Podcasts about indus valley civilization

It's one of the most terrifyingly fascinating places on our planet. Ships and planes simply vanish, radios and compasses just stop working, and some even say they've spotted strange objects there. And it's not the one and only Bermuda Triangle. There are at least 11 other mysterious places. So what are they, and how do they form? Ivan T. Sanderson, a writer, a biologist, and a huge fan of the paranormal and inexplicable, traveled a lot and recorded his experiences. What caught his attention the most was where the strangest unexplained things kept happening. That is, disappearing ships and whatnot. He was able to map 12 of these places scattered all over the world. But the weird thing is, 6 of them lie almost perfectly in line above the Equator, and the same goes for the 6 below it... TIMESTAMPS: The Bermuda Triangle 1:11 The Algerian Megaliths 2:14 Mohenjo-Daro 3:02 The Dragon's Triangle 3:44 The Hamakulia Volcano 4:30 Easter Island 4:59 The South Atlantic Anomaly 5:44 Great Zimbabwe 6:20 The Wharton Basin 6:53 The Loyalty Islands 7:27 The North and South Poles 8:06 Theories about these Vile Vortices: Ley lines 8:52 Giant puzzle 9:32 A lot of geologic activity 10:04 #mystery #bermudatriangle #brightside SUMMARY: Besides the paranormal theories of wormholes to another dimension and gates to the underworld, the Bermuda Triangle is really foggy due to methane gas that sometimes makes it impossible for travelers to see, thus making navigation a little tricky too. The Algerian Megaliths are an architectural anomaly, showing just how advanced these people were for a time when we didn't have the technology to help us build stable constructions. Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan goes way back to the Indus Valley Civilization in 2500 BCE. Like in Algeria, this society was, for some reason, surprisingly advanced when it came to building and urban planning. Heading further east along the same northern line, we arrive in Japan, where the Dragon's Triangle, also called the Devil's Sea, is located. The most astonishing thing about this Vile Vortex is that there's an underwater city dubbed Japan's Atlantis. Located in the Ring of Fire, the next Vile Vortex is the Hamakulia Volcano in Hawaii. Locals treat it with utmost respect as the volcano is believed to have a mysterious power. Now let's head south of the Equator to one of the most isolated places on this planet: Easter Island in Polynesia. This is where you can find nearly 900 Moai statues created by the Rapa Nui people. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a part of Earth where natural radiation flows out of control. Another impressive megalith, this time in Zimbabwe. It was once home to around 20,000 people… but it's now a ghost town. Poor Australia has Vile Vortices on both sides. Heading over to the east, there's the Loyalty Islands. A lot of strange whirlpools were found on this patch of the South Pacific as well as plenty of geologic activity. The North and South Poles are on opposite ends of the planet, but they've got two things in common: ice and odd disappearances. Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com/ Subscribe to Bright Side : https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightgram   5-Minute Crafts Youtube: https://www.goo.gl/8JVmuC Stock materials (photos, footages and other): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Fluent Fiction - Hindi: How Stories and Heritage Found Their Voice at Humayun's Tomb Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.org/how-stories-and-heritage-found-their-voice-at-humayuns-tomb Story Transcript:Hi: दिल्ली की ताज़ा शाम थी और हवा में दीपावली की हल्की-सी गंध थी।En: It was a fresh evening in Delhi, and there was a faint aroma of Diwali in the air.Hi: हुमायूँ का मकबरा, अपने शाही वैभव के साथ, एक अद्भुत दृश्य प्रस्तुत कर रहा था।En: Humayun's Tomb, with its royal grandeur, was presenting a magnificent view.Hi: इस पूरे दृश्य को और सुंदर बना रहा था सांस्कृतिक महोत्सव, जिसमें नृत्य, संगीत और कला के स्टॉल लगा हुए थे।En: Enhancing this entire scene was a cultural festival, where stalls of dance, music, and art were set up.Hi: इस उत्सव के केंद्र में था आरव।En: At the center of this festival was Aarav.Hi: आरव एक इतिहास प्रेमी और मकबरे का टूर गाइड था।En: Aarav was a history enthusiast and a tour guide of the tomb.Hi: वह चाहता था कि लोग उसकी बात सुनें और हमारे सांस्कृतिक धरोहर की सुरक्षा पर विचार करें।En: He wanted people to listen to him and consider the preservation of our cultural heritage.Hi: लेकिन समस्या थी - लोगों का ध्यान आकर्षित करना।En: But the problem was attracting people's attention.Hi: शोर गुल और उत्सव की हलचल में उसकी बात कोई नहीं सुन रहा था।En: Amidst the noise and commotion of the festival, no one was listening to him.Hi: दूसरी तरफ थी मीरा, जो शहर की जीवन धारा को अपने कैमरे में कैद करने आयी थी।En: On the other hand, there was Meera, who had come to capture the city's vibe with her camera.Hi: उसे अपनी नई परियोजना के लिए प्रेरणा चाहिए थी।En: She needed inspiration for her new project.Hi: लेकिन जब वह फोटो खींचने लगी, तो उसका कैमरा काम करना बंद कर दिया।En: But as she started taking photos, her camera stopped working.Hi: यह उसके लिए बड़ा संकट था।En: This was a big crisis for her.Hi: आरव ने सोचा कि केवल तथ्यों से काम नहीं चलेगा।En: Aarav thought that facts alone would not suffice.Hi: उसने कहानियों का सहारा लेने का निश्चय किया।En: He decided to rely on stories.Hi: और जैसे ही वह शुरू हुआ, एक अनमोल धारा सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता से होते हुए, मुगलकाल और हुमायूँ की रोमांचक कहानियाँ सुनाता गया।En: And as soon as he began, he narrated a priceless stream of tales from the Indus Valley Civilization to the Mughal Era and Humayun's thrilling stories.Hi: उसकी बातों में ऐसा एक जादू था कि लोग खिंचे चले आए।En: There was such magic in his words that people were drawn in.Hi: मीरा, अपनी निराशा में, उसके पास जाकर खड़ी हो गई।En: Meera, in her disappointment, stood next to him.Hi: आरव की कहानियों ने उसे इतना प्रभावित किया कि वह भी श्रोताओं में शामिल हो गई।En: Aarav's stories impressed her so much that she joined the audience.Hi: उसे लगा कि शब्दों और स्मृतियों में भी गहरी शक्ति है, जो कैमरे की तस्वीरों से कहीं अधिक दूर तक ले जा सकती हैं।En: She realized that words and memories also have a profound power that can take you much farther than the pictures from a camera.Hi: जल्दी ही आरव का सपना साकार हुआ।En: Soon, Aarav's dream came true.Hi: लोग उसकी बात सुनकर सांस्कृतिक धरोहर के महत्व को समझने लगे।En: People began to understand the importance of cultural heritage by listening to him.Hi: मीरा ने महसूस किया कि कहानियों और स्मृतियों को शब्दों में पिरोने का भी अपना एक अलग आनंद होता है।En: Meera felt that weaving stories and memories into words has its own unique joy.Hi: उत्सव के अंत में, आरव को न केवल सम्मान मिला, बल्कि उसके आत्मविश्वास ने भी उड़ान भरी।En: At the end of the festival, Aarav not only gained respect but his confidence soared as well.Hi: मीरा ने उसके अनुभवों को कहानी के रूप में लिखने का निश्चय किया।En: Meera decided to write his experiences in the form of a story.Hi: इस वाकिये ने न केवल आरव को एक प्रभावशाली कहानीकार बनाया, बल्कि मीरा को नए दृष्टिकोण से अपने काम को समझने और अपनाने में मदद की।En: This incident not only made Aarav an influential storyteller but also helped Meera understand and adopt her work from a new perspective.Hi: दोनों ने यह सीखा कि कहानियों की शक्ति हर बाधा को पार कर सकती है।En: Both learned that the power of stories can overcome every obstacle.Hi: संध्या के अंत में, हुमायूँ का मकबरा अपनी रोशनी में और भी चमकने लगा।En: By the end of the evening, Humayun's Tomb shone even brighter in its light.Hi: दीपों की लौ में जलती रात ने दो व्यक्तियों को एक नया दृष्टिकोण और नई दिशा दी थी।En: The night, lit by the flames of the lamps, gave two individuals a new perspective and a new direction. Vocabulary Words:faint: हल्की-सीaroma: गंधgrandeur: वैभवmagnificent: अद्भुतenhancing: सुंदर बना रहाstalls: स्टॉलenthusiast: प्रेमीpreservation: सुरक्षाcommotion: हलचलvibe: जीवन धाराinspiration: प्रेरणाcrisis: संकटsuffice: काम चलनाnarrated: सुनानाpriceless: अनमोलthrilling: रोमांचकprofound: गहरीsoared: उड़ान भरीinfluential: प्रभावशालीovercome: पार करनाobstacle: बाधाflames: लौcapture: कैदconsider: विचार करेंrealized: महसूस कियाweaving: पिरोनेperspective: दृष्टिकोणunique: अलगmemories: स्मृतियाँunderstand: समझने

The Indus Valley Civilization was a cultural and political entity which flourished in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent between c. 7000 - c. 600 BCE. Its modern name derives from its location in the valley of the Indus River, but it is also commonly referred to as the Indus-SarasvatiCivilization and the Harrapan Civilization. These latter designations come from the Sarasvati River mentioned in Vedic sources, which flowed adjacent to the Indus River, and the ancient city of Harappa in the region, the first one found in the modern era. None of these names derive from any ancient texts because, although scholars generally believe the people of this civilization developed a writing system (known as Indus Script or Harappan Script) it has not yet been deciphered. Article written by JoshuaJ Mark and narrated by Lianne Walker

IVC HAD GREAT DENTISTS? BETTER SYSTEMS THAN TODAY? THEY PRAISED PASHPATINATH? FLUSH TOILETS WERE AVAILABLE BACK THEN? ALMOST EVERYTHING WE SAY AS MODERN TODAY WERE A PART OF THEIR LIVES!! . All about Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and the modern world connection! How they used buttons on their clothing? Everything covered in this episode! . Listen, Share, Connect! @indiaunveiledpodcast@gmail.com IG: @indiaunveiled.podcat @me.rakeshh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/rakeshsoni/message

Step into a provocative discourse about Human Sacrifice with our host Rico Rocks and special guest Nick B. Engage in a thorough examination of this chilling practice, engrained in the fabric of human history and still casting a long shadow in contemporary society. We delve beyond terror and fascination, exploring the disturbing 'sacrifice market model' that may be running our world. Be a part of this open discussion and ponder over the true meaning of sacrifice and its symbolism in our lives. This episode is sure to provoke introspection, stimulate thought and initiate a journey of self-realization. Explore the brutal yet intriguing narratives of human sacrifice from Ancient Mayan to modern day suicide bombers. Contemplate morality, societal order, and our civilization's fascination with death. Witness alarming links between human sacrifice and various facets of society - sports, war, food industry, pharmaceuticals, and governments, leaving you questioning established norms and conventions. Walk with us through the gruesome pages of human history - Ancient Egypt, Inca, Rome, 20th century Japan and beyond. Uncover sinister practices, ranging from children's sacrifices by the Inca to horrific norms in West African Kingdom of Dehomi, isolated communities of Hawaii, the ancient Moche people of Peru, and Vikings' sacrificial slaughter of slaves. This is not just an overview, but a vivid recounting of sacrifices in key eras such as the Carthaginian infanticide, Mongol invasions and the Indus Valley Civilization, right through to current-day crises in Tanzania and the prehistoric European era. This intense review seeks to offer an insightful look into the real costs of appeasing gods, proving allegiance, or marking significant societal shifts. Subscribe for more mesmerizing historical accounts that delve deep into the heart of human civilizations.

Archaeology is changing quickly, and few people are playing more of a direct role in the wave of fascinating new studies exploring the Indus Valley Civilization, South Asia, and Iran than Professor Cameron Petrie. We talk about his work on South Asia, the scientific revolution in archaeology, and much more.Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWverge. And check out Patrick's new podcast The Pursuit of Dadliness! It's all about “Dad Culture,” and Patrick will interview some fascinating guests about everything from tall wooden ships to smoked meats to comfortable sneakers to history, sports, culture, and politics. https://bit.ly/PWtPoDListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistorySee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Mohenjo-daro, once the big cheese of the Indus Valley Civilization, was rocking from around 2500 to 1700 BCE with a massive population of 40,000 peeps. But then, bam! Things took a mysterious turn, and the city's fate became one big question mark. People vanished, and Mohenjo-daro was left deserted, leaving archaeologists scratching their heads. But hold the phone—scientists might just be onto something with their theories about what went down next. Talk about a history cliffhanger, right? Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Mohenjodaro: Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Moenjodaro: Usman.pg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mohenjodaro: Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Dancing Girl: Joe Ravi, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... TheTokl: Hangzhou, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Hangzhou, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tiandu Cheng: Aintneo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Moenjodaro: Junhi Han, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Ford Motor Company: McGhiever, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... MNXANL: Sky-City, with Anonymous artist, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... South Entrance of L'avenue des Champs-Élysées at Tianducheng, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tianducheng, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tiandu Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Animation is created by Bright Side. #brightside ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/0hUkPxD... Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightside.official   TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brightside.of... Stock materials (photos, footages and other): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The world's climate isn't stable, but how can we understand climate change in the past? Dr. Alena Giesche is an expert on ancient climates, and she explains both how the field of paleoclimate studies works and its application to a massive issue: the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization, a topic on which she's spent years working.Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWverge. And check out Patrick's new podcast The Pursuit of Dadliness! It's all about “Dad Culture,” and Patrick will interview some fascinating guests about everything from tall wooden ships to smoked meats to comfortable sneakers to history, sports, culture, and politics. https://bit.ly/PWtPoDListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistorySee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the most enigmatic, sophisticated, and compelling ancient societies. For seven centuries, it thrived in the western portions of South Asia, building enormous mud-brick cities without domination by ruling kings or elites. But then, over the course of several hundred years, the IVC slowly disintegrated. Why?Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWverge. And check out Patrick's new podcast The Pursuit of Dadliness! It's all about “Dad Culture,” and Patrick will interview some fascinating guests about everything from tall wooden ships to smoked meats to comfortable sneakers to history, sports, culture, and politics. https://bit.ly/PWtPoDListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistorySee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

EPISODE 103 | Down in Bermuda, It's Easy to Believe – The Devil's Triangle Back in the 70s, the Bermuda Triangle was all over the place but today, not so much. Whatever happened with that? Did it go away? Was it debunked? Or did the woosphere simply get bored and move on to juicer subjects?  A bit of both. Plus, the are lots of other supposed interesting/mysterious/dangerous triangles out there. They do have sharp corners, after all.  Like what we do? Then buy us a beer or three via our page on Buy Me a Coffee. #ConspiracyClearinghouse #sharingiscaring #donations #support #buymeacoffee You can also SUBSCRIBE to this podcast. Review us here or on IMDb! SECTIONS 02:29 - New Frontier - How it all starts: Edward Van Winkle Jones gets the ball rolling in 1950, Allan W. Eckert picks it up in 1952, Vincent Gaddis expands the idea in 1962, as does John Wallace Spencer in 1969, and in 1974, Charles Berlitz and Richard Winer go all in on the Triangle; Larry Kusche thoroughly debunks it all in 1975, Hitchens' Razor and the Sagan Standard (ECREE) 11:31 - Strange Brew - Cayce's people weigh in as do plenty of other knowledge garglers, better woo comes along, Lloyds of London investigates, Gian J. Quasar tries to revive Triangle interest in the Noughties 15:17 - Your Haunted Head - The Sargasso Sea - an oceanic gyre surrounded by four currents, Donald Crowhurst gets stuck there and goes insane 19:36 - Long Way Down - Ocean farts, the Gulf Stream, the Milwaukee Deep, the agonic line and the North Poles (both true and magnetic) 24:59 - Hunting High and Low - The Dragon's Triangle near Japan, Ivan Sanderson develops his Twelve Vile Vortices theory: 27:31 - "Hamkulia Volcano", Hawaii; the Ring of Fire 29:14 - Jeddars in the Atlas Mountains, Algeria; fungoid rock art in the Tassili n'Ajjer  29:57 - Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley, ancient nuclear war, chicken city 34:00 - The Wharton Basin, Indian Ocean, Flight MH370 34:44 - The Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia; Sandy Island 35:52 - Easter Island, Rapa Nui,  Szukalski's Zermatism, Miroljub Petrović 37:26 - The Southern Atlantic Anomaly, the Mozambique Channel  38:22 - Fever to Tell - Ley lines, Ramsey's Theorem, the Bridgewater Triangle near Boston (home of the  Pukwudgie), the Bennington Triangle in Vermont, the Nevada Triangle, the Lake Michigan Triangle and yet another "America's Stonehenge" 41:45 - The Marysburgh Vortex in Lake Ontario, the Matlock Triangle and Falkirk Triangle in the UK, the Broad Haven Triangle in Wales, the Hoia Forest in Romania 42:47 - The Mapimí Silent Zone in Mexico's Chihuahuan desert  Music by Fanette Ronjat More Info Sea's Puzzles Still Baffle Men In Pushbutton Age by Edward Van Winkle Jones, Miami Herland, 1950 Sea Mystery at our Back Door by George X. Sand, Fate Magazine, 1952 The Mystery of the Lost Patrol by Allan W. Eckert, American Legion Magazine, April 1962, page 12 The Deadly Bermuda Triangle by Vincent Gaddis, The Argosy, February 1964 Invisible Horizons True Mysteries of the Sea by Vincent Gaddis Limbo of the Lost by John Wallace Spencer The Bermuda Triangle by Charles Berlitz The Devils' Triangle by Richard Winer The Devil's Triangle 2 by Richard Winer From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw by Richard Winer Bermuda Triangle Mystery - Solved by Larry Kusche The Case of the Bermuda Triangle episode of NOVA What is the Bermuda Triangle? on the National Oceanic Service website Bermuda Triangle on Britannica What Is Known (and Not Known) About the Bermuda Triangle on Britannica Bermuda Triangle: Where Facts Disappear on LiveScience Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian Quasar Mysteries of the Sargasso Sea in The Bermudian The Mystery on the Sargasso on How Stuff Works Donald Crowhurst: The fake round-the-world sailing story behind The Mercy in Yachting World They Went to Sea in a Sieve, They Did by Shannon Proudfoot on Big Reads Off the Deep End: A History of Madness at Sea by Nic Compton Bermuda Triangle mystery solved? It's a load of gas on The Age 7 Chilling Conspiracy Theories About the Bermuda Triangle in Popular Mechanics Down in the Milwaukee Deep  Magnetic Declination Varies Considerably Across The United States on USGS The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Delusion: Looking Back after Forty Years by Larry Kuche for Skeptical Inquirer Mysterious waters: from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil's Sea on CNN Beyond the Bermuda Triangle: The Devil's Sea documentary video Unexplained Mystery: The Devil's Sea – The Dragon's Triangle on Marine Insight The Vile Vortices Of Ivan T. Sanderson on History Daily Vile Vortices Part 2 – Hamakulia on CryptoVille Algeria's ancient pyramid tombs still shrouded in mystery on France24 What Happened to Mohenjo Daro? on Wonderopolis Rediscovering the lost city of Mohenjo Daro on National Geographic Uncovering the Secrets of the Indus Valley Civilization and Its Undeciphered Script The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro Top Things to Do in the Loyalty Islands Now You See It, Now You Don't - Finland Doesn't Exist episode The Secrets of Easter Island on Smithsonian Easter Island - the Mystery of the Moai on Mountain Kingdoms Rapa Nui on IMDb What Lies Beneath - The Hollow Earth episode including Zermatism Weird behavior of Earth's magnetic field over South Atlantic dates back 11 million years NASA Is Tracking a Huge, Growing Anomaly in Earth's Magnetic Field  10 Mozambique Channel Facts You Might Not Know Madagascar's Menagerie Floated from Africa from the University of Hong Kong It Happens Here: A look at the 'weirdness' of the Bridgewater Triangle Bennington Triangle, Vermont on Legends of America Mysteries of Flight: The Nevada Triangle Lake Michigan Triangle on Atlas Obscura What Is the Great Lakes Triangle? classroom activity Stonehenge-like Structure Found Under Lake Michigan ‘Strange things out there': Inside Lake Ontario's ‘Bermuda Triangle' The Great Lakes and the mystery of the Marysburgh Vortex Gateway to Oblivion: The Great Lakes' Bermuda Triangle by Hugh F. Cochrane The Falkirk Triangle in Scotland Why Is a Small Village in Scotland the UK's UFO Hotspot? What's inside Hoia Baciu Forest, the world's most haunted forest? Romania's Bermuda Triangle: The Creepy Hoia Forest of Transylvania What does the Mexican Bermuda Triangle look like Enter The Mapimi Zone Of Silence: Where Science Fiction Meets Reality The Zone of Silence in Northern Mexico: scientific marvel or just fiction? Zone Of Silence Mexico video Mexico: UFOs, magnetism, army: The strange zone of silence Follow us on social: Facebook Twitter Other Podcasts by Derek DeWitt DIGITAL SIGNAGE DONE RIGHT - Winner of a 2022 Gold Quill Award, 2022 Gold MarCom Award, 2021 AVA Digital Award Gold, 2021 Silver Davey Award, 2020 Communicator Award of Excellence, and on numerous top 10 podcast lists.  PRAGUE TIMES - A city is more than just a location - it's a kaleidoscope of history, places, people and trends. This podcast looks at Prague, in the center of Europe, from a number of perspectives, including what it is now, what is has been and where it's going. It's Prague THEN, Prague NOW, Prague LATER

