Podcasts about nucleotides

Host: Charles Turck, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP Guest: Ananta Paine, PhD The diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis has not been easy due to the lack of knowledge about an established biomarker. To learn more, join Dr. Charles Turck as he speaks with Dr. Ananta Piane, Principal Investigator and Research Assistant Professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York, to discuss his 500-patient cohort study to find out if there are underlying differences of psoriasis patients who did not convert to psoriatic arthritis with those who did.

Episode 199 – Eternal Information – Part 7 – Living Information 2 Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. In John 14:6, Jesus said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” The goal of Anchored by Truth is to encourage everyone to grow in the Christian faith by anchoring themselves to the secure truth found in the inspired, inerrant, and infallible word of God. Script: By faith we understand that the entire universe was formed at God’s command, that what we now see did not come from anything that can be seen. Hebrews, chapter 11, verse 3, New Living Translation ******** VK: Hello! I’m Victoria K. Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. Thank you for joining us here today on Anchored by Truth. For several episodes we have been doing a series we call “Eternal Information.” We’ve covered a lot of ground so far in this series. For those listening today who may have missed some of the earlier episodes we encourage you to go to our website crystalseabooks.com where you can hear them. And, of course, anyone who just wants to review an episode even if they heard it before can always go to crystalseabooks.com for a review. This series in particular has been one of those series where each episode builds on the material from previous episodes. In the studio we have RD Fierro. RD is an author and the founder of Crystal Sea Books. RD, would you like to amplify a little more on what I was just talking about – that this series of Anchored by Truth is a series where we are steadily building on what came before? RD: Sure. But before I do that I would also like to extend my greetings to everyone who is joining us here today. I suspect most listeners are probably like me. When I first came across the concept of information as one more way in which God’s presence in the universe is manifest I was completely unfamiliar with it. Like all listeners, I used information everyday throughout the day. But I never gave any thought about information itself. Information was kind of like air. It was just there. But I never stopped to think about how it got there. Then I came across Dr. Werner Gitt’s book entitled In the Beginning was Information and I had one of those “light bulb” moments. The presence of information requires the presence of intelligence and there is no way we can avoid living in this universe and avoid the fact that it contains information. But to try to communicate all that this concept involves isn’t easy. Unlike some subjects where we connect with them easily digging deeper into how information functions within the universe requires a lot of … well, information. VK: Studying information requires a lot of information. I’m not sure if that is profound or just redundant … RD: Probably a little of both. At any rate there are a lot of ideas that are tied up in thinking about how information again assures us that there must be a Designing Mind behind the universe as we know it. So, we began unpacking those ideas one at a time. VK: Such as the fact that information is an essential component of the universe that we know. Unlike other components with which we are more familiar like matter and energy information stands apart in the way in which it presents itself. Information is non-material. It is not dependent for its existence on matter or energy but matter and energy can be used to transmit, receive, or store it. The same keyboard, wires, and screens can exchange recipes for pies, maps to buried treasure, or diagrams for making bombs. The information doesn’t change the plastic, copper, or silicon in the keyboard or screen. But neither is the plastic, copper, or silicon responsible for the content of the information. These aren’t the kind of ideas we think about everyday. RD: Right. And those ideas are just the beginning of what we had to undertake. And the specific idea that we have been pursuing for the last couple of episodes of Anchored by Truth is that the presence of information in living creatures is undeniable. A couple of episodes ago we spent some time on the basics of biochemistry and last time we began our dive into the most information storage system on the planet: DNA. VK: So, today we want to finish that discussion. But just as a brief recap last time we began covering the fact that DNA is actually a four-dimensional information storage system. Just about every information system invented or used by man is one-dimensional. When we transmit information through written text we get the information by reading the text from left to right. And even though there are some writing systems like ancient Hebrew that are read right to left the same observation applies. We get the information by going in one direction. Try to read the same text backward and all you get is gobbledygook. But as we began showing last time DNA doesn’t just store and transmit information in one dimension or in one direction. DNA does so on multiple levels. RD, why don’t you briefly remind us of what we covered when we went over the first three dimensions in which DNA stores information? RD: And DNA is built from compounds called nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group. There are 4 bases that comprise the structure of DNA: adenine [a-duh-neen], guanine [gwaa-neen}, cytosine [sai-tuh-seen], and thymine [thigh-mean]. They are usually abbreviated A, G, C, and T. So, these are the “letters” of the genetic alphabet. And DNA is made up of two long strands – the famous double helix – joined by means of the associations: A with T and C with G. This means that the two strands are complimentary. One of the key takeaways about DNA is that DNA’s information function is not dependent on its chemistry. Just as the chemistry of ink and paper do not determine the information that is present on a printed page, the chemical components that comprise DNA do not determine the messages that it stores and sends. So, the first level of information that DNA contains is simply the order of the “letters” – the nucleotide base pairs. The entire human genome has been mapped. So, we know the order of the letters for it. The first 15 letters of DNA in the human “Y” chromosome are “CTAACCCTAACCCTA.” VK: So, this first level of information is just a sequence of letters. That seems pretty simple. But you start to get a hint of the other levels of information when you realize that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes but our bodies produce over 100,000 different proteins. Some estimates are that the human body produces over 300,000 distinct proteins. If the sequence of the letters in DNA is the first level of information, what is the second level? RD: The second dimension of the genome deals with the way one section of DNA interacts with another section. It’s easy enough to create a visual depiction of the first dimension of DNA. It is essentially just a long sequence of the letters A, C, T, and G. But trying to draw a pictorial representation of the second dimension would be a dizzying array of lines and arrows connecting different parts of the linear string of DNA. At first when scientists discovered DNA and genes they thought they had discovered the key to a lot of biological mysteries. One of the key ideas that emerged into science was the idea that one gene coded for one protein. Proteins are, of course, the molecular machines of life. VK: But that idea was too simple wasn’t it, especially for higher organisms? As we mentioned earlier the human body produces far more different proteins than we have genes. RD: Yes. The linear left to right read of DNA coupled with the idea that each gene, essentially a subsection of DNA, coded for one protein turned out to be far too simplistic. For instance, our protein genes are broken up into a series of “exons” (the parts that code for protein) and “introns” (non-coding intervening sequences). To make a protein, the gene is first transcribed into RNA, then the introns are spliced out, the exons are stitched together, and the remainder is translated into protein. That might seem straightforward. But we now know that some proteins are manufactured through a process called “alternate splicing”, where exons from different locations in the genome are combined to create many different proteins. In fact, we have learned that alternate splicing is so pervasive that the definition of the word “gene” as it was originally conceived had just about lost its meaning. The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis turned out to be a gross oversimplification. VK: Biologist Dr. Robert Carter has said this about the second informational dimension of DNA. “The second dimension deals with things like specificity factors, enhancers, repressors, activators, and transcription factors. These are proteins that are coded in the DNA, but they move to another part of the genome after they are made and turn something on or off. But there are additional things happening in this dimension.” In other words there’s a lot of information that DNA supplies to the body that isn’t tied to a simple left to right reading of the letters. There are connections being made between different sections of the DNA that are also necessary for life. RD: Yes. As I said last time, trying to pictorially represent the information connections within DNA would be so complicated it would be as if you were standing in the midst of a galaxy with beams of light zinging among the stars. There would be so many beams connecting various stars you wouldn’t be able to count them all. And we still are only talking about the second dimension of DNA that supplies information. The third dimension has to do with how DNA is actually stored within the body. The body doesn’t store DNA as a long string. It couldn’t. The DNA is coiled into a very precise 3-D shape. VK: Dr. Carter has also written that, “The third dimension [of information] deals with how the shape of the DNA molecule affects the expression and control of different genes. We have learned that sections of DNA that are buried deep within the coiled-up DNA cannot be activated easily. So genes that are used often are generally easily accessible. Thus, when God wrote out the information in the genome along that one-dimensional strand, He intentionally put things in a certain order so that they would be in the correct place when the DNA was folded into a 3-D shape.” RD: Yes. It would be extremely impractical for the body to store DNA in a linear state. We talked about the amazing fact that the DNA in a single cell would be about 6 feet long if it were laid out in a straight line. It would be extremely thin but it would stretch for 6 feet. The National Institutes for Health have estimated that the DNA present in a human body would be over 67 Billion miles long if all the strands were laid end to end – that’s the equivalent of 150,000 trips to the moon – and back. To store all that DNA the body coils it in tight coils that fit within the nuclei of the various cells. And we now know that genes that are used together are generally found next to each other in the 3 dimensional storage arrangement even when those genes are found on different chromosomes. VK: Last time we used the example of a homeowner organizing his garage. A wise homeowner is likely to organize the garage so the garden shears are close to the rakes rather than with the Christmas light strings and nativity set. The homeowner does this it is because the homeowner knows and understands the use of the things they are storing. In putting things away in the garage they are applying information and intelligence. So, the first dimension of information storage in DNA is the order of the letters. The second is how various sections of DNA actually act in concert with other sections. And the third is how the DNA functions in its 3-dimensional configuration not just as a linear string. RD: Exactly. Well our time ran out last time before we could get to the 4th dimension of the information that DNA contains. VK: Which is …? RD: Time. VK: Time? RD: Time. As incredible as it might seem we now know that the way DNA performs its function changes as time goes by and we know that these changes occur in all the other dimensions. Dr. Carter has written “The shape (3rd dimension), interaction network (2nd dimension), and the sequence of letters (1st dimension) all change. This so far outstrips even our most modern computers that the analogy isn’t even fair anymore.” Dr. Carter gives this example. “We know that different liver cells have different chromosome counts. This is due to the fact that the liver needs lots of copies of certain genes that are involved in metabolism and detoxification. Instead of filling the genome with many copies of these genes, the liver just makes copies of them for its own use. We also know that different brain cells have different number and locations of various transposons.” VK: Transposons are segments of DNA which are capable of moving within or among chromosomes. Transposons were once thought by evolutionists to be “jumping genes” that were leftovers from ancient viral infections. But they’re not. Transposons are vital for the development of the human brain. In other words, our genome is able to dynamically reprogram itself. As Dr. Carter wrote, “This is something that computer scientists have long struggled with. How can you make a self-modifying code that does not run out of control?” RD: So, as amazing as the first three dimensions of DNA’s information are in some ways the 4th dimension truly seems like something out of science fiction. As we go through life our DNA reprograms itself to adapt for where we are in life. It’s hard sometimes to remember that we are talking about a group of atoms and molecules that are present in the nucleus of every one of our 30 to 40 trillion cells. Now again, let’s not lose sight of the basic point. The alternate hypothesis that is offered to Biblical creationism is blind and random chance. VK: Those people who reject the existence of God, and in particular the God of the Bible, must conceive of the world and universe as being composed of matter, energy, time, and space. But no one sees time and space as possessing creative capacity so they are really down to matter and energy. So, their concept for the origin of DNA is that at one point some hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms fortuitously collided and started making some simple organic compounds. Some of these organic compounds ran into each other and poof some simple amino acids or nucleotides were produced. Then these extremely elementary organic collections ran randomly and accidentally collected in one place and all that jostling about produced a string of DNA which contains, at a minimum, millions of atoms. The more you talk about it the more far-fetched it seems. RD: It seems far-fetched because it is far-fetched. And it’s not like evolutionists don’t realize the problems their scenario involves they do. So, they try to craft solutions such as saying that there are unseen “organizing forces” present within physics and chemistry that overcome most of the seeming impossibilities. And there have been extensive computer simulations offered with supposedly random substitutions occurring in strings of letters that show that with enough time and chemical components just the right set needed will emerge. But one basic problem with all these attempts is that they start with a huge amount of information about how life functions today. They ignore the fact that undirected matter and energy would have none of that. Moreover, undirected matter and energy would have no goal of producing life. The evolutionary apologists always start with their own goal of showing how it might be possible. But that’s quite a different thing from showing how it actually occurred. VK: As we often point out on Anchored by Truth explaining the origin of a thing is quite different from explaining its operation. We know today much about how life operates. We know the chemical elements involved. We know the structure of organic compounds and how those compounds can link up and form the ever increasingly complicated structures used by all living things. But an ocean of chemicals just drifting about knows none of that. RD: And I should emphasize at this point that this discussion that we have had about the four dimensional nature of the information DNA contains has only skimmed the surface. I would highly recommend listeners going to the website for Creation Ministries International and spending some time there reading the various articles on DNA. There’s a lot more to DNA than we have time to discuss in this series. VK: Such as? RD: Such as the fact that DNA has its own repair system. VK: Wikipedia says this about the DNA repair system. “DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. … As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure.” RD: The DNA repair system is just another facet of DNA that defies explanation by evolutionary development. Without the repair system DNA would quickly be damaged so badly that normal cellular replication would cease. That means death for the organism. So, DNA needs the repair system to keep functioning but it is the DNA itself that tells the body how to produce the repair system. And we have only discovered this very recently. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their work on the DNA repair processes. VK: So, what else do you want to cover for today? RD: I want to give our listeners a very inexact model for DNA’s amazing information system. Imagine that you found a long sheet of paper that contained a lengthy list of ingredients for a meal. As you examined the list you realized that it was a list of ingredients for an amazing 7 course meal. At the bottom of the sheet the final line said “roll this into a 2 inch tube.” After you did so you found out that the letters that are now on the outside of the rolled sheet gave you all the steps in preparing the ingredients – the chopping, slicing, dicing, grating, etc. Then the final instruction said “hold near the stove.” And when you did so you found out that certain portions of the letters were now lit up and they gave you precise instructions for cooking the various ingredients like temperature, time, basting, stirring, etc. The last line of illuminated letters now said, “place near the completed dishes.” And when you did that you found out that different letters were now lit up which told you how to garnish, arrange, put on final toppings, and serve. You get the idea. No human technology would permit us to create an information storage system that sophisticated yet we’re asked to believe that random chance built a biological information system that contains hundreds of millions of ingredients. Our most elegant examples of technology and advanced design pale in comparison to the complexity present to every strand of DNA on the planet. Yet, the most amazing thing is that some people continue to insist that all of that sophisticated complexity could have arisen by chance. VK: Well, all that has made me a little hungry but it does make the point. We’re familiar with single dimension information systems because that’s what we experience in our daily lives. Probably, with a lot of effort and planning, we might create a single system that has multiple dimensions of information. But those systems certainly wouldn’t run into the billions of letter or symbols that served multiple tasks simultaneously. The sophistication of DNA eludes us even now. The only reasonable explanation for DNA’s relentless display of information sophistication is because it was prepared and created by the Ultimate, Infinite Designer. It’s just a little bit silly to believe that unintelligent and undirected matter and energy could produce DNA when even the most intelligent scientists could not do so. But God could and that’s what our opening scripture from Hebrews tells us. This sounds like a time to go to God in prayer. Since our children are back in school and busily working their way through the academic year, today let’s listen to a prayer for all of them who could benefit from a little divine help with upcoming tests. ---- PRAYER FOR TAKING A TEST VK: We’d like to remind our audience that a lot of our radio episodes are linked together in series of topics so if they missed any episodes or if they just want to hear one again, all of these episodes are available on your favorite podcast app. To find them just search on “Anchored by Truth by Crystal Sea Books.” If you’d like to hear more, try out crystalseabooks.com where “We’re not perfect but our Boss is!” (Bible Quote from the New Living Translation) Hebrews, chapter 11, verse 3, New Living Translation The human genome is amazingly complex (creation.com) Four Dimensional Genome (creation.com) Splicing and dicing the human genome (creation.com) We are less than dust (creation.com) Epigenetics challenges neo-Darwinism (creation.com)

