Podcasts about Raphael Lemkin

Avant même d'être reconnu par les Nations Unies en tant que chef d'accusation, le mot " génocide " a répondu à une nécessité : nommer un crime qui vise ses victimes pour ce qu'elle représente dans le regard de ses auteurs. Bernard Bruneteau, professeur d'histoire contemporaine, nous guide dans l'histoire du mot génocide, inventé et fabriqué par un juriste polonais dans les années 1940, Raphael Lemkin.

Desenvolvido em 1944 pelo advogado judeu Raphael Lemkin, o conceito de genocídio é um dos mais importantes cunhados no século XX, mas também um dos mais mal definidos. Essa dificuldade de classificação associada aos interesses políticos de grupos diversos fazem com quem poucos sejam os genocídios consensualmente tomados como tal, uma vez que alguns deles são ferrenhamente negados por parte da comunidade internacional. Convidamos Heitor Loureiro para discutir o conceito de genocídio, como eles ocorrem, qual a lógica dos negacionistas e como o tabuleiro da política internacional por vezes dificulta sua aplicação e as devidas punições àqueles que o cometem contra outros povos.Adquira GENOCÍDIO ARMÊNIO de Heitor Loureiro e os demais livros da Coleção HISTÓRIA FM clicando ⁠⁠AQUI⁠⁠ e use o cupom AMIGO20 para 20% de desconto.Mês de aniversário da Insider ainda rolando! Junte o cupom HISTORIAFM com as promoções no site e você pode chegar a até 30% de desconto! Você também consegue o cupom automaticamente pelo link https://creators.insiderstore.com.br/HISTORIAFM #insiderstore

Roy L Hales/Cortes Currents - In a series of tweets between 2019 and 2021, the Conservative candidate for North Island Powell River, Aaron Gunn, argued against the the idea that residential schools were a form of genocide.  In the first of these he agreed that they were ‘truly horrific events,' but added that people should not refer to them with a loaded word like ‘genocide' that does not remotely reflect the reality of what happened.” He was wrong, residential schools are a perfect example of genocide. Mr Gunn's understanding of the term appears to be limited to ‘killing of a large number of people,' but when Raphael Lemkin coined the term he stated it wasn't necessary to kill people. There were also genocides of political and social institutions, culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups. Lemkin was a Jewish lawyer who fled from his native Poland after the Germans overran it in 1939. He was deeply concerned about NAZI Germany's extermination policy. In his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944), Lemkin wrote:  “By ‘genocide' we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group. This new word, coined by the author to denote an old practice in its modern development, is made from the ancient Greek word genos (race, tribe) and the Latin cide (killing), thus corresponding in its formation to such words as tyrannicide, homocide, infanticide, etc. Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. The objectives of such a plan would be disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to such groups.” He added that. “Genocide has two phases: one, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain upon the territory …” Lemkin also coined the term cultural genocide, which is the systematic destruction of traditions, values, language, and other elements that make one group of people distinct from another.  How does this relate to Aaron Gunn's Tweets? These three appear to be misguided:  “There was no genocide. Stop lying to people and read a book …”;  “I understand that people have a misinformed view of history which they have reached following a steady and persistent attempt to discredit Canada's past in order to undermine its institutions and future.”  “Residential schools were asked for by Indigenous bands in Eastern Ontario when John A MacDonald was still a teenager.” This last remark refers to residential schools in eastern Ontario sometime between 1828 and 1835, when John A MacDonald was a teenager, but according to the Canadian Encyclopedia, the purpose of residential schools changed during the 1870s. “With the passage of the British North America Act in 1867, and the implementation of the Indian Act (1876), the government was required to provide Indigenous youth with an education and to assimilate them into Canadian society.” 

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin um Gerechtigkeit für die Opfer staatlicher Gewalt. Die Völkermord-Konvention, die vor 75 Jahren von den Vereinten Nationen angenommen wurde, gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. Paris am 9. Dezember 1948: Die Vollversammlung der Vereinten Nationen nimmt einstimmig ein Gesetz zur Verhütung und Bestrafung von Völkermord an. Im Mittelpunkt des internationalen Interesses steht an diesem Tag ein polnischer Jurist, der es sich zur Lebensaufgabe gemacht hat, dem Vernichtungswahn ein Ende zu bereiten. Sein Name: Raphael Lemkin. Die Völkermord-Konvention ist sein Lebenswerk – eine Art Epitaph für seine Eltern, die in Auschwitz umgebracht wurden. Einst wurde er als «Einstein des Völkerrechts» gefeiert; nach seinem Tod 1959 geriet Lemkin weitgehend in Vergessenheit. Erstsendung: 8.12.2023