This video elaborates on the causes of decline of Indus Valley Civilization. Specially designed for students preparing for competitive exams. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/venus-jain3/message

इस हफ़्ते सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की सैर लेखक और कलाकार निखिल गुलाटी के साथ जो हमें इस सभ्यता की कई परिचित-अपरिचित बातों से वाकिफ कराते है।  This week, a delightful conversation with writer-illustrator Nikhil Gulati aka Oddball Comics, who takes us through the many fascinating aspects of the Indus Valley Civilization through his graphic novel ‘The People of the Indus'.  The People of the Indus by Nikhil Gulati with Jonathan Mark Kenoyer https://amzn.eu/d/8VsMDkp Oddball Comics https://www.oddballcomics.in/ *****   related Puliyabaazi  ***** #99 सच की खोज: एक Archaeologist से मुलाक़ात ft. Disha Ahluwalia https://puliyabaazi.in/video/99-sc-kii-khoj-ek-archaeologist-se-mulaaqaat-ft-disha-ahluwalia सभी का ख़ून है शामिल यहाँ की मिट्टी में. We are all foreigners. https://puliyabaazi.in/episode/sbhii-kaa-khhuun-hai-shaamil-yhaa-kii-mittttii-me-we-are-all-foreigners भारतीय भाषाओँ में हमारे अतीत के सुराग़. Clues to our past in Indian languages. https://puliyabaazi.in/episode/bhaartiiy-bhaassaao-me-hmaare-atiit-ke-suraaghh-clues-to-our-past-in-indian-languages ***************** Website: https://puliyabaazi.in Write to us at puliyabaazi@gmail.com  Hosts: @saurabhchandra @pranaykotas @thescribblebee  Puliyabaazi is on these platforms: Twitter: @puliyabaazi  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/puliyabaazi/ Subscribe & listen to the podcast on iTunes, Google Podcasts, Castbox, AudioBoom, YouTube, Spotify or any other podcast appSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Beating all odds, as a young female student, in a country ruled by men, archeologist and writer Parveen Talpur single-handedly set wheels in motion for the establishment of the Department of Archeology at the University in Karachi, Pakistan. She went on to Cornell University, where she worked on decipherment of the ancient script from the Indus Valley Civilization, and publish a few books. Parveen tells us about her mother Zeib, who as a newly married woman lived in purdah (women's segregation). After giving birth to six children, Zeib moved with her family to the city, received education and started writing stories of the women in her village. Hear Parveen's inspiring sotry of determination, and Zeib's story of cher hange  – relatively late in life - from a simple village girl to an open-minded city woman. In this beautiful and informative conversation, Parveen shares Zeib's lessons on determination; it never being too late for personal evolution; fighting for women's rights, whatever the circumstances; and the magic of storytelling. You can learn more about Parveen and her work on her website.  To learn more about Parveen's writing retreat in Greece, please visit here. To subscribe to Ana's new "Mama Loves…” newsletter, please go here.  To learn more about "Thank You, mama" creative writing workshop, visit here. To contact Ana, to be a guest, or suggest a guest, please send your mail to: info@thankyoumama.net For more about “Thank You, Mama", please visit: http://www.thankyoumama.net To connect with Ana on social media: https://www.instagram.com/anatajder/ https://www.facebook.com/ana.tajder https://www.linkedin.com/in/anatajder/ https://twitter.com/tajder

Bharat ya phir India? Achha ye 'Bharat' , 'India' kaise bana? India me pehla European kon aaya tha? Indus Valley Civilization ki shuruaat ant or itihaas kya hai? Kya aap jante hai kaali mirch ko salary ke roop me diya jata tha? Mughals Bharat ke saath kya kya kiye? sach me unhone apni praja ko kaise rakha tha? East India Company ne Bharat ko kaise loota? Indian mythology ka Indian history se kya relation hai? Jaaniye ye sab kuch is series mein!!!! India Unveiled by- Rakesh Soni Connect with me on Instagram; @me.rakeshh write me on; rakeshh0207@gmail.com --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/rakeshsoni/message

One of the hardest parts of telling any history, is which innovations are significant enough to warrant mention. Too much, and the history is so vast that it can't be told. Too few, and it's incomplete. Arguably, no history is ever complete. Yet there's a critical path of innovation to get where we are today, and hundreds of smaller innovations that get missed along the way, or are out of scope for this exact story. Children have probably been placing sand into buckets to make sandcastles since the beginning of time. Bricks have survived from round 7500BC in modern-day Turkey where humans made molds to allow clay to dry and bake in the sun until it formed bricks. Bricks that could be stacked. And it wasn't long before molds were used for more. Now we can just print a mold on a 3d printer.   A mold is simply a block with a hollow cavity that allows putting some material in there. People then allow it to set and pull out a shape. Humanity has known how to do this for more than 6,000 years, initially with lost wax casting with statues surviving from the Indus Valley Civilization, stretching between parts of modern day Pakistan and India. That evolved to allow casting in gold and silver and copper and then flourished in the Bronze Age when stone molds were used to cast axes around 3,000 BCE. The Egyptians used plaster to cast molds of the heads of rulers. So molds and then casting were known throughout the time of the earliest written works and so the beginning of civilization. The next few thousand years saw humanity learn to pack more into those molds, to replace objects from nature with those we made synthetically, and ultimately molding and casting did its part on the path to industrialization. As we came out of the industrial revolution, the impact of all these technologies gave us more and more options both in terms of free time as humans to think as well as new modes of thinking. And so in 1868 John Wesley Hyatt invented injection molding, patenting the machine in 1872. And we were able to mass produce not just with metal and glass and clay but with synthetics. And more options came but that whole idea of a mold to avoid manual carving and be able to produce replicas stretched back far into the history of humanity. So here we are on the precipice of yet another world-changing technology becoming ubiquitous. And yet not. 3d printing still feels like a hobbyists journey rather than a mature technology like we see in science fiction shows like Star Trek with their replicators or printing a gun in the Netflix show Lost In Space. In fact the initial idea of 3d printing came from a story called Things Pass By written all the way back in 1945! I have a love-hate relationship with 3D printing. Some jobs just work out great. Others feel very much like personal computers in the hobbyist era - just hacking away until things work. It's usually my fault when things go awry. Just as it was when I wanted to print things out on the dot matrix printer on the Apple II. Maybe I fed the paper crooked or didn't check that there was ink first or sent the print job using the wrong driver. One of the many things that could go wrong.  But those fast prints don't match with the reality of leveling and cleaning nozzles and waiting for them to heat up and pulling filament out of weird places (how did it get there, exactly)! Or printing 10 add-ons for a printer to make it work the way it probably should have out of the box.  Another area where 3d printing is similar to the early days of the personal computer revolution is that there are a few different types of technology in use today. These include color-jet printing (CJP), direct metal printing (DMP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM, multi-jet printing (MJP), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting (SLM), and selective laser sintering (SLS). Each could be better for a given type of print job to be done. Some forms have flourished while others are either their infancy or have been abandoned like extinct languages. Language isolates are languages that don't fit into other families. Many are the last in a branch of a larger language family tree. Others come out of geographically isolated groups. Technology also has isolates. Konrad Zuse built computers in pre-World War II Germany and after that aren't considered to influence other computers. In other words, every technology seems to have a couple of false starts. Hideo Kodama filed the first patent to 3d print in 1980 - but his method of using UV lights to harden material doesn't get commercialized.  Another type of 3d printing includes printers that were inkjets that shot metal alloys onto surfaces. Inkjet printing was invented by Ichiro Endo at Canon in the 1950s, supposedly when he left a hot iron on a pen and ink bubbled out. Thus the “Bubble jet” printer. And Jon Vaught at HP was working on the same idea at about the same time. These were patented and used to print images from computers over the coming decades. Johannes Gottwald patented a printer like this in 1971. Experiments continued through the 1970s when companies like Exxon were trying to improve various prototyping processes. Some of their engineers joined an inventor Robert Howard in the early 1980s to found a company called Howtek and they produced the Pixelmaster, using hot-melt inks to increment the ink jet with solid inks, which then went on to be used by Sanders Prototype, which evolved into a company called Solidscape to market the Modelmaker. And some have been used to print solar cells, living cells, tissue, and even edible birthday cakes. That same technique is available with a number of different solutions but isn't the most widely marketable amongst the types of 3D printers available. SLA There's often a root from which most technology of the day is derived. Charles, or Chuck, Hull coined the term stereolithography, where he could lay down small layers of an object and then cure the object with UV light, much as the dentists do with fillings today. This is made possibly by photopolymers, or plastics that are easily cured by an ultraviolet light. He then invented the stereolithography apparatus, or SLA for short, a machine that printed from the bottom to the top by focusing a laser on photopolymer while in a liquid form to cure the plastic into place. He worked on it in 1983, filed the patent in 1984, and was granted the patent in 1986.  Hull also developed a file format for 3D printing called STL. STL files describe the surface of a three-dimensional object, geometrically using Cartesian coordinates. Describing coordinates and vectors means we can make objects bigger or smaller when we're ready to print them. 3D printers print using layers, or slices. Those can change based on the filament on the head of a modern printer, the size of the liquid being cured, and even the heat of a nozzle. So the STL file gets put into a slicer that then converts the coordinates on the outside to the polygons that are cured. These are polygons in layers, so they may appear striated rather than perfectly curved according to the size of the layers. However, more layers take more time and energy. Such is the evolution of 3D printing. Hull then founded a company called 3D Systems in Valencia California to take his innovation to market. They sold their first printer, the SLA-1 in 1988. New technologies start out big and expensive. And that was the case with 3D Systems. They initially sold to large engineering companies but when solid-state lasers came along in 1996 they were able to provide better systems for cheaper.  Languages also have other branches. Another branch in 3d printing came in 1987, just before the first SLA-1 was sold.  Carl Deckard  and his academic adviser Joe Beaman at the University of Texas worked on a DARPA grant to experiment with creating physical objects with lasers. They formed a company to take their solution to market called DTM and filed a patent for what they called selective laser sintering. This compacts and hardens a material with a heat source without having to liquify it. So a laser, guided by a computer, can move around a material and harden areas to produce a 3D model. Now in addition to SLA we had a second option, with the release of the Sinterstation 2500plus. Then 3D Systems then acquired DTM for $45 million in 2001. FDM After Hull published his findings for SLA and created the STL format, other standards we use today emerged. FDM is short for Fused Deposition Modeling and was created by Scott Crump in 1989. He then started a company with his wife Lisa to take the product to market, taking the company public in 1994. Crump's first patent expired in 2009.  In addition to FDM, there are other formats and techniques. AeroMat made the first 3D printer that could produce metal in 1997. These use a laser additive manufacturing process, where lasers fuse powdered titanium alloys. Some go the opposite direction and create out of bacteria or tissue. That began in 1999, when Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative medicine grew a 3D printed urinary bladder in a lab to be used as a transplant. We now call this bioprinting and can take tissue and lasers to rebuild damaged organs or even create a new organ. Organs are still in their infancy with success trials on smaller animals like rabbits. Another aspect is printing dinner using cell fibers from cows or other animals. There are a number of types of materials used in 3D printing. Most printers today use a continuous feed of one of these filaments, or small coiled fibers of thermoplastics that melt instead of burn when they're heated up. The most common in use today is PLA, or polylactic acid, is a plastic initially created by Wall Carothers of DuPont, the same person that brought us nylon, neoprene, and other plastic derivatives. It typically melts between 200 and 260 degrees Celsius. Printers can also take ABS filament, which is short for acrylonitrile-butadien-styerene. Other filament types include HIPS, PET, CPE, PVA, and their derivative forms.  Filament is fed into a heated extruder assembly that melts the plastic. Once melted, filament extrudes into place through a nozzle as a motor sends the nozzle on a x and y axis per layer.  Once a layer of plastic is finished being delivered to the areas required to make up the desired slice, the motor moves the extruder assembly up or down on a z axis between layers. Filament is just between 1.75 millimeters and 3 millimeters and comes in spools between half a kilogram and two kilograms. These thermoplastics cool very quickly. Once all of the slices are squirted into place, the print is removed from the bed and the nozzle cools off. Filament comes in a number of colors and styles. For example, wood fibers can be added to filament to get a wood-grained finish. Metal can be added to make prints appear metallic and be part metal.  Printing isn't foolproof, though. Filament often gets jammed or the spool gets stuck, usually when something goes wrong. Filament also needs to be stored in a temperature and moisture controlled location or it can cause jobs to fail. Sometimes the software used to slice the .stl file has an incorrect setting, like the wrong size of filament. But in general, 3D printing using the FDM format is pretty straight forward these days. Yet this is technology that should have moved faster in terms of adoption. The past 10 years have seen more progress than the previous ten though. Primarily due to the maker community. Enter the Makers The FDM patent expired in 2009. In 2005, a few years before the FDM patent expired, Dr. Adrian Bowyer started a project to bring inexpensive 3D printers to labs and homes around the world. That project evolved into what we now call the Replicating Rapid Prototyper, or RepRap for short.  RepRap evolved into an open source concept to create self-replicating 3D printers and by 2008, the Darwin printer was the first printer to use RepRap. As a community started to form, more collaborators designed more parts. Some were custom parts to improve the performance of the printer, or replicate the printer to become other printers. Others held the computing mechanisms in place. Some even wrote code to make the printer able to boot off a MicroSD card and then added a network interface so files could be uploaded to the printer wirelessly. There was a rising tide of printers. People were reading about what 3D printers were doing and wanted to get involved. There was also a movement in the maker space, so people wanted to make things themselves. There was a craft to it. Part of that was wanting to share. Whether that was at a maker space or share ideas and plans and code online. Like the RepRap team had done.  One of those maker spaces was NYC Resistor, founded in 2007. Bre Pettis, Adam Mayer, and Zach Smith from there took some of the work from the RepRap project and had ideas for a few new projects they'd like to start. The first was a site that Zach Smith created called Thingiverse. Bre Pettis joined in and they allowed users to upload .stl files and trade them. It's now the largest site for trading hundreds of thousands of designs to print about anything imaginable. Well, everything except guns. Then comes 2009. The patent for FDM expires and a number of companies respond by launching printers and services. Almost overnight the price for a 3D printer fell from $10,000 to $1,000 and continued to drop. Shapeways had created a company the year before to take files and print them for people. Pettis, Mayer, and Smith from NYC Resistor also founded a company called MakerBot Industries. They'd already made a little bit of a name for themselves with the Thingiverse site. They knew the mind of a maker. And so they decided to make a kit to sell to people that wanted to build their own printers. They sold 3,500 kits in the first couple of years. They had a good brand and knew the people who bought these kinds of devices. So they took venture funding to grow the company. So they raised $10M in funding in 2011 in a round led by the Foundry Group, along with Bezos, RRE, 500 Startups and a few others. They hired and grew fast. Smith left in 2012 and they were getting closer and closer with Stratasys, who if we remember were the original creators of FDM. So Stratasys ended up buying out the company in 2013 for $403M. Sales were disappointing so there was a changeup in leadership, with Pettis leaving and they've become much more about additive manufacturing than a company built to appeal to makers. And yet the opportunity to own that market is still there. This was also an era of Kickstarter campaigns. Plenty of 3D printing companies launched through kickstarter including some to take PLA (a biodegradable filament) and ABS materials to the next level. The ExtrusionBot, the MagicBox, the ProtoPlant, the Protopasta, Mixture, Plybot, Robo3D, Mantis, and so many more.  Meanwhile, 3D printing was in the news. 2011 saw the University of Southhampton design a 3d printed aircraft. Ecologic printing cars, and practically every other car company following suit that they were fabricating prototypes with 3d printers, even full cars that ran. Some on their own, some accidentally when parts are published in .stl files online violating various patents.  Ultimaker was another RepRap company that came out of the early Darwin reviews. Martijn Elserman, Erik de Bruin, and Siert Wijnia who couldn't get the Darwin to work so they designed a new printer and took it to market. After a few iterations, they came up with the Ultimaker 2 and have since been growing and releasing new printers  A few years later, a team of Chinese makers, Jack Chen, Huilin Liu, Jingke Tang, Danjun Ao, and Dr. Shengui Chen took the RepRap designs and started a company to manufacturing (Do It Yourself) kits called Creality. They have maintained the open source manifesto of 3D printing that they inherited from RepRap and developed version after version, even raising over $33M to develop the Ender6 on Kickstarter in 2018, then building a new factory and now have the capacity to ship well over half a million printers a year. The future of 3D Printing We can now buy 3D printing pens, over 170 3D Printer manufacturers including 3D systems, Stratasys, and Ceality but also down-market solutions like Fusion3, Formlabs, Desktop Metal, Prusa, and Voxel8. There's also a RecycleBot concept and additional patents expiring every year.  There is little doubt that at some point, instead of driving to Home Depot to get screws or basic parts, we'll print them. Need a new auger for the snow blower? Just print it. Cover on the weed eater break?  Print it. Need a dracolich mini for the next Dungeons and Dragons game? Print it. Need a new pinky toe. OK, maybe that's a bit far. Or is it? In 2015, Swedish Cellink releases bio-ink made from seaweed and algae, which could be used to print cartilage and later released the INKREDIBLE 3D printer for bio printing. The market in 2020 was valued at $13.78 billion with 2.1 million printers shipped. That's expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 21% for the next few years. But a lot of that is healthcare, automotive, aerospace, and prototyping still. Apple made the personal computer simple and elegant. But no Apple has emerged for 3D printing. Instead it still feels like the Apple II era, where there are 3D printers in a lot of schools and many offer classes on generating files and printing.  3D printers are certainly great for prototypers and additive manufacturing. They're great for hobbyists, which we call makers these days. But there will be a time when there is a printer in most homes, the way we have electricity, televisions, phones, and other critical technologies. But there are a few things that have to happen first, to make the printers easier to use. These include: Every printer needs to automatically level. This is one of the biggest reasons jobs fail and new users become frustrated. More consistent filament. Spools are still all just a little bit different. Printers need sensors in the extruder that detect if a job should be paused because the filament is jammed, humid, or caught. This adds the ability to potentially resume print jobs and waste less filament and time. Automated slicing in the printer microcode that senses the filament and slices. Better system boards (e.g. there's a tool called Klipper that moves the math from the system board on a Creality Ender 3 to a Raspberry Pi). Cameras on the printer should watch jobs and use TinyML to determine if they are going to fail as early as possible to halt printing so it can start over. Most of the consumer solutions don't have great support. Maybe users are limited to calling a place in a foreign country where support hours don't make sense for them or maybe the products are just too much of a hacker/maker/hobbyist solution. There needs to be an option for color printing. This could be a really expensive sprayer or ink like inkjet printers use at first We love to paint minis we make for Dungeons and Dragons but could get amazingly accurate resolutions to create amazing things with automated coloring.  For a real game changer, the RecycleBot concept needs to be merged with the printer. Imagine if we dropped our plastics into a recycling bin that 3D printers of the world used to create filament. This would help reduce the amount of plastics used in the world in general. And when combined with less moving around of cheap plastic goods that could be printed at home, this also means less energy consumed by transporting goods. The 3D printing technology is still a generation or two away from getting truly mass-marketed. Most hobbyists don't necessarily think of building an elegant, easy-to-use solution because they are so experienced it's hard to understand what the barriers of entry are for any old person. But the company who finally manages to crack that nut might just be the next Apple, Microsoft, or Google of the world.

