Podcasts about Coligny

durée : 00:03:40 - Le coup de cœur, ici Orléans - L'association Les Oreilles en Pointe organise une journée dédiée à la musique et à la danse folk ce samedi 5 avril à Châtillon-Coligny. Stage de danse avec Gérard Godon, bal avec le duo Parasol… Un événement festif et accessible à tous les amateurs de traditions musicales.

Ce sont des lieux d'accueil, d'échange et de spiritualité destinés aux étudiants. Les aumôneries étudiantes sont généralement rattachées à une institution religieuse, et visent à accompagner les jeunes dans leur parcours personnel, spirituel et parfois même social ou académique. Avec : - Père Thomas Wender, aumônier des étudiants de Strasbourg, directeur du Centre Bernanos- Enguerran de Pillot de Coligny, étudiant en histoire, responsable de l'aumônerie de Lyon III- Pierre Mirjolet, président de l'aumônerie étudiante de Dijon

In 1565, the Spanish decide to enforce their claim to La Florida, and establish the settlement of St. Augustine to challenge the French at nearby Fort Caroline, under the leadership of Jean Ribault, French Huguenot René Goulaine de Laudonnière, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Eric Yanis of The Other States of America podcast continues his compelling version of this incredible story. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/QV7VB8u_mV0 which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl North America History books available at https://amzn.to/3OnczVT ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark Vinet's HISTORICAL JESUS podcast is available at https://parthenonpodcast.com/historical-jesus Mark's TIMELINE video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Mark's Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

CharlesFort was established when a French expedition, organized by Huguenot leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and led by the Norman navigator Jean Ribault, landed at the site on the May River in 1562, before moving north to Port Royal Sound. There, on present-day Parris Island, South Carolina—at that time a part of Florida Territory—Ribault left twenty-eight men to build a settlement. Podcaster Eric Yanis of The Other States of America continues to share his telling of this fascinating tale. Enjoy this Encore Presentation! Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/KrfH7PwQOdI which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Support our channel by watching and clicking on the ads in this video. It costs you nothing and by doing so gives us extra credit and encourages, supports & helps us to create more quality content. Thanks! Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl North America History books available at https://amzn.to/3OnczVT ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at : https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Spanish decide to enforce their claim to La Florida in 1565, and establish the settlement of St. Augustine to challenge the French at nearby Fort Caroline, under the leadership of Jean Ribault, French Huguenot René Goulaine de Laudonnière, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra — The STORY of AMERICA. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/QV7VB8u_mV0 which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams.  Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl  ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet  SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you).  Video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet                                   Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels   Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM   Audio Credit: The Other States of America History podcast with Eric Yanis. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

CharlesFort was established when a French expedition, organized by Huguenot leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and led by the Norman navigator Jean Ribault, landed at the site on the May River in 1562, before moving north to Port Royal Sound. There, on present-day Parris Island, South Carolina—at that time a part of Florida Territory—Ribault left twenty-eight men to build a settlement. Also, in 1564, France launched a second voyage to build a French colony in the New World; the King's men established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra — The STORY of AMERICA.  Check out the YouTube version of this episode which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams, at: https://youtu.be/KrfH7PwQOdI  https://youtu.be/BL_Q4zS1I4I Huguenot History books available at https://amzn.to/3MWqEZz  Florida History books available at https://amzn.to/43g7GCl   ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet  SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you).  Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet                                  Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels   Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM   Audio Credit: The Other States of America History podcast with Eric Yanis. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Coligny Magistrates court in the North West has postponed a case against more than 40 suspected illegal immigrants to Monday and Wednesday next week. The suspects, from Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique have been remanded in custody until Monday to grant the court time to find interpreters. Those from Lesotho will re-appear in court on Wednesday. They were arrested last Thursday at a construction site in Coligny. Their employer Sympton Manyena, was arrested on Friday and paid an admission of guilt fine of 63 thousand rand.  SABC News reporter, Thabang Morutloa has more 

durée : 00:04:22 - Le festival "les insensés" ce samedi 31 août à Chatillon-Coligny avec Jean-Paul Billaut - Jean-Paul Billaut est l'un des organisateurs du festival "Les Insensés" prévu ce samedi 31 août à Châtillon-Coligny. La thématique de cette 9ème édition est "Pixel et Mosaïque". L'événement démarre à 15h00 et est accessible à tous les publics.

There will be blood.⚜️A summary of the major political figures in this episode (most of whom will be dead by the end):Catherine de' Medici, ruling on behalf of her son Charles IX, a moderating force between the factions (at first)The Ultra-Catholics:Duke Henry of Anjou, Charles IX's precocious younger brotherThe Duke and Cardinal de Guise, recently kicked out of powerAnne de Montmorency, Constable of France, an elderly veteranThe Huguenot Protestants and their sympathisers:Antoine de Bourbon, an idiot, first Prince of the Blood and a moderate CatholicJeanne III, Queen of Navarre, his wife, a radical Protestant, with whom he has a son Henry of NavarreLouis, Prince of Condé, his ambitious brother, also a ProtestantGaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France, a charismatic Protestant general, nephew of Montmorency⚜️Our "Wars of Religion" theme is taken from a recording of the Huguenot "Psalm 24". The full track is available on Youtube. As we were unable to find the original source for this music, please let us know if you have any information so that we can properly credit the artist.  ⚜️ Visit our Wordpress for episode images, score summaries, contact details and more! Make sure you leave us a review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or wherever you listen.You can also support the show on Patreon! Join the official Angry Mob and get access to our bonus content: movie reviews, deep dives, bonus biographies and our exclusive spinoff series rating the Royal Mistresses!Message us your thoughts!Support the Show.⚜️Battle Royale's intro/outro music is "Dansez" by Fasion. Thank you to them for making this track free to use and listen! Go check out more of their stuff here.⚜️CATEGORIESBen and Eliza each give a score out of 10 for the first 4 categories. The 5th is determined by maths! The result is a total score out of 100. Enchanté: The shallow, first-impressions round: How fabulous and iconic an image have they passed down to us? En Garde: (A.K.A. “Selfish Wins”) How well did they gain and increase their personal power, either through scheming, statesmanship or good old fashion battles? Voulez-Vous: (A.K.A. “Selfless Wins”) How much would we want to live under their regime? How well did they better the world around them through law reforms and cultural projects? Ouh-Là-Là: How pearl-clutchingly scandalous were the events of their life, both in their time and down through the ages? How mad, bad and dangerous were they to know? La Vie en Throne: How many years did they reign, and how many of their children survived them? For more details on the scores, how they are calculated and how our kings are ranking, visit our website.

While Maggie is busy preparing for a Summer play, she’s spent a lot of time eating in and around Hilton Head’s Coligny Plaza. There’s a great margarita to be had, some salads and her visit to Cafe Al Dente, one of the island’s newish Italian eateries. The post Mondays with Maggie: Eating around Coligny Plaza and a visit to Cafe Al Dente first appeared on Eat It & Like It.

Zowel Louise de Coligny als Amalia van Solms waren krachtdadige Oranjevrouwen. De een bewerkstelligde Het Twaalfjarige Bestand tegen de wil van haar oorlogszuchtige stiefzoon Maurits, de ander ging in 1648 tegen de wens van haar zoon Willem II in door bij te dragen aan de Vrede van Münster. Femke Deen en Ineke Huysman vertellen over hun boek Moeders des Vaderlands.De orgasmekloof, slutshaming en wederzijds consent. Het heette toen niet zo, maar het bestond al in de tijd we de Oudheid herontdekten. Zo blijkt uit Seks in de Renaissance van historica Marlisa den Hartog. Pieter van Os bespreekt het boek over standjes en standpunten.De Holocaust zit onze kijk op de geschiedenis als een rationeel en begrijpelijk fenomeen voor altijd in de weg, en speelt tot op heden mee als we praten over Israël en Gaza. Wim Berkelaar bespreekt de klassieker Voorbij de verboden drempel. De Shoah in ons geschiedbeeld van Hermann Walter von der Dunk.

Namen als Margaretha van Parma, Louise de Coligny en Johanna van Constantinopel herken je misschien niet direct. Ondanks dat het vrouwen waren die een belangrijke rol hebben gespeeld in de geschiedenis van ons land, horen en lezen we maar weinig over ze. De geschiedenisboeken staan vol met verhalen over machthebbers als Willem van Oranje, maar die kennen we nu wel.... Wat zijn de politieke invloeden die vrouwen hadden in de geschiedenis? En welke namen zijn het noemen meer dan waard? Te gast: Femke Deen, Nederlandse historicus en schrijfster, maakte er samen met andere historici een boek over. 

En 1571, l'amiral de Coligny, chef protestant, reparaît à la cour après des années de guerre. Pas sûr qu'il soit aussi bienvenu qu'on aimerait le lui faire croire…Mention légales : Vos données de connexion, dont votre adresse IP, sont traités par Radio Classique, responsable de traitement, sur la base de son intérêt légitime, par l'intermédiaire de son sous-traitant Ausha, à des fins de réalisation de statistiques agréées et de lutte contre la fraude. Ces données sont supprimées en temps réel pour la finalité statistique et sous cinq mois à compter de la collecte à des fins de lutte contre la fraude. Pour plus d'informations sur les traitements réalisés par Radio Classique et exercer vos droits, consultez notre Politique de confidentialité.

durée : 00:51:24 - Autant en emporte l'Histoire - par : Stéphanie Duncan - Dans la nuit du 23 au 24 août 1572 à Paris, le roi Charles IX et sa mère Catherine de Médicis donnent l'ordre d'assassiner l'amiral de Coligny et des chefs protestants soupçonnés de vouloir relancer la guerre. A ce premier massacre va en succéder d'autres et 10 000 protestants seront tués... - invités : Jérémie Foa - Jérémie Foa : Maître de conférences HDR en histoire moderne à Aix-Marseille université, au laboratoire TELEMMe - réalisé par : Audrey RIPOULL

Dans ce deuxième épisode du récit sur la vie de la reine Margot, raconté par l'historienne Virginie Girod, découvrez comment son mariage avec Henri de Navarre destiné à apaiser les conflits de religion, fut un échec. Leur union ne ravit en aucun cas les Français catholiques, qu'ils regardent d'un mauvais œil. Les tensions continuent de s'accroître dans le royaume. Jusqu'au jour où Coligny, l'un des chefs de file des protestants, est attaqué en pleine rue. C'est l'alerte qu'un grand danger approche, la reine Margot le sent bien. Pourtant, considérée comme un simple pion, elle est la seule qui n'est pas dans la confidence. Le début du massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy est déclenché le 24 août 1572. Des protestants sont torturés, violés et tués dans les rues de Paris par des catholiques enragés. Des émeutes qui s'étendront jusqu'en province durant des semaines. Le rêve de paix s'effondre pour le royaume de France. Ce drame aboutira plus tard à la promulgation de l'édit de Nantes par l'époux de la reine Margot, Henri de Navarre, devenu roi sous le nom d'Henri IV. Quant à Margot, elle ne lui reste qu'à se battre pour obtenir un dernier privilège… 'Au cœur de l'histoire' est un podcast Europe 1 Studio. Ecriture et présentation : Virginie Girod - Production : Camille Bichler- Direction artistique : Adèle Humbert et Julien Tharaud - Réalisation : Clément Ibrahim - Musique originale : Julien Tharaud - Musiques additionnelles : Julien Tharaud et Sébastien Guidis - Communication : Kelly Decroix avec Lisa Soster- Visuel : Sidonie Mangin

