Podcast appearances and mentions of drew weissman

They told her she would never succeed, now her work has saved millions. In this episode, Ryan talks with Dr. Katalin Karikó, the scientist behind the mRNA technology that led to COVID-19 vaccines. She grew up in rural Communist Hungary, faced rejection after rejection, got demoted, and struggled financially but she never stopped chasing the science. Dr. Katalin Karikó opens up to Ryan about her experiences as an immigrant in the U.S., the grind of scientific discovery, enjoying the process rather than focusing solely on outcomes, misinformation in the scientific community, and the responsibility of scientists to communicate effectively with the public.Dr. Katalin Karikó is a Hungarian American biochemist who specializes in RNA-mediated mechanisms. She won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with her colleague Dr. Drew Weissman for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Read the New York Times feature on Dr. Katalin Karikó hereFollow Dr. Katalin Karikó on Instagram @katalin_kariko Check Dr. Katalin Karikó's memoir Breaking Through: My Life in Science

El 14 de marzo de 2020 el Gobierno declara el Estado de Alarma en España para afrontar la situación de emergencia sanitaria provocada por la pandemia del coronavirus. Empezó así un confinamiento que afectó a prácticamente todo el planeta y vivimos una situación que la mayor parte de nosotros no creímos que íbamos a experimentar. En este programa hablamos de la pandemia del coronavirus y reflexionamos sobre lo que supuso científicamente en ese momento y de lo que ha podido influir posteriormente.El brote inicial en China dio origen a la pandemia y se detectó por primera vez el 17 de noviembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, donde se identificaron casos de neumonía con origen desconocido en varios hospitales. El primer caso de covid-19 en nuestro país fue diagnosticado el 31 de enero de 2020 en La Gomera, mientras que el primer fallecimiento conocido ocurrió el 13 de febrero en Valencia.Desde luego fue una disrupción social. Lo experimentamos a nivel laboral, económico y educativo, pero supuso todo un reto a nivel científico. Toda la comunidad científica internacional se puso a trabajar para conseguir conocer las características del virus, cómo afectaba a los ciudadanos, descubrir tratamientos eficaces para los enfermos y crear una vacuna para evitar el contagio. Destacada fue la labor del Consorcio de Computadores de Altas Prestaciones Covid - 19 para combinar el trabajo de los supercomputadores de mayor capacidad del planeta para el uso de datos de forma masiva. Eran necesarios para las predicciones de la pandemia o acelerar en el conocimiento de la eficiencia de los fármacos. Darío Gil, vicepresidente de la empresa tecnológica IBM y director de IBM Research y ha sido nombrado subsecretario de Ciencia de Estados Unidos dirigió ese consorcio. Convenció al Gobierno de Estados Unidos y a las principales instituciones y empresas tecnológicas del mundo de la necesidad de esa coordinación en siete días. Así lo decía hace unos días en Murcia, donde ha sido investido Doctor Honoris Causa por la Universidad de Murcia.Eso fue en el ámbito de la computación, pero a nivel biológico y sanitario lo vimos con la vacuna. El Premio Príncipe de Asturias y el Premio Nobel de Medicina ha sido otorgado a Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman, dos científicos de Hungría y Estados Unidos, respectivamente, considerados los padres de la vacuna. Por su labor en la investigación contra el COVID-19, que salvó miles de vidas durante la pandemia. Era el resultado de décadas de investigación sobre las propiedades del ARN y su interacción con nuestro sistema inmunitario hicieron posible el desarrollo ARNm como vacuna y como molécula terapéutica.Hemos reflexionado sobre este asunto y también del aprendizaje de la pandemia. Ese tema lo ha tratado Tedros Adhanom, director general de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Además, entrevistamos a varios sanitarios y científicos que estuvieron trabajando durante la pandemia en España. Son Alberto Torres, jefe de Medicina Preventiva del Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca de Murcia y catedrático de ese área en la Universidad de Murcia; Enrique Bernal, jefe de Medicina Interna del Hospital Reina Sofía de Murcia y profesor de la UMU; Damián García Olmo, jefe de Cirugía del Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz de Madrid y catedrático de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; José Antonio Navarro, consultor honorario de Vacunas del Ministerio de Sanidad; Antonio Guirao, profesor de Física de la Universidad de Murcia e investigador de un proyecto de modelización de la incidencia del coronavirus financiado por el Instituto de Salud Carlos III; y Antonio José Ruiz Alcaraz, profesor de Inmunología de la Universidad de Murcia.

While we may associate Messenger RNA (mRNA for short) with the COVID-19 pandemic vaccination programme, its study in fact began over 60 years ago.Born in 1955 in rural Hungary, Katalin Karikó battled critics and scepticism for her research into mRNA for over 30 years before its role in the COVID-19 vaccination programme gained her recognition and, in 2023, a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In this interview, Karikó tells us about this journey and why she loves biochemistry, what it's like to win a Nobel Prize, and how she would advise young scientists today. Read Katalin's book: Breaking Through: My Life in Science Read more in Research OutreachImage credit for Thumbnail : OrionNimrod on Wikimedia commons

Ett möte vid kopiatorn slutade med ett genombrott för covidvaccin. När Katalin Karikó skröt om sin nya upptäckt mRNA blev Drew Weissman intresserad. Båda slutade som covidhjältar och Nobelpristagare. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radio Play. Särskilt för Katalin Karikó har resan mot årets nobelpris varit oerhört tuff. Hon blev hotad med deportation, förminskad, negligerad och uppsagd. Men det var ändå inte det värsta.Ingen trodde på mRNAHon växte upp i det lilla samhället Kisújszsállás i Ungern. När hon i mitten av 80-talet kom till USA var det drömlandet för en biokemiforskare. Men mRNA, som är en liten lättflyktig genetisk informationskarta, som hon jobbade med var det ingen som trodde på. Framförallt inte de som satt på forskningsanslagen.Kopieringsmaskinen vägen till nobelprisetMen vid en kopieringsapparat på Penn University i Philadelphia i USA träffade hon immunologen Drew Weissman. Det var tillsammans med honom som hon lyckades göra den mödosamma forskningsresan under decennier. Men medan han var lycklig, så såg hon en katastrof med deras experiment.Grunden för covidvaccinenGenombrottet som de lyckades skapa lade sedan grunden för covidvaccinen. Det ledde fram till den helt nya vaccinmetoden med mRNA. En metod som kan öppna nya vägar för behandlingar av en mängd olika sjukdomar.Firade nobelpriset i SzegedMen eftersom Penn University i USA petade henne för tio år sen, dröjde det tio dagar tills hon kunde fira nobelpriset tillsammans med studenter och forskarkollegor. Det gjorde hon i sin gamla universitetsstad Szeged i södra Ungern. Om kvällen myllrade massorna fram med henne i spetsen mot domkyrkan.Medverkande: Katalin Karikó, nobelpristagare i medicin 2023 och numera professor i biokemi vid Szeged universitet i Ungern.Programmet sändes första gången 7 december 2023.Programledare Annika ÖstmanAnnika.Ostman@sverigesradio.seProducenter: Lars Broströmlars.brostrom@sverigesradio.seSofia KottorpSofia.Kottorp@sverigesradio.se

Some of the greatest scientific advancements of all time were made completely on accident or weren't recognized until far after the discoverer's death. But how do you stay motivated as a scientist when things don't go according to plan? To tackle this topic, we're interviewing Dr. Karikó, a Nobel Prize winner who's had her fair share of ups and downs through decades of researching mRNA. Join us in a conversation about her thoughts on prioritizing health through hard work, future applications of mRNA technology, and the power of focusing on self-improvement amidst a world full of comparisons.Dr. Katalin Karikó is a Hungarian-American researcher known for her work in mRNA technology. In 2023, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Dr. Drew Weissman for the applications of her work in modifying mRNA to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Dr. Karikó is also a senior vice president at BioNTech and an adjunct professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania. 

Nobel Laureate and biochemist Katalin Karikó's groundbreaking work on COVID-19 vaccines earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023, alongside co-collaborator Drew Weissman. She's also the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 2023 recipient of the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest. Karikó, an adjunct professor of neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania, is best known for her research on messenger RNA — the genetic material that tells our bodies how to make proteins — and the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection. In this program, Karikó talks about the progress and development of mRNA over the past six decades. Karikó will discuss the journey from the discovery of mRNA in 1961 to its groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved mRNA product in the form of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 2021. Series: "Science in the Public Interest" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 39337]

Nobel Laureate and biochemist Katalin Karikó's groundbreaking work on COVID-19 vaccines earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023, alongside co-collaborator Drew Weissman. She's also the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 2023 recipient of the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest. Karikó, an adjunct professor of neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania, is best known for her research on messenger RNA — the genetic material that tells our bodies how to make proteins — and the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection. In this program, Karikó talks about the progress and development of mRNA over the past six decades. Karikó will discuss the journey from the discovery of mRNA in 1961 to its groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved mRNA product in the form of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 2021. Series: "Science in the Public Interest" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 39337]

Nobel Laureate and biochemist Katalin Karikó's groundbreaking work on COVID-19 vaccines earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023, alongside co-collaborator Drew Weissman. She's also the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 2023 recipient of the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest. Karikó, an adjunct professor of neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania, is best known for her research on messenger RNA — the genetic material that tells our bodies how to make proteins — and the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection. In this program, Karikó talks about the progress and development of mRNA over the past six decades. Karikó will discuss the journey from the discovery of mRNA in 1961 to its groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved mRNA product in the form of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 2021. Series: "Science in the Public Interest" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 39337]

Nobel Laureate and biochemist Katalin Karikó's groundbreaking work on COVID-19 vaccines earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023, alongside co-collaborator Drew Weissman. She's also the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 2023 recipient of the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest. Karikó, an adjunct professor of neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania, is best known for her research on messenger RNA — the genetic material that tells our bodies how to make proteins — and the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Karikó and Weissman invented the modified mRNA technology used in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection. In this program, Karikó talks about the progress and development of mRNA over the past six decades. Karikó will discuss the journey from the discovery of mRNA in 1961 to its groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved mRNA product in the form of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 2021. Series: "Science in the Public Interest" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 39337]