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This episode covers relation f India with Indus Valley Civilization, Aryans etc The ancient facts, discovery and sector which needed to be controlled in the country. You can write me on; rakeshh0207@gmail.com Suggest me the topics you want me to cover in this series, if you feel you have any dispute with this, feel free to mail me. would love to be listened by your fellow mates and family. share like --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rakeshh/message

Here's the complete episode of Indus Valley Civilization. This episode covers Economic life, Religious beliefs and Pashupatinath relations with Indus Valley Civilizationn. you can write me on; rakeshh0207@gmail.com connect with me on IG @me.rakeshh --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rakeshh/message

What parts of the Indus valley civilization lies in India? Was Indus Valley Civilization democratic? Who was the founder of Indus valley civilization. Do Listen and get to know all the aspects of indus valley civilization. write me on; rakeshh0207@gmail.com --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rakeshh/message

Intrigued about Harappa and Mohenjodaro? Here's the story of one of the oldest and most urban civilization. Continued in the next episode. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rakeshh/message

This episode Lesley and Mark look into the lost and mysterious Indus Valley Civilsastion. If we could go back in time for an explore it would be there! sounds like heaven. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Indus River running through northwest India into Pakistan received its name from the Sanskrit term sindhu. The Persians designated the land around the Indus River as Hindu, a mispronunciation of the Sanskrit sindhu. Sanskrit word for river, sindhu. The Indus River running through northwest India into Pakistan received its name from the Sanskrit term sindhu. The Persians designated the land around the Indus River as Hindu, a mispronunciation of the Sanskrit sindhu. In 1921 archaeologists uncovered evidence of an ancientù civilization along the Indus River, which today is dated to around 3300BC and thought to represent one jùuof the largest centers of human habitation in the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilization extend quite far from the banks of the Indus River including parts of contemporary Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and India. Scholars believe that the Indus Valley Civilization had begun to decline by 1800BC, possibly due to climate change. Because of its location between the Indian Subcontinent and the Iranian plateau, the area has seen many military invasions including Alexander the Great, the Persian empire, and the Kushan empire. In 712AD, the Muslims invaded the Indus Valley. To distinguish themselves, they called all non-Muslims Hindus; the name of the land became, by default, the name of the people and their religious.

The world media has created a certain perception of Pakistan through exaggeration and agenda-setting. But beyond all of these, lies another Pakistan. A country rich in cultural and traditional diversity, literature, music, and folklore. This country is a melting pot of Indian, Persian, Afghan, Central Asian, South Asian, and Western Asian influences. The history of this land goes back to the Bronze Age in Indus Valley Civilization. With people from diverse backgrounds, languages, and dialects, Pakistan is much more than what we perceive. Let's try to know Pakistan a little better through this episode of Ohh Folk! ______________________ Social Media: Instagram: ohhfolk_podcast | Twitter: OhhFolk_Podcast | Facebook: OhhFolk | ______________________ Credits: *Vocals: Srijoni Biswas *Song Credit: Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni | Written and composed by: Hazrat Amir Khusro *Original music score (intro, bumpers, primarily show beds): by Abhishek Papan Dutt *Additional audio clips: All additional music beds used in this episode are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed) Music: Rabab Music (No Copyright) | Provided By: No Copyright Music Pakistan | Original Link: https://youtu.be/jlOg8L8-Phk Music: Free Balochi Flute Music | Provided by: No Copyright Music Pakistan | Original link: https://youtu.be/E4_ziJbNMss | Visit channel: https://bit.ly/3KXCHSH --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shilpa-dasgupta/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shilpa-dasgupta/support

Have you heard about the Keeladi excavation? If yes, what were the first thoughts that came into your mind? In this episode of The Filter Koffee Podcast, Karthik is joined by Sowmiya Ashok, Journalist, and Author. Karthik and Sowmiya discuss all possible answers to questions like whether was there second urbanization after the Indus Valley Civilization, what kind of societies took form in the south of India, what language did they speak, and did they pray to any god at all. They also talk about why Keeladi excavations might alter the world's idea of the earliest Indians and some of the myths that this excavation broke.Sit with your coffee, because your sports experience is about to change!This and much more are only on the Filter Koffee Podcast!—Listen to this conversation and don't forget to rate us on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!Tweet to Karthik Nagarajan (@The_Karthik): https://twitter.com/The_Karthik and follow his WordPress handle here (filterkoffee.com).You can listen to this and other incredible shows on the IVM Podcasts app on Android: https://ivm.today/android or iOS: https://ivm.today/ios, or any other podcast app.You can check out our website at http://www.ivmpodcasts.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Has the artificial memory already taken a complete possession of the human memory? Have Indians altogether forgotten from where they arrived here? Where does one locate the beginning of India as a civilisation? Does it originate in the Vedas? Does it go back to the Indus civilisation? Was there a civilisation before the Indian mythos emerged? What was India when the Holocene began 12000 years before our time? Why is there politics being constructed around the question of India's origin? This lecture will discuss the need for a People's Report on Indian civilisation and the efforts being made towards preparing such a report. This episode of BIC Talks is an extract from the second of a series of four masterclass lectures by Prof. G N Devy, titled Memory, Culture and The Being of India that took place in the BIC premises in early February 2022. Subscribe to the BIC Talks Podcast on your favourite podcast app!

This series of podcast episodes will focus on Decolonising Research, and feature talks from the Decolonising Research Festival held at the University of Exeter in June and July 2022. The eleventh epsiode of the series will feature Shibani Das from the University of Exeter and her talk 'Decolonising 'National' heritage: How Indian museums and cultural spaces are addressing their colonial pasts.'   Music credit: Happy Boy Theme Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/   Transcription   00:09 Hello, and welcome to rd in the in betweens. I'm your host Kelly Preece. And every fortnight I talk to a different guest about researchers development, and everything in between. Hello, and welcome to the latest episode of Aldi in the in betweens, and this our 11th episode in the decolonizing research series. In this episode we're going to hear from University of Exeter PhD students Shivani does with her presentation decolonizing national heritage, how Indian museums and cultural spaces are addressing their colonial pasts.   00:53 This is a conversation that's been happening for about 10 years quite strongly within the mean this continent. And it addresses a couple of issues, branching from changing syllabus to changing architecture to changing public attitudes about our colonial past. So who am I to speak to you about all this, this is just to outline that I will be speaking to you not from a political perspective, but from a professional one. I have. I'm currently an HR CCDP doctoral candidate at the University of Exeter, and partly funded by BT archives. But my professional training back in India has been in and around museums and organizations that deal with cultural spaces. So just a list of the places that I have worked at. And I have been closely associated with the Government of India as well as private organizations. So the following five slides will just be an insight to what I have experienced and would not be a blanket statement I would be making across India, I'm sure there will be many people in the conversation, who want to have their own points of views. And I welcome that. Towards the end of the presentation. I've mentioned my email id and my profile. So I'll be happy to continue this conversation sometime later as well. But having said that, let's carry on. So, to begin with, I would like to talk to you about what decolonization means, in the Indian perspective. Across the past month, we've been having conversations about decolonization in the academic space or in the research space on how to how we deal with decolonization within the archives. But decolonization as a national conversation has taken a different route in India completely. So, the three main components of this conversation that are recognized the politician or the museums or cultural spaces, and the Academy space, so for a large part of Indian political history, the conversation has gone from the right hand side, the left hand side, what I mean by that is from the academic space through the cultural space into the cultural space, there was a large Academy conversation about when decolonization began, a lot of British historians believe that began when the Empire began to crumble. So with this second world war onwards, in the process of decolonization, Indian academicians did not appreciate how much focus was given to the British as actors in this conversation. So when the British decided to leave India that was a process of decolonization. What sort of nationalist historians or subaltern or postcolonial historians began arguing about was that decolonization would actually be the process of independent India, shedding the layers of its colonial past, which pushes a timeline back to 1950s 1970s. And the opening up of the Indian economy opening up the Indian quality to the larger world. This had an impact on cultural spaces and how they were designed, which led to opera how politics was designed, with regards to our colonial past, but ever since 2014, there has been a switch in how the Indian public and have been in government understands this, the conversation has switched course and short moving from the, from the from the left to the right, there is a there is a major sort of a tangible political movement to change or to manipulate or to edit, how Indians think of their past or react to their past and that political change has impacted cultural spaces and internal Academy spaces. This sort of two way conversation is quite an interesting one that we will discover more with examples that come ahead. So I've taken the liberty of sort of condensing condensing this conversation down to three simple steps. I do realize it's very reductive, but to have a good conversation, I feel some reduction is essential. So three steps for basically decolonization How would I as the government of India or as India, talk about decolonization and my approach to it. Number one, you remove, remove any selectively remove any tangible remnants of one's colonial past, if you can't remove it, then you appropriate symbolism, the conversation that we will be having would be around the India Gate and this coronation Park in New Delhi. And we'll go ahead and talk about that in a bit. Number two is God right or you   05:36 name whatever, you can't change immediately. So here we have conversations about rewriting how people react to your history or learn their histories, be it through syllabus, in schools, or in universities, or in how we interact with history on a day to day basis. For example, road names, metro station names, museum names, etc. And step number three, which is the final step, which is almost in completion right now in Delhi, is rebuild, undertake massive and drastic construction projects to change the historical landscape. Now, these steps, in my opinion happen over a long period of time, you have to begin to corrode a public's reaction or relationship with that history, to be able to take a drastic step like rebuilding a construction or tangible space. So the first conversation I'd like to have with you in the first case study we like to discuss is removed. So, on the left hand side of this presentation, you see a very interesting sculpture from coronation Park in North Delhi. It was built in 1911. On the right hand side of a familiar symbol of Indian democracy, which is India Gate built in 1921. In New Delhi, the coronation Park is a very interesting Park, it is largely abandoned, it is not it's not in the center of the city is not celebrated. It's not the focus of civic life in that area. It is sort of a graveyard of sculptures that, at the at the moment of independence when we had a lot of Imperial sculptures across the city on road crossings, and the government did not know what to do with it. They just picked everything up and the deposited in one land where the royal the bar was held in 1911. But when approaches when one approaches the park today, what one sees is just streams and streams of magnificent Imperial sculptures left and complete abandonment taken from taken out of where they were originally designed for out of that context. And not sort of responded to or agreed with or addressed by any any any person crossing the road. So that's one way of dealing with decolonization. That was when India did not know what to do with its past. So it decided to pick everything up and push it sort of like under the carpet or in a cupboard that you never want to open ever again. This park still exists and most of these sculptures are an absolute ruin. This is an example of one way of how one can deal with one's colonial past. If you can't remove the colonial symbol you can re appropriate the meaning of the colonial symbol which come which brings me to India Gate, possibly one of the most iconic symbols of Indian democracy. For Delhi at least. India Gate is a celebration of everybody who had passed away fighting for the British Empire in the First World War. It is an imperial symbol it isn't it is a power it is a symbol of all those Indians who lost their lives not for Indian freedom but for British freedom. However, this does not sit heavy on an A common Indian person's mind. The appropriate appropriation of the symbol has been so complete that it is it's visible on most sort of tourist banners, it's the center of our Republic Day celebrations. It is something that all Indians will in the evenings come and sit next to celebrate a very sort of personal relationship with it, you will have ice cream Windows walking up and down the street kids playing it's a very open space wherever we can walk in and it is understood to be a symbol of reverence and respect for one's past not not majorly sort of associated with our colonial history. So these are two ways that India has dealt with some of these major symbols of its colonial history. I spend a lot of time trying to wonder what causes this selection. Why in the India Gate did not have the same do not suffer the same destiny as sculptures from the coronation Park and the within the comes to mind. It wasn't that you can't physically remove it and you can't physically break it down. But I'll be happy to to know what you guys would feel about this as well.   09:57 The second idea is to rewrite and to rename Now these are two heavy ideas that are on the same slide. But they have a similar logic behind them. So there has been a move to rewrite history, not just within the larger Academy historiography, but also within how schools and students understand or learn that history is. So between the two major examples I can give you, the nCrt school syllabus changes, and the undergraduate course changes. Within the school syllabus changes. We've had a series of educational reforms that have moved ideas like say caste politics, or Mughal history, or communal writing or communal violence in Indians. In Indian Indian past, there's also been a move as a fairly political move to suppress the role of the Congress in the independence movement. Just to give a little bit of a background Congress was the larger political force that has been largely defeated now by the current incumbent government, which is the BJP. So ideas like for example, codes from the hero have been removed. The role of rural county in certain movements has been reduced in text. Even as far as population data about how many Hindus versus how many Muslims live in a country, or that their employment rates have been smashed. In school, the textbooks now we need to understand the sort of the sanctity with which a normal school child or or sort of a parent would regard what is it mean a text given that it is published by the government, it is considered to be of a certain value that cannot be questioned, and has been marked up and used for like school learning or passing exams. So the level of questioning that happens at this level is very minimal, which makes change like this very dangerous. This change is going to expounded when one reaches the undergraduate courses. Over the last five years, the undergraduate courses for history learning for the BA in history has been has changed drastically. Just one example that like to begin with is changing the name of, say, history of India to history of Wrath of Hara thrash, which is sort of more in a commercial dualistic Hindu approach to looking at the history of, of India. There's also been a move to sort of have courses that are titled   12:27 Indus Valley Civilization so so the Civilization and its Vedic connection. So when you have courses title like this, there's an assumption that be the history or Hindu history goes back as far as Indus Valley Civilization, which is not a historical fact. But I think through strategies like titling, like making titles like there's so many courses like this, a lot of students would not be able to exercise their ability to critically, critically address this issue, or critically understand the politics behind these kinds of changes. You also have changes in the administration of colleges, you have, in recent past, we've had a massive change in the removal of certain Dean's of principals who don't agree with political changes happening across the country. And those who are ideologically inclined tend to find themselves in positions where they can control, for example, which PhD thesis gets passed or which PhD application is successful. So you have sort of a systematic change and a sieve and a syllabus change happening at the same time. On the right hand side. It's a very interesting list. Initially, I was thinking of doing an entire background or just the number of name changes that have happened in India across and this is just a small summary of it. It's a conglomeration of CTG city name changes, road name changes, museum name changes, and it's color coded. So, when I was looking at this list, I was trying to break down logic behind it. And I found a three way logic. The first is changing a name from a British name to a secular name. The second is from Google name or a Muslim name to a Hindu name. And the third is from a Imperial name to a Hindu name. As you can see that there is a large movement towards making every name more indica, more Hindu. And the definition of indica is largely becoming a non Muslim or, or isolation like a separation change. So I've just made a color. I've just made a color coding happening. So everything in blue is your secular changes. So how Kingsway has been renamed to rajpath Queensway to Janpath all these names are largely understood to be a common secular common communal shared nomenclature, but as we move on to everything in yellow or everything in white, you see either change from for example, the web, the most interesting one was the Mughal museum that was changed to Chatrapati Shivaji Museum in 2020, which is a very recent example, this museum was to be built in Agra, which was a city made by a permaculture ruler. It was supposed to champion the Mughal contributions to Indian culture such as miniature painting or architecture. But in 2020 20, after the museum was already in construction, the Chief Minister of particular state announced that the name has to change initially to brasure Museum, which is a local Indic population or the local language population. And later, it was argued that you would have Chatrapati Shivaji, who is a very strong Mahabharata, Africa from Maharashtra, West India. So this is a trend that we all see happening very often, there are tangible repercussions to these trends, where you have a lot of financial investment in changing names, in rotations, as well. But mostly what it does is it tries to manipulate or change how the public addresses or reacts to history on a day to day basis.   15:59 The second idea is rebuilding. And this is something that I feel very personally sort of passionate about these two particular projects, and they are very recent projects. The idea of rebuilding is when you have managed to have sort of I feel discrete changes to how the public reacts to their history, or public understands their history, you've taken the time of changing the syllabus, you've taken the time of changing the road names, slowly, you're corroding how the population is reacting or responding to their own past. What you can then do is commissioned large scale projects, which undertake massive construction, either breaking down and rebuilding or building once again, and there is a trend in recent past that is creating a lot more like this, the India's moving to a more aggressive, symbolic front, a very aggressive, nationalistic kind of jingoistic front that they are putting across this. There are many examples of this one way one common example that a lot of Indians who have joined this conversation will be familiar with is something called the angry Hanuman motif. There was there is a deity called Hanuman. He's a part of the larger epic of Ramayana, which is an ancient epic in India. He's the symbolism of that figure has changed in the recent past. Initially, he was a symbol of loyalty of servitude, of bravery, and always depicted in a sort of amicable manner in paintings. In the recent past, in the past five years, there was a graphic artist in the south of India, who created a sort of a more aggressive muscled version of the same day. And before you knew it, that symbol serve spread across subcontinent at a speed that nobody predicted by be it either in car stickers or in WhatsApp profile photos. It began to be adopted by a lot of population in India because they began at some level, responding positively to this change, of attitude of change of nature to a more aggressive or more sort of nationalist or jingoistic front. But the two examples I've taken up over here, the first is the central reverse the central Vista redesign project in in September 2019, the government of India undertook a project, they made a sudden announcement that they would undertake major reconstruction on the Kings way and the Queen's were erstwhile kings and queens. So, now the Janpath and the rajpath, which isn't center of Delhi, which is called Docklands, Delhi, are bakers and latrines Delhi. because of two reasons, the first was pragmatic reasons or, for example, government offices are very old buildings, they need remodeling they need re they need to accommodate more people, they need to have a lot more efficient working by putting everybody in one building so all these pragmatic concerns that were coming up the second reason was a sort of an ideological opposition to who design this part of the city be it meant specifically Latvians and Baker B them specifically being British, artists, architects, and the idea of the entirety of central value being a British project or a Brit British construction and the government sort of expressed some concerns with how the British chose to depict or chose which aesthetic elements from which design path design history of India did they choose to incorporate and how the current India the powerful current modern India should rebuild something that is more in tune with a more authentic Indian aesthetic. So there was is a large sort of pushback to this decision, especially in a pre pandemic time, there were protests happening about the level of construction that will be required, specifically in a time where India was suffering through a pandemic and needed sources resources in other in other parts of the, of the country. The scheme of this redesign was extremely massive from breaking down any building that is not heritage sites or anything built after 1950s will be broken down, including the National Museum, the entire central secretariat will be evacuated and made into museums of freedom and democracy. And a massive construction would take place that would eradicate all these parks and public space that you see on the side.   20:48 So this project has sort of divided India a lot in the recent past, specifically with having sort of all academicians to one side and say, sort of a push back from a more pragmatic part of India on the other side, and that only Gupta, who's very respected historian from Delhi spoke about how Janpath or Raj producible was supposed to be a more like a more civic friendly space, for example, to allow a car like a classless a costless space for Indian Indians to come in enjoy their own city, their own capital, to come in have picnics here to have football games here to have walks around India Gate was something that was supposed to be a very common practice amongst delegates who would do this on a day to day basis. However, the current project plans to eradicate all these civic spaces and change a lot of what India Delhi sees as its historical past or its landscape. Now, it is an argument that hasn't been cited as of yet the construction project is ongoing. But one this is I feel one way of handling or decolonizing. One one's own past is sort of pushing back and breaking down these remnants. And then it begs the question of at what point do we stop? At what point do we understand that, like, we put a limit of how much we can go back into a pure version of Indian past, right. The the next example, that came away recently, this month actually was the revealing of a new national symbol. So on the parliament building on top of the parliament building, we would have the Ashokan, Lion Capital head, which you see on the left hand side, this is from 250 BC, from the Shogun empire. It was it sort of Pope's entire pillar, that was the pillars that were built up across India. On the left hand side, you see a line that is a lot more aesthetic it is it shows us an idea of sort of protectiveness or of pride, as opposed to as opposed to the right hand side that can that tone, like in terms of tonality, in terms of aesthetic shows a lot more of an aggressive militant, or sort of an anger that was absent in how India perceived itself in the past. My personal opinions aside, there is a larger collage conversation happening about this sort of tonal tonality change or aesthetic change that one is noticing across India, but this is another example of how we are sort of decolonizing or changing how we want to be perceived across the world. Which I found very, very interesting. However, I mean, I can I can understand how it would be would feel that I'm being very negative about these changes. So I'd have a nice slide about how I think that decolonization also has positive impact on how museums portraying themselves. So on the top you have my favorite museum in Delhi, which is the National Museum as you can see, this is a picture from the basement. I think it's the one early medieval crafts and constructions and that's what the gallery is called. As you can see, it's a very sort of old institution. There are large glass cabinets separating the viewer from the artifact. It's air conditioned, it's very sanitary. It's very Imperial.   24:20 Everything is shut off behind certain glass and wooden cabinets, Kavita Singh, who is the head of department of art and aesthetics department in JNU. Jawaharlal Nehru University has written a very nice article called The museum is national where she discusses the impact or the influence of Imperial thought on Indian history on how the national museum itself is designed. So the initial galleries that you have are periodic galleries such as in this Valley Civilization mariage manga Setswana. Moving on to your early medieval late medieval but the moment Indian history starts approaching this Mughal phase National Museum changes its galleries name to materiality. So it becomes from early medieval late medieval becomes brutal architecture, or metal work or musical instruments are most in a way, denying the Mughal aspect of the Islamic aspect of Indian history by how it's designed. It's a very Imperial institution. So also it sort of repels a lot of Indians from entering the institution who feel like they don't belong inside of they don't have a right to walk inside. So it does create a space of otherness. It does elevate civil, I mean culture towards sort of upper level of only being accessible to the elite who feel like they can enter the museum and walk in whenever they want. On the bottom, we have a nicer a much a much more different way of approaching Indian culture, which is the National Museum in Japan. This is an open open design museum that celebrates village life and broom and poo making that's a local culture. The space is a lot more welcoming to a larger class of Indians, it is a lot more spread out is more in tune with indigenous architecture, and indigenous weather, it also would have employed a lot more locals in the construction and maintenance of the museum. So it does have a lot more specialized focus in terms of where the load the location or the locality of what it is celebrating as opposed to a national mall mostly sort of dominating centralizing figure, the National Museum, which has captured the artifacts from across the Indian subcontinent. As the last line to my conversation, today, I'm gonna be starting the cutting to talk to you about opening up the conversation, I want to talk to you about the thin line between decolonization and re colonization. There's something that I began thinking about when I was thinking, what how India is dealing with its past where, in order to address a past, we are trying to replace it with another idea of our history, which has very tangible repercussions on how future generations will see India and how future generations will think about India. So at what point? Do we sort of white like, at what point we fill the vacuum that decolonization that? The idea of removing a colonial perspective of our past? At what point will the bathroom become so strong that we need to fill it with something else? Is that something that will always happen? Can we have an absence? Or can we have can we deal as a people with a change in our how we perceive our history without putting another ideology on top of it and making sure that gets accepted. So when I think about how India is dealing with its colonial past, I feel that there are some negatives of house aggressively it is trying to do so. At the same time, I do believe that there are a lot of positives in the sense of making, changing how we perceive design or how we perceive our cultural spaces, who is supposed to be what's meant for who who understands or appreciates, or, or is able to access it. But it is a thin line that we do need to discuss and address at some point. I do understand I've been speaking for a good 30 minutes now. And I could go on for much longer. But I would like to now open the field, open the conversation up to any questions that anybody might have. Please feel free to use the chat or unmute yourselves. We can talk about I have a lot of examples on my notes that I would love to discuss with you. We can compare how other nations are dealing with that as well. But in the long list of lectures where I saw a lot of conversations about research, and sort of African African reaction, etc. I felt this conversation about how India is dealing with it in its own way, was an important one to have. Thank you so much for your time. It's been a pleasure.   29:02 And that's it for this episode. Don't forget to like, rate and subscribe. And join me next time where I'll be talking to somebody else about researchers development and everything in between

