Podcasts about pope gregory xiii

 Leap years help keep our calendars in sync with Earth's orbit, but have you ever wondered why we need them?   In this episode, we explore the history of leap years, covering early human calendars, Julius Caesar's reforms, and the adjustments introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.  Why do we need leap years? Earth's orbit and the solar year explained How the first calendars were created Egyptian and Roman calendar systems The Julian calendar's introduction of leap years Inaccuracies in Caesar's calendar calculations The Gregorian calendar and its leap-year rule Challenges in adopting the Gregorian calendar Alternative calendar systems proposed over time The impossibility of changing Earth's orbit for an exact year Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/science-leap-years ---You might like:

Episode: 2368 In which Shakespeare and Cervantes die on the same day, but eleven days apart.  Today, UH scholar, Richard Armstrong tells us about puzzles in chronology.

Is the sun bigger than we think it is? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice break down things you thought you knew about the diameter of the sun, how we got leap year, and the days of the week. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/things-you-thought-you-knew-the-ancient-planets/Thanks to our Patrons Gloria Swanson, Daniel Edwards, Christina Schafer, Aleksander Olsen, Bryan Beidleman, wettdoggy, Martin, Travis Campbell, Sandee Brooke, Ian Doherty, Joey Santos, Trevor Hunter, Dr. Edwin R. Florance, and Chris Orpurt for supporting us this week. Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

Is the sun bigger than we think it is? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice break down things you thought you knew about the diameter of the sun, how we got leap year, and the days of the week. Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

Full Text of ReadingsMemorial of Our Lady of the Rosary Lectionary: 461The Saint of the day is Our Lady of the RosaryThe Story of Our Lady of the Rosary Saint Pius V established the feast of Our Lady of Victory to thank God for the Christian defeat of the Turks at Lepanto—a victory attributed to praying the rosary. Pope Gregory XIII changed the name to Feast of the Holy Rosary–originally celebrated on the first Sunday in October–in 1573. Pope Clement XI extended the feast to the universal Church in 1716. And in 1913, Saint Pius X set the date for the feast that we know today of October 7. The development of the rosary has a long history. First a practice developed of praying 150 Our Fathers in imitation of the 150 Psalms. Then there was a parallel practice of praying 150 Hail Marys. Soon a mystery of Jesus' life was attached to each Hail Mary. Though Mary's giving of the rosary to Saint Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the followers of Saint Dominic. One of them, Alan de la Roche, was known as “the apostle of the rosary.” He founded the first Confraternity of the Rosary in the 15th century. In the 16th century, the rosary was developed to consist of 15 mysteries: joyful, sorrowful and glorious. In 2002, Pope John Paul II added the five Mysteries of Light to this devotion. Reflection The purpose of the rosary is to help us meditate on the great mysteries of our salvation. Pius XII called it a compendium of the gospel. The main focus is on Jesus—his birth, life, death, and resurrection. The “Our Fathers” remind us that Jesus' Father is the initiator of salvation. The “Hail Marys” remind us to join with Mary in contemplating these mysteries. They also make us aware that Mary was and is intimately joined with her Son in all the mysteries of his earthly and heavenly existence. The “Glory Bes” remind us that the purpose of all life is the glory of the Trinity. The rosary appeals to many. It is simple. The constant repetition of words helps create an atmosphere in which to contemplate the mysteries of God. We sense that Jesus and Mary are with us in the joys and sorrows of life. We grow in hope that God will bring us to share in the glory of Jesus and Mary forever. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

Walking with the Saints l Feast of St. Philip Neri, Patron  of Joy and Laughter l May 26   Have you heard about a saint who is venerated as the patron of joy and laughter? St. Philip Neri had the virtue of affability, the habit that regulates our outward manners so that we act in a friendly and courteous way towards others. St. Philip used this virtue to guide people to God, in maintaining lasting friendship and in giving joy. He used to say “In dealing with our neighbor, we must assume as much pleasantness of manner as we can, and this affability will win him to the way of virtue.” St. Philip Neri was born into a noble family in Florence, Italy sometime in 1515. He was a good child with a cheerful temperament and pleasant manners. He was admired by many and they called him “Pippo Buono” (the good Philip). Even as a young boy, Philip was attracted to a holy life. He was inclined to prayer, to recite psalms, and above all listen to sermons and explanations about the word of God. His piety was not childish and he greatly desired to acquire virtues. He frequented the local Dominican convent to seek for some spiritual instructions. When Philip was a teenager, his father sent him to his childless uncle, a wealthy businessman to learn his trade. He was industrious, he excelled in his work, and was expected to inherit his uncle's business and wealth. After two years, however, he discerned that God was calling him to a different kind of life. He bid his uncle good-bye and went to Rome, with no provisions and no specific plans, relying only on the Providence of God. Upon his arrival, he met a fellow Florentine who gave him free board and lodging in exchange for tutoring his two sons. He taught the two boys and trained them to a life of virtue, while he himself studied philosophy and theology so as to better understand spiritual life. Philip's desire to serve others became stronger. He began visiting the sick in the city hospitals and instructed many people in the faith. He also frequented the seven pilgrim churches of Rome and the tombs of the saints in the catacombs. Philip's confessor advised him to enter the priesthood so he could also give people the sacraments. He obeyed and was ordained at the age of sixty-six. As a priest, Philip revived the faith of the people of Rome and encouraged them to live good and virtuous lives. After receiving this gift, he launched the holy fire of charity befriending many more people to bring them to God. Many men were attracted to Philip's personality and holy life, so he gathered them to form a confraternity which helped the pilgrims visiting Rome, giving them food, lodging and assistance. They also took care of the sick who were newly discharged from hospitals. They called the group “Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescent.” In 1551, Philip laid the foundation of the Congregation of the Oratory for Priests. Pope Gregory XIII approved it in 1575. In 1583, the congregation was given a church where they could freely exercise their mission. Philip seemed to have made all of Rome devout Catholics. What made this possible was his friendly cheerfulness towards everyone. He would start a conversation with this greeting, “Well, friends, when shall we begin to do good?” People were indeed given the grace to be good and do good. Many penitents came to him at the confessional and received Holy Communion. Philip became famous and was called “The Apostle of Rome.”  Philip enjoyed the gifts of prophecy, insight into souls and other supernatural powers. He died on May 26, 1595, was beatified six years later, and was canonized in 1623. His feast day is May 26. Virtue: piety, affability, cheerfulness, humility, charity, obedience, commitment and courage Prayer: “Lord God, help us to imitate the affability and charity of St. Philip Neri.”

In this episode, I discuss the longest con ever created, the original ritual. A con—spiracy that was started thousands of years ago by the 33% who fell from God, the fallen angels.Join me as I discuss the history of the world and how many major events, patterns, networks, and tactics all tie together exposing what seems to be a ritual to rebirth Babalon, the same thing the fallen angels have been trying since the dawn of time. In it, I discuss Egypt and the origin of mind control, Penecost and the creation of the first church, the Great Shism of 1054 and the Protestant Reformation and how this resulted in curropting the first church, the danger of divination, and how channelers like John Dee, Aleister Crowley, and even the ancient Egyptians have used it to help create the long con ritual we see playing out today. Pope Gregory XIII created the eggregore of the devil as Pan and the Gregorian calendar, the creation of Luciferianism, Discordians, and the counterculture movement of the 1960s. How the Illuminati was formed, the corruption of the King James Bible, Sir Francis Bacon and John Dee: the Original 007, The Royal Academy, Futurism and the Fake Apocalypse, the False Rapture Doctrine, Proba-3 mission creating solar eclipse events on demand, Osiris Rising Rituals, X symbolism, and the April 8th eclipse, as I know it, are called a Choronzon Ritual.Want more? Let's be friends. Join the Friendship MembershipPreorder my memoir Here Comes Trouble (preorders ship this month, releases to the public sometime in May).

[08:35] April Fools' Day – April 1st, is an extension of a centuries-old tradition to entertain and trick, – or is it? In today's episode we unravel this annual enigma that today we call April Fools' Day. This is the audio from the article to be published at Troy Media & Gadgetgreg.Com. The Text, while not exactly a transcript is below: Here's the Article: In the modern era, we find ourselves ever vigilant on April 1st, wary of pranks, hoaxes, and fake news. Yet, these antics have roots that delve deep into the past, to a time when court jesters were commonplace and laughter was the order of the day. Long before the advent of television, movies, or the Internet, jesters, jokers, and fools roamed the land, captivating audiences with their quick wit and comedic talents. Originating in the Medieval and Renaissance periods, these entertainers often began their careers as nomads – performers, traveling from town to town, accompanied by minstrels, and regaling crowds at fairs and markets with their humorous tales. However, it was those jesters who found favor in the courts of monarchs and noblemen who truly rose to prominence. These quick-witted individuals became valued members of the household staff, their jests serving as a welcome reprieve from the rigors of royal life. But competition was fierce, the court jester being the career pinnacle for a talented few. Successful candidates could rise above the simple nomadic existence, entertaining peasants living in poverty surrounded by disease and filth. Their new life would be to entertain a captive audience, and enjoy stability, shelter and more to eat in one meal than others had in a week. No doubt, everyone wanted the top job, but the supply of fools always exceeded the demand. There were no employment agencies and Monster.com was still almost 5 centuries away. To get the attention of potential employers, jesters would take any opportunity to perform in front of the wealthy – not unlike what the paparazzi do to celebrities today. Except you can't behead a paparazzo, as King Henry VIII did to one fool on New Year's Eve 1544 outside the Palace of Whitehall in London. In fact, in that era, beheadings were as common as weddings and banquets. Despite being warned, this fool pushed the monarch too far. That night, as Henry's temper flared, even the king's personal jester, Will Sommers, couldn't amuse the angry monarch. According to Sommers' diary and stories passed down over the centuries, the ongoing commotion and Henry's drunken rants marred the evening, with the king threatening to cast away the ships of fools and behead each and every one of the jesters. Sommers had been serving the king for years and had become his friend, confidante and earning his trust. Legend has it that when asked why, in all that time he didn't fear the king's wrath, Sommers replied, “Why should I fear a man who couldn't keep a wife?” At the risk of his job, and perhaps his life, he tried to convince the king that serial execution of fools wasn't in his majesty's best interest. Perhaps Sommers made the appeal for selfish reasons, coming from a family of fools. He attempted to convince the king that he needed to laugh, that all people need to laugh in tough times. Henry had just buried yet another wife, Catherine of Aragon, so his temperament was certainly suspect. Failing to make an impression, Sommers eloquently reminded the king of their first meeting and how he had made a life-changing impression on his majesty. His words struck a chord with Henry, eliciting a rare smile from the monarch. With the Kings fiery temper subsiding, for now, Sommers confessed he had concerns about his own longevity. Sensing an opportunity to diffuse the tension, instead of waiting for his demise – natural cause or otherwise, Sommers proposed a novel solution—a grand audition, if the king so wished. This could uncover fresh talent for the court, sparing his fellow jesters from further retribution, i.e., the ultimate job dismissal. Henry, intrigued by the idea, granted Sommers full authority to organize the auditions, scheduling them promptly upon his return from Versailles on April 1st. The auditions proved a resounding success, with laughter echoing through the halls of the palace like never before. Henry was so delighted by the spectacle and thrilled by the outcome of finding a suitable successor for Sommers, he declared April 1, as the “annual Night of Fools,” as a testament to the enduring legacy of jesters in his court. The King would only enjoy a few of these events since he died in 1547, just three years later. Sommers outlived his master, carrying on Henry's tradition, honoring his legacy, and entertaining Queen Elizabeth I until his passing in 1560 – of natural causes. In the years that followed, the tradition progressed, taking on new significance and acquiring yet a new name. In 1582, the Day of Fools was officially christened April Fools' Day, aligning with the introduction of the Gregorian calendar by Pope Gregory XIII. This change, while seemingly minor, served to solidify the holiday's place in the calendar and cement its enduring legacy. April Fools' Day continues to evolve, adapting to the changing times and embracing new forms of humor and mischief. Today, people across the globe eagerly anticipate the arrival of April 1st, eager to partake in the age-old tradition of pranks and practical. So, today as we celebrate April Fools' Day, let us pause to reflect on the origins of this beloved tradition and the jesters who helped shape it. And if you find yourself on the receiving end of a prank, - like this one, remember to laugh along—it's all part of the fun! April Fool! This is an updated version of the podcast originally released as episode 80.   