Los Miserables Autor: Víctor Hugo Cuarta Parte: El idilio de la calle de Plumet y La epopeya de la calle de Saint-Denis Libro décimo El 5 de junio de 1832 Cap II : El fondo de la cuestión. Existe el disturbio y existe la insurrección; son dos iras; una está en un error, la otra está en su derecho. En los estados democráticos, los únicos legítimos desde el punto de vista de la justicia, se da a veces una usurpación de la parte; entonces el todo se subleva y la necesaria reivindicación de su derecho puede llegar incluso hasta empuñar las armas. En todas las cuestiones que son del ámbito de la soberanía colectiva, la guerra del todo contra la parte es insurrección; el ataque de la parte contra el todo es el disturbio; según que en Les Tuileries se alberguen el rey o la Convención, el ataque a Les Tuileries es justo o injusto. El mismo cañón apuntando al gentío se equivoca el 10 de agosto y acierta el 14 de vendimiario. Apariencia semejante, pero fondo diferente; la guardia suiza defiende lo falso, Bonaparte defiende lo verdadero. Lo que hizo el sufragio universal, en el ejercicio de su libertad y su soberanía, no puede deshacerlo la calle. Lo mismo sucede en los hechos puramente de civilización; el instinto de las masas, clarividente ayer, puede ser confuso mañana. La misma indignación es legítima en contra de Terray y absurda en contra de Turgot. Destrozar máquinas, saquear almacenes, romper raíles, echar abajo los depósitos, los recorridos equivocados de las muchedumbres, las denegaciones de justicia del pueblo al progreso, los estudiantes asesinando a Ramus, Suiza expulsando a Rousseau a pedradas: eso son disturbios. Israel contra Moisés, Atenas contra Foción, Roma contra Escipión: eso son disturbios; París contra la Bastilla, eso es insurrección. Los soldados contra Alejandro, los marineros contra Cristóbal Colón son el mismo levantamiento; levantamiento impío; ¿por qué? Porque lo que Alejandro hace por Asia con la espada es lo que hace Cristóbal Colón por América con la brújula; tanto Alejandro como Colón encuentran un mundo. Esos dones de un mundo a la civilización son tales incrementos de luz que, en tales casos, cualquier resistencia es culpable. Hay veces en que el pueblo no cumple con la fidelidad que se debe a sí mismo. El gentío traiciona al pueblo. ¿Existe, por ejemplo, algo más extraño que esa prolongada y cruenta protesta de los contrabandistas de la sal, legitima rebelión crónica que, en el momento decisivo, en el día de la salvación, en la hora de la victoria popular, se decanta por el trono, se vuelve chuanería y de ser insurrección contra se vuelve disturbio a favor? ¡Sombrías obras maestras de la ignorancia. El contrabandista de la sal se libra de las horcas de la monarquía y, todavía con un trozo de cuerda al pescuezo, enarbola la escarapela blanca. «Muerte a la gabela» pare un «viva el rey». Matadores de la noche de San Bartolomé, degollares de septiembre, carniceros de Aviñón, asesinos de Coligny, asesinos de la señora de Lamballe, asesinos de Brune, miqueletes, verdetes, cadenetes[67], cofrades de la compañía de Jéhu, caballeros del brazal: eso es disturbio.

Tian Alberts (regsbeampte by Sakeliga) gesels op RSG oor gebeure op regsgebied waarby Sakeliga tans betrokke is. Sakeliga voer tans verskeie hofsake en is veral betrokke by sake waar daar beoog word om munisipale hervorming te bewerkstellig. Sakeliga het byvoorbeeld in 2021 ʼn sogenaamde “spesiale betaalmeester”-hofsaak in Noordwes aanhangig gemaak. Die doel van hierdie saak is om ʼn onafhanklike ouditeursfirma as sogenaamde “spesiale meester” aan te stel om seker te maak dat alle gelde vir invorderings en heffings vir kritieke dienste soos water en elektrisiteit aan verskaffers betaal word. Sakeliga het onlangs ook die hooggeregshof in Mahikeng genader en regshulp is toegestaan in die hofaansoek oor die krisis in Lichtenburg en Coligny in die Ditsobela-munisipaliteit. Die uitspraak is deel van ʼn hofsaak waarmee Sakeliga en ander partye gemeenskappe se rol by die herstel van watervoorsiening ordelik wil versterk. Sakeliga is verder ook betrokke by ʼn saak teen Eskom. Duisende boere en ondernemings regoor die land wat hul krag direk by Eskom aankoop, word nou ook deur sogenaamde "strafkrag" getref en Sakeliga het weer toegetree om die betalende eindverbruikers van krag te beskerm.Bron: https://www.rsgplus.org/Sakeliga tackles municipal decay in the courts – establishes new case lawTian Alberts (legal officer at Sakeliga) talks on RSG about developments in the field of law where Sakeliga is involved at present. Sakeliga currently is driving several court cases and is in particular involved in cases aimed at bringing about municipal reform. So, for example, in 2021 Sakeliga launched a so-called “special paymaster” court case in North West. The aim with this case is to appoint an independent auditing firm as so-called “special master” with a view to ensuring that all moneys for collection and levies for critical services such as water and electricity supply are paid to suppliers. Sakeliga recently also approached the high court in Mahikeng and relief was granted in the court application concerning the crisis in Lichtenburg and Coligny in the Ditsobela Municipality. The judgment forms part of a court action by means of which Sakeliga and other parties wish to enhance the role of communities in restoring water supply in an orderly manner. Sakeliga also is involved in a case against Eskom. Thousands of farmers and businesses across the country who buy their power directly from Eskom are now being hit with so-called “punish power” and Sakeliga again has intervened to protect the paying end-users of power.Source: https://www.rsgplus.org/

Tian Alberts (Sakeliga regsbeampte) gesels met RSG Monitor oor Sakeliga se onlangse uitspraak oor die Ditsobotla-munisipaliteit waar dienslewering en watervoorsiening inmekaargestort het.Sakeliga het die hof genader om die administrateur te verplig om nou watervoorsiening in die munisipaliteit te herstel. Die uitspraak in die hooggeregshof in Mahikeng is 'n onderdeel (Deel A) van 'n tweedeelhofsaak waarmee Sakeliga en andere die rol van gemeenskappe by die herstel van watervoorsiening ordelik wil versterk en die nasionale regering tot verantwoording wil roep.[Sakeliga on RSG Monitor] Crisis in Lichtenburg, Coligny – Sakeliga obtains favourable judgment in courtTian Alberts (Sakeliga legal officer) talks to RSG Monitor about a recent judgment on the Ditsobotla Municipality where service delivery has collapsed. Sakeliga approached the court to restore water services in the municipality.The judgment in the high court in Mahikeng forms part (Part A) of a two-part court case by means of which Sakeliga and other parties want to strengthen the role of communities in restoring water supply in an orderly manner. Sakeliga also seeks to pressure national government to account for such failings.

Um arquivo inédito com imagens impressionantes daquelas que são, provavelmente, as primeiras fotografias a cores do Rio de Janeiro, então capital do Brasil, em pleno século 19. O tesouro, presente na exposição "Rio em cores e em relevo", em cartaz no Museu do Novo Mundo, em La Rochelle, no oeste da França, saiu direto da coleção do mecenas Albert Kahn e teve curadoria do historiador francês Laurent Vidal, estabelecendo um diálogo histórico com a iconografia e a coleção do museu francês. Em novembro de 1555, o navegador francês Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon inicia uma colônia francesa na entrada da então Baía de Guanabara, construindo o forte de Coligny. Mas por causa das infindáveis disputas entre católicos e protestantes (huguenotes) sobre a natureza da Eucaristia, a tentativa francesa - conhecida como a França Antártica - acabará em meio a conflitos internos, em 1559, e será destruída pelos novos e definitivos colonizadores: os portugueses. Histórias como essa que ligam a França às Américas fazem parte do Museu do Novo Mundo de La Rochelle, no oeste da França. "Essa exposição nasceu de uma ideia do historiador Laurent Vidal de trabalhar, ao mesmo tempo, a fotografia antiga francesa do Brasil, fazendo uma conexão com a coleção de fotos do Museu do Novo Mundo. Considerei essa proposta bastante pertinente, e então buscamos imagens que pudessem servir de suporte para uma exposição do tipo", explica Mélanie Moreau, curadora da mostra e diretora de museus de Arte e de História da cidade de La Rochelle. Conexões "O arquivo do museu Albert Khan nos inspirou, desejando simultaneamente falar sobre a história da fotografia, além de mostrar as primeiras imagens coloridas do Rio e o passado desta cidade que ainda nos inspira, apesar de ter se transformado. Além da possibilidade de criar conexões com as temáticas do Museu do Novo Mundo", diz Moreau. "Na verdade, a ideia não é resgatar essa história, mas apresentá-la. O museu é voltado para as Américas do Norte e do Sul, e existe uma vontade verdadeira de explicar os períodos-chave que marcaram essa história, sejam as primeiras explorações francesas, ou o tráfico negreiro; e, no que diz respeito à América do Sul, o Brasil é um eixo muito importante", diz a curadora francesa.  "Existe essa ideia de explicar que existiu uma tentativa de colonização francesa no Brasil do século 16, uma tentativa que não deu certo, e também o fato do país ter conhecido o tráfico negreiro relativamente tarde, sendo o Brasil um dos últimos países a abolir a escravidão, em 1848. Uma história que nos interessa, porque tem a ver com as temáticas abordadas pelo museu", aponta Moreau. Olhar fotográfico da França sobre o Brasil Para o historiador Laurent Vidal, "esse olhar tem uma verdadeira relação entre a França e a fotografia no Brasil". "O primeiro aparelho fotográfico que chegou ao Rio foi um daguerreótipo francês, em 1840. Em janeiro daquele ano um abade francês fez uma das primeiras fotos do Brasil, neste aparelho que havia sido inventado em 1839", lembra. "A palavra 'fotografia' foi inventada por um francês residente no Brasil, na época na província de São Paulo. E essas fotografias que atualmente apresentamos aqui são as primeiras em cores do Rio de Janeiro", destaca Vidal. "E, entre esses fotógrafos, há muitos franceses ou descendentes de franceses, como Marc Ferrez, que realmente participaram da criação de um olhar francês sobre o Brasil", afirma o historiador. Laurent Vidal destaca alguns momentos marcantes da exposição, "como as fotos em cores que mostram a exuberância da paisagem carioca e como a cidade nasce, a metrópole nascendo em torno desta paisagem". "Em segundo lugar, o acervo mostra o nascimento da metrópole moderna, com suas avenidas, os funcionários etc. E o terceiro ponto, que para mim é talvez o mais importante, são as imagens que mostram justamente aquilo que está desaparecendo, como o universo dos pequenos trabalhadores, o que remete a uma velha história, bem mais antiga, quase colonial. E também as fotos mostram a população preta na cidade. Uma população que, apesar de ser livre, é uma população marginalizada, é um olhar sutil sobre essa população", afirma. Uma iconografia carioca Além disso, o especialista destaca a importância da coleção para a "iconografia carioca". "Essas quase 200 fotografias eram desconhecidas, então é a primeira vez que são apresentadas ao público e é verdadeiramente um conjunto da obra. Forma uma fotografia sobre um Rio [de Janeiro] nascendo, em termos de metrópole moderna, e um Rio que desaparece. E o momento em que se passa de um lado para o outro é fascinante, verdadeiramente fascinante de ver. Eu acho que é um elemento importante na construção da memória carioca", sublinha. Para a secretária de Patrimônio e Museus da prefeitura de La Rochelle, Anna-Maria Spano, "essa história da escravidão aproxima a cidade de La Rochelle ao Rio e ao Brasil, assim como o fato de serem cidades de vocação marítima". "Sou historiadora da cidade, e é muito interessante descobrir lugares que existiam antes e que desapareceram, descobrir o que ocupa atualmente seu lugar. Além disso, reconhecer essa história de transformação social das cidades", aponta. Spano lembra ainda que as semelhanças entre as duas cidades não param por aí: "La Rochelle é também uma cidade de frente para o mar, no meio do Golfo da Gasconha. Sua história começa com o comércio marítimo no século 12, e é uma tradição que continua até os dias de hoje nesta grande marina [de veleiros], uma dos maiores da Europa. É também uma cidade de navegadores, de campeões que deram a volta ao mundo", lembra. A exposição "Rio em cores e em relevo" fica em cartaz no Museu do Novo Mundo de La Rochelle até o dia 3 de abril de 2023.

A new MP3 sermon from Dominion Baptist Church is now available on SermonAudio with the following details: Title: The Leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny Subtitle: 2022 Lordship Conference Speaker: John Huffman Broadcaster: Dominion Baptist Church Event: Conference Date: 10/2/2022 Bible: Psalm 37:1-11 Length: 68 min.

Během noční vigilie, římskokatolické oslavy svátku svatého Bartoloměje, začalo v Paříži vraždění špiček hugenotů v čele s admirálem Gaspardem de Coligny. V noci z 23. srpna 1572 zemřely až tři tisíce předních hugenotů. Vraždění po celé Francii trvalo až do října. Jaký byl opravdový příběh masakru o Bartolomějské noci. Proč k události došlo a k čemu vedla?Všechny díly podcastu Příběhy z kalendáře můžete pohodlně poslouchat v mobilní aplikaci mujRozhlas pro Android a iOS nebo na webu mujRozhlas.cz.