Episode 198 – Eternal Information – Part 6 – Living Information Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. In John 14:6, Jesus said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” The goal of Anchored by Truth is to encourage everyone to grow in the Christian faith by anchoring themselves to the secure truth found in the inspired, inerrant, and infallible word of God. Script: For every house is built by someone, but God is the builder of everything. Hebrews, chapter 3, verse 4, New International Version ******** VK: Hello! I’m Victoria K. Welcome to Anchored by Truth brought to you by Crystal Sea Books. Thank you for joining us here today on Anchored by Truth. For several episodes we have been doing a series we call “Eternal Information.” We do series like Eternal Information to help people focus on a foundational truth about the universe we see around us. The universe exhibits order and design. Albert Einstein recognized this simple fact and famously said, “The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible.” Other scientists have noted that the universe displays all the elements that we see in the best manufacturing systems that we have today. The same pieces and parts are used to build structures as diverse as snowflakes, galaxies, stars, and puppy dogs. To help us explore even more about the marvel that is the universe and especially life, today in the studio we have RD. RD is an author and the founder of Crystal Sea Books. RD, the universe is amazing isn’t it? RD: Yes, it is. The universe is so consistent in how it works that we can analyze the composition of stars that are billions and billions of miles away from our little earth. There is no way we could do that unless we knew that the same constituent parts that make up our sun, our earth, and even our bodies were also present in all the other parts of the universe. And that’s the reason that we wanted to undertake this series on eternal information. Just think about it for a second and you quickly realize that the presence of design requires a designer. The presence of organization requires an organizer. Yet this is the very thing that atheists and radical secularists exclude a priori. Why would they do this? There’s only one reason. It’s not that they don’t realize that God exists. They do. All people do. It’s that they don’t like the implications of acknowledging that existence. Because it would mean they would have to make changes to their lives and worldview. VK: So, today we want to go more deeply into the order and design that are present in living creatures. We began this discussion last time on Anchored by Truth when we did a high level overview of some of the basic elements of biochemistry. And in that discussion we noted that the basic unit which is present in all living things is a cell. Some cells have a nucleus and some don’t. But all living things are comprised of cells. And cells, despite their tiny size, are exceedingly sophisticated structures. Anyone who has ever contemplated the properties of a living cell for even a moment has to recognize that human beings still do not have the ability to create structures or systems with that level of design finesse. Our most elegant examples of technology and advanced design pale in comparison to the complexity present to every cell on the planet. Yet, the most amazing thing is that some people continue to insist that all of that sophisticated complexity could have arisen by chance. I heard someone say once that its far more likely you could put butter, eggs, sugar, and milk in a bowl, leave it in the sun, and wait for it to turn into a cake than expect the first cell to have come together by chance. RD: Right. The right ingredients are necessary to make a cake but not sufficient. Making cakes takes information – a recipe. And it takes a chef who will apply the recipe – correctly! And today we’re going to continue to pointing to other evidence that shows the absurdity of believing that random and chaotic activity could generate an integrated structure that has more than 100 billion subordinate parts. VK: A lot more ingredients than it takes to make a cake … RD: True dat – and all those ingredients must be present in just the right places and just the right amounts for life to be possible. Today we want to do an in-depth look at the most amazing information storage medium on the planet – DNA. We’re doing this because we want people to have facts that run directly counter to the assertion that random chance could have produced living creatures. VK: Well, just as a brief review to set the stage – we have already learned several critical things about the biomolecular structure of living things. As you said, the basic structure of all life on earth, whether plant or animal, is a cell. Some creatures like bacteria are only a single cell. Human beings contain over 35 trillion cells. Regardless of the number all life on earth is cellular based. Cells are composed of permeable membranes that encase the components of the cell that actually carry on the business of life. Those components include protein “machines” and nucleic [NU-CLAY-ICK] acids. The most famous nucleic acid is, of course, DNA. Proteins are built from organic compounds called amino acids. Amino acids are small compounds consisting of 10 to 20 atoms. There are hundreds of known amino acids but only 20 of those are used by living creatures. RD: And DNA is built from compounds called nucleotides [NU-KLEE-O-TIDES]. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides of DNA are linked together through their phosphate group and they differ only in the structure of their nitrogen containing base. Specifically, there are 4 bases that comprise the structure of DNA: adenine [a-duh-neen], guanine [gwaa-neen}, cytosine [sai-tuh-seen], and thymine [thigh-mean]. They are usually abbreviated A, G, C, and T. So, these are the “letters” of the genetic alphabet. For chemical reasons the adenine in DNA tends to form an association with thymine and guanine forms an association with cytosine. And DNA is made up of two long strands – the famous double helix – joined by means of the associations: A with T and C with G. This means that the two strands are complimentary. From a DNA standpoint the simplest form of life that lives independently is a bacterium known as mycoplasma genitalium. It has about 500,000 base pairs in its DNA strand. Human beings by contrast have 3 Billion base pairs in our DNA. VK: So, DNA even at its simplest is not a simple structure. I think a lot of people are misled by the fact that we are talking about things that are so small they can only be seen by sophisticated microscopes. I think some people associate small size with simplicity. But with respect to DNA that’s not true at all, is it? RD: No. We must get away from thinking that just because DNA is incredibly small from a visual standpoint that somehow its small size reflects the level of complexity that is represented in its structure. If anything we should marvel that something so small can have so many separate subunits that each has its own place and function. So, today I want to focus on the fact that DNA is a 4 dimensional information storage system. There’s a great article about this on creation.com which is the website for Creation Ministries International. One of the key takeaways from this article, as well as many other articles that are on their website, is that DNA’s information function is not dependent on its chemistry. Just as the chemistry of ink and paper do not determine the information that is present on a printed page, the chemical components that comprise DNA do not determine the messages that it stores and sends. VK: That’s a pretty radical thought but it was one which Dr. Jonathan Sarfati told us about when he was a guest on Anchored by Truth. Paper and ink have chemical elements that form them, and permit them to be useful to store and communicate information but the pen and ink don’t control the information. It requires intelligence to use that paper and ink to store or transmit information. This is the same thing that occurs with DNA. And it comes as a surprise to most people. RD: Yes. We are so surrounded by the pseudo-scientific narrative that life arose randomly from inanimate matter that even most Christians are beguiled thinking that our bodies are the product of matter and energy. It can come as a bit of a shock to realize that we are the product of so much more. The way that DNA functions is a perfect example of that. The first level of information that DNA contains is simply the order of the “letters” – the nucleotide base pairs. The first 15 letters of DNA in the human “Y” chromosome are “CTAACCCTAACCCTA.” The entire human genome has been mapped. VK: Now just about everyone has heard about “genes” and most people know that genes control inherited characteristics. A gene is a small section of DNA that contains the instructions for a specific molecule, usually a protein. The purpose of genes is to store information. Each gene contains the information required to build specific proteins needed in an organism. The human genome contains 20,687 protein-coding genes. Genes come in different forms, called alleles. The genes for blue eyes and brown eyes obviously code for the same characteristic, eye color. But the genes for brown eyes and blue eyes are different. So, they would be alleles. RD: So, this first level of information is just a sequence of letters. That seems pretty simple. But you start to get a hint of the other levels of information when you realize that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes but our bodies produce over 100,000 different proteins. Some estimates are that the human body produces over 300,000 distinct proteins. VK: Twenty thousand genes seem like a lot but it was actually a much lower number than expected. The low number of genes in the human genome was troubling for several reasons. First, it meant that human beings did not have that many more genes than organisms that were much simpler. Second, it meant we were creating a great many proteins from relatively few genes. Scientist had no idea how this could be done on such a large scale. And third, the complexity of the human genome just kept multiplying the barriers to envisaging how such sophistication could arise by random and chaotic forces. RD: When science first discovered genes they thought they had discovered the secret that solved the mystery of how one generation passed various traits to another. Scientists initially saw the gene as the master controller that regulates the outward expression of the attributes of an organism. This idea was popularized in Richard Dawkins’ book, The Selfish Gene. But that initial model turned out, as so often happens with God’s creation, to be far too simple. It had become conventional wisdom to say that any characteristics we acquire during our lives cannot be passed to our kids. But we now know that while this idea