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Josh found his notes on the dating of Christmas and the farthest date of December 25th he could find referenced was in 200 A.D. from Hippolytus of Rome“23.3. For the first advent of our Lord in the flesh, when he was born in Bethlehem, was December 25th,3 Wednesday,4 while Augustus was in his forty-second year, but from Adam, five thousand and five hundred years. He suffered in the thirty-third year, March 25th,5 Friday,6 the eighteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, while Rufus and Roubellion were Consuls.” Hippolytus of Rome 202-211 A.D.
Even though Modern RCQ just ended, Gerry and Dave might have some big Modern events coming up, so Dave decided to give Boros Energy a shot. Spoiler: he thought it was quite good. Plus, Gerry went deep on trying to figure out which Foundations were going to make a real impact on Standard. 38:01 - Authority of the Consuls, Day of Judgment 43:59 - Ajani, Caller of the Pride 45:31 - Lyra Dawnbringer 49:21 - Opt 52:33 - Spectral Sailor 54:50 - Faebloom Trick 57:22 - Infestation Sage 58:33 - Vengeful Bloodwitch 59:13 - Massacre Wurm 1:00:50 - Ghitu Lavarunner, Viashino Pyromancer 1:01:45 - Boltwave 1:03:41 - Burst Lightning 1:03:45 - Ball Lightning 1:07:36 - Kellan 1:09:54 - Boros Charm 1:16:26 - Llanowar Elves 1:22:50 - Reclamation Sage 1:23:44 - Vivien Reid 1:25:36 - Scavenging Ooze 1:29:10 - Maelstrom Pulse 1:32:31 - Solemn Simulacrum 1:38:23 - Mazemind Tome 1:42:58 - Pyromancer's Goggles *** patreon.com/gerrytpodcast youtube.com/arenadecklists twitter.com/g3rryt twitter.com/_DaveShiels twitch.tv/gerry_t Edited by: twitter.com/heresasianjon *** Music: Mega Man 2 "Ending theme" Remix by zookun | Music composed by Manami Matsumae & Takashi Tateishi
Sanjeev Kumar Sharma and Nirajan Gauli have commenced their roles as the newly appointed Honorary Consuls of Nepal in NSW and Victoria, respectively. Listen to SBS Nepali's conversation with both Sharma and Gauli about their plans, challenges, issues and the expectations of the Nepali community from the new consulate offices. - अस्ट्रेलियाका दुई प्रमुख राज्यहरूमा नयाँ अवैतनिक वाणिज्यदूतहरू नियुक्त भएका छन्। नेपाल सरकारले सोमवार, २४ जुन २०२४ मा न्यु साउथ वेल्सका लागि सञ्जीवकुमार शर्मा र भिक्टोरियाका लागि नीराजन गाैलीलाई आफ्नो दूत नियुक्त गर्ने निर्णय लिएको थियो। गत जुलाईमा अस्ट्रेलिया सरकारको औपचारिक पत्र आएपछि शर्मा र गौलीले पदभार ग्रहण गरेर आफ्नो काम केही हप्ता अगिबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा सुरु गरेका हुन्। आफूहरूको कार्य योजना, हाल देखिएका समस्या, चुनौती लगायत नेपाली समुदायले नयाँ कन्सुलेटबाट के-कस्ता अपेक्षा राख्न सक्छन् भन्नेबारे नवनियुक्त दूतहरूसँग एसबीएस नेपालीले गरेको कुराकानी सुन्नुहोस्।
Consuls honoraires tchèques en Afrique de l'Ouest - Forêts tchèques et grands carnivores
Consuls honoraires tchèques en Afrique de l'Ouest - Forêts tchèques et grands carnivores
“23.3. For the first advent of our Lord in the flesh, when he was born in Bethlehem, was December 25th,3 Wednesday,4 while Augustus was in his forty-second year, but from Adam, five thousand and five hundred years. He suffered in the thirty-third year, March 25th,5 Friday,6 the eighteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, while Rufus and Roubellion were Consuls.” Hippolytus of Rome 202-211 A.D. This is the quote Josh skewered! Shows you how pastors get things wrong :)
During his audience with King George III after becoming the first Minister from the United States to the Court of St. James, John Adams said "I have the Honor to assure your Majesty of their unanimous Disposition and Desire to cultivate the most friendly and liberal Intercourse between your Majesty's Subjects and their Citizens." Adams' assurance has stood the test of time, in no small part due to the many able Ambassadors, Consuls and Diplomats who have represented the United Kingdom in the United States, particularly in Boston Consul-General's office, which opened in 1817. We talk with the current British Consul-General, Dr. Peter Abbott, OBE, who has come to Boston after representing his government in Lisbon, Islamabad, and Washington.
Maritime traffic between Charleston and various ports in the Spanish-speaking Americas was once an important part of the local economy. Prohibited by British law for most of South Carolina's colonial century, commerce with Cadiz, Havana, Vera Cruz, and other ports blossomed after the independence of the United States. The presence of a Spanish and later a Cuban consular office in Charleston between 1795 and 1959 provides framework for tracking the rise and fall of forgotten trade routes that brought Latin flavors to the Lowcountry.
La Cónsul General Liliana Ferrer y el Cónsul de Protección José Manuel Briseño comparten información sobre los servicios del Consulado a los mexicanos en California. Además, discuten cómo las víctimas conocen los servicios del Consulado y cómo la inmigración no es una barrera para acceder a beneficios. El Consulado General de México en el condado de Sacramento ayuda a conectar a las víctimas con servicios legales gratuitos o bajo costo. Además, los Cónsules hablan acerca la documentación e información necesaria para recabar al comunicarse con el Consulado de México. Si tiene alguna pregunta sobre el material discutido en la serie, comuníquese con el California Victims Resource Center (anteriormente el Victims of Crime Resource Center) al 1-800-VICTMS (842-8467). 29. Consulate General of Mexico in Sacramento, California Consul General Liliana Ferrer and Consul of Protection Jose Manuel Briseno share information on the Consulate's services to Mexican nationals in California. In addition, they discuss how victims are aware of the Consulate's services and how immigration is not a barrier to accessing the benefits. The Consulate General of Mexico in Sacramento County helps connect victims with probono or affordable legal services. Furthermore, the Consuls go over the documentation and information necessary to gather when contacting the Mexican Consulate. If you have any questions about the material discussed in the series, please contact the California Victims Resource Center (formerly the Victims of Crime Resource Center) at 1-800-VICTIMS (842-8467).
Situated right in the middle of the bullshit "days" in March, between Pi Day and Evacuation Day (for all you Bostonian dirtbags out there), sits the Ides of March. Danny and Kevin therefore thought it timely to discuss a show they have both watched but not really talked to each other about: Rome. Rome is an excellent historical drama that aired on HBO from 2005-2007, and unlike the Empire it dramatized, has not stood the test of time in terms of remaining relevant in public consciousness. Cross the Rubicon with us as we discuss why the show works so well, why nobody watched it, and what it could have been had it remained in production.
Patron of the podcast Micius Porcius sent us this question for Murray to answer. During the imperial period, did consuls continue leading armies in war as they had in the Republican period or were legions only led by generals assigned by the Emperor? Join us on Patron patreon.com/ancientwarfarepodcast
On this episode is the Phoenix Warden is actually better than the Champion, or not and listen to Jodi fail miserably at pronouncing future history names in part 2 of our review of the consuls. Find out why you need to get to Beta Garmon with special guest Alex form the Death and Betrayal podcast - details here in their linktree https://linktr.ee/thedabpodcast And lastly, find out why the Pathfinder gets a rise out of Kris
In this episode - Consuls! This is part 1 of 2 as the team look into legion consuls as well as legion specific options for the Alpha Legion and Space Wolves Find out who had a glow up, and who's not making it into our top 5 Which Consul does Erik think is the best? Why is the Champion suddenly REALLY good? And what's that howling coming from Jodi's corner?
There are 17 German Honorary Consuls in the UK. But how does one become a Honorary Consul? How do Honorary Consuls contribute to UK-German relations? In this episode of our podcast, Peter Barnes of the British-German Association speaks to Helga Rother-Simmonds, Honorary Consul in Cardiff, and Richard Cutler, Honorary Consul in Southampton, about their work, the image of Germany in their regions and the living connections between their areas and Germany.
Karl Deisseroth is a professor of neuroscience at Stanford University and a director at the Rock Center for Neuroimaging. In this interview, he discusses his work on the cognitive neuroscience of consuls, the importance of roads in human societies, and the origins of foresails in sailing ships.
durée : 00:02:02 - Le mot d'aqui - par : Patrice Arnaudo
Hey all! This episode has some audio issues due to recording space and microphone constraints. We've tried our best to clean it up, and we're trying to sack those responsible [Editor's note: Ian. We mean Ian]. Hope you enjoy!–IanClara and Ian explore the challenges and opportunities of first contact with three guests: NavyCon keynote speaker Abby Mullen, Foreign Service Officer and former journalist Matthew Stannard, and anthropologist Cecilee Jones! We talk about the theory of first contact, show the different routes it can take, and lay out the ways it can go wrong–past, present, and future.Also in this episode, Abby reveals why people should @ her, Clara pines for the glory of consular uniforms, Cecilee tells us how to infiltrate a Nepalese village, Matt quotes the teachings of a great sage, and Ian reverts to childhood…Listen to Abby Mullen's podcast, Consolation Prize, at https://consolationprize.rrchnm.org/! You can also hear her over on our sister podcast, Preble Hall, where she's one of the rotating hosts! https://www.usna.edu/Museum/PrebleHall/index.phpCheck out our Discord at discord.gg/6xg2sApfGJThe Joint Geeks on this episode are: Ian Boley (@IBBoley) and Clara Engle Boley; our guests are Abby Mullen (@abbymullen and @consolprize), Matthew Stannard, and Cecilee Jones.