TESTO DELL'ARTICOLO ➜ https://www.bastabugie.it/it/articoli.php?id=8034IL RAPPORTO DELLA VERGOGNA SCREDITA AMNESTY PIU' CHE ISRAELE di Stefano Magni "Amnesty International è giunta alla conclusione che Israele stia commettendo un genocidio a Gaza". E il lettore fa un balzo sulla sedia. Se Amnesty International, dunque la più autorevole ong internazionale per la difesa dei diritti umani, è giunta anch'essa a questa conclusione, dopo il mandato di cattura per Netanyahu e Gallant spiccato dalla Corte penale internazionale, dopo il processo per genocidio indetto dalla Corte internazionale di giustizia, dopo che Papa Francesco ha pubblicamente scritto che Israele sta probabilmente compiendo un genocidio... beh, verrebbe da pensare proprio che ci sia un serio sospetto di genocidio a Gaza, commesso da Israele? O no? I pochi filo-sionisti rimasti devono arrendersi a questa "evidenza"? Neanche per idea.Prima di tutto, bisogna leggere il rapporto di Amnesty International prima di capire di cosa stiamo parlando. E bisogna anche, prima ancora di leggerlo, ricordare bene cosa significhi la parola "genocidio" così come è stata formulata da Raphael Lemkin, giurista ebreo polacco, nel 1944, alla vigilia della sconfitta della più grande potenza genocida europea, la Germania nazista.Ebbene, il genocidio è: "piano coordinato di differenti azioni mirante alla distruzione dei fondamenti essenziali della vita di gruppi nazionali, con l'intento di annientarli". Per Amnesty International, Israele sta agendo con l'intento dichiarato di eliminare il popolo palestinese a Gaza. Poi però nel suo stesso rapporto si contraddice più e più volte.Prima di tutto, il documento parla di una "distruzione senza precedenti", ma per le stime su morti e feriti e quanti di essi siano non combattenti si basa solo sulle cifre fornite dai palestinesi. Cioè da Hamas, che è l'unica organizzazione terrorista internazionale che ha il controllo di Gaza e che diffonde informazioni per fare propaganda.I NUMERIStando all'Onu i morti accertati sono 8119, come abbiamo già avuto modo di scrivere su queste colonne. Poco più di 8 mila morti sono una tragedia, ma su una popolazione di oltre 2 milioni di palestinesi sono un genocidio ben strano. Un "genocidio a bassa intensità" si potrebbe dire. Lo sarebbe anche se prendessimo per buone le statistiche di Hamas, che per altro sono del tutto implausibili, se non altro perché progrediscono con una regolarità disarmante, nei periodi di tregua come in quelli di escalation.Ma anche 42 mila morti, su 2 milioni di abitanti di Gaza non sono troppo rivelatori di un intento genocida. Il ritmo con cui una popolazione viene eliminata è una caratteristica indicativa di un genocidio in corso. Gli armeni subirono un milione di morti in poco più di un anno, lo stesso lasso di tempo in cui gli israeliani avrebbero ucciso (stando a Hamas, ripetiamolo) nemmeno 50 mila palestinesi.I nazisti eliminarono fisicamente 6 milioni di ebrei in Europa dal 1939 al 1945, circa 1 milione all'anno facendo la media, ma considerando soprattutto che il grosso venne eliminato solo dal giugno 1941 (occupazione dell'Urss occidentale) al gennaio del 1945 (liberazione dei primi campi di sterminio). In Ruanda, gli hutu sterminarono l'etnia tutsi al ritmo di 200 mila morti a settimana, arrivando a 1 milione di vittime in poco più di un mese. La conta dei morti è macabra, d'accordo, non ci sono sicuramente vittime di serie A o di serie B, ma serve a capire, per lo meno, le dimensioni del problema e di cosa stiamo parlando.Prevenendo la critica sui numeri, Amnesty afferma che comunque Israele sta negando alla popolazione di Gaza tutti i mezzi che le permettono di vivere (cibo, acqua, energia, ospedali) e tutti i suoi siti culturali e religiosi (scuole, moschee, centri culturali). Però poi non spiega cosa ci facciano quelle file di camion che portano aiuti alimentari ai palestinesi (anche e soprattutto dal territorio israeliano) e come mai, dopo un anno e due mesi di guerra, non sia ancora scoppiata una carestia.Anche i rapporti più allarmanti parlano di "rischio carestia", ma non è documentata alcuna mortalità di massa per fame e stenti, come avverrebbe in una carestia. Per una carestia indotta artificialmente, come quella in Ucraina nel 1932-33, morirono dai 4 ai 7 milioni di contadini, più del 10-15 per cento della popolazione di allora. Non si vede nulla di simile a Gaza, nemmeno stando ai rapporti più allarmanti.Quanto alla distruzione dei simboli e siti della cultura palestinese, Amnesty dimentica di dirci come vengano usate le moschee e le scuole che vengono colpite dagli israeliani. D'altronde, forte della sua imparzialità, sicuramente non crede alle "fonti di parte", cioè ai video con cui l'esercito israeliano mostra le armi catturate al loro interno, o i terroristi uccisi nei raid contro di esse. Hamas, se usa scudi umani e utilizza ospedali, scuole e moschee per lanciare i suoi attacchi o mettere al riparo i suoi comandanti, non è da considerarsi colpevole di crimini di guerra?NESSUN INTENTO GENOCIDA: TRE ERRORI IN UNA FRASEInfine, ma non da ultimo, un genocidio è un'azione deliberata. Gli israeliani vogliono deliberatamente eliminare (del tutto o in parte) la popolazione di Gaza? Non c'è traccia di alcun ordine di questo tipo. Non ci sono neppure i sintomi tipici di un genocidio o di una pulizia etnica, come tante volte abbiamo visto, ad esempio, nei Balcani: campi di filtraggio, deportazioni, rastrellamenti e uccisioni deliberate di tutti coloro che hanno il passaporto sbagliato, il cognome sbagliato, o frequentano la parrocchia sbagliata. Ecco, non si vede nulla di tutto questo, né i campi, né le colonne di deportati, né le fosse comuni piene di civili.Israele afferma di combattere una guerra contro i terroristi e di fare tutto il possibile per evacuare i civili nelle zone in cui l'esercito colpisce. Ebbene, Amnesty accusa Israele anche di queste evacuazioni, denunciandole come "deportazioni". Come "prova" dell'intento genocida, cita qualche scatenato di destra, minoritario nel governo Netanyahu, con ragionamenti del tipo "non fornire aiuti umanitari a Gaza finché Hamas non libera tutti gli ostaggi".Ragionamento che non indica alcun intento genocida, per altro. E che è una politica neppure seguita dal governo, visto che gli aiuti umanitari continuano ad arrivare a Gaza, ma un centinaio di ostaggi ancora vivi sono nelle mani di Hamas fino ad oggi.Il rapporto di Amnesty International, insomma, giunge alla conclusione che è in corso un genocidio, perché quel che sta avvenendo a Gaza è inserito in un "contesto" (parola magica) genocidario. E quale sarebbe questo "contesto"? Citiamo testualmente: "Nel contesto del sistema di apartheid di Israele, del blocco disumano di Gaza e dell'occupazione militare illegale del territorio palestinese che dura da 57 anni". Già il numero di aggettivi (disumano, militare, illegale) dovrebbe far suonare un campanello di allarme sulla serietà di questa analisi.Ma in una frase troviamo tre errori da matita blu. Sistema di apartheid: un paese multi-etnico in cui un arabo è membro della Corte Suprema e può anche condannare il premier ebreo? Occupazione militare illegale del territorio palestinese: quale territorio palestinese, considerando che nessuno Stato di Palestina è mai stato riconosciuto? I territori contesi fino al 1967 erano a loro volta occupati da Egitto (Gaza) e Giordania (Cisgiordania) e anche la loro presenza militare su quegli stessi luoghi era illegale, per il diritto internazionale. Quindi chi è l'occupante e chi il liberatore? Il blocco inumano di Gaza: Israele dovrebbe aprire le frontiere di una regione da cui partono razzi e attacchi terroristici tutti gli anni, dove un'organizzazione terrorista internazionale regna sovrana?Insomma, il rapporto di Amnesty serve a un solo scopo: delegittimare Israele con frasi e dati ad effetto. Ma l'unico scopo che otterrà, almeno per i governi che ancora ragionano, sarà quello di screditare se stessa. Da autorevole organizzazione per i diritti umani, è diventata un'organizzazione militante di estrema sinistra.

So this episode is very late. Unfortunately, Ian had an upper respiratory infection and was pretty much bedridden for three weeks. You can still hear the sickness in his voice, but we wanted to make sure that we at least discussed East West Street a little bit. East West Street is part memoir, part historical text, and part legal scholarship. The text explores many people's lives-including the author's grandfather-focuses largely on Raphael Lemkin who coined the term 'genocide' and Hersch Lauterpacht who introduced the term 'crimes against humanity'. This text was different from what Ian expected, but we still learned a lot and had an interesting conversation about history and what we learned in school.    Coming up at the end of December is Ronnie's pick which is Atalanta by Jennifer Saint. 

O jurista polonês Raphael Lemkin cunhou o termo genocídio em 1944. Desde então foi elaborada uma convenção da ONU contra o genocídio e instituído um Tribunal Penal Internacional para julgar esse tipo de crime. Mas afinal, o que é genocídio? E faxina étnica? Gravado em dezembro 2024 Instagram: @abcdageopolitica Chave PIX: abcdageopolitica@gmail.com Apoio pela plataforma da ORELO Vinheta musical: Longzijuan

Als Jurastudent bewegt Raphael Lemkin der Völkermord an den Armeniern, der ohne Anklage bleibt. Fortan setzt er sich dafür ein, dass staatliche Gewalt bestraft werden kann.

Wenn ein Mörder für den Tod eines anderen Menschen büßt, wer büßt für den Mord an ganzen Volksgruppen? Die Frage bewegt Raphael Lemkin bis zu seinem Tod am 28.8.1959. Von Almut Finck.

The events of World War II and its immediate aftermath had significant influence on American Jewish political identity. In the wake of the Holocaust, and as the extent of the destruction continued to be revealed, many Jewish Americans took it upon themselves on both local and national levels to tell the story of what happened, advocate for the victims, and lobby for changes to international law to try and prevent future atrocities. Through political activism, literature, liturgy, and more, individuals such as Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-born lawyer who served on the legal team of Chief U.S. Prosecutor at the Nuremberg Tribunal Robert H. Jackson and himself a survivor, spent the years following World War II seeking justice and remembrance for those who were lost.