was partially true, it is an incomplete truth. In fact, there are times when characteristics acquired by a parent are passed to a child and there is now an entire branch of study called “epigenetics” to understand how this happens. But the idea that the outward interactions of an organism with its environment might pass information back to the genome, or even just affects how the genome performs its function was completely rejected for decades. Then came the science of what is now called epigenetics. VK: The CDC defines epigenetics as the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Marc Ambler who was on the board of Creation Ministries International said “[Epigenetics] poses a profound challenge to evolution because it suggests that latent genetic information of sorts is sitting in the DNA waiting for a particular environment in order to be switched on or off. It is like information in a book with certain pages stapled together, only to be opened and the information acted upon in certain environmental circumstances. If evolution occurs by natural selection, via the environment culling or conserving the effect of random mutations, how can there possibly be a ‘suite’ of genetic information just waiting there to be switched on by an environment to which the organism has yet to be exposed?” RD: Yes. Now I just to remind everyone what this discussion is all about. The fact that a single gene may code for more than one protein and that our DNA may be affected by our environment is strongly suggestive of the fact that the first level of information in DNA – the sequence of the letters – does not tell the whole story. At first, after the initial discover of DNA, scientists thought they had the key to whole biological puzzle. The idea was that if we could just “learn the code” – in effect figure out the sequence - we could perform miracles. That’s why scientists petitioned the US government in the 1990’s to fund the sequencing of the human genome. And they did. And after doing so we found out that the sequence of the letters in human DNA was only the beginning of understanding DNA. Because DNA is far more complicated than just its very complex sequence of letters. VK: So, if the sequence of the letters in DNA is the first level of information, what is the second level? RD: The second dimension of the genome deals with the way one section of DNA interacts with another section. It’s easy enough to create a visual depiction of the first dimension of DNA. It is essentially just a long sequence of the letters A, C, T, and G. But trying to draw a pictorial representation of the second dimension would create a dizzying array of lines and arrows that connect different parts of the linear string of DNA. The depiction would be so complicated it would be as if you were standing in the midst of a galaxy with beams of light crossing across one another. VK: Biologist Dr. Robert Carter has said this about the second informational dimension of DNA. “The second dimension deals with things like specificity factors, enhancers, repressors, activators, and transcription factors. These are proteins that are coded in the DNA, but they move to another part of the genome after they are made and turn something on or off. But there are additional things happening in this dimension. During the process of protein manufacturing, a gene is “read” by the cell during a process called transcription. Here, the DNA is copied into a molecule called RNA. The RNA is then translated into a protein. …But in a process called post-transcriptional regulation, the RNA can be inactivated or activated by other factors (like [micro RNAs]) coded elsewhere in the genome. ... One of the greatest mysteries is how only about 22,000 genes can produce more than 300,000 distinct proteins. The answer is that the cell goes through a process called alternate splicing, where the genes are sliced and diced and different parts are used by different cells at different times and under different circumstances to produce the many different proteins. This incredibly complex process is just one part of that second dimension of the genome.” RD: The complexity the first dimension of DNA helps put to rest the idea that the chemical structure of DNA is what controls DNA’s function within a cell. Well, if the first dimension began the process, the second dimension of information contained within DNA puts a stake in its heart. Simply put, human beings have not been able to create any information systems that have this level of complexity and interactivity. We are well familiar with information systems like written communication that transmit information be reading something from right to left or left to right. But to create an information system where information is not only derived from reading each letter or word in one direction but where that system provides meaningful information connecting every 5th word, 10th word, and 20th word would boggle our minds. Yet even this isn’t the end of the information that resides within DNA. There are still more dimensions. VK: Dr. Carter has also written that, “The third dimension deals with how the shape of the DNA molecule affects the expression and control of different genes. We have learned that sections of DNA that are buried deep within the coiled-up DNA cannot be activated easily. So genes that are used often are generally easily accessible. Thus, when God wrote out the information in the genome along that one-dimensional strand, He intentionally put things in a certain order so that they would be in the correct place when the DNA was folded into a 3-D shape.” RD: Yes. Like most components of the cell it would be extremely impractical for the body to store DNA in a linear state. The DNA in a single cell would be about 6 feet long if it were laid out in a straight line. It would be extremely thin but it would stretch for 6 feet. The National Institutes for Health have estimated that the DNA present in a human body would be over 67 Billion miles long if all the strands were laid end to end – that’s the equivalent of 150,000 trips to the moon – and back. To store all that DNA the body coils it in tight coils that fit within the nuclei of the various cells. Therefore, in the human body DNA is found in a 3 dimensional shape not a straight line which would be 2 dimensions. This adds complexity to the issue of how the body can acquire the information stored in the genes that are on the DNA. As Dr. Carter mentioned we now know that the genes that are used most often are stored on the outside of the 3 dimensional structure where they are most easily accessible. Moreover, sometimes as we’ve alluded to above the various genes sometimes operate in cooperation with other genes. Well, we now know that genes that are used together are generally found next to each other in the 3 dimensional storage arrangement even when those genes are found on different chromosomes. VK: It’s like a homeowner who is organizing his garage. In the garage they may have some items they use in the garden, some that are used for home repairs, some that are needed for the cars and trucks, and maybe some that they only need once a year like the Christmas decorations. A wise homeowner is likely to organize the garage so the garden shears are close to the rakes rather than with the Christmas light strings and nativity set. But it goes without saying that when the homeowner does this it is because the homeowner knows and understands the use of the things they are storing. In putting things away in the garage they are applying information and intelligence. And, in fact, the storage system that is represented in how DNA is stored within a cell is far more complicated that even the storage system used in the largest industrial warehouses. RD: Exactly. We still need to talk about the 4th dimension of information that is found in DNA but since we’re running out of time I want to give our listeners a very inexact model for DNA’s amazing information system. Imagine that you found a long, thin plastic tube. As you examined the tube you realized that written on the outside in letters that spiraled around the tube was a list of ingredients for an amazing 7 course meal. At the bottom of the tube the final line said “twist this tube 3 times.” After you did so you found out that the letters now gave you all the steps in preparing the ingredients – the chopping, slicing, dicing, grating, etc. Then the final instruction said hold near the stove. And when you did so you found out that certain portions of the letters now gave you precise instructions for the cooking. The last line of illuminated letters now said, “place near the completed dishes.” And when you did that you found out that different letters were now lit up which told you how to garnish, arrange, put on final toppings, and serve. You get the idea. No human technology would permit us to create an information storage system that sophisticated yet we’re asked to believe that random chance built a biological information system that is thousands or millions of times more elegant. VK: Well, all that has made me a little hungry but it does make the point. We’re familiar with single dimension information systems because that’s what we experience in our daily lives. Probably, with a lot of effort and planning, we might create a single system that has multiple dimensions of information. But those systems certainly wouldn’t run into the billions of letter or symbols that served multiple tasks simultaneously. The sophistication of DNA eludes us even now. The only reasonable explanation for DNA’s relentless display of information sophistication is because it was prepared and created by the Ultimate, Infinite Designer. It’s just a little bit silly to believe that unintelligent and undirected matter and energy could produce DNA when even the most intelligent scientists could not do so. But God could and that’s what our opening scripture from Hebrews tells us. This sounds like a time to go to God I prayer. Since our children are back in school and busily working their way through the academic year, today let’s listen to a prayer for all of them who could benefit from a little divine help with upcoming tests. ---- PRAYER FOR TAKING A TEST VK: We’d like to remind our audience that a lot of our radio episodes are linked together in series of topics so if they missed any episodes or if they just want to hear one again, all of these episodes are available on your favorite podcast app. To find them just search on “Anchored by Truth by Crystal Sea Books.” If you’d like to hear more, try out crystalseabooks.com where “We’re not perfect but our Boss is!” (Bible Quote from the New International Version) Hebrews, chapter 3, verse 4, New International Version The human genome is amazingly complex (creation.com) Four Dimensional Genome (creation.com) Splicing and dicing the human genome (creation.com) We are less than dust (creation.com) Epigenetics challenges neo-Darwinism (creation.com)

