Podcasts about bar kochba

The Second Temple period will look at the Jewish rebellions, including the Maccabees against the Greeks, the Jews against the Romans, Bar Kochba's reconquest of Jerusalem, and the splintering of Jewish society into numerous Jewish sects.  We will discuss the significance of the development of the Talmud and the Dead Sea Scrolls.  Also considered will be Jesus' Jewish identity and the beginnings of Christianity emerging from Judaism. The visual part of the talk and the presentation can be found on our YouTube channel by this link: https://youtu.be/dlbuymIRnRk?si=Aa5hZU5bdHzMiuYR

The Second Temple period will look at the Jewish rebellions, including the Maccabees against the Greeks, the Jews against the Romans, Bar Kochba's reconquest of Jerusalem, and the splintering of Jewish society into numerous Jewish sects.  We will discuss the significance of the development of the Talmud and the Dead Sea Scrolls.  Also considered will be Jesus' Jewish identity and the beginnings of Christianity emerging from Judaism. The visual part of the talk and the presentation can be found on our YouTube channel by this link: https://youtu.be/dlbuymIRnRk?si=Aa5hZU5bdHzMiuYR

The Second Temple period will look at the Jewish rebellions, including the Maccabees against the Greeks, the Jews against the Romans, Bar Kochba's reconquest of Jerusalem, and the splintering of Jewish society into numerous Jewish sects.  We will discuss the significance of the development of the Talmud and the Dead Sea Scrolls.  Also considered will be Jesus' Jewish identity and the beginnings of Christianity emerging from Judaism. The visual part of the talk and the presentation can be found on our YouTube channel by this link: https://youtu.be/dlbuymIRnRk?si=Aa5hZU5bdHzMiuYR

If you dream about a white horse (thanks to Zechariah's prophecy), that's a good thing (alluding to God's anger abating). Also, more on Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. With imports to Babylonia from Alexandria, possibly to the exclusion of breeding Egyptian hogs... Plus, Daniel and Nebuchadnezzar's idol. Plus, sexual immorality that is rejected by Nebuchadnezzar, no less. Plus, the experience of another three in the fiery furnace: Yehoshua, the high priest, Achav, and Tzidkiyahu (with a mini-study on Yehoshua, the high priest and a complicated interweaving of verses from many texts). Also, what traits are to be expected in the messiah? What about Bar Koziva who became Bar Kochba? After all, he said: I am the messiah! (What was his leadership? Could he have been the messiah? A false messiah?) Plus, the fortitude to withstand distraction, laughter, and the need for the bathroom, among other factors, when standing in the non-Jewish king's court. Plus, the way Jews are particularly geared to the messiah and redemption in historical periods of travail.

Con la destrucción del Templo, los romanos han destruido el único lugar en la tierra, según la Ley Bíblica, donde los judíos pueden adorar a Dios. El judaísmo de curas y sacrificios se ha perdido para siempre, y los rabinos se esfuerzan en reinventar la religión de Moisés y David. Tienen que trabajar durante un periodo increíble de agitación y derramamiento de sangre. En el año 132 D.C. los zelotes judíos se alzan contra las legiones romanas en la rebelión de Bar Kochba, obligándolas a retirarse de la región. Los romanos vuelven con un gran ejército y matan a cerca de 600.000 judíos. Cambian el nombre de la región de Judea a Palestina y prohíben el paso a todos los judíos de Jerusalén. Desesperados y buscando donde empezar una nueva vida, muchos judíos huyeron a tierras lejanas, para encontrarse allí con un nuevo desafío: una forma disidente del judaísmo llamada cristianismo. Al alcanzar el poder político, el cristianismo se vuelve profundamente antisemita. Pero el judaísmo sobrevive, y al hacerlo conserva para siempre sus principales atributos, como los derechos del individuo y el imperio de la ley, atributos que cambiarán el mundo occidental para siempre.