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/sociology

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In recent years, scholars have rediscovered Hannah Arendt`s "boomerang thesis" – the "coming home" of European colonialism as genocide on European soil – as well as Raphael Lemkin`s work around his definition of genocide and the importance of its colonial dimensions. Germany and other European states are increasingly engaging in debates on comparing the Holocaust to other genocides and cases of mass killing, memorialization, "decolonization" and attempts to come to terms with the past ("Vergangenheitsbewältigung").  Colonial Paradigms of Violence: Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Killing (Wallstein, 2022), part of the European Holocaust Studies series, offers a variety of perspectives on the connections and entanglements of colonialism and mass violence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/book-of-the-day

Hey, Hi, Hello, this is the History Wizard and welcome back for Day 9 of Have a Day w/ The History Wizard. Thank you to everyone who tuned in for Day 8 last week, and especially thank you to everyone who rated and/or reviewed the podcast. I hope you all learned something last week and I hope the same for this week. This week we're going to be looking at infighting within Christianity. There are many differing opinions within the faith on the whos and whats and whys and hows, and very oft en they decide to kill each other over these, ultimately minor, differences. The Cathar Genocide, often known as the  Albegensian Crusade, was just such an event. It was a time when the Pope felt threatened by those who he deemed to be heretics and so decided to kill them. But, first it's time to craft our potions. Todays libations, gods I love that word, is called Melting Snow. Take two ounces of sake, 1 ounce of triple sec, 3-4 dashes of black lemon bitters, shake and pour into a rocks glass before gently pouring 1 tsp of grenadine syrup into it. The resulting drink should have the grenadine settle at the bottom initially making a lovely presentation. Though I'd mix it before actually imbibing. With that out of the way let's talk about who the Cathar were. The name Cathar comes from the Greek word katharoi, meaning “the pure ones”. Their other name, the Albegensians, comes from the fact that many adherents during the Crusade lived in or around the city of Albi. Catharism is described as a somewhat dualist, somewhat Gnostic heretical branch of Christianity. Though, it bears mentioning that both are likely exonyms and the followers of this particular faith often self identifies as Good Men, Good Women, or Good Christians. So what is dualism and what is gnosticism? Well in the case of the Cathars they were pretty much the same thing. Dualism is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other. Gnosticism draws a distinction between a supreme, and hidden God above all, and a lesser deity (sometimes called the demiurge) who created the material world. Consequently, Gnostics considered material existence flawed or evil, and held the principal element of salvation to be direct knowledge of the hidden divinity, attained via mystical or esoteric insight. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of sin and repentance, but with illusion and enlightenment. Gnosticism preferred people to have personal knowledge and experience with the divine, something that threatened the power of the early Church. Cathar cosmology identified two Gods. One who created the perfect spiritual world and the other, the demiurge who created the imperfect and sinful physical world. The demiurge is often identified as Yahweh and is referred to as Rex Mundi, King of the World. All visible matter, including the human body, was created or crafted by this Rex Mundi; matter was therefore tainted with sin. Under this view, humans were actually angels seduced by Satan before a war in heaven against the army of Michael, after which they would have been forced to spend an eternity trapped in the evil God's material realm. The Cathars taught that to regain angelic status one had to renounce the material self completely. Until one was prepared to do so, they would be stuck in a cycle of reincarnation, condemned to suffer endless human lives on the corrupt Earth. Also, while they revered Jesus Christ, they also denied that he was ever a mortal man, instead believing that both he and Mary were Angels taking the semblance of a human form in order to teach our sin tainted flesh to grow closer to the purity of divinity. Other Cathar beliefs included the pescetarian diet, their view that women were pretty purely to tempt men away from divine purity and some Cathars believed that Eve had sex with Satan and gave birth to a race of giants who were all wiped out in the Great Flood. Cathars also rejected the Catholic priesthood, labeling its members, including the pope, unworthy and corrupted. Disagreeing on the Catholic concept of the unique role of the priesthood, they taught that anyone, not just the priest, could consecrate the Eucharistic host or hear a confession. There were, however, men selected amongst the Cathars to serve as bishops and deacons. Now, while the Cathar Crusade took place over a 20 year period between 1209 and 1229, the persecution against them began almost as soon as they were founded. The Cathars were denounced as heretics by 8 separate church councils between 1022 and 1163. However the true troubles wouldn't begin until 1208 when Pope Innocent III sent a legate named Pierre du Castelnau to chastise Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse for his lack of action against these heretical Cathars who lived on his land. Castelnau withdrew from Toulouse after 6 months of Raymond basically ignoring him. On January 15, 1208 Pierre was assassinated. Innocent suspected, and acted on the suspicion that the assassination was carried out by an agent of Reymond, although this was never proven.  Still, when has lack of evidence ever stopped the Church from killing people? The assassination of Pierre du Castelnau was causus belli for the Albigensian Crusade. The Albigensian Crusade, the Cathar Genocide, took place all around the area known as Languedoc, also known as Occitania. Today the province is a part of southern France, but for a while it was its own region with distinct culture and its own language. Occitan wasn't very similar to French, it was not mutually understandable. In fact it was closer to Catalan than it was to French. Now, because Catharism rejected both the authority of the French King and the Pope in favor of a far more egalitarian relationship with their nation and their God many nobles from France embraced Catharism, at least at a surface level due to their desire to also reject the authority of the King of France. This made Catharism not just a threat to the spiritual and material authority of the Pope, but also a threat to the material authority of the King. After the assassination of Castelnau Raymond VI Count of Toulouse was excommunicated from the Church. Although there was a very brief period when Raymond sent embassies to Rome and exchanged gifts. They reconciled and the excommunication was lifted, only for him to be excommunicated AGAIN on the grounds that he didn't properly meet the terms of reconciliation.  And so it was that in 1209, after assembling an army of about 10,000 men near the city of Lyons that Pope Innocent III declared his crusade against the Albigensians, stating that a Europe free of heresy could better defend its borders against Muslim armies. This crusade against the Albigensians also coincided with the Fifth and Sixth Crusades in the Holy Land. Most of the troops for the crusade came from Northern France, although there would also be volunteers from England and Austria. After some initial dispute over who would lead the quote righteous armies of the Lord unquote Papal Legate Arnaud Amalric was chosen as the commander.  As the Crusaders assembled, Raymond attempted to reach an agreement with his nephew and vassal, Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Béziers and Carcassonne, for a united defense, but Raymond Roger refused him. Raymond decided to make an accommodation with the Crusaders. He was fiercely opposed by Amalric, but at Raymond's request, Innocent appointed a new legate, Milo, whom he secretly ordered to obey Amalric. On 18 June 1209, Raymond pronounced himself repentant. He was scourged by Milo and declared restored to full Communion with the Church. The following day, he took the Cross, affirming his loyalty to the crusade and promising to aid it. With Raymond restored to unity with the Church, his lands could not be attacked. The Crusaders therefore turned their attention to the lands of Raymond Roger, aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne. Béziers would be the first major engagement of the Cathar Genocide, although at around the same time, another Crusader army commanded by the Archbishop of Bordeaux took Casseneuil and burned several accused heretics at the stake. The crusading armies arrived at Béziers on 21 July, 1209 and demanded that the Catholics of the city leave and that the Cathars surrender. Both groups ignored them and the city settled in for a long siege.  The siege lasted for exactly one day. The troops within Béziers attempted to sortie beyond the gates of their city and after being routed they were pursued through the open gates of the city and it fell within 24 hours. Amalric then proceeded to order the slaughter of every single person, adult or child, within the walls of the city. What follows is possibly apocryphal, a phrase which hears means made up, but allegedly when asked by his troops how they should distinguish between Catholic and Cathar Amalric said “Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius” The literal translation of which is “Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own” There's some dispute over whether or now Amalric actually said this, but it is agreed that it captures the vibe rather well as the entire city of Béziers was killed. There were no survivors. The death toll is placed at around 20,000 people, though this is thought to be an exaggeration. Raymond Roger was not at Béziers when it fell. He had fled with most of his troops to the city of Carcassonne (yes, like the board game) intending to hold there. After the surrounding towns and villages heard about the slaughter at Béziers they all surrendered without a fight. This made Carcassonne the next major target of Amalric and his band of brigands. The 45 mile march to Carcassonne took the crusaders 6 days to complete. Once arrayed around Carcassonne they settled in for a siege that lasted slightly longer than the one at Béziers. But, after 6 days and after cutting the cities water supply Raymond Roger sought to negotiate. Amalric agreed to parley, but took Roger prisoner while speaking under truce. Carcassonne would not be the site of another slaughter though. All the people of the city were marched out of the city at sword point. They were naked according to Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay, a monk and eyewitness to many events of the crusade, but "in their shifts and breeches", according to Guillaume de Puylaurens, a contemporary. Rogers died several months later, either of dysentery or from being assassinated. In each city the armies approached, they reacted differently and treated the people differently. The fall of Lastours and castle Cabaret took much longer than the others, although this was largely because of the onset of winter. The area around Cabaret was full of communes like Lastours, Minerve, and Bram. After Minerve fell to bombardment from siege weapons, destroying the main well of the commune, it surrendered. The crusaders, now under the command of Simon de Montfort wished to be more lenient to the people of Minerve. He allowed to defending soldiers, the Catholics, and the non-perfecti Cathars. Perfecti was the title of those Cathars who were considered adept in the teachings of their faith. They were roughly analogous to deacons. The Perfecti were given the option to recant their beliefs and return to the Catholic faith. Of the 143 perfecti in Minerve, only 3 elected to do this. The rest were burned at the stake, many walking directly into the flames of their own volition, not even waiting for their executioners to force them. There were some successes for the Cathars though. The siege of Termes almost ended with the Cathar being slaughtered, but in the end them managed to abandon the city and escape before the walls could be breached, owning in part to a massive rain storm.  In May of 1211 the castle of Aimery de Montréal was retaken; he and his senior knights were hanged, and several hundred Cathars were burned. The crusade was turning towards its end. Montfort began to position his troops around the city of Toulouse meaning to crush one of the last major Cathar bastions in France. The Cathars, in their fear, turned to Peter II of Aragon for aid and support. Peter's sister Eleanor was married to Raymond VI. Peter, named a valiant hero for his actions against the Moors was able to use his influence to get Innocent to call a halt of the crusade and used that time to try and negotiate peace. When those peace negotiations failed Peter decided to come to their aid of Toulouse against Simon de Montfort, fearing that Montfort was becoming too powerful and gaining too much influence within the Catholic Church. This alarmed Innocent III who immediately declared the Crusade begun again. Meanwhile Raymond VI had had his excommunication lifted and then reinstated AGAIN during this time. Unfortunately for the Cathars and for Peter II, he would die in his first major engagement with Simon's forces. The Battle of Muret saw a devastating loss for Peter's forces. Despite outnumbering Simon's armies Simon had better tactics and carried the day. The next few years was a flurry of activity and victory fo Simon, who was eventually named the new count over all of Raymond VI's lands that had already been captured. Any land that had not yet been captured  would fall under the control of the Catholic Church who would hold onto them until Raymond VII, who was currently in England with his father, having fled a few years ago, was old enough to govern them himself. The crusade would continue for a few years more, though there were periods of confusion and relative peace. One such period was when Pope Innocent III died suddenly and unexpectedly and the crusade was taken over by the much more cautious King Philip II of France. The crusade was resumed with greater vigor in 1217 on orders from Pope Honorius III and for the remainder of it would center around Toulouse and maintaining control of it. By 1222 Raymond VII, who had returned from exile with his father had reclaimed all the lands that he had lost and the crusaders were firmly on the backfoot. Come 1225 Raymond VII was excommunicated, like his father (now deceased) and King Louis VII of France, son of Philip II (now deceased) renewed the Crusade. The Cathar heresy was going to be dealt with one way or another. The exact number of troops that Louis brought with him to renew the Crusade is unknown, but it is known that it was the largest force to be brought against the Cathars throughout the entirety of the genocide. Louis began his campaign in earnest in June of 1226 and quickly recaptured the towns of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille, this time with no resistance. Eventually the armies surrounded Toulouse and Raymond, not having the manpower to resist surrendered and signed the Treaty of Paris at Meaux on April 12, 1229. Now, something important to be aware of is that Historian Daniel Power notes that the fact that Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis, which many historians of the crusade rely heavily upon, was published only in 1218 and this leaves a shortage of primary source material for events after that year. As such, there is more difficulty in discerning the nature of various events during the subsequent time period. With the war over we would transition into the next phase of the genocide, that of destroying Catharism as a cultural element and forcing surviving Cathars to repent and convert. With the military phase of the campaign against the Cathars now primarily at an end, the Inquisition was established under Pope Gregory IX in 1234 to uproot heretical movements, including the remaining Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining adherents underground. Punishments for Cathars varied greatly. Most frequently, they were made to wear yellow crosses atop their garments as a sign of outward penance. Others made obligatory pilgrimages, which often included fighting against Muslims. Visiting a local church naked once each month to be scourged was also a common punishment, including for returned pilgrims. Cathars who were slow to repent or who relapsed suffered imprisonment and, often, the loss of property. Others who altogether refused to repent were burned. The vast majority of those accused escaped death and were sentenced to a lighter penalty. Still, Catharism as a distinct religion was all but destroyed. Raphael Lemkin, who coined the word "genocide" in the 20th century, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". And, at the risk of making an appeal to authority fallacy, if the guy who invented the term and died fighting for its recognition in national and international law calls it a genocide, it is one. That's it for this week folks. No new reviews, so let's get right into the outro. Have a Day! w/ The History Wizard is brought to you by me, The History Wizard. If you want to see/hear more of me you can find me on Tiktok @thehistorywizard or on Instagram @the_history_wizard. Please remember to rate, review, and subscribe to Have a Day! On your pod catcher of choice. The more you do, the more people will be able to listen and learn along with you. Thank you  for sticking around until the end and, as always, Have a Day.  

