and the Master Spirits, whose collective acts are the source of his growing power as almighty sovereign to and in the seven superuniverses. (1269.7) 116:2.3 Unqualified Paradise Deity is incomprehensible to the evolving creatures of time and space. Eternity and infinity connote a level of deity reality which time-space creatures cannot comprehend. Infinity of deity and absoluteness of sovereignty are inherent in the Paradise Trinity, and the Trinity is a reality which lies somewhat beyond the understanding of mortal man. Time-space creatures must have origins, relativities, and destinies in order to grasp universe relationships and to understand the meaning values of divinity. Therefore does Paradise Deity attenuate and otherwise qualify the extra-Paradise personalizations of divinity, thus bringing into existence the Supreme Creators and their associates, who ever carry the light of life farther and farther from its Paradise source until it finds its most distant and beautiful expression in the earth lives of the bestowal Sons on the evolutionary worlds. (1270.1) 116:2.4 And this is the origin of God the Sevenfold, whose successive levels are encountered by mortal man in the following order: (1270.2) 116:2.5 1. The Creator Sons (and Creative Spirits). (1270.3) 116:2.6 2. The Ancients of Days. (1270.4) 116:2.7 3. The Seven Master Spirits. (1270.5) 116:2.8 4. The Supreme Being. (1270.6) 116:2.9 5. The Conjoint Actor. (1270.7) 116:2.10 6. The Eternal Son. (1270.8) 116:2.11 7. The Universal Father. (1270.9) 116:2.12 The first three levels are the Supreme Creators; the last three levels are the Paradise Deities. The Supreme ever intervenes as the experiential spirit personalization of the Paradise Trinity and as the experiential focus of the evolutionary almighty power of the creator children of the Paradise Deities. The Supreme Being is the maximum revelation of Deity to the seven superuniverses and for the present universe age. (1270.10) 116:2.13 By the technique of mortal logic it might be inferred that the experiential reunification of the collective acts of the first three levels of God the Sevenfold would equivalate to the level of Paradise Deity, but such is not the case. Paradise Deity is existential Deity. The Supreme Creators, in their divine unity of power and personality, are constitutive and expressive of a new power potential of experiential Deity. And this power potential of experiential origin finds inevitable and inescapable union with the experiential Deity of Trinity origin — the Supreme Being. (1270.11) 116:2.14 God the Supreme is not the Paradise Trinity, neither is he any one or all of those superuniverse Creators whose functional activities actually synthesize his evolving almighty power. God the Supreme, while of origin in the Trinity, becomes manifest to evolutionary creatures as a personality of power only through the co-ordinated functions of the first three levels of God the Sevenfold. The Almighty Supreme is now factualizing in time and space through the activities of the Supreme Creator Personalities, even as in eternity the Conjoint Actor flashed into being by the will of the Universal Father and the Eternal Son. These beings of the first three levels of God the Sevenfold are the very nature and source of the power of the Almighty Supreme; therefore must they ever accompany and sustain his administrative acts. 3. The Almighty and Paradise Deity (1270.12) 116:3.1 The Paradise Deities not only act directly in their gravity circuits throughout the grand universe, but they also function through their various agencies and other manifestations, such as: (1270.13) 116:3.2 1. The mind focalizations of the Third Source and Center. The finite domains of energy and spirit are literally held together by the mind presences of the Conjoint Actor. This is true from the Creative Spirit in a local universe through the Reflective Spirits of a superuniverse to the Master Spirits in the grand universe. The mind circuits emanating from these varied intelligence focuses represent the cosmic arena of creature choice. Mind is the flexible reality which creatures and Creators can so readily manipulate; it is the vital link connecting matter and spirit. The mind bestowal of the Third Source and Center unifies the spirit person of God the Supreme with the experiential power of the evolutionary Almighty. (1271.1) 116:3.3 2. The personality revelations of the Second Source and Center. The mind presences of the Conjoint Actor unify the spirit of divinity with the pattern of energy. The bestowal incarnations of the Eternal Son and his Paradise Sons unify, actually fuse, the divine nature of a Creator with the evolving nature of a creature. The Supreme is both creature and creator; the possibility of his being such is revealed in the bestowal actions of the Eternal Son and his co-ordinate and subordinate Sons. The bestowal orders of sonship, the Michaels and the Avonals, actually augment their divine natures with bona fide creature natures which have become theirs by the living of the actual creature life on the evolutionary worlds. When divinity becomes like humanity, inherent in this relationship is the possibility that humanity can become divine. (1271.2) 116:3.4 3. The indwelling presences of the First Source and Center. Mind unifies spirit causations with energy reactions; bestowal ministry unifies divinity descensions with creature ascensions; and the indwelling fragments of the Universal Father actually unify the evolving creatures with God on Paradise. There are many such presences of the Father which indwell numerous orders of personalities, and in mortal man these divine fragments of God are the Thought Adjusters. The Mystery Monitors are to human beings what the Paradise Trinity is to the Supreme Being. The Adjusters are absolute foundations, and upon absolute foundations freewill choice can cause to be evolved the divine reality of an eternaliter nature, finaliter nature in the case of man, Deity nature in God the Supreme. (1271.3) 116:3.5 The creature bestowals of the Paradise orders of sonship enable these divine Sons to enrich their personalities by the acquisition of the actual nature of universe creatures, while such bestowals unfailingly reveal to the creatures themselves the Paradise path of divinity attainment. The Adjuster bestowals of the Universal Father enable him to draw the personalities of the volitional will creatures to himself. And throughout all these relationships in the finite universes the Conjoint Actor is the ever-present source of the mind ministry by virtue of which these activities take place. (1271.4) 116:3.6 In these and many other ways do the Paradise Deities participate in the evolutions of time as they unfold on the circling planets of space, and as they culminate in the emergence of the Supreme personality consequence of all evolution. 4. The Almighty and the Supreme Creators (1271.5) 116:4.1 The unity of the Supreme Whole is dependent on the progressive unification of the finite parts; the actualization of the Supreme is resultant from, and productive of, these very unifications of the factors of supremacy — the creators, creatures, intelligences, and energies of the universes. (1272.1) 116:4.2 During those ages in which the sovereignty of Supremacy is undergoing its time development, the almighty power of the Supreme is dependent on the divinity acts of God the Sevenfold, while there seems to be a particularly close relationship between the Supreme Being and the Conjoint Actor together with his primary personalities, the Seven Master Spirits. The Infinite Spirit as the Conjoint Actor functions in many ways which compensate the incompletion of evolutionary Deity and sustains very close relations to the Supreme. This closeness of relationship is shared in measure by all of the Master Spirits but especially by Master Spirit Number Seven, who speaks for the Supreme. This Master Spirit knows — is in personal contact with — the Supreme. (1272.2) 116:4.3 Early in the projection of the superuniverse scheme of creation, the Master Spirits joined with the ancestral Trinity in the cocreation of the forty-nine Reflective Spirits, and concomitantly the Supreme Being functioned creatively as the culminator of the conjoined acts of the Paradise Trinity and the creative children of Paradise Deity. Majeston appeared and ever since has focalized the cosmic presence of the Supreme Mind, while the Master Spirits continue as source-centers for the far-flung ministry of the cosmic mind. (1272.3) 116:4.4 But the Master Spirits continue in supervision of the Reflective Spirits. The Seventh Master Spirit is (in his overall supervision of Orvonton from the central universe) in personal contact with (and has overcontrol of) the seven Reflective Spirits located on Uversa. In his inter- and intrasuperuniverse controls and administrations he is in reflective contact with the Reflective Spirits of his own type located on each superuniverse capital. (1272.4) 116:4.5 These Master Spirits are not only the supporters and augmenters of the sovereignty of Supremacy, but they are in turn affected by the creative purposes of the Supreme. Ordinarily, the collective creations of the Master Spirits are of the quasi-material order (power directors, etc.), while their individual creations are of the spiritual order (supernaphim, etc.). But when the Master Spirits collectively produced the Seven Circuit Spirits in response to the will and purpose of the Supreme Being, it is to be noted that the offspring of this creative act are spiritual, not material or quasi-material. (1272.5) 116:4.6 And as it is with the Master Spirits of the superuniverses, so is it with the triune rulers of these supercreations — the Ancients of Days. These personifications of Trinity justice-judgment in time and space are the field fulcrums for the mobilizing almighty power of the Supreme, serving as the sevenfold focal points for the evolution of trinitarian sovereignty in the domains of time and space. From their vantage point midway between Paradise and the evolving worlds, these Trinity-origin sovereigns see both ways, know both ways, and co-ordinate both ways. (1272.6) 116:4.7 But the local universes are the real laboratories in which are worked out the mind experiments, galactic adventures, divinity unfoldings, and personality progressions which, when cosmically totaled, constitute the actual foundation upon which the Supreme is achieving deity evolution in and by experience. (1272.7) 116:4.8 In the local universes even the Creators evolve: The presence of the Conjoint Actor evolves from a living power focus to the status of the divine personality of a Universe Mother Spirit; the Creator Son evolves from the nature of existential Paradise divinity to the experiential nature of supreme sovereignty. The local universes are the starting points of true evolution, the spawning grounds of bona fide imperfect personalities endowed with the freewill choice of becoming cocreators of themselves as they are to be. (1273.1) 116:4.9 The Magisterial Sons in their bestowals upon the evolutionary worlds eventually acquire natures expressive of Paradise divinity in experiential unification with the highest spiritual values of material human nature. And through these and other bestowals the Michael Creators likewise acquire the natures and cosmic viewpoints of their actual local universe children. Such Master Creator Sons approximate the completion of subsupreme experience; and when their local universe sovereignty is enlarged to embrace the associated Creative Spirits, it may be said to approximate the limits of supremacy within the present potentials of the evolutionary grand universe. (1273.2) 116:4.10 When the bestowal Sons reveal new ways for man to find God, they are not creating these paths of divinity attainment; rather are they illuminating the everlasting highways of progression which lead through the presence of the Supreme to the person of the Paradise Father. (1273.3) 116:4.11 The local universe is the starting place for those personalities who are farthest from God, and who can therefore experience the greatest degree of spiritual ascent in the universe, can achieve the maximum of experiential participation in the cocreation of themselves. These same local universes likewise provide the greatest possible depth of experience for the descending personalities, who thereby achieve something which is to them just as meaningful as the Paradise