On this episode we're joined by Akash Srinivas and Durga Kale of the Chippin' Away podcast to review Mohenjo Daro (2016), the story of a simple farmboy's first trip to the big city where he falls in love, discovers his destiny, and saves an entire civilization. Mohenjo Daro was a real city in the Indus Valley, and Akash and Durga help us sift through the real-life archaeological evidence that inspired this film. Listen to Chippin' Away wherever you listen to podcasts: https://chippinaway.buzzsprout.com/ Follow Chippin' Away on Twitter and Instagram @chippinawayind View Akash's research profile: https://sites.google.com/view/akashsrinivasFollow Akash on Twitter @AkashSrinivas91 Find Durga on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/durgakale/Follow Durga on Twitter and Instagram @kalemighty Read Durga's Blog: www.kalemighty.comGet in touch with us!Twitter: @SotSA_Podcast Facebook: @SotSAPodcastLetterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/ Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.com In this episode:Learn more about the Indus Valley Civilization at https://www.harappa.com/Pineapples as a status symbol: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-53432877Ancient Harappan DNA: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rare-ancient-dna-south-asia-reveals-complexities-little-known-civilization-180973053/ We still can't read Harappan writing: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/why-we-still-cant-read-the-writing-of-the-ancient-indus-civilization What does the representation of horses in Mohenjo Daro have to do with debates about Indian ancestry? https://openthemagazine.com/features/history/hold-your-horses/Harappan Plumbing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_civilisationDales & Raikes (1968). The Mohenjo-Daro Floods: A Rejoinder! American Anthropologist, 70(5), 957-961. https://www.jstor.org/stable/669762Harappan unicorn seals: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/unicorn/unicorn.htmlThe origin of the unicorn myth on Chippin' Away: https://chippinaway.buzzsprout.com/974125/4803332-set-in-stoneThe Immortals of Meluha by Amish Tripathi: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7913305-the-immortals-of-meluhaNo, Mohenjo Daro was not destroyed by a nuclear explosion: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1qjp4s/if_the_ancient_civilizations_of_mohenjodaro_and/

On this episode we're joined by Akash Srinivas and Durga Kale of the Chippin' Away podcast to review Mohenjo Daro (2016), the story of a simple farmboy's first trip to the big city where he falls in love, discovers his destiny, and saves an entire civilization. Mohenjo Daro was a real city in the Indus Valley, and Akash and Durga help us sift through the real-life archaeological evidence that inspired this film. Listen to Chippin' Away wherever you listen to podcasts: https://chippinaway.buzzsprout.com/ Follow Chippin' Away on Twitter and Instagram @chippinawayind View Akash’s research profile: https://sites.google.com/view/akashsrinivas Follow Akash on Twitter @AkashSrinivas91 Find Durga on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/durgakale/ Follow Durga on Twitter and Instagram @kalemighty Read Durga's Blog: www.kalemighty.com Get in touch with us! Twitter: @SotSA_Podcast Facebook: @SotSAPodcast Letterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/ Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.com In this episode: Learn more about the Indus Valley Civilization at https://www.harappa.com/ Pineapples as a status symbol: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-53432877 Ancient Harappan DNA: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rare-ancient-dna-south-asia-reveals-complexities-little-known-civilization-180973053/ We still can't read Harappan writing: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/why-we-still-cant-read-the-writing-of-the-ancient-indus-civilization What does the representation of horses in Mohenjo Daro have to do with debates about Indian ancestry? https://openthemagazine.com/features/history/hold-your-horses/ Harappan Plumbing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_civilisation Dales & Raikes (1968). The Mohenjo-Daro Floods: A Rejoinder! American Anthropologist, 70(5), 957-961. https://www.jstor.org/stable/669762 Harappan unicorn seals: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/unicorn/unicorn.html The origin of the unicorn myth on Chippin' Away: https://chippinaway.buzzsprout.com/974125/4803332-set-in-stone The Immortals of Meluha by Amish Tripathi: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7913305-the-immortals-of-meluha No, Mohenjo Daro was not destroyed by a nuclear explosion: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1qjp4s/if_the_ancient_civilizations_of_mohenjodaro_and/

Learn about the advanced Bronze Age culture and civilization located in South Asia.

Welcome to the Knowledge Today Podcast! Each episode, we explore a new and interesting topic. Today, we're talking about the Indus Valley Civilization. Thank you for taking a step towards increasing your cultural literacy. Additional Resources: http://5dmedia.org Donate: https://5dmedia.org/donate

India's Urban Civilization, traceable to Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, where Planned Urban Townships existed 5000 years ago. The survey of Indus Valley Civilization clearly provides an account of how advanced and organized the civilization was. 0:50- People 1:00- Food 1:23- Dress & Ornaments 2:30- Toys & Amusements 3:02- Household Articles 3:46- Weights & Measures 4:09- Domesticated Animals 4:21- Medicines 4:35- Weapons of War 4:48- Seals 5:23- Trade & Commerce 5:42- Art, Craft & Sculpture 6:49- Burial Rites 7:11- Religion 8:15- Destruction of Indus Valley Civilization #indusvalleycivilization #nitinSinghania #IndianArt&Culture #IndianHistory --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/venus-jain3/message

Welcome to episode three of a miniseries focusing on the zooarchaeology of various world regions. This episode is centred around Asian zooarchaeology, focusing on the natural history and anatomy of the most prominent wild and domesticated species found throughout the continent. Tune in to learn how pandas were mistaken for tapirs, grunting oxen and oracle bones. Interested in sponsoring this show or podcast ads for your business? Zencastr makes it really easy! Click this message for more info. Start your own podcast with Zencastr and get 30% off your first three months with code ANIMALS. Click this message for more information. Transcripts For rough transcripts go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/48 Links Ameri, M. (2018). Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World. Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia, 144. Bose, S. (2020). Mega Mammals in Ancient India: Rhinos, Tigers, and Elephants. Oxford University Press. d'Alpoim Guedes, J., & Aldenderfer, M. (2020). The archaeology of the Early Tibetan Plateau: New research on the initial peopling through the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Archaeological Research, 28(3), 339-392. Harper, D. (2013). The cultural history of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in early China. Early China, 35(36), 2012-13. Kumar, S., Ali, M., & Khoso, P. A. (2020). Emergence and Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, 2, 9-22. Liu, K. et al. (2021). Radiocarbon dating of oracle bones of late Shang period in ancient China. Radiocarbon, 63(1), 155-175. Liu, Y. C. et al. (2018). Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers. Current Biology, 28(23), 3840-3849. Mohamad, K. et al. (2009). On the origin of Indonesian cattle. PLoS One, 4(5), e5490. Uzzaman, M. R. et al. (2014). Semi-domesticated and Irreplaceable genetic resource gayal (Bos frontalis) needs effective genetic conservation in Bangladesh: a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(9), 1368. Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10), pp.2778-2785. http://trowelblazers.com/zheng-zhenxiang/ Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaY Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

Welcome to episode three of a miniseries focusing on the zooarchaeology of various world regions. This episode is centred around Asian zooarchaeology, focusing on the natural history and anatomy of the most prominent wild and domesticated species found throughout the continent. Tune in to learn how pandas were mistaken for tapirs, grunting oxen and oracle bones. Interested in sponsoring this show or podcast ads for your business? Zencastr makes it really easy! Click this message for more info. Start your own podcast with Zencastr and get 30% off your first three months with code ANIMALS. Click this message for more information. Transcripts For rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/48 Links Ameri, M. (2018). Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World. Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia, 144. Bose, S. (2020). Mega Mammals in Ancient India: Rhinos, Tigers, and Elephants. Oxford University Press. d'Alpoim Guedes, J., & Aldenderfer, M. (2020). The archaeology of the Early Tibetan Plateau: New research on the initial peopling through the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Archaeological Research, 28(3), 339-392. Harper, D. (2013). The cultural history of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in early China. Early China, 35(36), 2012-13. Kumar, S., Ali, M., & Khoso, P. A. (2020). Emergence and Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, 2, 9-22. Liu, K. et al. (2021). Radiocarbon dating of oracle bones of late Shang period in ancient China. Radiocarbon, 63(1), 155-175. Liu, Y. C. et al. (2018). Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers. Current Biology, 28(23), 3840-3849. Mohamad, K. et al. (2009). On the origin of Indonesian cattle. PLoS One, 4(5), e5490. Uzzaman, M. R. et al. (2014). Semi-domesticated and Irreplaceable genetic resource gayal (Bos frontalis) needs effective genetic conservation in Bangladesh: a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(9), 1368. Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10), pp.2778-2785. http://trowelblazers.com/zheng-zhenxiang/ Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaY Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

Disha Ahluwalia is a field archaeologist and the founder of Confessions of an Archaeologist—an archaeology communications handle. In this podcast, Vinamre and Disha talk about Indian history, the Harappan civilization, Archaeology in India, handling dead skeletons, finding chariots in India, usage of archaeological tools, DNA sampling, Sherd analysis, Discovery+ documentary, and her expedition at Rakhigarhi. Article on the findings at Rakhigarhi: https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/monuments/rakhigarhi-excavations Follow Confessions of an Archaeologist on- Twitter: https://twitter.com/coa_archaeology Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessionsofanarchaeologist/ Follow Disha Ahluwalia on- Twitter: https://twitter.com/ahluwaliadisha Join our community- https://discord.gg/RghmmNShvU Listen to the audio version of the full podcasts at - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/70vrbHeSvrcXyOeISTyBSy?si=eZQk7N3_QOmvOfu0umGjzg Google Podcast - https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8zZDkyMjI0MC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw== Apple Podcast - https://podcasts.apple.com/in/podcast/dostcast/id1538251790 == This is the official channel for Dostcast, a podcast by Vinamre Kasanaa. Connect with me Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/vinamrekasanaa/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/VinamreKasanaa Dostcast on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dostcast/ Dostcast on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/dostcast Dostcast on Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/dostcast == Contact Us For business inquiries: dostcast@egiplay.com For collaborations: vinamre@dostcast.com == I'm proud to announce that my new course 'Art of Reading and Writing Effectively' is now available to purchase on Skill91.com. With this course you will be getting:

Four thousand years ago, the sprawling cities of the Indus Valley Civilization dominated much of South Asia; a millennium after that, however, the cities were in ruins, and new migrants ultimately deriving their ancestry from the Eurasian steppe had established themselves throughout much of the region. These new arrivals have become known as Indo-Aryans, and they left behind some of the earliest writing in an Indo-European language - the texts of the Rigveda.Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWverge Listen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistory.Please support us by supporting our sponsors!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

live com Thomas Chi sobre Ativismo Digital https://youtu.be/BN06VfUoIYM C. Brandon Ogbunu on Epistasis & The Primacy of Context in Complex Systems https://pca.st/erj8ste5 Juego de Imperios, Malvinas 1982: colonizados por la Dictadura https://pca.st/ux5l5yms What was the Indus Valley Civilization? Interview with Dr. Adam Green https://pca.st/rekz2w0y The Helsinki neighbourhood leading the way to zero-carbon cities https://www.newscientist.com/article/2314410-the-helsinki-neighbourhood-leading-the-way-to-zero-carbon-cities/ Yayoi ... Read more

The Indus Valley Civilization doesn't get much attention compared to Mesopotamia or Egypt, but it covered an area of a million square kilometers, was home to hundreds of thousands or millions of people and a unified culture, and lasted for the better part of a millennium. More than that, the Indus Civilization doesn't seem to fit the models we have for how early states functioned. Dr. Adam Green of Cambridge University joins me to explain the unusual way in which the Indus Civilization was organized, its lack of powerful elites, and how and why it eventually fell apart.Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWvergeListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistory.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Photo:  The Pashupati seal:  unknown Indus Valley Civilization sealmaker from Mohenjodaro archaeological site.  Mohenjo-daro is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems. #Pakistan: Drama Islamabad.  Husain Haqqani @husainhaqqani, former Pakistani Ambassador to the United States; Hudson Institute. Bill Roggio @FDD RV https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/04/world/imran-khan-pakistan-news#imran-khan-throws-pakistan-into-a-political-crisis-and-his-future-hangs-in-the-balance 

I may have exaggerated in the title, but Mattie does talk about grammar and punctuation and how court cases have been decided on typos and misplaced commas. it might not exactly save your life, but it has cost companies and governments millions of dollars.   Next Austin turns the clock way back. back before even Pliny the Elder. (that's right, Austin can research something without leaning on the genius that is Pliny) and talks about one of the earliest civilizations, The Indus Valley people in North Western India and Pakistan from back in 3000 BCE, and how surprisingly modern they were.   We also talk reality TV. so don't worry, it isn't all archeology and Grammar this episode. we have standards to uphold.   Twitter: @onthetestpod Facebook: Facebook.com/onthetestpod Insta: @onthetestpod onthetestpod.com theme song by https://www.fiverr.com/nilgunozer  

Prepare the sacrifices, sacred hymns, abstain from sex, eating meat, making money and meditate 16 hours a day because this week is The Smoothbrain's Guide to Hinduism. Journey with us back to a far-away land, to a golden-age shrouded in the sands of time, to discover an ancient civilization shrouded in mystery and the origins of the oldest religion on the planet. We discuss the Aryans, read from the Vedas, answer the curious question of why nobody worships Brahma and much more.In this episode we discuss:-Is “Hinduism” even a thing?-The Sanatana Dharma-The Indus Valley Civilization-WTF is an Aryan?-The Vedas-Rta and Varuna-The Hindu Creation Story-Brahman-The Om-The Origins of Brahma's Heads-Vishnu's Weapons-How big is Shiva's lingam anyway?In the extended episode available at http://www.patreon.com/TheWholeRabbit we discuss:-Moksha-Sarasvati Rahasya Upanishad-What is Samsara-Etymology of Dukkha-The Three Margas-Atman-Satchitananda-Shaktism-Kali versus Sekhmet-Rudra, the Howler-Yoga-We Drank the Soma-How to Use the Sri YantraMusic By:Spirit Travel Plazahttps://open.spotify.com/artist/30dW3WB1sYofnow7y3V0YoWhere to find The Whole Rabbit:Youtube: https://youtu.be/z4DL6BFdzfMMerch: https://shop.spreadshirt.com/thewholerabbit/Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0AnJZhmPzaby04afmEWOAVInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/the_whole_rabbit_/Sources:Migration History / Vedas:https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Vedas/Nasadiya Sukta:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Suktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwayambhuBrahman:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrahmanPurusartha:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rthaWorld Religions - Huston Smith:https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10285.The_World_s_ReligionsSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/thewholerabbit)

History of Haryana is shrouded in Mystery, even the name Haryana itself. Many of us think that the name Haryana along with the state came into existence only in 1966. However that is quite far from the truth. In this episode we try to demystify the historical origins of Haryana from the times of Indus Valley Civilization. The episodes traces the origins till the Sultanate Period. Tune in to find out more. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/haryanvipodcast/message

The Dilmun Kingdom was an ancient civilization located in Eastern Arabia that ruled from the late 4th millennium B.C.E. until 538 B.C.E. Founded in the Persian Gulf, the Dilmun Kingdom controlled much of modern-day Bahrain, Kuwait, and parts of eastern Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Dilmun is best known for its role as an important commercial center, which facilitated the trade of goods, services, and ideas between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The kingdom was so revered that its lands are thought to be the inspiration for the Sumerian creation myth, the Garden of Eden. Thank you to Content Writer Andrew Eaddy for focusing on this important civilization. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

This episode gives the detailed description of the highly developed Science & Technology in Ancient India 00:00 - Metallurgy & Alchemy in Ancient India 15:10 - Mathematics in Ancient India 25:16 - Civili Engineering in Ancient India 31:18 - Architecture & Civil Engineering in Indus Valley Civilization 38:52 - Development of Agriculture #AncientIndianScienceandTechnology #MetallurgyInAncientIndia #Mathematicsinancientindia #PrachinSthapatyaKala #CivilEngineeringInAncientIndia #CivilEngineeringandArchitectureinAncientIndia #ZincAncientIndianMetallurgy #ANCIENTNDIANCHEMISTRY #IronPillarthatneverRUSTS #IndusValleyCivilization #ArchitectureInIndusValleyCivilization #CivilEngineeringIndusValleyCivilization #TownPlanningIndusValleyCivilization #GreatGranaryHarappa #TheGreatBathMohenjodaro #DockyardLothal #historyofagriculture --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/venus-jain3/message

India's Urban Civilization, traceable to Mohenjodaro and Harappa, where Planned Urban Townships existed 5000 years ago. Some distinct features of this civilization are- Town Planning Both Mohen jo daro and Harappa were models of careful town planning. The principal streets all ran in straight lines either from north to south or from east to west in grid pattern and in places the main roads were 30 feet wide so that carts could pass without difficulty . Closed Drainage System The elaborate drainage system was a unique feature of the city .Almost every house had a well, drains and comfortable bathrooms ,For which pottery drain pipes and receptacles were laid down, communicating them with the street drain of gutter . Dwelling Houses The cities were fairly large and skill fully designed. The dwelling houses were many and they varied in size from a small building with two rooms to a palatial structure having a frontage of 85 ft and a depth of 97 ft .The outer walls were 4 to 5 ft thick. Great Granary at Harappa Among the larger buildings the great granary is the most remarkable and the largest building discovered at Harappa .It measures 6.15 meters by 15.5 meters. The granary was built with sufficient natural ventilation to prevent the grain from becoming mildewed. The Great Bath at Mohenjo daro The most imposing structure in the city was the great bath .It consisted of a large quadrangle in the centre with gallery's and rooms on all sides ,in some of which there were arrangements for hot water bath. The water was discharged by a large drain with a corbelled roof more than 2 metre in height. Dockyard Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. The scientific survey of Indus Valley Civilization clearly provides an engineering feat of the highest order. #IndusValleyCivilization #ArchitectureInIndusValleyCivilization #CivilEngineeringIndusValleyCivilization #TownPlanningIndusValleyCivilization #GreatGranaryHarappa #TheGreatBathMohenjodaro #DockyardLothal #ClosedDrainageSystem #CitadelAcropolis --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/venus-jain3/message

India was a World Guru , and has made world's largest contributions in the field of science and technology. Civil Engineering in Ancient India was known as Sthapatya Kala and term Vastu originally derived from the root word vas, meaning to dwell or a dwelling place. Art of architecture and construction in ancient Indian texts is called Vastu Vidhya. The details of Vastu had been rigorously dealt across various ancient treatises like Vishwakarma's Vastu Shastra, Rishi Bhrigu's Bhrigu Samhita, Mayamatam said to be written by sage Mayamuni, Samarangana Sutradhara of Bhojadeva and Aparajita prccha .These technical treatises contain elaborate descriptions on the aspects of architecture and engineering. Entire universe including our body is composed of five basic elements- Air, Earth, Fire, Space and Water called “Panch Mahabhoot” . There are five basic principles on which the great edifice of the Vastu science of architecture stands are: Examination and Selection of Site: - Bhu Pariksha. Orientation:-Dik Nirnaya. Planning of various component:-Padavinyasa (Vastu Purusha Mandala) Proportion and Measurement of building:-Manna and Ayadi. The aesthetics of the building: - Bhulambamana or Chanada. Before taking you to a journey of ancient Indian architecture let me tell you that even prior to marvellous ancient Indian architecture marvels of architectural knowledge of Indians can be witnessed even in the pre historic sites of Indus Valley Civilization. Ancient Indian Engineering Marvels #PrachinSthapatyaKala #CivilEngineeringInAncientIndia #CivilEngineeringandArchitectureinAncientIndia --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/venus-jain3/message

The Harappan Civilization is a culture wrapped in a shroud of mystery. Who were the Harappans? What language did they speak? How urbanised was the Harappan civilization? How did it decline? In this episode, listen to Prof. I.S. Marwah talking about the marvels and mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. He is a social anthropologist who has a vast experience of almost 5 decades in studying a number of tribal and agrarian communities in India and abroad. He has taught at the University of Delhi in the Department of Anthropology. He is also interested in studying ancient civilizations such as the Mayan civilization in Mexico and the Harappan Civilization in India.

नमस्ते दोस्तों! The Ranveer Show हिंदी के 66th Episode में आप सभी का स्वागत है। आज के Podcast में हमारे साथ जुड़ चुके हैं Abhijit Chavda जो एक बेहतरीन Theoretical Physicist, Astrophysicist, Technologist, History & Geopolitics के Researcher और Writer. इसके अलावा वो Public Speaker, YouTuber, Influential Tweeter, NewsX, Republic TV और Times Now के TV Panelist भी हैं। उनके पास ज्ञान का इतना भंडार है कि उन्हें Polymath बुलाना बिल्कुल गलत नहीं होगा। इस पॉडकास्ट में हम बात करेंगे ढ़ेर सारी बातें History, Ancient Indian History, Harappa Civilization, Mohenjo Daro, Genetics, Archeology, World War, Indian DNA, Eastern European Culture, Ahom Dynasty और Ancient Geopolitics जैसे कई सारे Topics के बारे में। साथ ही साथ हम Discuss करेंगे कि आखिर क्यूं Different Countries में लोग अलग दिखते हैं, Banaras की History क्या है, Eastern European Culture और Indian Culture में क्या फर्क है, India का वो कौन-सा हिस्सा है जिसे Mughal जीत नही पाए थे, Bon Religion का Importance क्या है, Alexander The Great की Real Story क्या है और कैसे King Kanishka ने पूरी दुनिया में Indian Culture को फैला दिया के बारे में और भी ढ़ेर सारी बातें। मैं आशा करता हूँ कि ये Video आप सभी Viewers को पसंद आएगा। खास तौर पर उन सभी को जो History, Archeology, Genetics, Facts और Real Science की जानकारी रखने में Interest रखते हैं। Ancient Indian History, Real Facts About Indian History, Chola Dynasty, Kushan Empire, Ancient Geopolitics, Mohenjo Daro, Harappa Civilization, Northeast History, Tantric Buddhism और Ahom Dynasty जैसी चीज़ों के बारे में हम Discuss करेंगे इस Hindi Podcast में सिर्फ और सिर्फ आपके Favourite BeerBiceps Hindi Channel Ranveer Allahbadia पर.

We discuss the complex geography of the Indian Subcontinent, and how early societies in India, beginning with the mysterious Indus Valley Civilization, developed cities, technology, art, and literature, giving rise eventually to the flourishing Maurya and Gupta empires and the inventions of the Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu religions. Image: Asoka pillar with lion amidst the remains of Vaisali, Bihar, India. Please support this podcast and hear the recent lecture on the Founding Fathers! -- www.patreon.com/user?u=5530632

On this episode of A Life in Ruins, we continue our series on ancient civilization and discuss Indus Valley Civilizations and their precursors. We have Stefan Milo join us to discuss this region. Stefan Milo is a popular Youtuber who has appeared on episodes 20 and 43. He made a video on an Indus Valley Civilization where he discusses the interesting lack of social hierarchy found in this civilization (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxP1zornb-w). We struggle with geography, time periods, and basically everything in this episode but also discuss social hierarchy/structure. Guest Contact Stefan Milo Email: hello@stefanmilo.com Stefan Milo Instagram: @historysmilo Stefan Milo Youtube: Stefan Milo Stefan Milo Website: HOME | Mysite Stefan Milo Twitter: @Historysmilo Show Contact Email: alifeinruinspodcast@gmail.com Instagram: @alifeinruinspodcast Facebook: @alifeinruinspodcast Twitter: @alifeinruinspod Website: www.alifeinruins.com Ruins on APN: https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/ruins Store: https://www.redbubble.com/people/alifeinruins/shop ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

On this episode of A Life in Ruins, we continue our series on ancient civilization and discuss Indus Valley Civilizations and their precursors. We have Stefan Milo join us to discuss this region. Stefan Milo is a popular Youtuber who has appeared on episodes 20 and 43. He made a video on an Indus Valley Civilization where he discusses the interesting lack of social hierarchy found in this civilization (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxP1zornb-w). We struggle with geography, time periods, and basically everything in this episode but also discuss social hierarchy/structure. Guest Contact Stefan Milo Email: hello@stefanmilo.com Stefan Milo Instagram: @historysmilo Stefan Milo Youtube: Stefan Milo Stefan Milo Website: HOME | Mysite Stefan Milo Twitter: @Historysmilo Show Contact Email: alifeinruinspodcast@gmail.com Instagram: @alifeinruinspodcast Facebook: @alifeinruinspodcast Twitter: @alifeinruinspod Website: www.alifeinruins.com Ruins on APN: https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/ruins Store: https://www.redbubble.com/people/alifeinruins/shop ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

Ayurveda the science of life is an medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Ayurveda is heavily practiced in India and Nepal, where around 80% of the population report using it. Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia. Therapies include medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils. Medicines are typically based on complex herbal compounds, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps under the influence of early Indian alchemy or rasa shastra). Ancient Ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including rhinoplasty, kidney stone extractions, sutures, and the extraction of foreign objects. The main classical Ayurveda texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the gods to sages, and then to human physicians. In Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), Sushruta wrote that Dhanvantari, Hindu god of Ayurveda, incarnated himself as a king of Varanasi and taught medicine to a group of physicians, including Sushruta.  Ayurveda has been adapted for Western consumption, notably by Baba Hari Dass in the 1970s and Maharishi Ayurveda in the 1980s. Some scholars assert that Ayurveda originated in prehistoric times, and that some of the concepts of Ayurveda have existed from the time of the Indus Valley Civilization or even earlier. Ayurveda developed significantly during the Vedic period and later some of the non-Vedic systems such as Buddhism and Jainism also developed medical concepts and practices that appear in the classical Ayurveda texts. In Ayurveda texts, Doṣa balance is emphasized, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness. Ayurveda treatises describe three elemental doṣas viz. vāta, pitta and kapha, and state that balance (Skt. sāmyatva) of the doṣas results in health, while imbalance (viṣamatva) results in disease. Ayurveda treatises divide medicine into eight canonical components. Ayurveda practitioners had developed various medicinal preparations and surgical procedures from at least the beginning of the common era. Listen to Renu, an Ayurveda practioner in north India talk about Ayurveda.

Episode 5 of the #AskAbhijit show: Indian History - Your Best Questions Answered. Questions for this episode: ► Was there any ethical Turko-Mughal ruler? ► What caused the destruction of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Valley Civilization? ► How old is the Ramayana? Why don't we find evidence in Ayodhya? ► Who were the Indo-Greeks? Who was Menander? ► Are the people of North-East India Mongolians? ► Who are Europe's Romani people? Are they Romanians? Why are they marginalized even today? ► Is Sinauli a Mahabharata-era archaeological site? What is its relevance in India's history? ► Are Buddhism and Hinduism different religions? ► Why are there no royal palaces in India even though there were many great empires? ► History of the Chavda dynasty ► How did the taboo of crossing the sea originate in Indian society? ► Why was India partitioned? Did the people of India desire a partition? ► Connect with me online here: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/AbhijitChavda Twitter: http://twitter.com/AbhijitChavda Facebook: http://facebook.com/AbhijitLChavda Instagram: http://instagram.com/Abhijit.Chavda Website: http://AbhijitChavda.com

Egypt and Mesopotamia are the most famous civilizations of the ancient world, but at the same time in South Asia - today's Pakistan and India - an even larger and more populous society came into being: the Indus Valley Civilization, whose peak lasted from 2600 to 1900 BC. But the Indus Valley Civilization challenges much of what we think we know about ancient societies, from inequality and violence to political control.I wrote a book, and it comes out in July! You can preorder (in hard copy, e-book, or audiobook) The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World here.Listen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistory.Support us by supporting our sponsors! Expensify - Visit expensify.com/TIDES to get started with a FREE trial.

Episode 3 takes the dear listeners to the fantastical world of the collective imaginations of the Indus Valley Civilization. The host carefully talks about the excavated artefacts of Indus Valley excavation sites. Together we explore various aspects of the artefacts and sculptures found there. 

Lew and Sid meet their dynamic and supremely knowledgeable friend - Arjun P Gargeyas. The discussion goes down the past through the Indus Valley Civilization, World History, modern Indian History, Politics, the Constitutions of the World, the Farm Bills, Policy Making.

Episode 2 takes the dear listeners to the immaculate urban, rural and slum architecture of the Indus Valley Civilization. It links the study of their architecture to the study of their society. Interestingly, the episode takes a bend to the terracotta figurines and other excavations at the Harappan sites, which once again throws some light at their society's ritualistic practises creating an aura of knowledge around the perceived genders of their society. While a lot of speculation has been made, a lot of thought arrows have been projectiled into the proto-historic study of the Indus Valley people, factual uncertainty still prevails. Your host, Ayushi Chaurasia rather dwells on this uncertainty a bit extravagantly.Image credits: National Museum, New Delhi

Frank interviews archeologist Adam Green on his article Killing the Priest-King: Egalitarianism in the Indus Valley Civilization. He explains both his arguments for why the Indus Valley Civilization was (probably) an egalitarian mass urban commercial society that operated in a bottom-up fashion and had really nice houses/sanitation. Also included are tangents on the history of archeological frameworks and categorization, noisy and hidden elites, and questions of information processing and signification.

