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7 episodes with second republic
2 episodes with second republic
2 episodes with second republic
4 episodes with second republic
How does a nation transform its forest coverage from 21% to 60% in half a century? What are the policies that can place nature at the very heart of political thinking? And why does Christiana Figueres see a picture of her dad when she visits an ATM? Christiana is joined in her home country by co-hosts Tom Rivett-Carnac and Paul Dickinson as they explore Costa Rica's remarkable history and constitutionally guaranteed environmental safeguards. Our resident expert explains her very deep personal bond to her country's politics as her father, former President José Figueres Ferrer, was also the father of the Second Republic, most famous for abolishing the country's army. It is perhaps Costa Rica's policies towards nature that truly elevates this nation above its peers, from its drive on rewilding to carbon taxes. But this incredible progress is now under threat: Christiana and former President Luis Guillermo Solís reflect on the populist Trump-like measures implemented by the current administration, including plans for a regressive return to fossil fuels. Will the government go through with it?———————————Learn more:
What if we could start over? What if instead of just stitching the North onto the South, we reimagined the whole country. new flag, new anthem, even a brand-new capital? What if Ireland's future wasn't just about unity, but about revolutionising how we run our society? From Swiss-style direct democracy to high-speed rail, from Athlone as a futuristic capital to a redefined relationship with the Commonwealth, this episode dives deep into bold ideas for a Second Republic. We're talking more than a united Ireland, instead an Ireland that actually works. With special guest Paddy Cullivan, this is a no-holds-barred conversation on history, identity, and the radical ideas that could shape the next decade. Whether you think a united Ireland is inevitable or impossible, one thing's for sure: the way we do things now is broken. And maybe, just maybe, there's a way to fix it. Join the gang! https://plus.acast.com/s/the-david-mcwilliams-podcast. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Send us a text message and tell us your thoughts.What if your country had to fight for its independence not once, but twice? Join us as we unveil the incredible story of the Dominican Republic's Restoration Day, celebrated on August 16th. This episode of Strictly Facts explores the Dominican Restoration War from 1863 to 1865, during which the nation valiantly reclaimed its sovereignty from Spain. We'll highlight key figures like Santiago Rodriguez and Juan Pablo Duarte, who played essential roles in this epic struggle, and discuss how their leadership helped shape the country's national identity.From the initial Cry of Capotillo to the final moments of victory, discover how the Dominican Republic's triumph inspired broader independence movements throughout the Caribbean, particularly in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Despite facing immense challenges, including attempts at annexation by multiple powers, the Dominican people's resilience shone through. This episode is not just a recount of historical events but a tribute to the enduring spirit of a nation. Tune in to learn about the lasting impact of the Dominican Republic's Second Republic, and don't forget to follow us on social media to share your own reflections on Restoration Day and other significant milestones you'd like us to cover.Support the Show.Connect with Strictly Facts - Instagram | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | YouTube Looking to read more about the topics covered in this episode? Subscribe to the newsletter at www.strictlyfactspod.com to get the Strictly Facts Syllabus to your email!Want to Support Strictly Facts? Rate the Show Leave a review on your favorite podcast platform Share this episode with someone who loves Caribbean history and culture Send us a DM or voice note to have your thoughts featured on an upcoming episode Share the episode on social media and tag us Donate to help us continue empowering listeners with Caribbean history and education Produced by Breadfruit Media
A tactical ploy to diminish the chances for Marine Le Pen's hard-right National Rally has worked—a surprise result that puts the left in front, but no party in charge. Despite sporting passions in Africa, continental leagues have fizzled; a passion for basketball may soon change that (9:25). And remembering Ángeles Flórez Peón, the last militiawoman who defended Spain's Second Republic (17:26). Get a world of insights by subscribing to Economist Podcasts+. For more information about how to access Economist Podcasts+, please visit our FAQs page or watch our video explaining how to link your account. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
A tactical ploy to diminish the chances for Marine Le Pen's hard-right National Rally has worked—a surprise result that puts the left in front, but no party in charge. Despite sporting passions in Africa, continental leagues have fizzled; a passion for basketball may soon change that (9:25). And remembering Ángeles Flórez Peón, the last militiawoman who defended Spain's Second Republic (17:26). Get a world of insights by subscribing to Economist Podcasts+. For more information about how to access Economist Podcasts+, please visit our FAQs page or watch our video explaining how to link your account.
The biggest scandal in the Second Republic of Austria was a doozy and we have the receipts to prove it, thanks to our researcher Ben. We discuss the enormous grift that was the construction of the biggest hospital in Europe, with our amazin' guest-star Alan Henderson! Ben's research: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1taepBMW90SCGjTYJF1_NTaO152QUDEId/view?usp=sharing Our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/pauljacobscomedy Alan's links: IG: https://www.instagram.com/itsnotalan/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/itsnotalan FB: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064733713799 Aislinn's links: IG: https://www.instagram.com/callmeashleykay/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@callmeashleykay FB: https://www.facebook.com/callmeashleykay Paul's links: YT: https://www.youtube.com/pauljacobscomedy IG: https://www.instagram.com/pauljacobscomedy/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@pauljacobscomedy FB: https://www.facebook.com/pauljacobscomedy/
Spain's Me Too movement started back in 2016, after a horrifying rape case that shocked the nation and mobilized its men and women. But the history of Spanish women's struggle for equal rights dates back to the mid-19th century. And as you will note in this conversation, it's a history that is closely tied to the struggle for freedom, to different political movements and their priorities, to different regimes and republics, and also to world events and global movements, such as the suffrage movement in Britain and America, and Fascism and Nazism in Italy and Germany, respectively. In this episode, I ask my guest, Dr. Marta del Moral, the following questions: How did women's conditions and rights in Spain from the 19th century to 1933 compare to other European countries? Were women deemed intellectually equal to men? And if so, were they given the same rights? When did Spanish women gain the right to vote and how did they effectively lose it? How did Franco's regime impact women's rights and conditions? What is (was) permiso marital? How were rapists treated in Spain? What was the punishment for a man who killed his adulterous wife? How did women's conditions and rights change after democracy returned to Spain starting in 1975? The Unwanted FIFA Kiss - how did this fit within Spanish women's long struggle for equal rights and Spain's "Macho Culture"? Dr. del Moral is a professor of gender equality at the Complutense University of Madrid. She directs the Research Group: Gender Relations in the Contemporary World: an interdisciplinary perspective from History, Geography and Law, where she has investigated women's participation in local governments. By the way, during our conversation, Dr. del Moral recommended this book: New Perspectives on European Women's Legal History. In this episode, Dr. del Moral tells us that the Unwanted FIFA kiss was an act of masculine power over a woman. And that's not the first time we've had this in our program. Back in 2021, when New York Governor Andrew Cuomo was accused of sexual harassment and shortly thereafter resigned, Dr. Carry Baker of Smith College explained to us that at its core, sexual harassment is about power! Click for my conversation with Dr. Baker. SUPPORT: Click here and join our other supporters in the news peeler community. Thank you. Image description: Caricature of Gracia y Justicia, the conservative magazine of political humor published in Spain during the Second Republic. It shows a group of feminist women breaking into an office to claim the right to divorce, even though they are single. The vignette is part of the campaign organized by Catholic right media and parties in order to avoid the legalization of divorce. The following dialogue is read in the text that accompanies the cartoon: —The divorce! ... the divorce! We want the [right to] divorce! —But how bad do your husbands treat you? —No, we are single. (Public Domain).
On this week's episode, Francine welcomes Dr. Sean Fear from Leeds University's School of History to unpack his virtual lecture, "Assessing Saigon's "Year of Sand": the 1968 Tet Offensive and Rise and Fall of South Vietnam's Second Republic". Stay tuned to hear Dr. Fear share his work which sheds new light on the South Vietnamese government, the role of language training in work, and fond memories of his time at Cornell University. Lightning Round: 03:40 Research and lecture summary: 09:30 Advice for researchers and recommendations: 41:40 Dr. Fear's Top Recommendations: Feature film: Dat Kho (Land of Sorrows). (Link) The music on the podcast is from "Me and Some Friends", a musical project by a group of friends at Cornell, to experiment with how the beautiful timbres of Gamelan music can meld with hypnotic guitar parts to create a contemplative and unique experience. Check them out here.