ascent is to an evolving creature. (1273.4) 116:4.12 Mortal man appears to be necessary to the full function of God the Sevenfold as this divinity grouping culminates in the actualizing Supreme. There are many other orders of universe personalities who are equally necessary to the evolution of the almighty power of the Supreme, but this portrayal is presented for the edification of human beings, hence is largely limited to those factors operating in the evolution of God the Sevenfold which are related to mortal man. 5. The Almighty and the Sevenfold Controllers (1273.5) 116:5.1 You have been instructed in the relationship of God the Sevenfold to the Supreme Being, and you should now recognize that the Sevenfold encompasses the controllers as well as the creators of the grand universe. These sevenfold controllers of the grand universe embrace the following: (1273.6) 116:5.2 1. The Master Physical Controllers. (1273.7) 116:5.3 2. The Supreme Power Centers. (1273.8) 116:5.4 3. The Supreme Power Directors. (1273.9) 116:5.5 4. The Almighty Supreme. (1273.10) 116:5.6 5. The God of Action — the Infinite Spirit. (1273.11) 116:5.7 6. The Isle of Paradise. (1273.12) 116:5.8 7. The Source of Paradise — the Universal Father. (1273.13) 116:5.9 These seven groups are functionally inseparable from God the Sevenfold and constitute the physical-control level of this Deity association. (1273.14) 116:5.10 The bifurcation of energy and spirit (stemming from the conjoint presence of the Eternal Son and the Paradise Isle) was symbolized in the superuniverse sense when the Seven Master Spirits unitedly engaged in their first act of collective creation. This episode witnessed the appearance of the Seven Supreme Power Directors. Concomitant therewith the spiritual circuits of the Master Spirits contrastively differentiated from the physical activities of power director supervision, and immediately did the cosmic mind appear as a new factor co-ordinating matter and spirit. (1274.1) 116:5.11 The Almighty Supreme is evolving as the overcontroller of the physical power of the grand universe. In the present universe age this potential of physical power appears to be centered in the Seven Supreme Power Directors, who operate through the fixed locations of the power centers and through the mobile presences of the physical controllers. (1274.2) 116:5.12 The time universes are not perfect; that is their destiny. The struggle for perfection pertains not only to the intellectual and the spiritual levels but also to the physical level of energy and mass. The settlement of the seven superuniverses in light and life presupposes their attainment of physical stability. And it is conjectured that the final attainment of material equilibrium will signify the completed evolution of the physical control of the Almighty. (1274.3) 116:5.13 In the early days of universe building even the Paradise Creators are primarily concerned with material equilibrium. The pattern of a local universe takes shape not only as a result of the activities of the power centers but also because of the space presence of the Creative Spirit. And throughout these early epochs of local universe building the Creator Son exhibits a little-understood attribute of material control, and he does not leave his capital planet until the gross equilibrium of the local universe has been established. (1274.4) 116:5.14 In the final analysis, all energy responds to mind, and the physical controllers are the children of the mind God, who is the activator of Paradise pattern. The intelligence of the power directors is unremittingly devoted to the task of bringing about material control. Their struggle for physical dominance over the relationships of energy and the motions of mass never ceases until they achieve finite victory over the energies and masses which constitute their perpetual domains of activity. (1274.5) 116:5.15 The spirit struggles of time and space have to do with the evolution of spirit dominance over matter by the mediation of (personal) mind; the physical (nonpersonal) evolution of the universes has to do with bringing cosmic energy into harmony with the equilibrium concepts of mind subject to the overcontrol of spirit. The total evolution of the entire grand universe is a matter of the personality unification of the energy-controlling mind with the spirit-co-ordinated intellect and will be revealed in the full appearance of the almighty power of the Supreme. (1274.6) 116:5.16 The difficulty in arriving at a state of dynamic equilibrium is inherent in the fact of the growing cosmos. The established circuits of physical creation are being continually jeopardized by the appearance of new energy and new mass. A growing universe is an unsettled universe; hence no part of the cosmic whole can find real stability until the fullness of time witnesses the material completion of the seven superuniverses. (1274.7) 116:5.17 In the settled universes of light and life there are no unexpected physical events of major importance. Relatively complete control over the material creation has been achieved; still the problems of the relationship of the settled universes to the evolving universes continue to challenge the skill of the Universe Power Directors. But these problems will gradually vanish with the diminution of new creative activity as the grand universe approaches culmination of evolutionary expression. 6. Spirit Dominance (1275.1) 116:6.1 In the evolutionary superuniverses energy-matter is dominant except in personality, where spirit through the mediation of mind is struggling for the mastery. The goal of the evolutionary universes is the subjugation of energy-matter by mind, the co-ordination of mind with spirit, and all of this by virtue of the creative and unifying presence of personality. Thus, in relation to personality, do physical systems become subordinate; mind systems, co-ordinate; and spirit systems, directive. (1275.2) 116:6.2 This union of power and personality is expressive on deity levels in and as the Supreme. But the actual evolution of spirit dominance is a growth which is predicated on the freewill acts of the Creators and creatures of the grand universe. (1275.3) 116:6.3 On absolute levels, energy and spirit are one. But the moment departure is made from such absolute levels, difference appears, and as energy and spirit move spaceward from Paradise, the gulf between them widens until in the local universes they have become quite divergent. They are no longer identical, neither are they alike, and mind must intervene to interrelate them. (1275.4) 116:6.4 That energy can be directionized by the action of controller personalities discloses the responsiveness of energy to mind action. That mass can be stabilized through the action of these same controlling entities indicates the responsiveness of mass to the order-producing presence of mind. And that spirit itself in volitional personality can strive through mind for the mastery of energy-matter discloses the potential unity of all finite creation. (1275.5) 116:6.5 There is an interdependence of all forces and personalities throughout the universe of universes. Creator Sons and Creative Spirits depend on the co-operative function of the power centers and physical controllers in the organization of universes; the Supreme Power Directors are incomplete without the overcontrol of the Master Spirits. In a human being the mechanism of physical life is responsive, in part, to the dictates of (personal) mind. This very mind may, in turn, become dominated by the leadings of purposive spirit, and the result of such evolutionary development is the production of a new child of the Supreme, a new personal unification of the several kinds of cosmic reality. (1275.6) 116:6.6 And as it is with the parts, so it is with the whole; the spirit person of Supremacy requires the evolutionary power of the Almighty to achieve completion of Deity and to attain destiny of Trinity association. The effort is made by the personalities of time and space, but the culmination and consummation of this effort is the act of the Almighty Supreme. And while the growth of the whole is thus a totalizing of the collective growth of the parts, it equally follows that the evolution of the parts is a segmented reflection of the purposive growth of the whole. (1275.7) 116:6.7 On Paradise, monota and spirit are as one — indistinguishable except by name. In Havona, matter and spirit, while distinguishably different, are at the same time innately harmonious. In the seven superuniverses, however, there is great divergence; there is a wide gulf between cosmic energy and divine spirit; therefore is there a greater experiential potential for mind action in harmonizing and eventually unifying physical pattern with spiritual purposes. In the time-evolving universes of space there is greater divinity attenuation, more difficult problems to be solved, and larger opportunity to acquire experience in their solution. And this entire superuniverse situation brings into being a larger arena of evolutionary existence in which the possibility of cosmic experience is made available alike to creature and Creator — even to Supreme Deity. (1276.1) 116:6.8 The dominance of spirit, which is existential on absolute levels, becomes an evolutionary experience on finite levels and in the seven superuniverses. And this experience is shared alike by all, from mortal man to the Supreme Being. All strive, personally strive, in the achievement; all participate, personally participate, in the destiny. 7. The Living Organism of the Grand Universe (1276.2) 116:7.1 The grand universe is not only a material creation of physical grandeur, spirit sublimity, and intellectual magnitude, it is also a magnificent and responsive living organism. There is actual life pulsating throughout the mechanism of the vast creation of the vibrant cosmos. The physical reality of the universes is symbolic of the perceivable reality of the Almighty Supreme; and this material and living organism is penetrated by intelligence circuits, even as the human body is traversed by a network of neural sensation paths. This physical universe is permeated by energy lanes which effectively activate material creation, even as the human body is nourished and energized by the circulatory distribution of the assimilable energy products of nourishment. The vast universe is not without those co-ordinating centers of magnificent overcontrol which might be compared to the delicate chemical-control system of the human mechanism. But if you only knew something about the physique of a power center, we could, by analogy, tell you so much more about the physical universe. (1276.3) 116:7.2 Much as mortals look to solar energy for life maintenance, so does the grand universe depend upon the unfailing energies emanating from nether Paradise to sustain the material activities and cosmic motions of space. (1276.4) 116:7.3 Mind has been given to mortals wherewith they may become self-conscious of identity and personality; and mind — even a Supreme Mind — has been bestowed upon the totality of the finite whereby the spirit of this emerging personality of the cosmos ever strives for the mastery of energy-matter. (1276.5) 116:7.4 Mortal man is responsive to spirit guidance, even as the grand universe responds to the far-flung spirit-gravity grasp of the Eternal Son, the universal supermaterial cohesion of the eternal spiritual values of all the creations of the finite cosmos of time and space. (1276.6) 116:7.5 Human beings are capable of making an everlasting self-identification with total and indestructible universe reality — fusion with the indwelling Thought Adjuster. Likewise does the Supreme everlastingly depend on the absolute stability of Original Deity, the Paradise Trinity. (1276.7) 116:7.6 Man’s urge for Paradise perfection, his striving for God-attainment, creates a genuine divinity tension in the living cosmos which can only be resolved by the evolution of an immortal soul; this is what happens in the experience of a single mortal creature. But when all creatures and all Creators in the grand universe likewise strive for God-attainment and divine perfection, there is built up a profound cosmic tension which can only find resolution in the sublime synthesis of almighty power with the spirit person of the evolving God of all creatures, the Supreme Being. (1277.1) 116:7.7 [Sponsored by a Mighty Messenger temporarily sojourning on Urantia.]

