Podcasts about Gyrus

Moin, Servus und Hallo, Ove ist heute ohne Flo und Patrick unterwegs und hat sich für das neuste Content Creator Deckbauprojekt mit dem Keyword Defender beschäftigt. Kann man mit Gyrus, Waker of Corpses ein Defender-Deck bauen? Findet es raus. Freut euch auf ein spannendes Deck. Die Liste: https://www.moxfield.com/decks/eDPgNAndRU-jBZ__XqdOBw Hier findet ihr uns: Shiny's Command: https://linktr.ee/shinyscommand Den Blog von Ove: https://edhlove.de/ Flo streamt hier: https://www.twitch.tv/oops_all_salt Links der anderes Content Creator: Matze: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDfd6YhjnK2A5Q1f9uxMmDQ⁠ ⁠https://⁠⁠www.instagram.com/edh_amateur/?hl=de⁠ Alex: ⁠https://www.instagram.com/die_commanderschmiede/⁠ Jakob: ⁠https://linktr.ee/manaentzug⁠ Tobi: https://www.instagram.com/elderdemonhighlander/

Nicoton est de retour dans votre canal auditif externe cette semaine pour faire vibrer votre tympan et votre chaîne ossiculaire, cette dernière amplifiant ainsi le son d'environ 20 décibels afin d'avoir assez de force et d'énergie pour traverser le milieu liquide de votre cochlée, atteignant finalement vos cellules ciliées internes et externes, qui à leur tour envoient des impulsions nerveuses dans votre Gyrus de Heschl via le thalamus et d'enfin être reconnu comme un dude qui parle de jeux (et d'autres affaires). Qu'est-ce que vous voulez, c'est pas de ma faute si j'ai étudié les oreilles pendant trois ans! Là je suis pris avec toute ces connaissances dont tout le monde se fout! Heille, j'ai joué à des super jeux! Heille, j'ai le goût de vous en parler! Sub Terra! Faraway! Darwin's Journey! Khora déjeûnay! High Risk! Yeah yo! Lezgooooo!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.16.549236v1?rss=1 Authors: Tan, J., Xu, H., Liao, G.-y., An, J. J., Xu, B. Abstract: At the center of the hippocampal tri-synaptic loop are synapses formed between mossy fiber (MF) terminals from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and proximal dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the development and function of these synapses is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that neurotrophin-3 (NT3) was expressed in nearly all mature granule cells but not CA3 cells. We selectively deleted the NT3-encoding Ntf3 gene in the DG during the 1st two postnatal weeks to generate a Ntf3 conditional knockout (Ntf3-cKO). Ntf3-cKO mice had normal hippocampal cytoarchitecture but displayed elevated anxiety level and impairments in contextual memory, spatial reference memory and nest building. As MF-CA3 synapses are essential for encoding of contextual memory, we examined synaptic transmission at these synapses using ex vivo electrophysiological recordings. We found that Ntf3-cKO mice showed impaired basal synaptic transmission due to deficits in excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by AMPA receptors but normal presynaptic function and intrinsic excitability of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Consistent with this selective postsynaptic deficit, Ntf3-cKO mice had fewer and smaller thorny excrescences on proximal apical dendrites of CA3 neurons and lower GluR1 levels in the stratum lucidum area where MF-CA3 synapses reside but normal MF terminals, compared with control mice. Thus, our study indicates that NT3 expressed in the dentate gyrus is crucial for the postsynaptic structure and function of MF-CA3 synapses and hippocampal-dependent memory. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539327v1?rss=1 Authors: Fujiyama, H., Williams, A. G., Tan, J., Levin, O., Hinder, M. R. Abstract: Background: The efficacy of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is thought to be brain state-dependent, such that tACS during task performance would be hypothesised to offer greater potential for inducing beneficial electrophysiological changes in the brain and associated behavioural improvement compared to tACS at rest. However, to date, no empirical study has directly tested this postulation. Objective: Here we compared the effects of tACS applied during a stop signal task (online) to the effects of the same tACS protocol applied prior to the task (offline) and a sham control stimulation. Methods: A total of 53 young, healthy adults (32 female; 18-35 yrs) received dual-site beta tACS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), which are thought to play critical roles in action cancellation, with phase-synchronised stimulation for 15 min with the aim of increasing functional connectivity. Results: EEG connectivity analysis revealed significantly increased task-related functional connectivity following online but not offline tACS. Correlation analyses suggested that an increase in functional connectivity in the beta band at rest following online tACS was associated with an improvement in response inhibition. Interestingly, despite the lack of changes in functional connectivity at the target frequency range following offline tACS, significant improvements in response inhibition were still observed, suggesting offline tACS may still be efficacious in inducing behavioural changes, likely via a post-stimulation early plasticity mechanism. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that online and offline dual-site beta tACS are beneficial in improving inhibitory control via distinct underlying mechanisms. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539225v1?rss=1 Authors: Calatayud-Baselga, I., Casares-Crespo, L., Franch-Ibanez, C., Guijarro-Nuez, J., Sanz, P., Mira, H. Abstract: Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.26.538368v1?rss=1 Authors: Mohapatra, A. N., Peles, D., Netser, S., Wagner, S. Abstract: Mammalian social behavior is highly context-sensitive. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms that modulate social behavior according to its context. Recent studies have revealed a network of mostly limbic brain regions, here termed the "social brain", which regulates social behavior. We hypothesized that coherent theta and gamma rhythms couple regions of the social brain into functional networks in a context-dependent manner. To test this concept, we simultaneously recorded extracellular activity from multiple social brain regions in mice performing three social discrimination tasks. Local field potential rhythmicity during a task was mainly sensitive to an internal arousal state. However, during stimulus investigation we observed a distinct state, which was sensitive to stimulus characteristics. Yet, the coherence between the various regions was most sensitive to the social context. Moreover, we found the ventral dentate gyrus to play a pivotal role in coordinating the context-specific rhythmic activity in the network. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.537999v1?rss=1 Authors: Lisgaras, C. P., Scharfman, H. E. Abstract: Interictal spikes (IIS) are a common type of abnormal electrical activity in animal models of Alzheimers disease (AD) and AD patients. The brain regions where IIS are largest are not known but are important because such data would suggest sites that contribute to IIS generation. Because hippocampus and cortex exhibit altered excitability in AD models, we asked where IIS are largest along the cortical-CA1-dentate gyrus (DG) dorso-ventral axis. Because medial septal (MS) cholinergic neurons are overactive when IIS typically occur, we also tested the novel hypothesis that silencing the medial septohippocampal cholinergic neurons selectively would reduce IIS. We used 3 models of AD, Tg2576 mice, presenilin 2 knockout mice, and the Ts65Dn mouse model of Downs syndrome. To selectively silence MS cholinergic neurons, Tg2576 mice were bred with ChAT-Cre mice and offspring mice were injected in the MS with AAV encoding inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. We recorded EEG along the cortical-CA1-DG axis using silicon probes during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We detected IIS in all transgenic mice but not age-matched controls. IIS were detectable throughout the cortical-CA1-DG axis and were primarily during REM sleep. In all 3 models, IIS amplitudes were significantly greater in the DG granule cell layer vs. CA1 pyramidal layer or overlying cortex. Selective chemogenetic silencing of MS cholinergic neurons significantly reduced IIS frequency during REM sleep without affecting the overall duration or number of REM sleep bouts. Maximal IIS amplitude in the DG of 3 AD mouse models suggests that the DG could be one of the areas that contribute to IIS generation. Selectively reducing MS cholinergic tone could be a new strategy to reduce IIS in AD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534799v1?rss=1 Authors: Eckert, M. Abstract: Heschls gyrus (HG) can occur as a single gyrus or with a completely duplicated posterior HG that has been related to a variety of abilities and disorders. Voxel-based studies typically involve the normalization of these qualitatively different HG types, thus making it difficult to evaluate the contribution of sulcal/gyral variability to voxel-based effects and perhaps obscuring some effects. To examine the structural covariance of single and duplicated HG, templates were created for the left single and duplicated HG. Structural covariance analysis with a Jacobian measure of volumetric displacement demonstrated consistent spatial covariance with homologous structure in the right hemisphere across qualitatively different HG morphology. These results suggest that HG duplication is aptly named with respect to cortical structure variation and demonstrate a multi-template approach for studying qualitatively unique brain function and structure linked to perceptual and cognitive functions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531613v1?rss=1 Authors: Kim, S.