Content warning for discussion of genocide. Welcome to the first spisode of Have a Day! w/ The History Wizard. This episode will discuss the early days of the field of genocide, the process by which it became a crime undernational law, the life of Raphael Lemkin, in brief, and the first time a country was charged with this crime above all crimes Intro and outro music linked here: https://uppbeat.io/track/paulo-kalazzi/heros-time Episode Transcript to Follow: Hey, Hi, Hello. This is The History Wizard and thank you for joining me for the flagship episode of “Have a Day w/ The History Wizard”. As we embark on this journey together we're going to be talking about History, Politics, Economics, Cartoons, Video Games, Comics, and the points at which all of these topics intersect. Anyone who has been following me one Tiktok or Instagram, @thehistorywizard on Tiktok and @the_history_wizard on Instagram, for any length of time. Literally any length of time at all, will probably be familiar with some, if not all, of the information we're going to learn today. However, I hope that you'll bear with me as it is important to, before we dive into the meat of the matter, make sure we've got some bones to wrap it around… Yes, that is the metaphor I'm going to go with. I wrote it down in my script, read it, decided I liked it, and now you all have to listen to it.  For our first episode we are going to be diving into one of my favorite parts of my field of expertise, meta knowledge concerning the field of genocide studies itself. Yes, that's right. We're going to start with the definition of genocide. The United Nations established the legal definition of genocide in the Convention for the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide, which was unanimously adopted by the 51 founding members of the UN in the third meeting of the General Assemble and came into full legal force in 1951 after the 20th nation ratified it. This, by the way, is why none of the Nazis in the Nuremberg Trial were charged with the crime of genocide. The crime didn't exist when they were on trial. But, to return to the matter at hand, the definition of genocide can be found in Article 2 of the Convention for the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide and reads as follows: In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. It is important to note that definition of genocide that the UN adopted is not exactly the same as the definition that Lemkin first proposed to the UN. His definition included economic classes, as well as political parties. There was, significant, pushback against the inclusion of those two categories from the US and the USSR as both nations feared that their many of their own actions could be considered genocide. Lemkin didn't fight too hard for those categories to stay in the definition, he was more concerned with ethnicity, nationality, race, and religion for, what he called, their cultural carrying capacity. Now, despite Lemkin's concern over the destruction of cultures, there is no strict legal definition of cultural genocide. The inclusion of Article 2, subsection E: Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group, could be seen as a nod to this idea, but it's not nearly enough. There was some effort to rectify this oversight in 2007 with the passage of the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which states that indigenous peoples have a right against forcible assimilation. But even that is barely a step in the right direction as the UN DRIP is a legally non binding resolution making it little better than a suggestion. Now, where did the word genocide come from? Who made it and why? The term genocide was the brain child of a Polish-Jewish lawyer and Holocaust survivor named Raphael Lemkin. Now, despite Lemkin being a Holocaust survivor and term not gaining legal recognition until 1948, Lemkin actually based his work on the Armenian Genocide, what he originally called The Crime of Barbarity. Fun fact about Lemkin, he spoke 9 languages and could read 14. Anyway, after reading about the assassination of Talat Pasha in 1921. Talat was assassinated by Soghomon Telhirian as part of Operation Nemesis (he was put on trial for the assassination and was acquitted) After reading about the assassination Lemkin asked one of his professors at Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów (now the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv) why Talat was unable to be tried for his crimes before a court of law. The professor replied thusly: "Consider the case of a farmer who owns a flock of chickens. He kills them, and this is his business. If you interfere, you are trespassing." Lemkin replied, "But the Armenians are not chickens". His eventual conclusion was that "Sovereignty cannot be conceived as the right to kill millions of innocent people" In 1933 Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law. This is where the world would first encounter the word “genocide” a word that Lemkin had created by combining the Greek root ‘genos' meaning race or tribe, with the Latin root ‘cide' meaning killing.  Lemkin was as a private solicitor in Warsaw in 1939 and fled as soon as he could. He managed to escape through Lithuania to Sweden where he taught at the University of Stockholm until he was, with the help of a friend, a Duke University law professor named Malcolm McDermott Lemkin was able to flee to the US. Unfortunately for Lemkin he lost 49 member of his family to the Holocaust. The only family that survived was his brother, Elias and his wife who had both been sent to a Soviet forced labor camp. Lemkin was able to help them both relocate to Montreal in 1948. After publishing his iconic book “Axis Rule in Occupied Europe” with the help of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Lemkin became an advisor for chief prosecutor of the Nuremberg Trials, Robert H. Jackson. It was during these trials that he became convinced, more than ever before, that this crime above all crimes needed a name and laws to prevent and punish it. Even after the passage of the Convention for the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Lemkin didn't consider his work to be over. The UN was brand new and had little in the way of real authority (something that hasn't changed over the past 70 years). So Lemkin traveled around to world trying to get national governments to adopt genocide laws into their own body of laws. He worked with a team of lawyers from Arabic delegations to try and get France tried for genocide for their conduct in Algeria and wrote an article in 1953 on the “Soviet Genocide in Ukraine” what we know as the Holodomor, though Lemkin never used that term in his article. Lemkin lived the last years of his life in poverty in New York city. He died in 1959 of a heart attack, and his funeral, which occurred at Riverside Church in Manhattan, was attended by only a small number of his close friends. Lemkin is buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens. The last thing I want to discuss in our first episode is the first country to be charged with the crime of genocide before the United Nations. As we have already established, despite the Holocaust being the western world's premiere example of genocide, no one at the Nuremberg Trials was tried for the crime of genocide. So who, I can hear you asking from the future, who was the first country charged with genocide? Why, dear listener, it was none other than the U S of A in a 1951 paper titled “We Charge Genocide, which was presented before the United Nations in Paris in 1951. The document pointed out that the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide defined genocide as any acts committed with "intent to destroy" a group, "in whole or in part." To build its case for black genocide, the document cited many instances of lynching in the United States, as well as legal discrimination, disenfranchisement of blacks in the South, a series of incidents of police brutality dating to the present, and systematic inequalities in health and quality of life. The central argument: The U.S. government is both complicit with and responsible for a genocidal situation based on the UN's own definition of genocide. The paper was supported by the American Communist Party and was signed by many famous personages such as:  W. E. B. Du Bois, George W. Crockett, Jr., Benjamin J. Davis, Jr., Ferdinand Smith, Oakley C. Johnson, Aubrey Grossman, Claudia Jones, Rosalie McGee, Josephine Grayson, Amy and Doris Mallard, Paul Washington, Wesley R. Wells, Horace Wilson, James Thorpe, Collis English, Ralph Cooper, Leon Josephson, and William Patterson. It was Patterson who presented the paper and the signatures before the UN in 1951. The UN largely ignored Patterson and never deigned to hear his case against the US government. And upon his return journey Patterson was detained while passing through Britain and had his passport seized once he returned to the US. He was forbade to ever travel out of the country again. The history of the field of genocide studies is long, unfortunately, far longer than the existence of a word with a legal definition and laws to back it up. We'll be going through the history of genocide in future episode, interspersed with other historical events or pressing issues of great import as we take this educational journey together. I'm going to try and put an episode together once a week, and if that needs to change for any reason I will let you know. Next week, on March 26th, we'll be learning about the Gazan genocide and the vast amount of historical context that goes into this, currently occurring, genocide. I've been the History Wizard. You can find me on Tiktok @thehistorywizard. You can find me on Instagram @the_history_wizard. Have a Day w/ The History Wizard can be found anywhere pods are cast. If you cannot find it on your podcatcher or choice, let me know and I will try and do something about it. Tune in next week for more depressing, but very necessary information and remember… Have a Day!