The Garden of Eden (821.1) 73:0.1 THE cultural decadence and spiritual poverty resulting from the Caligastia downfall and consequent social confusion had little effect on the physical or biologic status of the Urantia peoples. Organic evolution proceeded apace, quite regardless of the cultural and moral setback which so swiftly followed the disaffection of Caligastia and Daligastia. And there came a time in the planetary history, almost forty thousand years ago, when the Life Carriers on duty took note that, from a purely biologic standpoint, the developmental progress of the Urantia races was nearing its apex. The Melchizedek receivers, concurring in this opinion, readily agreed to join the Life Carriers in a petition to the Most Highs of Edentia asking that Urantia be inspected with a view to authorizing the dispatch of biologic uplifters, a Material Son and Daughter. (821.2) 73:0.2 This request was addressed to the Most Highs of Edentia because they had exercised direct jurisdiction over many of Urantia’s affairs ever since Caligastia’s downfall and the temporary vacation of authority on Jerusem. (821.3) 73:0.3 Tabamantia, sovereign supervisor of the series of decimal or experimental worlds, came to inspect the planet and, after his survey of racial progress, duly recommended that Urantia be granted Material Sons. In a little less than one hundred years from the time of this inspection, Adam and Eve, a Material Son and Daughter of the local system, arrived and began the difficult task of attempting to untangle the confused affairs of a planet retarded by rebellion and resting under the ban of spiritual isolation. 1. The Nodites and the Amadonites (821.4) 73:1.1 On a normal planet the arrival of the Material Son would ordinarily herald the approach of a great age of invention, material progress, and intellectual enlightenment. The post-Adamic era is the great scientific age of most worlds, but not so on Urantia. Though the planet was peopled by races physically fit, the tribes languished in the depths of savagery and moral stagnation. (821.5) 73:1.2 Ten thousand years after the rebellion practically all the gains of the Prince’s administration had been effaced; the races of the world were little better off than if this misguided Son had never come to Urantia. Only among the Nodites and the Amadonites was there persistence of the traditions of Dalamatia and the culture of the Planetary Prince. (821.6) 73:1.3 The Nodites were the descendants of the rebel members of the Prince’s staff, their name deriving from their first leader, Nod, onetime chairman of the Dalamatia commission on industry and trade. The Amadonites were the descendants of those Andonites who chose to remain loyal with Van and Amadon. “Amadonite” is more of a cultural and religious designation than a racial term; racially considered the Amadonites were essentially Andonites. “Nodite” is both a cultural and racial term, for the Nodites themselves constituted the eighth race of Urantia. (822.1) 73:1.4 There existed a traditional enmity between the Nodites and the Amadonites. This feud was constantly coming to the surface whenever the offspring of these two groups would try to engage in some common enterprise. Even later, in the affairs of Eden, it was exceedingly difficult for them to work together in peace. (822.2) 73:1.5 Shortly after the destruction of Dalamatia the followers of Nod became divided into three major groups. The central group remained in the immediate vicinity of their original home near the headwaters of the Persian Gulf. The eastern group migrated to the highland regions of Elam just east of the Euphrates valley. The western group was situated on the northeastern Syrian shores of the Mediterranean and in adjacent territory. (822.3) 73:1.6 These Nodites had freely mated with the Sangik races and had left behind an able progeny. And some of the descendants of the rebellious Dalamatians subsequently joined Van and his loyal followers in the lands north of Mesopotamia. Here, in the vicinity of Lake Van and the southern Caspian Sea region, the Nodites mingled and mixed with the Amadonites, and they were numbered among the “mighty men of old.” (822.4) 73:1.7 Prior to the arrival of Adam and Eve these groups — Nodites and Amadonites — were the most advanced and cultured races on earth. 2. Planning for the Garden (822.5) 73:2.1 For almost one hundred years prior to Tabamantia’s inspection, Van and his associates, from their highland headquarters of world ethics and culture, had been preaching the advent of a promised Son of God, a racial uplifter, a teacher of truth, and the worthy successor of the traitorous Caligastia. Though the majority of the world’s inhabitants of those days exhibited little or no interest in such a prediction, those who were in immediate contact with Van and Amadon took such teaching seriously and began to plan for the actual reception of the promised Son. (822.6) 73:2.2 Van told his nearest associates the story of the Material Sons on Jerusem; what he had known of them before ever he came to Urantia. He well knew that these Adamic Sons always lived in simple but charming garden homes and proposed, eighty-three years before the arrival of Adam and Eve, that they devote themselves to the proclamation of their advent and to the preparation of a garden home for their reception. (822.7) 73:2.3 From their highland headquarters and from sixty-one far-scattered settlements, Van and Amadon recruited a corps of over three thousand willing and enthusiastic workers who, in solemn assembly, dedicated themselves to this mission of preparing for the promised — at least expected — Son. (822.8) 73:2.4 Van divided his volunteers into one hundred companies with a captain over each and an associate who served on his personal staff as a liaison officer, keeping Amadon as his own associate. These commissions all began in earnest their preliminary work, and the committee on location for the Garden sallied forth in search of the ideal spot. (822.9) 73:2.5 Although Caligastia and Daligastia had been deprived of much of their power for evil, they did everything possible to frustrate and hamper the work of preparing the Garden. But their evil machinations were largely offset by the faithful activities of the almost ten thousand loyal midway creatures who so tirelessly labored to advance the enterprise. 3. The Garden Site (823.1) 73:3.1 The committee on location was absent for almost three years. It reported favorably concerning three possible locations: The first was an island in the Persian Gulf; the second, the river location subsequently occupied as the second garden; the third, a long narrow peninsula — almost an island — projecting westward from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. (823.2) 73:3.2 The committee almost unanimously favored the third selection. This site was chosen, and two years were occupied in transferring the world’s cultural headquarters, including the tree of life, to this Mediterranean peninsula. All but a single group of the peninsula dwellers peaceably vacated when Van and his company arrived. (823.3) 73:3.3 This Mediterranean peninsula had a salubrious climate and an equable temperature; this stabilized weather was due to the encircling mountains and to the fact that this area was virtually an island in an inland sea. While it rained copiously on the surrounding highlands, it seldom rained in Eden proper. But each night, from the extensive network of artificial irrigation channels, a “mist would go up” to refresh the vegetation of the Garden. (823.4) 73:3.4 The coast line of this land mass was considerably elevated, and the neck connecting with the mainland was only twenty-seven miles wide at the narrowest point. The great river that watered the Garden came down from the higher lands of the peninsula and flowed east through the peninsular neck to the mainland and thence across the lowlands of Mesopotamia to the sea beyond. It was fed by four tributaries which took origin in the coastal hills of the Edenic peninsula, and these are the “four heads” of the river which “went out of Eden,” and which later became confused with the branches of the rivers surrounding the second garden. (823.5) 73:3.5 The mountains surrounding the Garden abounded in precious stones and metals, though these received very little attention. The dominant idea was to be the glorification of horticulture and the exaltation of agriculture. (823.6) 73:3.6 The site chosen for the Garden was probably the most beautiful spot of its kind in all the world, and the climate was then ideal. Nowhere else was there a location which could have lent itself so perfectly to becoming such a paradise of botanic expression. In this rendezvous the cream of the civilization of Urantia was forgathering. Without and beyond, the world lay in darkness, ignorance, and savagery. Eden was the one bright spot on Urantia; it was naturally a dream of loveliness, and it soon became a poem of exquisite and perfected landscape glory. 4. Establishing the Garden (823.7) 73:4.1 When Material Sons, the biologic uplifters, begin their sojourn on an evolutionary world, their place of abode is often called the Garden of Eden because it is characterized by the floral beauty and the botanic grandeur of Edentia, the constellation capital. Van well knew of these customs and accordingly provided that the entire peninsula be given over to the Garden. Pasturage and animal husbandry were projected for the adjoining mainland. Of animal life, only the birds and the various domesticated species were to be found in the park. Van’s instructions were that Eden was to be a garden, and only a garden. No animals were ever slaughtered within its precincts. All flesh eaten by the Garden workers throughout all the years of construction was brought in from the herds maintained under guard on the mainland. (824.1) 73:4.2 The first task was the building of the brick wall across the neck of the peninsula. This once completed, the real work of landscape beautification and home building could proceed unhindered. (824.2) 73:4.3 A zoological garden was created by building a smaller wall just outside the main wall; the intervening space, occupied by all manner of wild beasts, served as an additional defense against hostile attacks. This menagerie was organized in twelve grand divisions, and walled paths led between these groups to the twelve gates of the Garden, the river and its adjacent pastures occupying the central area. (824.3) 73:4.4 In the preparation of the Garden only volunteer laborers were employed; no hirelings were ever used. They cultivated the Garden and tended their herds for support; contributions of food were also received from near-by believers. And this great enterprise was carried through to completion in spite of the difficulties attendant upon the confused status of the world during these troublous times. (824.4) 73:4.5 But it was a cause for great disappointment when Van, not knowing how soon the expected Son and Daughter might come, suggested that the younger generation also be trained in the work of carrying on the enterprise in case their arrival should be delayed. This seemed like an admission of lack of faith on Van’s part and made considerable trouble, caused many desertions; but Van went forward with his plan of preparedness, meantime filling the places of the deserters with younger volunteers. 5. The Garden Home (824.5) 73:5.1 At the center of the Edenic peninsula was the exquisite stone temple of the Universal Father, the sacred shrine of the Garden. To the north the administrative headquarters was established; to the south were built the homes for the workers and their families; to the west was provided the allotment of ground for the proposed schools of the educational system of the expected Son, while in the “east of Eden” were built the domiciles intended for the promised Son and his immediate offspring. The architectural plans for Eden provided homes and abundant land for one million human beings. (824.6) 73:5.2 At the time of Adam’s arrival, though the Garden was only one-fourth finished, it had thousands of miles of irrigation ditches and more than twelve thousand miles of paved paths and roads. There were a trifle over five thousand brick buildings in the various sectors, and the trees and plants were almost beyond number. Seven was the largest number of houses composing any one cluster in the park. And though the structures of the Garden were simple, they were most artistic. The roads and paths were well built, and the landscaping was exquisite. (824.7) 73:5.3 The sanitary arrangements of the Garden were far in advance of anything that had been attempted theretofore on Urantia. The drinking water of Eden was kept wholesome by the strict observance of the sanitary regulations designed to conserve its purity. During these early times much trouble came about from neglect of these rules, but Van gradually impressed upon his associates the importance of allowing nothing to fall into the water supply of the Garden. (825.1) 73:5.4 Before the later establishment of a sewage-disposal system the Edenites practiced the scrupulous burial of all waste or decomposing material. Amadon’s inspectors made their rounds each day in search for possible causes of sickness. Urantians did not again awaken to the importance of the prevention of human diseases until the later times of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Before the disruption of the Adamic regime a covered brick-conduit disposal system had been constructed which ran beneath the walls and emptied into the river of Eden almost a mile beyond the outer or lesser wall of the Garden. (825.2) 73:5.5 By the time of Adam’s arrival most of the plants of that section of the world were growing in Eden. Already had many of the fruits, cereals, and nuts been greatly improved. Many modern vegetables and cereals were first cultivated here, but scores of varieties of food plants were subsequently lost to the world. (825.3) 73:5.6 About five per cent of the Garden was under high artificial cultivation, fifteen per cent partially cultivated, the remainder being left in a more or less natural state pending the arrival of Adam, it being thought best to finish the park in accordance with his ideas. (825.4) 73:5.7 And so was the Garden of Eden made ready for the reception of the promised Adam and his consort. And this Garden would have done honor to a world under perfected administration and normal control. Adam and Eve were well pleased with the general plan of Eden, though they made many changes in the furnishings of their own personal dwelling. (825.5) 73:5.8 Although the work of embellishment was hardly finished at the time of Adam’s arrival, the place was already a gem of botanic beauty; and during the early days of his sojourn in Eden the whole Garden took on new form and assumed new proportions of beauty and grandeur. Never before this time nor after has Urantia harbored such a beautiful and replete exhibition of horticulture and agriculture. 6. The Tree of Life (825.6) 73:6.1 In the center of the Garden temple Van planted the long-guarded tree of life, whose leaves were for the “healing of the nations,” and whose fruit had so long sustained him on earth. Van well knew that Adam and Eve would also be dependent on this gift of Edentia for their life maintenance after they once appeared on Urantia in material form. (825.7) 73:6.2 The Material Sons on the system capitals do not require the tree of life for sustenance. Only in the planetary repersonalization are they dependent on this adjunct to physical immortality. (825.8) 73:6.3 The “tree of the knowledge of good and evil” may be a figure of speech, a symbolic designation covering a multitude of human experiences, but the “tree of life” was not a myth; it was real and for a long time was present on Urantia. When the Most Highs of Edentia approved the commission of Caligastia as Planetary Prince of Urantia and those of the one hundred Jerusem citizens as his administrative staff, they sent to the planet, by the Melchizedeks, a shrub of Edentia, and this plant grew to be the tree of life on Urantia. This form of nonintelligent life is native to the constellation headquarters spheres, being also found on the headquarters worlds of the local and superuniverses as well as on the Havona spheres, but not on the system capitals. (826.1) 73:6.4 This superplant stored up certain space-energies which were antidotal to the age-producing elements of animal existence. The fruit of the tree of life was like a superchemical storage battery, mysteriously releasing the life-extension force of the universe when eaten. This form of sustenance was wholly useless to the ordinary evolutionary beings on Urantia, but specifically it was serviceable to the one hundred materialized members of Caligastia’s staff and to the one hundred modified Andonites who had contributed of their life plasm to the Prince’s staff, and who, in return, were made possessors of that complement of life which made it possible for them to utilize the fruit of the tree of life for an indefinite extension of their otherwise mortal existence. (826.2) 73:6.5 During the days of the Prince’s rule the tree was growing from the earth in the central and circular courtyard of the Father’s temple. Upon the outbreak of the rebellion it was regrown from the central core by Van and his associates in their temporary camp. This Edentia shrub was subsequently taken to their highland retreat, where it served both Van and Amadon for more than one hundred and fifty thousand years. (826.3) 73:6.6 When Van and his associates made ready the Garden for Adam and Eve, they transplanted the Edentia tree to the Garden of Eden, where, once again, it grew in a central, circular courtyard of another temple to the Father. And Adam and Eve periodically partook of its fruit for the maintenance of their dual form of physical life. (826.4) 73:6.7 When the plans of the Material Son went astray, Adam and his family were not permitted to carry the core of the tree away from the Garden. When the Nodites invaded Eden, they were told that they would become as “gods if they partook of the fruit of the tree.” Much to their surprise they found it unguarded. They ate freely of the fruit for years, but it did nothing for them; they were all material mortals of the realm; they lacked that endowment which acted as a complement to the fruit of the tree. They became enraged at their inability to benefit from the tree of life, and in connection with one of their internal wars, the temple and the tree were both destroyed by fire; only the stone wall stood until the Garden was subsequently submerged. This was the second temple of the Father to perish. (826.5) 73:6.8 And now must all flesh on Urantia take the natural course of life and death. Adam, Eve, their children, and their children’s children, together with their associates, all perished in the course of time, thus becoming subject to the ascension scheme of the local universe wherein mansion world resurrection follows material death. 7. The Fate of Eden (826.6) 73:7.1 After the first garden was vacated by Adam, it was occupied variously by the Nodites, Cutites, and the Suntites. It later became the dwelling place of the northern Nodites who opposed co-operation with the Adamites. The peninsula had been overrun by these lower-grade Nodites for almost four thousand years after Adam left the Garden when, in connection with the violent activity of the surrounding volcanoes and the submergence of the Sicilian land bridge to Africa, the eastern floor of the Mediterranean Sea sank, carrying down beneath the waters the whole of the Edenic peninsula. Concomitant with this vast submergence the coast line of the eastern Mediterranean was greatly elevated. And this was the end of the most beautiful natural creation that Urantia has ever harbored. The sinking was not sudden, several hundred years being required completely to submerge the entire peninsula. (827.1) 73:7.2 We cannot regard this disappearance of the Garden as being in any way a result of the miscarriage of the divine plans or as a result of the mistakes of Adam and Eve. We do not regard the submergence of Eden as anything but a natural occurrence, but it does seem to us that the sinking of the Garden was timed to occur at just about the date of the accumulation of the reserves of the violet race for undertaking the work of rehabilitating the world peoples. (827.2) 73:7.3 The Melchizedeks counseled Adam not to initiate the program of racial uplift and blending until his own family had numbered one-half million. It was never intended that the Garden should be the permanent home of the Adamites. They were to become emissaries of a new life to all the world; they were to mobilize for unselfish bestowal upon the needy races of earth. (827.3) 73:7.4 The instructions given Adam by the Melchizedeks implied that he was to establish racial, continental, and divisional headquarters to be in charge of his immediate sons and daughters, while he and Eve were to divide their time between these various world capitals as advisers and co-ordinators of the world-wide ministry of biologic uplift, intellectual advancement, and moral rehabilitation. (827.4) 73:7.5 [Presented by Solonia, the seraphic “voice in the Garden.”]