Parijs, dat is veel, maar zeker ook de Eiffeltoren. Al had het anders kunnen lopen toen een guitige gangster probeerde de toren te verkopen aan een nietsvermoedende ijzerhandelaar. Verder veel bloed in deze aflevering met een bruiloft waar vele doden vielen en tenslotte het verhaal waarom Parijs er vandaag uitziet zoals het eruit ziet. Met dank aan Georges-Eugène Haussman. April 1925. In het chique Hotel de Crillon aan de place de la Concorde komen zes heren samen om een uiterst geheime en gevoelige zakendeal te bespreken: de verkoop van de Eiffeltoren. Vanuit hun prestigieuze suite op de derde verdieping hebben ze een prachtig uitzicht op de trots van de Wereldtentoonstelling van 1889, een gigantische stalen bekroning van honderd jaar Franse Revolutie. Rond de tafel zitten vijf zaakvoerders van grote Franse schrootbedrijven. De zesde is een hoge functionaris van het ministerie van PTT (Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones), dat de Eiffeltoren beheert. Hij heeft het gezelschap samengebracht. De sales pitch kan beginnen. Op zondagavond 7 mei 2017 is de 39-jarige Emmanuel Macron de nieuwe president van Frankrijk.1 Uitzinnig van vreugde stromen de Parijzenaars toe aan het Louvre, waar hun favoriet zijn dankwoord zal uitspreken. Langs de rue de l'Amiral de Coligny rijdt zijn wagen de discrete Cour Carrée op aan de achterzijde van het wereldberoemdemuseum. Dan verschijnt hij in gedempt licht, plechtig afdalend van de trappen naar de grote Cour Napoléon. Boven tienduizenden hoofden deinen tricolores mee op de tonen van de ‘Ode aan de Vreugde', het Europese volkslied, waarop de nieuwe president naar het podium schrijdt. Zijn allereerste woorden, “Merci mes amis!”, zitten al even raak als zijn muziekkeuze. Het derde zinnetje van de hymne, “una in diversitate”, één in verscheidenheid, klinkt als een droom. Zeker tegenover het rabiate “Dood ze allen!”, enkele eeuwen voordien, op dezelfde plek. Op een avond in 1854 verlicht een zwak schijnsel een van de kleinere ramen in het dak van het Hôtel de Ville. Het is al laat, maar Georges-Eugène Haussmann is nog aan het lezen voor zijn belangrijke ontmoeting, morgen. Niet in zijn grote kantoor maar in zijn bescheiden privéstudeerkamer enkele gangen verderop in het stadhuis. Hij leest een paragraaf opnieuw: “Parijs is een immens atelier van verrotting, waar de miserie, de pest en de ziektes elkaar versterken, waar geen zonlicht noch lucht doordringt in de nauwe stegen, waar de planten verwelken en waar vier op de zeven kinderen sterven binnen het jaar.” Stemmen: Dirk Velghe en Rik Van Puymbroeck Scenario en regie: Karel Dierickx Montage: Stef Lenaerts Mix en muziek: Jordan Hudson Extra stem: Bert Rymen Alle originele muziek werd gecomponeerd en gearrangeerd door Jordan Hudson. In deze aflevering horen we ook fragmenten uit: 'Symphony #9 in D Minor, Op125 ‘Choral'. Ode to Joy', Ludwig Van Beethoven 'Summer in G Minor RV315 - III Presto', Antonio Vivaldi 'Requiem in D Minor, K.626. Sequence: VI. Lacrimosa dies Illa', W.A. Mozart 'Suite Bergamasque, L.75_III_Clair De Lune', Claude Debussy See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bentornati al podcast “Storie di Celti intorno al fuoco” un podcast realizzato dalla Celtic Harp International Academy in collaborazione con English Galore School. Durante questa puntata scopriremo le quattro importanti feste del fuoco che suddividono l'anno celtico: Samhain, Imbolc, Beltaine e Lughnasadh dal punto di vista di tradizioni e costumi che in alcuni casi si sono mantenute fino al giorno d'oggi attraverso trasformazioni e arrangiamenti con il passare del tempo. Visita il nostro sito e seguici sui social: https://www.celticharpacademy.com/ https://englishgalore.school Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/storiedicelti https://www.facebook.com/celticharpacademy https://www.facebook.com/EnglishGaloreSchool Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/storiedicelti/ https://www.instagram.com/celticharpacademy/ https://www.instagram.com/englishgaloreschool/ Testi di Paolo Rolfo Editing di Valentino Barbareschi   Bibliografia:   - James MacKillop, Myths and Legends of the Celts, Penguin Books, 2006 - Elena Percivaldi, I Celti, un popolo e una civiltà d'Europa, Giunti, 2005 - Riccardo Taraglio, Il vischio e la quercia, L'Età dell'Acquario, 2014 - Adriano Gaspani, Il calendario di Coligny, Keltia Editrice, 2012 - Eraldo Baldini, Giuseppe Bellosi, Halloween - Nei giorni che i morti ritornano, Einaudi, 2006 - Kevin Danaher, The Year in Ireland, Mercier Press, 1972   Musica:   - The Humours of Ballymanus Jig (sigla) - A fig for a kiss - South wind - The ash plant reel - Toorendarby polka - Drowsy Maggie     Performer: Celtic Strings https://instagram.com/celtic_strings_project/ https://www.instagram.com/elisa_loves_harp/ Editing:    Celtic Harp Production   Copyright: Paolo Rolfo, Valentino Barbareschi, Elisa Petruccelli, Celtic Strings

En 1571, l'amiral de Coligny, chef protestant, reparaît à la cour après des années de guerre. Pas sûr qu'il soit aussi bienvenu qu'on aimerait le lui faire croire… Mention légales : Vos données de connexion, dont votre adresse IP, sont traités par Radio Classique, responsable de traitement, sur la base de son intérêt légitime, par l'intermédiaire de son sous-traitant Ausha, à des fins de réalisation de statistiques agréées et de lutte contre la fraude. Ces données sont supprimées en temps réel pour la finalité statistique et sous cinq mois à compter de la collecte à des fins de lutte contre la fraude. Pour plus d'informations sur les traitements réalisés par Radio Classique et exercer vos droits, consultez notre Politique de confidentialité.

In 1565, the Spanish decide to enforce their claim to La Florida, and establish the settlement of St. Augustine to challenge the French at nearby Fort Caroline, under the leadership of Jean Ribault, French Huguenot René Goulaine de Laudonnière, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Eric Yanis of The Other States of America podcast continues his compelling version of this incredible story. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/QV7VB8u_mV0 which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Support our channel by watching and clicking on the ads in this video. It costs you nothing and by doing so gives us extra credit and encourages, supports & helps us to create more quality content. Thanks! Get exclusive access to Bonus episodes, Ad-Free content, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on Patreon at https://patreon.com/markvinet or Donate on PayPal at https://bit.ly/3cx9OOL and receive an eBook welcome GIFT by Mark Vinet. Denary Novels by Mark Vinet are available at https://amzn.to/33evMUj Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Twitter: https://twitter.com/TIMELINEchannel Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 YouTube Podcast Playlist: https://www.bit.ly/34tBizu Podcast: https://anchor.fm/mark-vinet Linktree: https://linktr.ee/WadeOrganization

CharlesFort was established when a French expedition, organized by Huguenot leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and led by the Norman navigator Jean Ribault, landed at the site on the May River in 1562, before moving north to Port Royal Sound. There, on present-day Parris Island, South Carolina—at that time a part of Florida Territory—Ribault left twenty-eight men to build a settlement. Podcaster Eric Yanis of The Other States of America continues to share his telling of this fascinating tale. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/KrfH7PwQOdI which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Support our channel by watching and clicking on the ads in this video. It costs you nothing and by doing so gives us extra credit and encourages, supports & helps us to create more quality content. Thanks! Get exclusive access to Bonus episodes, Ad-Free content, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on Patreon at https://patreon.com/markvinet or Donate on PayPal at https://bit.ly/3cx9OOL and receive an eBook welcome GIFT of The Maesta Panels by Mark Vinet. Denary Novels by Mark Vinet are available at https://amzn.to/33evMUj Mark Vinet's TIMELINE video channel at https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Twitter: https://twitter.com/TIMELINEchannel Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 YouTube Podcast Playlist: https://www.bit.ly/34tBizu Podcast: https://anchor.fm/mark-vinet Linktree: https://linktr.ee/WadeOrganization

14 de Febrero de 2004. Muere Marco Pantani. 15 de Febrero de 1928. Nace Luis Posada Carriles. 16 de Febrero de 1519. Nace Gaspard de Coligny. 17 de Febrero de 1944. Comienza la Batalla de Eniwetok. 18 de Febrero de 1839. Nace Pascual Cervera y Topete. 19 de Febrero de 1625. Muere Arthur Chichester. 20 de Febrero de 1813. Sucede la Batalla de Salta.

Lesung Buch I, Kapitel 1, Teil 1 aus dem Roman über den Maler Caravaggio. "Bluthochzeit" handelt von der Bartholomäusnacht. Im Jahr 1571 bzw. 72 wurde der Maler geboren, sein Leben stand unter dem Zeichen der Gewalt, wie die Ermordung ds Hugenottenführers Coligny auf Geheiß Katharina de Medici verrät

Mention légales : Vos données de connexion, dont votre adresse IP, sont traités par Radio Classique, responsable de traitement, sur la base de son intérêt légitime, par l'intermédiaire de son sous-traitant Ausha, à des fins de réalisation de statistiques agréées et de lutte contre la fraude. Ces données sont supprimées en temps réel pour la finalité statistique et sous cinq mois à compter de la collecte à des fins de lutte contre la fraude. Pour plus d'informations sur les traitements réalisés par Radio Classique et exercer vos droits, consultez notre Politique de confidentialité.

#Voxpop #Lockdown #Politics #Podcast This week we talk with Ronan Maher, editor of the online magazine, Samizdat. We talk about Islam & Islamic terror attacks, the effect that the unions have on the lockdown addiction plaguing the UK, progressive politics and its corrosive effect on the West, and much more. Samizdat Magazine: https://samizdatmagazine.co.uk/about/ The Unions & the U-turns by Ben Pile (Country Squire Magazine) https://countrysquire.co.uk/2021/08/27/the-unions-the-u-turns/ Coligny: https://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2019/03/09/brilliant-rian-malan-fact-checks-coligny-sa-fails-mockingbird-test The legality of Slavery on British Soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/vox-pop/message

durée : 00:04:05 - La bonne adresse gourmande

Druids and their magic, lore, and rituals have fascinated all those who encounter them, from the ancient Greeks and Romans onward. Even today, the mere mention of their name evokes pictures of standing stones, mistletoe, golden sickles, white-robed priests, and powerful sorcerers. But were they really as we picture them? Drawing on comparative mythology and linguistics, archaeological evidence, and etymology, Teresa Cross offers readers a comprehensive course in the history and development of the Celtic spiritual tradition and its lore, reconstructing the Druidic faith from the remnants that have survived and dedicated study of scholarly sources. She also reveals parallels with other Indo-European traditions, such as the similarities between Celtic and Vedic Hindu beliefs and practices. She chronicles the ethics and spiritual teachings of Druidism and the Celtic faith and examines what happened to these beliefs during centuries of Christianization. Moving from history to practice, Cross details magical rites and ceremonies as practiced by modern-day followers of Druidactos. She explores the structure of the Touta, which roughly corresponds to “tribe,” methods for consecrating a nemeton, the outdoor temple that offers the optimum sacred space for the meeting of heaven and earth, and the rites and customs associated with important festivals such as Beltaine and Samhain. She also explores the rules of firecraft, the sacred art of giving to the cosmos, making offerings to deities and spirits, sacred food and beverages, and the ancient Coligny calendar, including the names of the months in old Gaulish. Offering an authentic handbook for starting your own Celtic group led by Druids, Cross reveals the meanings and metaphysics behind the Celtic and Druidic customs and traditions, reuniting the fragmentary remains of long-lost Druid culture with the still-living practices of the Celtic faith. www.21stcenturyradio.com

Druids and their magic, lore, and rituals have fascinated all those who encounter them, from the ancient Greeks and Romans onward. Even today, the mere mention of their name evokes pictures of standing stones, mistletoe, golden sickles, white-robed priests, and powerful sorcerers. But were they really as we picture them? Drawing on comparative mythology and linguistics, archaeological evidence, and etymology, Teresa Cross offers readers a comprehensive course in the history and development of the Celtic spiritual tradition and its lore, reconstructing the Druidic faith from the remnants that have survived and dedicated study of scholarly sources. She also reveals parallels with other Indo-European traditions, such as the similarities between Celtic and Vedic Hindu beliefs and practices. She chronicles the ethics and spiritual teachings of Druidism and the Celtic faith and examines what happened to these beliefs during centuries of Christianization. Moving from history to practice, Cross details magical rites and ceremonies as practiced by modern-day followers of Druidactos. She explores the structure of the Touta, which roughly corresponds to “tribe,” methods for consecrating a nemeton, the outdoor temple that offers the optimum sacred space for the meeting of heaven and earth, and the rites and customs associated with important festivals such as Beltaine and Samhain. She also explores the rules of firecraft, the sacred art of giving to the cosmos, making offerings to deities and spirits, sacred food and beverages, and the ancient Coligny calendar, including the names of the months in old Gaulish. Offering an authentic handbook for starting your own Celtic group led by Druids, Cross reveals the meanings and metaphysics behind the Celtic and Druidic customs and traditions, reuniting the fragmentary remains of long-lost Druid culture with the still-living practices of the Celtic faith.www.21stcenturyradio.com