NUCLEOTIDES: The Fountain Of Youth. Are Nucleotides the missing macronutrient we've all been deprived of? Dr Peter Koeppel joins us today to discuss why he's dedicated his entire life to the study / use of nucleotides.Nucleotides are essential for cellular health throughout the body, but why isn't anyone telling us, are we being robbed on purpose?We talk about the correct way to optimize your immune function, and how Peter has found a way to reverse aging.Dr Koeppel discusses what he has witnessed first hand in patients, given only weeks to live, who take nucleotides and are still living an amazing life 20 years later!We also hear about the long standing allergies that were positively improved within 5 minutes of taking nucleotides and much more.This episode will literally blow you away, and I can say, that since listening I haven't missed one day with my Nucleotides.So tune in and learn why nucleotides are non-negotiable, an a absolute must for you, and those you want to be healthy and around for a very long time.Michael & Paul If you want to learn more about Nucleotides after listening, here's the link >> https://store.michaelmorelli.com/products/nnnsport®-x-cellGet My FREE Meal Guide >>  https://michaelmorelli.com/ Get High Quality Organic Supplements >>https://detoxorganics.com/Book a call with Paul: https://calendly.com/paul-burgess/complimentary-30-minute-consult 

The RSB Show 11-18-22 - Anti-Fentanyl Vaccine, Laura Oblon, Healing Lupus, Nucleotides, COVID Microbiome, Global Vaccine Passports, Fauci Secrets, Tribunal Warning, Questions Of The Day

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Dr. Henrique Borges da Silva is an Assistant Professor at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona. His main research focus is determining how extracellular nucleotides affect transcriptional, metabolic, and functional mechanisms of CD8+ T cells in response to viral infections and cancer. He talks about where extracellular ATP comes from, and how there could be a link between ATP and ADP immunological signaling and the powers of caffeine.

On this ID the Future, Brian Miller, research coordinator for the Center for Science & Culture, reports on laboratory research recently presented in Nature Communications and in a University of Tokyo press release— research that supposedly provides dramatic “new insights into the possible origin of life,” and specifically “the molecular evolution of RNA.” The popular press picked up on these claims and ran with them, including in this May 5 Quanta article that breathlessly reported, “When researchers gave a genetic molecule the ability to replicate, it evolved over time into a complex network of ‘hosts' and ‘parasites' that both competed and cooperated to survive.” Miller says nothing remotely this dramatic occurred in the experiment. He insists there were no great Read More › Source

Malcolm wrote in to ask "How can we identify a disease? When looking at a sample of chromosomes, what are scientists looking for to spot a diseased gene?". Otis Kingsman spoke to Jocelynn Pearl from the Lady Scientist Podcast to solve this mutation mystery... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