How can we ensure that knowledge and science are spread globally? Medicine laureate Drew Weissman is an advocate for creating research centres around the world to give local researchers the means to have ownership and solve health issues by themselves. As Weissman puts it: ”A lot of people set up a clinic in a city somewhere, collect samples, take them home, and study them. To me, that compounds the problem, because it doesn't teach people. It doesn't make scientists better.”Weissman also tells host Adam Smith about how his interest in science was sparked and how he has maintained that curiosity for the rest of his life. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this podcast, Thomas Czech, Distinguished Professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, with a lineage of remarkable contributions on RNA, ribozyme, and telomeres, discuss why RNA is so incredibly versatile.Video snippet from our conversation. Full videos of all Ground Truths podcasts can be seen on YouTube here. The audios are also available on Apple and Spotify.Transcript with links to the audio and external linksEric Topol (00:07):Well, hello, this is Eric Topol from Ground Truths, and it's really a delight for me to welcome Tom Cech who just wrote a book, the Catalyst, and who is a Nobel laureate for his work in RNA. And is at the University of Colorado Boulder as an extraordinary chemist and welcome Tom.Tom Cech (00:32):Eric, I'm really pleased to be here.The RNA GuyEric Topol (00:35):Well, I just thoroughly enjoyed your book, and I wanted to start out, if I could, with a quote, which gets us right off the story here, and let me just get to it here. You say, “the DNA guy would need to become an RNA guy. Though I didn't realize it at the time, jumping ship would turn out to be the most momentous decision in my life.” Can you elaborate a bit on that?Tom Cech (01:09):As a graduate student at Berkeley, I was studying DNA and chromosomes. I thought that DNA was king and really somewhat belittled the people in the lab next door who were working on RNA, I thought it was real sort of second fiddle material. Of course, when RNA is acting just as a message, which is an important function, a critical function in all life on earth, but still, it's a function that's subservient to DNA. It's just copying the message that's already written in the playbook of DNA. But little did I know that the wonders of RNA were going to excite me and really the whole world in unimaginable ways.Eric Topol (02:00):Well, they sure have, and you've lit up the world well before you had your Nobel Prize in 1989 was Sid Altman with ribozyme. And I think one of the things that struck me, which are so compelling in the book as I think people might know, it's divided in two sections. The first is much more on the biology, and the second is much more on the applications and how it's changing the world. We'll get into it particularly in medicine, but the interesting differentiation from DNA, which is the one trick pony, as you said, all it does is store stuff. And then the incredible versatility of RNA as you discovered as a catalyst, that challenging dogma, that proteins are supposed to be the only enzymes. And here you found RNA was one, but also so much more with respect to genome editing and what we're going to get into here. So I thought what we might get into is the fact that you kind of went into the scum of the pond with this organism, which by the way, you make a great case for the importance of basic science towards the end of the book. But can you tell us about how you, and then of course, many others got into the Tetrahymena thermophila, which I don't know that much about that organism.Tom Cech (03:34):Yeah, it's related to Tetrahymena is related to paramecium, which is probably more commonly known because it's an even larger single celled animal. And therefore, in an inexpensive grade school microscope, kids can look through and see these ciliated protozoa swimming around on a glass slide. But I first learned about them when I was a postdoc at MIT and I would drive down to Joe Gall's lab at Yale University where Liz Blackburn was a postdoc at the time, and they were all studying Tetrahymena. It has the remarkable feature that it has 10,000 identical copies of a particular gene and for a higher organism, one that has its DNA in the nucleus and does its protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Typically, each gene's present in two copies, one from mom, one from dad. And if you're a biochemist, which I am having lots of stuff is a real advantage. So 10,000 copies of a particular gene pumping out RNA copies all the time was a huge experimental advantage. And that's what I started working on when I started my own lab at Boulder.Eric Topol (04:59):Well, and that's where, I guess the title of the book, the Catalyst ultimately, that grew into your discovery, right?Tom Cech (05:08):Well, at one level, yes, but I also think that the catalyst in a more general conversational sense means just facilitating life in this case. So RNA does much more than just serve as a biocatalyst or a message, and we'll get into that with genome editing and with telomerase as well.The Big Bang and 11 Nobel Prizes on RNA since 2000Eric Topol (05:32):Yes, and I should note that as you did early in the book, that there's been an 11 Nobel prize awardees since 2000 for RNA work. And in fact, we just had Venki who I know you know very well as our last podcast. And prior to that, Kati Karikó, Jennifer Doudna who worked in your lab, and the long list of people working RNA in the younger crowd like David Liu and Fyodor Urnov and just so many others, we need to have an RNA series because it's just exploding. And that one makes me take you back for a moment to 2007. And when I was reading the book, it came back to me about the Economist cover. You may recall almost exactly 17 years ago. It was called the Biology's Big Bang – Unravelling the secrets of RNA. And in that, there was a notable quote from that article. Let me just get to that. And it says, “it is probably no exaggeration to say that biology is now undergoing its neutron moment.”(06:52):This is 17 years ago. “For more than half a century the fundamental story of living things has been a tale of the interplay between genes, in the form of DNA, and proteins, which is genes encode and which do the donkey work of keeping living organisms living. The past couple of years, 17 years ago, however, has seen the rise and rise of a third type of molecule, called RNA.” Okay, so that was 2007. It's pretty extraordinary. And now of course we're talking about the century of biology. So can you kind of put these last 17 years in perspective and where we're headed?Tom Cech (07:34):Well, Eric, of course, this didn't all happen in one moment. It wasn't just one big bang. And the scientific community has been really entranced with the wonders of RNA since the 1960s when everyone was trying to figure out how messenger RNA stored the genetic code. But the general public has been really kept in the dark about this, I think. And as scientists, were partially to blame for not reaching out and sharing what we have found with them in a way that's more understandable. The DNA, the general public's very comfortable with, it's the stuff of our heredity. We know about genetic diseases, about tracing our ancestry, about solving crimes with DNA evidence. We even say things like it's in my DNA to mean that it's really fundamental to us. But I think that RNA has been sort of kept in the closet, and now with the mRNA vaccines against Covid-19, at least everyone's heard of RNA. And I think that that sort of allowed me to put my foot in the door and say, hey, if you were curious about the mRNA vaccines, I have some more stories for you that you might be really interested in.RNA vs RNAEric Topol (09:02):Yeah, well, we'll get to that. Maybe we should get to that now because it is so striking the RNA versus RNA chapter in your book, and basically the story of how this RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 led to a pandemic and it was fought largely through the first at scale mRNA nanoparticle vaccine package. Now, that takes us back to some seminal work of being able to find, giving an mRNA to a person without inciting massive amount of inflammation and the substitution of pseudouridine or uridine in order to do that. Does that really get rid of all the inflammation? Because obviously, as you know, there's been some negativism about mRNA vaccines for that and also for the potential of not having as much immune cell long term activation. Maybe you could speak to that.Tom Cech (10:03):Sure. So the discovery by Kati Karikó and Drew Weissman of the pseudouridine substitution certainly went a long way towards damping down the immune response, the inflammatory response that one naturally gets with an RNA injection. And the reason for that is that our bodies are tuned to be on the lookout for foreign RNA because so many viruses don't even mess with DNA at all. They just have a genome made of RNA. And so, RNA replicating itself is a danger sign. It means that our immune system should be on the lookout for this. And so, in the case of the vaccination, it's really very useful to dampen this down. A lot of people thought that this might make the mRNA vaccines strange or foreign or sort of a drug rather than a natural substance. But in fact, modified nucleotides, nucleotides being the building blocks of RNA, so these modified building blocks such as pseudoU, are in fact found in natural RNAs more in some than in others. And there are about 200 modified versions of the RNA building blocks found in cells. So it's really not an unusual modification or something that's all that foreign, but it was very useful for the vaccines. Now your other question Eric had to do with the, what was your other question, Eric?Eric Topol (11:51):No, when you use mRNA, which is such an extraordinary way to get the spike protein in a controlled way, exposed without the virus to people, and it saved millions of lives throughout the pandemic. But the other question is compared to other vaccine constructs, there's a question of does it give us long term protective immunity, particularly with T cells, both CD8 cytotoxic, maybe also CD4, as I know immunology is not your main area of interest, but that's been a rub that's been put out there, that it isn't just a weaning of immunity from the virus, but also perhaps that the vaccines themselves are not as good for that purpose. Any thoughts on that?Tom Cech (12:43):Well, so my main thought on that is that this is a property of the virus more than of the vaccine. And respiratory viruses are notoriously hard to get long-term immunity. I mean, look at the flu virus. We have to have annual flu shots. If this were like measles, which is a very different kind of virus, one flu shot would protect you against at least that strain of flu for the rest of your life. So I think the bad rap here is not the vaccine's fault nearly as much as it's the nature of respiratory viruses.RNA And Aging Eric Topol (13:27):No, that's extremely helpful. Now, let me switch to an area that's really fascinating, and you've worked quite a bit on the telomerase story because this is, as you know, being pursued quite a bit, has thought, not just because telomeres might indicate something about biologic aging, but maybe they could help us get to an anti-aging remedy or whatever you want to call it. I'm not sure if you call it a treatment, but tell us about this important enzyme, the role of the RNA building telomeres. And maybe you could also connect that with what a lot of people might not be familiar with, at least from years ago when they learned about it, the Hayflick limit.Tom Cech (14:22):Yes. Well, Liz Blackburn and Carol Greider got the Nobel Prize for the discovery of telomerase along with Jack Szostak who did important initial work on that system. And what it does is, is it uses an RNA as a template to extend the ends of human chromosomes, and this allows the cell to keep dividing without end. It gives the cell immortality. Now, when I say immortality, people get very excited, but I'm talking about immortality at the cellular level, not for the whole organism. And in the absence of a mechanism to build out the ends of our chromosomes, the telomeres being the end of the chromosome are incompletely replicated with each cell division. And so, they shrink over time, and when they get critically short, they signal the cell to stop dividing. This is what is called the Hayflick limit, first discovered by Leonard Hayflick in Philadelphia.(15:43):And he, through his careful observations on cells, growing human cells growing in Petri dishes, saw that they could divide about 50 times and then they wouldn't die. They would just enter a state called senescence. They would change shape, they would change their metabolism, but they would importantly quit dividing. And so, we now see this as a useful feature of human biology that this protects us from getting cancer because one of the hallmarks of cancer is immortality of the tumor cells. And so, if you're wishing for your telomeres to be long and your cells to keep dividing, you have to a little bit be careful what you wish for because this is one foot in the door for cancer formation.Eric Topol (16:45):Yeah, I mean, the point is that it seems like the body and the cell is smart to put these cells into the senescent state so they can't divide anymore. And one of the points you made in the book that I think is worth noting is that 90% of cancers have the telomerase, how do you say it?Tom Cech (17:07):Telomerase.Eric Topol (17:08):Yeah, reactivate.Tom Cech (17:09):Right.Eric Topol (17:10):That's not a good sign.Tom Cech (17:12):Right. And there are efforts to try to target telomerase enzyme for therapeutic purposes, although again, it's tricky because we do have stem cells in our bodies, which are the exception to the Hayflick limit rule. They do still have telomerase, they still have to keep dividing, maybe not as rapidly as a cancer cell, but they still keep dividing. And this is critical for the replenishment of certain worn out tissues in our such as skin cells, such as many of our blood cells, which may live only 30 days before they poop out. That's a scientific term for needing to be replenished, right?Eric Topol (18:07):Yeah. Well, that gets me to the everybody's, now I got the buzz about anti-aging, and whether it's senolytics to get rid of these senescent cells or whether it's to rejuvenate the stem cells that are exhausted or work on telomeres, all of these seem to connect with a potential or higher risk of cancer. I wonder what your thoughts are as we go forward using these various biologic constructs to be able to influence the whole organism, the whole human body aging process.Tom Cech (18:47):Yes. My view, and others may disagree is that aging is not an affliction. It's not a disease. It's not something that we should try to cure, but what we should work on is having a healthy life into our senior years. And perhaps you and I are two examples of people who are at that stage of our life. And what we would really like is to achieve, is to be able to be active and useful to society and to our families for a long period of time. So using the information about telomerase, for example, to help our stem cells stay healthy until we are, until we're ready to cash it in. And for that matter on the other side of the coin, to try to inhibit the telomerase in cancer because cancer, as we all know, is a disease of aging, right? There are young people who get cancer, but if you look at the statistics, it's really heavily weighted towards people who've been around a long time because mutations accumulate and other damage to cells that would normally protect against cancer accumulates. And so, we have to target both the degradation of our stem cells, but also the occurrence of cancer, particularly in the more senior population. And knowing more about RNA is really helpful in that regard.RNA DrugsEric Topol (20:29):Yeah. Well, one of the things that comes across throughout the book is versatility of RNA. In fact, you only I think, mentioned somewhere around 12 or 14 of these different RNAs that have a million different shapes, and there's so many other names of different types of RNAs. It's really quite extraordinary. But one of the big classes of RNAs has really hit it. In fact, this week there are two new interfering RNAs that are having extraordinary effects reported in the New England Journal on all the lipids, abnormal triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, APOC3. And can you talk to us about this interfering the small interfering RNAs and how they become, you've mentioned in the book over 400 RNAs are in the clinic now.Tom Cech (21:21):Yeah, so the 400 of course is beyond just the siRNAs, but these, again, a wonderful story about how fundamental science done just to understand how nature works without any particular expectation of a medical spinoff, often can have the most phenomenal and transformative effects on medicine. And this is one of those examples. It came from a roundworm, which is about the size of an eyelash, which a scientist named Sydney Brenner in England had suggested would be a great experimental organism because the entire animal has only about a thousand cells, and it's transparent so we can look at, see where the cells are, we can watch the worm develop. And what Andy Fire and Craig Mello found in this experimental worm was that double-stranded RNA, you think about DNA is being double-stranded and RNA as being single stranded. But in this case, it was an unusual case where the RNA was forming a double helix, and these little pieces of double helical RNA could turn off the expression of genes in the worm.(22:54):And that seemed remarkable and powerful. But as often happens in biology, at least for those of us who believe in evolution, what goes for the worm goes for the human as well. So a number of scientists quickly found that the same process was going on in the human body as a natural way of regulating the expression of our genes, which means how much of a particular gene product is actually going to be made in a particular cell. But not only was it a natural process, but you could introduce chemically synthesized double helical RNAs. There are only 23 base pairs, 23 units of RNA long, so they're pretty easy to chemically synthesize. And that once these are introduced into a human, the machinery that's already there grabs hold of them and can be used to turn off the expression of a disease causing RNA or the gene makes a messenger RNA, and then this double-stranded RNA can suppress its action. So this has become the main company that is known for doing this is Alnylam in Boston, Cambridge. And they have made quite a few successful products based on this technology.Eric Topol (24:33):Oh, absolutely. Not just for amyloidosis, but as I mentioned these, they even have a drug that's being tested now, as you know that you could take once or twice a year to manage your blood pressure. Wouldn't that be something instead of a pill every day? And then of course, all these others that are not just from Alnylam, but other companies I wasn't even familiar with for managing lipids, which is taking us well beyond statins and these, so-called PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, so it's really blossoming. Now, the other group of RNA drugs are antisense drugs, and it seemed like they took forever to warm up, and then finally they hit. And can you distinguish the antisense versus the siRNA therapeutics?Tom Cech (25:21):Yes, in a real general sense, there's some similarity as well as some differences, but the antisense, what are called oligonucleotides, whoa, that's a big word, but oligo just means a few, right? And nucleotides is just the building blocks of nucleic acid. So you have a string of a few of these. And again, it's the power of RNA that it is so good at specifically base pairing only with matching sequences. So if you want to match with a G in a target messenger RNA, you put a C in the antisense because G pairs with C, if you want to put an A, if want to match with an A, you put a U in the antisense because A and U form a base pair U is the RNA equivalent of T and DNA, but they have the same coding capacity. So any school kid can write out on a notepad or on their laptop what the sequence would have to be of an antisense RNA to specifically pair with a particular mRNA.(26:43):And this has been, there's a company in your neck of the woods in the San Diego area. It started out with the name Isis that turned out to be the wrong Egyptian God to name your company after, so they're now known as Ionis. Hopefully that name will be around for a while. But they've been very successful in modifying these antisense RNAs or nucleic acids so that they are stable in the body long enough so that they can pair with and thereby inhibit the expression of particular target RNAs. So it has both similarities and differences from the siRNAs, but the common denominator is RNA is great stuff.RNA and Genome EditingEric Topol (27:39):Well, you have taken that to in catalyst, the catalyst, you've proven that without a doubt and you and so many other extraordinary scientists over the years, cumulatively. Now, another way to interfere with genes is editing. And of course, you have a whole chapter devoted to not just well CRISPR, but the whole genome editing field. And by the way, I should note that I forgot because I had read the Codebreaker and we recently spoke Jennifer Doudna and I, that she was in your lab as a postdoc and you made some wonderful comments about her. I don't know if you want to reflect about having Jennifer, did you know that she was going to do some great things in her career?Tom Cech (28:24):Oh, there was no question about it, Eric. She had been a star graduate student at Harvard, had published a series of breathtaking papers in magazines such as Science and Nature already as a graduate student. She won a Markey fellowship to come to Colorado. She chose a very ambitious project trying to determine the molecular structures of folded RNA molecules. We only had one example at the time, and that was the transfer RNA, which is involved in protein synthesis. And here she was trying these catalytic RNAs, which we had discovered, which were much larger than tRNA and was making great progress, which she finished off as an assistant professor at Yale. So what the general public may not know was that in scientific, in the scientific realm, she was already highly appreciated and much awarded before she even heard anything about CRISPR.Eric Topol (29:38):Right. No, it was a great line you have describing her, “she had an uncanny talent for designing just the right experiment to test any hypothesis, and she possessed more energy and drive than any scientist I'd ever met.” That's pretty powerful. Now getting into CRISPR, the one thing, it's amazing in just a decade to see basically the discovery of this natural system to then be approved by FDA for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. However, the way it exists today, it's very primitive. It's not actually fixing the gene that's responsible, it's doing a workaround plan. It's got double strand breaks in the DNA. And obviously there's better ways of editing, which are going to obviously involve RNA epigenetic editing, if you will as well. What is your sense about the future of genome editing?Tom Cech (30:36):Yeah, absolutely, Eric. It is primitive right now. These initial therapies are way too expensive as well to make them broadly applicable to the entire, even in a relatively wealthy country like the United States, we need to drive the cost down. We need to get them to work, we need to get the process of introducing them into the CRISPR machinery into the human body to be less tedious and less time consuming. But you've got to start somewhere. And considering that the Charpentier and Doudna Nobel Prize winning discovery was in 2012, which is only a dozen years ago, this is remarkable progress. More typically, it takes 30 years from a basic science discovery to get a medical product with about a 1% chance of it ever happening. And so, this is clearly a robust RNA driven machine. And so, I think the future is bright. We can talk about that some more, but I don't want to leave RNA out of this conversation, Eric. So what's cool about CRISPR is its incredible specificity. Think of the human genome as a million pages of text file on your computer, a million page PDF, and now CRISPR can find one sentence out of that million pages that matches, and that's because it's using RNA, again, the power of RNA to form AU and GC base pairs to locate just one site in our whole DNA, sit down there and direct this Cas9 enzyme to cut the DNA at that site and start the repair process that actually does the gene editing.Eric Topol (32:41):Yeah, it's pretty remarkable. And the fact that it can be so precise and it's going to get even more precise over time in terms of the repair efforts that are needed to get it back to an ideal state. Now, the other thing I wanted to get into with you a bit is on the ribosome, because that applies to antibiotics and as you call it, the mothership. And I love this metaphor that you had about the ribosome, and in the book, “the ribosome is your turntable, the mRNA is the vinyl LP record, and the protein is the music you hear when you lower the needle.” Tell us more about the ribosome and the role of antibiotics.Tom Cech (33:35):So do you think today's young people will understand that metaphor?Eric Topol (33:40):Oh, they probably will. They're making a comeback. These records are making a comeback.Tom Cech (33:44):Okay. Yes, so this is a good analogy in that the ribosome is so versatile it's able to play any music that you feed at the right messenger RNA to make the music being the protein. So you can have in the human body, we have tens of thousands of different messenger RNAs. Each one threads through the same ribosome and spills out the production of whatever protein matches that mRNA. And so that's pretty remarkable. And what Harry Noller at UC Santa Cruz and later the crystallographers Venki Ramakrishnan, Tom Steitz, Ada Yonath proved really through their studies was that this is an RNA machine. It was hard to figure that out because the ribosome has three RNAs and it has dozens of proteins as well. So for a long time people thought it must be one of those proteins that was the heart and soul of the record player, so to speak.RNA and Antibiotics(34:57):And it turned out that it was the RNA. And so, when therefore these scientists, including Venki who you just talked to, looked at where these antibiotics docked on the ribosome, they found that they were blocking the key functional parts of the RNA. So it was really, the antibiotics knew what they were doing long before we knew what they were doing. They were talking to and obstructing the action of the ribosomal RNA. Why is this a good thing for us? Because bacterial ribosomes are just enough different from human ribosomes that there are drugs that will dock to the bacterial ribosomal RNA, throw a monkey wrench into the machine, prevent it from working, but the human ribosomes go on pretty much unfazed.Eric Topol (36:00):Yeah, no, the backbone of our antibiotics relies on this. So I think people need to understand about the two subunits, the large and the small and this mothership, and you illuminate that so really well in the book. That also brings me to phage bacteria phage, and we haven't seen that really enter the clinic in a significant way, but there seems to be a great opportunity. What's your view about that?Tom Cech (36:30):This is an idea that goes way back because since bacteria have their own viruses which do not infect human cells, why not repurpose those into little therapeutic entities that could kill, for example, what would we want to kill? Well, maybe tuberculosis has been very resistant to drugs, right? There are drug resistant strains of TB, yes, of TB, tuberculosis, and especially in immunocompromised individuals, this bug runs rampant. And so, I don't know the status of that. It's been challenging, and this is the way that biomedicine works, is that for every 10 good ideas, and I would say phage therapy for bacterial disease is a good idea. For every 10 such ideas, one of them ends up being practical. And the other nine, maybe somebody else will come along and find a way to make it work, but it hasn't been a big breakthrough yet.RNA, Aptamers and ProteinsEric Topol (37:54):Yeah, no, it's really interesting. And we'll see. It may still be in store. What about aptamers? Tell us a little bit more about those, because they have been getting used a lot in sorting out the important plasma proteins as therapies. What are aptamers and what do you see as the future in that regard?Tom Cech (38:17):Right. Well, in fact, aptamers are a big deal in Boulder because Larry Gold in town was one of the discoverers has a company making aptamers to recognize proteins. Jack Szostak now at University of Chicago has played a big role. And also at your own institution, Jerry Joyce, your president is a big aptamer guy. And you can evolution, normally we think about it as happening out in the environment, but it turns out you can also make it work in the laboratory. You can make it work much faster in the laboratory because you can set up test tube experiments where molecules are being challenged to perform a particular task, like for example, binding to a protein to inactivate it. And if you make a large community of RNA molecules randomly, 99.999% of them aren't going to know how to do this. What are the odds? Very low.