We Learnfrom the Fruit of the Earth to Reinvent Ourselves in the Month of Elul so thatWe Will Be New Creatures at Rosh HaShanah Based onShvilei Pinchas – Rav Pinchas Friedman I canstart with the story Can aperson be reborn? Lastnight Chantelle took me along to an Emunah Dinner. I say Chantelle took mebecause if she didn't make me come out, I wouldn't. She lights the fire. Herfriends Liz Gindea and Fran Hirmes have been very involved with and generouslysupportive of the organization for years. Emunah funds a number of children'shomes in Israel, along with schools, an arts college, daycare services andthese days many mental health programs. My son in law, Daniel's brother Michaelthrough his organization Kol HaNearim also works with these children'shomes. Chantelleand all of my kids have volunteered and worked in some of these homes over theyears especially with Yehuda Kohen of Bet Elazraki. At thedinner, a young lady spoke and shared her very moving story. She grewup in the north of Israel in no mans land. Her mother did nothing and herfather raised goats. She was one of ten siblings. They had no rules, nodiscipline, no money, sometimes no food and ran amok. The kids sometimes foughtand often got in trouble. When shewas ten, social services showed up. After investigating, they took some of heryounger siblings to be raised outside the house. She convinced them that sheshould stay. But her situation went from bad to worse and a few months laterthey came back and took her as well. She wasplaced into one of Emunah's homes and was angry with her situation and everyonearound her. She was angry that she had been taken from home. She was angry thather parents had not provided a real home. She was angry to be told when to wakeup and when to go to sleep. She was angry to be sent to school. She was angryto be pressed to do homework. She was angry that she was subject to structureand in her mind lost her freedom. She was depressed and alone in the world. Ateleven years old, she had reached rock bottom. Butwithin a few weeks, things started to change. The people at the Emunah homemade her feel loved and wanted. She made friends in the home and at school. Thesocial workers and teachers encouraged her and in a short time she began tosoar as a phoenix rising from the ashes. She wasencouraged to pursue drama studies and loved it. In 2013 she joined the armyand became a combat paramedic assisting injured soldiers and people in thefield, sometimes under fire. When she completed her army duty, she continuedher studies focusing on drama. She eventually went to work for channel 12 newsin Israel. She currently heads their social media team and pursues feel goodstories to help lift people. Emunahbecame her family. Her goal is to raise her own family and break the cycle. Her storywas very moving. Chantelle noted that she wished she could have her share herstory with our own community children in school. She would surely touch someand encourage others. Some might be lifted and others might consider assistingin the homes one summer. Perhaps we can get a video from Emunah and share that. There isa beautiful story told of Rav Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev, a renowned Hasidicmaster, who was known for his compassion and ability to find sparks of holinessin every soul. One day, a poor, troubled Jew came to him, feeling hopeless andconsumed by darkness. The rabbilistened attentively, then began to tell a story: 'In the summer, when thesun shines brightly, the grasshopper sings a beautiful song. But in the winter,when snow covers the earth, the grasshopper's song is silenced. Does this meanthe grasshopper has lost its ability to sing?' The manshook his head. 'Ofcourse not!' the rabbi exclaimed. 'The grasshopper's song is stillwithin, waiting to emerge when the seasons change.' The rabbilooked deeply into the man's eyes: 'Similarly, within you, there is aspark of divine light, a song waiting to be sung. Though darkness may surroundyou now, it's temporary, like winter's snow. Your task is to find that innerlight, nurture it, and let it shine forth.' The man'sface lit up with newfound hope. In thisseason of Elul, we hope to be born again. We canimagine ourselves as caterpillars, hoping to shed our cocoons and emerge asbutterflies. Sometimesthough we think that success is based on achieving perfection. But isthat really what Hashem demands or even wants from us. There isa story, I heard from Rabbi Joey Haber, of a man seeking perfection in his ownlife. His rabbiasks his profession He is anartist, Hisfavorite painting is of sunset. Histeacher suggests taking a picture of a sunset and that will be a perfectreproduction. theartist explains the painting has