* Nature Paper Confirms RSR Rejection of 'Junk' DNA: A landmark study by 440 researchers working in 32 laboratories aro und the world has so far been able to identify function for 80 percent of the human genome! Real Science Radio co-hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams also present six minutes of audio from 1998 when leading evolutionist Eugenie Scott tells Bob that genetic scientists were "over the hump" and affirmatively knew that the pseudogenes had no function and that such junk DNA was therefore evidence against the existence of a Designer. Hear the fundamentalist Bible teacher disagree with the degreed scientist, and guess who science has vindicated? * Notice the Nucleotides in the Trash Bags: :) -->* Hear Eugenie Scott & Bob Spar on Junk DNA: At the beginning of this radio program, hear audio from 1998 from Bob and leading anti-creationist Eugenie Scott debating the merits of the Junk DNA argument! (And see more below). Hear also physicist Lawrence Krauss acknowledge to Bob Enyart that his friend Eugenie was wrong. * ENCODE Project Takes Out the Trash: The project leader for ENCODE (the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) is predicting that eventually, we will learn that "100%" of the genome is functional. (ENCODE Consortium, Dunham, et al., Nature, 2012, pp. 57-74). When the scientist finally reaches the summit, he finds the theologian already there. * Famed Molecular Evolutionist in a Tough Spot: Please pray for Dan Graur. To a young-earth creationist who has been vindicated by ENCODE (and now through 2019 with mountains of consistent data continuously rising up), Dan Graur's angst is our celebration. In 2017 he published, desperately, that based on evolutionary assumptions the human genome cannot be more than at the very most 25% functional. Oh boy. Then in 2019 he acknowledged even more bluntly: If the human genome is indeed devoid of junk DNA as implied by the ENCODE project, then a long, undirected evolutionary process cannot explain the human genome. If, on the other hand, organisms are designed, then all DNA, or as much as possible, is expected to exhibit function. If ENCODE is right, then Evolution is wrong.  * 2019 Worm Update: Worm "junk DNA" turns out to control their ability to regenerate, says Harvard's Evolutionary Biology department. So, even with the worms Dr. Graur, it wasn't junk after all.   For this show, RSR recommends Dr. Don Johnson's Programming of Life DVD! * Junky Real Science Radio Shows - "Nature" Confirms Creationist Rejection of Junk DNA (this webpage) - Bob Debates an Evolutionist 1998 DVD (from our archives) - RSR: Enyart Exhumes Eugenie Scott (2005 radio program: show summary copied here...) * RSR: Bob Debates Ph.D. Evolutionist Eugenie Scott: One of the world's leading anti-creationists vs. Bob Enyart. The debate is decided in the first round, by TKO. That's after Bob asked the well-known scientist for any evidence that any high-level function had ever evolved, like eyesight, or hearing, or flight, or mobility in general? Through the hour-long debate, this evolutionist refused to offer any such evidence but finally settled on a claim of evidence against design, which was: junk DNA! * JUNK DNA: Eugenie Flubs Genetics Prediction, Creationist Hits the Bull's-eye. The negative evidence that Eugenie did offer was Junk DNA. This scientist, from her Darwinist worldview, therefore didn't offer scientific evidence but made this philosophical argument about what a Creator would or would not do; namely, that He wouldn't fill our genome with so much non-protein-coding DNA. While some simple worms have 20,000 genes, it is typically a small portion of DNA that actually codes for proteins. A human has only 20,500 genes, which fills only 2% of our genome. Yet the widespread evolutionary claim for decades (including through the last two decades, and for many, still held today) was that the rest of the genome was left-over evolutionary garbage. Debating this physical anthropologist, Bob Enyart was just a Christian fundamentalist talk show host who spoke from his biblical worldview. Bob argued that our knowledge of genetics was in its infancy, and that it was too early to make the determination that all those non-coding segments of DNA had no function. After this 1998 debate, the next decade of explosive genetic discoveries overwhelmingly validated this creationist perspective, so much so that aside from coding for 20,500 proteins, it is estimated that the remainder of the genome has approximately four million other functional regulatory segments of DNA. So much for junk. Fulfilled predictions, as the world saw with Einstein's 1919 eclipse prediction, go toward scientific credibility. However, Dr. Scott strongly rejected this creationist prediction making an extraordinary claim, which Bob immediately offered her to retract, that scientists currently knew everything they would ever need to know about genetics to conclusively state that all those regions were useless junk. Bob would love a rematch. But Eugenie Scott, (Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology, leading anti-creationist, and director of the National Center for Science Education), who had just debated evolution on a nationwide PBS television program, ended this one-hour program with Bob stating, "Well, I don't debate." * The Diet Pop Junk DNA Syndrome: Junk DNA = Junk Science. Junk DNA was a science stopper. The many Darwinists who strongly pushed (and many still do) the Junk DNA claim predicted that nearly 100% of the entire human genome, the portion that was non-coding, was mostly just left-over junk DNA. It's like a diet cola having NO sugar, NO calories, NO cholesterol, NO fiber, NO protein, NO carbs, NO sodium, NO fat. One wonders what in the world gives it its taste. So from the 1970s it's not surprising, assuming as they did that nearly 95% or so of the DNA was junk anyway, that evolutionists could make such sloppy claims about DNA reinforcing the Darwinian tree. However, now, with the List of Genomes that Just Don't Fit, evolutionary geneticists have falsified the claim that DNA confirms Darwinian predictions. And all that progress aside, the canard that there's nearly a 99% similarity between humans and chimps should have been falsified merely by a careful look at differences in brain and overall anatomy. * Tossing the Wright Brothers Materials and Tools: Consider the significance of the four million regulatory regions of the human genome as compared to the relatively tiny portion that codes for proteins. The creationist Wright Brothers' design, that is, their regulatory input, so-to-speak, dwarfed the importance of the particular kinds of materials and tools that built their airplane. Other tools and materials could suffice. But all the tools and materials in the world assembled for workers who had no design to begin with would not produce an airplane. Thus the regulatory portion of the genome, including that in epigenetics, very possibly may be the more significant part. And similarly, the design concept of a nucleus itself is far more important than what specific chemistry will implement it. * Another Bit of (Famous) Junk DNA Reclassified: (2013 Update.) First consider this analogy from astronomy. Cosmologists cannot show that a big bang could create the contents of the universe because it's impossible to formulate an explanation for the origin of something if you don't know what that something is! And 96% of what's supposedly in a "big bang universe", all that dark matter and dark energy, is of unknown composition. Thus it's no wonder that even the latest textbooks on big bang nucleosynthesis don't even mention, for example, the production of dark matter! Likewise, because geneticists have difficulty even to defining what a "gene" is (see Moran on Dawkins, for example), evolutionists have oversold their case in calling portions of a genome a "pseudogene". As it turns out, a piece of DNA spectacularly referred to as a functionless piece of junk by famed evolutionist Kenneth Miller apparently has important function, according to a 2013 paper in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution. There's a layman's explanation of this issue written by Casey Luskin. Leading evolutionists misunderstood and thus misused the beta-globin "pseudogene" to make what amounts to a religious argument about what a Designer may or may not be inclined to do. As Luskin explains, Darwinists claimed that "matching mistakes" in various species in this "pseudogene" disproved the claim of a designer. But as it turns out, those "matching mistakes" are actually conserved genetic functionality, so that like Darwinist arguments generally, this evolution claim was based on ignorance and it evaporated as science learned more. Additionally, however, (and this gets to the related question of how much marijuana is smoked by leading evolutionists) the theory of neo-Darwinism itself refutes this popular beta-globin pseudogene claim. For if this segment of DNA had no function (i.e., if it were junk) it would NOT have been conserved by natural selection! Mutations over millions of years would have altered any "mistaken" nucleotides. Thus, by the theory itself, we do not expect to see non-functioning segments of DNA with conserved sequences of junk that arose from mutations over millions of years. Thus, the fact that these segments were conserved pointed directly to their being conserved, and functional (and, by the way, to their being designed). * Can Evolution Proceed One Small Step at a Time? If it is true that there are no "small steps," logically or physically, between monochromatic and dichromatic vision, then at least for this wildly complex vision-system upgrade, Richard Dawkins' Mt. Improbable must be scaled in one huge step. And scaling such a complexity cliff in one step, he himself admits, would be very difficult to advocate. There are no Darwin-friendly small steps between eukaryote (nucleus) and prokaryote (no nucleus), nor between invertebrate and vertebrate, nor between monochromatic and dichromatic vision. Whether you are an extinct fossil or a living species, you either have a backbone or you don't; you either have a nucleus or you don't, you might have monochromatic or dichromatic vision, or not, but you don't have something in between. Post-show Note: Illustrating this nicely the Wikipedia article on transposons states, ironically that transposition elements, "are often considered 'junk DNA'. In Oxytricha... they play a critical role..." And from Scientific American, "The term 'junk DNA' repelled mainstream researchers from studying noncoding genetic material for many years." Today's Resource: Get the greatest cell biology video ever made! Getting this on DVD: - helps you to share it with others - helps keep Real Science Radio on the air, and - gets you Dr. Don Johnson's book as a bonus! Information is encoded in every cell in our DNA and in all living things. Learn how the common worldview of life's origin, chemical evolution, conflicts with our knowledge of Information Science. Finally, information Science is changing the way millions of people think about all living systems! Also, have you browsed through our Science Department in the KGOV Store? You just might LOVE IT! We offer a 30-day money back guarantee on all purchases.