(39:30):But just by luck, there will be an occasional molecule of RNA that folds up into a shape that actually fits into the proteins active sighting throws a monkey wrench into the works. Okay, so now that's one in a billion. How are you going to find that guy? Well, this is where the polymerase chain reaction, the same one we use for the COVID-19 tests for infection comes into play. Because if you can now isolate this needle in a haystack and use PCR to amplify it and make a whole handful of it, now you've got a whole handful of molecules which are much better at binding this protein than the starting molecule. And now you can go through this cycle several times to enrich for these, maybe mutagen it a little bit more to give it a little more diversity. We all know diversity is good, so you put a little more diversity into the population and now you find some guy that's really good at recognizing some disease causing protein. So this is the, so-called aptamer story, and they have been used therapeutically with some success, but diagnostically certainly they are extremely useful. And it's another area where we've had success and the future could hold even more success.Eric Topol (41:06):I think what you're bringing up is so important because the ability to screen that tens of thousands of plasma proteins in a person and coming up with as Tony Wyss-Coray did with the organ clocks, and this is using the SomaLogic technology, and so much is going on now to get us not just the polygenic risk scores, but also these proteomic scores to compliment that at our orthogonal, if you will, to understand risk of people for diseases so we can prevent them, which is fulfilling a dream we've never actually achieved so far.Tom Cech (41:44):Eric, just for full disclosure, I'm on the scientific advisory board of SomaLogic in Boulder. I should disclose that.Eric Topol (41:50):Well, that was smart. They needed to have you, so thank you for mentioning that. Now, before I wrap up, well, another area that is a favorite of mine is citizen science. And you mentioned in the book a project because the million shapes of RNA and how it can fold with all hairpin terms turns and double stranded and whatever you name it, that there was this project eteRNA that was using citizen scientists to characterize and understand folding of RNA. Can you tell us about that?RNA Folding and Citizen ScienceTom Cech (42:27):So my friend Rhiju Das, who's a professor at Stanford University, sort of adopted what had been done with protein folding by one of his former mentors, David Baker in Seattle, and had repurposed this for RNA folding. So the idea is to come up with a goal, a target for the community. Can you design an RNA that will fold up to look like a four pointed cross or a five pointed star? And it turned out that, so they made it into a contest and they had tens of thousands of people playing these games and coming up with some remarkable solutions. But then they got a little bit more practical, said, okay, that was fun, but can we have the community design something like a mRNA for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to make maybe a more stable vaccine? And quite remarkably, the community of many of whom are just gamers who really don't know much about what RNA does, were able to find some solutions. They weren't enormous breakthroughs, but they got a several fold, several hundred percent increase in stability of the RNA by making it fold more tightly. So I just find it to be a fascinating approach to science. Somebody of my generation would never think of this, but I think for today's generation, it's great when citizens can become involved in research at that level.Eric Topol (44:19):Oh, I think it's extraordinary. And of course, there are other projects folded and others that have exemplified this ability for people with no background in science to contribute in a meaningful way, and they really enjoy, it's like solving a puzzle. The last point is kind of the beginning, the origin of life, and you make a pretty strong case, Tom, that it was RNA. You don't say it definitively, but maybe you can say it here.RNA and the Origin of LifeTom Cech (44:50):Well, Eric, the origin of life happening almost 4 billion years ago on our primitive planet is sort of a historical question. I mean, if you really want to know what happened then, well, we don't have any video surveillance of those moments. So scientists hate to ever say never, but it's hard to sort of believe how we would ever know for sure. So what Leslie Orgel at the Salk Institute next to you taught me when I was a starting assistant professor is even though we'll never know for sure, if we can recapitulate in the laboratory plausible events that could have happened, and if they make sense chemically and biologically, then that's pretty satisfying, even if we can never be absolutely sure. That's what a number of scientists have done in this field is to show that RNA is sort of a, that all the chemistry sort of points to RNA as being something that could have been made under prebiotic conditions and could have folded up into a way that could solve the greatest of all chicken and egg problems, which came first, the informational molecule to pass down to the next generation or the active molecule that could copy that information.(46:32):So now that we know that RNA has both of those abilities, maybe at the beginning there was just this RNA world RNA copying itself, and then proteins came along later, and then DNA probably much more recently as a useful but a little bit boring of genetic information, right?Eric Topol (46:59):Yeah. Well, that goes back to that cover of the Economist 17 years ago, the Big Bang, and you got me convinced that this is a pretty strong story and candidate. Now what a fun chance to discuss all this with you in an extraordinary book, Tom. Did I miss anything that you want to bring up?Tom Cech (47:21):Eric, I just wanted to say that I not only appreciate our conversation, but I also appreciate all you are doing to bring science to the non-scientist public. I think people like me who have taught a lot of freshmen in chemistry, general chemistry, sort of think that that's the level that we need to aim at. But I think that those kids have had science in high school year after year. We need to aim at the parents of those college freshmen who are intelligent, who are intellectually curious, but have not had science courses in a long time. And so, I'm really joining with you in trying to avoid jargon as much as possible. Use simple language, use analogies and metaphors, and try to share the excitement of what we're doing in the laboratory with the populace.Eric Topol (48:25):Well, you sure did that it was palpable. And I thought about it when I read the book about how lucky it would be to be a freshman at the University of Boulder and be having you as the professor. My goodness. Well, thank you so much. This has been so much fun, Tom, and I hope everybody's going to get out there and read the Catalyst to get all the things that we didn't even get a chance to dive into. But this has been great and look forward to future interactions with you.Tom Cech (48:53):Take care, Eric.*********************Thanks for listening or reading this edition of Ground Truths.Please share this podcast with your friends and network. That tells me you found it informative and makes the effort in doing these worthwhile.All Ground Truths newsletters and podcast are free. Voluntary paid subscriptions all go to support Scripps Research. 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“The history of science, it turns out, is filled with stories of very smart people laughing at good ideas.”—Katalin Karikó Ground Truths podcasts are now available on Apple and Spotify!The list of obstacles that Kati Karikó faced to become a scientist, to make any meaningful discovery, to prevail over certain scientists and administrators who oppressed her, unable to obtain grants, her seminal paper rejected by all of the top-tier journals, demoted and dismissed, but ultimately to be awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize with Drew Weissman, is a story for the ages. We covered them in this conversation, which for me will be unforgettable, and hopefully for you an inspiration.Recorded 30 January 2023, unedited transcript belowEric Topol (00:06):Well, hello, this is Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I am really thrilled to have with me Kati Kariko, who I think everyone knows won the Nobel Prize with the Drew Weissman in 2023 and she has written a sensational book, it's called Breaking Through. I love that title because it's a play on words, a breakthrough and breaking through, and we have a lot to talk about Kati, so welcome.Katalin Kariko (00:34):Thank you very much for inviting me.Eric Topol (00:36):Yes, well I'd like to start off, as you did in the book with your background in Hungary where of course you started with a tough background in a one room house without running water and you never had exposures to scientists and somehow or other you became interested in science and you attributed some of these things like your biology teacher, Mr. Tóth and the book Stress of Life [by Hans Selye] Could you tell us a little bit more what stimulated you in a career of science?Katalin Kariko (01:18):I have to say that every child is interested in understanding the nature around them and so I was surrounded with nature because we had big garden, we had animals around and it was an exciting thing. The children ask questions and if they try to find an answer and teachers or parents might give the answer, but definitely the school, even elementary school was very stimulating. Teachers, chemistry teacher, figure out how we can make crystals and I was so excited to have my own crystals and things like that and in high school the teachers were so engaging and not like they tried to put all of the information into your brain, but they encourage you to think yourself, so that's all contributed. I think that most of the child in the first, I don't know, six, seven years of their life that's how they can see their parents behaving, their friends, the school, classmates, and they shaped what kind of people they will be at the end and the rest of it is refining.Eric Topol (02:41):Right, right. Well one of the things I loved that you brought up in the book was how much you liked the TV show Columbo. That's one of my favorite TV shows of all time and one more thing, one more thing. Can you talk a little bit about Columbo? Because in some ways you were like the Peter Falk of mRNA in terms of one more thing.Katalin Kariko (03:09):Yes, so I realized that we as researchers, we are not called searchers, we researchers, so we are repeating things. Of course everybody knows who committed the crime in Columbo because this is how it starts and you don't have to figure out, but it seems always that things in a different direction you would lead but all the little clues and some of my colleagues said that they as a physician, they have this tunnel vision. So the patient comes and they can figure out probably from some clues that this is the disease and they get back the lab results and others. Then they realize that one or two things is not fitting, but they always so strongly believe their first instinct. What I taught them to focus on those which will not fit because that will lead to the real perpetrator in case of Columbo.(04:23):And so I like the simplicity. I know that what we are doing this research is very over complicated, but we can break down in very simple question, yes or no and then repeating things and many experiments. When I did one was the experiments really the question and the nine of them was like just controls always. I have to have a control for that, control for that and since I work most of the time with my own hands myself, so I had to make sure that I think through that what will be the experimental outcome and then think about that. Do I have a control for that? So that many times in my brain before I performed the experiment in my brain, I predicted that what will be the outcome, of course you never get the outcome what you expect, but at least you have the control that you can exclude a couple of things and so this is how I function usually in the end of the 20th century, 21st century people did not work like I did alone most of the time.Eric Topol (05:35):No, I see how you described it in the book was just so extraordinary and it really was in keeping with this relentless interrogation and that's what I want to get into is particularly the time when you came to the United States in 1985 and the labs that you worked in predominantly in Philadelphia through that period before leaving Penn to go on to BioNTech. So, you first kind of beached in at Temple University with a monster at least as you portray him in the book. I mean it was nice that he picked you up at the airport, you and your family. How do you say his name? Suhadolnik.Eric Topol (06:31):But not only was the lab kind of infested with cockroaches, but also after working there for a number of years, a few years, you then had gotten an offer to go to Johns Hopkins and when you informed him about that he threatened and did everything he could to ruin your career and get you deported. I mean this was just awful. How did you get through that?Katalin Kariko (06:58):As I mentioned later on, I went back and gave a lecture there and I have to say that I always put positivity in forefront, so I learned a lot from him, and he invited me to America. I was always very grateful, and he was kind, and we did very well, and we did a lot of publication. In one issue of biochemistry, we had three papers and two of them I was the first author, so I worked very hard and so he liked that, and he wanted me to stay there. I just learned that from this Selye book that this is what is given and then what I can do, I cannot change him. I cannot change the situation, how I can get out from it and that's what I focused on, so I am not bitter about him. I liked him and the same for other people. When I get an award, I usually thanks to all of these people who try to make my life miserable. They made me work harder.Eric Topol (08:05):Well, but you were very kind like you said when you went back to Temple many years later to give the lecture because what he did to you, I mean he was so vindictive about you potentially leaving his lab, which he demanded that he be called the boss and he was going to basically, he ruined the Johns Hopkins job. He called them and you were so nice and kind when you went back to give the lecture without saying a negative word about him, so I give you credit, when somebody goes low, you went high, which is nice.Katalin Kariko (08:40):It is important, which I learned from the Selye book, that you don't carry any grudge against anybody because it'll poison you and as Selye also said that when you are very frustrated and very upset, the quickest way you can think about how you can release the stress is revenge. He said, don't do that. It escalate. It hit you back. You have to think about how you can be grateful for the same person you were just ready to take some revenge and that's what you have to practice. Sometimes it is difficult to feel that, but I don't have any bad feeling against my chairman who put my stuff on the hallway.Eric Topol (09:24):Oh yeah, I was going to get to that. So then after a short stint at the Uniformed University of Health Science where you had to drive three hours from Philadelphia to go there and you would sleep on the floor. I mean, I have to say Kati, if I was driving three hours, all I'd be thinking about is how desperate situation I was put in by the prior PI you work with. Any rate, you work there and then finally you got a job with my friend Elliot Barnathan, a cardiologist at University of Pennsylvania. So here you are, you're very interested in mRNA and you hook up with Elliot who's interested in plasminogen activators, and you work in his lab and it's quite a story where one of the students in his lab, David Langer, ratted on you for being blunt about the experiments getting screwed up and then later you wind up working in his lab. Tell me a bit about the times with Elliot because he's a very gracious, I think he was very supportive of your efforts and you got him stimulated about the potential for mRNA, it seems like.Katalin Kariko (10:41):Yes, so I was desperate to be away from my family at Bethesda and try to get back and every day I sent out several applications. This was in 1989, so you had to send letters and then I called up usually the secretaries about what's going on and I called up also a secretary and she said that they were advertised because nobody was good enough. I said, can you ask him to look at again my application? Then half an hour later, Elliot called me back that come and bring your notebook. He wanted to know what kind of experiment I am doing, and he opened when I came a couple of days later and pulled up a northern blot and he said, you have done that? I said, yes, I did. He said, okay, you are hired and so that, because Elliot is just a couple of days younger than me, I convinced him that we should do kind of mRNA research and he agreed, and we did several experiments and he helped me to get all of these experiments ongoing and so it was a very exciting time and I listened. Elliot was there in many awards ceremony including the Nobel Prize. He was my guest because I was very grateful to him because I have to say that he tried to protect me and he get trouble for that because in higher up and when he was looking for tenure, somehow he get R01, several of them, but they did not put him tenure because he was standing up for me and he paid the price.Eric Topol (12:42):Do you think the reason in part that he went to Centocor, a biotech company who I worked with quite extensively was because he stood up for you?Katalin Kariko (12:54):He mentioned to the chairman that he's waiting for whether he will be tenured because he has a job offer with ReoPro what he was doing there in the lab and testing out and the chairman told him that, take that job.Eric Topol (13:11):Yeah. Well, that's interesting. I know Judy Swain very well, and she did everything she could to hurt your career. She demoted you, or actually she wanted you to leave, but you wound up taking a demotion and also Bill Kelley, who I know well, he was the Dean and CEO of the UPenn. Did he ever get any direct involvement with, because much later on he was advocating for your recognition, but during that time, he could have told Judy Swain to stop this, but did he ever get involved, do you know?Katalin Kariko (13:45):I was very low level of nobody, so he would not. It was interesting, we were hired on the same day in 1989. I was first, and I met him, Bill Kelley when the new faculty was hired, and I was so happy because my first project in Hungary was Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and I know that he discovered the gene, and I was looking up to him very much always.Eric Topol (14:15):Well, you said in the book you were over the moon and I have to say, I worked with him. My first job was at University of Michigan, and I worked with him for six years before he left to go to Penn, and we've been friends all these years, but what happened with Judy Swain, as I read in the book, I got all it bristled. I really was upset to read about that. Anyway, somehow you stayed on, Elliot moved, by the way, during that time with Elliot, you were able to get mRNA to make urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and that was a step in the right direction. Before we leave, Elliot, if you had stayed there, if he had gotten tenure, do you think you would've ultimately together made the discovery that you did with Drew Weissman?Katalin Kariko (15:05):I couldn't be tenured because it is a clinical department and I had a PhD and nobody at the clinical department can be, but I could have been research associate professor if I can get a grant and in 1993, I already had submitted grant on circular RNA. When people in these days, they say that, oh, that's a novelty. Oh, in 1994, 1995, I had several grants on circular RNA I submitted for therapeutic purposes, and Elliot helped me with English and computer, everything what he could, but it is important that he was not an immunologist and I needed discovery. When I work with him, I did not realize the mRNA was inflammatory.Eric Topol (16:02):Right, right, exactly. We're going to get to that in a minute. Now, after Elliot left, then you needed someone else to support you, and you wound up with, as I mentioned earlier, David Langer, a neurosurgeon who you previously knew, and he also stood up for you, right?Katalin Kariko (16:18):Yes, yes. So at the beginning, every lab, when you have a medical student, they kind of know everything. One day he just told me that, Kati, I will want to learn everything you know, and I will know everything you know. I said, oh, by that time while you are learning, I learned so much more, you never catch me. That always I had to put him back, but kind of he liked how I worked, I concentrate, I didn't chitchat. Then he was just keep coming back when I was working, even with Elliot and he advanced from medical student to residency and so on, and then when he learned that I have no job because Elliot is leaving, then he went to a Eugene Flamm, the chairman of neurosurgery, and he convinced him that neurosurgery needs molecular biologics. That's what he was arguing and thanks to David and the chairman Eugene Flamm, then for 17 years I had a laboratory, and I had a financial support. Not much.Eric Topol (17:36):Yeah, I mean that was great, but again, you were not getting any real support from the university and then all of a sudden you show up one day and Sean has all your lab, everything that you worked on thrown in the hallway. I mean, that's just incredible story, right? At any rate, you then wound up because you were basically hawking mRNA as a path of science. It's going to be important. By the way, my favorite quote in the book, Kati. The history of science it turns out is filled with stories of very smart people laughing at good ideas. I just love that quote and it kind of exemplifies your career and your success, but you were steadfast and you ran in, of course, the famous story to Drew Weissman at the Xerox machine, and you were hawking trying to get anybody to believe it as you called it, led to the mRNA Believers Club, which only a handful of people in the world ever got there.