imperfections and thats what makes it special. Theteacher explains, same with us Angelsmay be perfect, but our imperfection makes us special. imperfectionsadd uniqueness and value, both in art and in life. Thisweek's parsha is Ki Tavo. Based onthe teaching of the Shvilei Pinchas, Rabbi Pinchas Friedman, I would like toshare with you a connection of our efforts in Elul and the mitzvah of“bikkurim,” bringing the first fruits, which we open the perasha with The SefatEmet quotes the Chiddushei HaRim, zy”a. Heexplains why the month designated for teshuvah is named Elul based on thepassuk (ibid. 100, 3 דְּע֗וּ כִּֽי־ ה֮ ה֤וּא אֱלֹ֫קים הֽוּא־עָ֭שָׂנוּ (ולא) [וְל֣וֹ]אֲנַ֑חְנוּ עַ֝מּ֗וֹ וְצֹ֣אן מַרְעִיתֽוֹ׃ If onelooks in the book of Tehilim the word Loh is spelled Lamed alef or No But inthe siddur when we read this psalm each morning as Paslm 100 Miszor LeDavid wechange the aleph to a vav —know thatHashem, He is G-d; it is He Who made us and we are His—His nation and the sheepof His pasture. Traditionteaches us that the word “v'lo” in this passuk is written as ' ולא ',with an “aleph”; yet, it is read as ולו' ', with a “vav.” With an“aleph,” the passuk suggests that we are unworthy and inadequate to be Hispeople; with a “vav,” it means that we merit being close to Him. Heexplains that in reality both the way “v'lo” is written and the way it is readcomplement each other and achieve the same goal. By recognizing our lowlystature and the fact that we have sinned and failed to serve Hashemadequately--' ולא אנחנו עמו ' (the way the passuk is written)—we aremotivated to draw closer to Hashem by means of sincere teshuvah and attain thestatus of-- ולו אנחנו עמו' ' (the way the passuk is read) again. Bothprocesses enable us to achieve the goal of being ' עמו ', HKB”H'speople. This is alluded to by the name אלו'ל ; it combines thetwo spellings of the word “lo”-- ל'א and ל'ו . This teaches us thatour goal during the month of Elul is to combine these two processes, to correctall of our wrongdoings by means of complete teshuvah and to regain the statusof ' .'עמו Lets turnto the Gemara (Makkot 24a): 'וכברהיה רבן גמליאל ורבי אלעזר בן עזריה ורבי יהושע ורבי עקיבא מהלכין בדרך...The first story tells about the Goyim. Then the gemara continues Now Iimagine these stories take place following the rebellion of Bar Kochba and theedicts of Hadrian Yimach Shemo שׁוּב פַּעַםאַחַת הָיוּ עוֹלִין לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַצּוֹפִים קָרְעוּבִּגְדֵיהֶם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַבַּיִת רָאוּ שׁוּעָל שֶׁיָּצָא מִבֵּיתקׇדְשֵׁי הַקֳּדָשִׁים, הִתְחִילוּ הֵן בּוֹכִין וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְצַחֵק. אָמְרוּלוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מְצַחֵק? אָמַר לָהֶם: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹכִים? אָמְרוּלוֹ: מָקוֹם שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ ״וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת״, וְעַכְשָׁיו שׁוּעָלִים הִלְּכוּבּוֹ, וְלֹא נִבְכֶּה?! אָמַר לָהֶן:לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְצַחֵק, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְאָעִידָה לִּי עֵדִים נֶאֱמָנִים אֵת אוּרִיָּההַכֹּהֵן וְאֶת זְכַרְיָה בֶּן יְבֶרֶכְיָהוּ״ – וְכִי מָה עִנְיַן אוּרִיָּה אֵצֶלזְכַרְיָה? אוּרִיָּה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן, וּזְכַרְיָה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ שֵׁנִי! אֶלָּא:תָּלָה הַכָּתוּב נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה בִּנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה. בְּאוּרִיָּהכְּתִיב ״לָכֵן בִּגְלַלְכֶם צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ״, בִּזְכַרְיָה כְּתִיב ״עוֹדיֵשְׁבוּ זְקֵנִים וּזְקֵנוֹת בִּרְחֹבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָם״. עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְקַיְּימָהנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה הָיִיתִי מִתְיָירֵא שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְקַיֵּים נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁלזְכַרְיָה, עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁנִּתְקַיְּימָה נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה – בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁנְּבוּאָתוֹשֶׁל זְכַרְיָה מִתְקַיֶּימֶת. בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה אָמְרוּ לוֹ: עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ,עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ. Once,Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah, Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Akiva weretraveling on the road . . . When they reached Har HaTzofim, they tore theirgarments. When they came to Har HaBayis, they saw a fox emerging from KodeshHaKodashim, and