Clause 3: Salaries. The compensation of judges may not be decreased, but may be increased, during their continuance in office. Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury. Section 2 delineates federal judicial power, and brings that power into execution by conferring original jurisdiction and also appellate jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court. Additionally, this section requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, except impeachment cases. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app
In this episode of our series on the Haitian Revolution, we watch Toussaint Louverture ascend to the zenith of his power as he defeats Andre Rigaud in the short but brutal “War of the Knives.” But as one rival exits the stage, another enters: First Consul of France Napoleon Bonaparte. Email me Follow me on Twitter Like the show on Facebook Visit the Ebay store Support the show on Patreon Works Cited Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: the Story of the Haitian Revolution. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Dubois, Laurent. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. Metropolitan Books, 2012 Fick, Carolyn. The Making of Haiti: the Saint Domingue Revolution from Below. The University of Tennessee Press, 2004. Geggus, David. The Haitian Revolution: a Documentary History. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc, 2014. James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Vintage Books, 1989.
Consuls are essential to American foreign relations. Although they may not be as flashy or as powerful as an Ambassador like Thomas Jefferson or John Quincy Adams, they're often the go-to people when an American gets in trouble abroad or when a trade deal needs to get done. Consuls operate in cities and towns throughout the world, helping to advance American interests and maintain good relations with their host countries, all while helping you replace your lost passport. Much has changed about the consular service since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when a consul could earn fees for his services, such as getting you out of a scrape with the local authorities But as today's guests demonstrates, consuls were and are the backbone of American diplomacy. Dr. Abby Mullen joins Jim Ambuske to discuss her work on American consuls in the early Republic and her podcast, Consolation Prize, a show dedicated to telling the stories of these consuls, and the wider world in which they lived. Mullen is Term Assistant Professor of History at George Mason University where she is also one of the key members of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. About Our Guest: Abby Mullen holds a PhD in history from Northeastern University (2017). Her dissertation, "Good Neighbourhood with All: Conflict and Cooperation in the First Barbary War, 1801-1805," investigates how the U.S. Navy forged international connections in the Mediterranean during the First Barbary War.Mullen is the PI on Tropy, a Mellon Foundation-funded software development project. She is also technical lead on All the Appalachian Trails, a project to create an interactive map of the history of the Appalachian Trail over the last 100 years. Mullen teaches digital history courses at George Mason University.
Consuls are essential to American foreign relations. Although they may not be as flashy or as powerful as an Ambassador like Thomas Jefferson or John Quincy Adams, they're often the go-to people when an American gets in trouble abroad or when a trade deal needs to get done. Consuls operate in cities and towns throughout the world, helping to advance American interests and maintain good relations with their host countries, all while helping you replace your lost passport. Much has changed about the consular service since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when a consul could earn fees for his services, such as getting you out of a scrape with the local authorities But as today's guests demonstrates, consuls were and are the backbone of American diplomacy. Dr. Abby Mullen joins Jim Ambuske to discuss her work on American consuls in the early Republic and her podcast, Consolation Prize, a show dedicated to telling the stories of these consuls, and the wider world in which they lived. Mullen is Term Assistant Professor of History at George Mason University where she is also one of the key members of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. About Our Guest: Abby Mullen holds a PhD in history from Northeastern University (2017). Her dissertation, "Good Neighbourhood with All: Conflict and Cooperation in the First Barbary War, 1801-1805," investigates how the U.S. Navy forged international connections in the Mediterranean during the First Barbary War.Mullen is the PI on Tropy, a Mellon Foundation-funded software development project. She is also technical lead on All the Appalachian Trails, a project to create an interactive map of the history of the Appalachian Trail over the last 100 years. Mullen teaches digital history courses at George Mason University. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mountvernon/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/mountvernon/support
Three major wars, substantial territorial annexation, and a new form for Consuls to be elected, all occurred between 349 to 300 BCE (late 4th Century BCE). Dr. Gary Forsythe, Associate Professor, Texas Tech University, makes a fifth appearance on the show to explain the events.
In this bonus episode, we look back on the stories from season one with an eye for food. Alongside a cast of guest taste-testers, producers Deepthi Murali and Kris Stinson both try and discuss many of the dishes and drinks that have appeared in the accounts of consuls from places like Jerusalem, Algiers, Martinique, and Canton. Together, they explore the many ways that food has been a powerful force in the history of consuls, belonging, and empire!Show notes and a full transcript available at consolationprize.rrchnm.org.
I know what you are thinking, “MADDY this is not Cleopatra.” I know, but in order to understand the complex political landscape Cleopatra has to maneuver, we first need to understand what was happening on the other side of the Mediterranean Sea. We briefly cover the Roman Republic and the political shift that was happening at the end of the 1st century BC that would eventually give rise to the Roman Empire. Consuls, oligarchs, and petty PR energy awaits!!!!
Rome dominates the Italian peninsula; only Carthage can rival it in Western Mediterranean. The duel between the maritime empire of Carthage and the new power of Rome will drag on for over a century.More about VITOR at www.vitoritalytours.com
James Leander Cathcart and Richard O'Brien were uniquely suited to their jobs, from one point of view: they had spent a lot of time in the region they were consuls to--as captives of the ruler during the previous decade. Their struggles to do their jobs in the Barbary states was complicated by their inability to get along with each other, and in the end they couldn't accomplish the mission they'd been charged with: to make peace without payment with the Barbary states. Shownotes are at consolationprize.rrchnm.org.
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States of America. It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party". The Court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones, but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions. Established by Article Three of the United States Constitution, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices. Each justice has lifetime tenure, meaning they remain on the Court until they resign, retire, die, or are removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it. When in majority, the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion. The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Its law enforcement arm is the Supreme Court Police. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/law-school/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/law-school/support
Sophie (aged 7) and Ellie (aged 5) decide to tell the history of New Year going back four thousand years. ----more---- They start by going to the time of the ancient Mesopotamians. They tell how they Mesopotamians celebrated New Year at the start of Spring on March 25th. They had parties and invented the idea of New Year Resolutions. Fast forward to 2000 years ago and it is the time of the Romans. The Romans also celebrated the New Year on March 25th. But they had an important thing happen on January 1st. This was the date that the Consuls of Rome took charge. They were the people in charge of the city for that year. Over time Romans started to celebrate the day they took charge as the start of the year. But the Romans had a problem too. Their calendar was all wrong. Julius Caesar was ruler of Rome. He decided to fix the mistakes in the calendar and while he was at it, he change the start of the year from March 25th to January 1st. They also used to have massive parties on January 1st. After the Romans the Christians kingdoms of Europe kept having different days for the start of the New year. Some of them used the old March 25th date and others the January 1st date. Gradually, they all started to use January 1st. For some countries Christmas was more important than New Year. But for some countries New Year was far more important. One of those countries was Scotland. There they celebrated New Year with a festival called Hogmanay. The traditions of Hogmanay are very old. Some people think that they word is French and was brought to Scotland by Mary Queen of Scots. It used to be a tradition that it brought good luck if you had a dark haired man come into your house straight after midnight. Sophie wonders whether that because a blonde haired man would be a dangerous Viking. Hogmanay is still a huge festival in Scotland. In fact the Scots have a two day holiday afterwards! We end by telling some of the story of Auld Lang Syne and Sophie and Ellie sing the first verse. We wish you all a very Happy New Year. Thank you for listening to History Storytime this year. PATRONS' CLUB Do please consider joining our Patron’s Club. Details are on www.patreon.com/historystorytime. You can access exclusive new episodes, be in an episode or choose an episode.
Within a year of the end of the American Revolution, the United States sent a ship to China, where the government hoped Americans could start a robust (and lucrative) trade. Samuel Shaw was the supercargo on that first voyage of the Empress of China. On his next voyage to Canton, he went as the U.S. consul, charged with helping the United States gain a foothold in the China trade. On behalf of the United States, he had to make a good impression---all the while knowing that the United States might not make such a good trading partner.From the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, Consolation Prize is a podcast about the history of the United States in the world through the eyes of its consuls.