(18:38):And here you have you take on something that obviously 1960 in your lifetime, early in your lifetime it was discovered, but everyone knew it was unstable, very difficult to work with, very challenging. Of course, you realized that could be beneficial, but you hooked up with Drew the immunologist that you mentioned, and I didn't know by the way, he had type one diabetes. I learned that from your book, and both of you worked so hard and it's just really incredible, but while you're at Penn, the famous or infamous Jesse Gelsinger case and his death occurred and he had the cytokine release syndrome, and you learned from that, right?Katalin Kariko (19:25):Yes. By that time, we also could see that the RNA could be inflammatory, but in his case, of course, because the virus was causing it or what certain condition caused that. I have to say that, people work at gene therapy at Penn and mostly of viral programs. When I mentioned I tried to make gene therapy with mRNA, of course everybody felt sorry for me. Poor Kati, hate RNA, it always degrade, but I have to say the degradation is coming mostly because the molecular biology laboratory, they use plasmid, and when they isolate plasmid, like the QIAGEN kit, they start with the RNAs. They add RNAs because you have to eliminate the bacterial RNA, and they contaminate the whole laboratory, the refrigerator door, the gel opera, everybody's RNAs and so that's what extra problem with working with RNA. So I could make RNA, and so it was working and kind of try to express that and I made a lot of RNA for people probably they still have in their freezer, never tested because I was a pusher.Eric Topol (20:52):Yeah, yeah. Well, what was fascinating of course is you had already learned in mice about this inflammation from putting mRNA in vivo, and then you made the remarkable discovery, which was the paper in Immunity that had been rejected by Nature and many other papers, even though you had been told if you could get a paper in Nature, maybe that could help your career, right. Back in 2021, the journal of Immunity, a very highly regarded self pressed journal, they asked me to comment on your discovery and I wrote, you may have seen it. Of course, several people wrote Tony Fauci and others. What I wrote was what began as a replacement for a uridine base to squash an inflammatory response in mice evolved into the basis for a broad therapeutic platform to fight both communicable and non-communicable diseases in people. So, this discovery that you made in that classic 2005 paper, which is the most important paper ever published in the journal Immunity, was the Toll-like receptor was mediating the inflammation.(22:05):And if you change the uridine to pseudouridine, you could essentially blunt or block the inflammation. This was a seminal discovery that opened up mRNA, but not just for Covid of course, but for so many pathogens and as we'll talk about when we wrap up about all these other things. So when you did this paper and Drew said when it's published, the phones are going to be ring off the hook and no one even acknowledged the paper, right? I mean no one realized how this was one of the most important discoveries in the history of biomedicine, right?Katalin Kariko (22:43):Yes. Especially knowing that Drew is not the person who is exaggerating things. Drew is very modest and would not say such things. I am more like daughter, maybe this happened, but he is not like that and I got the one invitation to go to the Rockefeller University for a meeting, and then I went to Japan from 2005 and it was 2006. Both of them that was invitation, and nothing happened in 2007, 2008 and 2009.Eric Topol (23:24):But those meetings that you went to, they were kind of obscure like microcosm groups. I mean they were relevant to your work, but they didn't realize this is a big deal. I mean, this is like a world changing type of finding because now you could deliver things in cells. Now of course, you worked on this for three decades and the people that think that you can do a flash in the pan science, but at the same time nanoparticles separately were being pursued. How important were the nanoparticles to make for the package for the ultimate success? When Covid hit in late 2019 and now you had been working at BioNTech, how would you rate the importance of the nanoparticles in the story?Katalin Kariko (24:23):For the vaccine it definitely is important because everybody ask the mRNA, if not immunogenic, where do you have the adjuvant? Where is the adjuvant? Then lipid nanoparticle contains an ionizable lipid, which was the adjuvant and why it is important that not the mRNA was inducing the response because the mRNA induced interferon, and if you have interferon, then follicular T-helper cells is not form, and then you get very low amount of antibodies, but if you do not induce interferon, but you induce IS6 and other cytokines is beneficial to have high level of antibodies, so that's what the ionizable lipid was causing and that's the adjuvant in the lipid nanoparticle. Yes, I always emphasize that it is very important and of course when we use the particle that was totalization, then it did not contain ionizable lipid.Eric Topol (25:24):Right? I think that's where there's a misconception because of the Nobel Prize recognition last year, a lot of people think, well, that's all tied only to the Covid vaccine. Actually no, your discovery was much bigger than that and it was applied for the Covid vaccine of course with the nanoparticle package, but yours is as we'll get to in a moment, much, much bigger. You left Penn, that was in 2013, and then you spent several years in Mainz, Germany working with the folks at BioNTech, and you really enjoyed that and they appreciated you then as opposed to what you dealt with at Penn where it was just that you kept hearing about the dollars per net square footage and all these ridiculous things and just extraordinary to go back there. Now I just want to mention about your own gene transfer, your daughter. Your daughter is a two-time gold medal Olympiad in rowing, which is incredible. So she didn't go down the path of science, but she also became a world leader in a field. Is that transmitted on a particular chromosome in the family?Katalin Kariko (26:54):I think that she just could see that you have to focus on something and then you give up many things and you focus and then achieve, and then you get the new goal, set up a new goal. I mean she get somewhat articulated at Penn, she get a master in science and later in UCLA, she get a MBA degree, but 10 years she was like, for me, it is a very boring thing, just rowing going backwards. Isn't that boring every day? She said, no, mom, it is fun. Every practice is different, I enjoy. The minute I don't enjoy, I will stop doing it.Eric Topol (27:36):Yeah. Well it's amazing story about Susan and of course the expansion of your family with a grandchild and everything else that you wrote about in the book. So now let's go to this story, the big story here, which is mRNA. Now you can get into cells, you can deliver just about anything. So now it can be used for genome editing, it can be used for all these different pathogens as vaccines and including not just pathogens but potentially obviously cancer, to rev up the immune system, neurodegenerative disease to prevent these processes and potentially even preventing cancer in a few years ahead. How do you see this platform evolving in the years ahead? You already have seen many vaccines getting approval or under intense study for pathogens, but that just seems like the beginning, right?Katalin Kariko (28:38):Yes, yes. When I came to Penn, the major advantage was going to lectures and when I went to the lectures, I always at the end of it think, mRNA would be good for it. So, I was collecting all of these different fields and then what happens is right now I can see the companies are making those RNA, which I thought that it will be useful and even many, many more things that they are applying and now it is up to those specialists to figure out they don't need me. They need experts on cardiology and other fields and allergies. There is also to tolerate allergies and there are so many fields scientists will be figuring out there what is useful for the mRNA, and they can just order now or create their own RNA and test it out.Eric Topol (29:38):It's actually pretty amazing because I don't know where we'd be right now if you had not been pushing this against all adversity. I mean just being suppressed and being told, put your stuff out in the hallway or being thrown out of the university and not being able to get any grants, which is amazing throughout all this time, not being able to get grants, it tells a big story and that's why the book is so sensational because it's obviously your autobiography, but it tells a story that is so important. It goes back to that memorable quote that I mentioned. You wrap up the book with your message of your life story, and I do want to read a bit of that and then get your reaction. My first message is this, we can do better. I believe we can improve how science has done at academic research institutions.(30:38):For one thing, we might create a clearer distinction between markers of prestige, titles, publication records, number of citations, grant funding, committee appointments, etiquette, dollars per net square footage, and those of quality science. Too often we conflate the two as if there's one in the same, but a person isn't a better scientist because she publishes more or first perhaps, she's holding back from publication because she wants to be absolutely certain of her data. Similarly, the number of citations might have little to do with the value of the paper and more to do with external events. When Drew and I published our landmark Immunity paper and indeed it was, it barely got any notice. It took a pandemic for the world to understand what we've done and why it mattered. I mean, that's profound, Kati, profound.Katalin Kariko (31:42):I have to tell you that what I could see as the science progress. Every scientist starts with understanding something to help the world but somehow they publish because they have something to say, but somehow, it's shifted. Now we want more money, more people would come, those people had to get publication because otherwise they cannot graduate. They need first to author a paper. They publish even when it is not finished or have nothing to say and then somehow the focus is promotion. You are advancing your position, and the tool is doing the experiments. If you see I was demoted, I was pushed out so if my goal would have been to see that I am advancing, then I would give up because that's what the problem is. So that focus is going away from the original thing that we want to understand the science because if you want to understand the science, you are even happy when you can see a publication doing half of that you have done already because you say, I wanted to understand, here's a paper they did, similar thing I did, but the people think, oh my god, my journal paper is out and my promotion is out because they discovered and they published before me, so that's the problem.Eric Topol (33:12):Well, I mean if I made a list of all the adversity that you faced from growing up in the Russian communist run Hungary to coming to the US not even knowing the language and also all the sacrifices you made along the way with your family and when you would go to Bethesda or when you moved to Mainz or I mean all along the whole time, no less what the university of Temple or Penn. I mean the list is very long and somehow you prevailed above all that, which is just so startling but another thing I want to just get into briefly, as you know, this has been a shocking counter movement to the vaccines and giving ridiculously the mRNA as a bad name. In the book, you kind of had a way to foreshadow this because back in the 1968 pandemic that you obviously experienced, here you talked about that.(34:30):You said we restricted our movement, limiting our contact with others. We scrubbed, we disinfected. I suppose the party encouraged this, but nobody complained about government overreach. This was a virus. It had no ideology, no political agenda. If we weren't careful, it would spread, then we would all suffer. These were just the facts. That's how viruses work. So how come we still don't know that? That was 1968 in Hungary and here we're go in the United States, and we have a huge movement, anti-vaccine, anti mRNA, Covid vaccines, and it's very worrisome because all the great science is threatened by this misinformation and disinformation. What are your thoughts about that?Katalin Kariko (35:27):Yes, I heard that viruses, they love democrats because everybody can do whatever they want, whereas in other countries give an order, everybody has to have vaccine and then that's different, but yes, I understand that the novelty the people were always against, even when X-ray was introduced, people thought that people will look through my clothes and seeing me naked because they take part of the truth and they don't say, maybe through the flesh is going through and I can see somebody's bone or something. Then they distort, and they create a fear and if you make fear, then you can control like Lord of the Flies, somebody you are afraid of and then you can control and you can be afraid of the virus or you can be afraid of the vaccine. Then that's what I don't understand exactly true said that when they investigated those who are spreading most of these news about against the vaccine is they are selling some kind of products benefiting just like a hundred years ago, those who were afraid that they can see through their clothes some they start to sell X-ray resistant underwear.(36:57):Of course people, they made money on the people's fear. I don't know that's how to fight it or I think that the honesty when the scientists would say that, listen, we don't know today how it spread. This is how we suggest, be afraid, wash everything. Oh no, we know that it is in the air so that okay, you don't have to wash your clothes when you go out and come back but don't go to crowded places. In politics it's not working because it is like wishy-washy. Yesterday you said something and today, because we learn, they have to understand this is a science process constantly correcting. In politician, I know everything, this is how to do, they want to reflect this confidence. That's what it is and that's why politics everywhere mixed up with this. Some leaders want to reflect this confidence and they do things which helps the virus to spread.Eric Topol (38:11):Right. Well, I'm glad to get your perspective because obviously when you work so hard throughout your career and then you see the backlash, that's unwarranted. It's always good to be circumspect of course, but to say that this was done in a flash in the pan and it's never really, it's gene therapy and it's changing your DNA, I mean it's a lot of crazy things that of course that you brought out in the book as well. Now before wrapping up, you wrote the book before you were awarded the Nobel Prize and this recognition, you and Drew of course became fantastic, so richly deserved, but many things occurred and I wanted to ask you. For example, you did your PhD and your postdoc at the University of Szeged in Hungary, and you went back there, and I think you were celebrated in your university, perhaps the first Nobel laureate. I don't know, I would imagine perhaps. The second, oh okay but also the last thing that was recognized in the book it was a much different thing. It was like the Time 100 recognition but now that you have had many of these unanticipated awards, what are your thoughts about that? I mean, it is wonderful to get recognized by the university that you trained and the people that you grew up with.(39:53):Has this changed your life or is it really very much the same as it was?Katalin Kariko (40:00):My life is very much the same as it was. I am living in the same house. We moved in 1989 and okay, last year I get a new car. Up until then, I never had, only just some beat-up, last year I purchased my first new car but that's luxury when you are 68 years old, you could afford. Everything was a surprise because 40 years I never get any award and the first award I get in 2021. I tried to articulate to more people, life as a scientist is similar to mine. They are immigrant, they are not recognized and I try to tell them just not to focus something like the university is not grateful. Who is the university? Just they are walls. What administrator would tap your shoulder. You have to know that what you are doing is important and if you get pushed around, you always have to do what Selye said, figure out what you can do. Always that, not what they should do. The agency should give me the money, the boss, the superior should help me. No, I cannot make other people to do. I have to figure out what I can do. I can write better and better and rewrite, generate more data for a submitted grant application and always, that's why all of these naysayers made me better because I'm not focused on revenge or anger, but always, how can I be better.Eric Topol (41:53):So that gets me to what you do next. I know you're an avid reader. I know you read so much about science and your field and broader of course I take it you still are doing that, but what's in the next chapter for you? I can't imagine you're ever going to rest.Katalin Kariko (42:16):No, no. I will be six feet under when I can rest, I realize now. It is just that you are on a different field, and you understand like nucleotides, how naturally you make RNA, what is the transporters, what is happening in the mitochondria, different things that iron sulfur clusters and then you start to investigate like three months I was just reading one topic. I didn't even know about it or how in my life I was reading so many things. I realized there are so many diseases, I understand what is the reason, people don't. When I was at Penn I went to different people, professors about my idea for certain diseases but I was nobody and nobody listened. Now, I'm somebody. I have to be very careful because I say a name of the disease people will line up here and say, don't talk to Eric. Go and do something, help us and so that's what I try to help. I think that I understand certain disease, which is so enigmatic and nobody has a clue and maybe I have a solution for that. That's what I try to do now.Eric Topol (43:38):Do you ever go to Penn? Do you ever go to work in there?Katalin Kariko (43:44):No, I don't. When you are forced to retire, and I knew that they would throw me out because it was 2012, right before Christmas I was told that get out because you didn't get the 2012. Last time I submitted an mRNA for stroke therapy. Still very valid and good idea but anyway, I knew that I will be pushed out, but I don't have grudge, even the chairman. How can I expect the neurosurgeon who is doing the operation he just can see that I did not get the funding and those people who make the decision that my proposal is not good, they are expert. He's not an expert. He just can see that this is what the expert said. I talk to him, I don't blame anything.Eric Topol (44:37):Good for you. I mean I think it's much easier to be vindictive and you have to have the philosophy that you have, which is not to hold any grudges after all that has basically been done to you by many people along the way and I think we've covered that. I know this is a very different interview perhaps than many others that you've had. I didn't bring up the teddy bear and I didn't bring up a lot of things that others have brought up because they've already been covered. I wanted to get into what you had to endure, what you had to do to persevere and how it has changed the life science and medicine forever and now, still today, the mRNA package will be improved. I mean we've already learned, for example, the change of the two proline substitution that Andrew Ward at my place, along with Jason McLellan and others to make it to better immune response. It can be improved with a 6-P proline substitution. We can beat nature just like you did with the uridine substitution and the nanoparticles will improve and this whole package has got an incredible future but it's thanks to you, if it induced massive inflammation, it never would've been possible.Katalin Kariko (46:02):Yes, I always said that hundreds and thousands of scientists, every time I thanks them, those people, even not with us, I was reading their papers and it all contributed to this development and learning. So, I am not thinking that I was many, many other people together, we did that.Eric Topol (46:30):Well, I am so indebted to you as everyone who understands sciences, and it's of course a bigger story than mRNA. It's what you endured and how you persevered and against all odds, I mean truly against all odds, so thank you. Did I miss anything that I should have asked you about?Katalin Kariko (46:51):No. I have to say the book came out and now I can see in different social media that how other scientists get inspired. There was one who said that she quit doing PhD and she read my book and she cried, she laughed, and she went back. She realized that there is more to it because so many is expecting to do some work and then there will be some rewards. The rewards is this is not a short distance. This is a marathon to be scientist and you have to see the goals and it will one day and you might not the one that cross first the finish line, but you are helping others. That's what is important and that's what I am glad that I work with this and write this book so that other scientists more can associate because they feel the same way, that they are not appreciated. Things are not going as expected and then they might be inspired not to give up and that's what is also an important message.Eric Topol (48:11):Well, that's why I love the book because it is so inspirational and it will make people cry. It will make people commit to science or appreciate it more than ever. I don't know if you saw it, but I put it as my 10 favorite books for 2023 and indeed, I could have been the most favorite in many respects. So I hope more people listening or watching the video will read the book because it has a lot. I'm so glad you wrote it, Kati, because if we only knew you from papers and Nobel Prize, you wouldn't know the true story. We wouldn't know really what your life has been like over these many decades. So, thank you for that as well and thank you from the life science, the medical community, and for everyone, for all that you've done to change the future and the current state of medicine.Katalin Kariko (49:10):Yeah, thank you very much asking and I might add to the book that the book is published in many different languages is coming Italian and French, German, Thai, Japanese, Chinese. So scientists all over the world can read their native language and maybe they will be inspired.Eric Topol (49:28):Oh, I have no question about that. It's a story that it should be a movie so that the people that won't read the book will hopefully watch the movie. Has there already been a plan for that?Katalin Kariko (49:40):There was, but I don't think that you know they have this strike during the summer, and I don't know where it ends.Eric Topol (49:52):I wouldn't be surprised if it gets done in the future and I hope they'll consult with you, not just read the book and it'll be interesting who they get to play you in the movie, but thank you so much, Kati. What a joy and I look forward to future visits with you. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Medical Roundup #1, published by Zvi on January 17, 2024 on LessWrong. Saving up medical and health related stories from several months allowed for much better organizing of them, so I am happy I split these off. I will still post anything more urgent on a faster basis. There's lots of things here that are fascinating and potentially very important, but I've had to prioritize and focus elsewhere, so I hope others pick up various torches. Vaccination Ho! We have a new malaria vaccine. That's great. WHO thinks this is not an especially urgent opportunity, or any kind of 'emergency' and so wants to wait for months before actually putting shots into arms. So what if we also see reports like 'cuts infant deaths by 13%'? WHO doing WHO things, WHO Delenda Est and all that. What can we do about this? Also, EA and everyone else who works in global health needs to do a complete post-mortem of how this was allowed to take so long, and why they couldn't or didn't do more to speed things along. There are in particular claims that the 2015-2019 delay was due to lack of funding, despite a malaria vaccine being an Open Phil priority. Saloni Dattani, Rachel Glennerster and Siddhartha Haria write about the long road for Works in Progress. They recommend future use of advance market commitments, which seems like a no brainer first step. We also have an FDA approved vaccine for chikungunya. Oh, and also we invented a vaccine for cancer, a huge boost to melanoma treatment. Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman win the Nobel Prize for mRNA vaccine technology. Rarely are such decisions this easy. Worth remembering that, in addition to denying me admission despite my status as a legacy, the University of Pennsylvania also refused to allow Kariko a tenure track position, calling her 'not of faculty quality,' and laughed at her leaving for BioNTech, especially when they refer to this as 'Penn's historic research team.' Did you also know that Katalin's advisor threatened to have her deported if she switched labs, and attempted to follow through on that threat? I also need to note the deep disappointment in Elon Musk, who even a few months ago was continuing to throw shade on the Covid vaccines. And what do we do more generally about the fact that there are quite a lot of takes that one has reason to be nervous to say out loud, seem likely to be true, and also are endorsed by the majority of the population? When we discovered all the vaccines. Progress continues. We need to go faster. Reflections on what happened with medical start-up Alvea. They proved you could move much faster on vaccine development than anyone would admit, but then found that there was insufficient commercial or philanthropic demand for doing so to make it worth everyone's time, so they wound down. As an individual and as a civilization, you get what you pay for. Potential Progress Researchers discover what they call an on/off switch for breast cancer. Not clear yet how to use this to help patients. London hospital uses competent execution on basic 1950s operations management, increases surgical efficiency by a factor of about five. Teams similar to a Formula 1 pit crew cut sterilization times from 40 minutes to 2. One room does anesthesia on the next patient while the other operates on the current one. There seems to be no reason this could not be implemented everywhere, other than lack of will? Dementia rates down 13% over the past 25 years, for unclear reasons. Sarah Constantin explores possibilities for cognitive enhancement. We have not yet tried many of the things one would try. We found a way to suppress specific immune reactions, rather than having to suppress immune reactions in general, opening up the way to potentially fully curing a whole host of autoimmune disorders. Yes, in mice, of course it's in mice, so don't ge...