-Y., Lim, W. Abstract: We are concerned about the main encoding granule cells (GCs) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Young immature GCs (imGCs) appear through adult neurogenesis. In comparison to the mature GCs (mGCs) (born during development), the imGCs show high activation due to lower firing threshold. On the other hand, they receive low excitatory drive from the entorhinal cortex via perforant paths and from the hilar mossy cells with lower connection probability pc (= 20 x %) (x: synaptic connectivity fraction; 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1) than the mGCs with the connection probability pc (= 20 %). Thus, the effect of low excitatory innervation (reducing activation degree) for the imGCs counteracts the effect of their high excitability. We consider a spiking neural network for the DG, incorporating both the mGCs and the imGCs. With decreasing x from 1 to 0, we investigate the effect of young adult-born imGCs on the sparsely synchronized rhythms (SSRs) of the GCs (mGCs, imGC, and whole GCs). For each x, population and individual firing behaviors in the SSRs are characterized in terms of the amplitude measure Ma(X) (X=m, im, w for the mGCs, the imGCs, and the whole GCs, respectively) (representing the population synchronization degree) and the random phase-locking degree Ld(X) (characterizing the regularity of individual single-cell discharges), respectively. We also note that, for 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1, the mGCs and the imGCs exhibit pattern separation (i.e., a process of transforming similar input patterns into less similar output patterns) and pattern integration (making association between patterns), respectively. Quantitative relationship between SSRs and pattern separation and integration is also discussed. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528800v1?rss=1 Authors: Estarellas, C., Alvarez-Salvado, E., Perez-Cervera, L., Mirasso, C., Canals, S. Abstract: Cortical circuits operate in a tight excitation/inhibition balance. This balance is relaxed during learning processes, but neither the mechanism nor its impact on network operations are well understood. In the present study, we combined in-vivo and in-vitro neuronal recordings with computational modelling and demonstrated that synaptic plasticity in the afferents from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG), in addition to strengthening the glutamatergic inputs into granule cells (GCs), depressed perisomatic inhibition. Computational modelling revealed a functional reorganization in the inhibitory network that explained several experimental findings, including depression of the feed-forward inhibition. In vitro results confirmed a perisomatic dominance of the inhibitory regulation with important functional consequences. It favoured GCs burst firing, improved reliability of input/output transformations and enhanced separation and transmission of temporal and spatial patterns in the EC-DG-CA3 network. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526619v1?rss=1 Authors: Anton Fernandez, A., Cuadros, R., Peinado-Cahuchola, R., Hernandez, F., Avila, J. Abstract: Here we report a novel strategy to rejuvenate dentate gyrus cells in old mice. This approach involves the use of simple compounds such as folate and a peptide that binds to folate receptor alpha. The injection of folate or folate-mimicking peptide into the brain brought about a significant enhancement of cognition. Likewise, the dentate gyrus cells of these mice showed increased plasticity and DNA methylation levels. On the basis of our findings, we propose that folate, and folate-mimicking peptides acting on folate receptor alpha enhance neural plasticity in a similar fashion to the OSKM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc) Yamanaka factors. However, in marked contrast with the long-term cyclic treatment used for cell reprogramming with the latter, our method involves only a single injection of very simple small compounds. Our observations may facilitate future studies aimed at improving the clinical translation of cell reprogramming methods into the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526818v1?rss=1 Authors: Diveica, V., Riedel, M. C., Salo, T., Laird, A. R., Jackson, R. L., Binney, R. J. Abstract: The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) has been ascribed key roles in numerous cognitive domains, including language, executive function and social cognition. However, its functional organisation, and how the specific areas implicated in these cognitive domains relate to each other, is unclear. Possibilities include that the LIFG underpins a domain-general function or, alternatively, that it is characterized by functional differentiation, which might occur in either a discrete or a graded pattern. The aim of the present study was to explore the topographical organisation of the LIFG using a bimodal data-driven approach. To this end, we extracted functional connectivity (FC) gradients from 1) the resting-state fMRI time-series of 150 participants (77 female), and 2) patterns of co-activation derived meta-analytically from task data across a diverse set of cognitive domains. We then sought to characterize the FC differences driving these gradients with seed-based resting-state FC and meta-analytic co-activation modelling analyses. Both analytic approaches converged on an FC profile that shifted in a graded fashion along two main organisational axes. An anterior-posterior gradient shifted from being preferentially associated with high-level control networks (anterior LIFG) to being more tightly coupled with perceptually-driven networks (posterior). A second dorsal-ventral axis was characterized by higher connectivity with domain-general control networks on one hand (dorsal LIFG), and with the semantic network, on the other (ventral). These results provide novel insights into a graded functional organisation of the LIFG underpinning both task-free and task-constrained mental states, and suggest that the LIFG is an interface between distinct large-scale functional networks. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.05.518892v1?rss=1 Authors: Pastor-Alonso, O., Syeda Zahra, A., Kaske, B., Garcia-Moreno, F., Tetzlaff, F., Bockelmann, E., Grunwald, V., Martin-Suarez, S., Riecken, K., Witte, O. W., Encinas, J. M., Urbach, A. Abstract: In the hippocampus, lifelong neurogenesis is maintained by a pool of multipotent adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) residing in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). Yet, the mechanisms guiding the transition of NSCs from developmental to adult remain unclear. By using nestin-reporter mice deficient for D2, a cyclin expressed mainly postnatally, we show that the aNSC pool is established through D2-dependent proliferation during the first two weeks of life. The absence of D2 allows the normal development of the DG until birth but prevents the postnatal formation of radial glia-like aNSCs. Additionally, retroviral fate mapping demonstrates that aNSCs are born on-site from precursors located in the DG shortly after birth. Altogether, our data suggest that aNSCs are a population distinct from developmental NSCs and thus imply that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not a mere continuation of development. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.15.516568v1?rss=1 Authors: Sulcova, D., Salman, Y., Ivanoiu, A., Mouraux, A. Abstract: Background: The angular gyrus (AG) is involved in numerous cognitive processes, and structural alterations of the AG are reported in many neuropsychiatric diseases. Because abnormal excitability or connectivity of such cortical hubs could precede structural alterations and clinical symptoms, approaches assessing their functional state are needed. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) can provide such functional readouts by probing how the cortex responds to direct stimulation. Objective: To characterize TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) elicited by AG stimulation, determine optimal stimulation parameters, and identify TEP biomarkers of AG function. Methods: In 19 subjects, we recorded AG-TEPs using four TMS orientations and three intensities and compared their spatiotemporal features using topographic dissimilarity and microstate analyses. We also explored the link between AG-TEPs and TMS-evoked muscle activity. Results: Early AG TEP components of interest (P25, N45) showed topographic variability dependent on stimulation parameters. The P25 topography was sensitive to TMS orientation and less to intensity, whereas the N45 topography was highly dependent on both coil orientation and intensity. However, TMS-evoked muscular activity was also dependent on coil orientation and the dominant topography of N45 was strongly related to this muscular activity, indicating that the component may reflect somatosensory-evoked responses to this peripheral activation. Conclusions: The earliest AG TEP component P25 likely reflects neural processes triggered by direct AG activation and could provide an index of local excitability. N45 must be interpreted with caution as it may mostly reflect peripherally evoked activity. Coil orientation can be optimized to minimize muscular contractions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.09.515837v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, L., Park, L., Wu, W., King, D., Medina, A. V., Raven, F., Martinez, J. D., Ensing, A., Yang, Z., Jiang, S., Aton, S. Abstract: Post-learning sleep plays an important role in hippocampal memory processing, including contextual fear memory (CFM) consolidation. Here, we used targeted recombination in activated populations (TRAP) to label context-encoding engram neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and assessed reactivation of these neurons during post-learning sleep. We find that post-learning sleep deprivation (SD), which impairs CFM consolidation, selectively disrupts reactivation in inferior blade DG engram neurons. This change was linked to more general suppression of neuronal activity markers in the inferior, but not superior, DG blade by SD. To further characterize how learning and subsequent sleep or SD affect these (and other) hippocampal subregions, we used subregion-specific spatial profiling of transcripts and proteins. We found that transcriptomic responses to sleep loss differed greatly between hippocampal regions CA1, CA3, and DG inferior blade, superior blade, and hilus. Critically, learning-driven transcriptomic changes, measured 6 h following contextual fear learning, were limited to the two DG blades, differed dramatically between the blades, and were absent from all other regions. Similarly, protein abundance in these hippocampal subregions were differentially impacted by sleep vs. SD and by prior learning, with the majority of alterations to protein expression restricted to DG. Together, these data suggest that the DG plays an essential role in the consolidation of hippocampal memories, and that the effects of sleep and sleep loss on the hippocampus are highly subregion-specific, even within the DG itself. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.04.515143v1?rss=1 Authors: Bird, A. D., Cuntz, H., Jedlicka, P. Abstract: Pattern separation is a valuable computational function performed by neuronal circuits, such as the dentate gyrus, where dissimilarity between inputs is increased, reducing noise and increasing the storage capacity of downstream networks. A number of different measures (such as orthogonalisation, decorrelation, or spike train distance) have been applied to quantify the process of pattern separation. However, these are known to give conclusions that can differ qualitatively depending on the choice of measure and the parameters used to calculate it. We here demonstrate that arbitrarily increasing sparsity, a noticeable feature of dentate granule cell firing and one that is believed to be key to pattern separation, typically leads to improved classical measures for pattern separation even, inappropriately, up to the point where almost all information about the inputs is lost. Standard measures therefore both cannot differentiate between pattern separation and pattern destruction, and give results that may depend on arbitrary parameter choices. We propose that techniques from information theory, in particular mutual information, transfer entropy, and redundancy, should be applied to penalise the potential for lost information (often due to increased sparsity) that is neglected by existing measures. We compare five commonly-used measures of pattern separation with three novel techniques based on information theory, showing that the latter can be applied in a principled way and provide a robust and reliable measure for comparing the pattern separation performance of different neurons and networks. We demonstrate our new measures on detailed compartmental models of individual dentate granule cells and a dentate microcircuit, and show how structural changes associated with epilepsy affect pattern separation performance. Overall, our measures solve a widely acknowledged problem in assessing the pattern separation of neural circuits such as the dentate gyrus, as well as the cerebellum and mushroom body. Finally we provide a publicly available toolbox allowing for easy analysis of pattern separation in spike train ensembles. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.31.514574v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhuang, M., Geng, X., Han, P., Liang, F., Che, P., Liu, C., Yang, L., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Dong, W., Ji, S.-J. Abstract: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been demonstrated to regulate learning and memory in mice. To investigate the mechanism by which m6A modification exerts its function through its reader proteins in the hippocampus, as well as to unveil the specific subregions of the hippocampus that are crucial for memory formation, we generated dentate gyrus (DG)-, CA3-, and CA1-specific Ythdf1 and Ythdf2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, respectively. Surprisingly, we found that only the DG-specific Ythdf2 cKO mice displayed impaired memory formation, which is inconsistent with the previous report showing that YTHDF1 was involved in this process. YTHDF2 controls the stability of its target transcripts which encode proteins that regulate the elongation of mossy fibers (MF), the axons of granule cells in DG. DG-specific Ythdf2 ablation caused MF overgrowth and impairment of the MF-CA3 excitatory synapse development and transmission in the stratum lucidum. Thus, this study identifies the m6A reader YTHDF2 in dentate gyrus as the only regulator that mediates m6A modification in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.14.512180v1?rss=1 Authors: Barnstaple, R. E., Bearss, K., Bar, R. J., DeSouza, J. F. Abstract: Depression affects 280 million people globally and is considered a prodromal feature for increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinsons disease (PD). With age-related neurodegeneration on the rise, its important to consider non-invasive, inexpensive interventions such as dance. Dance has emerged as a complementary treatment that may support adaptive neuroplasticity while diminishing motor and non-motor symptoms including depression. Although dance has been shown to impact brain structures and functions with improvements in motor and psychological symptoms, the neural mechanisms underlying depression/mood remain elusive. Our observational study tracks the relationship between depression scores and functional neuroimaging measures for subgenual cingulate gyrus (SCG). While learning choreography over an 8-month period, 34 dancers [23 people with PD] completed GDS questionnaires before and after their community dance classes. Seventeen of these dancers had BOLD fMRI scans conducted using learning-related protocols to examine underlying neural mechanisms for moving to music over 4 times points of learning. A significant decrease in depression scores correlated with a reduced BOLD signal from SCG, a putative node in the neural network of depression. Conclusions: This is the first study to clearly find a correlation with a neural substrate