Consuls are essential to American foreign relations. Although they may not be as flashy or as powerful as an Ambassador like Thomas Jefferson or John Quincy Adams, they're often the goto people when an American gets in trouble abroad or when a trade deal needs to get done. Consuls operate in cities and towns throughout the world, helping to advance American interests and maintain good relations with their host countries, all while helping you replace your lost passport. Much has changed about the consular service since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when a consul could earn fees for his services, such as getting you out of a scrape with the local authorities But as today's guests demonstrates, consuls were and are the backbone of American diplomacy. Dr. Abby Mullen joins Jim Ambuske to discuss her work on American consuls in the early Republic and her podcast, Consolation Prize, a show dedicated to telling the stories of these consuls, and the wider world in which they lived. Mullen is Term Assistant Professor of History at George Mason University where she is also one of the key members of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. About Our Guest: Abby Mullen holds a PhD in history from Northeastern University (2017). Her dissertation, "Good Neighbourhood with All: Conflict and Cooperation in the First Barbary War, 1801-1805," investigates how the U.S. Navy forged international connections in the Mediterranean during the First Barbary War.Mullen is the PI on Tropy, a Mellon Foundation-funded software development project. She is also technical lead on All the Appalachian Trails, a project to create an interactive map of the history of the Appalachian Trail over the last 100 years. Mullen teaches digital history courses at George Mason University About Our Host: Jim Ambuske, Ph.D. leads the Center for Digital History at the Washington Library. A historian of the American Revolution, Scotland, and the British Atlantic World, Ambuske graduated from the University of Virginia in 2016. He is a former Farmer Postdoctoral Fellow in Digital Humanities at the University of Virginia Law Library. At UVA Law, Ambuske co-directed the 1828 Catalogue Project and the Scottish Court of Session Project. He is currently at work on a book about emigration from Scotland in the era of the American Revolution as well as a chapter on Scottish loyalism during the American Revolution for a volume to be published by the University of Edinburgh Press.
Consuls are essential to American foreign relations. Although they may not be as flashy or as powerful as an Ambassador like Thomas Jefferson or John Quincy Adams, they’re often the goto people when an American gets in trouble abroad or when a trade deal needs to get done. Consuls operate in cities and towns throughout the world, helping to advance American interests and maintain good relations with their host countries, all while helping you to replace your lost passport. Much has changed about the consular service since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when a consul could earn fees for his services, such as getting you out of a scrape with the local authorities But as today’s guests demonstrates, consuls were and are the backbone of American diplomacy. Dr. Abby Mullen joins Jim Ambuske to discuss her work on American consuls in the early Republic and her podcast, Consolation Prize, a show dedicated to telling the stories of these consuls, and the wider world in which they lived. Mullen is Term Assistant Professor of History at George Mason University where she is also one of the key members of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. About Our Guest: Abby Mullen holds a PhD in history from Northeastern University (2017). Her dissertation, "Good Neighbourhood with All: Conflict and Cooperation in the First Barbary War, 1801-1805," investigates how the U.S. Navy forged international connections in the Mediterranean during the First Barbary War.Mullen is the PI on Tropy, a Mellon Foundation-funded software development project. She is also technical lead on All the Appalachian Trails, a project to create an interactive map of the history of the Appalachian Trail over the last 100 years. Mullen teaches digital history courses at George Mason University About Our Host: Jim Ambuske, Ph.D. leads the Center for Digital History at the Washington Library. A historian of the American Revolution, Scotland, and the British Atlantic World, Ambuske graduated from the University of Virginia in 2016. He is a former Farmer Postdoctoral Fellow in Digital Humanities at the University of Virginia Law Library. At UVA Law, Ambuske co-directed the 1828 Catalogue Project and the Scottish Court of Session Project. He is currently at work on a book about emigration from Scotland in the era of the American Revolution as well as a chapter on Scottish loyalism during the American Revolution for a volume to be published by the University of Edinburgh Press. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mountvernon/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/mountvernon/support
This week I talk about what’s going on in the US election Wally west is flash might be in Patton sins Batman universe we had the first promotional internals picture talk about some Spiderman toys also Brandon Routh Superman. may be in flashpoints
We jump into 454 BCE where we start to see the consequences of the events of the previous year play out. It's hard to get away from our "Roman Achilles" who, in his position as plebeian tribune, levels a charge of "injuring the state" against the former consul Romilius. This sets up a cascade of interesting incidents. Episode 107 - Let the Codification Begin There's little agreement between our major written sources for this year. Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus diverge in much of the details even though they hit upon some shared touchstones. But this is partly about what we don't know... Dr Rad explores some of the complexities of who is who during this period. While our sources use categories like 'patrician' and 'plebeian', these terms offer a binary model for thinking about the structure of Roman society. Often this is a simplification of what was really happening. By the time we get to the first century BCE when these histories were written, the composition of these groups is more clear cut than they were in the fifth century. Speeches as didactic tools Dr G delves into Dionysius of Halicarnassus' use of speeches as a means of teasing out a Roman perspective. Speeches are a significant feature in his writing and sets his work apart from Livy during this period. Dionysius' penchant for rhetoric offers a means of appreciating how the Romans thought. They also offer a framework for Greek readers to appreciate the reasoning of the Romans. Listen in for... Consuls with attitude!A story of a father, a son, and filial dutyThe Lex Aternia TarpeiaThe law about the laws!A surprising consular returnThe laws of Solon Our Players for 454 BCE The Consuls Spurius Tarpeius M. f. M.n. Montanus Capitolinus (Pat.)Aulus Terminius/Aternius - f. - n. Varus Fontinalis (Pat.) The Consuls of 455 BCE Titus Romilius T. f. T. n. Rocus Vaticanus (Pat)Gaius Veturius P. f. – n. Cicurinus (Pat) Tribune of the Plebs Lucius Siccius Dentatus "The Roman Achilles" Aedilis plebis Lucius Alienus Patricians of Note Spurius VerginiusAulus Verginius - legateSpurius Postumius Albus (Regillensis) - cos. 466 BCEAulus Manlius (Vulso?) - cos. 474 BCEPublius or Servius Sulpicius Camerinus (Cornutus?) - cos. 461 BCE Plebeians of Note Marcus Icilius Sound credits With gratitude we offer thanks to Bettina Joy de Guzman for the evocative musical interlude that accompanies this episode. Additional sound effects courtesy of Alexander Nakarada - Nomadic Sunset and BBC Sound Effects (Beta) Final credits: Excerpt from ‘Ancient Arcadian Harp' by Cormi 'Consul' by Pascal Quidalut
In this episode, we travel to Havana, Cuba to meet the consul Nicholas Trist, as he struggles between the dilemma of morals and money. We will explore the role of Cuba and the consul in the slave trade. We dive deep into the story of ship deserters, flag foolery, and international crime! Show notes at consolationprize.rrchnm.org.
In this bonus episode, we delve into questions like "What is a consul?" "How do you get a job as a consul?" and other things. Listen to this if you feel adrift when listening to our regular episodes!
Article 3Section 1The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.Section 2The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;-to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of different States;-between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.Section 3Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Article 2Section 1The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves.And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House ofRepresentatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice-President.The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:-"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."Section 2The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.Section 3He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of theUnited States.Section 4The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
In this episode, we travel to Vera Cruz, Mexico, to learn about how American consuls helped American businessmen assert their rights in contradiction of Mexican law. You can read more and find the transcript at https://consolationprize.rrchnm.org/blog/.
Four previous Honorary Consuls have come together to reminisce about their most memorable experiences serving the Filipinos in Victoria. - Matapos ang matagal na panahon at pag-lobby, nagbukas na ang Consulado ng Pilipinas sa Victoria. Nagsama-sama muli ang apat na nakaraang Honorary Consul sa Victoria at kanilang binalikan ang mga naging karanasan at di malilimutang ala-ala sa maraming taon ng serbisyo publiko.
This is our second part of our Consul review. In this episode we look at the Consuls for the specific Legions. Mainly it's Keith telling everyone how GREAT Speakers of the Dead are. Enjoy and if you have any feed back, contact us on. www.facebook.com/pg/TheMournivalPodcast www.facebook.com/groups/483979072006798/ Intragram @themournivalpodcast email podcast@themournival30k.co.uk
Episode 13: The Unlucky Episode. This week we chat about consuls. As Mike doesn't use any he thought it would be a good idea to talk about them. Ad try's hard to persuade Mike to look into using them. Keith and Lyall have different views on some of the new Consuls and how the are going to effect the future of the game. Follow us on www.facebook.com/pg/TheMournivalPodcast www.facebook.com/groups/483979072006798/ Intragram @themournivalpodcast email podcast@themournival30k.co.uk
President Higgins hosted an event to mark the first ever gathering of Ireland’s Honorary Consuls. For more information, see https://president.ie/en/diary/details/president-and-sabina-host-a-reception-for-honorary-consuls-in-recognition-of-their-work-overseas
On tonight's episode we talk all the new Legion Hot Shit!!! Freddie, Erik and Jodi talk all about the new legion units, how the Meta will change and how we see these units fitting into our armies If you like what we do, please consider supporting us on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheVarangianHeresy
In 495 - 493 v. Chr. steken in Rome onlusten op onder de plebejers. De groep voelt zich benadeeld door de Patriciërs en ze komen in steeds sterkere mate op voor hun belangen. De problemen spelen zo hoog op dat de Senatoren moeten vrezen voor hun veiligheid, het Senaatsgebouw bijna wordt platgebrand en zelfs de Consuls niet zeker zijn van hun veiligheid. Terwijl de vijand richting Rome marcheert doet de eerste vastgelegde staking in de geschiedenis zich voor. De plebejers weigeren te vechten voor het bestaan van de stad. De crisis zorgt voor de uiteindelijke instelling van de Tribunus Plebis of Volkstribuun.Hier vind je de link naar de website.Hier vind je de link naar de Facebookpagina.
1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution: Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?) Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly. Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are + now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written French Revolution: Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt. Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before. Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war. 5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo. He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first. 4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements. Ella - Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote 3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero. Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898. Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben - A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben - There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.