Monday, March 11, 2024 is my 83rd birthday, and coincidentally the deadline for this segment of UnMind, in order to drop on Wednesday the 13th. I did an exercise in visualizing my personal timeline this last year, and will share it with you in this installment. You will have to visit the website to see the illustrations (link), but for now, as we say in professional design circles — when a design board presentation got lost in checked baggage — “Picture this, guys!” Been there, done that.I began by laying out my life in decades, starting in 1940 when I was conceived around July, born 9 months later in 1941, and — incidentally, not coincidentally — the year that Matsuoka-roshi arrived in America. Picture a spreadsheet 10 columns across, headed 1940,1950,1960,etc. up to 2030; by 6 rows down, with categories: Geographical, Societal, Marital/Familial, Educational, Formal Zen, and Professional. You get the idea. Then fill in the blanks with locations like Centralia, IL (my home town), Chicago (where I did my advanced schooling), Atlanta, GA (my adopted home town), Europe and Japan, traveling on design and Zen business — my lifetime “ecological sweepout,” as Bucky Fuller calls it. Big events like WWII, Korea and Vietnam; the end of the Cold War; Covid, etc.; and lesser ones such as “Born 3/11/41,” 1st & 2nd Marriages, Father & Mother dying; BS & MS degrees, etc., populate the cells. Plus Zen turning points such as meeting Matsuoka-roshi, Lay Ordination, ASZC & STO Incorporation, publish date of my first major book, “The Original Frontier”; and finally, career benchmarks such as teaching at U of I & the School of the Art Institute, various corporate ventures, and my current art dealer, Kai Lin Art Gallery, complete the exercise to date. I recommend you try something similar, to get an overview of your life. By the way, that expression, “conceived,” is interesting from a professional design perspective. We have what we call “concept design,” the initial stage of ideation, wherein few to none of the details of a design solution to a problem have been worked out. The spit-balling, brainstorming phase. Which seems to apply pretty aptly to that embryo in the womb — an inchoate mass of tissue that will, some nine months hence, come popping out into the world — if not “fully-formed,” as Buddha, in his miraculous birth, was said to have been. Not only that, but he immediately took seven steps in each of the cardinal directions; and, pointing one forefinger to the heavens above, the other to the earth below, declared: “Above the heavens and below the heavens, I alone am the most honored one!” If, indeed, this story is true, then, indeed, he would have had to have been. Or at least one of the most highly-honored ones.But of course, we take this tale with a huge grain of salt, perhaps even a saltlick block, like we used to put out in the pasture for our horses, on the farm where I grew up. My only claim to fame regarding an unusual birth came to light when my mother later confessed that she had tried to abort me by jumping off the back porch, which was what passed for birth control in those days, today referred to as “reproductive health.” Mom and dad already had “a boy for you and a girl for me,” in the persons of my older brother and sister — one darkly handsome, the other blond and beautiful, respectively — and the budget from the newspaper route they ran was already strained. I got my revenge by being born with an enormous head, which, because I was upside-down in the womb, I attribute to all that jumping. For some reason, my life seems to have morphed through the various “times-of-life” cycles — used to sort demographics in social research — in near synchronicity with the decades, as measured by an admittedly arbitrary calendar, called the Gregorian, which, according to the wizards of Wikipedia: The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull Inter gravissimas issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. Glad we got that cleared up. Now, we can see clearly the absolute degree of arbitrariness inherent in our concept of measured time. We can't even measure the time of day, the calendar year, or the planet's revolution around the sun, without resorting to infinitely endless decimal places. So much better than that antiquated Julian thing, though. And, “close enough for jazz,” to most intents and purposes.As you can see by looking at the first chart, my geographical sweepout was rather limited to my home state of Illinois in my 20s, other than a couple of junkets to California, until I moved to Atlanta in my 30s, then finally went abroad on business in my 40s, and to the Far East in my 50s, on behalf of Zen. My family did not have the kind of resources that would have financed a “grand tour” of Europe in my formative years. This charting of your life on a single sheet of paper turns out to be an exercise in humility, when you realize how little you have done, and how brief your lifespan really is. We will return to this subject in the context of the “lifespan chapter” of the Lotus Sutra. In the second spreadsheet, I extend the timescale to 80-year spans — extending back to 1460, and forward through 1540, 1620, 1700, etc., and finally my own era of 1940 through 2020 — shrinking my personal timeline down to two columns out of ten, roughly 20% of the larger span of five centuries or so. Visualizing only one row, encompassing the societal level, a distinct pattern emerges: major events, especially in the USA, seem to happen in 80-year cycles, going back to the Revolutionary War and Civil War and including World War II, which was just heating up when I came on the scene. Sure enough, when I Googled it, I found that this pattern of 80-year cycles is a known phenomenon, sometimes referred to as the “Strauss-Howe” theory, derived from critical events in the history of America, as well as the rest of the globe. The Strauss-Howe generation theory describes a recurrent cycle of same-aged groups with specific behavior patterns that change every 20 years. According to this theory, an 80-year cycle is crucial, when every four generations is associated to a crisis that impacts the ongoing social order and creates a new one. A startling personal finding popped out like a sore thumb: at 80 years old, I was 1/3 the age of my native country, the good old USA. A person 80 years old at my birth would have been born around 1860, the Civil War; one 80 years old at that time would have been born around 1780, the time of the Revolution. The reference to Armageddon in the final column, finally coming to pass within 80 years from now, is only partially, and hopefully, tongue-in-cheek. Expanding the timescale even further, the third spreadsheet encompasses twenty-five centuries since the advent of Buddha in 500 BCE, to the current 2000's, again shrinking my personal tenure to a vanishingly small portion, less than ten percent of the total, if I live to be 100. Which is unlikely. Although, as Matsuoka-roshi would often say, “Zen keeps the men younger, and the women more beautiful.” I can't really explain my relatively good health and wellbeing in any other way. To close this segment, let us consider some of the statements attributed to Buddha at the end of his life, in the Lifespan Chapter of the Lotus Sutra, ostensibly uttered as he was about to enter Pari Nirvana: To the deluded and unenlightened I say that I have entered nirvana although in fact I am really here.For the sake of these sentient beings I teach that the lifespan of the Buddha is immeasurable.The light of my wisdom illuminates immeasurably and my lifespan is of innumerable kalpas. This has been achieved through long practice.You wise ones do not give in to doubt! Banish all doubt forever! The Buddha's words are true never false. Here, we find one of the most controversial of all claims in Buddhism, which begs credulity — similar to the resurrection of Jesus — along with that of his virgin birth. Even the idea of Pari Nirvana smacks of “woo-woo,” given our skeptical scientific setting: In Buddhism, parinirvana is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which occurs upon the death of someone who has attained nirvana during their lifetime. It implies a release from Saṃsāra, karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the skandhas. Bows to our fellow travelers at Wikipedia, once again. But while we can readily embrace the dissolution of the skandhas — or aggregated form, sensation, perception, intention and consciousness, upon the onset of death, it seems mere speculation that anyone might find total release from the ocean of Samsara, the cycles of karmic consequence and rebirth, that Buddhism teaches as theories of the laws governing sentient existence. But Buddha seems to be pointing at something else, a kind of permanent existence that is not limited to the form of our present, impermanent body-mind. Like the timeworn analogy of the ocean and the waves, the eternal lifespan of Buddha implies that whatever is here has always been here, and will always be here, if in different form. A wave returns to the ocean, but does not, cannot, drown; being of one and the same substance. I will leave it to you, as usual, to “thoroughly examine this in practice,” as Master Dogen kindly advises. This is not a cop-out. If reality could be explained in words, it would have become commonplace knowledge long before 2500 years ago. The original language of our original mind is still in place. All we have to do is develop “the eyes to hear and the ears to see” it. The method for developing this transcendent, trans-perceptual wisdom is stunningly simple: just sit still enough — and straight enough — for long enough. And listen up — to the “sermon of no words.” * * * Elliston Roshi is guiding teacher of the Atlanta Soto Zen Center and abbot of the Silent Thunder Order. He is also a gallery-represented fine artist expressing his Zen through visual poetry, or “music to the eyes.”UnMind is a production of the Atlanta Soto Zen Center in Atlanta, Georgia and the Silent Thunder Order. You can support these teachings by PayPal to donate@STorder.org. Gassho.Producer: Shinjin Larry Little

How do you decide on a new calendar? And why is it always the Pope?Related Destination: Winter PalaceFor links, images, references and more, don't forget to check out the Destination: History website. Music: Tegan Finlay----------------*Not AI generated. All content is original.*

The remaining dates of 2024 will take a big leap. They'll jump over a day of the week. That's because this is leap year, and today is leap day — extending the year from 365 days to 366. Leap years are needed to keep the calendar in sync with the seasons. Without it, the equinoxes and solstices would slide across the calendar. So after many centuries, the spring equinox would happen in February, with the winter solstice backing into November. And over the ages, the shift would grow even larger. The modern calendar is based on one instituted by Julius Caesar. It had a 365-day year, with a leap day added to every fourth year, for an average of 365 and a quarter days per year. But the true year is about 11 minutes shorter than that average, so the calendar drifted out of alignment with the seasons. To fix that problem, in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII instituted an update. Under this calendar, three leap days are dropped off for every 400 years. With this change, the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year adds up to one day every 3300 years. The name “leap” year comes from the fact that the extra day causes succeeding dates to leap over a day of the week. For example, Christmas fell on a Monday last year. Without the leap day, this year it would fall on a Tuesday. But with the extra day, it will “leap” over Tuesday and fall on Wednesday. Script by Damond Benningfield

Get Rise.TV for $7/month! Did you know that the “new year” wasn't always celebrated on January 1? Why did that change? Every culture around the world celebrates a different day for the New Year, but when was this changed in modern history? More importantly, why did Pope Gregory XIII make the change to switch to the Gregorian calendar? The secret reason why will not only shock you, but also make you wonder why we don't go back to the original way. Did our year once upon a time actually have 13 months? Astrological calendars still seem to follow the original calendar, with the year ending in March under Pisces and the year beginning in April with Aries. Speaking of April, that brings up April Fools Day, April 1. Since some people still celebrated April 1 as the new year, they were considered “fools.” Join Ben and Rob on this Friday Night Live as they reveal the secrets of the new year calendar, plus more. Have you heard the  deathbed confession of a witness of the Shag Harbor UFO incident? The famous 1967 encounter in Canada had even the navy looking for a downed UFO craft. Then there's the security camera that captured a real goblin or alien in Argentina; a cursed painting of a child strikes again; and a lost, ancient realm found that had been home to nearly 500,000 people. In this FNL, don't miss the Top 10 Weirder News of the Week, where Mickey Mouse is now a serial killer, a mysterious cemetery is unearthed in Wales, and a 13 year old boy is the first person to ever beat Tetris. Don't miss the “Dig Deep” live Q&A where Ben and Rob answer questions from the Rise.TV live chat.    

LINKS Declaration “Fiducia Supplicans” on the Pastoral Meaning of Blessings: https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/12/18/231218b.html  Vatican News write-up on Calendar Change For UGCC https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2023-02/ukrainian-greek-catholics-to-celebrate-christmas-on-december-25.html "CardiNEWS" Background music by David Fesliyan. www.fesliyanstudios.com Tsar Power: https://tsarpowerpod.weebly.com/ The History of Saqartvelo Georgia: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-history-of-saqartvelo-georgia/id1567806651  TRANSCRIPT Hello everyone, First, some CardiNEWS! A few days ago, Cardinal Fernández, who, I should note, already made it into the next round of Cardinal Numbers so he's just running up his score at this point, issued a high level document in his capacity as the head of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith–aka the Vatican's Head Theology Guy–that explicitly allows for the informal blessing of homosexual couples with certain conditions. The document was at pains to stress that it does not represent a change in church teaching. I'll defer to the theologians on that, but in the end I've seen takeaways ranging from “this is definitely a change in church teaching” in an excited tone from the more liberally inclined both inside and outside the Church and the same takeaway in a despairing tone from those more conservatively inclined. Then there are those who say “this is definitely NOT a change in Church teaching”, a take that comes mainly from more centrist folks and but also from the hard left who think allowing informal blessings of gay couples while being at pains to distinguish them from marriage isn't even close to the kind of change they want to see. Basically, whether you think this document represents Pope Francis changing doctrine seems to boil down to whether you were already expecting Pope Francis to change doctrine. Folks seem to be seeing what they expected to see. For my part, I was actually genuinely surprised, mainly because there had been none of the usual rumors preceding the release of the document. Usually you get more smoke before the fire. In the end, I am perfectly willing to say that blessings are good, get them if you can and are inclined to seek them. They're more readily available now than they were last week. The second topic tonight is something I meant to cover in my what to expect update but, well, forgot. I've started labeling my Cardinal Numbers posts with a special symbol, and I do mean special. Roberto from Tsar Power help me out *** thanks Roberto who is also from The History of Saqartvelo Georgia. So yes, the Arevakhach (֎) is an Armenian symbol symbolizing eternity, used in contexts from the Christian to the Neo-Pagan to the secular, always tied to Armenia, so it's kind of a national symbol for them. I admit I'm borrowing it for pretty much entirely unrelated purposes, namely that it's a distinctive looking symbol that also works in UNICODE and should therefore be able to render properly for ya'll pretty much regardless of device, plus outside Armenia it doesn't really have an established meaning that might confuse folks, so all in all those things add up to make it a useful symbol to use to make my Cardinals episodes stand out from the rest at a quick glance. So, with thanks to Armenian culture and my Armenian and quasi-Armenian contacts who assured me it would not be offensive to use the Arevakhach for that purpose as long as I took a moment to explain its place in Armenian culture and as a national symbol, I'll be using it to flag Cardinal Numbers content moving forward, starting with, well, starting with the back catalog stuff I've already started flagging, but then after that starting with the next batch of 12 cardinals which I am hoping but not guaranteeing will begin releasing tomorrow, as I present to you the 12 Cardinals of Christmas! Oh, and mentioning Christmas brings me to one other milestone I wanted to note. One consequence of Putin's invasion of Ukraine is the fact that the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has decided to partially adopt the Gregorian Calendar, 441 years after its introduction under Pope Gregory XIII. Orthodox Churches under the Moscow Patriarchate are among the few institutions still using the Julian Calendar, which Pope Gregory revised to reflect solar reality as Easter had begun to drift out of its springtime home. The move is not complete, as the present adoption of the new calendar actually doesn't apply to the dating of Easter in this case, but there is hope that the dating of Easter will be resolved a couple years from now, in 2025, for the 1700th anniversary of the Council of Nicaea, the first great council of the Christian Church. I'm not going to hold my breath on the Easter controversy being fully resolved in my lifetime since it's one of the longest-running points of contention in the history of Christianity, but for now if you know any Ukrainian Greek Catholics, be sure to welcome them to Christmas in the Gregorian Calendar. З Різдвом (Христовим), or, Merry Christmas!  