they began to cry; however, Rabbi Akiva smiled. They said tohim, “Why are you smiling?” He responded to them, “Why are you crying?” Theyanswered him, “A place about which it is written (Bamidbar 1, 51): ‘Thenon-kohen who comes close shall be put to death,' and now (Eichah 5, 18) ‘foxesare walking about there,' should we not cry?” He saidto them, “This is why I am smiling . . . In the prophecy of Uriah, it iswritten (Michah 3, 12): ‘Therefore, because of you, Tziyon will be plowed likea field etc.' In the prophecy of Zechariah, it is written (Zechariah 8, 4):‘Old men and old women will yet sit in the streets of Yerushalayim.' As longas the nevuah of Uriah had not been fulfilled, I feared that the nevuah ofZechariah would not be fulfilled. Now, that the nevuah of Uriah has beenfulfilled, it is apparent that the nevuah of Zechariah will be fulfilled.” Theyresponded to him in these words, “Akiva, you have consoled us; Akiva, you haveconsoled us!” Itbehooves us to analyze Rabbi Akiva's reactions described above. Why did helaugh and smile upon seeing proof of Zechariah's nevuah related to the futuregeulah? Without a doubt, the other sages also believed wholeheartedly in theveracity of the prophecies concerning the future geulah. Nevertheless, whenconfronted with the extent of the churban—witnessing a fox exiting from theKodesh HaKodashim—they were overcome with grief and cried. So, what possessedRabbi Akiva to react so differently to the same disturbing sight? Additionally,why did he require seeing the fulfillment of Uriah's nevuah concerning theextent of the churban in order to substantiate that Zechariah's nevuahconcerning the geulah would be fulfilled? Toexplain the matter, the Maharal teaches us a basic principle. HKB”H created theworld such that there is always void and nullification prior to renewal.Furthermore, the degree of renewal relates to the degree of absence and divineconcealment. In other words, the greater the absence and void, the greater therenewal will be. TheMaharal asserts that HKB”H revealed this phenomenon to us at the beginning ofthe Torah (Bereishis 1, 1): 'בראשית ברא אלקים את השמיםואת הארץ, והארץ היתה תוהו ובוהו וחושך על פני תהום ורוח אלקיםמרחפת על פני המים, ויאמר אלקים יהי אור ויהי אור'. theMaharal interprets Rabbi Akiva's profound message. Uponseeing the fox emerge from the chamber of the Kodesh HaKodashim, he smiled. Hehad no doubt that the nevuah of Zechariah would come to pass—that old men andwomen would sit in the streets of Yerushalayim. However, he had no idea howgreat or grand the revival and renewal of Yerushalayim would be. The foxemerging from the Kodesh HaKodashim represented an extreme degree of “hesterpanim”—divine concealment. Therefore, he had cause to rejoice. For, heunderstood that the degree of churban and absence of the divine presencereflected on the commensurate greatness and glory of the renewal ofYerushalayim at the time of the geulah. InNetzach Yisrael (Chapter 30), the Maharal applies this incredible principle toexplain the galut in Mitzrayim that preceded Yisrael's entry into Eretz Yisraeland, for that matter, all the exiles that have preceded the future geulah. Theyall represent the void that precedes the new state of existence, like thedarkness of night that precedes the light of day. Therefore, HKB”H subjectedYisrael to the galut in Mitzrayim—which constituted a process ofnullification—prior to taking them into Eretz Yisrael. Thisexplains very nicely the following passuk related to the galuts in Mitzrayim(Shemos 1, 12): 'וכאשר יענו אותו כן ירבה וכן יפרוץ'—but as much as they afflict it, so it will increase and so it will burst forth. Here theTorah teaches us that the suffering and affliction in Mitzrayim constituted thevoid that gave rise to Yisrael's renewal and rebirth. After the exodus, theyreceived the Torah at Har Sinai and entered Eretz Yisrael. That demonstratesfor us magnificently how all of the galuyot constitute the absence and voidthat is destined to produce the incredible renewal of the future geulah. Its difficult to read this and not think of the Holocaust andthe miracles of 1948 and 1967 RabbiPinchas of Koretz—defines the state of nullification and void as ' אַיִן', which always precedes the state of renewal, referred to as '.'