1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution: Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?) Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly. Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are + now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written French Revolution: Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt. Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before. Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war. 5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo. He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first. 4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements. Ella - Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote 3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero. Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898. Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben - A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben - There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.
European Consuls General based in Atlanta from UK, France, Germany, Ireland, Belgium, and Greece talked to Global Tennessee about business to business relations -- trade, foreign direct investment, tariffs; government relations and politics -- issues between the current US Administration and EU partners; and developments in Europe. Check out this special report interview for a snapshot of US-European relations and analysis of current issues. Interview conducted by TNWAC's Patrick Ryan and "The Tennessean's" David Plazas, Opinion Engagement Editor. Consul General of France -- Louis de Corail; Consul General of Germany in Atlanta -- Dr. Heike Fuller; Consul General of the United Kingdom -- Andrew Staunton; Consul General of Greece -- Emmanouil Androulakis; Consul General of Ireland -- Shane Stephens; Consul General of Belgium -- William De Baet.
Episode 41 – The End of the Great War— In the end, Gaius Pontius saw that his old father — Herennius Pontius, had been right all along. Samnia now had a deadly enemy called Rome, and all Romans could think of, was vengeance.The end of the Second Samnite War, from the fall of Apulia, to the inspection of Samnia, by Consul Publius Sempronius.Partial TranscriptHello, this is Abel, speaking from Sanya, in the south of China. Welcome to my podcast.The Tale of Rome. Episode 41 — The End of the Great War.We are in the year 435 of the Founding of the City. By our accounts, that is the year 319 BC.Early morning. It's the first day of the year.Not the first day of the Julian Calendar — that would come centuries later — but, the first day of the Calendar, as it was set by Romulus, and Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome.And the business of this first day of the year, was to elect the two new Consuls for the year.Serious business.Senators old and young, were hurrying to the building of the Curia, for — two really important decisions, depended on today's vote.On one hand, somebody would have to deal with the consequences of what happened at the Caudine Forks.And, on the other hand, there was a law that was going to — either pass, or not pass.And that law, had nothing to do with war, or the humiliating defeat at the Caudine Forks.That law, if passed, would take away one certain power from Consuls, and would give it to the new guys in town.The Censors.That's right — if today's law passed, Censors would become the ones, who would have the power to remove someone from the Senate, and there was a myriad of reasons why this could happen.So, anyways.Before we get into the nitty-gritty of what was going on, I would like to read a short list of six items, on how a Senator's day went on, when it was time to pass new laws, welcome new Senators into the house, and other (smaller) business at hand.ONE — Before the start of any important session, Senators would go to the Augurs, or Oracles, and see if the day in question, was actually good for passing new laws, or any other business.At that time, there were four guys with sufficient authority in all of Rome, to decide whether the day was auspicious or not.We'll talk more about this further down the line.TWO — Before any voting, there were speeches. Always. Even if the voting was as trivial as the naming of a street, a speech was to be had.THREE — Sometimes these speeches went really long. And I mean, long![…]A huge army from Tarentum showed up on the horizon, just as Romans and Samnites were about to get running into each other's throats.Their trumpets stopped everyone, and the Tarentines announced that this battle was being ordered, canceled.That's right! Canceled! And the Tarentines even said that whoever made a move to attack the other side, the army of Tarentum would immediately join the other side, and make the aggressors lose the whole fight.Right away, the Romans called up their oracle, and checked on their sacred chicken.The chicken said — well, they didn't say a thing — the oracle said, the gods were totally in favor of a frontal, brutal, battle, and that Rome was not to be afraid of the new arrival.And so — they made their battle formations, and started to walk forward.[…]
Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Sanya, in the south of China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome. Episode 41 — The End of the Great War. We are in the year 435 of the Founding of the City. By our accounts, that is the year 319 BC. Early morning. It’s the first day of the year. Not the first day of the Julian Calendar — that would come centuries later — but, the first day of the Calendar, as it was set by Romulus, and Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. And the business of this first day of the year, was to elect the two new Consuls for the year. Serious business. Senators old and young, were hurrying to the building of the Curia, for — two really important decisions, depended on today’s vote. On one hand, somebody would have to deal with the consequences of what happened at the Caudine Forks. And, on the other hand, there was a law that was going to — either pass, or not pass. And that law, had nothing to do with war, or the humiliating defeat at the Caudine Forks. That law, if passed, would take away one certain power from Consuls, and would give it to the new guys in town. The Censors. That’s right — if today’s law passed, Censors would become the ones, who would have the power to remove someone from the Senate, and there was a myriad of reasons why this could happen. So, anyways. Before we get into the nitty-gritty of what was going on, I would like to read a short list of six items, on how a Senator’s day went on, when it was time to pass new laws, welcome new Senators into the house, and other (smaller) business at hand. ONE — Before the start of any important session, Senators would go to the Augurs, or Oracles, and see if the day in question, was actually good for passing new laws, or any other business. At that time, there were four guys with sufficient authority in all of Rome, to decide whether the day was auspicious or not. We’ll talk more about this further down the line. TWO — Before any voting, there were speeches. Always. Even if the voting was as trivial as the naming of a street, a speech was to be had. THREE — Sometimes these speeches went really long. And I mean, long! […] A huge army from Tarentum showed up on the horizon, just as Romans and Samnites were about to get running into each other’s throats. Their trumpets stopped everyone, and the Tarentines announced that this battle was being ordered, canceled. That’s right! Canceled! And the Tarentines even said that whoever made a move to attack the other side, the army of Tarentum would immediately join the other side, and make the aggressors lose the whole fight. Right away, the Romans called up their oracle, and checked on their sacred chicken. The chicken said — well, they didn’t say a thing — the oracle said, the gods were totally in favor of a frontal, brutal, battle, and that Rome was not to be afraid of the new arrival. And so — they made their battle formations, and started to walk forward. […]
Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 37 — The Caudine Forks. During our last episode, we saw the end of many things. Many, many, things. The end of Publius Decius Mus, for he sacrificed himself on the battlefield. The end of Titus Manlius Torcuatus, in the books of Livy, for Livy banned him from his books, after the sacrifice of his own son. The end of the war against the Latins. The end of many peoples of Italy, such as the Sidicines, the Auruncians, the Volsci, and the Campanians, as free people. Yes, some lived on — under the strict yoke of Rome. It was also the end of the Latin League. And, yes — I was also the end of a respected Senator from Tusculum. Latin landowner and aristocrat Annius saw the end of his life, when he rolled down the stairs, at the very Roman Senate. We also saw the end of the Athenian resistance against King Philip II of Macedon, who just married yet another wife — a girl named Cleopatra of Macedon. I think, she was like, his sixth or seventh wife. And finally, I sadly announce that today we have yet another loss — this time from Ostia. In an event that happened all too often in Rome, and in cities built by Romans, the three-story insulae, where our good old slave lived, burst into flames, on a moonless night. Our slave had no time of getting down the stairs from his third floor, and while people were trying to get themselves to safety, a woman slipped on the stairs and — grabbing her husband, she dragged them both to their death. The fire devoured the entire block by the port of Ostia. […] Well, before the Romans entered the valley through the narrow pass, the Consuls sent troops ahead, to go see if something was amiss. The soldiers returned saying that everything seemed just fine, and that the valley was completely empty. But when the Roman troops began to march through the gorge, the Triarii, the most veteran soldiers, began to sense that something, was wrong indeed. It was just too calm, and they didn’t like it at all. And just when the last regiment of the Romans passed through the canyon, and just when the first part of the forces reached the exit of the canyon, they found it blocked with rocks and logs. Noticing they were trapped, they quickly began to walk back, but by then, the first entrance was blocked, too. Samnites were standing there, watching the Romans from above. […]
— Aeliana's body was placed on the left side of her husband Lucius' body.Everything was going fine for the Romans, until they walked into a canyon, and got trapped. The most humiliating defeat for 50,000 Roman soldiers, at the Caudine Forks.Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast.The Tale of Rome, Episode 37 — The Caudine Forks.During our last episode, we saw the end of many things. Many, many, things.The end of Publius Decius Mus, for he sacrificed himself on the battlefield.The end of Titus Manlius Torcuatus, in the books of Livy, for Livy banned him from his books, after the sacrifice of his own son.The end of the war against the Latins. The end of many peoples of Italy, such as the Sidicines, the Auruncians, the Volsci, and the Campanians, as free people. Yes, some lived on — under the strict yoke of Rome.It was also the end of the Latin League.And, yes — I was also the end of a respected Senator from Tusculum. Latin landowner and aristocrat Annius saw the end of his life, when he rolled down the stairs, at the very Roman Senate.We also saw the end of the Athenian resistance against King Philip II of Macedon, who just married yet another wife — a girl named Cleopatra of Macedon.I think, she was like, his sixth or seventh wife.And finally, I sadly announce that today we have yet another loss — this time from Ostia.In an event that happened all too often in Rome, and in cities built by Romans, the three-story insulae, where our good old slave lived, burst into flames, on a moonless night.Our slave had no time of getting down the stairs from his third floor, and while people were trying to get themselves to safety, a woman slipped on the stairs and — grabbing her husband, she dragged them both to their death.The fire devoured the entire block by the port of Ostia.[…]Well, before the Romans entered the valley through the narrow pass, the Consuls sent troops ahead, to go see if something was amiss.The soldiers returned saying that everything seemed just fine, and that the valley was completely empty.But when the Roman troops began to march through the gorge, the Triarii, the most veteran soldiers, began to sense that something, was wrong indeed.It was just too calm, and they didn't like it at all.And just when the last regiment of the Romans passed through the canyon, and just when the first part of the forces reached the exit of the canyon, they found it blocked with rocks and logs.Noticing they were trapped, they quickly began to walk back, but by then, the first entrance was blocked, too.Samnites were standing there, watching the Romans from above.