Full Text of ReadingsMemorial of Our Lady of the Rosary Lectionary: 460The Saint of the day is Our Lady of the RosaryThe Story of Our Lady of the Rosary Saint Pius V established the feast of Our Lady of Victory to thank God for the Christian defeat of the Turks at Lepanto—a victory attributed to praying the rosary. Pope Gregory XIII changed the name to Feast of the Holy Rosary–originally celebrated on the first Sunday in October–in 1573. Pope Clement XI extended the feast to the universal Church in 1716. And in 1913, Saint Pius X set the date for the feast that we know today of October 7. The development of the rosary has a long history. First a practice developed of praying 150 Our Fathers in imitation of the 150 Psalms. Then there was a parallel practice of praying 150 Hail Marys. Soon a mystery of Jesus' life was attached to each Hail Mary. Though Mary's giving of the rosary to Saint Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the followers of Saint Dominic. One of them, Alan de la Roche, was known as “the apostle of the rosary.” He founded the first Confraternity of the Rosary in the 15th century. In the 16th century, the rosary was developed to consist of 15 mysteries: joyful, sorrowful and glorious. In 2002, Pope John Paul II added the five Mysteries of Light to this devotion. Reflection The purpose of the rosary is to help us meditate on the great mysteries of our salvation. Pius XII called it a compendium of the gospel. The main focus is on Jesus—his birth, life, death, and resurrection. The “Our Fathers” remind us that Jesus' Father is the initiator of salvation. The “Hail Marys” remind us to join with Mary in contemplating these mysteries. They also make us aware that Mary was and is intimately joined with her Son in all the mysteries of his earthly and heavenly existence. The “Glory Bes” remind us that the purpose of all life is the glory of the Trinity. The rosary appeals to many. It is simple. The constant repetition of words helps create an atmosphere in which to contemplate the mysteries of God. We sense that Jesus and Mary are with us in the joys and sorrows of life. We grow in hope that God will bring us to share in the glory of Jesus and Mary forever. Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media

Today is April 6, the beginning of the new tax year In the UK. Odd that the UK tax year should begin on such an apparently random date as April 6, but there is a reason.Once upon a time, the new year in England did not begin in the middle of winter on January 1. The year was aligned with the seasons and it began around the spring equinox (when the length of day and night is the same) on 25 March – Lady Day.England operated on the Julian calendar (so named because it came into law under Julius Caesar). Lady Day was one of the four quarter days, the other three being Midsummer Day (24 June), Michaelmas (29 September) and Christmas Day. Quarter days were important days. They were when rents were paid, accounts were due, servants were hired and school terms began. The tradition went the way back to medieval times (in fact probably back to the days of Roman rule).As Lady Day fell between ploughing and harvesting, it became the date on which long-term contracts between farmer and land-owner would begin, so it also came to be the first day of the fiscal and contractual year. Farmers could often be seen travelling from old farm to new on Lady Day. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, and Europe, led by France, began to adopt it. Scotland, both independent and Catholic at the time, switched in 1600. Protestant England, however, did not embrace this Catholic innovation and stayed with what it knew.Eventually, in 1751, to address the growing problem of ‘dual dating' (people using different calendars), and to be consistent with both Scotland and the rest of Europe, Parliament passed the Calendar Act, and Britain switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. January 1 became the first day of the new year.1751 became a short year, running only from March to December, but England still had to adjust by 11 days in order to align the two calendars. So it was decided that Wednesday 2 September 1752, would be followed by Thursday 14 September. Thus did England ‘lose' 11 days.Taxes and other dues still had to be paid on Lady Day, 25 March, however, and of course collectors wanted the full amount. But people wanted something for the 11 days they had lost. ‘Give us our eleven days!' they cried. There are even stories of riots breaking out.A compromise was reached by moving the start of the fiscal year back 11 days, to April 6. It has remained the beginning of the tax year ever since.Share this interesting little anecdote on social media.And why not subscribe to the Flying Frisby as well?.The above is a from Daylight Robbery: How tax shaped our past and will change our future. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

Today is April 6, the beginning of the new tax year In the UK. Odd that the UK tax year should begin on such an apparently random date as April 6, but there is a reason.Once upon a time, the new year in England did not begin in the middle of winter on January 1. The year was aligned with the seasons and it began around the spring equinox (when the length of day and night is the same) on 25 March – Lady Day.England operated on the Julian calendar (so named because it came into law under Julius Caesar). Lady Day was one of the four quarter days, the other three being Midsummer Day (24 June), Michaelmas (29 September) and Christmas Day. Quarter days were important days. They were when rents were paid, accounts were due, servants were hired and school terms began. The tradition went the way back to medieval times (in fact probably back to the days of Roman rule).As Lady Day fell between ploughing and harvesting, it became the date on which long-term contracts between farmer and land-owner would begin, so it also came to be the first day of the fiscal and contractual year. Farmers could often be seen travelling from old farm to new on Lady Day. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, and Europe, led by France, began to adopt it. Scotland, both independent and Catholic at the time, switched in 1600. Protestant England, however, did not embrace this Catholic innovation and stayed with what it knew.Eventually, in 1751, to address the growing problem of ‘dual dating' (people using different calendars), and to be consistent with both Scotland and the rest of Europe, Parliament passed the Calendar Act, and Britain switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. January 1 became the first day of the new year.1751 became a short year, running only from March to December, but England still had to adjust by 11 days in order to align the two calendars. So it was decided that Wednesday 2 September 1752, would be followed by Thursday 14 September. Thus did England ‘lose' 11 days.Taxes and other dues still had to be paid on Lady Day, 25 March, however, and of course collectors wanted the full amount. But people wanted something for the 11 days they had lost. ‘Give us our eleven days!' they cried. There are even stories of riots breaking out.A compromise was reached by moving the start of the fiscal year back 11 days, to April 6. It has remained the beginning of the tax year ever since.Share this interesting little anecdote on social media.And why not subscribe to the Flying Frisby as well?.The above is a from Daylight Robbery: How tax shaped our past and will change our future. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

Many of us are seeing in a new year, but of course there are, even today, several different ways of marking dates and years in various parts of the world. The most popular calendar, though, is the Gregorian, introduced in October 1852 by Pope Gregory XIII.In this episode of Not Just the Tudors, Professor Suzannah Lipscomb is joined by Dr. Christina Faraday to find out how and why the Gregorian calendar was introduced, the impact it had on people's lives, and the serious debate and, in some countries, centuries long resistance to its use.This episode was edited and produced by Rob Weinberg. For more Not Just The Tudors content, subscribe to our Tudor Tuesday newsletter here >If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today! To download, go to Android > or Apple store > Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Cass found herself in a tough neighborhood this week, letting people go, it's never Bob, we will be super successful in 2 years, New Year's resolutions, examples of funny resolutions from countryliving.com, we share our New Year's resolutions (hint: we don't have them), we love pastaGoogle tells us that: Though medieval Christians attempted to replace January 1 with more religiously significant dates, Pope Gregory XIII created a revised calendar that officially established January 1 as New Year's Day in 1582. Google tells us that New Years took effect on January 1, 45 BC, by edict. The calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently, most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years. The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January, and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform. Google tells us: Why 12 months instead of 13? Why are there 12 months in the year? Julius Caesar's astronomers explained the need for 12 months in a year and the addition of a leap year to synchronize with the seasons. At the time, there were only ten months in the calendar, while there are just over 12 lunar cycles in a yearFidget ring mentioned: https://www.etsy.com/Shop/MywildflowerjewelryThis podcast uses the following third-party services for analysis: Podcorn - https://podcorn.com/privacy

Episode: 2368 In which Shakespeare and Cervantes die on the same day, but eleven days apart.  Today, UH scholar, Richard Armstrong tells us about puzzles in chronology.

By the 16th Century a sizable drift had developed between the Julian calendar, the lunar calendar, and the real moon which the new calendar sought to ...

ST. NORBERT l PATRON OF THE KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA Feast Day: JUNE 6 Today, we shall introduce to you a religious order in the Church not working in the Philippines, but is active in 23 countries around the world. This order of canons regularis called Premostratensian or Norbertines, after their founder, St. Norbert of Xanten. They are involved in education, university chaplaincy, and work for the youth. St. Norbert was born in Xanten, Germany. He studied and accepted the ordination to the subdeaconate. As a subdeacon, his work was to sing the Divine Office at the church, but he paid someone a small fee to do this job for him since he was appointed a religious counselor to Emperor Henry V in Cologne. With his high salary, he followed an undisciplined life. He avoided being ordained to the priesthood and declined an appointment of higher office from the Church. But the Lord had some special designs for him. One day in the spring of 1115 as he rode his horse, a thunderbolt from a sudden storm struck his horse's feet. He was thrown down from the animal and was unconscious for nearly an hour. From this accident, his faith deepened and he renounced his appointment from Emperor Henry and returned to Xanten. There he started a life of prayer and penance, became very devoted to the Holy Eucharist and to Our Lady. He also placed himself under the direction of an abbot in Cologne. He founded the Abbey of Furstenberg, donated part of his personal property, and placed the Abbey under the direction of the Abbot. He was 35 years old then and asked to be ordained to the priesthood. He adopted a very strict discipline that it became destructive to his first three disciples. He then sold all his property, and gave them to the poor. He visited Pope Gelasius II who gave him the permission to become an itinerant preacher. Norbert preached throughout western Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and northern France. He was already credited with a number of miracles as he helped some needy clergy, particularly demoralized and lonely priests, and those not following strictly the vow of celibacy. At the Council of Reims, in October 1119, Pope Calixtus II requested Norbert to establish a Norbertine group in the Diocese of Laon, France. It was December 25 1120, when Norbert established the Canons Regular of Premontre. For a Rule, he chose the Rule of St. Augustine and added some Cistercian practices, with the idea of a monastic ministry. Norbert chose a valley named Premontre as their monastery, that is why they are called Premostratensian. He started with 13 disciples and the following year they were already 40 in number. Their Constitution was approved in 1225 by Pope Honorius II. He also established the Third Order of St. Norbert. He was successful in combatting a Eucharistic heresy in Antwerp thus he was proclaimed “Apostle of Antwerp.” In 1126, Pope Honorius II made him archbishop of Magdeburg. As he tried to reform the lax discipline in his diocese, many assassination attempts were made against him. When Norbert died in Magdeburg on June 6, 1134, the canons of the cathedral and of St. Mary's Abbey both claimed his body, but it was buried in the Norbertine Abbey. On May 2, 1627, the body was finally brought to Prague where it remains today, kept in a glass-fronted tomb. Norbert was canonized by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. His statue appears, among the 140 statues of saints and martyrs, above the Piazza colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He is depicted holding a ciborium due to his love for the Eucharist. “St. Norbert, you changed from being worldly to being a holy man, help us overcome our worldly inclinations and imitate your holy life.” Am I aware of my inclinations and habits that are not pleasing to God?