While many Nobel Prize winners specialize in abstract corners of science, this year's winners of the medicine award innovated something we can all appreciate. Dr. Drew Weissman and Dr. Katalin Karikó developed the RNA science behind vaccines that saved countless lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Poorly funded and ignored for decades, their work is now spurring a revolution in medicine. Shirley Leung talks to Drew about his Nobel win, what he's learned about vaccine hesitancy, and how his RNA discovery is leading to new vaccines and therapeutics to treat HIV, influenza, and other infectious diseases. Email us at saymore@globe.com. See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

A Life Worth LivingMcKay returns this week to explore the theme of a "Life Worth Living," delving into how individuals can discover greater meaning, purpose, and value in their lives through reflection and conscious choices. Spotlighting remarkable stories of individuals who made substantial contributions to the world and their resulting legacies, our host encourages listeners to take a moment to assess their own lives, challenging them to consider the worth they are generating and how they can enhance the meaningfulness of their existence.The narratives he shares of such luminaries as Alfred Nobel, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, and Narges Mohammadi, offer invaluable lessons regarding this concept of living a life worth living. Drawing parallels with halftime in sports, Mckay goes on to encourage listeners to pause and analyze their own lives, akin to how sports teams review their performance and adjust their strategies. He also addresses the paradox in Thomas Jefferson's life, emphasizing the role of choice in interpreting and acting upon shared inspirations, and shares details about Yale's Life Worth Living Program. Join McKay here today for this inspirational episode which serves as a reminder that personal reflection, inspiration, and conscious choices can lead to transformative journeys, impacting not only one's own life but also leaving a lasting imprint on the world.Episode Highlights:Alfred Nobel's legacyHalftime reflectionCatalyn Carico and Drew Weissman's researchNarges Mohammadi's activismYale's Life Worth Living ProgramInspiration and opportunityThomas Jefferson's paradoxQuotes:"We all have opportunities that come our way. God sends us inspiration.""When David looked at [Goliath], he saw a target too big to miss.""The more time spent on the new game plan, the better we'll be learning to create worth in our life is what we're meant to do.""A good coach knows there's a second half to be played and it's not won or lost on a single play. So he keeps his head in the game and prepares for the next half.""Let the calls coming to you and the opportunities before you inspire you to act.""You can choose a life of great worth. God is behind you and before you, and He will help you."Links:https://www.mckaychristensen.org/