The second start of Rome, after the ashes. Marcus Furius Camillus and Marcus Manlius Capitolinus are the two undisputed heroes of Rome, but one of them will end up a villain. We will also see a miracle at Aeliana's home.Partial TranscriptHello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast.The Tale of Rome, Episode 28 — The Tarpeian Rock.Last week we saw the end of our trilogy of Rome's darkest hour, so far.The attack, the siege, and the plunder of Rome.We saw how the Gauls finally left Rome, and how Camillus became the person who truly led the city's destiny.And here, I think it's a good time to tell you guys, what Livy wrote on the front page of his sixth book, that gigantic work he did, called Ab Urbe Condita, or “From the Founding of the City” in English.I am reading this from the first page, Book 6:The transactions of the Romans, from the creation of the city of Rome to the capture of it, first under Kings, then under Consuls and Dictators, Decenvirs and Tribunes with consular powers, their wars abroad, their dissensions at home, all of this, I have exposed in five books.Themes and events were obscured, both because of their great antiquity, as if they were objects that from their great distance I can hardly perceive, as well as because in those times the use of the letters, the only faithful guardian of the memory of events, was inconsiderate and rare.Moreover, what was contained in the remarks of the Pontifex, and other public and private records, was all lost during the fires that our city had to endure.Henceforth, from this second origin of the city, which was born from its own ashes, this time healthier and more vigorous, the achievements of Rome — within Rome and abroad, will be narrated with more clarity and authenticity.OMG.I believe that even Livy himself must have smiled the day he wrote that.[…]And this is where Manlius saw an opportunity.Although Manlius came from a family of Patricians himself, he began to help Plebeians. He first began by telling them that the treatment that Plebeians were getting for not being able to repay their loans on time, was not fair, and then he began to create agitations along the streets of Rome.On one occasion, in the year 387 BC, a Centurion was being arrested for this same cause, and as people started to gather protesting, Manlius showed up at the scene, and paid the debt of the Centurion, out of his own pocket.The government of Rome decided that Manlius was creating too much mess in the city, and they arrested him the day after that. But then the people of Rome made an even bigger protest, and the Senators of Rome had no other choice, than to let Manlius go free.Manlius even sold some of his properties, with the purpose of helping people in situations like that. But the Patricians saw this whole thing with twisted eyes, because during the agitations that Manlius created among the Plebes, he began to mention that Rome didn't really need a Senate.Well — that was a crime![…]
Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 29 — The First Plebeian Consul. We are in the year 368 BC. A young man of high stature, named Lucius Sextus Lateranus, dismounted from his horse in front of the Senate building. Three big parchments of paper were rolled under his shoulder. Lucius Sextus Lateranus was a Tribune of the Plebes. In other words, he was automatically an enemy of 100% of Rome’s Patricians, and nothing that was in his possession was welcome in the Senate. Much less, three parchments, containing laws that would change Rome. When Lucius Sextus Lateranus walked up those stairs, he was conscious that all Rome was staring at him. Three of his projects were about to become laws, and this time, not even Camillus himself would get in the way. The first law ruled all that all moneys paid in the form of interest, became the capital of a debt, and thus the payment of debts would no longer be like a treadmill, or a mule tied to a post, endlessly turning and grinding grain. The second law forbade any person, Patrician or Plebeian, to possess more than 300 acres of unused land, within the confines of Rome. It also forbade having more than 100 cows, or goats, using public lands surrounding Rome. The third law — the most important one, said that one of the Consuls elected every year in Rome, was to be of Plebeian origin. Patricians knew they were going to lose, and they sent for Marcus Furius Camillus to save them, once more. So, while the deliberations of all that began, secret messengers went at full speed toward Camillus’ residence. […] If you look at any chronological map of the history of Rome from the 4th Century BC, the first two things you will notice is — ONE — the year 390 — the year of the looting, and — TWO — a gap that goes from 375 to 370 BC. Yep. A gap of five years. There were no Consuls, or Tribunes in Rome during those years, according to Livy. It’s like Rome skipped those years. A total vacuum. And to explain this — as always, there are two versions. On one hand, Livy used those years to reconcile his own dates, that is, the stuff that he has been writing in his first five books, with the reality of what was happening, because now the chronicles were true, and impossible to hide, deny, or invent. So, he found that his tale was some five years — off record. So, a gap. The other version is that, here there was a space where certain Plebeian Tribunes blocked votes in the Roman Senate, to the point where they gave a veto to each and every one of the decisions taken by Senators. […]
Partial Transcript Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 28 — The Tarpeian Rock. Last week we saw the end of our trilogy of Rome’s darkest hour, so far. The attack, the siege, and the plunder of Rome. We saw how the Gauls finally left Rome, and how Camillus became the person who truly led the city’s destiny. And here, I think it’s a good time to tell you guys, what Livy wrote on the front page of his sixth book, that gigantic work he did, called Ab Urbe Condita, or “From the Founding of the City” in English. I am reading this from the first page, Book 6: The transactions of the Romans, from the creation of the city of Rome to the capture of it, first under Kings, then under Consuls and Dictators, Decenvirs and Tribunes with consular powers, their wars abroad, their dissensions at home, all of this, I have exposed in five books. Themes and events were obscured, both because of their great antiquity, as if they were objects that from their great distance I can hardly perceive, as well as because in those times the use of the letters, the only faithful guardian of the memory of events, was inconsiderate and rare. Moreover, what was contained in the remarks of the Pontifex, and other public and private records, was all lost during the fires that our city had to endure. Henceforth, from this second origin of the city, which was born from its own ashes, this time healthier and more vigorous, the achievements of Rome — within Rome and abroad, will be narrated with more clarity and authenticity. OMG. I believe that even Livy himself must have smiled the day he wrote that. […] And this is where Manlius saw an opportunity. Although Manlius came from a family of Patricians himself, he began to help Plebeians. He first began by telling them that the treatment that Plebeians were getting for not being able to repay their loans on time, was not fair, and then he began to create agitations along the streets of Rome. On one occasion, in the year 387 BC, a Centurion was being arrested for this same cause, and as people started to gather protesting, Manlius showed up at the scene, and paid the debt of the Centurion, out of his own pocket. The government of Rome decided that Manlius was creating too much mess in the city, and they arrested him the day after that. But then the people of Rome made an even bigger protest, and the Senators of Rome had no other choice, than to let Manlius go free. Manlius even sold some of his properties, with the purpose of helping people in situations like that. But the Patricians saw this whole thing with twisted eyes, because during the agitations that Manlius created among the Plebes, he began to mention that Rome didn’t really need a Senate. Well — that was a crime! […]
The Gauls entered Rome. But where's Lucius? Also, we list the lands that lay around Rome, and see how they're doing. Finally, a sprint through the men who ruled Rome since the kings are gone. Consuls and Tribunes.Partial TranscriptHello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast.The Tale of Rome, Episode 26 — State of the Union – 390 BC.Last week we saw how the Gauls of Brennus arrived at the gates of Rome — gates that no one bothered to even close…This week we're on our episode 26, which means two things:◆ ONE – We are going through our second STATE OF THE UNION episode, which this time finds us in the year 390 BC,◆ AND TWO – We're at 26 episodes, which is roughly half a year of accrued value. One year – 52 weeks; Half a year – 26. Right?Alright. This episode, since it's going to be a little longer, is going to be split in three main parts.First, we'll see what was going on in Rome itself.From there we'll go to see the world around Rome, taking out usual eagle's flight, just like last time.And just like last time, we'll do that in a clockwise fashion.Northern Italy first, then Dalmatia, Macedonia, Greece, Asia minor, Syria and the future Palestine, Egypt, Carthage and North Africa. From there to the Iberian Peninsula, the Gauls, and then back to Rome, seeing if there is anything worth mentioning in the Mediterranean islands: Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. If any region did not go through any real major changes, then that region will not be mentioned in our eagle's flight, and a good example of this would be Germania and the Netherlands, where there hasn't been any big changes, this time around.Last, we'll see a brief list of the rulers of Rome — from our last State of the Union, to this State of the Union.That means, we'll see a list of Consuls, Decemvirs, and Military Tribunes who managed the destinies of Rome during these last 119 years. Not all of them, but the ones that really mattered.Alright. Shall we?[…]◆ 495 BC. Appius Claudius Sabinus, along with Publius Servilius Priscus. That was when Plebeians withdrew from Rome, and walked to the Mount Sacro, protesting for the differences between Patrician and Plebes.◆ 494 BC.Valerius Maximus was erected Dictator. Reason: The conflict of the Orders.◆ 488 BC.Gaius Julius Julus. All right — let me say that again… Gaius Julius Julus — not Julius!He was consul when the Volsci attacked Rome under the command of Coriolanus, the guy whose mom convinced him to stop the attack.[…]
The Gauls entered Rome. But where’s Lucius? Also, we list the lands that lay around Rome, and see how they’re doing. Finally, a sprint through the men who ruled Rome since the kings are gone. Consuls and Tribunes. Partial Transcript Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 26 — State of the Union – 390 BC. Last week we saw how the Gauls of Brennus arrived at the gates of Rome — gates that no one bothered to even close… This week we’re on our episode 26, which means two things: ◆ ONE – We are going through our second STATE OF THE UNION episode, which this time finds us in the year 390 BC, ◆ AND TWO – We’re at 26 episodes, which is roughly half a year of accrued value. One year – 52 weeks; Half a year – 26. Right? Alright. This episode, since it’s going to be a little longer, is going to be split in three main parts. First, we’ll ...