יֵשׁ.' Hecompares this concept to seeds of wheat or other fruit and vegetation that isplanted in the ground. Their growth only starts after the seed decays intoalmost nothingness -אַיִן'- '. Only then, from this state of nearnothingness, the seed begins to grow and sprout and renew itself. As he writes in Imrei Pinchas (Tishah B'Av 384): When grainis planted in the ground, it cannot grow unless it first decays and actuallybecomes nothing. In that void, remains a tremendous potential that can producean entire stalk. This is a type of metamorphosis. At the precise moment that itis virtually nothing, it immediately takes shape. There is a Hasidic story of a couple who come to their Rebbefor a blessing for a child. He asks for an exorbitant pidyon. They return,unable to raise it. He tells them that he can't help. They leave dejected andoutside his home they realize they can only turn to hashem. When the rebbehears that he calls them in and tells them they will be blessed with a child. We havelearned an important principle in the Mishnah (Avos 6, כלמה שברא הקב'ה בעולמו לא בראו אלא לכבודו' :( 11 '—everything that HKB”H created in His world, He created solely for His honor.That being the case, why did HKB”H create the world in such a way that nothingcan be renewed or revitalized without first undergoing a process of void andnullification? How does this enhance His honor? RabbiYisrael of Ruzhin, zy”a, explains regarding the following statement from DavidHaMelech (Tehillim 13, 2): 'עד אנה תסתיר את פניך ממני,עד אנה אשית עצות בנפשי' —how long will You hide Your countenance from me?How long will I continue to seek counsel within my own spirit? Heexplains that David HaMelech wished to teach us a vital lesson regarding ouremunah and trust in Hashem. When a Jew wants to receive salvation from Hashem,he must first understand that he is totally helpless on his own; his salvationdepends solely on Hashem. As long as he believes that he has a solution of hisown, his emunah and trust in Hashem are lacking. So, DavidHaMelech asks: How long will You continue to conceal Your presence from Me? Heanswers his own question: So long as I delude myself into thinking that I amcapable of resolving dilemmas with my own counsel and devices, the “hesterpanim”—divine concealment—will continue; however, as soon as I recognize withcertainty that I in fact lack any such wisdom or ability, the “hester panim”will cease, and Hashem's salvation will arrive instantaneously. Only whenI accept that I don't have all the answers Thus, it appears that this explains why HKB”H created theworld such that every renewal—situation of ' יש '–must be preceded bya state of void and nullification—situation of אין' '. It is becausesuch a difficult transformation causes man to understand that he does not havethe wisdom or resources to emerge from the darkness and void alone withoutHashem's assistance. As soon as he says to himself: “How long will I continueto seek counsel within my own spirit?”—he will succeed in emerging from thevoid to a state of renewal. In perekShirah Everythingin nature has a song And thesong sung by the wheat in Perek Shirah (Chapter 3): 'שיבולת חיטים אומרת שירהמעלות ממעמקים קראתיך ה'' —the stalk of wheat says (Tehillim 130, 1):“From the depths, I call to You, Hashem.” It isimportant to recognize that the term “lechem”—bread—encompasses all of man'sfood and nourishment. This is evident from the prayer of Yaakov Avinu(Bereishis 28, 20): 'ונתן לי לחם לאכול'—and He will give me bread to eat. Similarly, another passuk says (ibid. 47,12): 'ויכלכל יוסף את אביו ואת אחיו ואת כל בית אביו לחם לפי הטף'—Yosef provided his father and his brother and all of his father's householdwith food (“lechem”) according to the children. It is precisely for this reasonthat the berachah “hamotzi,” which is recited over bread, covers all the foodthat one consumes during a meal; it is because all other food is consideredsecondary to the bread. Weexplained above, that we learn from the growth of the wheat, from which breadis made, the vital principle that nothing can grow or be renewed without firstundergoing a stage of nullification—i.e. nullification of its current state.Therefore, only after the seeds of wheat decay and achieve a virtual state ofnothingness--' אין '—do they begin to grow and develop into a newentity. At that very moment, when they are in the ground and achieve the stateof » אין «, they pray to Hashem from the depths of the earth not to decaycompletely, to survive and grow into a new stalk of grain in the field above. We cannow appreciate and comprehend the song of the stalk of wheat. It recalls thechesed Hashem performed on its behalf whilst it was still deep in the ground ina state of decay. To express its gratitude to Hashem, it sings: 'שיר המעלותממעמקים קראתיך ה'' —thanking Hashem for hearing and responding to its pleafrom the depths of the earth. This iswhy David HaMelech instituted this psalm; so that we would join the stalk ofwheat in expressing gratitude to Hashem. For, we recognize all the kindness Heperforms on our behalf when we are in states of nothingness and helplessness.For instance, after every night of sleep, He returns our