Lord Rama's ancestor Satyavrata Manu migrated from the South , land between Goa and the Indian Ocean, to Ayodhya with his two sons.   His other son with the help of Ganesha and Shiva moved towards the West through the Arabian Sea  and settled down in Europe and Africa.   This happened during the third Great Flood.   But the is another reference to the migration of the people from the Sarasvati Valley/Indus Valley towards North through Afghanistan and Russia .   A group among these moved into Europe as well.   This accounts for the migration of people from Asia into Europe in intermittent waves.   Sagara, he ancestor of Rama, more ancient than Satyavrata Manu who moved from the South to North.   This was the period when Ganga, the Ganges did not flow.   This was subsequently brought (Ganges) by Bhagiratha, Sagara's descendant.   Sagara fought a great Battle with the Kings of the South,they were also a part of Sanatana Dharma and won.   He banished them to the west through Afghanistan and asked them not to practice Sanatana Dharama, have the heads shaved and cursed them to be called Milechas. Milecha is the term used in a derogatory sense to indicate the people of the west. This is also the reason for prohibiting Sanatana Dharma followers from traveling through the Ocean. Some of these people settled down Russia and moved into Arctic as well. Among these people who were prohibited from learning the Vedas, some of them did. They established Sanatana Dharma and Hindu practices in the Arctic and Russia. The descendents of this group probably came down to India at a later date through SouthEast of Russia, Afghanistan into Indus Valley.   This probably is called the present Indus Valley Civilization.   Now to the evidence of Sanatana Dharam having been present in In Sudharshana Dweepa” , the rule of Sanatana Dharma was in place. It had Bharath in the South (rectangle area in the bottom of this picture) with Hemakuta or Himalayas in its northern limits, an intermediary Ilavarsha to the north of Himalayas (noted in dark red square in the middle) and a vast Airavatha varsha in extreme north of the Sudharshana dweepa. Most of Russia is covered by Airavatha varsha. Airavatha is the name of the elephant of Indra, the titular king of the Devas. The Deva territory is close to the North pole where there was sunlight continuously for 6 months and darkness continuously for 6 months. The elephant, Airavatha  in all probability was the Woolly mammoth which became extinct about 10,000 years ago.   Skanda secured the release of Indra's son, Jayanthaand killed Sura padma.  (Skanda Puaana) Skanda described in this purana coincides with Ugra kumara born to Meenakshi and Sundareswara who started the first Sangam assemblage in the South-Madurai (Then-Madurai) in Deep South about 11,000 years ago.(post on this follows)   Before the last glaciation, the territory near north pole was very much habitable. The locations called Amaravathy, capital city of Devas and Uttar Kuru existed in Siberia.   The route to Uttarkuru and Deva territories is explained in Valmiki Ramayana through the narration of Shugreevawho detailed the places to be seen and searched to find out Seetha  in the north of Bharath. (Valmiki Ramayana -4-43)   Read my post On Sugreeva's direction to vanaras to search for Sita in Peru. Once having crossed the vast Himalayas, he describes a pure-water  lake called Vaikhanas where sages used to do penance. This coincides with Lake Baikal.. There is an opinion that the name Russia was derived from Rishi varsha. There is a mention of Rishi varsha in scriptures which goes well with this region. The presence of Devas  in this part of the globe in a distant past had attracted  sages to this place.   It is derived from the Persian word ‘rana' or ‘ra'. But this word ‘rasa' is a straight Sanskri https://ramanisblog.in/2014/08/19/indra-in-russia-lake-baikal-vaikhanasa-teertha/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/ramanispodcast/message

The unraveling of Indian History is an arduous task. It is more confounding when one tries to sort out the relationship and antiquity of Sanskrit and other regional languages like Tamil Kannada( I have done some research in these but yet to study other languages, I am sure I will have more surprises when I go with an open mind). Now that I have explored a little on Sanatana Dharma, Sanskrit and their relationship with them, Iam convinced that Tamil and Sanatana Dharma/Sanskrit is quite ancient and our present reading of History does not do just do justice to any of them. Facts. 1.Tamil kings were present during the Swayamvara of Nala and Damayanthi,Lord Rama. 2.Shiva worship in the South preceded Vedic Texts. 3.Thiruvannamalai is 3.9 Million years old. 4.Tirupathi is 2100 million years old. 5.There is a million year old Tamil site near Chennai. 6.Jwalapuram near Cuddapah, Rayalaseema is 74000 years old where Nataraja Idol is found. 7.Agastya's travel to  South India has been documented at around 5000 BC and another around 21 000 years ago. 8.Velirs, A Dynasty of Kings were brought from Dwaraka to South India by Agastya. 9.Tamil Brahmi script is found in Harappa. 10.Satavrata Manu, ancestor of Lord Rama migrated from Dravida Desa. 11.Satyavrata Manu meditated near Madagascar. 12.Shiva's Trinetra Dance is performed among the Aborigines of Australia. 13.There is speculation that Daksha hid in the Antarctic. 14.Due to Tectonic plate movement India was near Arctic a long time ago. 15.It is probable that India moved near Antarctic as well. 16.The cultural exchange between South and North was quite frequent and very close. 17.Rama supported the Lemurians in their war against the Atlanteans. 18. Traces of Tamil language and Tamil culture is found among the tribes of North West of India and the South west of present Iran. Now  a new theory suggests that Tamil Elam was present in the area surrounding Iran and Tamil in its rudimentary form is found there even new. The word Tamil Elam is from the usage of the same word in the same sense by the Elamie civilisation. McAlpin (1975) in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12% are probable cognates. He further proposed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second-person pronouns and parallel case endings. For example the term for mother in the Elamite language and in different Dravidian languages like Tamil is “amma”.[2] They have identical derivatives, abstract nouns, and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have two positive tenses, a “past” and a “non-past”.[3]   Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian Hypothesis rests on the claim that agriculture spread from the Near East to the Indus Valley region via Elam. This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam. Supporting ethno-botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat (D. Fuller). Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions. The distribution of living Dravidian languages, concentrated mostly in southern India but with isolated pockets in Southern Afghanistan and Pakistan (Brahui) and in Central and East India (Kurukh, Malto), suggests to some a wider past distribution of the Dravidian languages. However, there are varied opinions about the origin of northern Dravidian languages like Brahui, Kurukh and Malto[disambiguation needed].[5] The Kurukh have traditionally claimed to be from the Deccan Peninsula,[6] more specifically Karnataka. The same tradition has existed of the Brahui.[7][8] They call themselves immigrants.[9] Many scholars hold this same view of the Brahui[10] such as L. H. Horace Perera and M. Ratnasabapathy..https://ramanisblog.in/2016/02/18/tamil-elam-in-iran-elamites/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/ramanispodcast/message

Science in antiquity was at times devised to be useful and at other times to prove to the people that the gods looked favorably on the ruling class. Greek philosophers tell us a lot about how the ancient world developed. Or at least, they tell us a Western history of antiquity. Humanity began working with bronze some 7,000 years ago and the Bronze Age came in force in the centuries leading up to 3,000 BCE. By then there were city-states and empires. The Mesopotamians brought us the wheel in around 3500 BCE, and the chariot by 3200 BCE. Writing formed in Sumeria, a city state of Mesopotamia, in 3000 BCE. Urbanization required larger cities and walls to keep out invaders. King Gilgamesh built huge walls. They used a base 60 system to track time, giving us the 60 seconds and 60 minutes to get to an hour. That sexagesimal system also gave us the 360 degrees in a circle. They plowed fields and sailed. And sailing led to maps, which they had by 2300 BCE. And they gave us the Epic, with the Epic of Gilgamesh which could be old as 2100 BCE. At this point, the Egyptian empire had grown to 150,000 square kilometers and the Sumerians controlled around 20,000 square kilometers. Throughout, they grew a great trading empire. They traded with China, India and Egypt with some routes dating back to the fourth millennia BCE. And commerce and trade means the spread of not only goods but also ideas and knowledge. The earliest known writing of complete sentences in Egypt came to Egypt a few hundred years after it did in Mesopotamia, as the Early Dynastic period ended and the Old Kingdom, or the Age of the Pyramids. Perhaps over a trade route.  The ancient Egyptians used numerals, multiplications, fractions, geometry, architecture, algebra, and even quadratic equations. Even having a documented base 10 numbering system on a tomb from 3200 BCE. We also have the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, which includes geometry problems, the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, which covers how to add fractions, the Berlin Papyrus with geometry, the Lahun Papyri with arithmetical progressions to calculate the volume of granaries, the Akhmim tablets, the Reisner Papyrus, and the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, which covers algebra and geometry. And there's the Cairo Calendar, an ancient Egyptian papyrus from around 1200 BCE with detailed astronomical observations. Because the Nile flooded, bringing critical crops to Egypt. The Mesopotamians traded with China as well. As the Shang dynasty from the 16th to 11th centuries BCE gave way to the Zhou Dynasty, which went from the 11th to 3rd centuries BCE and the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age, science was spreading throughout the world. The I Ching is one of the oldest Chinese works showing math, dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, possibly as old as 1000 BCE. This was also when the Hundred Schools of Thought began, which Conscious inherited around the 5th century BCE. Along the way the Chinese gave us the sundial, abacus, and crossbow. And again, the Bronze Age signaled trade empires that were spreading ideas and texts from the Near East to Asia to Europe and Africa and back again. For a couple thousand years the transfer of spices, textiles and precious metals fueled the Bronze Age empires.  Along the way the Minoan civilization in modern Greece had been slowly rising out of the Cycladic culture. Minoan artifacts have been found in Canaanite palaces and as they grew they colonized and traded. They began a decline around 1500 BCE, likely due to a combination of raiders and volcanic eruptions. The crash of the Minoan civilization gave way to the Myceneaen civilization of early Greece.  Competition for resources and land in these growing empires helped to trigger wars.  Those in turn caused violence over those resources. Around 1250 BCE, Thebes burned and attacks against city states cities increased, sometimes by emerging empires of previously disassociated tribes (as would happen later with the Vikings) and sometimes by other city-states.  This triggered the collapse of Mycenaen Greece, the splintering of the Hittites, the fall of Troy, the absorption of the Sumerian culture into Babylon, and attacks that weakened the Egyptian New Kingdom. Weakened and disintegrating empires leave room for new players. The Iranian tribes emerged to form the Median empire in today's Iran. The Assyrians and Scythians rose to power and the world moved into the Iron age. And the Greeks fell into the Greek Dark Ages until they slowly clawed their way out of it in the 8th century BCE. Around this time Babylonian astronomers, in the capital of Mesopomania, were making astronomical diaries, some of which are now stored in the British Museum.  Greek and Mesopotamian societies weren't the only ones flourishing. The Indus Valley Civilization had blossomed from 2500 to 1800 BCE only to go into a dark age of its own. Boasting 5 million people across 1,500 cities, with some of the larger cities reaching 40,000 people - about the same size as Mesopotamian cities. About two thirds are in modern day India and a third in modern Pakistan, an empire that stretched across 120,000 square kilometers. As the Babylonian control of the Mesopotamian city states broke up, the Assyrians began their own campaigns and conquered Persia, parts of Ancient Greece, down to Ethiopia, Israel, the Ethiopia, and Babylon. As their empire grew, they followed into the Indus Valley, which Mesopotamians had been trading with for centuries.  What we think of as modern Pakistan and India is where Medhatithi Gautama founded the anviksiki school of logic in the 6th century BCE. And so the modern sciences of philosophy and logic were born. As mentioned, we'd had math in the Bronze Age. The Egyptians couldn't have built pyramids and mapped the stars without it. Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar couldn't have built the Mesopotamian cities and walls and laws without it. But something new was coming as the Bronze Age began to give way to the Iron Age. The Indians brought us the first origin of logic, which would morph into an almost Boolean logic as Pāṇini codified Sanskrit grammar linguistics and syntax. Almost like a nearly 4,000 verse manual on programming languages. Panini even mentions Greeks in his writings. Because they apparently had contact going back to the sixth century BCE, when Greek philosophy was about to get started. The Neo-Assyrian empire grew to 1.4 million square kilometers of control and the Achaeminid empire grew to control nearly 5 million square miles.  The Phoenicians arose out of the crash of the Late Bronze Age, becoming important traders between the former Mesopotamian city states and Egyptians. As her people settled lands and Greek city states colonized lands, one became the Greek philosopher Thales, who documented the use of loadstones going back to 600 BCE when they were able to use magnetite which gets its name from the Magnesia region of Thessaly, Greece. He is known as the first philosopher and in the time of Socrates even had become one of the Seven Sages which included according to Socrates. “Thales of Miletus, and Pittacus of Mytilene, and Bias of Priene, and our own Solon, and Cleobulus of Lindus, and Myson of Chenae, and the seventh of them was said to be Chilon of Sparta.”  Many of the fifth and sixth century Greek philosophers were actually born in colonies on the western coast of what is now Turkey. Thales's theorum is said to have originated in India or Babylon. But as we see a lot in the times that followed, it is credited to Thales. Given the trading empires they were all a part of though, they certainly could have brought these ideas back from previous generations of unnamed thinkers. I like to think of him as the synthesizers that Daniel Pink refers to so often in his book A Whole New Mind.  Thales studied in Babylon and Egypt, bringing thoughts, ideas, and perhaps intermingled them with those coming in from other areas as the Greeks settled colonies in other lands. Given how critical astrology was to the agricultural societies, this meant bringing astronomy, math to help with the architecture of the Pharoes, new ways to use calendars, likely adopted through the Sumerians, coinage through trade with the Lydians and then Persians when they conquered the Lydians, Babylon, and the Median. So Thales taught Anaximander who taught Pythagoras of Samos, born a few decades later in 570 BCE. He studied in Egypt as well. Most of us would know the Pythagorean theorem which he's credited for, although there is evidence that predated him from Egypt. Whether new to the emerging Greek world or new to the world writ large, his contributions were far beyond that, though. They included a new student oriented way of life, numerology, the idea that the world is round, numerology, applying math to music and applying music to lifestyle, and an entire school of philosophers emerged from his teachings to spread Pythagoreanism. And the generations of philosophers that followed devised both important philosophical contributions and practical applications of new ideas in engineering. The ensuing schools of philosophy that rose out of those early Greeks spread. By 508 BCE, the Greeks gave us Democracy. And oligarchy, defined as a government where a small group of people have control over a country. Many of these words, in fact, come from Greek forms. As does the month of May, names for symbols and theories in much of the math we use, and many a constellation. That tradition began with the sages but grew, being spread by trade, by need, and by religious houses seeking to use engineering as a form of subjugation.  Philosophy wasn't exclusive to the Greeks or Indians, or to Assyria and then Persia through conquering the lands and establishing trade. Buddha came out of modern India in the 5th to 4th century BCE around the same time Confucianism was born from Confucious in China. And Mohism from Mo Di. Again, trade and the spread of ideas. However, there's no indication that they knew of each other or that Confucious could have competed with the other 100 schools of thought alive and thriving in China. Nor that Buddhism would begin spreading out of the region for awhile. But some cultures were spreading rapidly. The spread of Greek philosophy reached a zenith in Athens. Thales' pupil Anaximander also taught Anaximenes, the third philosopher of the Milesian school which is often included with the Ionians. The thing I love about those three, beginning with Thales is that they were able to evolve the school of thought without rejecting the philosophies before them. Because ultimately they knew they were simply devising theories as yet to be proven. Another Ionian was Anaxagoras, who after serving in the Persian army, which ultimately conquered Ionia in 547 BCE. As a Greek citizen living in what was then Persia, Anaxagoras moved to Athens in 480 BCE, teaching Archelaus and either directly or indirectly through him Socrates. This provides a link, albeit not a direct link, from the philosophy and science of the Phoenicians, Babylonians, and Egyptians through Thales and others, to Socrates.   Socrates was born in 470 BCE and mentions several influences including Anaxagoras. Socrates spawned a level of intellectualism that would go on to have as large an impact on what we now call Western philosophy as anyone in the world ever has. And given that we have no writings from him, we have to take the word of his students to know his works. He gave us the Socratic method and his own spin on satire, which ultimately got him executed for effectively being critical of the ruling elite in Athens and for calling democracy into question, corrupting young Athenian students in the process.  You see, in his life, the Athenians lost the Peloponnesian War to Sparta - and as societies often do when they hit a speed bump, they started to listen to those who call intellectuals or scientists into question. That would be Socrates for questioning Democracy, and many an Athenian for using Socrates as a scape goat.  One student of Socrates, Critias, would go on to lead a group called the Thirty Tyrants, who would terrorize Athenians and take over the government for awhile. They would establish an oligarchy and appoint their own ruling class. As with many coups against democracy over the millennia they were ultimately found corrupt and removed from power. But the end of that democratic experiment in Greece was coming. Socrates also taught other great philosophers, including Xenophon, Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Alcibiades. But the greatest of his pupils was Plato. Plato was as much a scientist as a philosopher. He had works of Pythagoras, studied the Libyan Theodorus. He codified a theory of Ideas, in Forms. He used as examples, the Pythagorean theorem and geometry. He wrote a lot of the dialogues with Socrates and codified ethics, and wrote of a working, protective, and governing class, looking to produce philosopher kings. He wrote about the dialectic, using questions, reasoning and intuition. He wrote of art and poetry and epistemology. His impact was vast. He would teach mathemetics to Eudoxus, who in turn taught Euclid. But one of his greatest contributions the evolution of philosophy, science, and technology was in teaching Aristotle.  Aristotle was born in 384 BCE and founded a school of philosophy called the Lyceum. He wrote about rhetoric, music, poetry, and theater - as one would expect given the connection to Socrates, but also expanded far past Plato, getting into physics, biology, and metaphysics. But he had a direct impact on the world at the time with his writings on economics politics,  He inherited a confluence of great achievements, describing motion, defining the five elements, writing about a camera obscure and researching optics. He wrote about astronomy and geology, observing both theory and fact, such as ways to predict volcanic eruptions. He made observations that would be proven (or sometimes disproven) such as with modern genomics. He began a classification of living things. His work “On the Soul” is one of the earliest looks at psychology. His study of ethics wasn't as theoretical as Socrates' but practical, teaching virtue and how that leads to wisdom to become a greater thinker.  He wrote of economics. He writes of taxes, managing cities, and property. And this is where he's speaking almost directly to one of his most impressive students, Alexander the Great. Philip the second of Macedon hired Plato to tutor Alexander starting in 343. Nine years later, when Alexander inherited his throne, he was armed with arguably the best education in the world combined with one of the best trained armies in history. This allowed him to defeat Darius in 334 BCE, the first of 10 years worth of campaigns that finally gave him control in 323 BCE. In that time, he conquered Egypt, which had been under Persian rule on and off and founded Alexandria. And so what the Egyptians had given to Greece had come home. Alexander died in 323 BCE. He followed the path set out by philosophers before him. Like Thales, he visited Babylon and Egypt. But he went a step further and conquered them. This gave the Greeks more ancient texts to learn from but also more people who could become philosophers and more people with time to think through problems.  By the time he was done, the Greeks controlled nearly 5 million square miles of territory. This would be the largest empire until after the Romans. But Alexander never truly ruled. He conquered. Some of his generals and other Greek aristocrats, now referred to as the Diadochi, split up the young, new empire. You see, while teaching Alexander, Aristotle had taught two other future kings : Ptolemy I Soter and Cassander.  Cassander would rule Macedonia and Ptolemy ruled Egypt from Alexandria, who with other Greek philosophers founded the Library of Alexandria. Ptolemy and his son amassed 100s of thousands of scrolls in the Library from 331 BC and on. The Library was part of a great campus of the Musaeum where they also supported great minds starting with Ptolemy I's patronage of Euclid, the father of geometry, and later including Archimedes, the father of engineering, Hipparchus, the founder of trigonometry, Her, the father of math, and Herophilus, who codified the scientific method and countless other great hellenistic thinkers.  The Roman Empire had begin in the 6th century BCE. By the third century BCE they were expanding out of the Italian peninsula. This was the end of Greek expansion and as Rome conquered the Greek colonies signified the waning of Greek philosophy. Philosophy that helped build Rome both from a period of colonization and then spreading Democracy to the young republic with the kings, or rex, being elected by the senate and by 509 BCE the rise of the consuls.  After studying at the Library of Alexandria, Archimedes returned home to start his great works, full of ideas having been exposed to so many works. He did rudimentary calculus, proved geometrical theories, approximated pi, explained levers, founded statics and hydrostatics. And his work extended into the practical. He built machines, pulleys, the infamous Archimedes' screw pump, and supposedly even a deathly heat ray of lenses that could burn ships in seconds. He was sadly killed by Roman soldiers when Syracuse was taken. But, and this is indicative of how Romans pulled in Greek know-how, the Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus was angry that he lost an asset, who could have benefited his war campaigns. In fact, Cicero, who was born in the first century BCE mentioned Archimedes built mechanical devices that could show the motions of the planetary bodies. He claimed Thales had designed these and that Marcellus had taken one as his only personal loot from Syracuse and donated it to the Temple of Virtue in Rome.  The math, astronomy, and physics that go into building a machine like that was the culmination of hundreds, if not thousands of years of building knowledge of the Cosmos, machinery, mathematics, and philosophy. Machines like that would have been the first known computers. Machines like the first or second century Antikythera mechanism, discovered in 1902 in a shipwreck in Greece. Initially thought to be a one-off, the device is more likely to represent the culmination of generations of great thinkers and doers. Generations that came to look to the Library of Alexandria as almost a Mecca. Until they didn't.  The splintering of the lands Alexander conquered, the cost of the campaigns, the attacks from other empires, and the rise of the Roman Empire ended the age of Greek Enlightenment. As is often the case when there is political turmoil and those seeking power hate being challenged by the intellectuals, as had happened with Socrates and philosophers in Athens at the time, Ptolemy VIII caused The Library of Alexandria to enter into a slow decline that began with the expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria in 145BC. This began a slow decline of the library until it burned, first with a small fire accidentally set by Caesar in 48 BCE and then for good in the 270s.  But before the great library was gone for good, it would produce even more great engineers. Heron of Alexandria is one of the greatest. He created vending machines that would dispense holy water when you dropped a coin in it. He made small mechanical archers, models of dancers, and even a statue of a horse that could supposedly drink water. He gave us early steam engines two thousand years before the industrial revolution and ran experiments in optics. He gave us Heron's forumula and an entire book on mechanics, codifying the known works on automation at the time. In fact, he designed a programmable cart using strings wrapped around an axle, powered by falling weights.  Claudius Ptolemy came to the empire from their holdings in Egypt, living in the first century. He wrote about harmonics, math, astronomy, computed the distance of the sun to the earth and also computed positions of the planets and eclipses, summarizing them into more simplistic tables. He revolutionized map making and the properties of light. By then, Romans had emerged as the first true world power and so the Classical Age. To research this section, I read and took copious notes from the following and apologize that each passage is not credited specifically but it would just look like a regular expressions if I tried: The Evolution of Technology by George Basalla. Civilizations by Filipe Fernández-Armesto, A Short History of Technology: From The Earliest Times to AD 1900 from TK Derry and Trevor I Williams, Communication in History Technology, Culture, Leonardo da vinci by Walter Isaacson, Society from David Crowley and Paul Heyer, Timelines in Science, by the Smithsonian, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets: A History of Technology by Donald Cardwell, a few PhD dissertations and post-doctoral studies from journals, and then I got to the point where I wanted the information from as close to the sources as I could get so I went through Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences from Galileo Galilei, Mediations from Marcus Aurelius, Pneumatics from Philo of Byzantium, The Laws of Thought by George Boole, Natural History from Pliny The Elder, Cassius Dio's Roman History, Annals from Tacitus, Orations by Cicero, Ethics, Rhetoric, Metaphysics, and Politics by Aristotle, Plato's Symposium and The Trial & Execution of Socrates.