involved in mood changes as a function of dance for PD. Not only do the results contribute to understanding neural mechanisms involved in adaptive plasticity with a learning task, but they also uncover reduced activity within SCG during longitudinal therapeutic dance interventions. These results are especially illuminating since SCG is a controversial target in deep brain stimulation (DBS) used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.05.511002v1?rss=1 Authors: Lyu, J., Nagarajan, R., Kambali, M., Wang, M., Rudolph, U. Abstract: The cellular basis of age-related impairments of hippocampal function is not fully understood. In order to evaluate the role of somatostatin-positive (Sst+) interneurons in the dentate gyrus hilus in this process, we chemogenetically inhibited Sst+ interneurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus. Chronic chemogenetic inhibition (CCI) of these neurons resulted in increased c-Fos staining in the DG hilus, a decrease in the percentage of Gad67- and of Sst-expressing neurons in the DG, and increased microglial activation in DG, CA3, and CA1. Total dendritic length and spine density were reduced in DG and CA1, suggesting reduced dendritic complexity. Behaviorally, the recognition index in an object recognition task and the percentage of spontaneous alternations in the Y maze were decreased, while in both initial and reversal learning in the Morris water maze the latencies to find the hidden platform were increased, suggesting cognitive dysfunction. Our findings establish a causal role for a reduced function of Sst+ interneurons in the DG hilus for cognitive decline and suggest that this reduced function may contribute to age-related impairments of learning and memory. Our CCI mice may represent a cellularly defined model of hippocampal aging. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.30.510371v1?rss=1 Authors: Yagi, S., Wen, Y., Galea, L. Abstract: Estrone and estradiol differentially modulate neuroplasticity and cognition but how they influence maturation pathways of new neurons is not known. The present study assessed the effects of estrone and estradiol on various aspects of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of ovariectomized young adult Sprague-Dawley rats using daily subcutaneous injections of 17{beta}-estradiol or estrone. Rats were injected with a DNA synthesis marker, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and were perfused one, two, or three weeks after BrdU injection and treatment. Immunofluorescent labelling for Sox2 and Ki67 were used to examine the density of neural stem cells and proliferating cells, respectively. Double-immunofluorescent labelling of BrdU with doublecortin (DCX) or NeuN was used to examine the attrition and maturation of adult-born neurons over time. Estradiol reduced the density of neural stem cells in the dorsal DG, whereas estrone reduced the density of neural stem cells in the ventral DG. Furthermore, estradiol enhanced, whereas estrone reduced, cell proliferation after one week but not after longer exposure to hormones. Both estrogens increased the density of BrdU/DCX-ir cells after one week of exposure but showed greater attrition of new neurons between one and two weeks after exposure. Lastly, estradiol decreased the percentage of BrdU/NeuN-ir cells in the dorsal DG after three weeks of treatment. These results demonstrate that estrogens have differential effects to modulate several aspects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the short term, but fewer effects after long-term exposure and that estradiol and estrone modulate neurogenesis via different pathways. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.28.509312v1?rss=1 Authors: Patil, S., Chalkiadaki, K., Mergiya, T.-F., Simbriger, K., Amorim, I. S., Akerkar, S., Gkogkas, C. G., Bramham, C. R. Abstract: The mRNA cap-binding protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), is crucial for translation and regulated by Ser209 phosphorylation. However, the biochemical and physiological role of eIF4E phosphorylation in translational control of long-term synaptic plasticity is unknown. We demonstrate that phospho-ablated Eif4eS209A knockin mice are profoundly impaired in dentate gyrus LTP maintenance in vivo, while basal perforant path-evoked transmission and LTP induction are intact. mRNA cap-pulldown assays show that phosphorylation is required for synaptic activity-induced removal of translational repressors from eIF4E, allowing initiation complex formation. Using ribosome profiling, we identified selective, phospho-eIF4E-dependent translation of the Wnt signaling pathway in in vivo LTP. Surprisingly, the canonical Wnt effector, {beta}-catenin, was massively recruited to the eIF4E cap complex following LTP induction in wild-type, but not Eif4eS209A, mice. These results demonstrate a critical role for activity-evoked eIF4E phosphorylation in dentate gyrus LTP maintenance, bidirectional remodeling of the mRNA cap-binding complex, and mRNA-specific translational control linked to Wnt pathway. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

In this episode, I talk with Eddie Chang, Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, about his recent paper ‘Speech computations of the human superior temporal gyrus'.Chang lab websiteBhaya-Grossman I, Chang EF. Speech computations of the human superior temporal gyrus. Annu Rev Psychol 2022; 73: 79-102. [doi | pdf]Chang EF, Rieger JW, Johnson K, Berger MS, Barbaro NM, Knight RT. Categorical speech representation in human superior temporal gyrus. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13: 1428-33. [doi]Sjerps MJ, Fox NP, Johnson K, Chang EF. Speaker-normalized sound representations in the human auditory cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10: 2465. [doi]Leonard MK, Baud MO, Sjerps MJ, Chang EF. Perceptual restoration of masked speech in human cortex. Nat Commun 2016; 7: 13619. [doi]Hamilton LS, Edwards E, Chang EF. A spatial map of onset and sustained responses to speech in the human superior temporal gyrus. Curr Biol 2018; 28: 1860-71. [doi]Oganian Y, Chang EF. A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior temporal gyrus. Sci Adv 2019; 5: eaay6279. [doi]

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.15.508086v1?rss=1 Authors: Parichha, A., Datta, D., Suresh, V., Chatterjee, M., Holtzman, M. J., Tole, S. Abstract: The dentate gyrus, a gateway for input to the hippocampal formation, arises from progenitors in the medial telencephalic neuroepithelium adjacent to the cortical hem. Dentate progenitors navigate a complex migratory path guided by two cell populations that arise from the hem, the fimbrial glia, and Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells. Since the hem expresses multiple Wnt genes, we examined whether {beta}-CATENIN, which mediates canonical Wnt signaling and also participates in cell adhesion, is necessary for the development of hem-derived lineages. We report that the fimbrial glial scaffold is disorganized and CR cells are mispositioned upon hem-specific disruption of {beta}-CATENIN. Consequently, the dentate migratory stream is severely affected, and the dentate gyrus fails to form. Using selective Cre drivers, we further determined that {beta}-CATENIN function is required in the fimbrial glial scaffold, but not in the CR cells, for guiding the dentate migration. Our findings highlight a primary requirement for {beta}-CATENIN for the organization of the fimbrial scaffold and a secondary role for this factor in dentate gyrus morphogenesis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.09.507382v1?rss=1 Authors: Waddell, N. J., Liu, Y., Chitaman, J. M., Kaplan, G. J., Wang, Z., Feng, J. Abstract: In socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), parental behaviors not only occur in mothers and fathers, but also can exist in virgin males (parental). However, some virgin males display aggressive behaviors towards conspecific pups (attacker). Although this behavioral dichotomy in response to pup exposure has been well documented, little is known about the gene expression changes underlie the parental behavioral differences and their regulatory mechanisms. To address this, we profiled the transcriptome and DNA methylome of hippocampal dentate gyrus of four prairie vole groups, attacker virgin males, parental virgin males, fathers, and mothers. We found a concordant pattern of gene transcription in parental virgin males and fathers, when comparing to the attacker group. The methylome analysis also revealed signaling pathways enriched for epigenetic changes involving both receptor-mediated and secondary messenger signaling across both behavioral phenotypes and sexual experiences. Furthermore, we found correlations between gene expression changes and DNA methylation differences between attacker and parental virgin males, which suggests a canonical gene expression regulatory role of DNA methylation in paternal care. Therefore, our study presents an integrated view of transcriptome and epigenome that provides a DNA epigenetic based molecular insight of paternal behavior. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1 Authors: Kim, S. H., GoodSmith, D., Temme, S. J., Moriya, F., Ming, G.-l., Christian, K., Song, H., Knierim, J. J. Abstract: Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially modulated firing, or place fields, which can remap to encode changes in the environment or other variables. Unique among hippocampal subregions, the dentate gyrus (DG) has two excitatory populations of place cells, granule cells and mossy cells, which are among the least and most active spatially modulated cells in the hippocampus, respectively. Previous studies of remapping in the DG have drawn different conclusions about whether granule cells exhibit global remapping and contribute to the encoding of context specificity. By recording granule cells and mossy cells as mice foraged in different environments, we found that by most measures, both granule cells and mossy cells remapped robustly but through different mechanisms that are consistent with firing properties of each cell type. Our results resolve the ambiguity surrounding remapping in the DG and suggest that most spatially modulated granule cells contribute to orthogonal representations of distinct spatial contexts. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

This is the second episode celebrating Beyond Human Symposium, which was organised by Rachel Holmes, Rachel Hopkin, Liz K. Miller, Jon Mason and Simon Aeppli. Beyond Human was a techne-funded symposium held at Royal Holloway, University of London on the 26th and 27th May 2022, with keynote speakers the writer and researcher, Gyrus, and the filmmaker and lecturer, Roz Mortimer. This episode features a conversation between Liz and Jon about the themes that the symposium engaged in, around landscape, the paranormal, and connecting with non-human or beyond human forms. More information about Beyond Human: www.facebook.com/BeyondHuman.Symposium lizkmiller.wixsite.com/beyond-human * Liz K. Miller (b. 1983, Hexham) is an artist and researcher whose audio-visual practice spans diagramming, field recording, print and pigment making. She graduated from Edinburgh College of Art (BA), Camberwell College of Art (MA), and was a print fellow at the Royal Academy Schools (2013 to 2016). In 2018 she was awarded an AHRC Techné scholarship to undertake a practice-based PhD at the Royal College of Art. Her research considers how listening to the sounds made by trees can reconnect humans to the forest, and how the combination of audio and visual can be used to enhance that connection. Instagram: @liz_k_miller www.lizkmiller.com www.rca.ac.uk/students/liz-k-miller/ Jon Mason is a professional storyteller with a longstanding focus on the folklore and history of place, and the role of myth in humanity's understanding of life. He has a BA Hons in History with Archaeology from the University of Wales, Bangor, and an MA in Contemporary History from the University of Sussex. He is currently undertaking a Techne-funded PhD at the University of Brighton entitled “Re-storying the city: applying urban perspectives to eco-storytelling.” Twitter: @jonmase Facebook: "Jon Mason Stories and Music" jonthestoryteller.com/ research.brighton.ac.uk/en/persons/jon-mason * Image credit: Rachel Holmes The Technecast:
 technecast.wixsite.com/listen/cfp / contact: technecaster@gmail.com / twitter: technecast The Technecast is funded by the Techne AHRC-DTP, and edited by Julien Clin, Felix Clutson, Edwin Gilson & Polly Hember. Episode introduced and edited by Polly Hember / twitter: pollyhember Royalty free music generously shared by Steve Oxen. FesliyanStudios.com

Welcome to episode 134 of Brews and Builds, featuring Fellow Host MrComboNumber5, BigTuck & Marketing Ross! The next 2 episodes will SHAPE CMDtower for millennia to come......  PARTNER NON PARTNER CHALLENGE!!!!!! We are taking any 2 legendary options and slamming them in the command zone to see what fun brews we can do! BigTuck employed the binder bulls%t approach! You know he loves dimir and jund so why wouldn't Kels, Fight Fixer and Gyrus, Waker of Corpses top the job. Do you think this odd reanimation sacrifice build will emerge victorious in a couple weeks!!!  Partner non partner Legendary challenge May 2nd 2022 830 EST twitch.tv/cmdtower CCO Brando Marketing Ross BigTuck MrComboNumber5 www.cmdtower.com/bnbe134 Check out some of our other content - Where in the Multiverse is Fblthp (diving into the lore of recently old sets, what could have been, what could come, and what actually happened) Stories That Gets Left Hanging: What was left untold and where do we think it could go Unexplained Omission: Which characters should have appeared in the most recent visit to said plane Tinfoil Hat: Next time we visit who do you think we will encounter? (characters, sparks igniting, etc.) - The Eternal of Hot Takes (correlate Legacy strategies to EDH and talk the ban list) Legacy vs EDH (deck construction parallels) Countermeta (legacy tactics to counter meta's or archetypes in EDH) Council of the Unbanned (EDH ban card arguments to make legal again) - The Budget Shoppe (walk into our store so we can show you all the affordable ways to deck construct!) General consensus on the archetype Everyone chooses a commander they feel fits that archetype with budget in mind The change- 4 cards at 4 different budgets for each commander to get them going - Mr.Bever's Neighborhood (sit down with one of the calmest community members in MrBevers while he educates us on how to handle salt inducing cards) What makes this card annoying or salt-inducing?  Why do we (the individual) react this way?  How can we form habits that can change this way of reacting over the long haul? You can support the team by heading over to our Patreon, with 4 different reward tiers from discord access to getting your own playmat/sleeves anything really can help out. If you just want to pick up some CMDTower swag, head over to www.cmdtower.com/merch Facebook: CMDTower Twitter: - @mrcombonumber5 - @bigtucktweeting - @CMDtower  Email: - cmdtower@gmail.com - mrcombonumber5@cmdtower.com - bigtuck@cmdtower.com -  Website: - www.cmdtower.com - www.patreon.com/cmdtower 

Anthony “Tony” Manna is President of Cochlear's North American division, having served the company for over 16 years. In his role, he oversees the development and execution of strategy for their North American operations. During his time at the company, he has held a myriad of roles, starting in sales and working up to the President of Cochlear's Bone Anchored Solutions. His background is in sales for various medical equipment companies, including Gyrus and Cabot Medical. In this episode… The industry behind medical devices can be difficult to traverse when it comes to balancing profit and health. There's always going to be pressure on one side or the other, leading to difficult questions for companies in the field. However, cochlear implants are different from most other medical instruments. Their newer technology and important function makes them a unique product from a business perspective. Tony Manna has learned this over the 16 years he's spent with Cochlear of North America. He personally found the industry less cutthroat than he was anticipating, learning both the science behind and the benefits of cochlear implants. Now, he shares those takeaways with you. Dr. Mark Syms hosts Tony Manna, the President of Cochlear's North American division, to talk about the business and the science behind cochlear implants. The two go through the qualifications, the new software in the industry, and the greatest hurdles facing implants today. They also touch on the lingering effects of the pandemic on the business side and how it's changed the market. Hear the rest on this episode of the ListenUp! Podcast.

We continue our interview with Gyrus, starting from Copernicus' demolition of the polar cosmos and exploring the aftermath of this radical decentering of the cosmic structure of the west.

We talk cosmology with Gyrus, a man who has looked deeply into the patterning of space across time and culture. Moving from ‘horizontal', landscape-base cosmologies to ‘vertical', abstracted constructions of space, we discuss the human patterning of location and movement across a fairly mind-blowing swathe of history. You are where you are.