In the wake of the Holocaust in the 1940s and earlier in the century the genocidal attacks against the Armenians by Turkey and the German slaughter of the Herero and Namaqua peoples in SW Africa, the Polish jurist Raphael Lemkin coined the term genocide. In 1948 the UN adopted the Genocide Convention. On December 29, 2023, South Africa filed a case with the UN's International Court of Justice in The Hague accusing Israel of the crime of genocide in its ongoing assault on Gaza. The Convention defines genocide as “the intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.” Israel has dismissed the South African charge calling it “meritless.”

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin um Gerechtigkeit für die Opfer staatlicher Gewalt. Die Völkermord-Konvention, die vor 75 Jahren von den Vereinten Nationen angenommen wurde, gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. // Von Beate Ziegs - DLR Berlin/WDR/RB/NDR 1998/Deutschlandfunk Kultur 2023 - www.radiofeature.wdr.de Von Beate Ziegs.

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin um Gerechtigkeit für die Opfer staatlicher Gewalt. Die Völkermord-Konvention, die vor 75 Jahren von den Vereinten Nationen angenommen wurde, gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. // Von Beate Ziegs - DLR Berlin/WDR/RB/NDR 1998/Deutschlandfunk Kultur 2023 - www.radiofeature.wdr.de Von Beate Ziegs.