neshamos to usrevitalized. Itappears that we can suggest another reason that every situation of renewalrequires a prior state of nothingness. TheYosher Divrei Emet cites his Rav, the Maggid of Mezritsch, zy”a. He explainsthat this principle applies to spiritual matters as well. A person who wants torenew and revitalize his service of Hashem must first nullify his presentcircumstances—his ' יש '. This is accomplished by recognizing how farhe still has to go to serve Hashem properly. Through humility, submission andrecognition of his unworthiness, he will succeed in serving Hashem on a muchhigher level. Until he acknowledges his shortcomings in the service of Hashem,he will be unable to renew his spiritual self. We nowhave cause to rejoice! This illuminates for us the insight provided by theChiddushei HaRim, zy”a, concerning the name אלו'ל . As explained, itcombines the two spellings of the word “lo”-- ל'א and ל'ו . Thus, thename Elul reminds us that we must recognize that we have acted improperly andare not truly worthy of being Hashem's people--' .'ולא אנחנו עמו As aresult of this recognition and by mending our ways and attitudescorrespondingly, we will once again be deserving of the status of ' ולו אנחנועמו '. Let us explain this process in terms of our current discussion. Atthe end of the year, during the month of Elul, it is incumbent upon us to pushour personal reset buttons, so to speak. In order to create ourselves anewprior to Rosh HaShanah, we must nullify our old selves during the month ofElul. By recognizing that we are unworthy to be called His people--' ולא אנחנועמו '—we will succeed in transforming ourselves and taking on a newpersona in the new year consistent with the depiction--' .'ולו אנחנו עמו Followingthis glorious path, let us now address the opening pesukim of this week'sparsha discussing the mitzvah of bikkurim: “It will be when you enter the landthat Hashem, your G-d, gives you as an inheritance, and you take possession ofit, and dwell in it, that you shall take of the first of every fruit of theearth that you bring in from your land that Hashem, your G-d, gives you, andyou shall put it in a basket and go to the place that Hashem, your G-d, willchoose, to make His name rest there.” The KliYakar provides a rationale for this mitzvah. After conquering the new land,Yisrael were liable to become arrogant and attribute the conquest to their ownpowers and strategies. In particular, after working the land and growingvarious produce and fruit, they might think to themselves (Devarim 8, 17):' כוחי ועוצם ידי עשה לי את החיל הזה '—my strength and the might of myhand have generated this wealth for me. To eliminate this false belief, HKB”Hcommanded Yisrael to take the first of every fruit of the land, to take it upto the kohen in Yerushalayim and to recite an explicit expression of gratitudeto Hashem for giving us this land. This procedure was designed to fortify ouremunah in Hashem. Let usinterject a spicy tidbit. It is written (Tehillim 37, 11): וענוים יירשו ארץ''—the humble will inherit the earth. This passuk clearly implies that thequality of humility is propitious for inheriting Eretz Yisrael. For, we knowthat the kedushah of Eretz Yisrael is due to the presence of the Shechinah.This was especially true when the Beis HaMikdash was extant and operational. Asit is written (Shemos 25, 8): 'ועשו לי מקדש ושכנתי בתוכם' —they shallmake Me a sanctuary (Mikdash), so that I may dwell among them. Now, weknow that a prerequisite for the presence of the Shechinah is the midah ofhumility. In the words of the Gemara (Sotah 5a): 'לעולם ילמד אדם מדעת קונו,שהרי הקב'ה הניח כל הרים וגבעות והשרה שכינתו על הר סיני' —a personshould always learn from the good sense of his Creator—for behold, when HKB”Hgave the Torah, He abandoned all the great mountains and hills and insteadrested His Shechinah on Har Sinai (a lowly, unimpressive mountain). Additionally,they taught (ibid.): 'כל אדם שיש בו גסות הרוח, אמר הקב'ה אין אני והוא יכולים לדורבעולם' —concerning any person who possesses a haughtiness of spirit, HKB”Hsays: I and he cannot dwell together in the world. Therefore, HKB”H commandedthat upon entering the land, Yisrael would bring the bikkurim “to the placethat Hashem, your G-d, will choose, to make His name rest there.” This wouldinculcate in them the knowledge that HKB”H only rests His name in Eretz Yisraelin the merit of the midah of humility. Asexplained, the mitzvah of bikkurim is designed to shatter the klipah of “mystrength and the might of my hand have generated this wealth for me.” We willnow endeavor to explain why HKB”H used this mitzvah to hint to us theimportance of the midah of humility; for, this is the vital lesson we aresupposed to learn