Druids and their magic, lore, and rituals have fascinated all those who encounter them, from the ancient Greeks and Romans onward. Even today, the mere mention of their name evokes pictures of standing stones, mistletoe, golden sickles, white-robed priests, and powerful sorcerers. But were they really as we picture them?Drawing on comparative mythology and linguistics, archaeological evidence, and etymology, Teresa Cross offers readers a comprehensive course in the history and development of the Celtic spiritual tradition and its lore, reconstructing the Druidic faith from the remnants that have survived and dedicated study of scholarly sources. She also reveals parallels with other Indo-European traditions, such as the similarities between Celtic and Vedic Hindu beliefs and practices. She chronicles the ethics and spiritual teachings of Druidism and the Celtic faith and examines what happened to these beliefs during centuries of Christianization.Moving from history to practice, Cross details magical rites and ceremonies as practiced by modern-day followers of Druidactos. She explores the structure of the Touta, which roughly corresponds to “tribe,” methods for consecrating a nemeton, the outdoor temple that offers the optimum sacred space for the meeting of heaven and earth, and the rites and customs associated with important festivals such as Beltaine and Samhain. She also explores the rules of firecraft, the sacred art of giving to the cosmos, making offerings to deities and spirits, sacred food and beverages, and the ancient Coligny calendar, including the names of the months in old Gaulish.Offering an authentic handbook for starting your own Celtic group led by Druids, Cross reveals the meanings and metaphysics behind the Celtic and Druidic customs and traditions, reuniting the fragmentary remains of long-lost Druid culture with the still-living practices of the Celtic faith.www.21stcenturyradio.com

Em dezembro de 1555 chegou à baia de Guanabara uma expedição comandada por Nicolas Gaspard de Coligny(1519 - 1567) --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/maniadehistory/message

Guido Cossard"I Santuardi del solstizio d'inverno"Edizioni Pedrinihttps://www.edizionipedrini.it/Il mascherone di pietra veglia sul bastione del film degli Avengers. Il forte di Bard, nelle riprese del film Age of Ultron, rappresenta l'inespugnabile rifugio dei nemici degli Avengers: lo storico monumento valdostano ricopre nella trama della pellicola il ruolo di sede dell'organizzazione terroristica Hydra, acerrima avversaria degli eroi della Marvel. Col-locato nella nazione immaginaria di Sokovia, Bard è il quartier generale dei cattivi, preso d'assalto con successo dagli Avengers. Su di una parete rocciosa, collocata a ovest della rocca del forte, un inconsueto profilo sembra riprodurre una forma umana: un guerriero di pietra, dal grande volto litico, che sembra rivolgere il suo sguardo attento e severo pro-prio in direzione del forte di Bard. E' in questo contesto che le rilevazioni astroarcheologiche di Cossard diventano un punto di riferimento anche per approfondimenti successivi, estendendone la conoscenza archeologica odierna, all'a-spetto antropologico e quindi psicologico e fisiologico, collegandole all'habitat naturale. Questo per favorirne una decifrazione legata alla pianificazione della vita preistorica, associandola al sorgere del sole e al posizionamento dei pianeti, sino al solstizio d'inverno e d'estate. Le numerose coppelle, alcune con canaletta, il reticolato, le profonde inci-sioni e il loro posizionamento sulla nuda roccia, lo scivolo della fertilità accanto al masso erratico, indicano una serie di operazioni non avvenute a caso all'interno del sito, che si prospetta dunque come un santuario preistorico, e come straordinario punto di osservazione della volta celeste. Il manifesto simbolo solare, raffigurato sul punto più in altro che domina l'area rituale, che si conforma alla caratteristica geomorfologica del luogo creata dal ritiro del ghiacciaio Balteo 20.000 anni fa, si colloca in relazione all'analisi e al controllo che l'uomo primitivo, in questo caso il “sacerdo-te” poneva, con l'acquisizione di nozioni utili alla sopravvivenza stessa del gruppo o meglio del clan. Anche il cielo è stato trascritto dall'uomo del neolitico: lo indicano le costellazioni e l'Orsa Minore che si notano all'inizio delle rocce montonate, e anch'esse raccontano di una Civiltà perduta che ha lasciato evidenti simboli, tracce e testimonianze. Gui-do Cossard ha il merito di aver rimosso dall'oblio una parte della storia antica della Valle d'Aosta, che volutamente è definita “Civiltà perduta”, ma giuntaci con i suoi indelebili messaggi scolpiti su pietra e su roccia. Nel libro, testi e foto su Newgrange (Irlanda) i tumuli di Gavrinis e di Dissignac in Francia, i tumuli del Marocco ed i dolmen pugliesi. Per la parte valdostana, vengono presentati: Saint-Martin-de-Corléans, il dolmen del col d'Arla, la roccia forata di Donnas, il menhir del lago Coperto di Champorcher e a Lillianes il Plan des Sorcières (Piano delle streghe) che citati nel libro, ad ogni effetto propongono una piccola guida del mistero. Informazioni e prenotazione Briviodue cell. 3466286717 - (www.edizionipedrini.it)Note sull'autore Guido CossardDopo aver conseguito la laurea in Fisica, è designato all'appassionante ruolo di Presidente dell'Associazione di Ri-cerche e Studi di Archeoastronomia Valdostana.Attivo conferenziere, ha pubblicato numerosi testi tra cui "Codex 2027. Il cielo degli aztechi e la fine del mondo, Edi-zioni l'Età dell'Acquario (2020), Storia e riti di Capodanno", Rizzoli Editore (1999), "Cieli Perduti. Archeoastrono-mia: le stelle dei popoli antichi" Utet (2018), tradotto in "Firmamentos Perdidos" (Città del Messico, 2015) e sempre per la UTET ha collaborato all'Atlante dell'Universo (1998).In considerazione del contributo da lui dato nel campo dell'archeoastronomia, nel 2005 la International Astronomical Union (IAU) gli ha dedicato il pianetino (4993) 1983 GR, che da allora si chiama Cossard, con la seguente motivazio-ne:"Italian archeoastronomer, Guido Cossard (b. 1958) made a big contribution to the study of megalithic sites located in Valle d'Aosta, in particular on the interpretation of several engravings with astronomical meanings found there. Of particular importance is his work on the Coligny calendar dating back the Celtic period. [Ref: Minor Planet Circ. 53952].IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarehttps://ilpostodelleparole.it/

durée : 01:00:07 - Une heure en France France Bleu - La profusion de jonquilles à Coligny et la seconde vie du congélateur communautaire de Longechenal

A guide to the history and practices of the Druids and the Celtic faith• Reconstructs the Druidic faith from surviving remnants, parallels with other Indo-European traditions, and dedicated study of scholarly sources• Details magical rites and ceremonies, methods for consecrating an outdoor temple, and customs for celebrating important festivals such as Beltaine and Samhain• Discusses rules for firecraft, making offerings to deities and spirits, and the ancient Coligny calendar, including the names of the months in old GaulishDruids and their magic, lore, and rituals have fascinated all those who encounter them, from the ancient Greeks and Romans onward. Even today, the mere mention of their name evokes pictures of standing stones, mistletoe, golden sickles, white-robed priests, and powerful sorcerers. But were they really as we picture them?Drawing on comparative mythology and linguistics, archaeological evidence, and etymology, Teresa Cross offers readers a comprehensive course in the history and development of the Celtic spiritual tradition and its lore, reconstructing the Druidic faith from the remnants that have survived and dedicated study of scholarly sources. She also reveals parallels with other Indo-European traditions, such as the similarities between Celtic and Vedic Hindu beliefs and practices. She chronicles the ethics and spiritual teachings of Druidism and the Celtic faith and examines what happened to these beliefs during centuries of Christianization.Moving from history to practice, Cross details magical rites and ceremonies as practiced by modern-day followers of Druidactos. She explores the structure of the Touta, which roughly corresponds to “tribe,” methods for consecrating a nemeton, the outdoor temple that offers the optimum sacred space for the meeting of heaven and earth, and the rites and customs associated with important festivals such as Beltaine and Samhain. She also explores the rules of firecraft, the sacred art of giving to the cosmos, making offerings to deities and spirits, sacred food and beverages, and the ancient Coligny calendar, including the names of the months in old Gaulish.Offering an authentic handbook for starting your own Celtic group led by Druids, Cross reveals the meanings and metaphysics behind the Celtic and Druidic customs and traditions, reuniting the fragmentary remains of long-lost Druid culture with the still-living practices of the Celtic faith.Teresa Cross has been a Celtic scholar since 1982 and was a member of numerous Celtic cultural organizations, including the Scottish Society of Dallas, Southwest Celtic Music Association, Clan MacKenzie Society, and the Irish P.E.C. She is the author of The Truth about the Druids and a frequent contributor to The Independent Celt. She lives in Kingman, Arizona.

In die week se episode van Podlitiek die onlangse opspraakwekkende hofuitspraak rakende die "Coligny-twee", en ons kyk na hoe en waar matriekvraestelle uitlek. Ons loer ook na wetgewing, en die impak daarvan op verkiesings. Skakel gerus in!Vir meer Podlitiek inhoud teken in op hierdie kanaal sodat jy nie 'n episode misloop nie!Podlitiek op iTunes ► https://tinyurl.com/podlitiekapplePodlitiek op Spotify ► https://tinyurl.com/y6mfuc5fPodlitiek op YouTube ► https://www.youtube.com/c/PodlitiekPodlitiek se webtuiste ► https://www.podmedia.org.za/podlitiekOndersteun #ontnonsens. Koop vir Podlitiek 'n koppie koffie ► https://www.buymeacoffee.com/podlitiek

AfriForum verwelkom die feit dat Phillip Schutte en Pieter Doorewaard onskuldig bevind is op alle aanklagte teen hulle in die Appèlhof in Bloemfontein. Sedert die aankondinging was daar gemengde gevoelens op sosiale media en Andrea van Wyk gesels met Kallie Kriel oor die saak, die reaksie en wat gaan volgende gebeur.

If you are listening to this as a podcast, I implore you to watch the video as well: https://youtu.be/FV45ZMWKVpI Support Morning Shot: Paypal: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/morningshot Zapper: https://zapper.com/url/_TiOeqKZhl Buy my coffee: https://store10490734.ecwid.com/ Email Me: info@morningshot.co.za Twitter: @romancabanac Instagram: @romancab87 Sources: https://www.iol.co.za/news/two-men-convicted-of-coligny-teen-matlhomola-mosweus-murder-now-free-after-sca-overturns-their-conviction-6588830f-06c7-4809-9500-7d1ccbc7e62b Video of protest: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt59e3xIpvU Supra's Statement: https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1506055/coligny-teenager-died-hands-whites-says-mahumapelo/ Vavi's Statement: https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/coligny-we-support-protesters--saftu Pathologist's Report https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/coligny-dr-ruweida-moorads-affidavit R. Malan's Article: https://www.politicsweb.co.za/comment/the-curious-case-of-the-coligny-trial G. Crouse's Article: https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/the-coligny-case-and-the-autopsy-issue J. Myburgh Article: https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/coligny-a-murder-mystery SCA Judgment: https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/coligny-case-the-sca-judgment

Leerlinge in graad 4 tot 9 se punte kan met tot 5% in drie vakke vermeerder word. 'n Dosent, advokaat Rene Koraan, sê die 16 dae veldtog vir geen geweld teen vroue en kinders moet plaasvind om bewusmaking te skep. Die Appèlhof het die twee mans wat skuldig bevind is van die moord op Matlhomola Mosweu in Coligny in Noordwes, vrygespreek. 'n Verdagte is in hegtenis geneem vir die grusame moord op ses familielede in die Oos-Kaap.