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodal treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy the prognosis remains poor and relapse occurs regularly. The alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) has been shown to improve the overall survival in patients with malignant gliomas, especially in tumors with methylated promoter of the O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance towards TMZ makes it crucial to find new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the prognosis of patients suffering from malignant gliomas. Cold atmospheric plasma is a new auspicious candidate in cancer treatment. In the present study we demonstrate the anti-cancer properties of different dosages of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) both in TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant cells by proliferation assay, immunoblotting, cell cycle analysis, and clonogenicity assay. Importantly, CAP treatment restored the responsiveness of resistant glioma cells towards TMZ therapy. Concomitant treatment with CAP and TMZ led to inhibition of cell growth and cell cycle arrest, thus CAP might be a promising candidate for combination therapy especially for patients suffering from GBMs showing an unfavorable MGMT status and TMZ resistance.

Hypersensitivity reactions to titanium (Ti) are very rare. Thus, we assessed the proinflammatory response and also potential tolerance favoring in vitro reactivity of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes (PBMC) to Ti in healthy individuals (14 without, 6 with complication-free dental Ti implants). The proliferation index (SI) in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and production of cytokines linked to innate immune response (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha) or immune regulation (IL-10) were assessed in response to TiO2 particles or Ti discs. In both groups, the Ti-LTT reactivity was not enhanced (e.g., SI < 3). The control antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) gave adequate reactivity (median SI individuals without/with implant: 20.6 +/- 5.97/19.58 +/- 2.99). Individuals without implant showed higher cytokine response to Ti materials than individuals with symptom-free implants; for example, TiO2 rutile particle induced increase of IL-1 beta 70.27-fold/8.49-fold versus control medium culture. PBMC of 5 of the 6 individuals with complication-free Ti implants showed an ex vivo ongoing production of IL-10 (mean 4.18 +/- 2.98 pg/mL)-but none of the 14 controls showed such IL-10 production. Thus in vitro IL-1 beta-, IL-6-, and TNF-alpha production reflects ``normal'' unspecific immune response to Ti. This might be reduced by production of tolerogenic IL-10 in individuals with symptom-free Ti dental implants.