The main features of Indus valley civilization. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/balwinder-soni/message

In this program we go back to the very origins of mankind, considering the science, history, mythology and scripture to gain a clearer perspective of our own place in the world. Steven takes us on a guide through Sumerian culture and history, and that of the Egyptians and Indus Valley Civilization, and bringing it into alignment with the Bible and comparing with dozens of other religious scriptures to create a composite that brings it all together. The events that are taking place today were seen by dozens of cultures thousands of years ago. This is our great awakening. This is the Rapture. The forces of darkness and light are unfolding to reveal the truth. May this truth be revealed to you.  www.SelfAwareness.com  

Do you know what are the other names of our country and how those happened to be? We will also find out about how life used to be in the Indus Valley Civilization and about the major power hubs of that time. And what was the reason for its disappearance? Topic: History of India - Ancient India. Timeline: 2800 BCE - 1800 BCE. Show notes: https://namaskarindia.live/episodes/s01e02.html Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/aduppala/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/namaskarindialive Twitter: https://twitter.com/AradhanaDuppala Website: https://namaskarindia.live/ --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/namaskar-india/support

It is believed that the first Unicorn image was recorded by the Indus Valley Civilization on the Unicorn Seal found at the archaeological site Mohenjo-daro, but it was the Greeks that popularized the creature. Greeks did not think that Unicorns were myths, they recorded them in their history books. Then they became popular during the middle ages, due to a poor translation of the bible, and from the rediscovery of Greek writings. But how did they go from a symbol of religion in the Middle Ages to our modern pop culture icon? And how did they become so ingrained in our culture? Learn more in this week's episode of Better Than Human. Note: Jennifer meant Plato not Aristotle at the beginning of the episode, and Amber was right, it was Robot Chicken. (Amber is always right ;p)Visit our website betterthanhumanpodcast.comFollow us on Twitter @betterthanhuma1on Facebook @betterthanhumanpodcaston Instagram @betterthanhumanpodcastEmail us at betterthanhumanpodcast@gmail.comWe look forward to hearing from you, and we look forward to you joining our cult of weirdness!#betterthanhuman #cultofweirdness

In this Episode, Sadhna Upadhya shares her experience and understanding of yoga through her years of practice. In today's time with various types of yoga styles being offered, people are unsure of the style of yoga they should take up. Sadhna shares information that will help someone with their practice or for someone who is looking to start their journey of yoga. The practice of yoga has been thought to date back to pre-vedic indian traditions; possibly in the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. Outside India, it has developed into a posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more than physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core. Yoga provides means for people to find their own way of connecting with their trueself.

This episode dives into the details about one of the greatest civilisation s ever to rise on the planet .. and what makes them so great.

'अखंड भारत - Stories of a Greater India'च्या आजच्या भागात आपल्या सोबत आहे सम्राट साळवे. सम्राट नी Zoology (B.Sc.) आणि Anthropology (M.A.) केलंय, तसेच त्याच्या संशोधनपर प्रबंधांना राष्ट्रीय स्तरावर मान्यता मिळाली आहे. आज सम्राट आपल्याला भारताच्या भौगोलिक इतिहास, सागरी व्यापार ते अगदी डायनोसॉर कसे लुप्त झाले, या आणि अश्या बऱ्याच गोष्टींची माहिती सांगणार आहे.Our guest Samrat Salve in this episode of Akhanda Bharat- Stories of a Greater India, discusses about geographic history of India, trades between the country and other countries and existence of dinosaurs in the past.Follow our host Saniya Mane on Instagramhttps://www.instagram.com/saniyamane/?hl=enYou can listen to this show and other awesome shows on the IVM Podcasts app on Android: IVM Podcasts - Apps on Google Play or iOS: ‎IVM Podcasts, or any other podcast app.You can check out our website at https://shows.ivmpodcasts.com/

One of the largest Civilizations ever, the Indus valley Civilization is the precursor to Modern state of India. It's a mysterious Civilization as we still haven't deciphered their script and it remains a mystery as to why did it ever come to an end, if it did. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/history0/message

Did the Indus Valley Civilization come to an abrupt end. If it did then why. Could the river Saraswati the eastern river of the Civilization have dried out? May be the Indus Valley weakened and went through a period of decline only to be picked up by later Civilizations on the same land. May the Civilization that followed was the cause of decline. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/history0/message

Town planning of civilization --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/stem6/message

In this conversation, Sivaguru from PM Power Consulting talks to Sukumar, Co-Founder of Tiny Magiq, where Sukumar shares his stories about: His friend who inspired him to get into software How, on his first day at a client’s place, he did something totally unconnected - as he thought - to software His first lesson at work - attitude! What one can learn from working on a maintenance project How his first role with a sales responsibility was so stressful, tending to a breakdown Mustering the courage to seek guidance to change the vicious cycle to a virtuous cycle His personal transition to handle uncertainties in his CXO Roles What he learnt from a war veteran on doing pilot projects Taking an integrative approach to knowledge management and process to deliver knowledge just in time How the blogging experiment opened up cross Business Unit exchanges Some techniques he used to foster innovation across a large organization Inspirations from the paper ‘Ronald Coase Penguins’ by ‘Yochai Benkler’ on socio psychological rewards Why his company is called ‘tiny magiq’ Applying tiny changes in his own life - as in push ups His perspective on the future for a career in IT Sukumar has 31 years of experience in the IT services industry. He runs a Digital transformation & Behaviour transformation enabler startup called Tiny Magiq with 4 co-founders since Feb 2015. He left Cognizant in April 2014, after nearly 19 years, where he served as Senior Vice President, Global Chief Information Officer & Global Head of Innovation.  Sukumar in his 8 year stint as a CXO in Cognizant led award-winning transformation programs in IT, Innovation Culture and Delivery Management. Sukumar is an avid blogger/twitterer, a fitness enthusiast and a travel bug. He researches the Indus Valley Civilization in his spare time. Sukumar received lifetime recognition for his work in IT through the 2014 Computerworld Premier 100 IT Leaders program. Sukumar is rated by Huffington Post as one of the Top 100 Social CIOs in 2014 & 2013. His social media handles: linkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajagopalsukumar/ Twitter: @rsukumar Facebook: https://facebook.com/Sukumar Website:  https://tinymagiq.com

Learn about the Indus Valley Civilization in India as the start of the second season

Vagheesh Narasimhan talks about his SCIENCE paper on Indian genetics and ancient history. Indus Valley Civilization, Aryans, and invasions (or not!).

The Real Butter crew (Peter, Theodore, John, Amanda, and Poppy the Popcorn) talk about and around "Toy Story 4" and one host QUITS THE SHOW. Things we mention: Toy Story, Small Soldiers, Barbie, Toy history, the Indus-Valley Civilization, A Town Called Panic You there! Sign up for our mailing list! Find us on Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram! Then aid the Glorious Cause for as little as .99 cents a month! Just follow this link: https://anchor.fm/real-butter-buttercast/support #RealButter #RealButterShow #podcast #movies #review #comedy #film #ToyStory #SmallSoldiers #Toys --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/real-butter-buttercast/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/real-butter-buttercast/support

Indus Valley Civilization, written by Cristian Violatti and narrated by Richard de Man: https://www.ancient.eu/Indus_Valley_Civilization/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.

600 BCE - 600 CE Early Americas: Skylar - The Mayan Civilization is one of the longest lasting civilizations in world history. It is believed that the Mayan Civilization began as early as 2000 BCE . The first city-states started as soon as 750 BCE. These city-states not only had a political leader but also a spiritual leader. In the north there was the Yucatan Peninsula and to the south  the Sierra Madre Mountain range. The Mayan civilization was where modern-day southeast Mexico is. The calendar the Mayans came up with was actually more accurate than the calendar Julius Caesar came up with. Ella - Around 250 in the common era, there was a time known as the classical period. Around this period a lot of big cities came into place like Tikal and Calakmul. We believe that these cities had around 50,000 to 100,000 people at their best. Supposedly they were not one empire, but it was more separate like the greek city states, but still the bigger cities might have influenced some of the smaller states decisions.  Gabe - Back to the calendar so the Mayan calendar actually said the earth started on August 11, 3114 bc and ended on december 22, 2012 and since we are now in 2018 it obviously didn't end and it didn't end because it was like a odometer so it rolls over from 000000 to 999999 and then back to 000000 so most people thought the world was going to end december 22, 2012 because that's when the Mayan calendar ended but it didn't end on August 11, 3114 bc the calendar was set at 000000 and on december 22, 2012 it changed back to 000000 so instead of ending it just reset Emma - Between 300 and 600 AD a huge and extremely complex city called Teotihuacan existed northeast of what is now Mexico City. The name Teotihuacan was given to it by the Aztecs when the discovered it long after its fall. We actually have to written records or art from the city itself though through other archeological methods historians were able to determine that it likely was inhabited by around 200,000 people. People believe that it held direct power over the surrounding 10,000 square miles and used armies to colonize as far as 600 miles away. 5.Hunter- The Maya, group of people who lived in Mesoamerica after the Olmec, lived in what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador. Large Mayan cities started to rise throughout these areas, the local lords struggled for power and access to trade routes and goods. Audrey - Something that is different about the America’s from other civilizations is that in western South America now where Peru is wasn’t based around a river. Instead they had the humble current and the water had a bunch of nutrients so there were lots of fish for the people to eat and they could grow food. Ben - The Nazca civilization was also a very interesting part of western america, around southwest peru. The nazca are famous for drawing things in the ground around a third of a kilometer in size (or over nine hundred fifty feet), these things were named the “Nazca Lines”. This was around 200 BCE. Ethan - The early Andes were based around modern day Peru and Bolivia. Their society faced problems including that the mountain-based structure of the Andes was.   600 BCE - 600 CE Empires in India: 1.Ella - The Maurya Empire was one of the greatest empires of world history. It emerged because a man by the name of Chandragupta Maurya conquered the nanda empire, many territories formerly conquered by Alexander the Great, and a large amount of land from the Greeks. Chandragupta eventually left his empire in the hands of his son bindusara.     2.Skylar - I’m going to talk about the Gupta dynasty. The gupta dynasty was started by Sri Gupta around 240. But didn’t become i guess you could say popular until about 320 when Chandragupta the first took over. Chandragupta was given some of the Gupta dynasty to control because he married princess Kumaradevi. (if someone has anything more to add on please do, didn’t want to take all the info) Gabe - I'm going to continue on the Maurya Empire bindusara ruled from 297 bc to 272 bc when he died this led to war bindusara's sons both wanted to be king Ashoka one of bindusara's sons won taking the empire and later on becoming the most successful and powerful ruler of the Maurya dynasty       Emma - The Mauryans had a huge army consisting of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 Calvary, and 9,000 war elephants. This was the largest and strongest military force in the world in its time. This army was a great recourse for the Mauryan Empire And was a big factor in their ability to expand their territory and defend themselves from those who tried to attack. Audrey - Unlike many other empires the Gupta Empire’s big thing wasn’t that they conquered a bunch of land it was because they could conquer and obtain that territory they had the power to sponsor a culture with art. This was called the Golden Age of India. Ben - A few different important historical figures of the Maurya empire are Kalidasa and Aryabhata. I’ll start with Kalidasa, he was a incredibly skilled writer of the time and was mostly known for being the best writer that ever used Sanskrit. (the language they used) And Aryabhata was one of the first scientists that was able to calculate 5 digits of pi. He also knew that the earth rotated on an axis based on how he saw the sky move every day. He predicted how the moon reflected light from the sun. Hunter- The large army was made possible slightly through the intricate web of administration. One of Chandragupta’s advisors instituted some detailed procedures which Ashoka inherited. Ashoka started a capital at the walled city of Pataliputra, which served as a centralized hub for the empire. Officials made decisions about how to collect taxes for the central treasury, which funded the military and other government jobs      600 BCE - 600 CE Early Hinduism: Gabe - Hinduism was a polytheistic belief which is where they believed in more than one god a few hindu gods were agni indra shiva brahma vishnu and ganesha which these are regarded as the most important gods shiva is seen as the god of destruction and vishnu the god who creates stuff from shiva's destruction Emma - Historically speaking, Hinduism is different from many other religions because there is no clear origin or originator of the practice of the religion. We do know that it started kooas a tradition in the upper class of the Aryan empire, which made it difficulta to access for the lower classes. However it was made more accessible and popular over time. Ella - there was a civilization called the Indus Valley Civilization and it eventually collapsed for an unknown reason. It may have been a change in the weather that they couldn’t handle, or drying up of there water source that they relied on. Other possibilities are natural disasters or influence from surrounding civilizations. Audrey - Hinduism is one of the oldest religions beginning about 5000 years ago. It shows some of the elements practice in the Indus Valley civilization and is still a practiced religion today. 5.Hunter- During the Gupta empire from about 320 to 550 CE emperors used hinduism as a linking religion to link the nations together, in which also helped popularise it by creating hindu educational systems; they also gave land to the brahmins. The Gupta emperors helped make Hinduism one of the most popular religions in the indian subcontinent.   Ben - There are a lot of connections between languages that formed english and sanskrit. A lot of english words can be traced back to the ancient sanskrit language.   600 BCE - 600 CE Early Buddhism:  Gabe - Siddhartha Gautama the founder of buddhism was born 563 bce into a wealthy family he rejected his life of riches and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism, or extreme self discipline after 49 days of consecutive meditation he became the enlightened one which is the buddha he made this announcement in public got some people to train as buddha monks and taught his teachings throughout the world    Emma - Buddhism was based around a group of guiding principles called the four noble truths. They were as follows; “there is suffering in life”, “the cause of suffering is desire”, “ending desire means ending suffering”, and “following a  controlled and moderate lifestyle will end desire”. A strong component of this religion was that everyone was responsible for their own happiness. Audrey - Buddhism and Hinduism were founded it on similar things. One of the things Buddhism was founded on was something that Siddhartha (or Buddha) said, and that was to pretty much stay in the middle ground to not go with either extreme of so much physical self-pleasure or mistreating yourself. Ella - Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, was born in Ludini. His aunt took care of him because his mother died not long after he was born. His father was a chieftain and he was able to give Gautama a good protected childhood away from all the bad things of the world like sickness and poverty. He eventually got married and had a kid. 5.Hunter-Buddhism also also gained support from the state. In 260 BCE, king Ashoka adopted Buddhism after war against the feudal of Kalinga. He wanted to renounce violence and publicity so he turned to Buddhism to achieve this. He may have also turned to Buddhism as a unitive religion. Ben - At the age of 29 Siddhartha was actually allowed to leave the land of the wealthy and once he left he saw sickness and poverty that he’d never seen before at any point in his life. So he leaves and goes into the woods for six years, leaving everything he had behind him. He eventually travels to Gaya and meditates under a sacred fig tree for seven whole days before he eventually reaches enlightenment. He then disappeared for 49 days, and later went to spread his knowledge with the world   600 BCE - 600 CE Syncretism:  Gabe - Syncretism is where so the merchants travel and trade goods but they also trade beliefs and religions and faiths so as you catch word of christianity and buddhism and both kind of morph together in a town you get syncretism which is why there is a christian grave in central asia with a chinese zodiac on it Audrey - There were these “great thinkers” of the Hindu ascetic tradition, that Alexander the Great actually brought philosophers to meet with, called Gymnosophists. The word Gymnosophists means “the naked thinkers”, and they were called this because they were so devoted to the study of philosophy that they fasted and wore little to no clothing because they felt it got in the way on their pursuit to knowledge and wisdom. Ella - The Christians at the time took advantage of the trade routes that were being made. Preachers and missionaries could spread these messages beyond the mediterranean region they lived in. They were successful because in the eleventh century one third of the worlds christians lived in Asia. Ben - The Nestorian Stele was a big tablet of rock and stone that was buried at an estimated year of 845 (but it was thought to be made in 781).  It had written on it a kind of early depiction of christianity in china. It was discovered in 1623. 5.Hunter- Early christians managed to turn the roman infrastructure to their advantage: missionaries used the vast land and roads to preach the good news of god further outside of the mediterranean region. By the eleventh century CE, fully one-third of the world’s christians lived in Asia. Emma - The open practice of Christianity was not actually legal in Rome until the fourth century. At this time the current emperor, Constantine the first, said that he had a religious vision and made it legal. Near the end of the century, the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Imperial Rome.   600 BCE - 600 CE Women and families:  Gabe - in the classical era of 600 bc to 600 ce many systems and institutions were hard of Women and families Women didn't have all the rights men did this was true but there freedoms varied on the empire   Audrey - During the civil war in Rome, that occured after the Ides of March when Julius Caesar was assassinated, the triumvirs decided to tax 1400 of the wealthiest women to fund the war. One of these women, Hortensia, wrote a speech on how unfair this was and she pretty much said, why should the women pay taxes when they don’t get a share in things like the government. Ella - In most societies, woman raised kids and managed households. How the woman carried out these things depended on the woman's kinship, or a word for family relationships, religion, and marriage. For example, in Han China a woman's power was based off her relationship with her husband.   Ben - Life for women varied depending on what religion the area was most dedicated to. For example, Confucianism had women in a place of submissiveness and didn’t allow them to do nearly anything outside their home. On the other hand Daoism the gentleness and humbleness of women was respected and seen as a positive thing. In Daoism, women could even be a teacher or a priest. 5.Hunter- In many societies, women’s lives was mainly about motherhood and managing a household. While women in different places and different times had this in common, there were significant differences on how women performed these roles depending on kinship relationships. skip me i realize i didn’t read right Emma - In Han China, kinship was a part of a girl or woman’s life from the beginning. When she was young, her status and role were dependant on that of her father’s. At the time she got married, it was dependant on her husband. After her husband’s death, it was dependant on her oldest son.   600 BCE - 600 CE The Silk Road:  Gabe - the Silk Road was a trade route connecting eurasia and north africa but is was called the Silk Road because Silk was transported a lot through this route Audrey - For trading you obviously have to give something in return so, some of the items China would get for their silk were horses, which were good not only for transport, being human or goods, but also for wars. They would get gold from Europe, cotton from India, and the list goes on. Ella -  Trade routes would carrie things like food, materials, beliefs and customs but also diseases.  Two of the most significant diseases were measles and smallpox. Both of these were believed to have come from asia and the middle east. Ben - But as people were moving from place to place, culture was also “traded” as christianity and buddhism spread very quickly. They did this through missionaries and trading. Later on in the first century CE silk had become a problem, it was becoming thinner and wearing out, eventually becoming so thin and transparent that in 14 CE they banned people from wearing it. 5.Hunter-One cause of expandable trade was because of the growth in imperial power. Near the end of the second century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han mounted multiple campaigns against the nomadic Xiongnu people, because of Xiongnu horse riders raided chinese settlements along the northern border for many years.   Emma - Silk was not the only item that was traded, at least in the minds of those people, too much. Ferghana horses, or heavenly horses as they were known, were strongly desired in China. They imported so many of them that the Dayuan people who owned the Ferghana valley refused to sell any more of them. This caused the War of the Heavenly Horses which lasted three years. That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