"What was he doing, the great god Pan, down in the reeds by the river?" With this question, the Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning opens her famous poem "A Musical Instrument," which explores nature's troubling embrace of savagery and beauty. It seems that Pan always raises questions: What is he doing? What does he want? Where will he appear next? Linked to instinct, compulsion, and the spontaneous event, Pan is without a doubt the least predictable of the Greek Gods. Small wonder that he alone in the Greek pantheon sports human and animal parts. In this episode, Phil and JF are joined by Gyrus, author of the marvellous North: The Rise and Fall of the Polar Cosmos, to capture a deity who, though he has made more than one appearance on Weird Studies, remains decidedly elusive. Support us on Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/weirdstudies): Find us on Discord (https://discord.com/invite/Jw22CHfGwp) Get your Weird Studies merchandise (https://www.redbubble.com/people/Weird-Studies/shop?asc=u) (t-shirts, coffee mugs, etc.) Visit the Weird Studies Bookshop (https://bookshop.org/shop/weirdstudies) REFERENCES Gyrus, "Sketches of the Goat God in Albion" (https://dreamflesh.com/essay/goat-god-albion/) Gyrus, North (https://bookshop.org/a/18799/9781907222276) James Hillman, Pan and the Nightmare (https://bookshop.org/a/18799/9780882142258) Pharmakon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakon_(philosophy)), philosophical term Stanley Diamond, In Search of the Primitive (https://bookshop.org/a/18799/9780878555826) Philippe Borgeaud, The Cult of Pan in Ancient Greece (https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3646890-the-cult-of-pan-in-ancient-greece) Hellier (https://www.hellier.tv/), television docuseries Weird Studies, Episode 98 on exotica (https://www.weirdstudies.com/98) Pink Floyd, [Piper at the Gates of Dawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThePiperattheGatesofDawn) Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows (https://bookshop.org/a/18799/9781514664599) Clayton Eshelman, [Juniper Fuse](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/947785.JuniperFuse)_ Plutarch “On the Silence of the Oracles” (https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/pte/pte05.htm) Peter Levine, Waking the Tiger (https://bookshop.org/a/18799/9781556432330) D.H. Lawrence, “Pan in America” (http://www.thegreatgodpanisdead.com/2021/02/pan-in-america.html) Jim Brandon, [The Rebirth of Pan](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1372769.TheRebirthofPan)_

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.07.330118v1?rss=1 Authors: Clark, L. R., Yun, S., Acquah, N. K., Kumar, P. L., Metheny, H. E., Paixao, R. C., Cohen, A. S., Eisch, A. J. Abstract: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are prevalent worldwide. mTBIs can impair hippocampal-based functions such as memory and cause network hyperexcitability of the dentate gyrus (DG), a key entry point to hippocampal circuitry. One candidate for mediating mTBI-induced hippocampal cognitive and physiological dysfunction is injury-induced changes in DG neurogenesis, a process that mediates spatial/contextual memory. There are conflicting results on how TBI impacts DG neurogenesis; this is not surprising given that both the neurogenesis process and the post-injury period are dynamic, and that neurogenesis quantification varies widely in the literature. Even within the minority of TBI studies focusing specifically on mild injuries, there is disagreement about if and how mTBI changes DG neurogenesis. Here we utilized a clinically-relevant rodent model of mTBI (lateral fluid percussion injury, LFPI), gold-standard neurogenesis markers and quantification approaches, and three time points post-injury to generate a comprehensive picture of how mTBI affects adult hippocampal DG neurogenesis. Male C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) received either sham surgery or mTBI via LFPI. Proliferating cells, neuroblasts/immature neurons, and surviving cells were quantified via stereology in DG subregions (subgranular zone [SGZ], outer granule cell layer [GCL], molecular layer, and hilus) at short-term (3 days post-injury, dpi), intermediate (7 dpi), and long-term (31 dpi) time points. The data suggest this model of mTBI induces transient, sequential increases in ipsilateral SGZ/GCL proliferating cells, immature neurons, and surviving cells which are indicative of mTBI-induced neurogenesis. In contrast to these ipsilateral hemisphere findings, measures in the contralateral hemisphere show no increase in neurogenesis indices in the key neurogenic DG subregions. Our work in this mTBI model is in line with the large fraction of literature that reports increased DG neurogenesis in other and more severe models of TBI. As our DG neurogenesis data in this mTBI model provide temporal, subregional, and neurogenesis-stage resolution, these data are important to consider in regard to the functional importance of TBI-induced neurogenesis and future work assessing the potential of replacing and/or repairing DG neurons in the brain after TBI. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.06.327833v1?rss=1 Authors: Haytural, H., Jorda-Siquier, T., Winblad, B., Mulle, C., Tjernberg, L. O., Granholm, A.-C., Frykman, S., Barthet, G. Abstract: Synaptic degeneration has been reported as one of the best pathological correlate of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the location of these synaptic alterations within hippocampal sub-regions, the vulnerability of the presynaptic versus postsynaptic compartments, and the biological mechanisms for these impairments remain unknown. Here, we performed immunofluorescence labeling of different synaptic proteins in fixed and paraffin embedded human hippocampal sections and report reduced levels of several presynaptic proteins of the neurotransmitter release machinery (complexin-1, syntaxin-1A, synaptotagmin-1 and synaptogyrin-1) in AD cases. The deficit was restricted to the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus whereas other hippocampal sub-fields were preserved. Interestingly, standard markers of postsynaptic densities (SHANK2) and dendrites (MAP2) were unaltered, as well as the relative number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus, indicating that the deficit is preferentially presynaptic. Notably, staining for the axonal components, myelin basic protein, SMI-312 and Tau, was unaffected, suggesting that the local presynaptic impairment does not result from axonal loss or alterations of structural proteins of axons. There was no correlation between the reduction in presynaptic proteins in OML and the extent of the amyloid load or of the dystrophic neurites expressing phosphorylated forms of Tau. Altogether, this study highlights the distinctive vulnerability of the OML of dentate gyrus and supports the notion of presynaptic failure in AD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.30.321646v1?rss=1 Authors: Alcantara-Gonzalez, D., Chartampila, E., Scharfman, H. Abstract: It has been reported that hyperexcitability occurs in a subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hyperexcitability could contribute to the disease. Several studies have suggested that the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) may be an important area where hyperexcitability occurs. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the principal DG cell type, granule cells (GCs), would exhibit changes at the single-cell level which would be consistent with hyperexcitability and might help explain it. We used the Tg2576 mouse, where it has been shown that hyperexcitability is robust at 2-3 months of age. GCs from 2-3-month-old Tg2576 mice were compared to age-matched wild type (WT) mice. Effects of muscarinic cholinergic antagonism were tested because previously we found that Tg2576 mice exhibited hyperexcitability in vivo that was reduced by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine, counter to the dogma that in AD one needs to boost cholinergic function. The results showed that GCs from Tg2576 mice exhibited increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents (sEPSP/Cs) and reduced frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic events (sIPSCs) relative to WT, increasing the excitation:inhibition (E:I) ratio. There was an inward glutamatergic current that we defined here as a novel synaptic current (nsC) in Tg2576 mice because it was very weak in WT mice. Although not usually measured, intrinsic properties were distinct in Tg2576 GCs relative to WT. In summary, GCs of the Tg2576 mouse exhibit early electrophysiological alterations that are consistent with increased synaptic excitation, reduced inhibition, and muscarinic cholinergic dysregulation. The data support previous suggestions that the DG and cholinergic system contribute to hyperexcitability early in life in AD mouse models. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.01.321893v1?rss=1 Authors: Dirven, B. C. J., van der Geugten, D., van Bodegom, M., Madder, L., van Agen, L., Homberg, J. R., Kozicz, T., Henckens, M. J. A. G. Abstract: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder vulnerable individuals can develop following a traumatic event, whereas others are resilient. Enhanced insight into the mechanistic underpinnings contributing to these inter-individual differences in PTSD susceptibility is key to improved treatment and prevention. Aberrant function of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) may contribute to its psychopathology, with the dorsal DG potentially encoding trauma memory generalization and the ventral DG anxiety. Using a mouse model, we investigated the association between deviant DG structure and function and susceptibility to develop PTSD-like symptoms following trauma. Mice were exposed to a traumatic event (unpredictable, inescapable foot shocks) and tested for PTSD symptomatology following recovery. In three independent experiments, DG neuronal morphology, synaptic protein gene expression and neuronal activity during trauma encoding and recall were assessed. Behaviorally, PTSD-like animals displayed some increased anxiety-like behavior already prior to trauma, increased novelty-induced freezing, but no clear differences in remote trauma memory recall. Comparison of the ventral DG of PTSD-like vs resilient mice revealed lower spine density, reduced expression of the postsynaptic protein homer 1b/c gene, a larger population of neurons active during trauma encoding and a greater presence of somatostatin neurons to be associated with PTSD susceptibility. In contrast, the dorsal DG of PTSD-like animals did not differ in terms of spine density or gene expression, but displayed more active neurons during trauma encoding and a lower amount of somatostatin neurons. These data propose a critical role for -mainly the ventral- DG in establishing symptomatology addressed in this PTSD model. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.27.315416v1?rss=1 Authors: Botterill, J. J., Gerencer, K. J., Vinod, K. Y., Alcantara-Gonzalez, D., Scharfman, H. E. Abstract: Glutamatergic hilar mossy cells (MCs) have axons that terminate both near and far from their cell body but stay within the DG, making synapses in the inner molecular layer primarily. The long-range axons are considered the primary projection, and extend throughout the DG ipsilateral to the soma, and project to the contralateral DG. The specificity of long-range MC axons for the inner molecular layer (IML) has been considered to be a key characteristic of the DG. In the present study we made the surprising finding that dorsal MC axons are an exception to this rule. We used two mouse lines that allow for Cre-dependent viral labeling of MCs and their axons: dopamine receptor d2 (Drd2-Cre) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Crlr-Cre). A single viral injection into the dorsal DG to label dorsal MCs resulted in labeling of MC axons in both the IML and middle molecular layer (MML). Interestingly, this broad termination of MC axons applied to all long-range axons. In contrast, long-range axons of ventral MCs mainly terminated in the IML, consistent with the literature. Taken together, these results suggest that dorsal and ventral MCs differ significantly in their axonal projections, and the difference is primarily in their long-range projections. Since those projections are thought to terminate primarily on GCs, the results suggest a dorsal-ventral difference in MC activation of GCs. The surprising difference in dorsal and ventral MC projections should therefore be considered when evaluating dorsal-ventral differences in DG function. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.31.276485v1?rss=1 Authors: Xu, J., Dong, H., Guo, F., Wang, Z., Wei, J., Dang, J. Abstract: Being able to accurately perceive the emotion expressed by the facial or verbal expression from others is critical to successful social interaction. However, only few studies examined the multimodal interactions on speech emotion, and there is no consistence in studies on the speech emotion perception. It remains unclear, how the speech emotion of different valence is perceived on the multimodal stimuli by our human brain. In this paper, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with an event-related design, using dynamic facial expressions and emotional speech stimuli to express different emotions, in order to explore the perception mechanism of speech emotion in audio-visual modality. The representational similarity analysis (RSA), whole-brain searchlight analysis, and conjunction analysis of emotion were used to interpret the representation of speech emotion in different aspects. Significantly, a weighted RSA approach was creatively proposed to evaluate the contribution of each candidate model to the best fitted model. The results of weighted RSA indicated that the fitted models were superior to all candidate models and the weights could be used to explain the representation of ROIs. The bilateral amygdala has been shown to be associated with the processing of both positive and negative emotions except neutral emotion. It is indicated that the left posterior insula and the left anterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) play important roles in the perception of multimodal speech emotion. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.29.273391v1?rss=1 Authors: Lamothe-Molina, P., Franzelin, A., Auksutat, L., Laprell, L., Ahlbeck, J., Kneussel, M., Engel, A., Morellini, F., Oertner, T. G. Abstract: Mice require several days of training to master the water maze, a spatial memory task for rodents. The hippocampus plays a key role in the formation of spatial and episodic memories, a process that involves the activation of immediate-early genes such as cFos. We trained cFos-reporter mice in the water maze, expecting that consistent spatial behavior would be reflected by consistent cFos patterns across training episodes. Even after extensive training, however, different sets of dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells were activated every day. Suppressing activity in the original encoding ensemble helped mice to learn a novel platform position (reversal learning). Our results suggest that even in a constant environment, cFos+ ensembles in the dorsal DG segregate as a function of time, but become partially reactivated when animals try to access memories of past events. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Gyrus, with one "s", is a ridge on the surface of the brain. Or at least it will be, until this week's ATARI BYTES episode 240 BLOWS YOUR MIND! ...to the tune of Tocata and Fugue in D Minor. We're playing Parker Brothers' 1983 port of GYRUSS. The extra "S" is for "SPIFFY"! Maybe. You don't know.  This week's short story: TOPPER CAN'T SPIN Thanks to Kevin McLeod at Incompetech.com for creative commons use of his songs "Take a Chance", "Reformat" and "Pinball Spring".  Thanks to Sean Courtney for the "Storytime" theme. The website www.carnivalofgleecreations.com has social media, info and episode links for ATARI BYTES here and for my other show IT'S A PODCAST, CHARLIE BROWN here. The website also has info about books I've written like MISERY BANANA: VERY SHORT STORIES INSPIRED BY OLD GAMES AND ODD THOUGHTS and links to some places to buy them.  You can support the show by becoming a subscriber on the ATARI BYTES page on patreon.com. Depending on the level you subscribe at, you could get episodes early! Or maybe BONUS CONTENT! Or help program the show!  

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.26.267989v1?rss=1 Authors: Ye, S., Wang, M., Yang, Q., Dong, H., Dong, G.-H. Abstract: Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a worldwide mental health concern; however, the neural mechanism underlying this disorder remains unclear. Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA), a newly developed data-driven approach, can be used to investigate the neural features of IGD based on massive neural data. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from four hundred and two participants with varying levels of IGD severity were recruited. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were calculated and subsequently decoded by applying MVPA. The highly weighted regions in both predictive models were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) for further graph theory and Granger causality analysis (GCA) to explore how they affect IGD severity. Results: The results revealed that the neural patterns of ReHo and ALFF can independently and significantly predict IGD severity. The highly weighted brain regions that contributed to both predictive models were the right precentral gyrus and the left postcentral gyrus. Moreover, the topological properties of the right precentral gyrus were significantly correlated with IGD severity; further GCA analyses revealed effective connectivity from the right precentral gyrus to the left precentral gyrus and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, both of which were significantly associated with IGD severity. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that IGD has distinctive neural patterns, and this pattern could be found by machine learning. In addition, the neural features in the right precentral gyrus play a key role in predicting IGD severity. The current study revealed the neural features of IGD and provided a potential target for IGD interventions using brain modulation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.21.261222v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, M., Alamatsaz, N., Ihlefeld, A. Abstract: Suppressing unwanted background sound is crucial for aural communication. Public spaces often contain a particularly disruptive background sound, called informational masking (IM). At present, IM is identified operationally: when a target should be audible, based on suprathreshold target/masker energy ratios, yet cannot be heard because perceptually similar background sound interferes. Here, behavioral experiments combined with functional near infrared spectroscopy identify brain regions that predict individual vulnerability to IM. Results show that tasked-evoked blood oxygenation changes near the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and behavioral speech detection performance covary for same-ear IM background sound, suggesting that the STG is part of an IM-dependent network. Moreover, listeners who are more vulnerable to IM show an increased metabolic need for oxygen near STG. In contrast, task-evoked responses in a region of lateral frontal cortex, the caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS), do not predict behavioral sensitivity, suggesting that the cIFS belongs to an IM-independent network. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.16.253385v1?rss=1 Authors: Dong, G.