Today we talk about the benefits of nucleotides, why they are important and how to get them! Benefits include: Better immune function Anti Ageing Quicker recovery from injury or training Better stress response Lower body fat Improved gut health Better oxygenation The list goes on... https://www.instagram.com/avitabydrv/  www.paulburgess.uk     

This podcast covers the strategy of targeting 3 enzymes in nucleotide biosynthesis by chemotherapy drugs. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. Similar content is available at: MEDBIOCHEM.ORG --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Interview with Dana Wilson — 0:30 – 16:15Background on CHIP and on Dana's career.How CHIP Professionals works as a matching platform.The chance to elevate more POC voices in the space.The open lane for CHIP.Partnering with the wirehouses and big shops.Interview with Jordan Waxman — 17:00 – 45:30Nucleus Advisors' focus and experience with athletes, entertainers and advocates.The NCAA change and what it means.How many athletes will have this opportunity.Could there be further changes to marketing or even scholarly requirements?Potential of NCAA certification to work with athletes.The Olympics example.Related Article: Dana's See it Be it award profileRelated Article: Newfound financial freedom for college athletes could be a game-changer for advisersGuest Bio:  Dana L. Wilson is a diversity and inclusion financial industry award winner and an experienced financial professional with over 15 years in the financial services industry. She graduated from North Carolina Central University, where she received her Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) with a concentration in Marketing. She is currently an Executive MBA candidate at Penn State University's Smeal School of Business, where she is studying Strategic Leadership and will complete a concentration in Corporate Innovation.Dana is the founder and CEO of CHIP (Changing How Individuals Prosper), a B2B financial services marketplace that makes it easy to find Black and Latinx financial professionals.Jordan Waxman is the managing partner of Nucleus Advisors, a private wealth planning and management firm. Jordan, a life-long learner, just completed his second advanced degree — the LL.M. degree in Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law at the University of Miami — in support of his work as a thought leader of Nucleus' sports and entertainment business. Jordan's personal quest to prepare all Nucleotides for future leadership roles supports Nucleus' simple business mission — to be with our clients as Nucleus continually reaches for preeminence in wealth advisory. Jordan has been ranked among the top 100 financial advisers for several years by Forbes Shook, Barron's, the Financial Times and other publications.

This podcasts describes some of the key features of purine biosynthesis including important therapeutic strategies for disrupting nucleotide synthesis. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

This podcast describes the biosyhthesis of pyrimidenes and summarizes some of the cancer therapeutic strategies targeting nucleotide biosynthesis. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Our special guest, Spencer, wonders what protein folding is, and Linh and Dimitri try their best to explain it… slowly… Follow Spencer Curtis on Twitter: https://twitter.com/spencerccurtis References: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinfolding - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home - https://foldingathome.org - Community science program - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk - Motor Protein Errata: - Nucleotides used in RNA: C (cytosine), G (guanine), A (adenine), U (uracil) - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

GET TRANSCRIPT AND FULL SHOWNOTES: melanieavalon.com/energyformula 2:00 - Follow Melanie On Instagram To See The Latest Moments, Products, And #AllTheThings! @MelanieAvalon 2:10 - IF Biohackers: Intermittent Fasting + Real Foods + Life: Join Melanie's Facebook Group At Facebook.com/groups/paleoOMAD For A Weekly Episode GIVEAWAY, And To Discuss And Learn About All Things Biohacking! All Conversations Welcome! 2:40 - FOOD SENSE GUIDE: Get Melanie's App At Melanieavalon.com/foodsenseguide To Tackle Your Food Sensitivities! Food Sense Includes A Searchable Catalogue Of 300+ Foods, Revealing Their Gluten, FODMAP, Lectin, Histamine, Amine, Glutamate, Oxalate, Salicylate, Sulfite, And Thiol Status. Food Sense Also Includes Compound Overviews, Reactions To Look For, Lists Of Foods High And Low In Them, The Ability To Create Your Own Personal Lists, And More! 3:15 - BEAUTYCOUNTER: Non-Toxic Beauty Products Tested For Heavy Metals, Which Support Skin Health And Look Amazing! Shop At beautycounter.com/melanieavalon For Something Magical! For Exclusive Offers And Discounts, And More On The Science Of Skincare, Get On Melanie's Private Beautycounter Email List At melanieavalon.com/cleanbeauty! Find Your Perfect Beautycounter Products With Melanie's Quiz: melanieavalon.com/beautycounterquiz 8:25 - Shawn's Beginnings 14:00 - Orthorexia 16:00 - The Role Of Fear In Health 21:40 - Being A Bio-Hacktivist 24:25 - The Relationship With Biohacking And Supplements 25:25 - Bad Supplements On The Market 27:35 - Is There Any Type Of Certification? 29:20 - FEALS: Feals Makes CBD Oil Which Satisfies ALL Of Melanie's Stringent Criteria - It's Premium, Full Spectrum, Organic, Tested, Pure CBD In MCT Oil! It's Delivered Directly To Your Doorstep. CBD Supports The Body's Natural Cannabinoid System, And Can Address An Array Of Issues, From Sleep To Stress To Chronic Pain, And More! Go To feals.com/melanieavalon To Become A Member And Get 50% Off Your First Order, With Free Shipping! 32:00 - How Are Vitamins And Supplements Made? 35:20 - What About Transdermal Patches? 38:15 - NMN Vs NR 38:00 - Intranasal Application 41:10 - Glutathione Supplementation 42:35 - L-Ergothioneine 44:10 - The Power Of Mushrooms 44:55 - Taking Exogenous Antioxidants; Vitamin C 47:00 - Polyphenols And Xenohormesis 49:40 - Whole Food Vs Supplements 53:20 - CBD 56:00 - Isolated Vs Full Spectrum CBD 57:00 - Powdered Processed Foods 59:20 - Whey Protein 1:00:30 - Collagen 1:02:20 - Importance Of Amino Acid Ratios 1:04:10 - Glycine 1:06:00 - What Is CD38? 1:08:20 - Berberine 1:10:30 - Berberine's Anti-Viral Properties 1:18:05 - SUNLIGHTEN: Get $200 Off Any Sunlighten Cabin Model Or $100 Off The Solo Unit (That Melanie Has!) AND $99 Shipping (Regularly $598) With The Code MelanieAvalon At melanieavalon.com/sunlighten. Forward Your Proof Of Purchase To Podcast@MelanieAvalon.com, To Receive A Signed Copy Of What When Wine! 1:19:20 - How Do You Know If Your Supplements Are Effective? 1:22:55 - Shawn's Top Picks 1:24:15 - Thoughts On Breaking A Fast 1:29:10 - Exogenous Ketones; RBHB Sodium 1:31:45 - MCTs 1:35:40 - BAIBA 1:37:45 - Anandamide 1:41:45 - Dehydrozingerone 1:45:10 - Nucleotides  1:46:10 - Tetrahydrocurcumin  1:50:00 - Raspberry Ketones

Learn about how we could use DNA to store all of human knowledge for thousands of years. Then, test your podcast knowledge with the Curiosity Challenge trivia game. You’ll also learn about why becoming a parent may help you live longer.  DNA data storage could store all human knowledge in a small space for thousands of years by Grant Currin TED-Ed. (2017). Is DNA the future of data storage? - Leo Bear-McGuinness [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8qWc9X4f6k  Yong, E. (2014). DNA storage: The code that could save civilisation. Bbc.com. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20130724-saving-civilisation-in-one-room  Shankland, S. (2019, June 29). Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech. CNET; CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/  Netflix. (2020). Biohackers | First Original Series stored in DNA | Netflix [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMYgjOHgHxc  Armstrong, S. (2019, March 15). With AI and DNA, Massive Attack are hacking a new kind of music. WIRED UK. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/massive-attack-mezzanine-dna  Adi Robertson. (2016, July 7). Microsoft stored an OK Go music video in strings of DNA. The Verge; The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/7/12114480/dna-storage-ok-go-microsoft-university-washington-twist-bioscience  Episodes referenced in Curiosity Challenge Trivia game: Neanderthals: https://www.curiositydaily.com/how-to-know-youre-running-low-on-vitamins/   Catnip: https://www.curiositydaily.com/time-management-can-make-you-happier/   Holding your breath: https://www.curiositydaily.com/why-cant-you-hold-your-breath-to-death/  If You Want to Live Longer, Become a Parent by Ashley Hamer Davis, N. (2017, March 14). Parenthood can help you live longer in older age, research suggests. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/14/parenthood-can-help-you-live-longer-in-older-age-research-suggests  ‌Modig, K., Talbäck, M., Torssander, J., & Ahlbom, A. (2017). Payback time? Influence of having children on mortality in old age. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(5), 424–430. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207857  Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer. You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today’s ID the Future features the next in a YouTube video series by Dr. James Tour on the origin-of-life problem. Here Tour, a distinguished synthetic organic chemist, lists the characteristics of life and describes some features of the early Earth where life first appeared. Then he provides a fast flyover of the many grave problems of blindly evolving the first living cell from prebiotic materials.  Source

Today’s ID the Future provides another peek at A Mousetrap for Darwin: Michael J. Behe Answers His Critics. Here Behe and host Eric Anderson discuss the new book’s section on malaria evolution. Evolutionists say malaria’s ability to evolve resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine is powerful evidence of unguided microbe-to-man evolution. Behe discusses how this evolutionary innovation required two coordinated mutations and lies at the outside edge of what blind evolution can manage. But many innovations in the history of life require three or more coordinated mutations, which Behe argues is so improbable as to lie beyond the reach of blind evolution. If so, this would discredit evolutionary theory. Drawing from his new book, Behe discusses various attempts to discredit Read More › Source