from the first fruit if we want to enter the land, keep itand endure in it. וְהָיָה֙ כִּֽי־תָב֣וֹאאֶל־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ ה אֱלֹקיךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ נַחֲלָ֑ה וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֖הּ וְיָשַׁ֥בְתָּבָּֽהּ׃ וְלָקַחְתָּ֞מֵרֵאשִׁ֣ית ׀ כׇּל־פְּרִ֣י הָאֲדָמָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר תָּבִ֧יא מֵֽאַרְצְךָ֛ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְהֹוָ֧האֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָ֖ךְ וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ בַטֶּ֑נֶא וְהָֽלַכְתָּ֙ אֶל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ריִבְחַר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן שְׁמ֖וֹ שָֽׁם׃ “It willbe when you enter the land that Hashem, your G-d, gives you as an inheritance,and you take possession of it, and dwell in it, that you shall take of thefirst of every fruit of the earth that you bring in from your land that Hashem,your G-d, gives you, and you shall put it in a basket and go to the place thatHashem, your G-d, will choose, to make His name rest there.” HKB”Hinstructs Yisrael: 'ולקחת מראשית כל פרי האדמה אשר תביא מארצך' . Letus expound: ' ולקחת '—you must learn a vital lesson— “lekach”—fromthe “first” yield of “every fruit of the earth.” When those fruits were yetseeds deep in the earth; they could not grow or sprout until they decayed intoa state of virtual nothingness— ״אין״ . In similar fashion, if you wish toremain in EretzYisrael, you must constantly humble yourselves, which is a type ofnullification and expression of nothingness. You must acknowledge how far youare still from serving Hashem properly. Only then will you be able to startanew, serving Hashem properly in His royal palace in Eretz Yisrael. Let usadd a valuable detail. When Moshe Rabeinu sent the meraglim to survey the land,he said to them (Bamidbar 13, 20): והתחזקתם ולקחתם מפרי הארץ' '—youshall strengthen yourselves and take from the fruit of the land. According tothe Zohar hakadosh (Shelach 158a), the meraglim did not want to enter the land,because they perceived that they would not maintain their elite status asprinces and leaders in Eretz Yisrael. This motivated them to speak ill of EretzYisrael, so that they would maintain thestatus of princes that they held in the midbar. In other words, the meraglim'sfailure is attributable to the klipah of arrogance— “ga'avah”; they feared thatthey would lose their prominence. Thus, itseems that this is what Moshe was hinting to the meraglim: ' והתחזקתם'—fortify yourselves against the yetzer of “ga'avah” that instills in youthe fear of losing authority and control; ' ולקחתם '—learn a vitallesson (“lekach”); ' —'מפרי הארץ from the fruit whose seeds cannotgrow and produce within the depths of the earth until they decay and achieve astate of nothingness. You, too,must fortify yourselves by achieving a state of virtual nothingness by totallyrelinquishing your prominent status as princes. By doing so, you will achieveyour complete tikun in Olam HaZeh and rise higher and higher in the service ofHashem. We cannow suggest the following. After the original generation of the midbar alldied—who were influenced by the meraglim, failing to learn the lessonconcerning the midah of humility from the fruit of the land—Moshe announced totheir children who were about to enter the land: “It will be when you enter theland that Hashem, your G-d, gives you as an inheritance, and you takepossession of it, and dwell in it.” He waswarning them that if they intend to enter the land and to prosper and survivein it, and not to suffer the fate of their fathers, who were not allowed toenter the land: 'ולקחת מראשית כל פרי האדמה' —be sure to learn thislesson (“lekach”) from the first yields of the fruits of the land—in contrastto their fathers who neglected to heed Moshe's warning: 'והתחזקתם ולקחתם מפריהארץ' —fortify yourselves and take (learn a lesson) from the fruit of theland. Thelesson relates to the avodah of the month of אלו'ל , whose name is formedby the two spellings of the word “lo”-- ל'א and ל'ו . As wehave explained, it is incumbent upon us to achieve a state of nothingnessthrough the midah of humility; we must acknowledge that due to our behavior, weare the embodiment of ' ולא אנחנו עמו '—we do not truly deserve to beHis people. Yet, withthis acknowledgment, we are able to renew ourselves through total teshuvah andreclaim the status of ' ולו אנחנו עמו '. In this merit, we willfinally deserve to be redeemed from the trials and tribulations of galus; aswe've learned, galus is the void and nothingness that must precede theflourishing growth of the future geulah—swiftly, in our times! Amen.