“If only mine were the last drop of Spanish blood to be spilled in civil strife. God willing, may the Spanish people at peace, so replete with extraordinary virtue, at last find homeland, bread and justice”. Who among today's Spaniards could possibly disown this quote? The man who uttered in November 1936 shortly before being shot by firing squad, in whose tombstone the epitaph is inscribed, is José Antonio Primo de Rivera. The current left-wing government of Spain has different plans for his bodily remains. As part of its so-called law of democratic memory, approved last summer, Primo de Rivera will be disinterred this week from his tomb at what used to be called the Valley of the Fallen—renamed Valle de Cuelgamuros by the same bill—incinerated, and his ashes will be relocated to the San Isidro monastery in Madrid. So what does the government of Pedro Sánchez fault Primo de Rivera for? Although he ended his life on the aforecited conciliatory note—and even though he lived through only six months of the civil war from prison before being executed by the Second Republic, which viewed him as a threat—Primo de Rivera remains a standard-bearer of 20th century Spanish fascism, someone historians see as having laid the idealogical groundwork for Franco, who went on to rule for 40 years upon winning the Civil War. He is the latest target of a sweeping effort, unfolding since the previous socialist government in the late 2000s, to settle the scores of these tumultuous decades of Spain's history. These bills do various things. They rename streets and monuments. By setting up DNA banks, they enable families to trace, find and give a proper burial to Republican victims of Francoist repression buried in mass graves. And lastly, they reframe the way History is taught, depicting the Second Republic (1931-1939) as the unimpeachable defender of freedom and democracy against Franco's fascist villains. This week, we will navigate this treacherous topic by inquiring about Franco's exact place in Spain's public consciousness, exploring the demographics of this issue, and questioning whether Spain's history can be so neatly framed as a black-or-white story of good versus evil. We are joined by two distinguished hispanists. On one side of the line, Michael Reid, a longtime regular at The Economist and the author most recently of Spain: The Trials and Tribulations of a Modern European Country (2023), with Yale University Press. On the other side of the line we have with us Nigel Townson, a professor of History at Complutense University in Madrid. As always, please rate and review Uncommon Decency on Apple Podcasts, and send us your comments or questions either on Twitter at @UnDecencyPod or by e-mail at undecencypod@gmail.com. And please consider supporting the show through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/undecencypod.
Why did the Second Republic only last four years and was it doomed to fail? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
The politics of the Spanish Civil War are complicated — which only makes it all the more impressive that Alex Knight's Land and Freedom distills them so elegantly into a three-player scrum for control of the Second Republic. Today, Alex joins us to discuss the genesis of his game, including how he solved the semi-cooperative problem with a silk bag, evolving the card-driven formula so popular in wargames, and the factional politics behind the gameplay.
Hailing from ‘The Rebel County' (That's Cork for anyone outside Ireland!), Chris gave up the day job as an electrician, to pursue his calling in comedy. Having shared the stage with the likes of Bill Burr, Dylan Moran, David O' Doherty, PJ Gallagher and Neil Delamare, Chris himself is en route to becoming a household name.His festival appearances include The Kilkenny Cat Laughs, The Vodafone Comedy festival, The Galway Comedy festival, Electric Picnic, and many more on the Irish scene. He has had a number of successful runs at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and performed at the Irish comedy Festival Dubai 2014 along with other international appearances with his show Corked. His most recent Edinburgh appearance was in 2015 with Stop Stalling.As an actor, he can be seen in The Young Offenders (BBC/RTÉ) and Sharon Horgan's Women On The Verge (UKTV/ RTÉ). Other television appearances include, the RTÉ 2 panel show Next Year's News, The Craig Doyle Show.In the UK, he has appeared on Russell Howard's Stand Up Central for Comedy Central.On radio, he has been a regular panelist for the RTE Radio 1 show The Second Republic and a guest panelist on BBC's The Blame Game.In 2010 he was the recipient of the Comedy Smack Down Award at the Galway Comedy festival, and Winner of the Bulmer's Nuttin' But Funny Comedy Award 2009. Following on from being listed as “One to Watch” in The Dublin magazine's “Red Hot and Rising” for 2012, Chris Kent was voted as one of the Top Five Irish Comedians by Hot Press Magazine in 2013.Thanks for watching! Like, subscribe, drop a comment, all the good stuff.Subscribe to Patreon for early access to episodes PLUS a bonus solo episode every week
Kazakhstan is holding a national referendum on potential amendments to the country's constitution on June 5. This marks the first referendum in Kazakhstan in 27 years. The amendments, as proposed, would alter more than one-third of the current constitution. Kazakh President Qasym-Zhomart Toqaev has said that the changes would bring an end to the “super presidential” system established by Kazakhstan's first president, Nursultan Nazarbaev, and would create a Second Republic. Here we take a look at the key amendments and what exactly they signify for Kazakhstan's future.
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 7 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #7 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 7 Part: 7 of 7 Length Part: 2:37:37 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 60 - 68 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 6 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #6 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 6 Part: 6 of 7 Length Part: 3:46:39 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 50 - 59 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 5 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #5 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 5 Part: 5 of 7 Length Part: 3:38:09 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 40 - 49 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 4 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #4 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 4 Part: 4 of 7 Length Part: 3:10:16 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 30 - 39 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 3 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #3 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 3 Part: 3 of 7 Length Part: 5:00:32 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 20 - 29 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 2 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #2 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 2 Part: 2 of 7 Length Part: 4:09:47 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 10 - 19 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
For our second episode, we are taking a grand Tour de France. This is a complete overview of France's 20 centuries long history. It is not exhaustive, of course, but it should help people refresh their memory or get a better grip on the whole of French history. Everyone should then be able to enjoy and appreciate future episodes even more.Should you wish to go directly to specific eras, here are the time codes:00:00 - Introduction and Antiquity03:31 - Barbarian Invasions and the Frankish Kingdom 07:25 - Charlemagne & Carolingian Empire11:21 - The Birth of France21:50 - The Hundred Years' War28:49 - The Plague & The Renaissance32:06 - Wars of Religion & Rise of Absolute Monarchy35:25 - Louis XIV39:45 - Louis XV, Seven Years' War & the Lumières43:25 - The French Revolution 49:25 - Napoléon53:11 - The Restoration, Second Republic and Second Empire1:00:23 - The Third Republic and WWI1:06:21 - The Inter-War and WWII1:09:34 - The Fourth Republic and Decolonization1:11:59 - The Fifth Republic, De Gaulle and ConclusionRecommended books:Maurice Druon: Les Rois MauditsChrétien de Troyes: Perceval ou le Conte du GraalAlexandre Dumas: Les Trois MousquetairesVictor Hugo: Les MisérablesSupport the showReach out, support the show and give me feedback! Follow the podcast on social media Leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts or on Spotify Become a patron on Patreon to support the show Buy me a Coffee Get beautiful “La Fayette, We are Here!” merchandise from TeePublic
The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 1 Title: The Three Musketeers Overview: The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), telling the story of the 17th-century musketeer d'Artagnan. Dumas based the character and attributes of d'Artagnan on the captain of musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673) and the portrayal was particularly indebted to d'Artagnan's semi-fictionalized memoirs as written 27 years after the hero's death by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (published 1700). The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Published: 1844 List: 100 Classic Book Collections, Readers' Choice Collections, The d'Artagnan Romances Series, d'Artagnan #1 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: William Robson Genre: Classic Literature & Fiction, Historical Novel, Adventure Novel, Contemporary Literature & Fiction, Traveler & Explorer Biographies, Swashbuckler Episode: The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas - Book 2, Part 1 Part: 1 of 7 Length Part: 4:11:49 Book: 2 Length Book: 26:34:51 Episodes: 0 - 9 of 68 Successor: Twenty Years After Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Biography, Autobiography, True Crime, Criminology, Middle Ages, History, War, Military, Christianity, Early Modern, Historical, Fiction, Borgias, Cenci, Massacres, Deep South, Mary Stuart, Karl-Ludwig Sand, Urbain Grandier, Nisida, Desrues, La Constantin, Joan of Naples, Iron Mask, Martin Guerre, Ali Pacha, Countess de Saint-Geran, Murat, Marquise de Brinvilliers, Vaninka, Marquise de Ganges, The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #Biography #Autobiography #True Crime #Criminology #Middle Ages #History #War #Military #Christianity #Early #Modern #Historical #Fiction #Borgias #Cenci #Massacres #DeepSouth #MaryStuart #Karl-LudwigSand #UrbainGrandier #Nisida #Desrues #LaConstantin #JoanofNaples #IronMask #MartinGuerre #AliPacha #CountessdeSaint-Geran #Murat #MarquisedeBrinvilliers #Vaninka #MarquisedeGanges #TheThreeMusketeers #TheCountofMonteCristo Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support
Guest: Eddy Maloka is Visiting Professor at the Wits School of Governance and he presented an interesting opinion in his Daily Maverick article See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
In Part 2, Kate learns about the Spanish civil war, Franco's dictatorship, and a street festival where everyone throws tomatoes at each other.Bocadillo recipe:https://spanishsabores.com/serranito-bocadillo-recipe-how-to-make-classic-spanish-sandwich/Anthem versions assessed:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9i_PqUxcvjghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2aOXCmvFKUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k1L-t7q3j4Main sources used:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17955805https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Primo-de-Rivera-1923-30-and-the-Second-Republic-1931-36https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989/gallery/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/spainhttps://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/m-primo-de-rivera-fallhttps://www.pbs.org/tpt/dictators-playbook/episodes/francisco-franco/
In this podcast Saileóg, Enda and Peter talk about their different journeys, the importance of knowing all the aspects and roles involved in costume design, the significance of developing a trusting relationship with actors and the collaborative nature of the craft. They also reflect on the the differences of designing costumes for different art forms on stage and also of designing for stage and for screen, theatre being a more intimate working environment than big-budget films; and finally they consider the impact of technology on costume design and its pros and cons. Thanks for listening, we hope you enjoy it! _____________________________ DESIGNERS WEBSITES https://www.saileogohalloran.com https://www.endakennydesign.com http://peterobriendesign.com _____________________________ SOME OF THE PRODUCTIONS MENTIONED: The Great Gatsby at the Gate Theatre Dublin https://www.gatetheatre.ie/recent-productions-great-gatsby/ The Fall of the Second Republic at the Abbey Theatre Dublin https://www.abbeytheatre.ie/whats-on/the-fall-of-the-second-republic/ _____________________________ These podcasts are possible thanks to the Design & Crafts Council of Ireland www.dcci.ie. Each episode covers different aspects of scenography and its processes with designers from all disciplines at a variety of stages in their careers. Stage Left Podcast Music: Venn Diagrams from How To Square A Circle by Alma Kelliher Hosted and produced by ISSSD and Noelia Ruiz © www.isssd.ie
Suchitra Vijayan, author of Midnight’s Borders: A People’s History of Modern India, talks about what propelled her to travel 9,000 miles along India’s borderlands. In conversation with Vaibhav Vats, Vijayan recounts her reportage along India’s tenuous boundaries with Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and - most contentious of all – Pakistan. The conversation delves into the nature of borders, the peculiar origins of India’s demarcations and the fractured, founding history that underpins the Indian nation-state. Vijayan and Vats also muse on how the violence on the peripheries slowly permeates inwards, as raging conflicts over citizenship and identity - once an issue confined largely to the borderlands - have moved to the centre of the Indian body politic. Suchitra Vijayan is an award-winning photographer, the founder and executive director of the Polis Project, a hybrid research and journalism organisation. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, GQ, The Boston Review, The Hindu, and Foreign Policy, and she has appeared on NBC news. A Barrister by training, she previously worked for the United Nations war crimes tribunals in Yugoslavia and Rwanda before co-founding the Resettlement Legal Aid Project in Cairo, which gives legal aid to Iraqi refugees. Vaibhav Vats is an independent writer and journalist. His work has appeared in the New York Times and Al Jazeera, among other publications. He is working on a book on Hindu nationalism and the making of India’s Second Republic.