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.17.387142v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, W., Kim, C., Tam, C. P., Lelyveld, V., Bala, S., Chaput, J., Szostak, J. W. Abstract: The prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleotides is likely to have been accompanied by the synthesis of noncanonical nucleotides including the threo-nucleotide building blocks of TNA. Here we examine the ability of activated threo-nucleotides to participate in nonenzymatic template-directed polymerization. We find that primer extension by multiple sequential threo-nucleotide monomers can occur but is strongly disfavored relative to ribo-nucleotides. Kinetic, NMR and crystallographic studies suggest that this is due in part to the slow formation of the imidazolium-bridged TNA intermediate in primer extension, and in part because of the greater distance between the attacking RNA primer 3'-hydroxyl and the phosphate of the incoming threo-nucleotide intermediate. Even a single activated threo-nucleotide in the presence of an activated downstream RNA oligonucleotide is added to the primer ten-fold more slowly than an activated ribonucleotide. In contrast, a single activated threo-nucleotide at the end of an RNA primer or in an RNA template results in only a modest decrease in the rate of primer extension, consistent with the minor and local structural distortions revealed by crystal structures. Our results are consistent with a model in which heterogeneous primordial oligonucleotides would, through cycles of replication, have given rise to increasingly homogeneous RNA strands. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

NAD, or Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, is an enzyme derived from several different forms of the vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinamide) and amino acids like tryptophan and aspartic acid (2). This enzyme is responsible for maintaining most important biological functions, like DNA repair, immune response, stress response, cellular differentiation, circadian rhythm and metabolism (6, 3). It acts as a carrier for electrons in energy production, oxidizing and reducing to become NAD+ or NADH (4). Additionally, NAD can work to trigger mitochondrial autophagy to help maintain a healthy level of mitochondria and reduce oxidative stress (2). Boiled down, NAD is important because it is present in every cell to help with almost all “biologically important systems in the body”, and the ability to maintain NAD production is “paramount for cell survival and function” (4).

There are a few key factors that help your lymphatic system function properly, including water and Nucleotides. But today we are going to speak about a specific strain of Probiotics that are also beneficial - Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis. Take advantage of an exclusive podcast offer today by visiting www.invitehealth.com/podcast or by clicking here. For more information on the products or studies mentioned in this episode, click here. 

Right now during this pandemic, we all want to make sure we are taking the appropriate steps and measures to enhance our immune defenses. Nucleotides are a really beneficial way to do that. Here is what you need to know from Director of Nutrition, Amanda Williams, MPH.  Exclusive Offer! Take advantage of an exclusive podcast offer today by visiting www.invitehealth.com/podcast or by clicking here. For more information on the products or studies mentioned in this episode, click here.  †This information is intended for educational purposes only. It is not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or prevent any disease. Please speak with your doctor or another healthcare professional before beginning a supplement regimen.  

We are in the middle of winter and people are concerned about the flu (and rightfully so). In this episode, Chief Scientific Officer and Pharmacist, Jerry Hickey, Ph., discusses evidence on how Nucleotides can support healthy immunity. Exclusive Offer! Enjoy an additional 10% off your first Invite Health purchase by visiting www.invitehealth.com/podcast and using podcast at checkout or by clicking here. For more information on the products or studies mentioned in this episode, click here. 

Our own Scientific Director and coach Megan Roberts is back on the podcast today to discuss an important but often misunderstood aspect of health and longevity: oxidative stress.  It’s a condition associated with numerous chronic health problems including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Today we cover everything you need to know about oxidative stress: what it is, what causes it, how to know if you’ve got it, and how to fix it.  If you want an objective assessment of your own oxidative stress burden, try using our Blood Chemistry Calculator.  The calculator, powered by a machine-learning algorithm, analyzes your own basic lab work to produce a single Oxidative Balance Score that you can use to track progress over time. Note: During this podcast, you’ll hear us talk about the “Oxidative Stress Score” on the Blood Chemistry Calculator Report.  This has since been renamed the Oxidative Balance Score.   Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan N. Roberts: [00:02:20] Blood Chemistry Calculator. Example report here. [00:04:52] Free radicals. [00:05:47] Oxidative stress: not always bad.  Study: Pizzino, Gabriele, et al. "Oxidative stress: Harms and benefits for human health." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2017 (2017). [00:06:13] Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). [00:07:52] Hormesis. [00:08:47] Podcast: The High-Performance Athlete with Drs Tommy Wood and Andy Galpin. [00:09:04] Supporting adaptation vs. recovery. [00:10:07] High dose vitamins, polyphenols. [00:12:05] Diseases associated with increased oxidative stress. [00:13.30] Lipid peroxidation. [00:14:12] Metabolic Fitness Pro. [00:15:46] Factors that increase oxidative stress. [00:17:11] Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). [00:19:24] Bilirubin. [00:20:05] Uric Acid; Study: Sautin, Yuri Y., and Richard J. Johnson. "Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox." Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids 27.6-7 (2008): 608-619. [00:23:52] Albumin. [00:24:26] HDL. [00:24:53] Podcast: Health Outcome-Based Optimal Reference Ranges for Cholesterol, with Dr. Tommy Wood. [00:25:05] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). [00:26:53] Ferritin; Study: ORINO, Kouichi, et al. "Ferritin and the response to oxidative stress." Biochemical Journal 357.1 (2001): 241-247. [00:27:08] Fenton Reaction. [00:28:46] Nutritional immunity: PubMed. [00:31:26] The poor misunderstood antioxidant. [00:33:40] Dietary sources of antioxidants. [00:35:12] Supplementation can be contraindicated. [00:35:45] Measuring oxidative stress. [00:37:50] Podcast: Risk Assessment in the Genomic Era: Are We Missing the Low-Hanging Fruit? with Dr. Bryan Walsh. [00:38:21] Oxidative Balance Score. Example here. [00:40:00] What to do if oxidative stress is elevated. [00:40:44] Study: Bhatnagar, Anubhav, Yogesh Tripathi, and Anoop Kumar. "Change in oxidative stress of normotensive elderly subjects following lifestyle modifications." Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR 10.9 (2016): CC09. [00:41:30] Nutrition, digestion, absorption. [00:42:15] Avoid Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). [00:44:20] Minimally processed diet. [00:46:22] Wild Planet sardines. [00:47:27] Hormetic stress; Hormetea. [00:48:14] Podcast: Hormesis, Nootropics and Organic Acids Testing, with Dr. Tommy Wood. [00:48:26] PHAT FIBRE is currently sold out. [00:48:55] Four Sigmatic 10 Mushroom Blend. [00:49:23] Sleep, blood donation. [00:51:02] Study: Islam, Md, et al. "Dietary phytochemicals: natural swords combating inflammation and oxidation-mediated degenerative diseases." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2016 (2016). [00:55:57] bloodcalculator.com. [00:56:43] Mobile phlebotomy.

Niche Radio — Today’s episode is part 2 of a two-part interview with Swiss doctor and researcher Dr Peter Koeppel & Nutritional Pharmacist Jane Mackenzie. Nutrition has become so complicated nowadays: one minute you should eat something, the next it’s vilified for be carcinogenic! Who do you trust? Well I’m a huge believer in well, trusting yourself and your own body! That’s easier said than done I know but a good first step is to get a clue! The more you learn about your body and how it works, what makes it tick and what causes it to react, the better your nutrition and health choices become. There are many supplements out there, many experts advising us on how and when and which is best to take but there is only one true expert on you – yourself! My chat centres on an exciting area in nutrition because it takes us back to basics. Although I’ll be first to admit it’s the basics that we don’t really get taught, at least not until university. To recap from my previous post, we are multi-cellular organisms and our bodies are made up of trillions of cells. Our body uses the food we consume as the building blocks for new cells. These cells divide constantly to make new cells in order to maintain life, and cells get replaced according to their lifespans. Consider your car or house: you may clean certain parts every day, others every week, other parts must be replaced every month or couple of months and so forth. This essentially means that every day we have the opportunity to change our body because certain cells have certain lifespans: for example our stomach lining cells divide or replace themselves every two days, our red blood cells every four months, the cells of our pancreas take about a year and our bones about 25 – 30 years. In each cell in our body, is a nucleus, it’s like the cell’s head office or command centre – issuing instructions for the cell –and in this nucleus is our DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. Our DNA holds our hereditary or genetic information: that is, info that has been passed down and will be passed on when the cell replicates in order to ensure that all the information in the cell and therefore in the body, is copied correctly when it divides. Nearly every cell in your body has the same DNA. Many DNA make up genes and many genes make up chromosomes. So ultimately DNA, is like a blueprint and RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry out this blueprint's guideline. And the building blocks of DNA are called nucleotides. So we discuss how the body gets nucleotides (if we have a deficient diet) and why we really need them. A complete set of genetic material within a cell is known as the genome, so ensuring you get adequate nucleotides into your system mean that you start to influence your genetic material! Easy enough?! This episode is brought to you by Synerchi Organics www.synerchiorganics.co.za. Follow them on social media: Instagram: @synerchi_organics ; @synerchi_brothers ; Facebook: SynerChi Organics, Twitter: @synerchiO ; Contact details are as follows: info@synerchiorganics.co.za Cell Number: 079 742 8215 www.nucleotides4health.org · www.janemackenzie.co.za