Preletora: Cynthia Costa. IPC - Igreja Presbiteriana de Canoas. Cultos aos domingos às 9h e 18h. Contatos: Fones: (51) 3059 9578 e (51) 98111 9569. Rua da Figueira, 383, bairro N. S. das Graças, Canoas - RS. Email: ipbcanoas@ipb.org.br

No ano de 1555, chegou ao Brasil, no Rio de Janeiro uma expedição francesa como uma tentativa de implantação de uma colônia protestante. Essa expedição foi comandada pelo vice-almirante francês Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon (1510-1571) de origem católica, e que inicialmente havia aderido à reforma e o almirante protestante Gaspard II de Coligny (1519-1572). Eles se fixaram na Baía da Guanabara. Lamentavelmente, pouco tempo depois da chegada de Jean Cointac, Villegaignon foi fortemente influenciado por este ex-dominicano. E dessa forma passou a entrar em desentendimento com os pastores calvinistas acerca dos sacramentos e em vários pontos teológicos. Concordo plenamente com Paulo Ferreira quando ele diz que “Villegaignon estava revelando seu verdadeiro caráter. Ele nunca havia se convertido à fé reformada” (Ferreira 2017). Villegaignon lhes apresentou uma série de questionários teológicos e ordenou que estes homens respondessem sobre tais questões em um documento dentro de apenas doze horas. Em razão disso, eles escreveram um documento, que ficou conhecido como a Confissão de Fé da Guanabara (1558). Este documento custaram as suas próprias vidas. - BAIXE A CONFISSÃO DA GUANABARA: https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:7f2dbc9b-cd3a-49ac-a18f-9eccaa3e27a9 - BIBLIOGRAFIA: (Org.), Editora InterSaberes. Apontamentos sobre a história das igrejas cristãs e os livros proféticos da Bíblia. Curitiba: InterSaberes, 2015. Barret, Matthew. Teologia da Reforma. 1. Edição: Matthew Barret. Tradução: Francisco Nunes. Rio de Janeiro: Thomas Nelson Brasil, 2017. Ferreira, Paulo. A Reforma em quatro tempos. 1. Rio de Janeiro: CPAD, 2017. Giraldi, Luiz Antonio. A Bíblia no Brasil Império. 1. Barueri, SP: Sociedade Biblica do Brasil, 2012. - Música: João Manô: Tese 95 (Lutero) Hino "Reforma 500 Anos” - Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil (Lyric Video) --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/teologicamente/message

In today's episode Annie Sargent talks to Jason Sager about the difficult relationship between French Kings and the Catholic church. And we couldn't get through this topic without talking about the French Wars of Religion. And it’s not just Kings, all of France has a complicated relationship with the Catholic church, even today! Just this morning I was talking to one of my neighbors and she brought up the fact that she goes to church regularly but she’s not a grenouille de bénitier. I bet you’ve never heard that expression. A grenouille de bénitier is a person who goes to church so much that she’s compared to a frog who lives in the font where they keep the holy water at the entrance of a Catholic church. You don’t have an expression like that in English, do you? That’s because as far as I know there is no English-speaking country where being a "churchy" person makes you stand out as an odd duck. You’ll get a heavy dose of French history and French culture in today’s episode. French People and the Catholic Church To set the stage, in the early 1500s world-wide you have Columbus sailing off from Spain. A lot of Chateaux were being built on the Loire Valley. François I wanted to be Emperor (but didn't manage). Leonardo da Vinci moved to France. But this is also the time when the wars of religion were happening in France. The Reformation Martin Luther's reformation also happened at that time. 1517-1522 is when he was excommunicated from the Catholic church. This began as a German reformation movement but it moved into France rapidly with John Calvin particularly who started his own reformed church in France. French Protestants are known as Huguenots in France. Huguenots This is something French Kings didn't like to see because they saw themselves as the protectors of the Catholic faith and they didn't want to see a different religion thrive in France. And the Huguenots religion spread very quickly in France, which made it an even bigger perceived threat. By 1560 about 10% of France was already Protestant. Members of the nobility also converted to the new religion. A lot of Bourbons were Protestants. The King of Navarre became a Protestant. Henri II before he died in an accident established a "chambre ardente" with the goal to eliminate the Huguenots from France. He died too soon to see if it worked. By 1560 there were already a lot of Protestants in France. France was supposed to be "la fille ainée de l'Eglise" or the eldest daughter of the church. François I wanted to be called "the most Christian King" to reinforce his relationship with the Catholic church. Henry XVIII in England wanted the title "defneder of the faith" from the Pope to establish himself as an equal to the French King. A Dangerous Situation By 1560 there are a lot of tensions between the Catholics and the rising Protestant minority in France. When Henri II died an untimely death it rattled the structure of power in France. He had 3 sons, but they were too young, so his wife, Catherine de Medici, became the regent. She was terribly unpopular because she was Italian and also a woman. The king, François II was the official king, but he was always in poor health and died of tuberculosis 18 months into his reign. His brother Charles IX succeeded him, but he was also too young to reign by himself. The situation was volatile and uncertain, especially when you take into account the high level of religious strife. Catherine de Medici always tried to find compromises between the Catholics and the Huguenots because she didn't think eliminating the Protestants would work. On the other hand, the Guise family who were ultra Catholic really believed in eliminating the Protestants. Duc de Guise at Vassy The Duc de Guise went through the town of Vassy where Protestants were allowed so long as they didn't worship within the walls of the city. He realized that they were breaking the law and worshiping inside the city. He sent his men to stop them from doing so and a firefight broke out.  Several Protestants were killed and this is one of the events that ignited the French Wars of Religion. This event is what convinced the Condé family and the Bourbons that it was time to take up arms to defend their Huguenot faith.  The Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars that went on for about 40 years. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre took place under Charles IX in August 1572 and it's a bit of a mystery what started it. The Admiral Gaspard de Coligny (who was a Protestant and had been advocating for war against the Dutch) was shot but not killed. And this set off a chain of events between Protestants and Catholics that turned Paris into a powder cake. It is probable that the King himself sent a message to kill all Protestants on the night of August 24th. He might have done that because his sister married into the Navarre family (who were Protestants) and a lot of high-ranking Protestants were in Paris for the occasion. He was hoping to eradicate the new religion that way. About 3000 Protestants were killed that night in Paris alone and another 10,000 died all over France in the next couple of weeks. The level of indiscriminate violence the Catholic forces used against Protestants is shocking. The Wars, Massacres and Troubles of Tortorel and Perrissin is one hard to find book that illustrated the horrors of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Henri IV and the Edict of Nantes Henri IV was raised a Protestant and only became a Catholic to suit his political needs. The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 and that's what attempted to give some freedom to practice the Protestant religion. The Edict of Nantes is seen as the official end of the Wars of Religion although it was rescinded by Louis XIV one hundred years later. In a sense the Wars of Religion didn't end until the late 1600s. Were the Wars of Religion truly about religion or were they a political conflict between powers?  It was probably both. The noble families were using religion as leverage to gain power. But there was also a lot of religious fervor at the time and a lot of violence was perpetrated by people who were acting out of fanaticism. There were people who saw their neighbors as a cancer just because they didn't share the same religious beliefs. Louis XIII and his Confessor Jean Arnoulx Henri IV was assassinated by a Catholic, Ravaillac, who didn't believe the King had truly converted. He is followed by another Regency (by his mother Marie de Medici) and then Louis XIII. Louis XIII is the young king who hired strong man Cardinal Richelieu to help his side-step the power of his mother. Both Jean Arnoulx and Richelieu wrote in opposition to the Protestant religion. They wanted to secure the support of the Catholic church for the French King because in the past the church said they weren't doing enough to get rid of the Protestants. There were pamphlet wars in which people accused one-another of being bad subjects to the King (and therefore bad French people) because they weren't Catholic. In their view, in order to be French you also had to be a Catholic. The retort to that was that no Protestant had killed a French King yet, that it was crazy Catholics who did this sort of thing. Catholics never had a good response to that because it was indeed true. The Catholic Church in France Even today when you visit France, you will see that there are giant Catholic churches in tiny villages. That's because everyone went to church back then.  The Church was the biggest organizing force in French life until the Revolution and by then French people truly hated the church. French Kings since Clovis have been defenders of the Church, so when the Monarchy went, the church went with it. Jean Bossuet, under Louis XIV said the King was the representative of God on earth. Everybody in France, even Victor Hugo, though that the Kings represented on the facade of Notre Dame were the French Kings. In reality they were the Kings of Israel. There was a complete conflation of church and State in France until the Revolution. And then the divorce was brutal. Louis XVI got in big trouble with the people of Paris because he didn't want the priests to have to pledge to the new Constitution. And this is one of the major reasons why he didn't survive the Revolution, because he was seen as continuing to side with clergy. Jason's Favorite Places in Paris The Basilica of Saint Denis: It is a masterpiece in many regards, but the stained glass is marvelous there. Notre Dame de Paris Walking through streets like Rue Saint Jacques and knowing what happened there in the 5th arrondissement (where rue Saint Jacques and rue Saint Germain intersect). Cluny Museum More episodes about French history   Email | Facebook | Instagram | Pinterest | Twitter   Did you get my VoiceMap Paris tours yet? They are designed for people who want to see the best of Paris neighborhoods and put what they are looking at into historical context. There are so many great stories in Paris. Don't walk right past them without having a clue what happened there! You can buy them directly from the VoiceMap app or click here to order activation codes at the podcast listener discount price.   Discussed in this Episode What's grenouille de bénitier? Fille ainée de l'Eglise French Wars of Religion Duc de Guise and Vassy The Edict of Nantes Bastides were established with commerce at their center instead of the church No Protestant ever killed a French King but two Catholics did! The French King is branded as Christ on Earth Louis XVI refuses to subject priests to the new Constitution Jason's favorite places in Paris The Basilica of Saint Denis Notre Dame Cluny Museum Support the Show Tip Your Guide Extras Patreon Audio Tours Merchandise If you enjoyed this episode, you should also listen to related episode(s): Lourdes, Episode 100 A Great Visit to the Chateau of Pau, Episode 191 Read more about this episode Guest Notes  Category: French History

On this day in Tudor history, 27th August 1557, St Quentin was stormed by English and Imperial forces. Admiral de Coligny and his French troops, numbering only a thousand, were overcome by around 60,000 soldiers, and St Quentin fell. Henry Dudley, the youngest son of the late John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, was killed by a cannonball during the storming.  Find out about the siege and battle, and what happened next, in today's talk from historian Claire Ridgway. You can see this podcast as a video at the following link:https://youtu.be/W1U1ZqajrUs Also on this day in Tudor history, 27th August 1549, the Battle of Dussindale took place near Norwich, in East Anglia. It ended Kett’s Rebellion once and for all. Find out what happened on that day in 1549 and what happened to the rebels who survived the battle, in last year’s video - https://youtu.be/9mUmt9J6_FE 

On this day, we remember Philip Melanchthon, b. 1497, and Gaspard de Coligny, b. 1519. The reading is "The Spirit searches everything" by Tania Runyon. We’re a part of 1517 Podcasts, a network of shows dedicated to delivering Christ-centered content. Our podcasts cover a multitude of content, from Christian doctrine, apologetics, cultural engagement, and powerful preaching. Support the work of 1517 today.

Die organisasie South Africa Day beplan om opknapwerk in Alexandra te doen. South Africa Day het bekend geword na die organisasie in 2017 met 'n projek begin het om infrastruktuur en dienste in die Noordwes-dorp Coligny te herstel. Mariëtta Kruger het met met Barend la Grange van South Africa Day gepraat.