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Rompiendo con los usuales temas de ciencia pura o de aclaración de supersticiones y pseudociencia, el Dr. Jesús Pineda, profesional de las ciencias, físico de la Universidad Simón Bolivar, investigador y catedrático en Colombia y Alemania, y miembro de la Sociedad Racional Escéptica, habla en esta ocasión de las conexiones que nos llevan de los conocimientos científicos a lo banal, y viceversa, en aspectos que seguramente pocos relacionan con lo que estuvo en sus origenes. En esta edición de conexiones de Ciencia y Leyenda, Jesús nos descubre la sorprendente hilación entre las artes, el papel tapiz; el vino, el vinagre y el conocimiento de los gérmenes; o la relación de la arquitectura con la Liga Socialista...-----Duración: 00:11:45.-----Imagen: snappygoat.com (free public domain)-----Ciencia&Leyenda ("Donde termina la ciencia y comienzan los mitos") es coordinado por el Lic. Sami Rozenbaum junto con Peter T.-----Encuentre más archivos multimedia de Ciencia y Leyenda en TecnologiaHechaPalabra.comArtículos relacionados:- William Morris: arquitecto, diseñador, maestro textil, traductor, poeta, novelista, activista socialista inglés, asociado con el movimiento británico Arts and Crafts, y uno de los principales promotores de la reactivación del arte textil tradicional.- Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, Knight of Pratz: French author, poet, and statesman who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France.- Louis Pasteur: French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.- Hans Christian Andersen: Danish author. Prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, and best remembered for his fairy tales.
The Revolution of October 1934 in Asturias is the most famous episode of Spain’s Second Republic period, but it is more often the subject of legend and propaganda than historical study. In this episode, Matthew Kerry, a lecturer at the University of Stirling and the author of the recent book Unite, Proletarian Brothers!: Radicalism and Revolution in the Spanish Second Republic, discusses the history of the local mining communities behind the uprising and how they radicalized within the turbulent context of the 1930s in Europe. In so doing, he considers larger questions about the nature of ideas like community, radicalism and revolution.
In this week's episode we chat to Saileóg O'Halloran, a Costume Designer based in Dublin. Her work in film and theatre has travelled worldwide, with her work for Dead Centre travelling to various countries in Europe, Asia and Australia. Recent film work includes “Algorithm”, “Kathleen Was Here”, “Cynthia” and Jack Reynor's directorial debut “Bainne”. Recent theatre work includes “The Great Hunger” & “The Fall of the Second Republic” for the Abbey Theatre. Street spectacle work includes “Danse Macabre” & “Out of the Wild Sky” for Macnas. Saileóg is an Irish Times Irish Theatre Award nominee and a member of the ISSSD (Irish Society for Stage & Screen Designers). Episode webpage: www.artsinjuniorcycle.ie/podcast-episode-saileog-ohalloran www.saileogohalloran.com/ Follow Saileóg O'Halloran on Twitter @salohal For more visit www.artsinjuniorcycle.ie | Twitter: @JuniorCycleArts
Batista inaugurated as President with great fanfare. We explore where this new, promising democratic experiment will lead and cover the second World War.
Spanish politics would have a rough and rocky century before the First World War, and the uncertainty was only beginning.
French Revolution began 150 years of chaos, war, bloodshed, revolution…. Each movement being eaten by the next… France in the 1789 had LOTS of problems: high tax on poor, Rich, oppression etc. CLEARLY in need of Revolution. America had just gone through their own revolution. But the ideal of these two revolutions were VERY different. In America, the Puritan and Protestants came over in search from religious freedom. They adopted ideas of Milton on freedom of speech and the dangers of censorship. They adopted believed in the premise that the INDIVIDUAL was the supreme expression of the state. And the state was in place to EMPOWER the individual. John Adams’ Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, ratified in 1780, provides the basic framework for American governing philosophy: “All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness.” Note: This put the power and responsibility into the hands of the individual. Liberty in the hand of the individual… the seeking and obtaining safety and happiness was the individual’s responsibility. France’s 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man is an ode to the collective. “The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation,” it states. “Law is the expression of the general will.” The guide of the French Revolution was not liberty—but “Equality”. Not individual freedom—but the government responsibility to level the playing field and give equity to all people. The America Revolution the PEOPLE gave power to the government, in the French the GOV/collective give power to the people. In the years following the American revolution we see peaceful governance. In the years following the French Revolution we see the Reign of Terror with mass execution “for the common good” . . . they hunted down nobles and business owners and beheaded them without trials. The premise was IF there was an inequality it was due to oppression—and oppression must be punished “To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency; to forgive them is cruelty” Robespierre EQUALITY was more important that LIBERTY. Maximilien Robespierre was monumental in sparking the French revolution… and ironically he was also lead to the guillotine when the people decided he too had too much power and an oppressor. That is the issue here—one of many in the post modern marxist ideologies… those who lead the revolution often meet the same fate and the fury of the movement for equality continues to eat those who bring leadership. It is the ouroboros —the self eating snake. Self destructive never satisfying force of chaos and destruction. The French Revolution was lead by ANTI religious. It was largely sparked by an Anti-Clerical movement—AKA secularism. They created a new religion to replace the Roman Catholic Church (which was in desperate need for reform). But instead of reforming—the torn it down, killed 16000+ clergy and nobles, and set up the Cult of Reason. Doing away with God—Mandated religion. (Note the difference—freedom of religion vs MANDATE religion. Individual freedom and liberty vs subject to the state to press for equality.) So—is the fact that it was a revolution that makes this Totalitarian? By no means—America had a revolution around the same time but the ideas and results were very different. The French revolution was Totalitarian in idealogy because the idea was absolutely control over the individual for the sake of “equality” and with that came state mandated religion—a very different idea from the America Revolution—Freedom of religion. First came the “Cult of Reason” that supplanted the Catholic church (Supplanting one mandated religion with another) Here is where is gets really crazy and we see the extreme censorship and control of media and the totality of Totalitarian even in their erasure and rewriting of history. Post Modern Leftist revolutions seek to erase and rewrite history so the past can completely be forgotten so that there is NO OTHER option—no descending voice—no other way of thinking. The “Cult of Reason” Did away with the Gregorian calendar and set up a NEW calander to erase christianity, religion, and the past. (Tear everything down and start over mentality VS let us learn from the past and slowly improve upon the foundations) What did they do? First introduced in 1788 and adopted in Oct 1793 – did away with 7 day week, replaced with 10 days. Three “Dedaces” instead of week. With the name of the months being “snow” Rain, Vintange, fruits, heat, harvest, seedtime. Replace the names of the Greek Roman Gods with scientific names. Replaced all the Christian Holiday with holidays around the State and Political events (Putting Science and Government as God) Each of the 360 days in the year was named for a seed, tree, flower, fruit, animal, or tool, replacing the saints’-day names and Christian festivals. If you remember from the previous episode on the traits of Totalitarian cult they want TOTAL control, total control of media, of thought, ideas, they re-write history and ideas so that their ideologies have no beginning middle or end. Why? Because if there is a beginning that means there could be a NOTHER option of thinking. And another option outside of their control is the greatest danger. This Calendar lasted until January 1, 1806 when Napoleon did away with the old new way, and reestablished the catholic church and the Gregorian calendar. Liberalism accepts and is open to criticism to they can find, and accept what they are doing wrong in order to correct their mistakes (slowly line by line improving society) Totalitarianism and the ideas that drove the French Revolution were “Tear everything down and START OVER” Don’t accept criticism. Don’t allow another narrative. Control everything. The result? Some would argue that the French revolution didn’t end until the 1950s when France joined the EU. For 150 years France cycled through revolution and instability. French Revolution (1789–1792) French First Republic (1792–1799) First Empire (1804–1814) Bourbon restoration (1814–1830) July Monarchy (1830–1848) Second Republic (1848–1852) Second Empire (1852–1870) Third Republic (1870–1940), until 1914 Paris Commune (1871) Royalist domination (1871–1879) "Radicals" (1879–1914) 150 years of chaos, war, bloodshed, revolution…. Each movement being eaten by the next… We must be awake and aware of the warning sign of marxist groups like Black Lives Matter . . . warning sign that could ultimately lead to your own destruction as the movement begins to eat itself. Sources and additional resources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution https://www.britannica.com/science/French-republican-calendar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism https://patriotpost.us/opinion/1775-the-second-french-revolution-2009-04-08 Until next time… Be a change maker, take responsibility, own the future. Thank you for listening, and as always you can find me at: WhatsApp: +1-202-922-0220 LucasSkrobot.com Tiktok: https://www.tiktok.com/@lucasskrobot LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lucasskrobot Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lucasskrobot
Actor Caitríona Ennis talks with Lisa Farrelly about finding the heart of Emer in Corn Exchange & the Abbey Theatre's The Fall of the Second Republic, making the grade and going to war for all her characters. Recorded on Wednesday 4 March 2020 at the Abbey Theatre. Interviewer & Editor: Lisa Farrelly Sound operator: Derek Conaghy 03/2020 Broadcast 12/03/2020 Photograph Credit Ros Kavanagh
2/26/20: SECOND REPUBLIC W/ MIKE BARA It can be concluded that a Second Republic is in the works and the reset is a new order based on the old establishment. It is the pursuit of the powers that be to beholden to other powers that we cannot clearly define. In the Second Republic, there is no right or left party - only one nation under the hallucination that they are free and are working in order to be free. The question is, what Black Swan event will trigger it? Tonight on Ground Zero, Clyde Lewis talks with Mike Bara about SECOND REPUBLIC.