600 BCE - 600 CE Early Americas: Skylar - The Mayan Civilization is one of the longest lasting civilizations in world history. It is believed that the Mayan Civilization began as early as 2000 BCE . The first city-states started as soon as 750 BCE. These city-states not only had a political leader but also a spiritual leader. In the north there was the Yucatan Peninsula and to the south  the Sierra Madre Mountain range. The Mayan civilization was where modern-day southeast Mexico is. The calendar the Mayans came up with was actually more accurate than the calendar Julius Caesar came up with. Ella - Around 250 in the common era, there was a time known as the classical period. Around this period a lot of big cities came into place like Tikal and Calakmul. We believe that these cities had around 50,000 to 100,000 people at their best. Supposedly they were not one empire, but it was more separate like the greek city states, but still the bigger cities might have influenced some of the smaller states decisions.  Gabe - Back to the calendar so the Mayan calendar actually said the earth started on August 11, 3114 bc and ended on december 22, 2012 and since we are now in 2018 it obviously didn't end and it didn't end because it was like a odometer so it rolls over from 000000 to 999999 and then back to 000000 so most people thought the world was going to end december 22, 2012 because that's when the Mayan calendar ended but it didn't end on August 11, 3114 bc the calendar was set at 000000 and on december 22, 2012 it changed back to 000000 so instead of ending it just reset Emma - Between 300 and 600 AD a huge and extremely complex city called Teotihuacan existed northeast of what is now Mexico City. The name Teotihuacan was given to it by the Aztecs when the discovered it long after its fall. We actually have to written records or art from the city itself though through other archeological methods historians were able to determine that it likely was inhabited by around 200,000 people. People believe that it held direct power over the surrounding 10,000 square miles and used armies to colonize as far as 600 miles away. 5.Hunter- The Maya, group of people who lived in Mesoamerica after the Olmec, lived in what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador. Large Mayan cities started to rise throughout these areas, the local lords struggled for power and access to trade routes and goods. Audrey - Something that is different about the America’s from other civilizations is that in western South America now where Peru is wasn’t based around a river. Instead they had the humble current and the water had a bunch of nutrients so there were lots of fish for the people to eat and they could grow food. Ben - The Nazca civilization was also a very interesting part of western america, around southwest peru. The nazca are famous for drawing things in the ground around a third of a kilometer in size (or over nine hundred fifty feet), these things were named the “Nazca Lines”. This was around 200 BCE. Ethan - The early Andes were based around modern day Peru and Bolivia. Their society faced problems including that the mountain-based structure of the Andes was.   600 BCE - 600 CE Empires in India: 1.Ella - The Maurya Empire was one of the greatest empires of world history. It emerged because a man by the name of Chandragupta Maurya conquered the nanda empire, many territories formerly conquered by Alexander the Great, and a large amount of land from the Greeks. Chandragupta eventually left his empire in the hands of his son bindusara.     2.Skylar - I’m going to talk about the Gupta dynasty. The gupta dynasty was started by Sri Gupta around 240. But didn’t become i guess you could say popular until about 320 when Chandragupta the first took over. Chandragupta was given some of the Gupta dynasty to control because he married princess Kumaradevi. (if someone has anything more to add on please do, didn’t want to take all the info) Gabe - I'm going to continue on the Maurya Empire bindusara ruled from 297 bc to 272 bc when he died this led to war bindusara's sons both wanted to be king Ashoka one of bindusara's sons won taking the empire and later on becoming the most successful and powerful ruler of the Maurya dynasty       Emma - The Mauryans had a huge army consisting of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 Calvary, and 9,000 war elephants. This was the largest and strongest military force in the world in its time. This army was a great recourse for the Mauryan Empire And was a big factor in their ability to expand their territory and defend themselves from those who tried to attack. Audrey - Unlike many other empires the Gupta Empire’s big thing wasn’t that they conquered a bunch of land it was because they could conquer and obtain that territory they had the power to sponsor a culture with art. This was called the Golden Age of India. Ben - A few different important historical figures of the Maurya empire are Kalidasa and Aryabhata. I’ll start with Kalidasa, he was a incredibly skilled writer of the time and was mostly known for being the best writer that ever used Sanskrit. (the language they used) And Aryabhata was one of the first scientists that was able to calculate 5 digits of pi. He also knew that the earth rotated on an axis based on how he saw the sky move every day. He predicted how the moon reflected light from the sun. Hunter- The large army was made possible slightly through the intricate web of administration. One of Chandragupta’s advisors instituted some detailed procedures which Ashoka inherited. Ashoka started a capital at the walled city of Pataliputra, which served as a centralized hub for the empire. Officials made decisions about how to collect taxes for the central treasury, which funded the military and other government jobs      600 BCE - 600 CE Early Hinduism: Gabe - Hinduism was a polytheistic belief which is where they believed in more than one god a few hindu gods were agni indra shiva brahma vishnu and ganesha which these are regarded as the most important gods shiva is seen as the god of destruction and vishnu the god who creates stuff from shiva's destruction Emma - Historically speaking, Hinduism is different from many other religions because there is no clear origin or originator of the practice of the religion. We do know that it started kooas a tradition in the upper class of the Aryan empire, which made it difficulta to access for the lower classes. However it was made more accessible and popular over time. Ella - there was a civilization called the Indus Valley Civilization and it eventually collapsed for an unknown reason. It may have been a change in the weather that they couldn’t handle, or drying up of there water source that they relied on. Other possibilities are natural disasters or influence from surrounding civilizations. Audrey - Hinduism is one of the oldest religions beginning about 5000 years ago. It shows some of the elements practice in the Indus Valley civilization and is still a practiced religion today. 5.Hunter- During the Gupta empire from about 320 to 550 CE emperors used hinduism as a linking religion to link the nations together, in which also helped popularise it by creating hindu educational systems; they also gave land to the brahmins. The Gupta emperors helped make Hinduism one of the most popular religions in the indian subcontinent.   Ben - There are a lot of connections between languages that formed english and sanskrit. A lot of english words can be traced back to the ancient sanskrit language.   600 BCE - 600 CE Early Buddhism:  Gabe - Siddhartha Gautama the founder of buddhism was born 563 bce into a wealthy family he rejected his life of riches and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism, or extreme self discipline after 49 days of consecutive meditation he became the enlightened one which is the buddha he made this announcement in public got some people to train as buddha monks and taught his teachings throughout the world    Emma - Buddhism was based around a group of guiding principles called the four noble truths. They were as follows; “there is suffering in life”, “the cause of suffering is desire”, “ending desire means ending suffering”, and “following a  controlled and moderate lifestyle will end desire”. A strong component of this religion was that everyone was responsible for their own happiness. Audrey - Buddhism and Hinduism were founded it on similar things. One of the things Buddhism was founded on was something that Siddhartha (or Buddha) said, and that was to pretty much stay in the middle ground to not go with either extreme of so much physical self-pleasure or mistreating yourself. Ella - Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, was born in Ludini. His aunt took care of him because his mother died not long after he was born. His father was a chieftain and he was able to give Gautama a good protected childhood away from all the bad things of the world like sickness and poverty. He eventually got married and had a kid. 5.Hunter-Buddhism also also gained support from the state. In 260 BCE, king Ashoka adopted Buddhism after war against the feudal of Kalinga. He wanted to renounce violence and publicity so he turned to Buddhism to achieve this. He may have also turned to Buddhism as a unitive religion. Ben - At the age of 29 Siddhartha was actually allowed to leave the land of the wealthy and once he left he saw sickness and poverty that he’d never seen before at any point in his life. So he leaves and goes into the woods for six years, leaving everything he had behind him. He eventually travels to Gaya and meditates under a sacred fig tree for seven whole days before he eventually reaches enlightenment. He then disappeared for 49 days, and later went to spread his knowledge with the world   600 BCE - 600 CE Syncretism:  Gabe - Syncretism is where so the merchants travel and trade goods but they also trade beliefs and religions and faiths so as you catch word of christianity and buddhism and both kind of morph together in a town you get syncretism which is why there is a christian grave in central asia with a chinese zodiac on it Audrey - There were these “great thinkers” of the Hindu ascetic tradition, that Alexander the Great actually brought philosophers to meet with, called Gymnosophists. The word Gymnosophists means “the naked thinkers”, and they were called this because they were so devoted to the study of philosophy that they fasted and wore little to no clothing because they felt it got in the way on their pursuit to knowledge and wisdom. Ella - The Christians at the time took advantage of the trade routes that were being made. Preachers and missionaries could spread these messages beyond the mediterranean region they lived in. They were successful because in the eleventh century one third of the worlds christians lived in Asia. Ben - The Nestorian Stele was a big tablet of rock and stone that was buried at an estimated year of 845 (but it was thought to be made in 781).  It had written on it a kind of early depiction of christianity in china. It was discovered in 1623. 5.Hunter- Early christians managed to turn the roman infrastructure to their advantage: missionaries used the vast land and roads to preach the good news of god further outside of the mediterranean region. By the eleventh century CE, fully one-third of the world’s christians lived in Asia. Emma - The open practice of Christianity was not actually legal in Rome until the fourth century. At this time the current emperor, Constantine the first, said that he had a religious vision and made it legal. Near the end of the century, the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Imperial Rome.   600 BCE - 600 CE Women and families:  Gabe - in the classical era of 600 bc to 600 ce many systems and institutions were hard of Women and families Women didn't have all the rights men did this was true but there freedoms varied on the empire   Audrey - During the civil war in Rome, that occured after the Ides of March when Julius Caesar was assassinated, the triumvirs decided to tax 1400 of the wealthiest women to fund the war. One of these women, Hortensia, wrote a speech on how unfair this was and she pretty much said, why should the women pay taxes when they don’t get a share in things like the government. Ella - In most societies, woman raised kids and managed households. How the woman carried out these things depended on the woman's kinship, or a word for family relationships, religion, and marriage. For example, in Han China a woman's power was based off her relationship with her husband.   Ben - Life for women varied depending on what religion the area was most dedicated to. For example, Confucianism had women in a place of submissiveness and didn’t allow them to do nearly anything outside their home. On the other hand Daoism the gentleness and humbleness of women was respected and seen as a positive thing. In Daoism, women could even be a teacher or a priest. 5.Hunter- In many societies, women’s lives was mainly about motherhood and managing a household. While women in different places and different times had this in common, there were significant differences on how women performed these roles depending on kinship relationships. skip me i realize i didn’t read right Emma - In Han China, kinship was a part of a girl or woman’s life from the beginning. When she was young, her status and role were dependant on that of her father’s. At the time she got married, it was dependant on her husband. After her husband’s death, it was dependant on her oldest son.   600 BCE - 600 CE The Silk Road:  Gabe - the Silk Road was a trade route connecting eurasia and north africa but is was called the Silk Road because Silk was transported a lot through this route Audrey - For trading you obviously have to give something in return so, some of the items China would get for their silk were horses, which were good not only for transport, being human or goods, but also for wars. They would get gold from Europe, cotton from India, and the list goes on. Ella -  Trade routes would carrie things like food, materials, beliefs and customs but also diseases.  Two of the most significant diseases were measles and smallpox. Both of these were believed to have come from asia and the middle east. Ben - But as people were moving from place to place, culture was also “traded” as christianity and buddhism spread very quickly. They did this through missionaries and trading. Later on in the first century CE silk had become a problem, it was becoming thinner and wearing out, eventually becoming so thin and transparent that in 14 CE they banned people from wearing it. 5.Hunter-One cause of expandable trade was because of the growth in imperial power. Near the end of the second century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han mounted multiple campaigns against the nomadic Xiongnu people, because of Xiongnu horse riders raided chinese settlements along the northern border for many years.   Emma - Silk was not the only item that was traded, at least in the minds of those people, too much. Ferghana horses, or heavenly horses as they were known, were strongly desired in China. They imported so many of them that the Dayuan people who owned the Ferghana valley refused to sell any more of them. This caused the War of the Heavenly Horses which lasted three years. That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

A stock trope of literature is the king who believes that his kingdom will last forever, only to see it collapse under his own hubris (Exhibit A is Percy Bysshe Shelly's Ozymandias). But the trope is based on historical fact. Many great civilizations vanished without a trace, and why their disappearance still haunts us today.This episode is the first in a three-part series that will look atf the greatest lost civilizations in history. Some were millenia ahead their neighbors, such as the Indus Valley Civilization, which had better city planning in 3,000 B.C. than any European capital in the 18th century. Others were completely myth-based, such as Plato's lost city of Atlantis, a technological advanced utopia that sank into the ocean "in a single day and night of misfortune"Whatever the nature of their disappearance, these lost civilizations offer many lessons for us today -- even the greatest of societies can disappear, and that includes us.

Mysterious Adventures In India Story: 1  The Disappearance Of The Indus Valley Civilization Larger and older than the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations combined, the Indus Valley Civilization thrived for thousands of years. Until it vanished seemingly over night without explanation. It was a highly advanced society with indoor plumbing and sewage systems. But to this date, there […]

Mary-Ann Milford, Mills College