Niche Radio — Today’s episode is part 1 of a two-part interview with Swiss doctor and researcher Dr Peter Koeppel & Nutritional Pharmacist Jane Mackenzie. It’s all about an exciting area in nutrition that has been neglected or even forgotten: nucleotides and restoring the human genome. Yes, it sounds very scientific but allow me to break it down for you. Humans are multi-cellular organisms, our bodies are made up of trillions of cells. These cells divide constantly to make new cells in order to maintain life. Think of a car or a house: you clean certain parts every day, others every week, other parts must be replaced every month or couple of months and so forth. So, every day we have the opportunity to change our body because certain cells have certain lifespans: for example, our stomach lining cells divide or replace themselves every two days, our red blood cells every four months, the cells of our pancreas take about a year and our bones about 25 – 30 years.  In each of these cells in our body is a nucleus, it’s like the cell’s head office or command centre issuing instructions for the cell and in this nucleus is our DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. Our DNA holds our hereditary or genetic information: that is, info that has been passed down and will be passed on when the cell replicates. Nearly every cell in your body has the same DNA. Now not all the DNA in our bodies are found in the nucleus but that’s a topic for another day… many DNA make up genes and many genes make up chromosomes. So ultimately DNA, is like a blueprint and RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry out this blueprint's guideline. I won’t go into the exact structure of DNA however, the building blocks of DNA are called nucleotides and A complete set of genetic material within a cell is known as the genome! Easy enough?! Armed with this understanding, you'll soon see why this is all so exciting!

ok hi so my name is nullslept and this is my first original lsdj track im new to chiptubes but i really like chibi tech and anamangaguchiii constructiv critism pls??!!?? -^_^- 2020 Creative Commons CC Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike (BY-NC-SA)

Brendan and Evan are here to deliver the good news: “He Is Risen.”The guys chat about Meadow and Jack Jr.’s budding romance, Tony and Ralphie’s Western-style showdown, and Gigi’s last trip to the toilet. Plus, the family hosts Thanksgiving dinner, and we learn Janice once served Barry Sanders at Kenny Rogers. Or maybe it was Colonel Sanders. It’s an all-new episode of NO FUCKIN’ ZITI. A weekly podcast about The Sopranos.

Deutsche Übersetzung des Titels: Chemische Synthese und enzymatischer Einbau von künstlichen Nukleotiden

When I was in grad school studying sports nutrition most people talked about the importance of post-workout carbs and protein in terms of actual physical muscle recovery from exercise. However, we also learned that the immune system is compromised after exercise for a brief period – basically while the body gets its bearings back. Are there any supplements we would take to prevent this or bounce back faster? We review a possible option. John always reviews the full-text of every article, but you may view the free abstract by clicking here: http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/publishahead/The_Physiological_Effects_of_Nucleotide.96819.aspx .  

This week we are joined by Dr Peter Koepell from ProBio in Switzerland. Peter is a pioneering scientist with a special interest in nucleotides. Not sure what a nucleotide is? Well this episode is going to explain what they are, how they are used in the body and why they just might be the missing link you are looking for! We talk about the possible benefits nucleotides bring to every cell in the body, how it can help gut health, muscle protein synthesis, keep you younger and possibly even weight loss! It's a great show with plenty to think about! www.nnnsport.com www.athleticnutrition.tv   paul@athleticnutrition.tv

Thu, 2 Oct 2014 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17502/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17502/1/Deimling_Tobias.pdf Deimling, Tobias ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie

Thermophorese beschreibt die von Temperaturegradienten angetriebene, gerichtete Bewegung von Partikeln. Obwohl dieser Effekt seit 1856 bekannt ist, werden die zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien immer noch aktiv diskutiert. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde ein lange vorhergesagter größenabhängiger Übergang der Thermophorese zum ersten Mal experimentell verifiziert. Die Experimente untersuchen ein sphärisches Kondensator Modell für Thermophorese. Um Vorhersagen über ionisches Abschirmen geladener Partikel zu testen, sind Nanopartikel erforderlich, deren Größe im Bereich der Debye Länge liegt: DNA und RNA Oligonucleotide. Der theoretisch prognostizierte Übergang vom Plattenkondensator- über das sphärische Kondensator- bis hin zum isolierte Sphäre-Modell wurde über einen weiten Bereich von Verhältnissen zwischen Partikelgröße und Debye Länge erfolgreich beobachtet. Die Kombination dieser ionischen Thermophorese mit einer etablierten Beschreibung der Temperaturabhängigkeit von Thermophorese von ungeladenen Partikeln reicht aus, um Thermophorese von einzel- und doppelsträngiger DNA und RNA von 5°C bis 75°C und unter Salzkonzentrationen von 0.5mM bis 500mM abzudecken. Dies umfasst einen Großteil biologisch relevanten Bedingungen. Damit lassen sich nicht triviale Abhängigkeiten der Thermophorese in sehr breiten Bereichen von Salzkonzentration und Temperaturen für hoch relevante DNA und RNA Längen mit dem bestätigten Modell vorausberechnen. Diese Experimente geben neue Impulse in der Diskussion über die Rolle von sekundären elektrischen Feldern bei der Thermophorese. Zudem kann dieses neu gewonnene theoretische Verständnis die Quantifizierung von Biomolekülaffinitäten verbessern. Kooperatives Binden, das im zweiten Teil untersucht wird, ist entscheidend für das Verständnis vieler intrazellulärer Prozesse wie z.B. der Transkription. Mithilfe von Thermophoresemessungen wird das komplette Bindungsverhalten von mehr als zwei Partnern inklusive der kooperativen Effekte untersucht, die komplexe Molekül-Interaktionen formen. Die hier präsentierte, neu entwickelte Prozedur ist sehr flexibel und setzt nur einen fluoreszierzmarkierten Bindungspartner voraus. Im Gegensatz zu Methoden, die auf der Sättigung einer Bindung bei gleichzeitiger Untersuchung einer anderen beruhen, macht dieser neue Ansatz viele zusätzliche kooperative Molekülsysteme zugänglich. Kooperatives Binden eines sternförmigen, dreiteiligen DNA-Komplexes wird mit einer einzigen Messung aufgedeckt. Bindungskonstanten und thermophoretische Eigenschaften der Komplexe werde mit Messungen von Titrationsreihen innerhalb des Konzentrationswürfels untersucht. Diese Methode kann zu einer bisher fehlenden, flexiblen Messtechnik für kooperative Effekte bei geringer Veränderungen der untersuchten Systeme werden.

The CAS lecture series „Cutting Edge“ addresses the various challenges that scholarship is facing today. Current political and economic changes, such as globalization, great discoveries like genome sequencing or the hypotheses of string theory are asking for scientific creativity. What can different disciplines offer to answer those challenges? What is the current state of research, what is cutting edge? | Center for Advanced Studies: 05.07.2012 | Speakers: Prof. Ferdi Schüth, Prof. Markus Antonietti | Moderation: Prof. Wolfgang Schnick

The CAS lecture series „Cutting Edge“ addresses the various challenges that scholarship is facing today. Current political and economic changes, such as globalization, great discoveries like genome sequencing or the hypotheses of string theory are asking for scientific creativity. What can different disciplines offer to answer those challenges? What is the current state of research, what is cutting edge? | Center for Advanced Studies: 05.07.2012 | Speakers: Prof. Ferdi Schüth, Prof. Markus Antonietti | Moderation: Prof. Wolfgang Schnick

The CAS lecture series „Cutting Edge“ addresses the various challenges that scholarship is facing today. Current political and economic changes, such as globalization, great discoveries like genome sequencing or the hypotheses of string theory are asking for scientific creativity. What can different disciplines offer to answer those challenges? What is the current state of research, what is cutting edge? | Center for Advanced Studies: 18.06.2012 | Speakers: Prof. Paul Glimcher | Moderation: Prof. Klaus Schmidt

The CAS lecture series „Cutting Edge“ addresses the various challenges that scholarship is facing today. Current political and economic changes, such as globalization, great discoveries like genome sequencing or the hypotheses of string theory are asking for scientific creativity. What can different disciplines offer to answer those challenges? What is the current state of research, what is cutting edge? | Center for Advanced Studies: 18.06.2012 | Speakers: Prof. Paul Glimcher | Moderation: Prof. Klaus Schmidt

The CAS lecture series „Cutting Edge“ addresses the various challenges that scholarship is facing today. Current political and economic changes, such as globalization, great discoveries like genome sequencing or the hypotheses of string theory are asking for scientific creativity. What can different disciplines offer to answer those challenges? What is the current state of research, what is cutting edge? | Center for Advanced Studies: 02.02.2012 | Speakers: Prof. Ivo Gut, Prof. Fernando Martinez | Moderation: Prof. Erika von Mutius

Wed, 1 Jan 1969 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7515/1/7515.pdf Trendelenburg, C.; Cremer, Thomas; Pechan, I.; Zimmer, H. G.; Gerlach, E.; Marko, P.