Welcome back NAKE'd listeners, it's another Circle of Jerks episode! This is the continuation of Episode 3. We continue talking about MCU and Star Wars' potential future, as well as The Mandalorian, rumors of the next Star Wars movie to take place during the Second Republic, what we thought about The Marriage Story and how Alan dealt with his own divorce, how Marco is ready to have kids (joking!), and Marco also had some difficulties with the game (by shuffling in his villain cards into his deck). All while still playing Marvel Legendaries. No worries, we will have a video version very soon. Support us on Patreon at www.officialmillennials.com , or @ us @OG_TheNAKEdPod on Twitter. | If you have anything to talk to us about, email info@officialmillennials.com | Alan- mixer.com/PeachZee | Ethan - mixer.com/CrazyECB | Official Millennials Discord server (https://discord.gg/Yh4K88W) | Music by Joseph McDade & Purple Planet Music (www.purple-planet.com) #OGNAKEdPod #CircleOfJerks --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/officialmillennials/message
Today's reading is Genesis 6, Ezra 6, Matthew 6, and Acts 6. It may be that our focus reading for the day should continue in Matthew 6, because Jesus' teaching there is so majestic and beautiful that no passage should really overshadow it. If you will indulge me a bit, we will return to Matthew tomorrow for our focus, but today - we are going to discuss the Genesis passage. Genesis 6 has long been one of my favorite passages in the Bible. It is fascinating, scary, and very, very mysterious. I wrote a book last year called Angels, Ghosts and other Bible Mysteries (on Amazon) that is very focused on many of the mysteries that are brought up in this passage. If you like this discussion, you will probably enjoy that book. If not, then skip the book! Before we get to the question and answer section, however, let's mine some spiritual gold from this passage. Here is a powerful and encouraging word from our friend and mentor, Charles Spurgeon: My brethren, how displeased the great God has been with men. He said that it repented him that he had made men upon the earth. That was a striking expression which is used in Genesis 6:6: “It grieved him at his heart.” He seemed to grow so weary of man's wanton wickedness that he was sorry that he ever made beings capable of so much evil. Yet he is so well content with his beloved Son, who has assumed our nature, that we read of him, “The Lord is well pleased for his righteousness' sake: he will magnify the law, and make it honourable.” (Is. 42:21). The Lord looks down upon those who are in Christ with an intense affection, and loves them even as he loves the Son, for that is the meaning of this word, “In whom I am well pleased.” All who are in Christ Jesus are pleasing to God; yea, God in Christ looks with divine satisfaction upon all those who trust his Son: he is not only pleased, but well pleased. If you are pleased with Jesus, God is pleased with you: if you are in the Son, then you are in the Father's good pleasure C. H. Spurgeon, “The Voice from the Cloud and the Voice of the Beloved,” in The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons, vol. 29 (London: Passmore & Alabaster, 1883), 355–356. I would say that Genesis 6 presents us with one of the top five mysteries in the Bible - especially if you read it in the King James Version! Check this out: And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.And the Lord said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years.There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. Genesis 6;1-4, King James Version SO MANY QUESTIONS! What is going on here? Are angelic beings having relations with human women (apparently...) were the offspring of those unions giants (maybe...but that's not the best translation.) did God send the flood because heavenly beings and earthly beings were having relationships?! These are all tough questions and likely too big for our short little podcast to cover, but I'll try to at least give a short answer to some of them. (maybe we'll do a special episode on this chapter at some point) Question #1: Are heavenly beings in Genesis 6 actually having children with human females? The answer to this question depends on who, exactly, the "sons of God" are in Genesis 6. There are three main theories. The first is that they are powerful men and leaders that were human - maybe significantly above average humans. Think body-builders, great/tall athletes, charismatic politicians, etc. Theory #2 is that these 'sons of God' are descendants of Seth, thus making the 'daughters of men,' primarily descendants of Cain. This theory is the one I have heard most at seminary and in academic circles. Theory #3 is that 'sons of God' are some type of heavenly creature - an angel, or something like an angel. I personally see no grammatical or historical evidence of theory #1. All of the sudden these guys realized that human females were beautiful (vs. 2)? This theory doesn't seem to fit the context of the verse very well, and theory #2 even less so. There is literally NOWHERE in Scripture that suggests that the daughters of men were of the line of Cain and the sons of God were of the line of Seth. Seth is mentioned ten times in the Bible, and only twice after Genesis 5. (Once in a genealogy in Luke and in 1st Chronicles) Cain is mentioned only 3 times after Genesis 5, and all three times are in the New Testament, and do not discuss his descendants at all, but only his murder and his wrong-offering. Genesis six mentions neither Cain nor Abel, so this theory - and it is a popular one - simply has no biblical support whatsoever that I can find. Which brings us to theory #3 - the sons of God are some type of heavenly creature. Believe it or not, this theory has the most textual support by far. The phrase 'sons of God,' occurs three times outside of Genesis in the Old Testament. All three times are in the book of Job, and all three times are clearly speaking of heavenly creatures - angels, or something like angels. That is a strong bit of evidence in favor of viewing these sons of God as Heavenly beings. Vs. 2 is also strong contextual evidence in favor of theory 3. Consider this verse, "The sons of God saw that the daughters of mankind were beautiful." if that verse is simply talking about human males, the descendants of Seth, or whomever, then it is a strange, strange passage. Did it really take hundreds (or thousands!) of years for human males to realize that human females were beautiful? Frankly, I think that is silly. I believe the biblical text is pointing us to theory #3 that these beings were heavenly. One more bit of evidence, and this evidence is weak, but worth noting. The Book of Enoch is not a biblical book, and was not written by the Enoch spoken of in Genesis. It was not canonical, and I do not believe it to be inspired. It is, however, a very old book and it was read by people in the early church, and many early church fathers. Scholars' best guess is that the book of Enoch dates to around 100-300 years before the birth of Jesus, though some sections could be older. That book is very, very clear about who the 'sons of God' in Genesis 6 were. Listen to this! Book of Enoch – Enoch 15: And He answered and said to me, and I heard His voice: 'Fear not, Enoch, thou righteous man and scribe of righteousness: approach hither and hear my voice. And go, say to the Watchers of heaven, who have sent thee to intercede for them: "You should intercede" for men, and not men for you: Wherefore have ye left the high, holy, and eternal heaven, and lain with women, and defiled yourselves with the daughters of men and taken to yourselves wives, and done like the children of earth, and begotten giants (as your) sons? And though ye were holy, spiritual, living the eternal life, you have defiled yourselves with the blood of women, and have begotten (children) with the blood of flesh, and, as the children of men, have lusted after flesh and blood as those also do who die 5 and perish. Therefore have I given them wives also that they might impregnate them, and beget children by them, that thus nothing might be wanting to them on earth. But you were formerly spiritual, living the eternal life, and immortal for all generations of the world. And therefore I have not appointed wives for you; for as for the spiritual ones of the heaven, in heaven is their dwelling. And now, the giants, who are produced from the spirits and flesh, shall be called evil spirits upon the earth, and on the earth shall be their dwelling. Evil spirits have proceeded from their bodies; because they are born from men and from the holy Watchers is their beginning and primal origin; they shall be evil spirits on earth, and evil spirits shall they be called. [As for the spirits of heaven, in heaven shall be their dwelling, but as for the spirits of the earth which were born upon the earth, on the earth shall be their dwelling.] And the spirits of the giants afflict, oppress, destroy, attack, do battle, and work destruction on the earth, and cause trouble: they take no food, but nevertheless hunger and thirst, and cause offences. And these spirits shall rise up against the children of men and against the women, because they have proceeded from them. One objection that many have to theory #3 is from Matthew 22:30, " 30 For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven." I do not believe this objection holds much water for two reasons: #1 Genesis 6 seems to be talking about intimate relations and not necessarily marriage. It is possible to have relations and not be married. #2, Jesus specifically mentions "angels in Heaven," and Genesis 6 is quite obviously dealing with beings that are on earth. Perhaps angels in Heaven do not marry, but the beings in Genesis 6, be they human or angels are not at all in Heaven, and don't seem to be concerned with the rules of Heaven. Another objection might say that Heavenly beings are without gender, but I don't see that in Scripture either. There are Heavenly beings in Zechariah 5 that are female (not necessarily angels) and the Heavenly beings in Genesis 18 are clearly male. Can heavenly beings procreate? The only bit of biblical evidence in favor of that possibility would seem to be here in Genesis 6 and I see nothing anywhere else that gives me the idea that they are incapable of such things. Question #2: Is Genesis 6 telling us that giants used to exist on the earth? Not necessarily - the Hebrew word there is the word Nephilim. It is a difficult word to translate because it only appears in one - or two - other places in the entire Old Testament. Reference #1 is from Numbers 13 and is probably where the King James translators got the inspiration to use the word, "giant." 