La historia de las vacunas se remonta a más de dos siglos atrás. Durante ese tiempo, se han utilizado para combatir numerosas enfermedades que han asolado a la humanidad. Estas vacunas tradicionales se elaboran a menudo con fragmentos o proteínas de agentes infecciosos. Al introducirse en nuestro cuerpo, activan nuestras defensas y las preparan para repeler futuros ataques de esos invasores. Sin embargo, con la reciente pandemia, emergió un nuevo tipo de vacunas del cual muchos de nosotros nunca habíamos oído hablar: las vacunas de ARN. Recientemente, dos de los investigadores que hicieron posible estas vacunas, Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman, han sido galardonados con el Premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina 2023. Pero, ¿qué es el ARN? ¿Por qué no se recurrió a las vacunas tradicionales para protegernos del coronavirus? ¿Cómo funcionan estas vacunas y por qué no se habían desarrollado antes? ¿Cuál fue el aporte de los laureados con el Nobel a su creación? Hoy, nuestro invitado Jorge Laborda, que ya nos ha ilustrado en varias ocasiones sobre nuestro sistema inmunitario en “Hablando con Científicos”, responderá a todas estas preguntas.

La historia de las vacunas se remonta a más de dos siglos atrás. Durante ese tiempo, se han utilizado para combatir numerosas enfermedades que han asolado a la humanidad. Estas vacunas tradicionales se elaboran a menudo con fragmentos o proteínas de agentes infecciosos. Al introducirse en nuestro cuerpo, activan nuestras defensas y las preparan para repeler futuros ataques de esos invasores. Sin embargo, con la reciente pandemia, emergió un nuevo tipo de vacunas del cual muchos de nosotros nunca habíamos oído hablar: las vacunas de ARN. Recientemente, dos de los investigadores que hicieron posible estas vacunas, Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman, han sido galardonados con el Premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina 2023. Pero, ¿qué es el ARN? ¿Por qué no se recurrió a las vacunas tradicionales para protegernos del coronavirus? ¿Cómo funcionan estas vacunas y por qué no se habían desarrollado antes? ¿Cuál fue el aporte de los laureados con el Nobel a su creación? Hoy, nuestro invitado Jorge Laborda, que ya nos ha ilustrado en varias ocasiones sobre nuestro sistema inmunitario en “Hablando con Científicos”, responderá a todas estas preguntas.

En este episodio vamos a hablar de los ganadores de los Premios Nobel de 2023 de Física, Química, Medicina, y Economía. Se los vamos a platicar de manera que entiendan la historia de los descubrimientos, la ciencia detrás, y por qué son importantes.  El premio Nobel de Física 2023 fue otorgado a Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz y Anne L'Huillier quienes crearon métodos de pulsos de luz muy muy rápidos con los que se pueden estudiar los electrones en movimiento.  El premio Nobel Medicina fue para Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman, quienes aportaron muchísimo para la creación de las vacunas de ARNm que se usaron para el COVID.  El Nobel de Química fue para Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus y Alexei Ekimov, quienes inventaron métodos para crear puntos cuánticos, revolucionando a la nanotecnología.  En el pilón para patreons hablaremos del premio Nobel de Economía, que se lo ganó Claudia Goldin, por su estudio sobre las condiciones que durante siglos han hecho que exista una brecha laboral de género entre hombres y mujeres. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Mađarska naučnica Katalin Karikó i američki kolega Drew Weissman dobitnici su Nobelove nagrade za medicinu 2023. Švedsko tijelo koje dodjeljuje nagrade kaže da su njih dvoje značajno doprinijeli neviđenoj stopi razvoja mrna vakcine tokom jedne od najvećih prijetnji čovječanstvu u modernom vremenu. Upoznali su se prije dvadesetak godina kod kopir-aparata na Univerzitetu u Pensilvaniji.

En el programa de hoy repasamos los tres premios Nobel de ciencias que se han hecho públicos hace unos días. Dedicamos unos minutillos a cada uno de ellos, en este orden: - El Nobel de Química 2023 ha galardonado a Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus y Alexei Ekimov por el descubrimiento y el desarrollo de técnicas para sintentizar *puntos cuánticos*, unos pequeños cristales cuyas propiedades físicas y químicas dependen de su tamaño. - El Nobel de Medicina 2023 ha tenido poca sorpresa: Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman por las técnicas de modificación del ARN que hicieron posible el desarrollo de vacunas de ARN. - El Nobel de Física 2023 ha premiado a Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz y Anne L'Huillier por inventar las técnicas que han permitido generar pulsos de *attosegundos*, que a su vez están permitiendo estudiar el movimiento y la dinámica de electrones individuales dentro de átomos y moléculas. Tres premios muy merecidos, todos ellos presentes en las "quinielas" que hacemos todos los años y a los que podríamos dedicar un programa completo, pero en ausencia de ello al menos os los resumimos para que sepáis por dónde han ido los tiros. Si queréis saber más sobre el Nobel de Medicina le acabamos de dedicar un programa completo en nuestro pódcast hermano, Aparici en Órbita: buscad el episodio s06e02. También podéis aprender más sobre las vacunas de ARN aquí, en La Brújula de la Ciencia, en el programa que hicimos cuando estaban empezando a distribuirse, en 2021: se trata del capítulo s10e21. Este programa se emitió originalmente el 4 de octubre de 2023. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de La Brújula en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

TWiV reviews the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their identification nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, and accelerated mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Angela Mingarelli Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Server MicrobeTV store at Cafepress Spike shirts at vaccinated.us (promo code Microbetv) Research assistant position in Rosenfeld Lab CBER/FDA (pdf) 2023 Nobel Prize Physiology or Medicine (Nobelprize.org) Evading a toll on the road to mRNA vaccines (TWiV 860) Katalin Karikó‘s overlooked work (Wired) Accelerated mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in deer (Nat Comm) Letters read on TWiV 1051 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Dickson – The New City. How to Build Our Sustainable Urban Future Angela – 2023 Nobel Peace Prize Alan – The Ruin of All Witches, by Malcolm Gaskill Vincent – France kicks off bird flu vaccination despite trade backlash risk Listener Pick Charles – David Brooks and the $78 airport meal the internet is talking about John – Periodic Table of the Elements: Origins of the Elements AZ – Bronze statue of laboratory mouse knitting DNA in Russia Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

No tenemos muchos representantes en los foros científicos internacionales. Uno de ellos es Javier García Matrínez, presidente de la Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada (IUPAC), que encara la recta final de su mandato de dos años..Esta organización, fundada en 1919, se encarga de la supervisión y actualización de la tabla periódica, incluidas la creación de la nomenclatura y la terminología, así como la evaluación de los datos, métodos y técnicas de medida en el campo de la Química. Hemos entrevistado a Javier García Martínez, quien acaba de ser galardonado con el Premio Nacional de Investigación ‘Juan de la Cierva’ en el área de Transferencia del Conocimiento, para hacer un repaso de su gestión.  Esta semana que dejamos atrás ha sido la de los Nobel. El de Medicina ha reconocido a la húngara Katalin Karikó y al estadounidense Drew Weissman por sentar las bases para el desarrollo de las vacunas con ARN mensajero contra la covid-19 y otras enfermedades infecciosas. El de Física ha sido para el húngaro Ferenc Krausz y los franceses Pierre Agostini y Anne L'Huillier por sus métodos experimentales para generar pulsos de luz de cortísima duración, de attosegundos. El premio Nobel de Química ha reconocido el trabajo de Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus y Alexei Ekimov "por el descubrimiento y síntesis de los puntos cuánticos". Iole Ferrara nos ha informado del descubrimiento de una estatua femenina de mármol de la época romana en el yacimiento italiano de Tusculum, excavado desde hace años por arqueólogos del CSIC. Con testimonios de Antonio Pizzo, director de la Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma. José Manuel Torralba nos ha hablado de plásticos más resistentes al fuego, que retardan su degradación con la temperatura y la propagación de las llamas, con aplicaciones en decoración de interiores y en todo tipo de automóviles. Jesús Puerta nos ha informado del Muón Collider, un futuro colisionador de partículas que empleará muones, una de las partículas elementales, más pesada que el electrón. Un proyecto representa un gran desafío científico y tecnológico. Con Esther García viajaremos a Londres para visitar el Real Observatorio de Greenwich. Escuchar audio

An mRNA Advance Wins A Nobel PrizeThis week, a handful of scientists scattered around the world got surprise telephone calls announcing that they will be receiving Nobel Prizes. On Monday, the prize in medicine or physiology was announced. It went to Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman, scientists who developed the modifications to mRNA that made the biomolecule a viable strategy for creating vaccines. On Tuesday, the Nobel in physics went to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier, who created techniques to illuminate the movement of electrons using attosecond-length pulses of light. And on Wednesday  Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov learned that they had won the prize in chemistry for their work with tiny bits of semiconductor material known as quantum dots.Umair Irfan, staff writer at Vox, joins guest host Flora Lichtman to talk about the winners and their advances, and to share other stories from the week in science, including an FCC fine for a satellite company's space junk, concerns over drought in the Amazon rainforest, and a tale of fighting a coral-threatening algal bloom using hungry crabs. Venus Lightning Debate Gets LitVenus is an inhospitable place. The longest any spacecraft has survived on the planet's surface is thought to be around two hours. It's blazing hot. It has bone-crushing atmospheric pressure and clouds made of sulfuric acid. But is there lightning?Flybys of Venus have detected electromagnetic signals in the radio spectrum called “whistler waves” that, on Earth, are associated with lightning strikes. So some experts speculated that Venus might have lightning too—perhaps a lot of lightning. But there was no hard proof. The question of Venusian lightning has been a topic of electric debate among scientists for some 40 years.A study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters last month used data from the Parker Solar Probe to argue that the whistler waves around Venus may have a different cause. Research scientist Dr. Harriet George and space plasma physicist Dr. David Malaspina of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder join guest host Flora Lichtman to talk about the finding, and what it could tell us about planets elsewhere in the galaxy.   To stay updated on all-things-science, sign up for Science Friday's newsletters.Transcripts for each segment will be available the week after the show airs on sciencefriday.com. 