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin dafür, dass den Opfern staatlicher Gewalt Gerechtigkeit widerfährt. Die seit 1951 gültige Völkermord-Konvention gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. Was können wir heute von Lemkin lernen? Von Beate Ziegswww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Feature

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin dafür, dass den Opfern staatlicher Gewalt Gerechtigkeit widerfährt. Die seit 1951 gültige Völkermord-Konvention gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. Was können wir heute von Lemkin lernen? Von Beate Ziegswww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Feature

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin dafür, dass den Opfern staatlicher Gewalt Gerechtigkeit widerfährt. Die seit 1951 gültige Völkermord-Konvention gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. Was können wir heute von Lemkin lernen? Von Beate Ziegswww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Feature

Sein Leben lang kämpfte Raphael Lemkin um Gerechtigkeit für die Opfer staatlicher Gewalt. Die Völkermord-Konvention, die vor 75 Jahren von den Vereinten Nationen angenommen wurde, gilt als sein Lebenswerk. Doch sie ist noch immer fragil. Paris am 9. Dezember 1948: Die Vollversammlung der Vereinten Nationen nimmt einstimmig ein Gesetz zur Verhütung und Bestrafung von Völkermord an. Im Mittelpunkt des internationalen Interesses steht an diesem Tag ein polnischer Jurist, der es sich zur Lebensaufgabe gemacht hat, dem Vernichtungswahn ein Ende zu bereiten. Sein Name: Raphael Lemkin. Die Völkermord-Konvention ist sein Lebenswerk – eine Art Epitaph für seine Eltern, die in Auschwitz umgebracht wurden. Einst wurde er als «Einstein des Völkerrechts» gefeiert; nach seinem Tod 1959 geriet Lemkin weitgehend in Vergessenheit.

Avant même dʹêtre reconnu par les Nations Unies en tant que chef dʹaccusation, le mot "génocide" a répondu à une nécessité : nommer un crime qui vise ses victimes pour ce quʹelle représente dans le regard de ses auteurs. Bernard Bruneteau, professeur émérite de science politique à l'Université Rennes 1, nous guide dans lʹhistoire du mot génocide, inventé et fabriqué par un juriste polonais dans les années 1940, Raphael Lemkin. Il est au micro dʹAnaïs Kien.

The award-winning French Algerian American playwright, librettist and activist, Catherine Filloux, has been, for the past 3 decades, traveling to conflict areas writing plays that address human rights and social justice.             Catherine's new play, “How to Eat an Orange,” will open at La MaMa Theatre in New York City, and her new musical “Welcome to the Big Dipper” (written with composer Jimmy Roberts of, “I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change” fame) will premiere Off-Broadway at the York Theatre in New York. It's a National Alliance for Musical Theatre finalist.             Catherine's play, “White Savior” is nominated for The Venturous Play List. Her many plays have been produced around the U.S. and internationally. I've read her play Lemkin's House and can tell you it's an intense and engaging exploration of the politics of genocide through the surreal landscape of the mind of Raphael Lemkin, the man who invented the word genocide.            Catherine's also the librettist for four produced operas, including New Arrivals, Where Elephants Weep, and The Floating Box. Her works have been played on Cambodian national TV, on Broadway on Demand, and chosen for Opera News Critic's Choice. And her opera, “Orlando,” is the winner of the 2022 Grawemeyer Award--the first opera by a woman composer and woman librettist in the history of the Vienna Staatsoper.             Catherine has traveled for her plays to countries including Bosnia, Cambodia, Guatemala, Haiti, Iraq, Morocco, Northern Ireland, and Sudan and South Sudan on an overseas reading tour with the University of Iowa's International Writing Program.             Catherine received her French Baccalaureate in Philosophy with Honors in Toulon, France, and is the co-founder/co-director of Theatre Without Borders. 

Histoire vivante poursuit sa série sur les conséquences du génocide des Arméniens en 1915. Dans les années qui suivent la Première guerre mondiale, les massacres de masse des Arméniens sont dilués dans un bilan global écrasant. On ne leur rend pas justice et ils perdent définitivement leur droit au retour après le Traité de Lausanne en 1923. Pourtant un évènement fait date dans ce début des années 1920, le procès de Soghomon Tehlirian. Ce jeune Arménien tue dʹune balle de revolver dans une rue de Berlin un certain Talaat Pacha, le 15 mars 1921. Son procès, deux mois plus tard, est lʹoccasion de raconter au grand public le génocide et lʹabsence de justice réelle rendue aux victimes. Au cours de ces journées de juin 1921 la responsabilité de la victime dans le génocide des Arméniens devient lʹobjet central de toutes les attentions. Cʹest Rafael Lemkin, qui invente le mot génocide et sa définition juridique un peu plus de vingt ans plus tard alors que lʹextermination des Juifs dʹEurope est en cours. Un mot forgé aussi à partir du procès Tehlirian quʹil avait suivi avec grand intérêt alors quʹil était étudiant en droit. Avec Sévane Garibian, directrice de lʹouvrage La mort du bourreau : réflexions interdisciplinaires sur le cadavre des criminels de masse, Editions Petra, Vicken Cheterian, auteur du livre Open Wounds, Hurst and Oxford University Press, Anouche Kunth, autrice dʹAu bord de lʹeffacement. Sur les pas d'exilés arméniens dans l'entre-deux-guerres, La Découverte et Annette Becker " Raphael Lemkin, lʹextermination des Arméniens et lʹinvention du mot génocide ", in LʹExtermination des Arméniens de lʹEmpire ottoman. Une série dʹAnaïs Kien Retrouvez toutes les séries dʹHistoire Vivante sur rts.ch/audio Histoire Vivante cʹest aussi tous les vendredis dans les pages de La Liberté et sur RTS 2, le dimanche soir.

We speak with historian Dirk Moses about the origins of the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: the lawyer behind it (Raphael Lemkin), its influence on the public understanding of genocide, how it has been used, and how political the process of accountability has become. For further reading: The Problems of Genocide, by Dirk Moses and the Genocide Convention.This episode is supported by Indiana University's Presidential Arts and Humanities Program, the Tobias Center, the African Studies Program, the Center for the Study of the Middle East, and the Huh Jum Ok Human Rights Foundation.Sound editing by James Dorton and Emily Leisz Carr, mixing by Seth Olansky, music "Souffle Nocturne" by Ben Cohen.Production by Shilla Kim and Clémence Pinaud.