30 Then Caleb quieted the people in the presence of Moses and said, “Let's go up now and take possession of the land because we can certainly conquer it!”31 But the men who had gone up with him responded, “We can't attack the people because they are stronger than we are!” 32 So they gave a negative report to the Israelites about the land they had scouted: “The land we passed through to explore is one that devours its inhabitants, and all the people we saw in it are men of great size. 33 We even saw the Nephilim there—the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim! To ourselves we seemed like grasshoppers, and we must have seemed the same to them.” Numbers 13:30-34 So - these Nephilim are clearly quite big and impressive...but are they giants? I live in Salinas, California - about an hour from where the Golden State Warriors play basketball. If I went over to practice one day, and somehow, someway got a chance to shoot around with those guys, I'd probably come home and tell my family that I felt like a grasshopper. I'm 6'1, but compared to Kevin Looney (6 feet, 9 inches) or Willie Cauley-Stein (7 feet!) I'm quite short. I believe that these Nephilim were the offspring of heavenly beings and human females, so it is certainly possible that they possessed traits that were above human capability, but we just can't be sure about their size at all, beyond saying that they were likely significantly larger than the Hebrews. Question #3: Did God flood the earth because of human-angelic relationships? If definitely seems like there is a subtle relationship between God flooding the world and whatever was going on with these sons of God and daughters of men. Could 2nd Peter 2 be giving us a clue about this? 4 For if God didn't spare the angels who sinned but cast them into hell and delivered them in chains of utter darkness to be kept for judgment; 5 and if he didn't spare the ancient world, but protected Noah, a preacher of righteousness, and seven others, when he brought the flood on the world of the ungodly; 2 Peter 2:4-5 That passage is quite interesting, but also fairly obscure. I'm not sure we should build a lot of theology on it. The fact is, however, that the first part Genesis 6 seems to indicate that the sins of humans grieved God in the context of the flood. 5 When the Lord saw that human wickedness was widespread on the earth and that every inclination of the human mind was nothing but evil all the time, 6 the Lord regretted that he had made man on the earth,and he was deeply grieved. 7 Then the Lord said, “I will wipe mankind, whom I created, off the face of the earth, together with the animals, creatures that crawl, and birds of the sky—for I regret that I made them.” 8 Noah, however, found favor with the Lord.... Genesis 6:5-8 The second part of Genesis 6, however, seems to make room for more than humans to be involved in the judgment. 11 Now the earth was corrupt in God's sight, and the earth was filled with wickedness. 12 God saw how corrupt the earth was, for every creature had corrupted its way on the earth. 13 Then God said to Noah, “I have decided to put an end to every creature, for the earth is filled with wickedness because of them; therefore I am going to destroy them along with the earth. Genesis 6:11-13 So, my conclusion to the question is a weak 'maybe.' If the sons of God are indeed heavenly beings, as I suspect they are, it would appear that their dalliance with human females had at least a small part to play in the flooding of the earth. We might go too far past the text if we say much more than that. I'll close with the conclusions of Jonathan Edwards - probably American's foremost theologian - on the question of the giants/nephilim: “And there were giants in the earth in those days,” etc. “Pausanias, in his Laconics, mentions the bones of men of a more than ordinary bigness, which were shown in the temple of Aesculapius at the city of Asepus; and in the first of his Eliacs, of a bone taken out of the sea, which aforetime was kept at Pisa, and thought to have been one of Peleps'. Philostratus, in the beginning of his Heroics, [says] that many bodies of giants were discovered in Pallene, by showers of rain and earthquakes. Pliny, Bk. 7, ch. 16, says, ‘That upon the bursting of a mountain in Crete, there was found a body standing upright, which was reported by some to have been the body of Orion, by others, the body of Eetion. Orestes' body, when it was commanded by the oracle to be digged up, is reported to have been seven cubits. And almost a thousand years ago, the poet Homer continually complained, that men's bodies were less than of old.' And Solinus, ch. I, ‘Were not all that were born in that age, less than their parents?' And the story of Orestes' funeral testifies the bigness of the ancients, whose bones, when they were digged up, in the 58th Olympiad at Tegea, by the advice of the oracle, are related to have been seven cubits in length. And other writings, which give a credible relation of ancient matters, affirm this, that in the war of Crete, when the rivers had been so high as to overflow and break down their banks, after the flood was abated, upon the cleaving of the earth, there was found a human body of three and thirty foot long, which L. Flaccus, the legate, and Metellus himself, being very desirous of seeing, were much surprised to have the satisfaction of seeing, what they did not believe when they heard.” Grotius, De Veritate, Bk. 1, sec. 16, notes. “Josephus, Bk. 5, ch. 2, of his ancient history. ‘There remains to this day some of the race of the giants, who by reason of the bulk and figure of their bodies, so different from other men, are wonderful to see, or hear of. Their bones are now shown, far exceeding the belief of the vulgar.' Gabinius, in his history of Mauritania, said that Antaeus' bones were found by Sertorius, which, joined together, were sixty cubits long. Phlegon Trallianus, in his 9th chapter of Wonders, mentions the digging up [of] the head of Ida, which was three times as big as that of an ordinary woman. And he adds also, that there were many bodies found in Dalmatia, whose arms exceeded sixteen cubits. And the same man relates out of Theopompus, that there were found in the Cimmerian Bosphorus, a company of human bones twenty-four cubits in length.” Le Clerc's notes on Grotius, De Veritate, Bk. 1, sec. 16. “We almost everywhere in the Greek and Latin historians meet with the savage life of the giants, mentioned by Moses. In the Greek, as Homer, Iliad 9, and Hesiod in his Labors. To this may be referred the wars of the gods, mentioned by Plato in his Second Republic, and those distinct and separate governments, taken notice of by the same Plato, in his third book of Laws. And as to the Latin historians, see the first book of Ovid's Metamorphosis, and the 4th book of Lucan, and Seneca's third book of Natural Questions, Ques. 30, where he says concerning the deluge, ‘That the beasts also perished, into whose nature men were degenerated.' ” Jonathan Edwards, Notes on Scripture, ed. Harry S. Stout and Stephen J. Stein, vol. 15, The Works of Jonathan Edwards (London; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 506–508. By the way, Augustine - writing all the way back in the 300s! Makes a case contra the above, and believes that the sons of God were merely men. His reasoning is that there are at least two men in the Bible that are designated as angels/messengers that were obviously human, and that is likely what is going on here too. I respect and admire Augustine, but disagree with him here, noting that "sons of God" does not, of necessity, equate to angels. WHETHER WE ARE TO BELIEVE THAT ANGELS, WHO ARE OF A SPIRITUAL SUBSTANCE, FELL IN LOVE WITH THE BEAUTY OF WOMEN, AND SOUGHT THEM IN MARRIAGE, AND THAT FROM THIS CONNECTION GIANTS WERE BORN In the third book of this work (c. 5) we made a passing reference to this question, but did not decide whether angels, inasmuch as they are spirits, could have bodily intercourse with women. For it is written, “Who maketh His angels spirits,”4 that is, He makes those who are by nature spirits His angels by appointing them to the duty of bearing His messages. For the Greek word ἄγγελος, which in Latin appears as “angelus,” means a messenger. But whether the Psalmist speaks of their bodies when he adds, “and His ministers a flaming fire,” or means that God's ministers ought to blaze with love as with a spiritual fire, is doubtful. However, the same trustworthy Scripture testifies that angels have appeared to men in such bodies as could not only be seen, but also touched. There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that sylvans and fauns, who are commonly called “incubi,” had often made wicked assaults upon women, and satisfied their lust upon them; and that certain devils, called Duses by the Gauls, are constantly attempting and effecting this impurity is so generally affirmed, that it were impudent to deny it.5 From these assertions, indeed, I dare not determine whether there be some spirits embodied in an aerial substance (for this element, even when agitated by a fan, is sensibly felt by the body), and who are capable of lust and of mingling sensibly with women; but certainly I could by no means believe that God's holy angels could at that time have so fallen, nor can I think that it is of them the Apostle Peter said, “For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment.”1 I think he rather speaks of these who first apostatized from God, along with their chief the devil, who enviously deceived the first man under the form of a serpent. But the same holy Scripture affords the most ample testimony that even godly man have been called angels; for of John it is written: “Behold, I send my messenger (angel) before Thy face, who shall prepare Thy way.”2 And the prophet Malachi, by a peculiar grace specially communicated to him, was called an angel.3 But some are moved by the fact that we have read that the fruit of the connection between those who are called angels of God and the women they loved were not men like our own breed, but giants; just as if there were not born even in our own time (as I have mentioned above) men of much greater size than the ordinary stature. Was there not at Rome a few years ago, when the destruction of the city now accomplished by the Goths was drawing near, a woman, with her father and mother, who by her gigantic size over-topped all others? Surprising crowds from all quarters came to see her, and that which struck them most was the circumstance that neither of her parents were quite up to the tallest ordinary stature. Giants therefore might well be born, even before the sons of God, who are also called angels of God, formed a connection with the daughters of men, or of those living according to men, that is to say, before the sons of Seth formed a connection with the daughters of Cain. For thus speaks even the canonical Scripture itself in the book in which we read of this; its words are: “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair [good]; and they took them wives of all which they chose. And the Lord God said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became the giants, men of renown.”4 These words of the divine book sufficiently indicate that already there were giants in the earth in those days, in which the sons of God took wives of the children of men, when they loved them because they were good, that is, fair. For it is the custom of this Scripture to call those who are beautiful in appearance “good.” But after this connection had been formed, then too were giants born. For the words are: “There were giants in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men.” Therefore there were giants both before, “in those days,” and “also after that.” And the words, “they bare children to them,” show plainly enough that before the sons of God fell in this fashion they begat children to God, not to themselves,—that is to say, not moved by the lust of sexual intercourse, but discharging the duty of propagation, intending to produce not a family to gratify their own pride, but citizens to people the city of God; and to these they as God's angels would bear the message, that they should place their hope in God, like him who was born of Seth, the son of resurrection, and who hoped to call on the name of the Lord God, in which hope they and their offspring would be co-heirs of eternal blessings, and brethren in the family of which God is the Father. Augustine of Hippo, “The City of God,” in St. Augustin's City of God and Christian Doctrine, ed. Philip Schaff, trans. Marcus Dods, vol. 2, A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, First Series (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1887), 303–304.