Happy new year!  Or is it?  It depends on which calendar you're using. Like what you hear?  Become a patron of the arts for as little as $2 a month!   Or buy the book or some merch.  Hang out with your fellow Brainiacs.  Reach out and touch Moxie on Facebook, Twitter,  or Instagram. Music: Kevin MacLeod, David Fesliyan.   Reach out and touch Moxie on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Links to all the research resources are on the website.   On Monday this December 30th past, I clocked in at my retail jobs, put on my headset, and played the morning messages.  There was one from my manager telling us what to expect in terms of sales volume that day and one from corporate welcoming us to the first day of 2020.  The didn't get their dates mixed up.  December 30th 2019 was the first day of 2020 in a way that once crashed Twitter for hours.  My name…   When we think of the calendar, we think of it as singular and exclusive.  “The” calendar.  Sure, there were other calendars, but those were for old-timey people in old-timey times.  If you've ever listened to the show before, you'll know I'm about to disabuse you of that notion; it's kinda my schtick.  The calendar we think of as the end all and be all of organizing time into little squares is the Gregorian calendar, but it's just one of many that have been used and still are used today.   For example, at the time of this recording, it's currently the 27th day of the month of Tevet in the year 5782 for those who follow the Hebrew calendar.  The Hebrew calendar, also known as the Jewish calendar, was originally created before the year 10 CE.  It first used lunar months, which will surprise no one who has had to google when Passover or Easter are each year.  A standard Jewish year has twelve months; six twenty-nine-day months, and six thirty-day months, for a total of 354 days.  This is because the months follow the lunar orbit, which is on average 29.5 days.  Due to variations in the Jewish calendar, the year could also be 353 or 355 days.  It also used standard calendar years, but these two methods don't line up perfectly, and this posed a problem.  As time went on, the shorter lunar calendar would result in holy days shifting forward in time from year to year.  That simply wouldn't do as certain holidays have to be celebrated in a certain season, like Passover in the spring, Tu B'Shevat, the Jewish 'New Year for Trees,' which  needs to fall around the time that trees in the Middle East come out of their winter dormancy, or Sukkot, the festival that calls adherents to build and live in huts in their yard to commemorate Isrealites taking shelter in the wilderness, which is meant to fall in autumn.  So a thirteenth month had to be added every 3 to 4 years in order to make up for the difference.  Such a year is called a shanah meuberet ("pregnant year") in Hebrew; in English we call it a leap year, and it makes up all the lunar calendar's lost days.  The month is added to Adar, the last of the twelve months. On leap years we observe two Adars — Adar I and Adar II.  Today, the Hebrew calendar is used primarily to determine the dates for Jewish religious holidays and to select appropriate religious readings for the day.   Similar in usage is the Hijri calendar, or Islamic calendar.  It's based on lunar phases, using a system of 12 months and either 354 or 355 days every year.  The first Islamic year was 622 CE when the prophet Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina, meaning today is the Jumada I 28, 1443 .  The Hijri calendar is used to identify Islamic holidays and festivals.  The Islamic New Year marks the journey of the prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.  However, the occasion and the sacred month of Muharram are observed differently by the two largest branches of Islam, Shiite and Sunni.  Shiite pilgrims journey to their holiest sites to commemorate a seventh-century battle, while Sunnis fast to celebrate the victory of Moses over an Egyptian pharaoh.  Also known as the Persian calendar, it's the official calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan, and it's the most accurate calendar system going, but more on that later.   Further east you'll encounter the Buddhist calendar, which is used throughout Southeast Asia.  This uses the sidereal year, the time it takes Earth to orbit the sun, as the solar year.  Like other systems, the calendar does not try to stay in sync with this time measurement, but unlike the others, no extra days or months have been added, so the Buddhist calendar is slowly moving out of alignment at a pace of around one day every century.  Today, the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist festivals, and no longer has the official calendar status anywhere. The Thai Buddhist Era, a renumbered Gregorian calendar, is the official calendar in Thailand.  The Buddhist calendar is based on an older Hindu calendar, of which there are actually three -- Vikram Samvat, Shaka Samvat, and Kali Yuga.  The Vikram Samvat is used in Nepal and some Indian states, and uses lunar months and the sidereal year to track time.  Sidereal means based on fixed stars and constellations, rather than celestial things on the move, like planets.  The Shaka Samvat, used officially in India and by Hindus in Java and Bali, has months based around the tropical zodiac signs rather than the sidereal year.  The Kali Yuga is a different sort of calendar altogether.  It meters out the last of the four stages (or ages or yugas) the world goes through as part of a 'cycle of yugas' (i.e. mahayuga) described in the Sanskrit scriptures. The Kali Yuga, began at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BCE,  is the final cycle within the 4-cycle Yuga era. The first cycle is the age of truth and perfection, the second cycle is the age of emperors and war, the third stage is the age of disease and discontent, and the third stage (the Kali Yuga) is the age of ignorance and darkness.  If you're worried because you already missed 5,000 years of the Yuga, don't fret; you have upwards of 467,000 years left.     You've probably heard of Chinese New Year, so you won't be surprised that there is a Chinese calendar.  According to this system, each month begins on the day when the moon is in the "new moon" phase. The beginning of a new year is also marked by the position of the moon and occurs when the moon is midway between the winter solstice and spring equinox.  China uses the Gregorian calendar for official things, but still uses the Chinese calendar is used to celebrate holidays.   You might be surprised to learn about the Ethiopian calendar.  The Ethiopian calendar is quite similar to the Julian calendar, the predecessor to the Gregorian calendar most countries use today.  Like the other calendars we've discussed, it's intertwined with the faith of the people.  The first day of the week for instance, called Ehud, translates as ‘the first day‘ in the ancient Ge'ez language, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian church.  It is meant to show that Ehud is the first day on which God started creating the heavens and the earth.  The calendar system starts with the idea that Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden for seven years before they were banished for 5,500 for their sins.  Both the Gregorian and Ethiopian use the birthdate of Jesus Christ as a starting point, what Eddie Izzard called “the big BC/AD change-over,” though the Ethiopian Orthodox Church believes Jesus was born 7 years earlier than the Gregorian calendar says.  The Ethiopian calendar has 13 months in a year, 12 of which have 30 days. The last month, called Pagume, has five days, and six days in a leap year.   Not only do the months have names, so do the years.  The first year after an Ethiopian leap year is named the John year, and is followed by the Matthew year, then Mark, then Luke.  Sept. 11 marks the day of the new year in Ethiopia.  By this time, the lengthy rainy season has come to a close, leaving behind a countryside flourishing in yellow daisies. That's fitting because Enkutatash in Amharic, the native language of Ethiopia, translates to “gift of jewels.” To celebrate New Year's, Ethiopians sing songs unique to the day and exchange bouquets of flowers. Of course, there is plenty of eating and drinking, too.   So what about this Gregorian calendar I keep mentioning?  The Gregorian calendar was created in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, who made some changes to the previously used Julian calendar.  Okay, so what was the Julian calendar?  It should shock no one that the Julian calendar was ordered by and named after Julius Caesar.  By the 40s BCE the Roman civic calendar was three months ahead of the solar calendar.  The Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, introduced the Egyptian solar calendar, taking the length of the solar year as 365 1/4 days.  The year was divided into 12 months, all of which had either 30 or 31 days except February, which contained 28 days in common (365 day) years and 29 in every fourth year (a leap year, of 366 days).  That 29th day wasn't February 29th, it was February 23rd a second time.  What a mess that would make, though that conflagration of confusion probably paled in comparison to to what Caesar did to align the civic and solar calendars--he added days to the year 46 BCE, so that it contained 445 days.  Unsurprisingly when you try to make such a large change to the daily lives of so many people in the days before electronic communication, it took over fifty years to get everybody on board.   Sosigenes had overestimated the length of the year by 11 minutes 14 seconds.  11 minutes doesn't mean much in a given year, but after, say, 1500 years, the seasons on your calendar no longer line up with the seasons of reality.  That matters when your most important holy day needs to happen at a certain time of year.  Enter Pope Gregory XIII, who wanted to stop Easter, which had been celebrated on March 21, from drifting any farther away from the spring Equinox.  Aloysus Lilius, the Italian scientist who developed the system Pope Gregory would unveil in 1582, realized that the addition of so many February 23rds made the calendar slightly too long. He devised a variation that adds leap days in years divisible by four, unless the year is also divisible by 100. If the year is also divisible by 400, a leap day is added regardless. [OS crash noise] Sorry about that.  While this formula may sound confusing, it did resolve the lag created by Caesar's earlier scheme—almost; Lilius' system was still off by 26 seconds.  As a result, in the years since Gregory introduced his calendar in 1582, a discrepancy of several hours has arisen.  We have some time before that really becomes an issue for the average person.  It will take until the year 4909 before the Gregorian calendar will be a full day ahead of the solar year.   Maths aside, not everyone was keen on Pope Gregory's plan.  His proclamation was what's known as a papal bull, an order that applies to the church by has no authority over non-Catholics.  That being said, the new calendar was quickly adopted by predominantly Catholic countries like Spain, Portugal and Italy, major world players at the time.  European Protestants, however, feared it was an attempt to silence their movement, a conspiracy to keep them down.  Maybe by making it hard to remember when meetings and protests were supposed to be, I'm not sure.  It wasn't until 1700 that Protestant Germany switched over, and England held out until 1752.  Those transitions didn't go smooth.  English citizens didn't take kindly to the act of Parliament that advanced their calendars from September 2 to September 14, overnight.  There are apocryphal tales of rioters in the streets, demanding that the government “give us our 11 days.” However, most historians now believe that these protests never occurred or were greatly exaggerated.  Some countries took even longer than Britain--the USSR didn't convert to the Gregorian calendar until 1918, even later than countries like Egypt and Japan.  On the other side of the Atlantic from the British non-protests, meanwhile, Benjamin Franklin welcomed the change, writing, “It is pleasant for an old man to be able to go to bed on September 2, and not have to get up until September 14.”   When Julius Caesar's reformed the calendar in 46 B.C., he established January 1 as the first of the year.  During the Middle Ages, however, European countries replaced it with days that carried greater religious significance, such as December 25 and March 25 (the Feast of the Annunciation).  I didn't google that one.  After my mom listens to this episode, she'll send me a gloriously incorrect speech-to-text message explaining it.  Different calendars mean different New Years days even now, and the ways in which people celebrate as as splendidly diverse as the people themselves.   The Coptic Egyptian Church celebrates the Coptic New Year (Anno Martyrus), or year of the martyrs on 11th of September. The Coptic calendar is the ancient Egyptian one of twelve 30-day months plus a "small" five-day month—six-day in a leap year.  The months retain their ancient Egyptian names which denote the gods and godesses of the Egyptians, and the year's three seasons, the inundation, cultivation, and harvest, are related to the Nile and the annual agricultural cycle.  But the Copts chose the year 284AD to mark the beginning of the calendar, since this year saw the seating of Diocletian as Rome's emperor and the consequent martyrdom of thousands upon thousands of Egypt's Christians.  Apart from the Church's celebration, Copts celebrate the New Year by eating red dates, which are in season, believing the red symbolises the martyrs' blood and the white date heart the martyrs' pure hearts.  Also, dates are delicious.    Bonus fact: You know that guy, Pope Francis?  He's not actually the pope.  The pope's proper title, according to the Vatican's website, is Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God.  'Pope' comes from the Italian 'papa.'  Francis is the Sancta Papa, the Holy Father.  The title of pope belongs to the head of the Coptic church.  So if anyone uses the rhetorical question “Is the pope Catholic?” to imply a ‘yes' answer, you have my authorization to bring the conversation to a screeching halt by saying “No.  No, he's not.”  Double points if you simply walk away without explaining yourself.