Hello, this is Abel, speaking from Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 26 — State of the Union – 390 BC. Last week we saw how the Gauls of Brennus arrived at the gates of Rome — gates that no one bothered to even close… This week we’re on our episode 26, which means two things: ? ONE – We are going through our second STATE OF THE UNION episode, which this time finds us in the year 390 BC, ? AND TWO – We’re at 26 episodes, which is roughly half a year of accrued value. One year – 52 weeks; Half a year – 26. Right? Alright. This episode, since it’s going to be a little longer, is going to be split in three main parts. First, we’ll see what was going on in Rome itself. From there we’ll go to see the world around Rome, taking out usual eagle’s flight, just like last time. And just like last time, we’ll do that in a clockwise fashion. Northern Italy first, then Dalmatia, Macedonia, Greece, Asia minor, Syria and the future Palestine, Egypt, Carthage and North Africa. From there to the Iberian Peninsula, the Gauls, and then back to Rome, seeing if there is anything worth mentioning in the Mediterranean islands: Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. If any region did not go through any real major changes, then that region will not be mentioned in our eagle’s flight, and a good example of this would be Germania and the Netherlands, where there hasn’t been any big changes, this time around. Last, we’ll see a brief list of the rulers of Rome — from our last State of the Union, to this State of the Union. That means, we’ll see a list of Consuls, Decemvirs, and Military Tribunes who managed the destinies of Rome during these last 119 years. Not all of them, but the ones that really mattered. Alright. Shall we? […] ? 495 BC. Appius Claudius Sabinus, along with Publius Servilius Priscus. That was when Plebeians withdrew from Rome, and walked to the Mount Sacro, protesting for the differences between Patrician and Plebes. ? 494 BC. Valerius Maximus was erected Dictator. Reason: The conflict of the Orders. ? 488 BC. Gaius Julius Julus. All right — let me say that again… Gaius Julius Julus — not Julius! He was consul when the Volsci attacked Rome under the command of Coriolanus, the guy whose mom convinced him to stop the attack. […]
Partial Transcripthttp://www.thetaleofrome.com/rome-012 Hello, this is Abel, in Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast.The Tale of Rome, Episode 12 — The First Two Consuls.Last week, we saw—finally, the final moments of the monarchy in Rome.We saw how Tarquin the Proud got locked out of his own city, after the rebellion started by Lucius Brutus and Lucius Collatinus.Without any soldiers left, and knowing that the gates of Rome would be blocked, he and the idiot of his son went into exile.Today we will see how that exile of his went on, and what exactly happened after Romans got to taste their very first hours without kings.The very first order of the Roman Senate was to publicly declare Tarquin as an Enemy of the State, and that Rome would never again be ruled by a king.Neither the king nor his wife Tullia would ever be allowed to put their feet within the city of Rome, and here I want to add that Romans sent a very strong message for Tullia, as a persona non-grata in their city. Do not come back to Rome, as you have killed your own father, back in the time when nobody could do anything about it.Even though that was decades ago, Romans did not forget.[…]I don't know if you guys realized, but both these guys were relatives of the king Rome had just kicked out.Excuse me? They kick a king out of their city, and they put two of his relatives as the first two Consuls of Rome?Yep. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus was the ex-king's cousin, and Lucius Junius Brutus was the ex-king's nephew.That's what I love about Rome. They kick each other, regardless of family lines, or family ties.So much for family love![…]
Partial Transcript http://www.thetaleofrome.com/rome-012 Hello, this is Abel, in Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 12 — The First Two Consuls. Last week, we saw—finally, the final moments of the monarchy in Rome. We saw how Tarquin the Proud got locked out of his own city, after the rebellion started by Lucius Brutus and Lucius Collatinus. Without any soldiers left, and knowing that the gates of Rome would be blocked, he and the idiot of his son went into exile. Today we will see how that exile of his went on, and what exactly happened after Romans got to taste their very first hours without kings. The very first order of the Roman Senate was to publicly declare Tarquin as an Enemy of the State, and that Rome would never again be ruled by a king. Neither the king nor his wife Tullia would ever be allowed to put their feet within the city of Rome, and here I want to add that Roma...
Partial Transcript Hello, this is Abel, in Beijing, China. Welcome to my podcast. The Tale of Rome, Episode 12 — The First Two Consuls. Last week, we saw—finally, the final moments of the monarchy in Rome. We saw how Tarquin the Proud got locked out of his own city, after the rebellion started by Lucius Brutus and Lucius Collatinus. Without any soldiers left, and knowing that the gates of Rome would be blocked, he and the idiot of his son went into exile. Today we will see how that exile of his went on, and what exactly happened after Romans got to taste their very first hours without kings. The very first order of the Roman Senate was to publicly declare Tarquin as an Enemy of the State, and that Rome would never again be ruled by a king. Neither the king nor his wife Tullia would ever be allowed to put their feet within the city of Rome, and here I want to add that Romans sent a very strong message for Tullia, as a persona non-grata in their city. Do not come back to Rome, as you have killed your own father, back in the time when nobody could do anything about it. Even though that was decades ago, Romans did not forget. […] I don’t know if you guys realized, but both these guys were relatives of the king Rome had just kicked out. Excuse me? They kick a king out of their city, and they put two of his relatives as the first two Consuls of Rome? Yep. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus was the ex-king’s cousin, and Lucius Junius Brutus was the ex-king’s nephew. That’s what I love about Rome. They kick each other, regardless of family lines, or family ties. So much for family love! […]
Remedios Gomez Arnau, the Mexican Consul General in San Diego, joins William Ostick, the US Consul General in Tijuana in calling for greater cooperation and understanding between the two countries in this midday address to the Mexico Moving Forward 2015 conference hosted by the Center for U.S-Mexican Studies at the School of Global Policy and Strategy, UC San Diego. Series: "Mexico Moving Forward" [Public Affairs] [Show ID: 30419]
Remedios Gomez Arnau, the Mexican Consul General in San Diego, joins William Ostick, the US Consul General in Tijuana in calling for greater cooperation and understanding between the two countries in this midday address to the Mexico Moving Forward 2015 conference hosted by the Center for U.S-Mexican Studies at the School of Global Policy and Strategy, UC San Diego. Series: "Mexico Moving Forward" [Public Affairs] [Show ID: 30419]
This week we finally return to Italy. We recap just where we were in the narrative in 211, look at the consular elections for 210, the siege of Tarentum and the battle for Salapia.