Today's reading is Genesis 6, Ezra 6, Matthew 6, and Acts 6. It may be that our focus reading for the day should continue in Matthew 6, because Jesus' teaching there is so majestic and beautiful that no passage should really overshadow it. If you will indulge me a bit, we will return to Matthew tomorrow for our focus, but today - we are going to discuss the Genesis passage. Genesis 6 has long been one of my favorite passages in the Bible. It is fascinating, scary, and very, very mysterious. I wrote a book last year called Angels, Ghosts and other Bible Mysteries (on Amazon) that is very focused on many of the mysteries that are brought up in this passage. If you like this discussion, you will probably enjoy that book. If not, then skip the book! Before we get to the question and answer section, however, let's mine some spiritual gold from this passage. Here is a powerful and encouraging word from our friend and mentor, Charles Spurgeon: My brethren, how displeased the great God has been with men. He said that it repented him that he had made men upon the earth. That was a striking expression which is used in Genesis 6:6: “It grieved him at his heart.” He seemed to grow so weary of man's wanton wickedness that he was sorry that he ever made beings capable of so much evil. Yet he is so well content with his beloved Son, who has assumed our nature, that we read of him, “The Lord is well pleased for his righteousness' sake: he will magnify the law, and make it honourable.” (Is. 42:21). The Lord looks down upon those who are in Christ with an intense affection, and loves them even as he loves the Son, for that is the meaning of this word, “In whom I am well pleased.” All who are in Christ Jesus are pleasing to God; yea, God in Christ looks with divine satisfaction upon all those who trust his Son: he is not only pleased, but well pleased. If you are pleased with Jesus, God is pleased with you: if you are in the Son, then you are in the Father's good pleasure C. H. Spurgeon, “The Voice from the Cloud and the Voice of the Beloved,” in The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons, vol. 29 (London: Passmore & Alabaster, 1883), 355–356. I would say that Genesis 6 presents us with one of the top five mysteries in the Bible - especially if you read it in the King James Version! Check this out: And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.And the Lord said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years.There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. Genesis 6;1-4, King James Version SO MANY QUESTIONS! What is going on here? Are angelic beings having relations with human women (apparently...) were the offspring of those unions giants (maybe...but that's not the best translation.) did God send the flood because heavenly beings and earthly beings were having relationships?! These are all tough questions and likely too big for our short little podcast to cover, but I'll try to at least give a short answer to some of them. (maybe we'll do a special episode on this chapter at some point) Question #1: Are heavenly beings in Genesis 6 actually having children with human females? The answer to this question depends on who, exactly, the "sons of God" are in Genesis 6. There are three main theories. The first is that they are powerful men and leaders that were human - maybe significantly above average humans. Think body-builders, great/tall athletes, charismatic politicians, etc. Theory #2 is that these 'sons of God' are descendants of Seth, thus making the 'daughters of men,' primarily descendants of Cain. This theory is the one I have heard most at seminary and in academic circles. Theory #3 is that 'sons of God' are some type of heavenly creature - an angel, or something like an angel. I personally see no grammatical or historical evidence of theory #1. All of the sudden these guys realized that human females were beautiful (vs. 2)? This theory doesn't seem to fit the context of the verse very well, and theory #2 even less so. There is literally NOWHERE in Scripture that suggests that the daughters of men were of the line of Cain and the sons of God were of the line of Seth. Seth is mentioned ten times in the Bible, and only twice after Genesis 5. (Once in a genealogy in Luke and in 1st Chronicles) Cain is mentioned only 3 times after Genesis 5, and all three times are in the New Testament, and do not discuss his descendants at all, but only his murder and his wrong-offering. Genesis six mentions neither Cain nor Abel, so this theory - and it is a popular one - simply has no biblical support whatsoever that I can find. Which brings us to theory #3 - the sons of God are some type of heavenly creature. Believe it or not, this theory has the most textual support by far. The phrase 'sons of God,' occurs three times outside of Genesis in the Old Testament. All three times are in the book of Job, and all three times are clearly speaking of heavenly creatures - angels, or something like angels. That is a strong bit of evidence in favor of viewing these sons of God as Heavenly beings. Vs. 2 is also strong contextual evidence in favor of theory 3. Consider this verse, "The sons of God saw that the daughters of mankind were beautiful." if that verse is simply talking about human males, the descendants of Seth, or whomever, then it is a strange, strange passage. Did it really take hundreds (or thousands!) of years for human males to realize that human females were beautiful? Frankly, I think that is silly. I believe the biblical text is pointing us to theory #3 that these beings were heavenly. One more bit of evidence, and this evidence is weak, but worth noting. The Book of Enoch is not a biblical book, and was not written by the Enoch spoken of in Genesis. It was not canonical, and I do not believe it to be inspired. It is, however, a very old book and it was read by people in the early church, and many early church fathers. Scholars' best guess is that the book of Enoch dates to around 100-300 years before the birth of Jesus, though some sections could be older. That book is very, very clear about who the 'sons of God' in Genesis 6 were. Listen to this! Book of Enoch – Enoch 15: And He answered and said to me, and I heard His voice: 'Fear not, Enoch, thou righteous man and scribe of righteousness: approach hither and hear my voice. And go, say to the Watchers of heaven, who have sent thee to intercede for them: "You should intercede" for men, and not men for you: Wherefore have ye left the high, holy, and eternal heaven, and lain with women, and defiled yourselves with the daughters of men and taken to yourselves wives, and done like the children of earth, and begotten giants (as your) sons? And though ye were holy, spiritual, living the eternal life, you have defiled yourselves with the blood of women, and have begotten (children) with the blood of flesh, and, as the children of men, have lusted after flesh and blood as those also do who die 5 and perish. Therefore have I given them wives also that they might impregnate them, and beget children by them, that thus nothing might be wanting to them on earth. But you were formerly spiritual, living the eternal life, and immortal for all generations of the world. And therefore I have not appointed wives for you; for as for the spiritual ones of the heaven, in heaven is their dwelling. And now, the giants, who are produced from the spirits and flesh, shall be called evil spirits upon the earth, and on the earth shall be their dwelling. Evil spirits have proceeded from their bodies; because they are born from men and from the holy Watchers is their beginning and primal origin; they shall be evil spirits on earth, and evil spirits shall they be called. [As for the spirits of heaven, in heaven shall be their dwelling, but as for the spirits of the earth which were born upon the earth, on the earth shall be their dwelling.] And the spirits of the giants afflict, oppress, destroy, attack, do battle, and work destruction on the earth, and cause trouble: they take no food, but nevertheless hunger and thirst, and cause offences. And these spirits shall rise up against the children of men and against the women, because they have proceeded from them. One objection that many have to theory #3 is from Matthew 22:30, " 30 For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven." I do not believe this objection holds much water for two reasons: #1 Genesis 6 seems to be talking about intimate relations and not necessarily marriage. It is possible to have relations and not be married. #2, Jesus specifically mentions "angels in Heaven," and Genesis 6 is quite obviously dealing with beings that are on earth. Perhaps angels in Heaven do not marry, but the beings in Genesis 6, be they human or angels are not at all in Heaven, and don't seem to be concerned with the rules of Heaven. Another objection might say that Heavenly beings are without gender, but I don't see that in Scripture either. There are Heavenly beings in Zechariah 5 that are female (not necessarily angels) and the Heavenly beings in Genesis 18 are clearly male. Can heavenly beings procreate? The only bit of biblical evidence in favor of that possibility would seem to be here in Genesis 6 and I see nothing anywhere else that gives me the idea that they are incapable of such things. Question #2: Is Genesis 6 telling us that giants used to exist on the earth? Not necessarily - the Hebrew word there is the word Nephilim. It is a difficult word to translate because it only appears in one - or two - other places in the entire Old Testament. Reference #1 is from Numbers 13 and is probably where the King James translators got the inspiration to use the word, "giant." 30 Then Caleb quieted the people in the presence of Moses and said, “Let's go up now and take possession of the land because we can certainly conquer it!”31 But the men who had gone up with him responded, “We can't attack the people because they are stronger than we are!” 32 So they gave a negative report to the Israelites about the land they had scouted: “The land we passed through to explore is one that devours its inhabitants, and all the people we saw in it are men of great size. 33 We even saw the Nephilim there—the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim! To ourselves we seemed like grasshoppers, and we must have seemed the same to them.” Numbers 13:30-34 So - these Nephilim are clearly quite big and impressive...but are they giants? I live in Salinas, California - about an hour from where the Golden State Warriors play basketball. If I went over to practice one day, and somehow, someway got a chance to shoot around with those guys, I'd probably come home and tell my family that I felt like a grasshopper. I'm 6'1, but compared to Kevin Looney (6 feet, 9 inches) or Willie Cauley-Stein (7 feet!) I'm quite short. I believe that these Nephilim were the offspring of heavenly beings and human females, so it is certainly possible that they possessed traits that were above human capability, but we just can't be sure about their size at all, beyond saying that they were likely significantly larger than the Hebrews. Question #3: Did God flood the earth because of human-angelic relationships? If definitely seems like there is a subtle relationship between God flooding the world and whatever was going on with these sons of God and daughters of men. Could 2nd Peter 2 be giving us a clue about this? 4 For if God didn't spare the angels who sinned but cast them into hell and delivered them in chains of utter darkness to be kept for judgment; 5 and if he didn't spare the ancient world, but protected Noah, a preacher of righteousness, and seven others, when he brought the flood on the world of the ungodly; 2 Peter 2:4-5 That passage is quite interesting, but also fairly obscure. I'm not sure we should build a lot of theology on it. The fact is, however, that the first part Genesis 6 seems to indicate that the sins of humans grieved God in the context of the flood. 