一年一度的元旦新年又即將到來，大家一定都很高興迎接假期吧，但是各位可曾想過，到底什麼時候出現元旦？又是什麼時候有節慶習慣呢？而這一天與曆法也有關係，甚至元旦也曾因為被指為異教被中止？而世界許多地方的過節習俗都大不相同，這些都在這期節目一起與大家分享，好了，趕緊一起來認識熟悉又陌生的新年元旦吧！ #新年 #元旦 #古埃及 #尼羅河氾濫 #天狼星 #太陽 #開羅 #古巴比倫 #春分 #馬爾杜克 #Marduk #古羅馬 #雅努斯 #Janus #凱撒 #朱利安曆法 #中世紀 #歐洲 #異教徒 #聖誕節 #天使報喜節 #割禮節 #格里高利曆 #教皇格雷戈里十三世 #Pope Gregory XIII #新教 #德國 #魚鱗 #英國 #井水 #法國 #香檳 #印度 #禁食元旦 #日本 #御雜煮 #希臘 #硬幣 #義大利 #小扁豆 ＋影片內容 00:00 影片開始 Start 00:12 新年的起源 00:44 最早元旦：古埃及 01:25 最早元旦慶祝記錄：古巴比倫 02:49 古羅馬為了Janus雅努斯慶祝 04:17 中世紀為了宗教理由廢除 05:07 因格里高利曆而恢復元旦 06:11 德國：錢包放魚鱗爬高祈好運 07:06 英國：爭著打井水深夜迎親友 07:59 法國：狂飲辭舊歲風向卜來年 08:48 印度元旦習俗飲食：「禁食元旦」 09:15 日本元旦習俗飲食：「御雜煮」 09:36 希臘元旦習俗飲食：面包藏硬幣 09:50 義大利元旦習俗飲食：吃小扁豆 10:25 請分享給親朋好友，感謝 fb專頁：https://www.facebook.com/historysquare/ FB社團：https://www.facebook.com/groups/873307933055348 Podcast : http://kshin.co​ 電子書著作 Amazon : https://reurl.cc/g8lprR​ Readmoo ：https://reurl.cc/jqpYmm​ Kobo : https://reurl.cc/GdDLgW​ Google : https://reurl.cc/9ZyLyn​ 有聲書：https://www.ximalaya.com/lishi/49006941/ 攝影作品：https://reurl.cc/Xe3NNe

In the season finale, Tim and Chris bring an end to everything you've ever known and loved… about this podcast. Also Bangers of 2021, naked mole men, and Pope Gregory XIII! Come listen to the last episode of the Always More Podcast before we change everything forever! Time Stamps 5:33 - Rec N' Rev 15:45 - What Did I Miss? 22:37 - 2021 Recap 24:03 - Best 2021 Movies 39:10 - Best 2021 TikTok Moments 44:28 - Best 2021 Books 52:18 - Best 2021 TV Shows 58:45 - Best 2021 Things We Listened To 1:10:39 - 2021 Final Thoughts 1:18:43 - Shout Out 1:22:37 - #AskChrisAndTim 1:25:12 - What If? 1:32:28 - Final Final Thoughts SHOW NOTES - HERE FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND GET MORE INFO AT - HERE SUPPORT AND DONATE TO THE PODCAST - HERE CHECK OUT OUR SPOTIFY EPISODE SOUNDTRACKS - HERE --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/alwaysmorepod/support

Did those who were miraculously healed always become saints immediately? No. We will read about Constanza de'Crescenzi's inability to forgive someone. She was one of the ladies that we read about earlier. In 1574, after losing a baby, she was very sick (ch 106. St Philip visited her and told her to be of good cheer. She got better. Six years later, in 1580, she was eight months pregnant and dying of a high fever (ch 120). Once again, St Philip came and healed her. In this episode's reading, Constanza has a different kind of fever, the fever of anger. She will not let a feud die. She keeps nourishing it. In the middle of this sinful attitude, she woke up one night with someone slapping her face. What a disgrace, she seemed to hear St Philip say, keeping up this resentment. St Philip was far away at the time. This strange experience slapped some sense into Constanza! Last episode we heard about St Philip's big move to the "Vallicella." The Vallicella is the sort name for the church given by Pope Gregory XIII to the Oratorians. The church was called Santa Maria in Vallicella, St Mary in the Little Valley. The church the Oratorians built on the sight, the new Santa Maria got its own nickname, the Chiesa Nuova, the new Church. St Philip finally moved there in November 1583. Why did it take St Philip so long to move? St Philip seems to have been very docile to the Holy Spirit. It seems that he never had a clear command of the Holy Spirit to move. Having been accused in the past of setting himself up as a leader of a sect, he was hesitant to insert himself into the new community life that was going so well without him being there. Even when he moved to the Vallicella, he kept a very humble profile.

"Should one intentionally hold back confessing a serious sin just because one is embarrassed? No. We will read about a young man who was so ashamed of a sin against the sixth commandment that he tried to go to confession without confessing it. St Philip, with his gift of reading souls, recognized what he was doing. He told him that far from being forgiven he was actually committing more sins. But would the young man listen? Last episode we read about the election of Pope Gregory XIII on May 13. May 13 is the same day that Fr Robinson was ordained a priest. Fr Robinson is the Founder of the Toronto Oratory, the one who introduced St Philip's way of life to Canada. Pope Gregory XIII is the Pope who approved the Oratorian Constitutions. "

Did you know that the months are named after Pope Gregory XIII's favourite prostitutes? Did you know that Max Planck twisted his ankle while time travelling? Did you know that time does not, in fact, exist? Join us to devour further tasty morsels of fact about the mysterious phenomenon we call TIME.   Journeys into Wonder was written by Matt Harris. It was voiced by Rob Mackey. Music and production by Matt Harris.  

This week on Open Sources Guelph, the holiday is a work day. By a matter of cosmic coincidence, and some slight mathematical adjustments authorized by Pope Gregory XIII in the 16th century, this week's show is on Canada Day, and our focus is on the original Canadians. We're discussing residential schools, Canada Day, and we'll have an interview with three local Indigenous people about challenging all that. This Thursday, July 1, at 5 pm, Scotty Hertz and Adam A. Donaldson will discuss: Marieval Times. It happened again. Over 700 unmarked graves were found on the property of the former Marieval Indian Residential School as we literally uncover the lost history of Canada's anti-Indigenous past. This will not be the last discovery, and the nearby Six Nations reserve is preparing their own search of the Mohawk School grounds, but how do we keep attention on this issue without reducing it to a statistic? Blame Canada Day. Since we're airing on Canada Day, it seems appropriate to talk about what Canada Day means this year after having our country's genocide being rubbed in our collective faces for the last month. Some politicians see the calls to put on pause all patriotic pride as a new front in the Cancel Culture wars, but is there a way we can give both Canada's good parts and its wicked history equal weight on July 1? Raising Local Indigenous Voices. Speaking of Cancelling Canada Day, there's an event in Guelph that's literally called "Cancel Canada Day." For the interview this week, we're joined by Hannah Geauvreau-Turner, Desi Fekete, and Maura Winkup who will talk about organizing their counter-Canada Day protest, the issues that local Indigenous people care about, and their own personal family histories with the residential school system. Open Sources is live on CFRU 93.3 fm and cfru.ca at 5 pm on Thursday.

Weekends are a curious thing. They start with Egypt, go through Babylon and Rome, and finally make their way to the modern world. As our economy advances, we look to the future to make the weekend even longer.If you would like to donate your research to "The History of..." or send a donation note please contact me at thehistoryof365@gmail.com.Click to donate here.Check out the show's Instagram here.Resources:The article that inspired this episodeAbout the Babylonians and their timekeepingAbout the SabbathAbout Saint MondayThe Fair Labor Standards ActAbout the pandemic's impact on working hoursAbout Spain's 3 day weekend

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://theoryofmusic.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/brief-on-the-reform-of-the-chant-by-pope-gregory-xiii-1577/

Do you know the history of April Fools Day?  Well, there isn’t a definitive story on the origins of this event.  Some say it’s somehow related to a papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII changed, by decree, the first day of the year from late March/early April, to January 1st.  Supposedly, the people who didn’t…

Well, today's date gives me nothing to work with - it's not a holiday, it's not a new year, it isn't a PFD anniversary. What the fuck, calendar? I think I need to see other date managing systems. The Aztec calendar is pretty hot...mmm, check out that xiuhpōhualli - though if I'm honest, I'm more of a tōnalpōhualli man myself. Also, January sucks. January and February both, to be honest. Do you agree? Come join the party at https://discord.gg/FPNQfsW and tell us what your favorite and least favorite months are. This task has nothing to with Pork Fried Dice - blame Pope Gregory XIII!

Well, today's date gives me nothing to work with - it's not a holiday, it's not a new year, it isn't a PFD anniversary. What the fuck, calendar? I think I need to see other date managing systems. The Aztec calendar is pretty hot...mmm, check out that xiuhpōhualli - though if I'm honest, I'm more of a tōnalpōhualli man myself. Also, January sucks. January and February both, to be honest. Do you agree? Come join the party at https://discord.gg/FPNQfsW and tell us what your favorite and least favorite months are. This task has nothing to with Pork Fried Dice - blame Pope Gregory XIII!

 The Sumerian Mesopotamian certified prehistory wrote: B.C. 450,000 years ago, the Elohim gods initiated the first civilized era on Earth. The prominent initiation began with "Kingship bureaucracy zodiacal calendar," the civilization of gods population continued till occasion created hybrid Primitive Worker in Abzu South Africa. Inscriptions of foundation for first Eninnu were laid by Meslim, a king of Kish who had reigned c. 2850 B.C. HERE IS UNQUESTIONABLE PROOF A.D. ANNO DOMINI BUREAUCRACY CALENDAR IS SODOMY. IN WHOLE UNCIVILIZED INCLUSIVE OF EUROPE CAUCASOID COUNTERFEIT; OF ELOHIM ZODIAC CALENDAR. THEREFORE, WHITE SODOMITE CRIMINALPEOPLE USE IT TO SCAM AFRICAN HYBRID CIVILIZATION.  (en.wikiperdia.org  wiki AD_1):  The denomination "AD 1" for this year has been in consistent use since the mid-medieval period when the anno Domini (AD) calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. It was the beginning of the Christian/Common era. ... The Anno Domini dating system was devised in AD 525 by Dionysius Exiguus...The terms anno Domini (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the... This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the... was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end ... On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice... HERE THE BID LIE: In 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced his Gregorian calendar, Europe adhered to the Julian calendar, first implemented by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. Since the Roman emperor's system miscalculated the length of the solar year by 11 minutes, the calendar had since fallen out of sync with the seasons.

.The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ... This era was created in the 6th century by Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus. ... 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drif Pope Gregory XIII recalculated Caesar's Julian calendar in 1582, giving us ... not like the idea of having their dates dictated by the Catholic Church and so ...The  Western tradition started, according to custom, around 509 B.C.  We’re all Gregorians now. But it took a while. On New Year’s Day, just about every corner of the world will flip a calendar in accordance with the system commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII in the 1580s. Contracts, leases and birthday candle production all depend on the Gregorian agreement that the year begins on Jan. 1 and lasts exactly 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Even in cultures that maintain their traditional calendars as well, the smartphones will all tick over to 2018 on the same day. But it took some of us longer than others to fall into line behind the good Gregory’s celestial timekeeping. The British, and their American colonies, did not like the idea of having their dates dictated by the Catholic Church and so stuck with the previous calendar makeover, the one done by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C.  They waited until 1752, by which time the more wobbly Julian calendar was off track by 11 whole days... [This is the fatal shift from gods civilized polytheism zodiac calendar to sodomite rule.

ATTENTION TO  WHITE CRIMINAL UNLAWFUL ACT...The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ... This era was created in the 6th century by Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus. ... 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drif Pope Gregory XIII recalculated Caesar's Julian calendar in 1582, giving us ... not like the idea of having their dates dictated by the Catholic Church and so ...The  Western tradition started, according to custom, around 509 B.C.  We’re all Gregorians now. But it took a while. On New Year’s Day, just about every corner of the world will flip a calendar in accordance with the system commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII in the 1580s. Contracts, leases and birthday candle production all depend on the Gregorian agreement that the year begins on Jan. 1 and lasts exactly 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Even in cultures that maintain their traditional calendars as well, the smartphones will all tick over to 2018 on the same day. But it took some of us longer than others to fall into line behind the good Gregory’s celestial timekeeping. The British, and their American colonies, did not like the idea of having their dates dictated by the Catholic Church and so stuck with the previous calendar makeover, the one done by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C.  They waited until 1752, by which time the more wobbly Julian calendar was off track by 11 whole days... [This is the fatal shift from gods civilized polytheism zodiac calendar to sodomite rule

Mata Hari was executed for espionage on this day in 1917. / On this day in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, which was created as a way to reform the Julian calendar. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Monday of the 28th Week in Ordinary Time Saint of the Day: St. Edwin of Northumbria, 586-633; became king of Northumbria in 616, and married Ethelburga, who was a Christian; converted, and was baptized in 627; slain in battle, and Pope Gregory XIII allowed him to be venerated as a martyr Office of Readings and […] All show notes at Daybreak for October 12, 2020 - This podcast produced by Relevant Radio

You can shift time?! In this episode of 365 days with mxmtoon, Maia shares a piece of history that only the Jonas Brothers thought to be true - Time Travel.  No time machines were involved, but the switching of how we keep track of time did.  Through the conversion of calendars, Maia explains how Pope Gregory XIII introduced this new way of keeping track of our days and how Benjamin Franklin seemed to dig it. Maia also shares a secret story about the Rolling Stones. Listen to this episode today and make sure you’re following along with the daily updates @365daysmxmtoon on all platforms. Distributed by Talkhouse.