Background: Cardiac surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide with > 700,000 surgeries in 2006 in the US alone. Cardiac surgery results in a considerable exposure to physical and emotional stress; stress-related disorders such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder are the most common adverse outcomes of cardiac surgery, seen in up to 20% of patients. Using information from a genome-wide association study to characterize genetic effects on emotional memory, we recently identified a single nucleotide polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (the Bcll single nucleotide polymorphism) as a significant genetic risk factor for traumatic memories from cardiac surgery and symptoms of post-traumaticstress disorder. The Bcll high-risk genotype (Bcll GG) has a prevalence of 16.6% in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with increased glucocorticoid receptor signaling under stress. Concomitant animal experiments have confirmed an essential role of glucocorticoid receptor activation for traumatic memory formation during stressful experiences. Early cognitive behavioral intervention has been shown to prevent stress-related disorders after heart surgery. Methods/Design: The proposed study protocol is based on the above mentioned earlier findings from animal experiments and preclinical studies in volunteers. Patients (n = 872) will be genotyped for the Bcll single nucleotide polymorphism before surgery, which should result in 120 homozygous high-risk carriers of the Bcll GG allele and 240 randomly selected low-risk heterozygous or non-carriers of the single nucleotide polymorphism. All patients will then undergo randomization to either cognitive behavioral intervention or a control intervention consisting of non-specific general information about the role of stress in heart disease. The primary efficacy endpoint will be post-traumatic stress levels at one year after surgery as determined by a standardized questionnaire that has been specifically validated in patients after critical illness. Discussion: The proposed randomized controlled trial intends to demonstrate that a preoperatively administered minimal cognitive behavioral intervention targeted to homozygous carriers of the Bc/l*G high-risk allele reduces traumatic memories and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after heart surgery to a level seen in non-carriers of the mutation, and thus improves the neuroemotional outcome of cardiac surgery.