L'historien Henri Hauser écrivait, que la Saint-Barthélemy avait fait couler « à peine moins d'encre que de sang ». 10 000 morts protestants tout de même, 3000 à Paris, le reste en Province entre août et octobre 1572 ! Ça fait beaucoup de sang. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/hndl  Avec: Laurent Turcot, professeur en histoire à l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada Écriture: Jérémie Foa Références: Foa Jérémie, «Les droits fragiles. L'insécurité juridique des huguenots au temps des guerres de Religion», Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, n° 64-2 , Belin, Paris, 2017, p. 93-108, [texte intégral : https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2017-2-p-93.htm] Foa Jérémie, «Protestants et catholiques n'ont-ils rien en commun ? Politisations ordinaires au temps des guerres civiles de Religion», Politix, n° 119, 2017, p. 31-51, [texte intégral : https://www.cairn.info/revue-politix-2017-3-p-31.htm] Foa Jérémie, «L'histoire au ras du sol. Temps, mémoire et oubli au lendemain des premières guerres de Religion», in Christin Olivier et Krumenacker Yves (dir.), Les protestants à l'époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, 2017, p. 279-290 Foa Jérémie, Le tombeau de la paix. Une histoire des édits de pacification (1560-1572). Préface d'Olivier Christin, PULIM, Limoges, 2015, 546 pages Abonnez-vous à ma chaine: https://www.youtube.com/c/LHistoirenousledira Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/histoirenousledira Les vidéos sont utilisées à des fins éducatives selon l'article 107 du Copyright Act de 1976 sur le Fair-Use. Pour aller plus loin: AMALOU, Thierry. Le lys et la mitre : loyalisme monarchique et pouvoir épiscopal pendant les guerres de religion, 1580-1610. Paris : Éditions du CTHS 2007. BOURGEON, Jean-Louis. L'assassinat de Coligny. Genève, Droz, 1992. CROUZET, Denis. Le haut cœur de Catherine de Medicis : une raison politique aux temps de la Saint-Barthelemy. Paris, A. Michel, 2005. GARRISON, Janine. 1572, la Saint-Barthelemy. Bruxelles, Complexe, 1998 JOUANNA, Arlette. La Saint-Barthélemy : les mystères d'un crime d'État, 24 août 1572. Paris : Gallimard c2007. LE ROUX, Nicolas. Les guerres de religion : 1559-1629. Paris : Belin c2009

Nous sommes aujourd'hui à Patay avec Madame Eliane Walter de l'Association Effet de Cerf, association d'histoire locale qui oeuvre à faire connaitre L'histoire de la ville et la vie de Jeanne d'Arc. L'église est située sur l'un des points le plus élévés de Patay, sans doute construite sur un ancien temple païen. Patay a été évangélisé par saint Martin accompagné de Saintt Brice et Saint Plet. Les soubassements de l'église datent du IXème siècle. Saccagée par les Normands, elle fut reconstruite au XIIème siècle. Incendiée pendant la guerre de cent ans, la voûte fut restaurée mais de nouveau brûlée par les armées de Gaspars de Coligny. reconstruite puis agrandie d'un choeur au XVIème siècle elle devint un dépôt de vin pendant la Révolution et subit encore des modifications au XIXème siècle. Grâce aux artisans et aux efforts financiers de la commune et divers organismes, elle recouvre une beauté propice à la prière et à la méditation.

This episode turns from the events in Europe to examine the Huguenot attempts at colonization in Brazil and Florida.

Retrouvez-nous sur notre site : 365histoires.com et retrouvez nos centaines d'histoires en audio, bandes dessinées et illustrations. Regardez nos histoires en vidéo sur YouTube à cette adresse : www.youtube.com/365histoires Un jeune Français blessé au siège de Saint-Quentin était étendu languissant sur la couchette d’un hôpital ; ses regards tombèrent sur un feuillet que quelqu’un avait posé. Il le lut et sa vie en fut transformée. Le monument de ce soldat se trouve devant l’église réformée de l’Oratoire, à Paris. Il tient une bible à la main. Ce soldat, c’était l’amiral de Coligny. Mais le petit feuillet n’avait pas terminé son œuvre. Après avoir apporté dans le cœur de Coligny la conviction des vérités de l’Evangile, il tomba entre les mains d’une sœur de la Miséricorde qui soignait le soldat. Terrifiée et pénitente à l’idée d’avoir lu des déclarations si contraires à tout ce qu’elle révérait, la sœur se hâta d’aller confesser ses péchés à la supérieure. Cette dernière, pour juger de la culpabilité de la pénitente, fut obligée de lire le traité. Tandis qu’elle le lisait, une grande lumière brilla dans son cœur. La conviction apportée par cette lumière l’obligea à quitter la France et à s’en aller au Palatinat où elle emporta le feuillet contenant le message divin. Ce n’était qu’une feuille de papier, coûtant quelques centimes seulement ; mais destinée à se tenir devant les rois. En effet, l’ex-sœur supérieure rencontra Guillaume d’Orange et devint sa femme. Le feuillet qui l’avait éclairée encouragea le prince à tenir ferme pour les vérités évangéliques. Tout cela parce qu’un inconnu laissa un jour un petit traité sur une couchette d’hôpital ! L’apôtre Paul disait : Je n’ai pas honte de l’Evangile, c’est la puissance de Dieu pour le salut de quiconque croit !Romains 1 : 16.

Die kontemporêre Suid-Afrika vandag kan mooi beskryf word deur die bekende woorde van Charles Dickens. Ons land beleef werklik terselfde tyd die beste van tye asook die ergste van tye. Tye van wysheid en tye van dwaasheid. Hierdie week bespreek Podlitiek vier van due gebeure in hierdie kontrasterende tye naamlik die skokkende Facebook video van die afgelope week, die DA se verkiesingsveldtog en die beweerde onthullings oor die Coligny moordsaak.Vir meer Podlitiek inhoud teken in op hierdie kanaal sodat jy nie 'n episode misloop nie! Podlitiek se webtuiste ► www.podlitiek.orgPodlitiek op Facebook ► https://www.facebook.com/podlitiek/ Podlitiek op Castbox ► https://castbox.fm/ch/1488554Podlitiek op SoundCloud ► https://soundcloud.com/podlitiek-podlitiekPodlitiek op iTunes ►https://tinyurl.com/podlitiekapple

This episode is a very “broad strokes” episode, where we cover some key events of the French Wars of Religion and basically just get a better idea of how that played into their new world activities. Or, to be more precise, how the civil wars curtailed their activities, most notably with the murder of Coligny … Continue reading Episode 27 – The French Wars of Religion

Coligny was not put off by the failure of France Antarctique. In 1562, he dispatched Jean Ribault to found a Huguenot settlement in America. The settlement, Charlesfort, was short-lived owing to the distractions of France’s civil wars and Ribault’s imprisonment in England. In 1564, Coligny sent out another expedition under the command of Rene de … Continue reading Episode 25 – Coligny’s Colonies

Soos talle kleiner dorpe in die land, word Coligny in Noordwes ook gekenmerk deur vervalle infrastruktuur en 'n onnet voorkoms. Maar inwoners woel en spook deesdae om hul dorp se eertydse glorie te herstel. Izak du Plessis berig.

Le manuscrit est à découvrir sur Gallica : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8447838j Guillaume Le Testu (ca. 1509-1573) traverse la première moitié du XVIe siècle en sillonnant les mers lointaines, dont il dresse la cartographie ; ou plutôt la « cosmographie ». En effet, dans le goût de l'époque, c'est l'univers qu'il cherche à décrire, donnant à voir bien davantage qu'un essai de géographie. Habile navigateur capable de s'orienter grâce à la position des astres, formé à l'école de cartographie de Dieppe, il est l'auteur d'un magnifique atlas manuscrit richement enluminé, qu'il dessine et peint pour l'amiral de France Gaspard de Coligny, au retour des voyages qu'il fait entre 1552 et 1556, notamment au Brésil. Composée de 56 cartes commentées, dont 6 planisphères, l'oeuvre de Le Testu se veut un état de la connaissance d'un monde bouleversé par les grandes découvertes. Elle témoigne également d'une approche portée par la mythologie, griffons et licornes, Amazones et Cyclope peuplant les pages de l'ouvrage, sans doute comme l'imaginaire de ses lecteurs privilégiés… Jean-François Dubos est conservateurdu patrimoine, chef du département de la bibliothèque du SHD.

Die organisasie South Africa Day het besluit om 'n opbouingsprojek in die Noordwes-dorpie Coligny te loods. Die dorp sal later hierdie maand weer in die nuus wees wanner twee mans in verband met die dood van 'n tienerjarige, Matlhomola Mosweu, in die hof sal verskyn. Anita Visser praat met die bedryfshoof van South Africa Day, Barend La Grange.

Numero di dicembre della rivista Amico dei Fanciulli, delle chiese valdesi, metodiste e battiste.Tra i vari articoli presenti anche un approfondimento sulla figura di Louise de Coligny, donna protestante del 1500 e un articolo dedicato a Lutero in versione "pupo siciliano".Si trova anche lo spartito della canzone TVB Gesù, inserita nel Cd di musiche protestanti "Da bimbo a bimba. Canti di ieri e di oggi". Ce lo presenta Sara Tourn, direttrice di redazione.

Numero di dicembre della rivista Amico dei Fanciulli, delle chiese valdesi, metodiste e battiste.Tra i vari articoli presenti anche un approfondimento sulla figura di Louise de Coligny, donna protestante del 1500 e un articolo dedicato a Lutero in versione "pupo siciliano".Si trova anche lo spartito della canzone TVB Gesù, inserita nel Cd di musiche protestanti "Da bimbo a bimba. Canti di ieri e di oggi". Ce lo presenta Sara Tourn, direttrice di redazione.

In an exclusive hour-long discussion, author and journalist Rian Malan sits down with the Renegade Report. Rian explains his reasons for going into exile during Apartheid, what influenced his return to the country, and the complex political landscape he discovered thereafter. The conversation touches on Rian's transition from socialism in his youth to a more conservative outlook today. Jonathan probes Rian on his experiences in Coligny and Roman harshly questions the subsequent criticism he has received for his writings thereof. Towards the end of the discussion the tables are turned on the hosts and Mr Malan asks them to expand on their views around black leadership in South Africa, as well as the Trump presidency.

Renegade Media — CliffCentral.com — In an exclusive hour-long discussion, author and journalist Rian Malan sits down with the Renegade Report. Rian explains his reasons for going into exile during Apartheid, what influenced his return to the country, and the complex political landscape he discovered thereafter. The conversation touches on Rian's transition from socialism in his youth to a more conservative outlook today. Jonathan probes Rian on his experiences in Coligny and Roman harshly questions the subsequent criticism he has received for his writings thereof. Towards the end of the discussion the tables are turned on the hosts and Mr Malan asks them to expand on their views around black leadership in South Africa, as well as the Trump presidency.

The family of 16-year-old Matlhomola Mosweu who was killed in Coligny in North-West last month, is to receive three houses from the Human Settlements Department and non-governmental organisation, Gift of the Givers. Two farmers are accused of killing Moshoeu by throwing him off a moving bakkie. This triggered violent protests in the small farming town. Sisi Segalo reports

Schools have reopened in the trouble torn Coligny township in the North West after three weeks of disruptions which have left the area racially divided. Some houses belonging to white residents were burnt after two men accused of killing a teenage boy were released on bail. Our reporter Lucas Mothibedi filled this report.

Schooling is expected to resume this morning in the small farming town of Coligny in the North West. The town was engulfed by violent protests for the past two weeks. Residents disrupted classess forcing learners to support the community in solidarity against the killing of the sixteen year old Matlhomola Mosweu allegedly by 2 farmers who have since appeared in court.

Die afgelope twee weke se geweld op Coligny laat meer as net 'n wrang smaak in die mond. Talle vrae sonder antwoorde woel in die harte van die inwoners. Izak du Plessis het die dorp besoek om antwoorde op díe vrae te kry.

North West Premier Supra Mahumapelo, says his government is preparing what he called the best legal team, to have the bail application of two men in Coligny accused of killing a school boy, revoked. Mahumapelo who is set to visit the area today, also accused the magistrate on the case of being irrational.This is after the release of murder-accused, Pieter Doreeward and Phillip Schutte on bail - a decision that triggered violent protests. Our reporter Lucas Mothibedi has the details

North West Premier Supra Mahumapelo, says his government is preparing what he called the best legal team, to have the bail application of two men in Coligny accused of killing a school boy, revoked. Mahumapelo who is set to visit the area Friday, also accused the magistrate on the case of being irrational.This is after the release of murder-accused, Pieter Doreeward and Phillip Schutte on bail a decision that triggered violent protests. Our reporter Lucas Mothibedi has the details...

Violent protests over the death of a 16 year old boy at the hands of two white males, have heightened in the farming town of Coligny have led to a series of meetings by both government and some political parties. While the provincial government is preaching tolerance and reconciliation - the EFF has encouraged them otherwise as few racial dimensions emerge in the troubled North West town. Lucas Mothibedi has more...

The situation at Coligny in the North West remains tense with police still maintaining a high presence this morning. Clashes between police and residents continued into the late night. Residents want the bail of two local men accused of killing a 16 year old boy to be revoked. Learners in the Tlhabologang township remain trapped due to the ongoing violence while a few businessess started operating this morning. with police still maintaining a high presence this morning. Clashes between police and residents continued into the late night. Residents want the bail of two local men accused of killing a 16 year old boy to be revoked. Learners in the Tlhabologang township remain trapped due to the ongoing violence while a few businessess started operating this morning.