Today in 1572 Pope Gregory XIII ordered a commemoration both for the defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571, and the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in France over the summer of 1572.

Here is the latest from The Year Was, which is that thing I do every week. We are up to episode 80. This time we examine the year 1752 as the British adopt the Gregorian calendar..   Theme music by The Tim Kreitz Band    iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-year-was/id1458174084  Google Play: https://play.google.com/music/m/I3itppkgflgewupxhllk632qfpm?t=The_Year_Was Podbean: https://theyearwas.podbean.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0Qdd00m2NWvrViVIfAh6kA YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCzWavt8mqXHsC_uRNpU3lQ     Sources: https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-calendar https://stevemorse.org/juliancalendar/julian.htm https://www.britannica.com/story/ten-days-that-vanished-the-switch-to-the-gregorian-calendar https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Give-us-our-eleven-days/ http://www.adsb.co.uk/date_and_time/calendar_reform_1752/   Photo:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII

If you answer that question, most likely you are giving an answer based on a calendar that goes all the way back to one put in place by Julius Caesar.  Caesar’s calendar, aka the Julian Calendar, was pretty good, but it developed problems over time, so it was modified in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.  This calendar, the Gregorian Calendar, what we’ve been using for the last several hundred years, and it works pretty well. ============ Executive Producer James Makkyla   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EEDailyPodcast/ Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/

On this day in Tudor history, 10th April 1585, Pope Gregory XIII died from a fever. He was succeeded by Pope Sixtus V. Pope Gregory is known for his reform of the calendar. He introduced what is now called the Gregorian Calendar, or Western or Christian Calendar, replacing the Julian Calendar, which had been used since 45 BC. But why was this reform needed and how was it done?  Find out more about it, and how England didn't use it until the 18th century, in today's talk from Claire Ridgway, author of several Tudor history books. Also on this day in Tudor history, 10th April 1512, Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots, gave birth to a little boy who would become King James V of Scotland. Find out more in last year's video - https://youtu.be/CiXTTLBhjus 

The calendar that we presently use harkens back to the reforms instituted by Julius Caesar in 46 BC with only slight future modification in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.How might things be different if a calendar other than the Julian had become the predominant one or if we had adopted any of the proposed "modern" reformed calendars of the 20th Century?Links to Helpful Background:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Proleptic_Gregorian_calendarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_CalendarListeners can get a FREE audiobook with theirFREE 30-Day Trial Membership from Audible CLICK HEREDirect Link to Listener Survey: https://www.aforkintimepodcast.com/listenersurveyWebsite: www.aforkintimepodcast.comE-Mail: aforkintimepodcast@gmail.comYou can follow A Fork In Time on….Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aforkintimeTwitter: @AFITPodcastPinterest: www.pinterest.com/aforkintimeIf you enjoy the podcast, you can help by supporting us via Patreon.https://www.patreon.com/aforkintimeTheme Music: Conquer by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.comSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/aforkintime)

Best remembered for his invention of the calendar we still use today, Pope Gregory XIII became a voice for reform in the Catholic Church by pulling the Vatican out of the dark ages and into the modern era.

Best remembered for his invention of the calendar we still use today, Pope Gregory XIII became a voice for reform in the Catholic Church by pulling the Vatican out of the dark ages and into the modern era.

On this day in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, which was created as a way to reform the Julian calendar.  Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Today in 1572 Pope Gregory XIII ordered a commemoration both for the defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571, and the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in France over the summer of 1572.

The RunRunLive 4.0 Podcast Episode 4-379 – The 30 Day Diet Reboot with Rachel Shuck  (Audio: link) audio:http://www.RunRunLive.com/PodcastEpisodes/epi4379.mp3] Link MarathonBQ – How to Qualify for the Boston Marathon in 14 Weeks - Hello and welcome to the RunRunLive Podcast episode 4-379, This is Chris your host.  It is the second weekend of the new year if you're on the Gregorian Calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 to upgrade the Julian Calendar.  Because if your calendar is messed up all your holy days hop around and it makes it harder to aestheticize the mediaeval masses with religious chicanery.  Or something like that. Anyhow… before I scurry down the rat hole of historical events let's talk about the wild and wonderful world of endurance sports, or at least our little corner of it.  It's been a busy couple weeks since we last talked.  On the day before New Years, Dec 31st, I hosted my 5th Groton Marathon.  Which is an made up event where whomever wants to shows up and runs whatever they want.  We set up the clock so we have a real start and finish and I post the times to a website – I guess you could call it ‘pretend official'.  The curious part is the a handful of us go out and run an actual marathon through all the local towns.  This year I got 4 other guys to join me.  The weather did not cooperate.  It was 2 degrees Fahrenheit at the start and never got out of single digits.  I ended up getting in the support vehicle at 21.3ish because I was suffering.  We went out a bit fast for me and I didn't have any legs left.  We had to go a bit fast in the beginning to get the feeling back in our toes and fingers from the cold.  It was miserable running weather.  There was a stretch from like 19 – 21 where we turned into a head wind that was awful.  The other four guys finished successfully.  My friend Gary ran in with a 3:52 and the other 3 came in around 3:55.  The next morning my family and I went up to run the Hangover Classic in Salisbury.  The deep freeze did not abate.  It was -19 with the wind chill.  I ran the 5K with Teresa and she came in 4th in her age group.  Then, yes, we did, we ran over and jumped in the ocean.  I was a bit worried about surviving this but the water felt warm compared to the air so it wasn't too bad.  The water in the ocean at 35-36 degrees Fahrenheit had steam coming off it like a hot tub in the single digit temps. That same day, the 1st of the new year (according to Pope Greg) I started a 30 Day Diet Reboot with my nutrition coach Rachel.  I'm off the beer and the bad food for a month.  I'm logging all my food in MyFitnessPal and posting a daily blog about it on my website (RunRunLive.com) under a category called '30 Day Diet Reboot'.  On top of that Rachel is looking over my shoulder, reading my post and commenting each day on her site - .  What we wanted to do is to give people an actual case study of how she and I approach the combination of fitness and nutrition.  And, in today's interview, Rachel and I talk through all this and hopefully it can help some folks sort through all the misinformation that is out there.  In section one I'm going to muse a bit on why I think I'm ready to take on a 100 mile race this year. In Section two I'm going to disassemble the oft-quoted phrase “No Regrets!” … I had something happen to me this week which was a first for me in my running life.  Have you ever heard the old joke that goes something like “I don't jog because I don't want to find a dead body!” Because for some reason those news stories always start with “…found by a jogger…”?  Well I was running down by the Charles in Boston this week.  The weather warmed up to above freezing and the sun was out so I made a concerted effort to get out at lunch.  Boston got over a foot of snow during the ‘cyclone-bomb' event last weekend and the bike path was still covered in places.  I had a 1:15 easy run so it wasn't a problem to navigate around the snow.  I ran up river to one of the far bridges, crossed over and came back across the next bridge to get a sort of lollipop route of the right length.  Since it had been so cold for several days in a row the full expanse of the rive was frozen over all the way down to the museum of science.  There's one bit along Storrow drive at the Boston University Bridge where the bike path abruptly runs out of room and they route you out, under the bridge, into the river, on a wooden bridge to get around the abutment and back on the bike path up river.  Right after this the snow removal ceased and we had to navigate some lumpy foot paths for a few hundred feet.  When I met another runner or pedestrian, one of us would have to give way on the snowy single path. It was in this dicey section on the way back that the lady runner I had already passed going out started talking to me.  I had my headphones in, but she said something about they were pulling a body out of the river up ahead.  They were breaking it out of the ice.  Sure enough, when I went out on the wooden plank section that hugs the abutment there was a clutch of police.  As I came to it I was expecting someone to stop me and I asked the one sad looking cop there if I could sneak by.  He motioned that it was ok.  Not more than 20 feet from me there were four more officers of some type carrying a stretcher up the icy bank with the body.  They had the top of the torso covered, but a man's boots and snow pants stuck out from the waist down.  The State Police were interviewing a shaken looking runner.  A good runner. I remember passing him and thinking ‘he's the real deal'.  Skinny, athletic and underdressed for this weather.  He must have paused for some odd reason to stretch or to catch his breath between intervals or something to cause him to look over that wood railing into the river under the bridge. I kept going.  They had Storrow Drive West shut down.  There must have been 15 police cars there.  That's a first for me.  Never had a CSI moment on one of my runs before.  So my friends. As you're out and about today.  You may have your head cold, or your other challenges but you're not toes-up frozen in the Charles River.  You have that going for you. On with the Show! … I'll remind you that the RunRunLive podcast is ad free and listener supported.  What does that mean? It means you don't have to listen to me trying to sound sincere about Stamps.com or Audible.. (although, fyi, my MarathonBQ book is on audible) We do have a membership option where you can become a member and as a special thank you, you will get access to member's only audio. There are book reviews, odd philosophical thoughts, zombie stories and I curate old episodes for you to listen to.  I recently added that guy who cut off is foot so he could keep training and my first call with Geoff Galloway.   “Curated” means I add some introductory comments and edit them up a bit.  So anyhow – become a member so I can keep paying my bills.   … The RunRunLive podcast is Ad Free and listener supported.  We do this by offering a membership option where members get Access to Exclusive Members Only audio and articles. Member only race reports, essays and other bits just for you! Links are in the show notes and at RunRunLive.com … Section one – Why a 100-miler? - http://runrunlive.com/why-100-miler-and-why-now   Voices of reason – the conversation Rachel Shuck – Nutrition Coach Rachel Shuck is a board certified nutrition coach with a passion for running and all things fitness. She currently teaches nutrition courses at the local college while pursuing her doctorate in clinical nutrition . She is certified with the International Sports Science Association and the U.S. Track and Field and Cross Country Association as well. Her personal journey began with running 5k's and being at the back of the pack, to running marathons and becoming a Boston Qualifier. Along her decade long path of coaching runners she found a true passion for teaching people proper nutrition to fuel for optimal performance. Rachel's articles and videos have been featured in Mind Body Green, Personal Growth, and  the Livestrong website as well as local news shows covering health and fitness. It's no secret – a healthy body is a happy body. Taking care of yourself is one of the most important things you can do. Not only will you feel great, you will look great and inspire others to take care of themselves in the process.  As a mother of two teenagers, I know how important eating right and exercising are for not just you, but the whole family. We have the power to influence the health and well-being of our loved ones and create a healthy lifestyle for future generations. I have experience teaching nutrition classes, group exercise classes and coaching runners.  I coach people on how to achieve a healthy lifestyle, which includes learning to eat right for life and developing the proper mindset to want to do that.   Long term success is the ultimate goal. Hiring a coach or trainer can strengthen your health, take your athletic performance to the next level, guide you in making the correct food choices, and improve your confidence and outlook on life. As a board certified nutritional coach, I'm knowledgeable in how food affects your performance,  So if you want to live a stronger and more confident life, I've got the training and the expertise to help you every step of the way. Section two – No Regrets - http://runrunlive.com/no-regrets Outro Ok my friends you have eaten handfuls of probiotic macronutrients to the end of episode 4-379 of the RunRunLive Podcast.   Coach is starting to ramp me up for the spring season.  It looks like he's going to add some back-to-back volume to my weekends in addition to my normal Boston Marathon training cycle.  I'm not going to run any of the spring races with Frank and Brian.  Maybe I'll do Eastern States in March, but I'm skipping Derry.  I'm going to run my plan and focus on staying healthy.  I'm not even half way into the Diet Reboot but I already feel better.  I have so much more energy in my runs.  I feel like someone removed a sandbag from my shoulders.  I've got an hour on the schedule today.  I think I'll put my old trail shoes on and go muck about in the snow in the woods.  Maybe I'll take Buddy with me for a short bit.  The old dog is getting cabin fever.  Next week I'm talking to a really cool guest, Lori, who is running Boston this year.  She got hit by a car out running in 2016 and went from being in a coma for 5 days to running New York and Boston.  I hope the audio is good enough because it's a impactful story.  … I've been working some long hours in the city.  I get up at 5:00 AM and am on the road by 6:00 and in the city by 7:00.  Depending on my schedule I usually hit my workout in the morning to get it done and off my plate.  Which gets me into my office around 8:30.  Typically I'll work until 6:00 or 7:00 and get back to my house around 8:00.  It's a long day. Towards the end of the week, especially this week with my head cold, I was dragging.  I had a hill workout on Friday.  I haven't quite figured out a good place to do hill workouts in the city yet so I did it on the treadmill in the gym.  I was surprised how easy it felt given the head cold and how I was dragging.  Again, the diet reboot is amazing for your workout energy. Then I got showered up and put on my work clothes.  This office isn't suit and tie, but it's business dress.  I'm an executive so I try to err on the side of business.  I had a full day of meetings including interviewing a candidate for a position I'm hiring to.  During the day I was noticing how baggy my underwear felt.  I don't wear anything special just your run of the mill boxer briefs.  I kept thinking, there must be something going on with this pair because they just aren't fitting right.  Towards the end of the day I realized what it was.  Have you guessed?  Yeah, I was so tired in the morning I put my underwear on backwards and didn't realize it until the day was almost over.  I had a good chuckle over that.  Hey, No regrets, right? I'll see you out there.     MarathonBQ – How to Qualify for the Boston Marathon in 14 Weeks -