Background: Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well defined risk factor for subsequent bacteremia and death in various groups of patients, but its impact on outcome in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (HD) is under debate. Methods: This prospective interventional cohort study (performed 2004 to 2010) enrolled 289 HD outpatients of an urban dialysis-unit. Nasal swab cultures for MRSA were performed in all patients upon first admission, at transfer from another dialysis facility or readmission after hospitalisation. Nasal MRSA carriers were treated in a separate ward and received mupirocin nasal ointment. Concomitant extra-nasal MRSA colonization was treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse (throat) or octenidine dihydrochloride containing antiseptic soaps and 2% chlorhexidine body washes (skin). Clinical data and outcome of carriers and noncarriers were systematically analyzed. Results: The screening approach identified 34 nasal MRSA carriers (11.7%). Extra-nasal MRSA colonization was observed in 11/34 (32%) nasal MRSA carriers. History of malignancy and an increased Charlson Comorbidity Index were significant predictors for nasal MRSA carriers, whereas traditional risk factors for MRSA colonization or markers of inflammation or malnutrition were not able to discriminate. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant survival differences between MRSA carriers and noncarriers. Mupirocin ointment persistently eliminated nasal MRSA colonization in 26/34 (73.5%) patients. Persistent nasal MRSA carriers with failure of this eradication approach had an extremely poor prognosis with an all-cause mortality rate >85%. Conclusions: Nasal MRSA carriage with failure of mupirocin decolonization was associated with increased mortality despite a lack of overt clinical signs of infection. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether nasal MRSA colonization represents a novel predictor of worse outcome or just another surrogate marker of the burden of comorbid diseases leading to fatal outcome in HD patients.