-H. Abstract: Background: Animal models suggest transitions from non-addictive to addictive behavioral engagement are associated with ventral-to-dorsal striatal shifts. However, few studies have examined such features in humans, especially in internet gaming disorder (IGD), a behavioral addiction. Methods: Four-hundred-and-eighteen subjects (174 with IGD; 244 with recreational game use (RGU)) were recruited. Resting-state fMRI data were collected and functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed based on ventral and dorsal striatal seeds. Correlations and follow-up spectrum dynamic causal model (spDCM) analyses were performed to examine relationships between ventral/dorsal striatum to medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and IGD severity. Longitudinal data from 40 subjects (22 IGD; 18 RGU) were also analysed to investigate further. Results: Interactions were observed between group (IGD, RGU) and striatal regions (ventral, dorsal). IGD relative to RGU subjects showed lower ventral-striatum-to-MFG (mostly involving supplementary motor area (SMA)) and higher dorsal-striatum-to-MFG functional connectivity. spDCM revealed that left dorsal-striatum-to-MFG connectivity was correlated with IGD severity. Longitudinal data further support for ventral-to-dorsal striatal MFG relationships in IGD. Conclusions: Consistent with animal models of substance addictions, ventral-to-dorsal striatal transitions in involvement coritico-striatal circuitry may underlie IGD and its severity. These findings suggest possible neurobiological mechanisms that may be targeted in treatments for IGD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.13.249516v1?rss=1 Authors: Boen, R., Raud, L., Huster, R. J. Abstract: The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) has most strongly, although not exclusively, been associated with response inhibition, not least based on covariations of behavioral performance measures and local grey matter characteristics. However, the white matter microstructure of the rIFG as well as its connectivity has been less in focus, especially when it comes to the consideration of potential subdivisions within this area. The present study reconstructed the structural connections of the three main subregions of the rIFG (i.e. pars opercularis, pars triangularis and pars orbitalis) using diffusion tensor imaging, and further assessed their associations with behavioral measures of inhibitory control. The results revealed a marked heterogeneity of the three subregions with respect to the pattern and extent of their connections, with the pars orbitalis showing the most widespread inter-regional connectivity, while the pars opercularis showed the least amount of connections. When relating behavioral performance measures of a stop signal task to brain structure, the data indicated a differential association of dorsal and ventral opercular connectivity with the go reaction time and the stopping accuracy, respectively. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.02.230581v1?rss=1 Authors: Missaire, M., Fraize, N., Comte, J.-C., Truchet, B., Parmentier, R., Salin, P.-A., Malleret, G. Abstract: Long-term storage of information into memory is supposed to rely on long-term synaptic plasticity processes. Detection of such synaptic changes after training in long-term or reference memory (RM) tasks has yet been scarce, variable and only studied on a short time scale. On the other hand, short-term or working memory (WM) is largely known to depend on persistent neuronal activity or short-term plasticity processes. However, processing information into WM could also involve long-term synaptic changes that could be responsible for the erasure/forgetting of items previously stored in WM playing the role of proactive interference. In order to study long-term synaptic changes associated with RM or WM, we trained chronically implanted rats in three different radial maze tasks: a classical RM task and two WM tasks involving different levels of proactive interference. Synaptic responses at the perforant path to dentate gyrus synapse were recorded on a long-time scale (24h) in freely-moving rats after training in one of these three tasks. We found that consolidation of long-term information leads to a delayed synaptic potentiation, occurring 9 hours after RM training and predicting good behavioral performance on the following day. In contrast, optimal information processing into WM triggers a synaptic depression immediately observed after training and lasting 3 hours, that could act as a mechanism for interference erasure/forgetting. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.16.207449v1?rss=1 Authors: Brown, A., Wieben, M., Murdock, S., Chang, J., Dizon, M., Dorsky, R. M., Fung, C. M. Abstract: Background: Children born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at increased risk for cognitive impairment including learning and memory deficits. Dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons relay cortical information into the hippocampus proper for memory formation, and their production is highly dependent on environmental signals. However, it is unknown whether IUGR affects DG neurogenesis, and thus provides a potential mechanism underlying abnormal learning and memory function. Methods: Using a hypertensive disease of pregnancy mouse model of IUGR, we assessed multiple behaviors, quantified neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) and developing neurons in the DG, and characterized transcriptional effects on molecular pathways in the hippocampus. Results: We found that the predominant behavioral phenotype in IUGR offspring, short-term implicit learning and memory deficits, was associated with accelerated DG neurogenesis and NSPC depletion. Consistent with known molecular regulators of DG neurogenesis, we also found strong evidence for decreased Wnt pathway activity following IUGR. Conclusion: We have discovered that postnatal memory deficits are associated with accelerated NSPC differentiation following IUGR, a phenotype that could be explained by decreased Wnt signaling. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.14.202218v1?rss=1 Authors: Carames, J. M., Perez-Montoyo, E., Garcia-Hernandez, R., Canals, S. Abstract: Distinct forms of memory processing are often causally identified with specific brain regions, but a key facet of memory processing includes linking separated neuronal populations. Using cell-specific manipulations of inhibitory neuronal activity, we discovered a key role of the dentate gyrus (DG) in coordinating dispersed neuronal populations during memory formation. In whole-brain fMRI and electrophysiological experiments, we found that parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the DG control the functional coupling of the hippocampus within a wider network of neocortical and subcortical structures including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In a novel object-location task, regulation of PV interneuron activity enhanced or prevented memory encoding and, without effect upon the total number of task activated c-Fos+ cells, revealed a correlation between activated neuronal populations in the hippocampus-PFC-NAc network. These data suggest a critical regulatory role of PV interneurons in the dentate gyrus in brain-wide polysynaptic communication channels and the association of cell assemblies across multiple brain regions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.05.188664v1?rss=1 Authors: Botterill, J. J., Vinod, K. Y., Gerencer, K. J., Teixeira, C. M., LaFrancois, J. J., Scharfman, H. E. Abstract: The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is important for cognitive and affective behaviors. However, the circuits underlying these behaviors are unclear. DG mossy cells (MCs) have been a focus of attention because of their excitatory synapses on the primary DG cell type, granule cells (GCs). However, MCs also activate DG GABAergic neurons which inhibit GCs. We took advantage of specific methods and a gain- and loss-of function strategy with Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) to study MCs in diverse behaviors. Using this approach, manipulations of MCs could bidirectionally regulate behavior. The results suggest that inhibiting MCs can reduce anxiety-like behavior and improve cognitive performance. However, not all cognitive or anxiety-related behaviors were influenced, suggesting specific roles of MCs in some but not all types of cognition and anxiety. Notably, several behaviors showed sex-specific effects, with females often showing more pronounced effects than the males. We also used the immediate early gene c-Fos to address whether DREADDs bidirectionally regulated MC or GC activity. We confirmed excitatory DREADDs increased MC c-Fos. However, there was no change in GC c-Fos, consistent with MC activation leading to GABAergic inhibition of GCs. In contrast, inhibitory DREADDs led to a large increase in GC c-Fos, consistent with a reduction in MC excitation of GABAergic neurons, and reduced inhibition of GCs. Taken together, these results suggest that MCs regulate anxiety and cognition in specific ways. We also raise the possibility that cognitive performance may be improved by reducing anxiety. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

James and Gyrus receive a daunting letter while arming themselves with things these fools probably shouldn't have, motel rooms are rented, and some donuts are fresh baked. Help us Level Up and impact the content by taking a survey! survey.sogosurvey.com/r/YIXLH7 We want to hear from you. How are we doing? email at SanityCheckRAT@gmail.com Sounds from ZapSplat.com --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/fathomlessforge/message

No knees Gyrus and fre$h pr1nce Theodore learn the importance of bringing a charming personality and a taser when dealing with basket case park rangers. Turns out Peter is just as shitty as No knees thought. Can they annoy the brains out of a babyface sasquatch... Wait. That can't be right. Say hi and give us a review, feedback, or suggestions. Help us Level Up and impact the content by taking a survey! survey.sogosurvey.com/r/YIXLH7 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/fathomlessforge/message