5 When the Lord saw that human wickedness was widespread on the earth and that every inclination of the human mind was nothing but evil all the time, 6 the Lord regretted that he had made man on the earth,and he was deeply grieved. 7 Then the Lord said, “I will wipe mankind, whom I created, off the face of the earth, together with the animals, creatures that crawl, and birds of the sky—for I regret that I made them.” 8 Noah, however, found favor with the Lord.... Genesis 6:5-8 The second part of Genesis 6, however, seems to make room for more than humans to be involved in the judgment. 11 Now the earth was corrupt in God's sight, and the earth was filled with wickedness. 12 God saw how corrupt the earth was, for every creature had corrupted its way on the earth. 13 Then God said to Noah, “I have decided to put an end to every creature, for the earth is filled with wickedness because of them; therefore I am going to destroy them along with the earth. Genesis 6:11-13 So, my conclusion to the question is a weak 'maybe.' If the sons of God are indeed heavenly beings, as I suspect they are, it would appear that their dalliance with human females had at least a small part to play in the flooding of the earth. We might go too far past the text if we say much more than that. I'll close with the conclusions of Jonathan Edwards - probably American's foremost theologian - on the question of the giants/nephilim: “And there were giants in the earth in those days,” etc. “Pausanias, in his Laconics, mentions the bones of men of a more than ordinary bigness, which were shown in the temple of Aesculapius at the city of Asepus; and in the first of his Eliacs, of a bone taken out of the sea, which aforetime was kept at Pisa, and thought to have been one of Peleps'. Philostratus, in the beginning of his Heroics, [says] that many bodies of giants were discovered in Pallene, by showers of rain and earthquakes. Pliny, Bk. 7, ch. 16, says, ‘That upon the bursting of a mountain in Crete, there was found a body standing upright, which was reported by some to have been the body of Orion, by others, the body of Eetion. Orestes' body, when it was commanded by the oracle to be digged up, is reported to have been seven cubits. And almost a thousand years ago, the poet Homer continually complained, that men's bodies were less than of old.' And Solinus, ch. I, ‘Were not all that were born in that age, less than their parents?' And the story of Orestes' funeral testifies the bigness of the ancients, whose bones, when they were digged up, in the 58th Olympiad at Tegea, by the advice of the oracle, are related to have been seven cubits in length. And other writings, which give a credible relation of ancient matters, affirm this, that in the war of Crete, when the rivers had been so high as to overflow and break down their banks, after the flood was abated, upon the cleaving of the earth, there was found a human body of three and thirty foot long, which L. Flaccus, the legate, and Metellus himself, being very desirous of seeing, were much surprised to have the satisfaction of seeing, what they did not believe when they heard.” Grotius, De Veritate, Bk. 1, sec. 16, notes. “Josephus, Bk. 5, ch. 2, of his ancient history. ‘There remains to this day some of the race of the giants, who by reason of the bulk and figure of their bodies, so different from other men, are wonderful to see, or hear of. Their bones are now shown, far exceeding the belief of the vulgar.' Gabinius, in his history of Mauritania, said that Antaeus' bones were found by Sertorius, which, joined together, were sixty cubits long. Phlegon Trallianus, in his 9th chapter of Wonders, mentions the digging up [of] the head of Ida, which was three times as big as that of an ordinary woman. And he adds also, that there were many bodies found in Dalmatia, whose arms exceeded sixteen cubits. And the same man relates out of Theopompus, that there were found in the Cimmerian Bosphorus, a company of human bones twenty-four cubits in length.” Le Clerc's notes on Grotius, De Veritate, Bk. 1, sec. 16. “We almost everywhere in the Greek and Latin historians meet with the savage life of the giants, mentioned by Moses. In the Greek, as Homer, Iliad 9, and Hesiod in his Labors. To this may be referred the wars of the gods, mentioned by Plato in his Second Republic, and those distinct and separate governments, taken notice of by the same Plato, in his third book of Laws. And as to the Latin historians, see the first book of Ovid's Metamorphosis, and the 4th book of Lucan, and Seneca's third book of Natural Questions, Ques. 30, where he says concerning the deluge, ‘That the beasts also perished, into whose nature men were degenerated.' ” Jonathan Edwards, Notes on Scripture, ed. Harry S. Stout and Stephen J. Stein, vol. 15, The Works of Jonathan Edwards (London; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 506–508. By the way, Augustine - writing all the way back in the 300s! Makes a case contra the above, and believes that the sons of God were merely men. His reasoning is that there are at least two men in the Bible that are designated as angels/messengers that were obviously human, and that is likely what is going on here too. I respect and admire Augustine, but disagree with him here, noting that "sons of God" does not, of necessity, equate to angels. WHETHER WE ARE TO BELIEVE THAT ANGELS, WHO ARE OF A SPIRITUAL SUBSTANCE, FELL IN LOVE WITH THE BEAUTY OF WOMEN, AND SOUGHT THEM IN MARRIAGE, AND THAT FROM THIS CONNECTION GIANTS WERE BORN In the third book of this work (c. 5) we made a passing reference to this question, but did not decide whether angels, inasmuch as they are spirits, could have bodily intercourse with women. For it is written, “Who maketh His angels spirits,”4 that is, He makes those who are by nature spirits His angels by appointing them to the duty of bearing His messages. For the Greek word ἄγγελος, which in Latin appears as “angelus,” means a messenger. But whether the Psalmist speaks of their bodies when he adds, “and His ministers a flaming fire,” or means that God's ministers ought to blaze with love as with a spiritual fire, is doubtful. However, the same trustworthy Scripture testifies that angels have appeared to men in such bodies as could not only be seen, but also touched. There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that sylvans and fauns, who are commonly called “incubi,” had often made wicked assaults upon women, and satisfied their lust upon them; and that certain devils, called Duses by the Gauls, are constantly attempting and effecting this impurity is so generally affirmed, that it were impudent to deny it.5 From these assertions, indeed, I dare not determine whether there be some spirits embodied in an aerial substance (for this element, even when agitated by a fan, is sensibly felt by the body), and who are capable of lust and of mingling sensibly with women; but certainly I could by no means believe that God's holy angels could at that time have so fallen, nor can I think that it is of them the Apostle Peter said, “For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment.”1 I think he rather speaks of these who first apostatized from God, along with their chief the devil, who enviously deceived the first man under the form of a serpent. But the same holy Scripture affords the most ample testimony that even godly man have been called angels; for of John it is written: “Behold, I send my messenger (angel) before Thy face, who shall prepare Thy way.”2 And the prophet Malachi, by a peculiar grace specially communicated to him, was called an angel.3 But some are moved by the fact that we have read that the fruit of the connection between those who are called angels of God and the women they loved were not men like our own breed, but giants; just as if there were not born even in our own time (as I have mentioned above) men of much greater size than the ordinary stature. Was there not at Rome a few years ago, when the destruction of the city now accomplished by the Goths was drawing near, a woman, with her father and mother, who by her gigantic size over-topped all others? Surprising crowds from all quarters came to see her, and that which struck them most was the circumstance that neither of her parents were quite up to the tallest ordinary stature. Giants therefore might well be born, even before the sons of God, who are also called angels of God, formed a connection with the daughters of men, or of those living according to men, that is to say, before the sons of Seth formed a connection with the daughters of Cain. For thus speaks even the canonical Scripture itself in the book in which we read of this; its words are: “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair [good]; and they took them wives of all which they chose. And the Lord God said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became the giants, men of renown.”4 These words of the divine book sufficiently indicate that already there were giants in the earth in those days, in which the sons of God took wives of the children of men, when they loved them because they were good, that is, fair. For it is the custom of this Scripture to call those who are beautiful in appearance “good.” But after this connection had been formed, then too were giants born. For the words are: “There were giants in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men.” Therefore there were giants both before, “in those days,” and “also after that.” And the words, “they bare children to them,” show plainly enough that before the sons of God fell in this fashion they begat children to God, not to themselves,—that is to say, not moved by the lust of sexual intercourse, but discharging the duty of propagation, intending to produce not a family to gratify their own pride, but citizens to people the city of God; and to these they as God's angels would bear the message, that they should place their hope in God, like him who was born of Seth, the son of resurrection, and who hoped to call on the name of the Lord God, in which hope they and their offspring would be co-heirs of eternal blessings, and brethren in the family of which God is the Father. Augustine of Hippo, “The City of God,” in St. Augustin's City of God and Christian Doctrine, ed. Philip Schaff, trans. Marcus Dods, vol. 2, A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, First Series (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1887), 303–304.