Background: Adenomas of the adrenal gland are rare causes ofvirilization in childhood. Case Report: A girl aged 2 years and 4 monthspresented with pubarche, distinct clitoral hypertrophy, tall stature,and increased height velocity. Plasma testosterone anddehydroepiandrosterone were elevated. Androgens remained unchanged afteradrenocorticotropic hormone, and dexamethasone administrations.Ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging indicated anextra-adrenal mass adjacent to the left adrenal gland, which was removedby endoscopic surgery. However, plasma androgens remained elevated and131 I-iodomethyl-norcholesterol scintigraphy revealed tracer enhancementin the right adrenal gland, which was consecutively removed.Virilization regressed after extirpation of the adenomas and heightvelocity normalized. Results: Histology revealed a circumscribed adenomain the right adrenal gland and an epithelial mass with adrenal corticalcells in the left-sided ectopic tumor. In the ectopic tumor,melanocortin 2 receptor expression was augmented threefold compared tothe control, indicating adrenal origin. Conclusions: In this young girl,virilization is due to concomitant ectopic and intra-adrenal adenomas ofthe adrenal cortex. By melanocortin 2 receptor expression, it wasconfirmed that the ectopic adenoma derived from the adrenal cortex.Specific scintigraphy, if available, assists in allocating the source ofandrogen hypersecretion.

Stress is part of everyday life. And while acute and short periods of stress can help to overcome challenges, exposure to chronic - and especially uncontrollable - stress can lead to maladaption of the organism, which can ultimately increase the risk of disease. However, vulnerability to stress and vulnerability to risk increases are strongly dependent on the individual. The molecular underpinnings of this vulnerability and resilience are still largely unknown. Therefore, the present thesis aims at identifying novel molecules involved in modulating individual stress vulnerability in the brain of male mice. In a first step, we investigated long-term gene expression changes in the hippocampus of male mice that underwent chronic social stress. Adolescent male CD1 mice were subjected to 7 weeks of chronic social stress and were investigated after 5 weeks of recovery via an unbiased whole-genome approach utilising microarray technology. Here, we did not find strong differences caused by the stress exposure, possibly because not all animals were affected by the stress exposure. Nevertheless, we identified Iffo1 as a gene that seems to be affected by at least acute stress and might also be involved in the long-term effect of chronic stress exposure. In the next step, we classified the animals from the same paradigm into stress-vulnerable and stress-resilient individuals based on their corticosterone levels after recovery. Animals which still showed elevated levels of corticosterone 5 weeks after stress were defined as vulnerable, while animals in which levels returned to baseline comparable to controls were termed stress resilient. With an additional whole-genome experiment, we were able to show distinct patterns of gene expression between the groups, including genes like Arc, Gria1 and Gria2. In addition, we also investigated differences in peripheral lymphocytes, which showed regulation in genes like Hsp90b1 or SLA. When we compared the expression profiles between brain and peripheral blood, we showed that stress-vulnerable and stress-resilient animals show different patterns of correlations. In the final part of the thesis, we decreased the expression of Arc, one of the genes we found overrepresented in vulnerable individuals, in the hippocampal formation of male mice via AAV-mediated shRNA knockdown. As we performed the modulation of Arc before the stress exposure, we were able to investigate the causal influence of Arc expression on stress exposure. Animals that were subjected to 3 weeks of chronic social defeat, showed an increase in anxiety-related behaviour, impairment in spatial memory, an increase in social behaviour and did not differ in depression-like behaviour. Concomitant with the behavioural alterations, stressed animals showed alterations in multiple physiological parameters, like increased adrenal glands or corticosterone response. Intriguingly, we were able to prevent most of the behavioural, but not the physiological, changes with the Arc knockdown. This strongly suggests that Arc is at least partly causally involved in the molecular machinery that underlies stress vulnerability. As Arc is a downstream molecule in multiple pathways already connected to stress vulnerability or stress in general, it might be that Arc actually is one of the major molecular factors that translate the effects of these pathways.

A study in the March issue of CGH looks at whether primary sclerosing cholangitis is also a risk factor for colorectal dysplasia or cancer in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon. Dr. Kuemmerle speaks with senior author Dr. Roger Chapman

Left atrial intramural hematoma is a seldom cause of left atrial mass. It has been described to occur spontaneously, after interventional procedures, after blunt chest trauma, or after aortocoronary bypass surgery. We present a case of mitral valve replacement together with the removal of a large intraatrial space-occupying lesion. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography confirmed a successful resection of this mass. Surprisingly, upon admission to ICU, transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography revealed a recurrence of an intramural lesion, closest matching a hematoma, which was confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Surgical intervention was thoroughly discussed but a conservative management was favoured. 3 months after surgery, a reassessed transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography demonstrated an almost complete resolution of the pre-existing hematoma.

Objective: The aim of this study was to externally validate the prognostic value of concomitant urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) in radical cystectomy (RC) specimens using a large international cohort of bladder cancer patients. Methods: The records of 3,973 patients treated with RC and bilateral lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) at nine centers worldwide were reviewed. Surgical specimens were evaluated by a genitourinary pathologist at each center. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression models addressed time to recurrence and cancer-specific mortality after RC. Results: 1,741 (43.8%) patients had concomitant CIS in their RC specimens. Concomitant CIS was more common in organ-confined UCB and was associated with lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001). Concomitant CIS was not associated with either disease recurrence or cancer-specific death regardless of pathologic stage. The presence of concomitant CIS did not improve the predictive accuracy of standard predictors for either disease recurrence or cancer-specific death in any of the subgroups. Conclusions: We could not confirm the prognostic value of concomitant CIS in RC specimens. This, together with the discrepancy between pathologists in determining the presence of concomitant CIS at the morphologic level, limits the clinical utility of concomitant CIS in RC specimens for clinical decision-making. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

In this podcast Professor Robert Moots and Dr Dirk Elewaut discuss spondyloarthropathy diseases and their manifestations. They then go on to discuss a

In this podcast Professor Robert Moots and Dr Dirk Elewaut discuss spondyloarthropathy diseases and their manifestations. They then go on to discuss a

In this podcast Professor Robert Moots and Dr Dirk Elewaut discuss spondyloarthropathy diseases and their manifestations. They then go on to discuss a

The 50th episode of The Dark Verse podcast. Short stories of occult, metaphysical, and fantastical horror that will follow you to the visions of your sleep. The Dark Verse is a multiverse of Lovecraftian terror written and narrated by M. Amanuensis Sharkchild. For more information or to pick up the award-winning hardcover books, visit www.thedarkverse.com. Support the podcast at www.patreon.com/thedarkverse.

Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has improved survival in inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This phase I trial was performed in order to establish a dose recommendation for oral vinorelbine in combination with cisplatin and simultaneous radiotherapy. Patients and Methods: Previously untreated patients with stage IIIB NSCLC received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 66 Gy and 2 cycles of cisplatin and oral vinorelbine which was administered at 3 different levels (40, 50 and 60 mg/m(2)). This was to be followed by 2 cycles of cisplatin/vinorelbine oral consolidation chemotherapy. The study goal was to determine the maximal recommended dose of oral vinorelbine during concurrent treatment. Results: 11 stage IIIB patients were entered into the study. The median radiotherapy dose was 66 Gy. Grade 3-4 toxicity included neutropenia, esophagitis, gastritis and febrile neutropenia. The dose-limiting toxicity for concurrent chemoradiotherapy was esophagitis. 9 patients received consolidation chemotherapy, with neutropenia and anemia/thrombocytopenia grade 3 being the only toxicities. The overall response was 73%. Conclusion: Oral vinorelbine 50 mg/m(2) (days 1, 8, 15 over 4 weeks) in combination with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 (days 1-4) is the recommended dose in combination with radiotherapy (66 Gy) and will be used for concurrent chemoradiotherapy in a forthcoming phase III trial testing the efficacy of consolidation chemotherapy in patients not progressing after chemoradiotherapy.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most frequent organic diseases of the nervous system, with a prevalence of 30-60 per 100,000 inhabitans. It is charcterized by an inflammatory destruction of the myelin sheaths in the white matter of the central nervous system, which may lead to severe disability and death. The underlying mechanism has not been clearly elucidated yet, but involves an attack of the body’s immune system against some of its own neural tissue antigens. One of the immunopathologic hallmarks of MS is the chronic intrathecal production of immunoglobulin (Ig). This contains IgG of very restricted variability, i.e. oligoclonal IgG, and in addition, recognizes a panel of different pathogens such as measles, rubella, and herpes zoster virus. While the antigen-specificity of the largest part of oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis is unknown, the oligoclonal IgG arising during CNS infections are reactive against the specific pathogen. Recently, a link between Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae and multiple sclerosis has been claimed. To test the possible role of C. pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis, we analyzed a) whether there is intrathecal IgG production against C. pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis and b) whether the oligoclonal IgG in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients recognize C. pneumoniae. By studying paired serum/CSF samples from 120 subjects (definite multiple sclerosis: 46; probable multiple sclerosis: 12; OIND: 35; OND: 27) by ELISA, we found that 24% of all patients with definite multiple sclerosis, but only 5% of patients with other inflammatory or non-inflammatory diseases produced IgG specific for C. pneumoniae intrathecally (definite multiple sclerosis versus OIND: p = 0.027). The presence of intrathecal IgG to C. pneumoniae was independent of the duration of disease and relatively stable over time. The major CSF oligoclonal IgG bands from multiple sclerosis-patients with an intrathecal Ig-production to C. pneumoniae did not react to C. pneumoniae by IEF-Western as seen by isolectric focusing and subsequent affinity-mediated immunoblot (IEF-Western) towards purified elementary bodies and reticulate bodies of C. pneumoniae. By contrast, the IgG in the CSF of control patients with neuroborreliosis strongly reacted with their specific pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi by IEF-Western. Concomitant analysis of the CSF of 23 patients with a nested PCR for C. pneumoniae was negative in all cases. Together, these findings strongly suggest that the immune response to C. pneumoniae is part of a polyspecific intrathecal Ig production, as is commonly observed with other pathogens. This argues against a specific role of C. pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Study aim was to collect intermediate-term data of the Mosaic bioprosthesis in aortic position after implanting the first device worldwide in February 1994 in our hospital. Methods: The Mosaic bioprosthesis is a stented porcine aortic valve, which combines glutaraldehyde fixation with zero pressure and root pressure techniques and antimineralization treatment with amino oleic acid for improved hemodynamics and tissue durability. Included in a multicenter study, 100 patients (49 females) underwent aortic valve replacement with the Mosaic bioprosthesis between February 1994 and May 1999. Mean age at implant was 73.4 ± 7.3 years. Concomitant procedures were performed in 40.0%. Patients were followed-up within 30 days postoperative, after six months and at annual intervals. Mean follow-up was 3.8 years (range 0.1-7.1 years); total follow-up was 383.1 patient-years (pt-yr) and was 100% complete. Results: Early mortality (within 30 days) was 3.0%; late mortality was 4.6%/pt-yr, including a valve-related mortality of 0.6%/pt-yr. Freedom from event rates at seven years were 96.8% ± 1.8% for thromboembolic events, 97.2% ± 2.0% for thrombosed bioprosthesis, 96.6% ± 2.6% for structural valve deterioration, 98.2% ± 1.8% for nonstructural dysfunction, 95.9% ± 2.0% for antithromboembolic hemorrhage, 98.9% ± 1.1% for endocarditis and 93.9 % ± 3.2% for reoperation and explant. Mean systolic pressure gradient was 15.3 ± 6.7mmHg (21mm), 14.5 ± 5.7mmHg (23mm), 12.7 ± 4.1mmHg (25mm) and 13.0 ± 4.8mmHg (27mm) after one year; effective orifice area was 1.4 ± 0.4cm2 (21mm), 1.7 ± 0.4cm2 (23mm), 1.8 ± 0.4cm2 (25mm) and 2.6 ± 0.4cm2 (27mm); effective orifice area index was 0.8 ± 0.3cm2/m2 (21mm), 0.9 ± 0.2cm2/m2 (23mm), 0.9 ± 0.2cm2/m2 (25mm) and 1.3 ± 0.1cm2/m2 (27mm). Left ventricular mass index decreased significantly from 159.7 ± 56.8g/m2 to 137.3 ± 40.8g/m2 for all sizes after one year. Conclusions: Clinical and hemodynamic performance of the Mosaic bioprosthesis was highly satisfactory during the first seven years after clinical introduction.

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Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.15.040394v1?rss=1 Authors: Pal, A., Kretner, B., Abo-Rady, M., Glass, H., Naumann, M., Japtok, J., Kreiter, N., Boeckers, T. M., Sterneckert, J., Hermann, A. Abstract: Intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HREs) in C9ORF72 are the most frequent genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating, incurable motoneuron (MN) disease. The mechanism by which HREs trigger pathogenesis remains elusive. The discovery of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) from HREs along with reduced exonic C9ORF72 expression suggests gain of toxic functions (GOF) through DPRs versus loss of C9ORF72 functions (LOF). Through multiparametric HC live profiling in spinal MNs from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and comparison to mutant FUS and TDP43, we show that HRE C9ORF72 caused a distinct, later spatiotemporal appearance of mainly proximal axonal organelle motility deficits concomitant to augmented DNA strand breaks (DSBs), DPRs and apoptosis. We show that both GOF and LOF were necessary to yield the overall C9ORF72 pathology. Finally, C9ORF72 LOF was sufficient, albeit to a smaller extent, to induce proximal axonal trafficking deficits and increased DSBs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info