It's In the News, a look at the top stories and headlines from the diabetes community happening now. Top stories this week: lots of news from the EASD conference, including info from Dexcom, Vertex, and more, the ADA issues new guidelines for CGM use at school around caregivers' ability to follow, a new study says women should be screened at a younger age for type 2 diabetes, and congrats to Lauren Dahlin, who lives with type 1, for qualifying for the Ironman race in Hawaii. Find out more about Moms' Night Out  Please visit our Sponsors & Partners - they help make the show possible! Take Control with Afrezza  Omnipod - Simplify Life Learn about Dexcom  Edgepark Medical Supplies Check out VIVI Cap to protect your insulin from extreme temperatures Learn more about AG1 from Athletic Greens  Drive research that matters through the T1D Exchange The best way to keep up with Stacey and the show is by signing up for our weekly newsletter: Sign up for our newsletter here Here's where to find us: Facebook (Group) Facebook (Page) Instagram Twitter Check out Stacey's books! Learn more about everything at our home page www.diabetes-connections.com  Reach out with questions or comments: info@diabetes-connections.com Hello and welcome to Diabetes Connections In the News! I'm Stacey Simms and these are the top diabetes stories and headlines happening now XX In the news is brought to you by Edgepark simplify your diabetes journey with Edgepark XX Lots of news out of EASD – the European Association for the Study of Diabetes happening this week. Including, a new trial finds that antiviral medications, when given soon after a child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, might help preserve those vital beta cells. The team followed 96 children aged 6 to 15 who were all diagnosed with type 1 diabetes within three weeks prior to their enrollment in the study. The children were randomly selected to receive either the two antiviral medicines or a placebo for six months. After one year of follow-up, the researchers found that C-peptide levels remained "significantly higher" in kids who'd gotten the antiviral treatment compared to those who hadn't. That suggests the treatment helped shield the child's pancreatic beta cells from destruction. While C-peptide levels dropped a full 24% in children who received the placebo, it fell by just 11% in those who got the antivirals, the investigators found. On top of that, 86% of kids who'd gotten the antivirals still produced their own insulin at a level that makes treatment with supplementary insulin easier, the team said, and is also known to be linked to lowered risks for diabetes complications. The treatment appeared to be safe, with no severe side effects noted. According to Mynarek's team, their research supports the notion "that a low-grade persistent virus infection is an underlying disease mechanism, and that type 1 diabetes may be prevented by development of new vaccines." The researchers concluded that "further studies should be done at an earlier stage in the disease process, to evaluate whether antiviral treatment could delay the progression of beta-cell damage leading to clinical type 1 diabetes." https://consumer.healthday.com/type-1-diabetes-2665779376.html XX Also at EASD, an update on once a week insulin icodec for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. While several other studies have investigated once-weekly insulins in type 2 diabetes, this was the first data to be presented from a large-scale phase 3 study in type 1 diabetes. The study, ONWARDS 6, included 582 people with type 1 diabetes who received either insulin icodec or insulin degludec. Participants had an average age of 44 years and an average diabetes duration of 20 years. Both the icodec and degludec group received basal insulin in combination with mealtime insulin (insulin aspart, or NovoLog) over a period of 57 weeks. Overall, participants treated with once-weekly icodec and once-daily icodec had similar reductions in A1C of -0.5%, suggesting that this new insulin may offer another option for treating type 1 diabetes. What were the key findings? This study showed that insulin icodec was effective at reducing A1C in people with type 1 diabetes, although icodec did lead to higher rates of hypoglycemia compared to degludec. Researchers are still investigating some questions related to the hypoglycemia events that occurred in this trial, such as how the time of injection and exercise may affect hypoglycemia. https://diatribe.org/once-weekly-insulins-type-1-diabetes-latest-research-update XX XX Vertex Pharmaceuticals says a third type 1 patient no longer needs insulin after it's investigational stem cell-derived therapy VX-880, being assessed for type 1 diabetes. Two patients who had been followed for at least 12 months likewise met the study's endpoint of the elimination of serious hypoglycemic events (SHE) between 90 days and 12 months. Tuesday's results follow an earlier data drop in June 2023, detailing the first two patients that achieved insulin independence and met the study's primary endpoint. The first patient achieved insulin independence 270 days into treatment, lasting through month 24 of the follow-up. The patient had type 1 diabetes (T1D) for “nearly 42 years,” according to Vertex's announcement, and was taking 34 units of insulin daily. Insulin independence came on day 180 for the second patient, persisting through 12 months of follow-up. The patient had T1D for 19 years and was taking 45.1 units of exogenous insulin daily. This patient had to restart insulin treatment at month 15, though at a much lower daily dose of four units. The third patient stopped needing insulin at 180 days of treatment, which happened after the data cut-off, according to Vertex. Aside from insulin independence, the new data from the Phase I/II study showed that VX-880 induced islet cell engraftment in all participants in parts A and B of the study at 90 days. In turn, these patients are now capable of endogenous glucose-responsive insulin production and demonstrated better glycemic control across various measures, including HbA1c and time-in-range. Before receiving VX-880, all enrolled participants had long-standing T1D and showed no signs of endogenous insulin secretion and required 34.0 units of insulin per day on average, according to Vertex's announcement on Tuesday. All patients also had histories of recurrent severe hypoglycemic events. An investigational allogeneic stem cell-based therapeutic, VX-880 works by delivering fully differentiated and insulin-producing islet cells, in turn restoring the body's glucose-responsive insulin production capabilities and boosting glucose control. VX-880 is designed to be delivered via an infusion through the hepatic portal vein. Patients need to be on an immunosuppressive regimen to receive the candidate. Vertex's T1D program also includes VX-264, an investigational therapy that encapsulates stem cell-derived islet cells in a protective device to be implanted into the patients' bodies, according to the company's website. Because the device is designed to shield the therapeutic cells from the body's response, VX-264 is being studied without the use of immunosuppressive therapies. https://www.biospace.com/article/vertex-touts-promising-data-for-stem-cell-based-type-1-diabetes-treatment/ XX I mentioned Dexcom's presentation at EASD in our long format interview earlier this week.. One of the company's studies, for example, recruited insulin users in the U.K. to test out the Dexcom ONE device, which offers a more simplified interface compared to the company's flagship G-series sensors. Though both Type 1 and Type 2 patients joined the study, Dexcom specifically singled out its results in the Type 2 population: The group saw their average HbA1c levels drop from a baseline of just over 10% to 8.5% after three months, then down to 8.3% after another three months, according to a company release. The data marked the first real-world study conducted on the Dexcom ONE CGM, Leach said. Another study presented at the EASD conference this week verified the use of the G7 sensor in pregnant women with Type 1, Type 2 or gestational diabetes—making Dexcom's G6 and G7 devices the only commercially available CGMs backed by clinical data for use during pregnancy, the company said. That group makes up about 10% of all pregnancies, he said, and “whether you're on insulin therapy or not, just the benefit of having a Supported by those findings, Dexcom said in the release that it now plans to make the G7 sensor available for use with Tandem's t:slim X2 insulin pump in the U.S. and “multiple markets across Europe and Asia-Pacific” before the end of 2023. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/medtech/easd-dexcom-cgms-notch-wins-among-type-2-and-pregnant-users-and-7-year-real-world-data XX Metformin may lengthen the time until insulin initiation, lower fasting glucose and improve neonatal outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes, according to data from a randomized trial. In findings presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meeting and simultaneously published in JAMA, researchers compared glycemic, maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with gestational diabetes randomly assigned up to 2,500 mg metformin daily with those receiving placebo. The metformin group had a lower mean fasting glucose at 32 and 38 weeks of gestation, and the offspring of women receiving metformin had a lower mean birth weight than the offspring of those receiving placebo. Metformin reduces the likelihood for large for gestational age among offspring of women with gestational diabetes. Infants from mothers in the metformin group had a lower mean birth weight than offspring of mothers from the placebo group (3,393 g vs. 3,506 g; P = .005). The percentage of infants born large for gestational age was lower in the metformin group vs. placebo (6.5% vs. 14.9%; P = .003). Mean crown-to-heel length was shorter in offspring of mothers from the metformin group compared with placebo (51 cm vs. 51.7 cm; P = .02). “Caution should continue with metformin and small for gestational age, especially in those where small for gestational age may be more likely, so those with hypertension or nephropathy,” Dunne said during the presentation. https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20231004/metformin-provides-glycemic-neonatal-benefits-for-women-with-gestational-diabetes XX More voices are calling for more screening for type 1 diabetes. About 85% of people with type have no family history. Various research programs are going on worldwide to establish the best ways of implementing universal screening, including programs in Germany, the USA, Israel, the UK, and Australia. A new program (Edent1fi) has just been funded that will include multiple new European countries, including the UK, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Italy, and the Czech Republic. "These are all research programs. The next steps before universal screening for type 1 diabetes becomes general policy will require guidelines for monitoring and endorsement of screening and monitoring guidelines by applicable societies," explains Dr. Sims. This will also be helped by broader access to disease-modifying therapies to impact progression and the need to start insulin injections. Screening for adults, who can also develop T1D, is less well studied. Although optimal approaches have yet to be elucidated, this population will also likely benefit from identifying early-stage disease and the advantages of education, monitoring, and access to therapy. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231003/Universal-screening-A-game-changer-in-early-detection-and-management-of-type-1-diabetes.aspx XX As I mentioned briefly in my last episode, one of the winners of this year's Nobel prize for medicine has lived with type 1 for almost 60 years. Dr. Drew Weissman and Katalin Karikó won the Nobel for their work on the COVID-19 vaccines received a Nobel Prize of Medicine. Karikó and Weissman met by chance in the 1990s while photocopying research papers, Karikó told The Associated Press. Weissman was diagnosed at age 5 and I'll link up a great interview that Mike Hoskins posted – he used to write for DiabetesMine. http://www.thediabeticscornerbooth.com/2021/02/we-can-thank-this-researcher-with-type.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR254vGL8G0aU3uUnvfHbJa79WCiFgS8ihMgHMf0V2hK2QYJBLaa9zwMn7U XX Should women be screened for type 2 diabetes at a younger age than men? A recent study published in Diabetes Therapy explores this hypothesis – there's a lot here and I'll link it up, but they examine the theory that menstruation can throw off an A1C. Women with diabetes between 16-60 years of age have an increased mortality risk by about 27% as compared to diabetic men of the same age when both are compared to the general population. Women lose an average of 5.3 years from their lifespan with diabetes as compared to 4.5 years for men. The study comprised two cohorts. The first included over 146,000 individuals using a single HbA1c reading at or below 50 mmol/mol obtained between 2012 and 2019. The distribution was replicated using readings from a second cohort of about 940,000 people, whose samples were analyzed in six laboratories between 2019 and 2021. The mean HbA1c level in women at any given age corresponded to that observed in men up to ten years earlier. These findings were corroborated with data obtained from the second cohort. An undermeasurement of approximately 1.6 mmol/mol HbA1c in women may delay their diabetes diagnosis by up to ten years. Ten years in which they weren't being treated. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231004/The-cut-off-for-HbA1c-based-diagnosis-of-diabetes-may-be-too-high-in-women.aspx XX Commercial – Edgepark XX XX Very recently, the Americans with Diabetes Association released updated CGM guidance for use in schools. The link to the new guidance is below. This came about after discussions with stakeholders, including myself and Attorney Roswig. Be clear, this was revised because of the discussions and “rallying” of families impacted, where in some cases schools were pointing to certain flaws in the language in the prior guidance. While this new guidance may address your CGM issue with your particular school, the new guidance, in our opinion, still needs work. Please know that this work will continue. If you have any more specific questions, please contact me and I will attempt to address the same. Thank you for your patience, thus far, and anticipated trust and patience going forward. https://diabetes.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/cgm-final-9-22-23.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1t4cpPUSmDoitWiH2hSgNnXWdeYQjPW4rlewjWkWHiOYWc65HX8ub74Yo XX have to show everyone and show myself that this doesn't change anything,” said Lauren Dahlin about her diagnosis with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at 26 years old in 2017. Today, she's a true athlete who has competed in nine Ironman races — consisting of a 2.4-mile swim, a 112-mile bike ride, and a 26.2-mile run. Completed within about 14 hours! This past summer, Dahlin competed in the annual Ironman in Lake Placid, NY. The event came with a lot of pressure because placing within the top 24 racers meant qualifying for the biggest Ironman event of all: the World Championship in Kona, HI. She did it. Dahlin placed 9th amongst about 600 other female competitors — becoming one of the first women with T1D to qualify for the Ironman in Kona, HI. Happening next weekend Oct 14th Here's a closer look at Dahlin's journey from diagnosis to rockstar competitive athlete. Diagnosed just days before a potential DKA coma “I couldn't even walk half a flight of stairs without getting extremely winded because I was so far gone,” explains Dahlin of her pre-diagnosis symptoms. “The clinic gave me an inhaler for asthma and sent me home!” Dahlin saw six different providers before someone finally gave her the appropriate diagnosis. They even performed a full-blood panel workup and didn't diagnose her T1D. Eventually, Dahlin went to the emergency room in Boston, where she lived, and the staff told her she was experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). She then spent ten days in the intensive care unit learning about her new life living with T1D. “I was bummed that the doctors hadn't caught my diagnosis earlier because there were a lot of clinical trials happening in Boston that I could have been a part of.” Regardless, Dahlin didn't want to slow down — within one month of her diagnosis, she signed up for her first half-marathon. https://t1dexchange.org/ironman-world-championship-type-1-diabetes/ XX That's In the News for this week.. if you like it, please share it! Thanks for joining me! See you back here soon.  

Katalin Kerikó y Drew Weissman ganan el Premio Nobel de Medicina 2023 por sus trabajos que permitieron las vacunas ARN contra la COVID.

Katalin Kerikó y Drew Weissman ganan el Premio Nobel de Medicina 2023 por sus trabajos que permitieron las vacunas ARN contra la COVID.

Today Dr. David Baltrus, Associate Professor of Plant Sciences at the University of Arizona, talks with us about how his laboratory studies bacteria that battle one another; the first rule of this fight club is that EVERYONE talks about Microbial Fight Club. Host: Mark O. Martin Guest: David Baltrus Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Spotify Become a patron of Matters Microbial! Links for this episode Here is a wonderful and easy to read essay about bacterial predators, including Bdellovibrio, from Scientific American. “2001:  A Space Odyssey” remains an important motion picture. The animated movie “The Iron Giant” is entertaining and has important messages.  Kaitlin Kariko, Drew Weissman, and the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Jo Handelsman's wonderful “Tiny Earth” program, helping students to search for new antibiotic producing bacteria.   Elio Schaechter's absolutely essential guide/view of the changing microbial landscape in terms of organizing our knowledge. A nice introductory review of tailocins. A more exhaustive review of talocins. A really interesting article on this topic—and how tailocins might be used in agriculture— from Dr. Baltrus' laboratory. Dr. Baltrus' laboratory website can be found here. Intro music is by Reber Clark Send your questions and comments to mattersmicrobial@gmail.com

Diante da escalada da violência na Bahia e no Rio de Janeiro, o ministro Flávio Dino anunciou o Programa Nacional de Enfrentamento às Organizações Criminosas (ENFOC), com um investimento de 900 milhões de reais. O Foro de Teresina comenta a execução de três ortopedistas no Rio de Janeiro, um deles irmão da deputada federal Sâmia Bonfim (Psol-SP), e a situação política de Dino, que deve ser nomeado para o STF. O programa também fala sobre a disputa de forças entre o Senado e o Supremo e os desafios de Katalin Karikó, ganhadora do Nobel de Medicina. Escalada: 00:00 1º bloco: 04:42 2º bloco: 29:50 3º bloco: 42:27 Kinder Ovo: 52:42 Momento Cabeção: 54:34 Correio Elegante: 58:33 Créditos: 01:02:34 Acesse os links citados neste episódio: https://piaui.co/foro273 Envie sua mensagem para o Correio Elegante no nosso e-mail: forodeteresina@revistapiaui.com.br Ouça a série ALEXANDRE aqui: https://pod.link/1698428396 Bloco 1: Enxugando gelo De acordo com pesquisa do Instituto Atlas, realizada no final de setembro, 47% dos brasileiros veem o desempenho do governo na segurança pública como péssimo. Esse é o contexto por trás do anúncio do novo programa nacional de combate à criminalidade. Resta saber se os milhões de reais em investimentos resultarão em mudanças estruturais. Bloco 2: Rodrigo Pacheco, versão 2.0 A CCJ do Senado aprovou a jato, nessa quarta-feira (4), um projeto que impõe limites a decisões monocráticas de ministros do STF. A relação entre o Congresso e o Supremo se tensiona mais uma vez. Bloco 3: A vencedora do Nobel Especializada em bioquímica, Katalin Karikó é filha de um açougueiro e uma contadora. Em sua carreira, enfrentou o ceticismo dos pares, a falta de verbas, a despromoção no trabalho e até uma ameaça de deportação dos Estados Unidos. Até que seu estudo, conduzido ao lado de Drew Weissman, se mostrou fundamental para o desenvolvimento das vacinas de RNA mensageiro contra a Covid. Momento Cabeção: No “Momento Cabeção”, quadro em que os apresentadores indicam livros, filmes, podcasts e documentários aos ouvintes, eles sugeriram as seguintes leituras: Thais: Manifesto antimaternalista, livro de Vera Iaconelli. O menino com flores no cabelo, livro de Jarvis. Toledo: Epigenética: Como a ciência está revolucionando o que sabemos sobre hereditariedade, livro de Richard Francis. A fé e o fuzil: Crime e religião no Brasil do século XXI, livro de Bruno Paes Manso. Fernando: O documentário da Rinoceronte Films, Elis & Tom, só tinha de ser com você. O drible, livro de Sérgio Rodrigues. Ficha técnica: Apresentação: Fernando de Barros e Silva, José Roberto de Toledo e Thais Bilenky Coordenação geral: Évelin Argenta Direção: Mari Faria Edição: Tiago Picado e Évelin Argenta Produção: Maria Júlia Vieira Apoio de produção: Bárbara Rubira Produção musical, finalização e mixagem: João Jabace e Luis Rodrigues Música tema: Wânya Sales e Beto Boreno Identidade visual: João Brizzi Ilustração: Fernando Carvall Teaser (Foro Privilegiado): Mari Faria Distribuição: Maria Júlia Vieira Coordenação digital: Bia Ribeiro Checagem: João Felipe Carvalho Para falar com a equipe: forodeteresina@revistapiaui.com.br

Jesse and Brittany discuss Jesse's recent trip to the White House, listener emails and voicemails related to our previous episodes and bonus episodes, as well as some possible technical issues, Donald Trump's appearance in court all week for his fraud trial in New York, some reflection on the media's recent coverage of Trump, the race to elect a new Speaker of the House, recent appearances from Governor Spencer Cox and Rep. Nancy Pelosi reflecting on the state of the Republican party, and Takin' Care of Biz featuring COVID vaccine scientists and now Nobel Prize winners Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman.SUPPORT THE SHOW ON PATREON: http://www.TeamDollemore.comNEW MERCH AVAILABLE AT: http://www.dollemore.infoJoin the private Facebook listener group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1770575259637583Send a text or voicemail of fewer than three minutes to (657) 464-7609.Show Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/IDoubtPodcastShow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/IDoubtItPodcastJesse on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/dollemoreBrittany on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/brittanyepageBuy a T-Shirt, Hoodie, Mug, or Tote: https://www.dollemore.infoPatreon: http://www.dollemore.com/patreonPayPal: http://www.dollemore.com/paypalAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

It's Nobel week on the podcast, and reporter Megan Molteni details the unique story of this year's winners for medicine, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman. Then, our colleague Jason Mast joins us to explain the scientific and ethical quandaries facing the teams attempting to develop HIV vaccines.