As a result of the Munich Agreement of September 1938, Czechoslovakia ended up losing 30% of its territory, a third of its population and the greater part of its industry and raw materials. It was, as Jan Masaryk put it, an “experiment in vivisection”. The radio archives give vivid insights into the consequences of that experiment, which was to last less than six months and end in occupation and ultimately war. You can find a transcript of the podcast at: https://www.radio.cz/en/section/special/an-experiment-in-vivisection-czechoslovakias-second-republic-1938-1939
On August 20, 2019, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte resigned from his office, bringing to an end the strange fourteen-month experiment that was Europe’s first “Populist Government”. So, on this week’s Italian American Podcast, co-hosts John Viola and Pat O’Boyle attempt to tackle the timeless challenge of explaining Italian politics for the uninitiated. They’ll discuss how Italy’s “Second Republic” came to be, and introduce the cast of characters behind the current Parliamentary drama that has the world casting weary eyes towards the Italian motherland. You’ll get to know Italy’s main political parties and the men and women who make them run, a deep dive into the timeline of events that brought ‘il Bel Paese’ to this unique moment, and a concise assessment of the major issues Italy faces as her political class tries to negotiate exactly what comes next for Italia! It’s a topic that baffles the brightest political scientist... so it surely has our team stumped. But, they’ll give it the old Italian American try so that you might better understand exactly who’s in charge in Italy today... it will be a jam-packed discussion you won’t want to miss!
In this episode we’ll see the fall of the monarchy, the beginning of the Second Republic, its constituent political parties, unions and ideologies, and the events afterwards that would expose the political fault lines just below the surface in Spain at the beginning of the 1930s. spanishcivilwarpodcast.com
Since time immemorial the Christians of Lebanon had to choose between the Mamluks and the Ottomans, the Crusaders and the Muslims armies, and between the West and the East. Should they be allied with a distant Christian West or with a nearby Muslim East? On the one hand, the Western powers have been unfocused at best, or uncommitted at worst. On the other hand, the East -a chaotic amalgam of Tribes with Flags- was and remains a region in turmoil, unsure of its role and message, in a modern world. In 1943, at the Birth of the First Republic, the Christians, were divided between forming a country under French protectorate or forging a nation with their fellow Muslim citizens. A Christian majority distrusted the Muslim factions and wanted to live separately. Only a nationalist minority placed their bet on a unified country, and an independent State was born. The first Republic collapsed in 1975, when a vicious civil war broke out. In the 1990s, at the birth of the Second Republic, the Christians, were torn between keeping their ‘enclave' albeit surrounded by the Syrian army,or negotiate with their fellow Muslims over some constitutional reforms. A majority still distrusted their fellow countrymen and, abhorred Syria which backed a constitutional compromise named the ‘Taif Accord'. Again, only a nationalist minority backed the new ‘entente' that ended a decade-long civil war and ensured an equitable redistribution of power amongst the various communities. This Second Republic lived from 1995 to 2005, the date of the assassination of PM Rafic Hariri by an Iranian-Syrian cabal. Today, the Lebanese Republic, in all of its versions is practically dead. The Christians in their near totality -save a handful of diehard nationalists who are short of a minority- have made their choice to back Iran in an open challenge to the moderate Arab countries, and to the US. But why such counter-intuitive choice that is so disastrous for Lebanon and especially for its Christians? Fear and greed are the answers. Fear has been the first motivation. A sentiment that is heightened by Iran's muscle flexing throughout the Middle East. Its militias have taken over the actual power in the streets of Baghdad, Damascus and Beirut. Its proxy armies relentlessly battle with the Saudi and the UAE armed forces in Yemen, and its cronies in Gaza launch rocket attacks against Israel. In the meantime, the EU policy is one of appeasement, and Trump's posture is yet untested under fire. Then Greed, came to cement this Satanic choice. The Christian political class represented by the followers of President Aoun and the Lebanese Forces Party, an erstwhile staunch defender of Lebanon's sovereignty, have been spellbound by the ascension of Iran. So, as a result, and in good mercantile form, they decided to throw their lot with the enemies of the State, who were much pleased to reward them. In practice, they traded the country's independence in exchange for the nominal power of the Presidency and other key positions in government, as well as, the additional promise of maintaining kleptocracy as a means to enriching themselves at the expense of the State's coffers. One should remember that Petain was a decorated Marshal of France in World War I before becoming a Nazi collaborator in World War II, and the nominal President of the Vichy regime. The majority of the French political class followed suit, after watching the Wehrmacht legions invade a poorly defended European Continent. In France too, at such dire times, a less than a minority of nationalists, who formed the Resistance, fought a lonely battle for many years before the war of liberation. Christian voices in Lebanon, even if in the minority today, must rise in numbers against the Iranian hegemony, and should, as they have in the past, rally fellow Muslims to their cry and form a peaceful but unwavering resistance movement. Vichy Christians in Lebanon must be exposed lest at the time of the liberation,
1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution: Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?) Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly. Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are + now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written French Revolution: Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt. Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before. Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war. 5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo. He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first. 4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements. Ella - Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote 3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero. Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898. Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben - A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben - There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.
1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution: Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?) Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly. Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are + now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written French Revolution: Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt. Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before. Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war. 5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo. He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first. 4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements. Ella - Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote 3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero. Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898. Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben - A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben - There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.
UC San Diego Professor Pamela Radcliff has recently published a new history of modern Spain entitled Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present. In this episode, we discuss the challenges overcome and insights gained from this project, starting with how Radcliff developed a new framework for the history of modern Spain that neither told a narrative of failure nor presented a revisionist story that ignored the darker sides of the modernization process. Instead, she explains how she provides a history of Spanish “modernity with all its warts” even as she navigates the politically polarized historiographies of the Second Republic and Civil War periods and concludes by grappling with the current situation in Catalonia, for instance. In short, the episode provides a behind-the-scenes look at the development of a book that is sure to prove a new foundation for students and scholars of modern Spain.
In this edition of Inside Politics Hugh Linehan discusses the issue of political reform with Harry McGee, political scientist Jane Suiter and Donal O'Brolchain from Second Republic, a grassroots movement which has been advocating for political reform. They analyse how reform has failed to launch in most aspects of Irish polical life, and how this might be best addressed as the life of the current Dail comes to an end. The show begins with a discussion on when this election is likely to be called... Inside Politics is a weekly politics podcast. It is produced by Sinead O'Shea and presented by Hugh Linehan.
Prof Dariusz Stola, Director of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews, gives a talk for the Programme on Modern Poland on 4th February 2015. Introduced by Professor Tim Garton Ash and Dr Mikolaj Kunicki.
Prof Dariusz Stola, Director of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews, gives a talk for the Programme on Modern Poland on 4th February 2015. Introduced by Professor Tim Garton Ash and Dr Mikolaj Kunicki.
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