Administration of the Local Universe (366.1) 33:0.1 WHILE the Universal Father most certainly rules over his vast creation, he functions in a local universe administration through the person of the Creator Son. The Father does not otherwise personally function in the administrative affairs of a local universe. These matters are intrusted to the Creator Son and to the local universe Mother Spirit and to their manifold children. The plans, policies, and administrative acts of the local universe are formed and executed by this Son, who, in conjunction with his Spirit associate, delegates executive power to Gabriel and jurisdictional authority to the Constellation Fathers, System Sovereigns, and Planetary Princes. 1. Michael of Nebadon (366.2) 33:1.1 Our Creator Son is the personification of the 611,121st original concept of infinite identity of simultaneous origin in the Universal Father and the Eternal Son. The Michael of Nebadon is the “only-begotten Son” personalizing this 611,121st universal concept of divinity and infinity. His headquarters is in the threefold mansion of light on Salvington. And this dwelling is so ordered because Michael has experienced the living of all three phases of intelligent creature existence: spiritual, morontial, and material. Because of the name associated with his seventh and final bestowal on Urantia, he is sometimes spoken of as Christ Michael. (366.3) 33:1.2 Our Creator Son is not the Eternal Son, the existential Paradise associate of the Universal Father and the Infinite Spirit. Michael of Nebadon is not a member of the Paradise Trinity. Nevertheless our Master Son possesses in his realm all of the divine attributes and powers that the Eternal Son himself would manifest were he actually to be present on Salvington and functioning in Nebadon. Michael possesses even additional power and authority, for he not only personifies the Eternal Son but also fully represents and actually embodies the personality presence of the Universal Father to and in this local universe. He even represents the Father-Son. These relationships constitute a Creator Son the most powerful, versatile, and influential of all divine beings who are capable of direct administration of evolutionary universes and of personality contact with immature creature beings. (366.4) 33:1.3 Our Creator Son exerts the same spiritual drawing power, spirit gravity, from the headquarters of the local universe that the Eternal Son of Paradise would exert if he were personally present on Salvington, and more; this Universe Son is also the personification of the Universal Father to the universe of Nebadon. Creator Sons are personality centers for the spiritual forces of the Paradise Father-Son. Creator Sons are the final power-personality focalizations of the mighty time-space attributes of God the Sevenfold. (367.1) 33:1.4 The Creator Son is the vicegerent personalization of the Universal Father, the divinity co-ordinate of the Eternal Son, and the creative associate of the Infinite Spirit. To our universe and all its inhabited worlds the Sovereign Son is, to all practical intents and purposes, God. He personifies all of the Paradise Deities which evolving mortals can discerningly comprehend. This Son and his Spirit associate are your creator parents. To you, Michael, the Creator Son, is the supreme personality; to you, the Eternal Son is supersupreme — an infinite Deity personality. (367.2) 33:1.5 In the person of the Creator Son we have a ruler and divine parent who is just as mighty, efficient, and beneficent as would be the Universal Father and the Eternal Son if both were present on Salvington and engaged in the administration of the affairs of the universe of Nebadon. 2. The Sovereign of Nebadon (367.3) 33:2.1 Observation of Creator Sons discloses that some resemble more the Father, some the Son, while others are a blend of both their infinite parents. Our Creator Son very definitely manifests traits and attributes which more resemble the Eternal Son. (367.4) 33:2.2 Michael elected to organize this local universe, and herein he now reigns supreme. His personal power is limited by the pre-existent gravity circuits centering at Paradise and by the reservation on the part of the Ancients of Days of the superuniverse government of all final executive judgments regarding the extinction of personality. Personality is the sole bestowal of the Father, but the Creator Sons, with the approval of the Eternal Son, do initiate new creature designs, and with the working co-operation of their Spirit associates they may attempt new transformations of energy-matter. (367.5) 33:2.3 Michael is the personification of the Paradise Father-Son to and in the local universe of Nebadon; therefore, when the Creative Mother Spirit, the local universe representation of the Infinite Spirit, subordinated herself to Christ Michael upon the return from his final bestowal on Urantia, the Master Son thereby acquired jurisdiction over “all power in heaven and on earth.” (367.6) 33:2.4 This subordination of the Divine Ministers to the Creator Sons of the local universes constitutes these Master Sons the personal repositories of the finitely manifestable divinity of the Father, Son, and Spirit, while the creature-bestowal experiences of the Michaels qualify them to portray the experiential divinity of the Supreme Being. No other beings in the universes have thus personally exhausted the potentials of present finite experience, and no other beings in the universes possess such qualifications for solitary sovereignty. (367.7) 33:2.5 Although Michael’s headquarters is officially located on Salvington, the capital of Nebadon, he spends much of his time visiting the constellation and system headquarters and even the individual planets. Periodically he journeys to Paradise and often to Uversa, where he counsels with the Ancients of Days. When he is away from Salvington, his place is assumed by Gabriel, who then functions as regent of the universe of Nebadon. 3. The Universe Son and Spirit (368.1) 33:3.1 While pervading all the universes of time and space, the Infinite Spirit functions from the headquarters of each local universe as a specialized focalization acquiring full personality qualities by the technique of creative co-operation with the Creator Son. As concerns a local universe, the administrative authority of a Creator Son is supreme; the Infinite Spirit, as the Divine Minister, is wholly co-operative though perfectly co-ordinate. (368.2) 33:3.2 The Universe Mother Spirit of Salvington, the associate of Michael in the control and administration of Nebadon, is of the sixth group of Supreme Spirits, being the 611,121st of that order. She volunteered to accompany Michael on the occasion of his liberation from Paradise obligations and has ever since functioned with him in creating and governing his universe. (368.3) 33:3.3 The Master Creator Son is the personal sovereign of his universe, but in all the details of its management the Universe Spirit is codirector with the Son. While the Spirit ever acknowledges the Son as sovereign and ruler, the Son always accords the Spirit a co-ordinate position and equality of authority in all the affairs of the realm. In all his work of love and life bestowal the Creator Son is always and ever perfectly sustained and ably assisted by the all-wise and ever-faithful Universe Spirit and by all of her diversified retinue of angelic personalities. Such a Divine Minister is in reality the mother of spirits and spirit personalities, the ever-present and all-wise adviser of the Creator Son, a faithful and true manifestation of the Paradise Infinite Spirit. (368.4) 33:3.4 The Son functions as a father in his local universe. The Spirit, as mortal creatures would understand, enacts the role of a mother, always assisting the Son and being everlastingly indispensable to the administration of the universe. In the face of insurrection only the Son and his associated Sons can function as deliverers. Never can the Spirit undertake to contest rebellion or defend authority, but ever does the Spirit sustain the Son in all of everything he may be required to experience in his efforts to stabilize government and uphold authority on worlds tainted with evil or dominated by sin. Only a Son can retrieve the work of their joint creation, but no Son could hope for final success without the incessant co-operation of the Divine Minister and her vast assemblage of spirit helpers, the daughters of God, who so faithfully and valiantly struggle for the welfare of mortal men and the glory of their divine parents. (368.5) 33:3.5 Upon the completion of the Creator Son’s seventh and final creature bestowal, the uncertainties of periodic isolation terminate for the Divine Minister, and the Son’s universe helper becomes forever settled in surety and control. It is at the enthronement of the Creator Son as a Master Son, at the jubilee of jubilees, that the Universe Spirit, before the assembled hosts, first makes public and universal acknowledgment of subordination to the Son, pledging fidelity and obedience. This event occurred in Nebadon at the time of Michael’s return to Salvington after the Urantian bestowal. Never before this momentous occasion did the Universe Spirit acknowledge subordination to the Universe Son, and not until after this voluntary relinquishment of power and authority by the Spirit could it be truthfully proclaimed of the Son that “all power in heaven and on earth has been committed to his hand.” (369.1) 33:3.6 After this pledge of subordination by the Creative Mother Spirit, Michael of Nebadon nobly acknowledged his eternal dependence on his Spirit companion, constituting the Spirit coruler of his universe domains and requiring all their creatures to pledge themselves in loyalty to the Spirit as they had to the Son; and there issued and went forth the final “Proclamation of Equality.” Though he was the sovereign of this local universe, the Son published to the worlds the fact of the Spirit’s equality with him in all endowments of personality and attributes of divine character. And this becomes the transcendent pattern for the family organization and government of even the lowly creatures of the worlds of space. This is, in deed and in truth, the high ideal of the family and the human institution of voluntary marriage. (369.2) 33:3.7 The Son and the Spirit now preside over the universe much as a father and mother watch over, and minister to, their family of sons and daughters. It is not altogether out of place to refer to the Universe Spirit as the creative companion of the Creator Son and to regard the creatures of the realms as their sons and daughters — a grand and glorious family but one of untold responsibilities and endless watchcare. (369.3) 33:3.8 The Son initiates the creation of certain of the universe children, while the Spirit is solely responsible for bringing into existence the numerous orders of spirit personalities who minister and serve under the direction and guidance of this selfsame Mother Spirit. In the creation of other types of universe personalities, both the Son and the Spirit function together, and in no creative act does the one do aught without the counsel and approval of the other. 4. Gabriel — The Chief Executive (369.4) 33:4.1 The Bright and Morning Star is the personalization of the first concept of identity and ideal of personality conceived by the Creator Son and the local universe manifestation of the Infinite Spirit. Going back to the early days of the local universe, before the union of the Creator Son and the Mother Spirit in the bonds of creative association, back to the times before the beginning of the creation of their versatile family of sons and daughters, the first conjoint act of this early and free association of these two divine persons results in the creation of the highest spirit personality of the Son and the Spirit, the Bright and Morning Star. (369.5) 33:4.2 Only one such being of wisdom and majesty is brought forth in each local universe. The Universal Father and the Eternal Son can, in fact do, create an unlimited number of Sons in divinity equal to themselves; but such Sons, in union with the Daughters of the Infinite Spirit, can create only one Bright and Morning Star in each universe, a being like themselves and partaking freely of their combined natures but not of their creative prerogatives. Gabriel of Salvington is like the Universe Son in divinity of nature though considerably limited in the attributes of Deity. (369.6) 33:4.3 This first-born of the parents of a new universe is a unique personality possessing many wonderful traits not visibly present in either ancestor, a being of unprecedented versatility and unimagined brilliance. This supernal personality embraces the divine will of the Son combined with the creative imagination of the Spirit. The thoughts and acts of the Bright and Morning Star will ever be fully representative of both the Creator Son and the Creative Spirit. Such a being is also capable of a broad understanding of, and sympathetic contact with, both the spiritual seraphic hosts and the material evolutionary will creatures. (370.1) 33:4.4 The Bright and Morning Star is not a creator, but