The R503 and N4 road linking Lichtenburg and Coligny and the N14 linking Coligny and Ventersdorp in the North West, have been opened for traffic. They were closed last night following violent protests. This, after residents in the area went on rampage yesterday after a local court granted bail to two men who allegedly killed a sixteen year old Matlhomola Mosweu three weeks ago. Mosweu was killed for allegedly stealing a sunflower at a farm.

The bail application of two North West men, accused of killing a sixteen year old boy in Coligny ,has been postponed to Friday for judgment. This is to allow both the state and the defence team to wrap-up their arguments, which were entirely centred on the evidence by the top police investigator in the case. Brigadier Clifford Kgalane testified today that the only state witness was captured by the accused and put in the back of the bakkie with the boy's body. The defence rejected this, while the state now wants to call another witness. Magistrate Makgaola Foso was reluctant to postpone the case

More criminal charges are expected to be added in the case involving two men accused of killing a 16-year-old boy in Coligny in the North West. Pieter Doorenwaard and Phillip Schutte, were applying for bail yesterday (tuesday 2 May),and the matter was postponed to today. Despite the murder charges they are facing, fresh charges including kidnapping, defeating the ends of justice and intimidation of state witnesses are expected to be added this morning. The leading investigating officer in the case, spent the whole day, explaining chilling details on how the two accused allegedly killed the deceased. Lucas Mothibedi reports

A bail application of two men accused of killing a sixteen year old Coligny boy, will be heard this morning at the Coligny Magistrate Court in the North West. The matter was initially set of the 9th of this month, after the presiding magistrate in the case recused himself, citing fears for his safety. Yesterday {01/05}, the North West High Court granted an urgent application to bring forward to today the previous date. This is after the accused filed an urgent application, saying their continued incarceration without bail, is unconstitutional. Our reporters Lucas Mothibedi and Zebilon Maine filed the following report

Die mense van Coligny maak sedert verlede week die stukkies van hulle lewe bymekaar ná grootskaalse geweld op die dorp. 'n Groep wat ongelukkig is oor die dood van 'n twaalfjarige seun, nadat hy glo sonneblomme gesteel het, het die dorp ingevaar en talle ondernemings geplunder en gevandaliseer. Die groot vraag is nou: Wat het verkeerd geloop op Coligny? Izak du Plessis het Coligny besoek.

Police presence is expected to continue today to monitor the situation at three townships of Itsoseng, Blaaideville and Coligny in North West. Residents are demanding for the provision of basic services such as water and housing from the cash strapped Ditsobotla Local Municpality. The council has been struggling to pay its staff wages as well as service providers such as Eskom. Sakina Kamwendo chats Provincial police spokesperson, Colonel Sabata Mokgwabone

After the clashing of swords stopped it was time to sail west but this time it would be to establish a colony for the sake of religion.  Admiral de Coligny would choose Jean Ribaut to command and establish a French Protestant (Huguenots) colony on the land called Florida. The Spanish would not take kindly to this “invasion”. The Spanish commander Pedro Menendez would have the last word and not at all respectably.  Can’t we all just get along?

The often untold history leading up to the first Thanksgiving.  Jeff tells about one of his favorite topics in history: the Florida Holy Wars of the 1560s; this is the Thanksgiving that almost was.  Dan gives the true story of the Pilgrims' first thanksgiving meal.  We argue that Thanksgiving is a holiday with religious roots, but that the holiday as we have it today originates in the secular or "left hand" kingdom, and thus is of value to all people in the US.  Foreign listeners should listen to find out why we Americans have such a fetish for Turkey once a year, and for some interesting stories from early modern history.  

They are all, like Ray Milland, "The Man with the X-Ray Eyes" -- these Huguenot heroes: Marot, Duplessis-Mornay, de Beze, de Coligny, de Rohan, d'Aubigne. That includes their English co-religionists, such as Whitgift and Abbott and Grindal. These are eyes of defeat, eyes that convey an end to self-reference, eyes of a markedly ego-less state. You simply have to undergo defeat, have to, in order to, well, become a little child. Old ancient wisdom.

Elaine de Coligny, Executive Director of EveryOneHome shares the results of the 2009 Homeless Count for Alameda County with Joanne Greene. 200 volunteers surveyed over 1,200 individuals in January to update local data on how many people and the characteristics of those who are homeless and at-risk of homelessness. Their findings also examine housing situations ranging from on the streets, in shelters, at imminent risk of eviction, staying with friends or relatives on a temporary basis, and in permanent housing using local safety net services.

Elaine de Coligny, Executive Director of EveryOneHome shares the results of the 2009 Homeless Count for Alameda County with Joanne Greene. 200 volunteers surveyed over 1,200 individuals in January to update local data on how many people and the characteristics of those who are homeless and at-risk of homelessness. Their findings also examine housing situations ranging from on the streets, in shelters, at imminent risk of eviction, staying with friends or relatives on a temporary basis, and in permanent housing using local safety net services.

The title of this episode is – A Needless Tragedy.We backtrack now a bit. We're going back to that period of European history following the Reformation called the Wars of Religion. We do so to take a look at a single day; Aug 24, 1572 in Paris, and the infamous event that happened then and there = the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.We do this because while it's a lot more detailed look at something than we usually get into, it illustrates the impact the Reformation had on Europe and, I think, the Modern World.John Calvin was French but his reforming work was centered in Geneva, Switzerland. It didn't take long for his influence to spread back to his native homeland so that by 1555, Calvinism had firm roots there. French Calvinists were called Huguenots – a word of unknown origin but was meant as a mockery of Protestants. Calvinism spread rapidly and soon there were a couple thousand French Reformed churches with close to half the French switching from Catholic churches to Huguenot fellowships.What made things difficult for the French Monarchy, which remained firmly Catholic, was that many of the nobility were Huguenots. Bear in mind that at that time, religious affiliation and political alignment were regarded by most Europeans as one and the same. A showdown between French Catholics and Protestants seemed inevitable.Enter the scheming Queen Mother of France, Catherine de Medici; a die-hard Roman Catholic. She arranged for her daughter, Margaret of Valois, to be married on August 18th of 1572 to the Protestant King, Henry of Navarre. The hope in Paris was that this marriage would bring peace between warring Catholics and Protestants. Nobles who'd fought each other the previous decade turned out for the celebration. Thousands of Protestants came to Paris for the wedding, and the festivities lasted for days.But while Catherine de Médici planned her daughter's wedding, she was also plotted the assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny [koh-LEE-nee], one of the main leaders of the Huguenots.On Aug. 22nd, the assassination attempt failed. The plot, so soon after the royal wedding, threatened to badly embarrass the royal family. Near midnight the following day, Charles IX, the 22 yr-old French king and brother of the bride, in a fit of rage, screamed at his mother, “If you're going to kill Coligny, why don't you kill all the Huguenots in France, so there'll be none left to hate me.”Catherine wasn't one to put up with the pique of her petulant son and decided to follow up on his suggestion. She ordered the murder of all Huguenot leaders still in Paris, including those who'd attended the wedding. The massacre began on Aug 24, 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day. Admiral Coligny was murdered first as he knelt in prayer.Many of the Huguenot nobles were lodged at the Louvre. They were called into the courtyard and shot one by one as they appeared. During the night, the homes of Paris Huguenots were each marked with white crosses. Before daybreak, messengers were sent throughout the city crying out, “Kill! Kill! The King commands it.” A murdering frenzy fell on the whole city. Entire Huguenot families were taken into the streets and murdered. The dawn of St. Bartholomew's Day revealed many thousands of martyred Huguenots.The craze spread to the provinces in the following days and weeks, the death toll somewhere between 30 and 40 thousand. Admiral Coligny's head was embalmed and sent to Rome as a gift to Pope Gregory XIII. When it reached Rome, the Pope and his cardinals staged a Mass of Thanksgiving.The massacre was not without cost to Charles IX. He began having horrific nightmares. In less than two years, he lay dying at the age of only 24. His last days were plagued with visions of his victims. He cried to his nurse, “What bloodshed, what murders! What evil counsel have I followed? O my God, forgive me!. . . I am lost!”That's the short version of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Now for a little more depth.The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its most prominent leaders, as well as many re-conversions by commoners back to Catholicism while those who remained Protestant were increasingly radicalized.Though by no means unique, the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the worst of the century's religious atrocities. Throughout Europe, it impressed on Protestants the firm conviction Catholics were bloody and treacherous. But some of those Protestants ought to have seen how they treated other Protestants of a different flavor, as well as Catholics, with the same kind of brutality when they had the chance.While the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre seems a violent but quickly burnt-out fit of hatred, it was in truth the culmination of a series of events.1st – The Peace of Saint-Germain in 1570 put an end to 3 years of terrible civil war between French Catholics and Protestants. But the peace was precarious since many Catholics refused to accept it. The famous Guise [gice] family led this faction and so fell out of favor at the French court. Meanwhile, the Huguenot political and military leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny was readmitted to the king's council in September of 1571.Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the king and queen mother, the afore-mentioned Charles IX and Catherine de Medici were determined not to let war break out again. Being were well aware of the kingdom's financial difficulties, they knew more war would bankrupt them so they were determined to stay friendly with Coligny. The Huguenots were in a strong defensive position as they controlled not a few of the fortified towns across France.To cement the peace between the two groups, Catherine offered to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant prince Henry of Navarre, the future King Henry IV. The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. But it was rejected by staunch Catholics. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's plan.2nd - The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris, who'd come to escort their prince. But Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a Catholic princess to a Protestant.  The French Parliament snubbed the marriage ceremony altogether.3rd - Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that recent harvests were poor and taxes had risen to pay for civil wars. The rise in food prices, set against the backdrop of the obscene luxury displayed by the nobles on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tension among the people. A particular point of complaint was a cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot martyred a couple yrs before. A mob tore down his house and erected a large wooden cross in its place. Under the terms of the Peace of Saint-Germain, the cross was removed in Dec. 1571. That led to riots that killed fifty and saw massive property damage. In the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob.4th - The royal court itself was divided. Catherine hadn't obtained the Pope's permission for the royal marriage; so the French clergy hesitated about what to do. It took all Catherine's considerable skill to convince Cardinal de Bourbon to officiate the wedding ceremony. And note who were' talking about here. This is Catherine DE MEDICI, of the eminently famous and powerful Italian banking family.5th - In the years leading up to the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against, not just the policies of the monarchy, but following the trend of Protestant thought, toward monarchy in principle. This trend would grow greatly after the Massacre as the Huguenots laid blame for it at the foot of the throne.6th - Tensions were further raised in May, 1572 when news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau crossed into a Dutch province and captured a couple of Catholic strongholds. This was all so Louis could assist his brother William in his political ambitions. French Catholics were furious that all of France was being dragged into a war with the Netherlands and Spain they had nothing to do with.All these ingredients mixed in the pot to produce a tension just waiting for a spark to ignite.After the wedding on August 18, Coligny and leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king.On the 22nd, an attempt was made on Coligny's life as he made his way home from the Louvre. He was shot from the upstairs window of a home owned by the Guises and seriously wounded. The would-be assassin escaped in the confusion that followed.The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised the culprits would be punished.While Catherine was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some going so far as to threaten her. The fears of Huguenot reprisals grew in the palace. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army that was at that moment camped just outside the city, and though there's no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the general populace of the city.So that evening, Catherine held a meeting with her Italian advisers. On the evening of the 23rd, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. Though no details of the meeting survive, it seems Charles and his mother decided to eliminate the Protestant leaders, meaning between 2 and 3 dozen of the noblemen still in Paris. They thought this would gut the Huguenots of their leadership and leave the Protestants powerless. They hoped it would squelch any real attempts at attacking the royals.Shortly after this decision, municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry in order to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The king's Swiss Guard was given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. It's difficult to determine the exact chronology of events and know the moment the killing began. It seems a signal was given by ringing bells at a church near the Louvre. The Swiss guards expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle, then slaughtered them in the streets.A group led by the Duke of Guise dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out a window.  And all the tension building since the Peace of St. Germain exploded in a wave of popular mob violence. Commoners hunted Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Chains were used to block streets so Protestants couldn't escape from their houses. The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. The massacre in Paris lasted 3 days despite the king's attempts to stop it.The leading Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre just 19 and newly married to Catherine's daughter, was spared and pledged to convert to Catholicism. He later renounced his feigned conversion when he escaped the madhouse that was Paris.On Aug 26th, the king fabricated an “official” version of events—saying that he ordered the massacre to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. A celebration and parade were held, while the killings continued in parts of the city.Although King Charles dispatched orders to the provincial governors on Aug. 24th to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the Peace of Saint-Germain, from August to October, massacres of Huguenots took place in a dozen French cities. In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of a month.In many cities across France, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was far larger than those actually killed. Because in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism. For instance, in Rouen [ruin], where a few hundred were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from over 16 thousand to fewer than 3 thousand as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities and countries.Soon afterward, both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year.The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre with the ensuing turmoil that fell out from the Reformation in all Europe went far in shaping the mindset of succeeding generations. You can make a good case for the emergence of the Enlightenment's suspicion of religion because of the horrendous bad behavior of people in the name of God during the Wars of Religion.Of course, as we've said in previous episodes, it was often politicians and power-hungry prelates who hid behind religion and used the name of God in a bald grab for temporal power. They knew the common people could be manipulated by a religious argument more easily than by admitting they just wanted more land or power. Today, politicians seek to dispatch their opponents by saying they're wrong on this or that political issue. In 16th and 17th C Europe, they did so by accusing their opponents of heresy.As we finish this episode, I again want to say thanks to all who've visited the CS FB page and given us a like. If you haven't done that yet, let me encourage you to do so.And if you use iTunes as your portal to CS, giving the podcast a review there goes a long way in getting the word out.CS is sustained by your donation of any amount.Thanks.