The RunRunLive 4.0 Podcast Episode 4-379 – The 30 Day Diet Reboot with Rachel Shuck  (Audio: link) audio:http://www.RunRunLive.com/PodcastEpisodes/epi4379.mp3] Link MarathonBQ – How to Qualify for the Boston Marathon in 14 Weeks - Hello and welcome to the RunRunLive Podcast episode 4-379, This is Chris your host.  It is the second weekend of the new year if you’re on the Gregorian Calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 to upgrade the Julian Calendar.  Because if your calendar is messed up all your holy days hop around and it makes it harder to aestheticize the mediaeval masses with religious chicanery.  Or something like that. Anyhow… before I scurry down the rat hole of historical events let’s talk about the wild and wonderful world of endurance sports, or at least our little corner of it.  It’s been a busy couple weeks since we last talked.  On the day before New Years, Dec 31st, I hosted my 5th Groton Marathon.  Which is an made up event where whomever wants to shows up and runs whatever they want.  We set up the clock so we have a real start and finish and I post the times to a website – I guess you could call it ‘pretend official’.  The curious part is the a handful of us go out and run an actual marathon through all the local towns.  This year I got 4 other guys to join me.  The weather did not cooperate.  It was 2 degrees Fahrenheit at the start and never got out of single digits.  I ended up getting in the support vehicle at 21.3ish because I was suffering.  We went out a bit fast for me and I didn’t have any legs left.  We had to go a bit fast in the beginning to get the feeling back in our toes and fingers from the cold.  It was miserable running weather.  There was a stretch from like 19 – 21 where we turned into a head wind that was awful.  The other four guys finished successfully.  My friend Gary ran in with a 3:52 and the other 3 came in around 3:55.  The next morning my family and I went up to run the Hangover Classic in Salisbury.  The deep freeze did not abate.  It was -19 with the wind chill.  I ran the 5K with Teresa and she came in 4th in her age group.  Then, yes, we did, we ran over and jumped in the ocean.  I was a bit worried about surviving this but the water felt warm compared to the air so it wasn’t too bad.  The water in the ocean at 35-36 degrees Fahrenheit had steam coming off it like a hot tub in the single digit temps. That same day, the 1st of the new year (according to Pope Greg) I started a 30 Day Diet Reboot with my nutrition coach Rachel.  I’m off the beer and the bad food for a month.  I’m logging all my food in MyFitnessPal and posting a daily blog about it on my website (RunRunLive.com) under a category called ’30 Day Diet Reboot’.  On top of that Rachel is looking over my shoulder, reading my post and commenting each day on her site - .  What we wanted to do is to give people an actual case study of how she and I approach the combination of fitness and nutrition.  And, in today’s interview, Rachel and I talk through all this and hopefully it can help some folks sort through all the misinformation that is out there.  In section one I’m going to muse a bit on why I think I’m ready to take on a 100 mile race this year. In Section two I’m going to disassemble the oft-quoted phrase “No Regrets!” … I had something happen to me this week which was a first for me in my running life.  Have you ever heard the old joke that goes something like “I don’t jog because I don’t want to find a dead body!” Because for some reason those news stories always start with “…found by a jogger…”?  Well I was running down by the Charles in Boston this week.  The weather warmed up to above freezing and the sun was out so I made a concerted effort to get out at lunch.  Boston got over a foot of snow during the ‘cyclone-bomb’ event last weekend and the bike path was still covered in places.  I had a 1:15 easy run so it wasn’t a problem to navigate around the snow.  I ran up river to one of the far bridges, crossed over and came back across the next bridge to get a sort of lollipop route of the right length.  Since it had been so cold for several days in a row the full expanse of the rive was frozen over all the way down to the museum of science.  There’s one bit along Storrow drive at the Boston University Bridge where the bike path abruptly runs out of room and they route you out, under the bridge, into the river, on a wooden bridge to get around the abutment and back on the bike path up river.  Right after this the snow removal ceased and we had to navigate some lumpy foot paths for a few hundred feet.  When I met another runner or pedestrian, one of us would have to give way on the snowy single path. It was in this dicey section on the way back that the lady runner I had already passed going out started talking to me.  I had my headphones in, but she said something about they were pulling a body out of the river up ahead.  They were breaking it out of the ice.  Sure enough, when I went out on the wooden plank section that hugs the abutment there was a clutch of police.  As I came to it I was expecting someone to stop me and I asked the one sad looking cop there if I could sneak by.  He motioned that it was ok.  Not more than 20 feet from me there were four more officers of some type carrying a stretcher up the icy bank with the body.  They had the top of the torso covered, but a man’s boots and snow pants stuck out from the waist down.  The State Police were interviewing a shaken looking runner.  A good runner. I remember passing him and thinking ‘he’s the real deal’.  Skinny, athletic and underdressed for this weather.  He must have paused for some odd reason to stretch or to catch his breath between intervals or something to cause him to look over that wood railing into the river under the bridge. I kept going.  They had Storrow Drive West shut down.  There must have been 15 police cars there.  That’s a first for me.  Never had a CSI moment on one of my runs before.  So my friends. As you’re out and about today.  You may have your head cold, or your other challenges but you’re not toes-up frozen in the Charles River.  You have that going for you. On with the Show! … I’ll remind you that the RunRunLive podcast is ad free and listener supported.  What does that mean? It means you don’t have to listen to me trying to sound sincere about Stamps.com or Audible.. (although, fyi, my MarathonBQ book is on audible) We do have a membership option where you can become a member and as a special thank you, you will get access to member’s only audio. There are book reviews, odd philosophical thoughts, zombie stories and I curate old episodes for you to listen to.  I recently added that guy who cut off is foot so he could keep training and my first call with Geoff Galloway.   “Curated” means I add some introductory comments and edit them up a bit.  So anyhow – become a member so I can keep paying my bills.   … The RunRunLive podcast is Ad Free and listener supported.  We do this by offering a membership option where members get Access to Exclusive Members Only audio and articles. Member only race reports, essays and other bits just for you! Links are in the show notes and at RunRunLive.com … Section one – Why a 100-miler? - http://runrunlive.com/why-100-miler-and-why-now   Voices of reason – the conversation Rachel Shuck – Nutrition Coach Rachel Shuck is a board certified nutrition coach with a passion for running and all things fitness. She currently teaches nutrition courses at the local college while pursuing her doctorate in clinical nutrition . She is certified with the International Sports Science Association and the U.S. Track and Field and Cross Country Association as well. Her personal journey began with running 5k’s and being at the back of the pack, to running marathons and becoming a Boston Qualifier. Along her decade long path of coaching runners she found a true passion for teaching people proper nutrition to fuel for optimal performance. Rachel’s articles and videos have been featured in Mind Body Green, Personal Growth, and  the Livestrong website as well as local news shows covering health and fitness. It’s no secret – a healthy body is a happy body. Taking care of yourself is one of the most important things you can do. Not only will you feel great, you will look great and inspire others to take care of themselves in the process.  As a mother of two teenagers, I know how important eating right and exercising are for not just you, but the whole family. We have the power to influence the health and well-being of our loved ones and create a healthy lifestyle for future generations. I have experience teaching nutrition classes, group exercise classes and coaching runners.  I coach people on how to achieve a healthy lifestyle, which includes learning to eat right for life and developing the proper mindset to want to do that.   Long term success is the ultimate goal. Hiring a coach or trainer can strengthen your health, take your athletic performance to the next level, guide you in making the correct food choices, and improve your confidence and outlook on life. As a board certified nutritional coach, I’m knowledgeable in how food affects your performance,  So if you want to live a stronger and more confident life, I’ve got the training and the expertise to help you every step of the way. Section two – No Regrets - http://runrunlive.com/no-regrets Outro Ok my friends you have eaten handfuls of probiotic macronutrients to the end of episode 4-379 of the RunRunLive Podcast.   Coach is starting to ramp me up for the spring season.  It looks like he’s going to add some back-to-back volume to my weekends in addition to my normal Boston Marathon training cycle.  I’m not going to run any of the spring races with Frank and Brian.  Maybe I’ll do Eastern States in March, but I’m skipping Derry.  I’m going to run my plan and focus on staying healthy.  I’m not even half way into the Diet Reboot but I already feel better.  I have so much more energy in my runs.  I feel like someone removed a sandbag from my shoulders.  I’ve got an hour on the schedule today.  I think I’ll put my old trail shoes on and go muck about in the snow in the woods.  Maybe I’ll take Buddy with me for a short bit.  The old dog is getting cabin fever.  Next week I’m talking to a really cool guest, Lori, who is running Boston this year.  She got hit by a car out running in 2016 and went from being in a coma for 5 days to running New York and Boston.  I hope the audio is good enough because it’s a impactful story.  … I’ve been working some long hours in the city.  I get up at 5:00 AM and am on the road by 6:00 and in the city by 7:00.  Depending on my schedule I usually hit my workout in the morning to get it done and off my plate.  Which gets me into my office around 8:30.  Typically I’ll work until 6:00 or 7:00 and get back to my house around 8:00.  It’s a long day. Towards the end of the week, especially this week with my head cold, I was dragging.  I had a hill workout on Friday.  I haven’t quite figured out a good place to do hill workouts in the city yet so I did it on the treadmill in the gym.  I was surprised how easy it felt given the head cold and how I was dragging.  Again, the diet reboot is amazing for your workout energy. Then I got showered up and put on my work clothes.  This office isn’t suit and tie, but it’s business dress.  I’m an executive so I try to err on the side of business.  I had a full day of meetings including interviewing a candidate for a position I’m hiring to.  During the day I was noticing how baggy my underwear felt.  I don’t wear anything special just your run of the mill boxer briefs.  I kept thinking, there must be something going on with this pair because they just aren’t fitting right.  Towards the end of the day I realized what it was.  Have you guessed?  Yeah, I was so tired in the morning I put my underwear on backwards and didn’t realize it until the day was almost over.  I had a good chuckle over that.  Hey, No regrets, right? I’ll see you out there.     MarathonBQ – How to Qualify for the Boston Marathon in 14 Weeks -

Why do we celebrate the beginning of the new year on January 1? We can thank Julius Caesar who in 45 BC proclaimed the Roman Empire would adopt the Julian Calendar, which identified January 1st as the beginning of the new year. By the time Julius Caesar assumed office, it was clear the traditional lunar based Roman calendar in use since the seventh century BC no longer was sufficient. Caesar enlisted help from a renown Alexandrian astronomer who urged the adoption of a solar based calendar. He calculated the solar year as being 365.25 days. Caesar made the needed adjustments to the old traditional lunar based calendar and the Julian calendar was adopted.Fast foreword to the Middle Ages. Because Caesar’s astronomer miscalculated the exact length of the solar year, by the mid 15th century the Julian calendar was 10 days off. This resulted in confusion about exactly when the new year should celebrated.To fix the problem, Pope Gregory XIII commissioned Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius to develop a more accurate calendar. In 1582, the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This calendar included the addition of a leap year every four years when one additional day is added to the month of February.With the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, most countries in the world celebrate the New Year on January 1st.New Year's Celebrations in the United StatesWhile colonists in what would later become the United States knew January 1, was the start of the New Year, there was little celebration of the date. Vulgar displays of frivolity were not in keeping with the religious mores of many New World settlers. On June 28,1870, New Year’s Day became one of four federally recognized holidays, joining Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.New Year’s celebrations as we know them today started on January 1st, 1907 when the first Ball was dropped in New York City’s Times Square. Ever since 1907, we say goodbye to the old year and celebrate the New Year in grand party fashion.I’ll close this episode with my wish that your new year ahead is prosperous, healthy, and joyful.Thanks for listening. In future episodes you’re going to learn about, "Get a Different Name Day", "Don't Cry Over Spilled Milk Day", International World Thinking Day", and loads more.To make sure you never miss an episode, go to www.WeirdWackyandTraditionalHolidays.com and select the, “How to Subscribe” link. This podcast is available through Apple Podcasts or your podcast listening app of choice. You can also listen and subscribe on our website at www.WeirdWackyandTraditionalHolidays.com.This is your host Stephen Carter asking you to remember, this day is special and so are you. Let’s celebrate today and have some fun!