El 24 de abril de 1915 es la fecha conmemorativa que resume simbólicamente el inicio de todos los crímenes de lesa humanidad que el Imperio Otomano y luego la República de Turquía cometieron contra el pueblo armenio. Ese día comenzó la puesta en marcha de un plan urdido con muchos años de antelación: el plan sistemático de exterminio del pueblo armenio. Se estima que, entre el 1915 y 1923, un total de 1.500.000 de armenios, y en menor cantidad, asirios y griegos, fue sujeto a deportaciones, expropiaciones, secuestros, torturas, masacre e inanición. La mayoría de la población armenia fue forzosamente removida desde Armenia y Anatolia a Siria; gran parte enviada al desierto para morir de hambre y sed; mujeres y niños fueron raptados y brutalmente abusados; toda la riqueza fue expropiada. Los hechos ocurrieron durante el gobierno de los Jóvenes Turcos en el Imperio Otomano con Talaat Pashá, Enver Pashá y Djemal Pashá a la cabeza, y continuaron durante la República de Turquía bajo el mandato de Mustafá Kemal (Atatürk). El jurista Raphael Lemkin acuñó el término “genocidio” en 1943 basándose en la experiencia armenia y en lo ocurrido durante el Holocausto judío a manos del nazismo. Con esa base, las Naciones Unidas aprobaron en 1948 la “Convención para la prevención y la sanción del delito de genocidio” que entiende por genocidio los actos “perpetrados con la intención de destruir, total o parcialmente, a un grupo nacional, étnico, racial o religioso”: la matanza de miembros del grupo, la lesión grave a la integridad física o mental de los miembros del grupo, el sometimiento intencional del grupo a condiciones de existencia que hayan de acarrear su destrucción física, total o parcial, medidas destinadas a impedir los nacimientos en el seno del grupo y el traslado por fuerza de niños del grupo a otro grupo. El gobierno de Turquía mantiene, junto con Azerbaiyán, una política negacionista del genocidio mientras que la colectividad armenia sostiene su lucha para que no se invisibilice la historia de su pueblo. Debido a ello, quienes hacen referencia al tema son procesados judicialmente bajo el artículo 301 del Código Penal turco, mientras que sus embajadas y misiones diplomáticas presionan a los estados y organismos para que no se pronuncien al respecto. Argentina constituye un caso ejemplar ya que reconoce el genocidio en sus tres poderes. La Ley 26.199, sancionada el 13 de diciembre de 2006 y promulgada el 11 de enero de 2007, declara el día 24 de abril como “Día de acción por la tolerancia y el respeto entre los pueblos”, en conmemoración del genocidio del que fue víctima el pueblo armenio. El Genocidio Armenio está reconocido en distintos niveles por países como Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bélgica, Bolivia, Brasil, Bulgaria, Canadá, Chile, Chipre, República Checa, Francia, Alemania, Grecia, Italia, Lituania, Líbano, Luxemburgo, Países Bajos, Paraguay, Polonia, Rusia, Eslovaquia, Suecia, Suiza, Siria, Uruguay, Venezuela y el Vaticano. También 48 estados federales de Estados Unidos y diversos organismos internacionales como el Parlamento Europeo y el Parlamento del Mercosur. Recordamos esta fecha a partir de un informe especial elaborado por el Área de Contenidos en ocasión del 100º aniversario del Genocidio, y conservado en el Archivo Histórico de Radio Nacional.

História dos Genocídios e Democídios *Apoie o Canal: https://apoia.se/canaldosocran *Site Rummel: https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOT... O genocídio é uma das formas mais extremas de violência contra um grupo étnico, racial, religioso ou cultural. O termo foi criado na década de 1940 por Raphael Lemkin para descrever as atrocidades cometidas pelos nazistas durante o Holocausto. Desde então, a palavra "genocídio" tem sido usada para descrever ações semelhantes em outras partes do mundo. Porém, segundo R J Rummel, grande Politólogo da Universidade do Havaí, a Palavra Democídio geralmente é mais exata, e é com este conceito em mente que ele escreve o livro que usaremos nessa série de três vídeo - Death By Government. É interessante que Rummel, (já falecido) fora um incansável cientista político em busca da verdade e imparcialidade dos dados, ele não puxa sardinha para ninguém, uma vez deflagrado determinado caso. Espero realmente que esse conteúdo posso acrescentar muito aqueles que tiverem acesso a ele. *Áudios Venda: -CONCEITO DE HISTÓRIA NA FILSOFIA EM ARENDT: https://go.hotmart.com/I73309280Y?dp=1 -O QUE É FASCISMO: https://go.hotmart.com/Y72077629D?dp=1

Where people are killed and abused in warfare and violent conflict, artifacts of cultural heritage are often destroyed and mistreated as well. Indeed, in the World War II-era efforts to promote the then-novel idea of genocide, the Polish lawyer and activist Raphael Lemkin sought to codify the notion that genocide was both personal and cultural. What has come of his efforts? In this episode of International Horizons, we are joined by Irina Bokova, former Director-General of UNESCO and former Bulgarian ambassador to France and Monaco, who discusses the reasons why cultural heritage should be defended and preserved. Bokova provides different examples of how terrorist groups have destroyed ancient cultural heritage, the evolution of the legal frameworks to protect it, and how -- despite the disregard for international law these days -- the protection of cultural heritage is evolving. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Where people are killed and abused in warfare and violent conflict, artifacts of cultural heritage are often destroyed and mistreated as well. Indeed, in the World War II-era efforts to promote the then-novel idea of genocide, the Polish lawyer and activist Raphael Lemkin sought to codify the notion that genocide was both personal and cultural. What has come of his efforts? In this episode of International Horizons, we are joined by Irina Bokova, former Director-General of UNESCO and former Bulgarian ambassador to France and Monaco, who discusses the reasons why cultural heritage should be defended and preserved. Bokova provides different examples of how terrorist groups have destroyed ancient cultural heritage, the evolution of the legal frameworks to protect it, and how -- despite the disregard for international law these days -- the protection of cultural heritage is evolving. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/archaeology

Where people are killed and abused in warfare and violent conflict, artifacts of cultural heritage are often destroyed and mistreated as well. Indeed, in the World War II-era efforts to promote the then-novel idea of genocide, the Polish lawyer and activist Raphael Lemkin sought to codify the notion that genocide was both personal and cultural. What has come of his efforts? In this episode of International Horizons, we are joined by Irina Bokova, former Director-General of UNESCO and former Bulgarian ambassador to France and Monaco, who discusses the reasons why cultural heritage should be defended and preserved. Bokova provides different examples of how terrorist groups have destroyed ancient cultural heritage, the evolution of the legal frameworks to protect it, and how -- despite the disregard for international law these days -- the protection of cultural heritage is evolving. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/architecture

Where people are killed and abused in warfare and violent conflict, artifacts of cultural heritage are often destroyed and mistreated as well. Indeed, in the World War II-era efforts to promote the then-novel idea of genocide, the Polish lawyer and activist Raphael Lemkin sought to codify the notion that genocide was both personal and cultural. What has come of his efforts? In this episode of International Horizons, we are joined by Irina Bokova, former Director-General of UNESCO and former Bulgarian ambassador to France and Monaco, who discusses the reasons why cultural heritage should be defended and preserved. Bokova provides different examples of how terrorist groups have destroyed ancient cultural heritage, the evolution of the legal frameworks to protect it, and how -- despite the disregard for international law these days -- the protection of cultural heritage is evolving. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/art

Sono poche le figure storiche che hanno ottenuto conquiste più importanti e ignorate di quelle di Raphael Lemkin. Se oggi siamo in grado di descrivere con un solo termine quello che è successo agli ebrei, agli armeni e ad altri popoli che hanno rischiato di scomparire per sempre, lo dobbiamo alla folle determinazione di questo profugo polacco che coniò la parola “genocidio” e ne fu anche vittima: 49 membri della sua famiglia, inclusi sua madre e suo padre, morirono durante la Shoah.Con una persistenza incredibile, Lemkin dedicò tutta la sua vita affinché le Nazioni unite approvassero la Convenzione sul genocidio. Una crociata ostinata e solitaria contro l'immobilismo dell'establishment internazionale affinché quanto accaduto ai suoi cari non si ripetesse più.Ospite della puntata: Gabriele Nissim

durée : 00:57:45 - Toute une vie - Le haut lieu de la mémoire de Raphael Lemkin est un tribunal et pas n'importe lequel : Au procès de Nuremberg, les dirigeants nazis de la guerre qui se termine sont jugés et Raphael Lemkin met toutes ses forces au service de son invention juridique : le crime de génocide. - invités : Annette Becker Historienne, professeur émérite des universités à l'université de Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense; Bernard Bruneteau Historien; Guillaume Mouralis Historien, Directeur de recherche au CNRS; Philippe Sands Avocat et écrivain