he is a marvelous administrator, being the personal administrative representative of the Creator Son. Aside from creation and life impartation the Son and the Spirit never confer upon important universe procedures without Gabriel’s presence. (370.2) 33:4.5 Gabriel of Salvington is the chief executive of the universe of Nebadon and the arbiter of all executive appeals respecting its administration. This universe executive was created fully endowed for his work, but he has gained experience with the growth and evolution of our local creation. (370.3) 33:4.6 Gabriel is the chief officer of execution for superuniverse mandates relating to nonpersonal affairs in the local universe. Most matters pertaining to mass judgment and dispensational resurrections, adjudicated by the Ancients of Days, are also delegated to Gabriel and his staff for execution. Gabriel is thus the combined chief executive of both the super- and the local universe rulers. He has at his command an able corps of administrative assistants, created for their special work, who are unrevealed to evolutionary mortals. In addition to these assistants, Gabriel may employ any and all of the orders of celestial beings functioning in Nebadon, and he is also the commander in chief of “the armies of heaven” — the celestial hosts. (370.4) 33:4.7 Gabriel and his staff are not teachers; they are administrators. They were never known to depart from their regular work except when Michael was incarnated on a creature bestowal. During such bestowals Gabriel was ever attendant on the will of the incarnated Son, and with the collaboration of the Union of Days, he became the actual director of universe affairs during the later bestowals. Gabriel has been closely identified with the history and development of Urantia ever since the mortal bestowal of Michael. (370.5) 33:4.8 Aside from meeting Gabriel on the bestowal worlds and at the times of general- and special-resurrection roll calls, mortals will seldom encounter him as they ascend through the local universe until they are inducted into the administrative work of the local creation. As administrators, of whatever order or degree, you will come under the direction of Gabriel. 5. The Trinity Ambassadors (370.6) 33:5.1 The administration of Trinity-origin personalities ends with the government of the superuniverses. The local universes are characterized by dual supervision, the beginning of the father-mother concept. The universe father is the Creator Son; the universe mother is the Divine Minister, the local universe Creative Spirit. Every local universe is, however, blessed with the presence of certain personalities from the central universe and Paradise. At the head of this Paradise group in Nebadon is the ambassador of the Paradise Trinity — Immanuel of Salvington — the Union of Days assigned to the local universe of Nebadon. In a certain sense this high Trinity Son is also the personal representative of the Universal Father to the court of the Creator Son; hence his name, Immanuel. (370.7) 33:5.2 Immanuel of Salvington, number 611,121 of the sixth order of Supreme Trinity Personalities, is a being of sublime dignity and of such superb condescension that he refuses the worship and adoration of all living creatures. He bears the distinction of being the only personality in all Nebadon who has never acknowledged subordination to his brother Michael. He functions as adviser to the Sovereign Son but gives counsel only on request. In the absence of the Creator Son he might preside over any high universe council but would not otherwise participate in the executive affairs of the universe except as requested. (371.1) 33:5.3 This ambassador of Paradise to Nebadon is not subject to the jurisdiction of the local universe government. Neither does he exercise authoritative jurisdiction in the executive affairs of an evolving local universe except in the supervision of his liaison brethren, the Faithfuls of Days, serving on the headquarters of the constellations. (371.2) 33:5.4 The Faithfuls of Days, like the Union of Days, never proffer advice or offer assistance to the constellation rulers unless it is asked for. These Paradise ambassadors to the constellations represent the final personal presence of the Stationary Sons of the Trinity functioning in advisory roles in the local universes. Constellations are more closely related to the superuniverse administration than local systems, which are administered exclusively by personalities native to the local universe. 6. General Administration (371.3) 33:6.1 Gabriel is the chief executive and actual administrator of Nebadon. Michael’s absence from Salvington in no way interferes with the orderly conduct of universe affairs. During the absence of Michael, as recently on the mission of reunion of Orvonton Master Sons on Paradise, Gabriel is the regent of the universe. At such times Gabriel always seeks the counsel of Immanuel of Salvington regarding all major problems. (371.4) 33:6.2 The Father Melchizedek is Gabriel’s first assistant. When the Bright and Morning Star is absent from Salvington, his responsibilities are assumed by this original Melchizedek Son. (371.5) 33:6.3 The various subadministrations of the universe have assigned to them certain special domains of responsibility. While, in general, a system government looks after the welfare of its planets, it is more particularly concerned with the physical status of living beings, with biologic problems. In turn, the constellation rulers pay especial attention to the social and governmental conditions prevailing on the different planets and systems. A constellation government is chiefly exercised over unification and stabilization. Still higher up, the universe rulers are more occupied with the spiritual status of the realms. (371.6) 33:6.4 Ambassadors are appointed by judicial decree and represent universes to other universes. Consuls are representatives of constellations to one another and to the universe headquarters; they are appointed by legislative decree and function only within the confines of the local universe. Observers are commissioned by executive decree of a System Sovereign to represent that system to other systems and at the constellation capital, and they, too, function only within the confines of the local universe. (371.7) 33:6.5 From Salvington, broadcasts are simultaneously directed to the constellation headquarters, the system headquarters, and to individual planets. All higher orders of celestial beings are able to utilize this service for communication with their fellows scattered throughout the universe. The universe broadcast is extended to all inhabited worlds regardless of their spiritual status. Planetary intercommunication is denied only those worlds under spiritual quarantine. (372.1) 33:6.6 Constellation broadcasts are periodically sent out from the headquarters of the constellation by the chief of the Constellation Fathers. (372.2) 33:6.7 Chronology is reckoned, computed, and rectified by a special group of beings on Salvington. The standard day of Nebadon is equal to eighteen days and six hours of Urantia time, plus two and one-half minutes. The Nebadon year consists of a segment of the time of universe swing in relation to the Uversa circuit and is equal to one hundred days of standard universe time, about five years of Urantia time. (372.3) 33:6.8 Nebadon time, broadcast from Salvington, is the standard for all constellations and systems in this local universe. Each constellation conducts its affairs by Nebadon time, but the systems maintain their own chronology, as do the individual planets. (372.4) 33:6.9 The day in Satania, as reckoned on Jerusem, is a little less (1 hour, 4 minutes, 15 seconds) than three days of Urantia time. These times are generally known as Salvington or universe time, and Satania or system time. Standard time is universe time. 7. The Courts of Nebadon (372.5) 33:7.1 The Master Son, Michael, is supremely concerned with but three things: creation, sustenance, and ministry. He does not personally participate in the judicial work of the universe. Creators never sit in judgment on their creatures; that is the exclusive function of creatures of high training and actual creature experience. (372.6) 33:7.2 The entire judicial mechanism of Nebadon is under the supervision of Gabriel. The high courts, located on Salvington, are occupied with problems of general universe import and with the appellate cases coming up from the system tribunals. There are seventy branches of these universe courts, and they function in seven divisions of ten sections each. In all matters of adjudication there presides a dual magistracy consisting of one judge of perfection antecedents and one magistrate of ascendant experience. (372.7) 33:7.3 As regards jurisdiction, the local universe courts are limited in the following matters: (372.8) 33:7.4 1. The administration of the local universe is concerned with creation, evolution, maintenance, and ministry. The universe tribunals are, therefore, denied the right to pass upon those cases involving the question of eternal life and death. This has no reference to natural death as it obtains on Urantia, but if the question of the right of continued existence, life eternal, comes up for adjudication, it must be referred to the tribunals of Orvonton, and if decided adversely to the individual, all sentences of extinction are carried out upon the orders, and through the agencies, of the rulers of the supergovernment. (372.9) 33:7.5 2. The default or defection of any of the Local Universe Sons of God which jeopardizes their status and authority as Sons is never adjudicated in the tribunals of a Son; such a misunderstanding would be immediately carried to the superuniverse courts. (372.10) 33:7.6 3. The question of the readmission of any constituent part of a local universe — such as a local system — to the fellowship of full spiritual status in the local creation subsequent to spiritual isolation must be concurred in by the high assembly of the superuniverse. (373.1) 33:7.7 In all other matters the courts of Salvington are final and supreme. There is no appeal and no escape from their decisions and decrees. (373.2) 33:7.8 However unfairly human contentions may sometimes appear to be adjudicated on Urantia, in the universe justice and divine equity do prevail. You are living in a well-ordered universe, and sooner or later you may depend upon being dealt with justly, even mercifully. 8. The Legislative and Executive Functions (373.3) 33:8.1 On Salvington, the headquarters of Nebadon, there are no true legislative bodies. The universe headquarters worlds are concerned largely with adjudication. The legislative assemblies of the local universe are located on the headquarters of the one hundred constellations. The systems are chiefly concerned with the executive and administrative work of the local creations. The System Sovereigns and their associates enforce the legislative mandates of the constellation rulers and execute the judicial decrees of the high courts of the universe. (373.4) 33:8.2 While true legislation is not enacted at the universe headquarters, there do function on Salvington a variety of advisory and research assemblies, variously constituted and conducted in accordance with their scope and purpose. Some are permanent; others disband upon the accomplishment of their objective. (373.5) 33:8.3 The supreme council of the local universe is made up of three members from each system and seven representatives from each constellation. Systems in isolation do not have representation in this assembly, but they are permitted to send observers who attend and study all its deliberations. (373.6) 33:8.4 The one hundred councils of supreme sanction are also situated on Salvington. The presidents of these councils constitute the immediate working cabinet of Gabriel. (373.7) 33:8.5 All findings of the high universe advisory councils are referred either to the Salvington judicial bodies or to the legislative assemblies of the constellations. These high councils are without authority or power to enforce their recommendations. If their advice is founded on the fundamental laws of the universe, then will the Nebadon courts issue rulings of execution; but if their recommendations have to do with local or emergency conditions, they must pass down to the legislative assemblies of the constellation for deliberative enactment and then to the system authorities for execution. These high councils are, in reality, the universe superlegislatures, but they function without the authority of enactment and without the power of execution. (373.8) 33:8.6 While we speak of universe administration in terms of “courts” and “assemblies,” it should be understood that these spiritual transactions are very different from the more primitive and material activities of Urantia which bear corresponding names. (373.9) 33:8.7 [Presented by the Chief of the Archangels of Nebadon.]
Article 2 Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section 2 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States; — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3 Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.