Why do we celebrate the beginning of the new year on January 1? We can thank Julius Caesar who in 45 BC proclaimed the Roman Empire would adopt the Julian Calendar, which identified January 1st as the beginning of the new year. By the time Julius Caesar assumed office, it was clear the traditional lunar based Roman calendar in use since the seventh century BC no longer was sufficient. Caesar enlisted help from a renown Alexandrian astronomer who urged the adoption of a solar based calendar. He calculated the solar year as being 365.25 days. Caesar made the needed adjustments to the old traditional lunar based calendar and the Julian calendar was adopted.Fast foreword to the Middle Ages. Because Caesar’s astronomer miscalculated the exact length of the solar year, by the mid 15th century the Julian calendar was 10 days off. This resulted in confusion about exactly when the new year should celebrated.To fix the problem, Pope Gregory XIII commissioned Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius to develop a more accurate calendar. In 1582, the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This calendar included the addition of a leap year every four years when one additional day is added to the month of February.With the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, most countries in the world celebrate the New Year on January 1st.New Year's Celebrations in the United StatesWhile colonists in what would later become the United States knew January 1, was the start of the New Year, there was little celebration of the date. Vulgar displays of frivolity were not in keeping with the religious mores of many New World settlers. On June 28,1870, New Year’s Day became one of four federally recognized holidays, joining Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.New Year’s celebrations as we know them today started on January 1st, 1907 when the first Ball was dropped in New York City’s Times Square. Ever since 1907, we say goodbye to the old year and celebrate the New Year in grand party fashion.I’ll close this episode with my wish that your new year ahead is prosperous, healthy, and joyful.Thanks for listening. In future episodes you’re going to learn about, "Get a Different Name Day", "Don't Cry Over Spilled Milk Day", International World Thinking Day", and loads more.To make sure you never miss an episode, go to www.WeirdWackyandTraditionalHolidays.com and select the, “How to Subscribe” link. This podcast is available through Apple Podcasts or your podcast listening app of choice. You can also listen and subscribe on our website at www.WeirdWackyandTraditionalHolidays.com.This is your host Stephen Carter asking you to remember, this day is special and so are you. Let’s celebrate today and have some fun!

POA e13 Thursday June 23, 2016 Anno Domini Jason Gourtney JEGuitars Black Cat Supercharged Distortion Guitar Tone Music Enthusiasts  Gain Volume Filter Sweep and 3 stages of clipping Gregorian Calendar defined Day of the Sun Moon's Day Tuesday associated with Mars as the god of war Day of Odin Thor's Day Friday associated with goddess associated with Venus Day of Saturn Why would a Pope give us names of the days of the week ALL about celestial bodies? Catholicism is Mithraism (look it up) Saturnalia celebrated Dec 25 Pope Gregory XIII was a Jesuit Whats a Jesuit? Look it up Wake up. Take a look around. Question everything. Commentary Prayer Love Scripture Focus Romans 4 & 5  

We look at the development of the modern western calendar from prehistory through the time of the Roman Kings to the reforms of Julius Caesar (the Julian Calendar) and Pope Gregory XIII (the Gregorian Calendar).  Modern attempts at calendar reform are also discussed including the World Calendar and the International Fixed Calendar.

The aim of the Council of Trent was to impose discipline on the Church generally. One problem was the secular states of Europe had to agree to ratify the decisions of the Council of Trent. France never ratified the decisions of the Council. An effect of the persecution of scientists such as Galileo was that Catholic countries ceased to be Intellectually productive. The reform of the calendar by the Council of Trent was accepted. Pope Gregory XIII instituted the Gregorian calendar which replaced the Julian calendar and caused future discrepancies within the dating system.

The title of this episode is – A Needless Tragedy.We backtrack now a bit. We're going back to that period of European history following the Reformation called the Wars of Religion. We do so to take a look at a single day; Aug 24, 1572 in Paris, and the infamous event that happened then and there = the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.We do this because while it's a lot more detailed look at something than we usually get into, it illustrates the impact the Reformation had on Europe and, I think, the Modern World.John Calvin was French but his reforming work was centered in Geneva, Switzerland. It didn't take long for his influence to spread back to his native homeland so that by 1555, Calvinism had firm roots there. French Calvinists were called Huguenots – a word of unknown origin but was meant as a mockery of Protestants. Calvinism spread rapidly and soon there were a couple thousand French Reformed churches with close to half the French switching from Catholic churches to Huguenot fellowships.What made things difficult for the French Monarchy, which remained firmly Catholic, was that many of the nobility were Huguenots. Bear in mind that at that time, religious affiliation and political alignment were regarded by most Europeans as one and the same. A showdown between French Catholics and Protestants seemed inevitable.Enter the scheming Queen Mother of France, Catherine de Medici; a die-hard Roman Catholic. She arranged for her daughter, Margaret of Valois, to be married on August 18th of 1572 to the Protestant King, Henry of Navarre. The hope in Paris was that this marriage would bring peace between warring Catholics and Protestants. Nobles who'd fought each other the previous decade turned out for the celebration. Thousands of Protestants came to Paris for the wedding, and the festivities lasted for days.But while Catherine de Médici planned her daughter's wedding, she was also plotted the assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny [koh-LEE-nee], one of the main leaders of the Huguenots.On Aug. 22nd, the assassination attempt failed. The plot, so soon after the royal wedding, threatened to badly embarrass the royal family. Near midnight the following day, Charles IX, the 22 yr-old French king and brother of the bride, in a fit of rage, screamed at his mother, “If you're going to kill Coligny, why don't you kill all the Huguenots in France, so there'll be none left to hate me.”Catherine wasn't one to put up with the pique of her petulant son and decided to follow up on his suggestion. She ordered the murder of all Huguenot leaders still in Paris, including those who'd attended the wedding. The massacre began on Aug 24, 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day. Admiral Coligny was murdered first as he knelt in prayer.Many of the Huguenot nobles were lodged at the Louvre. They were called into the courtyard and shot one by one as they appeared. During the night, the homes of Paris Huguenots were each marked with white crosses. Before daybreak, messengers were sent throughout the city crying out, “Kill! Kill! The King commands it.” A murdering frenzy fell on the whole city. Entire Huguenot families were taken into the streets and murdered. The dawn of St. Bartholomew's Day revealed many thousands of martyred Huguenots.The craze spread to the provinces in the following days and weeks, the death toll somewhere between 30 and 40 thousand. Admiral Coligny's head was embalmed and sent to Rome as a gift to Pope Gregory XIII. When it reached Rome, the Pope and his cardinals staged a Mass of Thanksgiving.The massacre was not without cost to Charles IX. He began having horrific nightmares. In less than two years, he lay dying at the age of only 24. His last days were plagued with visions of his victims. He cried to his nurse, “What bloodshed, what murders! What evil counsel have I followed? O my God, forgive me!. . . I am lost!”That's the short version of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Now for a little more depth.The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its most prominent leaders, as well as many re-conversions by commoners back to Catholicism while those who remained Protestant were increasingly radicalized.Though by no means unique, the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the worst of the century's religious atrocities. Throughout Europe, it impressed on Protestants the firm conviction Catholics were bloody and treacherous. But some of those Protestants ought to have seen how they treated other Protestants of a different flavor, as well as Catholics, with the same kind of brutality when they had the chance.While the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre seems a violent but quickly burnt-out fit of hatred, it was in truth the culmination of a series of events.1st – The Peace of Saint-Germain in 1570 put an end to 3 years of terrible civil war between French Catholics and Protestants. But the peace was precarious since many Catholics refused to accept it. The famous Guise [gice] family led this faction and so fell out of favor at the French court. Meanwhile, the Huguenot political and military leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny was readmitted to the king's council in September of 1571.Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the king and queen mother, the afore-mentioned Charles IX and Catherine de Medici were determined not to let war break out again. Being were well aware of the kingdom's financial difficulties, they knew more war would bankrupt them so they were determined to stay friendly with Coligny. The Huguenots were in a strong defensive position as they controlled not a few of the fortified towns across France.To cement the peace between the two groups, Catherine offered to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant prince Henry of Navarre, the future King Henry IV. The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. But it was rejected by staunch Catholics. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's plan.2nd - The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris, who'd come to escort their prince. But Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a Catholic princess to a Protestant.  The French Parliament snubbed the marriage ceremony altogether.3rd - Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that recent harvests were poor and taxes had risen to pay for civil wars. The rise in food prices, set against the backdrop of the obscene luxury displayed by the nobles on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tension among the people. A particular point of complaint was a cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot martyred a couple yrs before. A mob tore down his house and erected a large wooden cross in its place. Under the terms of the Peace of Saint-Germain, the cross was removed in Dec. 1571. That led to riots that killed fifty and saw massive property damage. In the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob.4th - The royal court itself was divided. Catherine hadn't obtained the Pope's permission for the royal marriage; so the French clergy hesitated about what to do. It took all Catherine's considerable skill to convince Cardinal de Bourbon to officiate the wedding ceremony. And note who were' talking about here. This is Catherine DE MEDICI, of the eminently famous and powerful Italian banking family.5th - In the years leading up to the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against, not just the policies of the monarchy, but following the trend of Protestant thought, toward monarchy in principle. This trend would grow greatly after the Massacre as the Huguenots laid blame for it at the foot of the throne.6th - Tensions were further raised in May, 1572 when news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau crossed into a Dutch province and captured a couple of Catholic strongholds. This was all so Louis could assist his brother William in his political ambitions. French Catholics were furious that all of France was being dragged into a war with the Netherlands and Spain they had nothing to do with.All these ingredients mixed in the pot to produce a tension just waiting for a spark to ignite.After the wedding on August 18, Coligny and leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king.On the 22nd, an attempt was made on Coligny's life as he made his way home from the Louvre. He was shot from the upstairs window of a home owned by the Guises and seriously wounded. The would-be assassin escaped in the confusion that followed.The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised the culprits would be punished.While Catherine was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some going so far as to threaten her. The fears of Huguenot reprisals grew in the palace. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army that was at that moment camped just outside the city, and though there's no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the general populace of the city.So that evening, Catherine held a meeting with her Italian advisers. On the evening of the 23rd, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. Though no details of the meeting survive, it seems Charles and his mother decided to eliminate the Protestant leaders, meaning between 2 and 3 dozen of the noblemen still in Paris. They thought this would gut the Huguenots of their leadership and leave the Protestants powerless. They hoped it would squelch any real attempts at attacking the royals.Shortly after this decision, municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry in order to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The king's Swiss Guard was given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. It's difficult to determine the exact chronology of events and know the moment the killing began. It seems a signal was given by ringing bells at a church near the Louvre. The Swiss guards expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle, then slaughtered them in the streets.A group led by the Duke of Guise dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out a window.  And all the tension building since the Peace of St. Germain exploded in a wave of popular mob violence. Commoners hunted Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Chains were used to block streets so Protestants couldn't escape from their houses. The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. The massacre in Paris lasted 3 days despite the king's attempts to stop it.The leading Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre just 19 and newly married to Catherine's daughter, was spared and pledged to convert to Catholicism. He later renounced his feigned conversion when he escaped the madhouse that was Paris.On Aug 26th, the king fabricated an “official” version of events—saying that he ordered the massacre to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. A celebration and parade were held, while the killings continued in parts of the city.Although King Charles dispatched orders to the provincial governors on Aug. 24th to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the Peace of Saint-Germain, from August to October, massacres of Huguenots took place in a dozen French cities. In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of a month.In many cities across France, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was far larger than those actually killed. Because in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism. For instance, in Rouen [ruin], where a few hundred were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from over 16 thousand to fewer than 3 thousand as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities and countries.Soon afterward, both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year.The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre with the ensuing turmoil that fell out from the Reformation in all Europe went far in shaping the mindset of succeeding generations. You can make a good case for the emergence of the Enlightenment's suspicion of religion because of the horrendous bad behavior of people in the name of God during the Wars of Religion.Of course, as we've said in previous episodes, it was often politicians and power-hungry prelates who hid behind religion and used the name of God in a bald grab for temporal power. They knew the common people could be manipulated by a religious argument more easily than by admitting they just wanted more land or power. Today, politicians seek to dispatch their opponents by saying they're wrong on this or that political issue. In 16th and 17th C Europe, they did so by accusing their opponents of heresy.As we finish this episode, I again want to say thanks to all who've visited the CS FB page and given us a like. 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