Al funerale dell'ebreo polacco Raphael Lemkin morto a New York il 28 agosto del 1959 ci furono solo sette persone, come capita per la maggior parte degli uomini giusti che vengono dimenticati per l'ingratitudine umana.Eppure Lemkin è stato uno dei grandi protagonisti della Storia, che ha allertato il mondo già nel 1933 contro le minacce di Hitler agli ebrei; che, fuggito dalla Polonia dove tutta la sua famiglia fu assassinata, cercò di convincere l'amministrazione americana a dare un nuovo indirizzo alla guerra per salvare gli ebrei; che dopo la guerra fu l'artefice della Convenzione per la prevenzione e la repressione del crimine di genocidio che venne approvata nel 1948 alle Nazioni Unite.A Lemkin dobbiamo la stessa creazione della parola genocidio che non esisteva nel lessico politico e che rappresenta un ibrido tra la parola greca “genos”, stirpe, usata da Platone nella Settima lettera e dal latino “cidio”, uccidere. Voleva che questa parola fosse sulla bocca di tutti come un marchio di un prodotto di largo consumo che tutti ricordassero a memoria e che avesse il valore di un nuovo comandamento: non commettere un genocidio. E che in nome di questo comandamento si unissero tutti gli Stati del mondo affinché non si ripetesse una nuova Shoah.Saggista e scrittore, Gabriele Nissim autore del podcast, è fondatore e presidente della fondazione Gariwo, la onlus che si occupa della ricerca delle figure esemplari dei Giusti. Nel 2003 ha promosso a Milano la costruzione del Giardino dei Giusti di tutto il mondo, e in seguito la campagna che ha portato alla proclamazione della Giornata europea dei Giusti, il 6 marzo, istituita dal Parlamento euro-peo nel 2012, e all'approvazione da parte del Parlamento italiano, nel dicembre del 2017, della legge che istituisce la Giornata dei Giusti dell'umanità. Nel 2018 è stato nominato dal presidente francese Macron Cavaliere dell'Ordine Nazionale al Merito «per il suo impegno al servizio della memoria e delle relazioni tra i nostri due Paesi» e nel 2021 commendatore della Repubblica dal presidente Mattarella. Has scritto per Rizzoli “Auschwitz non finisce mai”.A cura di Francesco De Leo. Montaggio di Silvio Farina.https://storiainpodcast.focus.it - Canale Le questioni della Storia------------Storia in Podcast di Focus si può ascoltare anche su Spotify http://bit.ly/VoceDellaStoria ed Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/it/podcast/la-voce-della-storia/id1511551427.Siamo in tutte le edicole... ma anche qui:- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FocusStoria/- Gruppo Facebook Focus Storia Wars: https://www.facebook.com/groups/FocuStoriaWars/ (per appassionati di storia militare)- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/focusitvideo- Twitter: https://twitter.com/focusstoria- Sito: https://www.focus.it/cultura

Yale-professor og flyktning, Raphael Lemkin, ga oss begrepet folkemord i 1944. Hans arbeid førte direkte til FNs Folkemordskonvensjon, med mål om å permanent stanse folkemord i verden. Hvor står vi idag - og begår Russland folkemord i Ukraina? Reporter: Benjamin Nordtømme

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/russian-studies

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

Victoria A. Malko's book The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s (Lexington Books, 2021) focuses on the first group targeted in the genocide known as the Holodomor: Ukrainian intelligentsia, the "brain of the nation," using the words of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and enshrined it in international law. The study's author examines complex and devastating effects of the Holodomor on Ukrainian society during the 1920-1930s. Members of intelligentsia had individual and professional responsibilities. They resisted, but eventually they were forced to serve the Soviet regime. Ukrainian intelligentsia were virtually wiped out, most of its writers and a third of its teachers. The remaining cadres faced a choice without a choice if they wanted to survive. The author analyzes how and why this process occurred and what role intellectuals, especially teachers, played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating history. Crucially, the author challenges Western perceptions of the all-Union famine that was allegedly caused by ad hoc collectivization policies, highlighting the intentional nature of the famine as a tool of genocide, persecution, and prosecution of the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, clergy, and grain growers. The author demonstrates the continuity between Stalinist and neo-Stalinist attempts to prevent the crystallization of the nation and subvert Ukraine from within by non-lethal and lethal means. Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed is a PhD candidate in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures, Indiana University Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Those two words -- "never again" -- have echoed through history as a promise to the dead and a warning to the living. Never again will we allow atrocities to be committed with impunity. Never again will the rest of the world just stand by and watch. But now, Vladimir Putin's unprovoked war in Ukraine is testing that promise and the West's will to stop him. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky is accusing Putin of genocide, a claim also made by President Biden. Tonight, Christiane looks back at the origins of that word, “genocide,” and two men who ensured the world wouldn't look away after the horrors of World War II: Benjamin Ferencz, the last surviving prosecutor from the Nuremberg trials and the first prosecutor to use the term “genocide” in a court of law; and Raphael Lemkin, the man who coined the word in 1944.  Also in today's show: Christiane visits Babyn Yar, the site of the murder of 33,000 in World War II; journalist Mark Follman, who's spent the past decade focusing on gun violence in America, talks about this week's subway shooting in New York. To learn more about how CNN protects listener privacy, visit cnn.com/privacy

We discuss Russia's escalating attacks on civilians in Ukraine, and similar tactics used previously in Syria and Chechnya.Putin has committed crimes against humanity before. With no real repercussions from the West. If you like our content, please subscribe to our premium episodes. During the Chechen wars, the West was not as outraged as now, because the victims were predominantly Muslim and world leaders at the time still believed Putin was fighting a war “against terror”. It was proved by journalists like Anna Politkovskaya and former FSB officer turned dissident Alexander Litvinenko that was in fact Putin who planned the now infamous Moscow apartment bombings of 1999 as a pretext to start a war with Chechnya. For a more detailed account, listen to our Putin's Rise to Power – Part 2 premium episode. 1, 2 We discuss verified reports of executions, sexual assault, torture, shelling of children hospitals, maternities, and blocks of flats, as well as other horrors emerging from Bucha, Borodyanka, Mariupol, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Mykolaiv, Lviv, Irpin and Odessa. The number of civilian casualties just in Mariupol alone is estimated to exceed 20,000. They are rounding up Ukrainian civilians into camps and many people are “disappeared”. They have even killed dogs and their puppies. As Russia regroups to prepare for the Donbas battle, they are giving a new meaning to “scorched earth”. We go through a brief history of war crimes, and we will analyze the current situation, the West's reaction and what's coming next: General Alexander Dvornikov aka the Butcher of Syria and the Battle of Donbas. 3 Lviv University is the alma mater of the two lawyers who came up with the legal concepts of prosecutions at Nuremberg for genocide and crimes against humanity. Raphael Lemkin introduced the term ‘genocide' in international law and Hersch Lauterpacht coined ‘crimes against humanity' into international law. Putin is winning in Russia. He's losing internationally but he's winning at home, his popularity ratings inside Russia are 83%. On April 11, Putin arrested Vladimir Kara-Murza. The FSB has poisoned kara-Murza twice already. He's now in prison just Alexei Navalny, not likely to be released soon. A 13 km long Russian convoy is approaching Donbas. On the international scene Russia has been kicked out of the UN Human rights Council but not from the Security Council. The US is sending $750 M in military aid to Ukraine. Ukraine also has Bayraktar drones from Turkey. Finland and Sweden move closer to NATO membership. 4 1. Patrice Taddonio, What an ‘Unhinged' Meeting Reveals About Vladimir Putin's War on Ukraine, PBS, March 2022. ⇤2. Greg Myre, Russia's Wars in Chechnya Offer a Grim Warning of What Could Be in Ukraine, NPR, March 2022. ⇤3. Pjotr Sauer, Hundreds of Ukrainians Forcibly Deported to Russia, Say Mariupol Women, The Guardian, April 2022. ⇤4. Ben Arris, Editor in Chief, BNE Intellinews. ⇤

This 2019 episode is about the man often described as the person who coined the term genocide. He was also the driving force behind the existence of the U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.