Our hosts discuss the latest news on the Novavax COVID vaccine approval, a lawsuit benefitting patients using copay assistance, and what cases the Supreme Court will hear this month. For the main topic, The Health Advocates congratulate Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, who were awarded the Novel Prize for their work on the COVID vaccine, and take a look at the pathway to discovering mRNA technology. “They [Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman] get a cash award… but even more than that, they have the satisfaction of knowing that their work has saved millions of lives already and will continue to save millions more in the decades to come,” says Steven Newmark, Director of Policy at GHLF. Among the highlights in this episode: 00:36: Our hosts discuss the FDA's recent approval of the Novavax COVID vaccine, which is now available for individuals 12 and older and is targeting the Omicron subvariant 01:15: Steven highlights a significant court decision vital for patients who rely on copay assistance 03:33: Steven discusses a Supreme Court case called Acheson Hotels versus Laufer, and the right to bring lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 06:19: Zoe Rothblatt, Associate Director of Community Outreach at GHLF, emphasizes the need for businesses to be upfront about their accommodations for individuals with disabilities, highlighting the broader societal implications of the Supreme Court case [Acheson Hotels versus Laufer] 07:14: Steven touches on a potential Supreme Court case related to the mifepristone battle, underscoring the complexities of the legal landscape 08:35: Zoe and Steven celebrate the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their groundbreaking work on mRNA vaccines 09:13: Our hosts discuss the history of RNA and its significance, laying the groundwork for understanding the importance of mRNA (Messenger RNA) technology 12:08: Zoe and Steven discuss the role of COVID-19 in amplifying the urgency of mRNA vaccine development 13:06: Zoe emphasizes the role of advocacy in pushing forward critical research, suggesting that vocal support can be a driving force behind scientific advancements 13:37 - Our hosts commend the transformative impact of mRNA technology on the world of vaccines, especially given its applications beyond COVID-19 14:52: What our hosts learned from this episode Contact Our Hosts Steven Newmark, Director of Policy at GHLF: snewmark@ghlf.org Zoe Rothblatt, Associate Director, Community Outreach at GHLF: zrothblatt@ghlf.org We want to hear what you think. Send your comments in the form of an email, video, or audio clip of yourself to podcasts@ghlf.org Catch up on all our episodes on our website or on your favorite podcast channel.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Con Alberto Aparici hablamos del Premio Nobel de Medicina recibido por los científicos Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman, quienes descubrieron el secreto para hacer vacunas de ARN, famosas en los últimos años por la pandemia de la Covid-19. ¿Cómo funcionan las vacunas ARN y qué ocurre con los glóbulos blancos? ¿Cómo supieron "humanizar" el ARN? Aprendemos sobre "tunear" el ARN para engañar a los góbulos blancos y que comience el proceso de inmunización en nuestro cuerpo. 

This year's Nobel prizes in science recognised the former underdogs behind mRNA vaccines, how to watch electrons and a new class of material that could revolutionise both solar panels and cancer treatments. How have these achievements had an impact beyond the lab?Host: Alok Jha, The Economist's science and technology editor. Contributors: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, this year's co-laureates in medicine or physiology; Jon Marangos, a professor of laser physics at Imperial College London; Judy Giordan, the president of the American Chemical Society; and Natasha Loder, The Economist's health editor.Sign up for Economist Podcasts+ now and get 50% off your subscription with our limited time offer. You will not be charged until Economist Podcasts+ launches.If you're already a subscriber to The Economist, you'll have full access to all our shows as part of your subscription.For more information about Economist Podcasts+, including how to get access, please visit our FAQs page. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This year's Nobel prizes in science recognised the former underdogs behind mRNA vaccines, how to watch electrons and a new class of material that could revolutionise both solar panels and cancer treatments. How have these achievements had an impact beyond the lab?Host: Alok Jha, The Economist's science and technology editor. Contributors: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, this year's co-laureates in medicine or physiology; Jon Marangos, a professor of laser physics at Imperial College London; Judy Giordan, the president of the American Chemical Society; and Natasha Loder, The Economist's health editor.Sign up for Economist Podcasts+ now and get 50% off your subscription with our limited time offer. You will not be charged until Economist Podcasts+ launches.If you're already a subscriber to The Economist, you'll have full access to all our shows as part of your subscription.For more information about Economist Podcasts+, including how to get access, please visit our FAQs page. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

A vaccine for malaria that can be produced cheaply on a large scale has been recommended for use by the World Health Organisation. It was developed by the University of Oxford, and is only the second malaria vaccine to be developed. Claudia Hammond is joined by New Scientist health reporter Clare Wilson to look at how the new vaccine works, and why it's proven so hard to find a way to inoculate against malaria. We also look at major new research that's found women are facing major inequalities in cancer care around the world, with calls for a feminist approach to cancer prevention, detection, and treatment. Claudia and Clare also discuss this week's announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Professors Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman are sharing the prize for their work developing the technology that led to the mRNA Covid vaccines. And we hear whether or not there's evidence that mental health ‘first aid' courses have real medical benefits. Presenter: Claudia Hammond Producer: Dan Welsh Editor: Erika Wright

Dr. Aileen Marty, Infectious Disease Specialist and Professor at Florida International University, joins Bob Sirott to talk about the latest health news. Dr. Marty talk about the FDA’s authorization of Noravax’s updated COVID vaccine and the Nobel Prize for the work of Katalin Karikó and Dr. Drew Weissman.

durée : 00:05:12 - Avec sciences - par : Alexandra Delbot - Lundi 2 octobre, l'Académie royale des sciences de Suède a récompensé deux pionniers des vaccins à ARN. Ce prix Nobel de Médecine et de Physiologie couronne plus de deux décennies de recherches qui ont abouti au développement rapide de vaccins contre la COVID-19.

Today's show opens with continuing discussion of the “fraud” case being brought on Donald Trump by NY AG Letitia James. The judge made it sound at the close of yesterday's testimony that 80% of the case would fall outside of the statute of limitations. But, first thing this morning, the judge reminded Trump and his lawyers that as far as he was concerned, every time a “fraudulent” statement was used, it resets the statute. Hunter Biden has more China emails and messages revealed showing he not only received payments, but they “will help you with what you need” while he was down in the dumps after his divorce. He said he needed a $100K/a month living allowance and family friend and partner, Fran Person, worked out a fee from Chinese Businessman Bo Zhang. Speaking of emails, Margot Cleveland finds new information to show that US attorney David Weiss violated DOJ policy by sending a response directly to Jim Jordan, Chair of the House Judiciary Committee. The longer these investigations are allowed to dig, they keep rooting out more evidence of collusion and corruption within the DOJ and lies by AG Merrick Garland. Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-FL) has had it with business as usual in the House under Speaker McCarthy. After being questioned by the press about why he wants to stick to the agreement of voting on individual appropriations bills, Matt goes on to file a motion to have the Speaker vacated. He was then asked to weigh-in on that and his answer is pure Constitutionalism. I just hope the notoriety doesn't lead Matt to becoming his own cult of personality. I always say Canada is my canary in the coal mine for what might be coming to the United States. This headline has me a little concerned. According to independent journalist, Michael Shellenberger, liberal in the EU, UN-WEF and Trudeau's own party are simultaneously demanding a crackdown on independent new and podcasting. This still remains one of the most serious and important topics of the day – government imposed censorship. On a bit of a funnier note, NYC journalist Erin Durkin took to Twitter/X to bemoan all of her precautions to not get Covid-19 still resulting in getting it – again! And this was after getting the latest booster. Kind of ironic that the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 went to two scientists for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. “Effective”! HA! What is concerning is one of the scientists, Drew Weissman, wrote a paper in 2018 expressing problems with the mRNA vaccine. He specifically noted issues with inflammation with possible autoimmunity. He also stated in the presence of naked RNA, the mRNA promoted coagulation (clotting) in the blood and thrombus formations (also clotting). Nice to know we give the Nobel Prize to a vaccine that is more dangerous than the virus is was meant to stop. Take a moment to rate and review the show and then share the episode on social media. You can find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, GETTR and TRUTH Social by searching for The Alan Sanders Show. You can also support the show by visiting my Patreon page!

Hai nhà khoa học vừa đạt Giải thưởng Nobel Y học 2023 vì những nghiên cứu để phát triển vắc xin mRNA ngừa COVID-19. Giải thưởng được trao cho Katalin Karikó, giáo sư tại Đại học Sagan ở Hungary, cũng là giáo sư thỉnh giảng tại Đại học Pennsylvania, và giáo sư Drew Weissman, người đã cùng nghiên cứu vắc xin với Giáo sư Karikó tại Đại học Pennsylvania.

Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for medicine for discoveries that enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The prize has been awarded to Katalin Karikó, a professor at Sagan's University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Drew Weissman, who performed his prizewinning research together with Professor Karikó at the University of Pennsylvania.

The COVID-19 vaccine came out at warp speed because of the work of these two scientists. This week, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In celebration, we are re-posting our episode about Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman. For many, many years they investigated the secrets of messenger RNA (mRNA). And when the pandemic began, their research was ready and waiting. On this episode you'll hear Katalin Karikó talk about her humble beginnings in Hungary, and the forces that enabled her to persevere, even though for decades people thought her ideas about mRNA were laughable.  She was denied grants, lost jobs and wasn't taken seriously, but she never wavered. Fortunately, she met Drew Weissman one day at a copy machine, where they both worked at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Weissman was an immunologist, working on a vaccine for HIV.  He was interested in Karikó's work and they began to collaborate. Even when they made major discoveries, they could not get support for their work… until the Corona Virus appeared. Now the scientific world sees the potential that Karikó and Weissman saw all along: that mRNA may open the door to many other vaccines and to therapeutic treatment for a host of illnesses, from Cancer to Sickle Cell Anemia to Heart Disease.  (c ) American Academy of Achievement 2023  

The World Health Organization has recommended a new vaccine that is 75% effective against malaria, a disease which claims hundreds of thousands of children's lives each year. We speak to one of the scientists who developed it. Also in the programme: Former US President Donald Trump is in court facing allegations he fraudulently inflated the value of his properties and we speak this year's winners of the Nobel Prize for medicine, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, whose work was critical in developing effective mRNA vaccines, which were crucial in developing COVID19 vaccines. (Picture: A child receives a malaria vaccine. Credit: Reuters/Ratner)

The civil trial against Former President Donald Trump is underway in New York. The judge already ruled that Trump committed fraud, but the trial will settle how much he will pay for it. NPR politics reporter Ximena Bustillo joins us. And, the Supreme Court's fall term begins Monday. The court is facing loud calls for ethics reform and blowback on recent decisions. Imani Gandy, editor at large for Rewire News Group and co-host of the podcast "Boom! Lawyered," joins us. Then, Katalin Karikó, PhD, and Dr. Drew Weissman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on developing mRNA COVID vaccines. The two scientists join us to talk about the win and future work.

La Policía israelí detuvo hoy al escritor Andrés Roemer, acusado de abuso sexual… El presidente López Obrador anunció en la Mañanera que Roemer será extraditado a nuestro país… En otros temas… Al iniciar su último año de gobierno, no baja la aprobación del presidente López Obrador… Se ubica en 58 por ciento, según la encuesta publicada esta mañana en el diario “El Financiero”… En más información política… Desde la Plenaria del Partido Encuentro Solidario, Claudia Sheinbaum aseguró que están “haciendo una gran alianza, la principal con el pueblo de México”… En tanto, desde Tabasco, Xóchitl Gálvez dijo que Movimiento Ciudadano se “sentiría orgulloso” de tenerla como candidata presidencial… Por su parte, el gobernador de Nuevo León, Samuel García, presentó un recurso ante el Tribunal Electoral para prevenir que el Congreso local nombre a otro gobernador, en caso de que él pida licencia para participar en las elecciones de 2024… En Tamaulipas… El derrumbe del techo de la iglesia de la Santa Cruz, en Ciudad Madero, en plena misa, dejó al menos 10 muertos y decenas de heridos… En Chiapas, dos encuestadores de Morena fueron encontrados sin vida en una carretera mientras que un tercer encuestador, de nombre Adrián Cid, permanece desaparecido… En información internacional… Los científicos Katalin Karikó y Drew Weissman ganaron el Premio Nobel de Medicina por sus investigaciones que llevaron a desarrollar las vacunas contra el Covid-19… En los otros temas… El actor Kevin Spacey enfrenta otra demanda por agresión sexual… Danna Paola canta el himno nacional en la pelea del “Canelo” Álvarez… Y fallece a los 52 años el cineasta Raúl Martínez… De esto y mucho más hablaremos esta mañana… Así que quédense, pongan sus colores en el chat, comenten y por supuesto compartan esta transmisión…

“We weren't sure it was true!” Drew Weissman's research partner and co-laureate Katalin Karikó called him early this morning with some incredible news – they had both been awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The two have a 20 year history of working together. "We both have sleep disturbances," he says in this conversation with the Nobel Prize's Adam Smith, "so usually around 3 to 5am we would be emailing each other with new ideas." Speaking just after he had heard of the award, he stresses that despite his new found notoriety and all the claims on his time, "Nothing distracts me from my work." As to the effect of the Nobel Prize: "This just encourages us more!" Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

On today's episode, we revisit a conversation we had with two pioneers of the mRNA-based Covid-19 vaccines, Katalin Karikó, PhD, and Drew Weissman, MD, PhD. The two were just awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking research in messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. When we spoke with Dr. Kariko and Weissman in June 2022, they had just received the Ross Prize in Molecular Medicine. The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research grants this honor to recognize promising careers in the fields of science and research. In this look back on that conversation, the history-making duo discusses what motivated them to endure their decades-long scientific struggles, plans to continue their mRNA research and what it means to be awarded the Ross Prize. Also on the show, we speak with Kevin Tracey, MD, president of the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, about the importance of supporting young scientists, early-stage research and the culture of science. Meet the experts Katalin Kariko, PhD, adjunct professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Pennsylvania and a senior vice president at BioNTech Drew Weissman, MD, PhD, the Roberts Family Professor of Vaccine Research in Penn's Perelman School of Medicine The award Drs. Kariko and Weissman received is one of six categories that are recognized each year. Since 1901, there have been 114 prizes in the Physiology or Medicine category awarded to 227 laureates.  Learn more about the Nobel Prize  Learn more about Drs. Kariko and Weissman.  More on the history of mRNA technology Learn more about the history of mRNA technology and the development of the Covid-19 vaccines on this episode of the podcast, featuring Wall Street Journal writer, Gregory Zuckerman, and two of the first Americans to receive the vaccine, Sandra Lindsay and Yves Duroseau, MD.  Watch episodes of 20-Minute Health Talk on YouTube. 

De Hongaarse biochemicus Katalin Karikó en de Amerikaanse immunoloog Drew Weissman winnen dit jaar samen de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde. Zij ontdekten de cruciale aanpassingen aan mrna die de ontwikkeling van mrna-vaccins mogelijk hebben gemaakt. Een fundamenteel nieuwe manier om vaccins te maken, die van grote waarde bleek tijdens de coronapandemie.Eerder maakten wij deze aflevering over rna-vaccins: De winst van corona: sterke RNA-vaccins. Presentatie: Gemma VenhuizenGasten: Niki Korteweg & Sander VoormolenRedactie & montage: Jeanne GeerkenZie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Aumentó a 10 el número de personas que fallecieron tras el desplome de una iglesia en Ciudad MaderoDe nueva cuenta la madre buscadora, Ceci Flores, llama a cárteles para que les permitan seguir buscando a sus desaparecidosMás detalles en nuestro podcast

Der Medizinnobelpreis 2023 geht an Katalin Karikó und Drew Weissman. Die beiden entwickelten Methoden zur Modifikation von mRNA-Bausteinen. Sie legten damit die Grundlage zur Entwicklung von Impfstoffen, die zum Beispiel gegen Covid-19 schützen. Von Anneke MeyerDirekter Link zur Audiodatei

The Nobel Assembly awarded Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman for their discoveries that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.