This episode is titled, “Wars of Religion”In our review of the Reformation, we began with a look at its roots and the long cry for reform heard in the Roman church. We saw its genesis in Germany with Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, its impact on Switzerland with Zwingli and later with the Frenchman John Calvin. John Knox carried it to his native Scotland and Thomas Cranmer led it in England.We've taken a look at the Roman Catholic response in what's called the Counter-Reformation, but probably ought to be labelled the Catholic Reformation. We briefly considered the Council of Trent where the Roman Church affirmed its perspective on many of the issues raised by Protestants and for the first time, a clear line was drawn, marking the differences in doctrine between the two groups. We saw the Jesuits, the learned shock-troops of the Roman Church sent out on both mission and to counter the impact of the Reformation in the regions of Europe being swung toward the Protestant camp.Let's talk a little more about the Catholic Counter-Reformation because Europe is about to plunge into several decades of war due to the differing religious affiliations of its various kingdoms.There were at least four ingredients in the Counter-Reformation.The first concerned the religious orders of the Catholic Church. There was a spiritual renewal within older orders like the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Benedictines. Reform among the Franciscans led to the founding of the Capuchins in 1528. Their energetic work among the Italian peasantry kept them loyal to Rome.Second, new orders sprang up. Groups like the Theatines [Thee a teen] who called both clergy and laity to a godly lifestyle. The Ursulines [Ursa-leens] were an order for women who cared for the sick and poor. And then of course, there were the Jesuits.The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, were the most important of the new orders. Founded in Paris in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola, the order required total obedience of its members for the furtherance of the interests of the Roman church. While there were good and godly Jesuits, men who worked tirelessly to expand the Kingdom of God, there were also some whose motives were less noble. Okay, let's be frank; they were diabolical. Utterly unscrupulous in their methods, they believed it was permissible to do evil if good came of it. They resurrected the Inquisition in the 16th C making it an effective tool in stomping out the Reformation in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium.Jesuits infiltrated government offices and used every means fair or foul to advance the cause of the Rome. Lest Catholic listeners take offense to this, understand that their power became so great and their methods so immoral, the Pope suppressed the order from 1773 to 1814.Also, it should be noted when Ignatius launched the Society, a counterattack on the Reformation was not in view. His ambition was missionary with a keen desire to convert Muslims. The three major goals of the Jesuits were to convert pagans, combat heresy, and promote education. It was their solemn oath to obey the Pope that led to their being used as a tool of the Counter-Reformation.A third aspect of the Counter-Reformation was the Council of Trent. The cardinals elected a Dutch theologian as a reform pope in 1522. He admitted that the problems Rome had with the Lutherans came because of the corruption of the Church, from the papal office down. As was saw a couple episodes ago, in 1536, Pope Paul III appointed a special panel of cardinals to prepare a report on the condition of the Church. That report gave Luther much ammunition for his critique of  Rome. It conceded that Protestantism resulted from the “ambition, avarice, and cupidity” of Catholic bishops.The Roman Church realized it needed to address the issues raised by the Reformers. The Council of Trent was the answer. It met in three main sessions, under the terms of three different popes, from 1545 to 63. Participants came from Italy, Spain, France, and Germany. The Council decided a wide array of issues.In direct response to Lutheran challenges, the Council abolished indulgence-sellers, defined obligations of the clergy, regulated the use of relics, and ordered the restructuring of bishops.The doctrinal work of Trent is summarized in the Tridentine Profession of Faith, which championed Roman Catholic dogma and provided a theological response to Protestants. Trent rejected justification by faith alone and promoted the necessity of meritorious works as necessary for salvation. It validated the seven sacraments as bestowing merit on believers and their necessity for salvation. It affirmed the value of tradition as a basis of authority alongside the Bible. It approved the canonicity of the apocryphal books of the Old Testament; made official the existence of purgatory; the value of images, relics, indulgences, the invocation of saints; and the importance of confession to a priest. It also defined more specifically the sacrificial aspects of the mass and decided that only the bread should be distributed to the laity.The Tridentine statement made reconciliation with Protestantism impossible.The Council's work constituted a statement of faith by which true Roman Catholics could determine their orthodoxy. No such comprehensive statement existed before. If it had, perhaps the force of the Reformation would have been blunted in some places. What the Council of Trent did, in effect, was to make official dogmas of the Church the various positions Luther had challenged in his break with Rome.A fourth aspect of the Counter-Reformation was a new and vigorous kind of spirituality that bloomed in a remarkable series of writings and movements. Some devotional books from this movement, such as the Imitation of Christ by Thomas a'Kempis and the Spiritual Exercises by Loyola, have received proper attention, but most of have not.This new kind of devout life was characterized by a systemic examination of conscience, prayer, contemplation, and spiritual direction. Its roots lay in the Middle Ages with groups like the Carthusians, who put great emphasis on the contemplative life. It was these works that fueled the calls for reform in the Roman Church before Luther arrived on the scene. They were the reading material of groups like the Brethren of the Common Life and The Oratory of Divine Love which provided many of the best church leaders in the years leading up to the 16th C.The Reformation sparked a series of religious wars across Europe. The last of these was the Thirty Years' War, which last from 1618–48.As we saw in a previous episode, the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 put Lutheranism on a legal basis with Roman Catholicism in Germany. The prince of a region determined the religion in his territory; dissenters could immigrate to another territory if they wanted to.Now, that may seem obvious to highly mobile moderns like many listening to this, but it wasn't for people at that time. Due to feudal rules, people weren't allowed to move without consent of their ruler. The Peace of Augsburg marked a significant change in commoners' mobility. To preserve Catholic domination of southern Germany, the agreement mandated that Catholic rulers who became Lutherans had to surrender rule. The agreement left out Calvinists, Anabaptists, and other Protestants. So for many, Augsburg solved nothing.Beginning in Bohemia, the Thirty Years' War ravaged Central Europe and Germany and involved all the major European powers. The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the war in 1648, resulted from long and complicated negotiations. France and Sweden gained large amounts of territory, and German princes gained greater power and influence at the expense of the Emperor. The treaty finally recognized Calvinism, along with Lutheranism and Catholicism, as legal religions and permitted each ruler to determine the religion of his state.The effects of the War were devastating for Christianity as a whole. Religious issues were increasingly treated with indifference by political leaders. Secular, self-serving matters were now the chief concerns of the growing uber-worldly nation-states. The barbarity and brutality of the war left many questioning the Christian Message. How could a Faith that produced such atrocities be true? Doctrine took a backseat to doubt. Faith was met with skepticism. All this coming at the dawn of, and no doubt hastening, The Age of Reason.In reply to those who criticize Christianity for the wars fought at that time, it ought to be recognized that in every case; political, economic, and social considerations were as important as the religious, if not more. Much of the time, there was no real struggle between Roman Catholics and Protestants. And on some fronts of the war, BOTH Catholics and Protestants fought alongside each other as comrades because their conflict was political rather than religious. We call this period the “Wars of Religion,” but in truth it was rarely religion that sparked or drove the conflict; it was political and economic, hiding behind a mask of religion because that tends to stir the people actually doing the fighting better than some prince wanting more land.Nine times out of ten, if you want to know the real cause of something, follow the money.We turn now to the impact of the Reformation on France and one example of how tragic things can turn – ostensibly, because of religion, but really because of politics.As the 16th C wore on, the Roman church in France fell into a progressively deplorable condition. The Concordat of Bologna in 1516 gave King Francis I the right to appoint the ten archbishops, thirty-eight bishops, and 527 heads of religious houses in France. That meant the Church became part of a vast patronage system, and individuals won positions in the Church not for ability or religious zeal but for service to the crown. Simony & bribery was de-rigor.Conditions became genuinely bad. Literacy among priests dropped to a mere ten-percent. Since the king was head of the French Church, and he depended on its patronage system for income, we see why Francis I and Henry II were so zealous in their persecution of French Protestants. They couldn't afford to permit the system to crumble. They certainly weren't zealous for Catholicism except as a tool to achieve their political ambitions.The French Protestant movement was stoked by what was happening in Geneva in Switzerland under Farel and Calvin. The French Bible, Calvin's Institutes, and numerous other Protestant publications fueled the movement. So naturally, the most literate element of the population was won over. Converts were numerous at the universities and among lawyers and other professionals, the merchant class and artisans, lower clergy, friars, and the lesser nobility. The illiterate peasantry was hardly touched and remained firmly Catholic.Politics and economics played into the mix. The Middle-class and lower nobility of France were tired of King Francis' imperial ambitions, funded on their backs. They were urged into the Protestant cause out of a desire to get rid of the King. It's estimated that two-fifths of all nobles joined the French Protestant cause.  Few of them were authentically converted but sought to use the Protestant movement to weaken the trend toward King Francis' oppressive version of royal absolutism.In spite of persecution, Protestants increased rapidly. At the beginning of the reign of Henry II in 1547 they numbered over 400,000. By the end of his reign in 1561 they were known as Huguenots and numbered 2 million; ten-percent of the population. The Presbyterian system of church government gave organization and discipline to the Huguenot movement.In order to understand the course of events the French Reformation took and see why it became embroiled in civil war, it's necessary to look at the political and social conditions of the times.First, that many of the younger nobility joined Protestant ranks is of great significance. Accustomed to carrying swords, they became protectors of Huguenot congregations during troubled times. They often protected church meetings against hostile bands of Catholic ruffians.Second, and this is key; there were four major groups of nobility vying for the rule in France.The ruling house with a tenuous grip on the throne was the Valois.The Bourbons of Western France were next in line should the Valois falter. Their leadership were decided Huguenots.The powerful Guises [Guy-zuhz], were equally committed Roman Catholics with extensive holdings in the East.The Montmorencys controlled the center of France; their leadership divided evenly between Huguenots and Catholics.Third, when Henry II died, he left three sons all dominated by his queen, Catherine de Medici. She was determined to maintain personal control and advance the power of her government. She was opposed by many of the nobility jealous of their rights and wanted to restrict the power of the monarchy.Fourth, as the likelihood of civil war in France percolated, the English and Spanish sent aid to their factions to serve their respective interests.Such animosities provided the tinder to ignite armed conflict. Eight wars were fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants in France. Leading the Protestants early in the conflict was Gaspard de Coligny. But he lost his life along with some 15 to 20,000 Huguenots in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, in August, 1572. After that, Henry of Navarre, of the Bourbon family, led the Protestants. His maneuvers were successful, and eventually, with the death of others in the royal line, he became heir to the French throne. Because he didn't have enough strength to complete his conquest, he converted to Catholicism and won the crown as Henry IV. Judging from his conduct, Henry's religious principles sat his shoulders rather lightly. His switch to the Roman Church was for purely political reasons. Most likely he simply sought to turn off the blood bath drenching France.In 1598, Henry published the Edict of Nantes, a grant of toleration for the Huguenots. It guaranteed them the right to hold public office, freedom of worship in most areas of France, the privilege of educating their children in other than Roman Catholic schools, and free access to universities and hospitals. The edict was the first significant recognition of the rights of a religious minority in an otherwise intolerant age. Though the Huguenots enjoyed a period of great prosperity after that, King Louis XIV revoked the edict in 1685. Thousands were driven into exile, to the benefit of England, Holland, Prussia, and America where they fled for refuge.

18 avril 1521 : naissance de  François de Coligny d'Andelot, un des chefs du protestantisme français pendant les guerres de Religion († 13 mars 1569). (Frère de l’amiral)