On this episode of Rightly Dividing, we are looking at a date on the Hebrew calendar, the 9th day in the month of Av, to see some incredible things that have “coincidentally” happened on that date to the Jews. On the 9th of Av, the first Temple was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, the second Temple was destroyed in 70 AD by the Romans, the Bar Kochba revolt was stopped, killing 100,000 Jews, the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1290 AD, WWI started, deportations to the Treblinka concentration camp began in 1942 AD, and the deadly bombing the building of the AMIA (the Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina) which killed 86 people and wounded some 300 others. Iran and Hezbollah in Lebanon have been threatening for the past two weeks to attack Israel, and guess what tomorrow is? If you guessed the 9th of Av, you would be correct. On this episode of Rightly Dividing, we show you from the Bible the reasons for this recurring day of tragedy and sorrow for the Jews, and why it just might happen again tomorrow.

#Indiana Hoenlein and the Lost tunnels of the Galilee.in the Bar Kochba Revolt. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1@ThadMcCotter @theamgreatness  https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/bar-kokhba-tunnels-in-the-galilee/ 1920 Galilee at Tiberias

#Indiana Hoenlein and the lost Bar Kochba 132 BCE Coin. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1@ThadMcCotter @theamgreatness https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2024-03-04/ty-article/rare-coin-naming-bar-kochba-leader-eleazer-the-priest-found-in-judean-desert/0000018e-089e-d5ee-a78e-38de5ddd0000 undated Old Train Station Jerusalem

25.12.2023 10:00: Reiner Wörz - Jesus, der wahre Sternensohn (Bar Kochba) - (4. Mo. 24, 14-19) - Gottesdienst

Dr. Chuck Herring | Ezekiel 36:1-15Like a well-worn baseball, the world seems to be coming apart at the seams.  I don't need to remind you of that.  You've read or worse, seen the horrific images of Hamas violence against Israelis. Women were raped, babies beheaded, hostages were taken, and people were tortured. Over 1,300 were massacred.  Over 3,400 were injured and 200+ were kidnapped. 16 million Jews worldwide are mourning the worst attack since the Holocaust.The IDF is poised on the border of Gaza with the full intention of destroying the terrorist group, Hamas, while at the same time giving innocent Palestinians a chance to get out of harm's way.  America has sent aircraft carriers and even troops to make sure that other nations do not get involved.  As a result, Iran has unleashed wicked threats against both Israel and America.  Hezbollah in Lebanon is firing rockets into northern Israel, and they are threatening to open a northern front in this expanding war.  It seems that the entire Middle East is a tinder box that is ready to explode at any moment.  What are the prophetic implications of all of this?  Open your Bible to Ezekiel.  This is one of those books in the Bible that attracts you with its vivid imagery, symbolism, parables, allegories, and apocalyptic visions.  However, when you actually start to read it, you suddenly realize that it's hard to understand.  Before we jump into our study, I want to read Psalm 83.  Here are a few references to Gaza in the Bible…Genesis 10:19… The territory of the Canaanite extended from Sidon as you go toward Gerar, as far as Gaza; as you go toward Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha. Judges 1:18–19… And Judah took Gaza with its territory and Ashkelon with its territory and Ekron with its territory. 19 Now the Lord was with Judah, and they took possession of the hill country; but they could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley because they had iron chariots. Amos 1:6–7… Thus says the Lord, “For three transgressions of Gaza and for four I will not revoke its punishment, Because they deported an entire population To deliver it up to Edom. 7 “So I will send fire upon the wall of Gaza And it will consume her citadels. Zechariah 9:5… Ashkelon will see it and be afraid. Gaza too will writhe in great pain; Also Ekron, for her expectation has been confounded. Moreover, the king will perish from Gaza, And Ashkelon will not be inhabited. Ezekiel was a priest by vocation, married, and among those exiled to Babylon. His name means “God strengthens” and he was a contemporary of Daniel.  God called him to confront the root causes of their sinful rebellion against God and their failure to listen to God's Word and to obey it.  His Spirit-inspired book may be divided into three sections, following the prophet's call in 1–3…(1) God's judgment on Jerusalem, 4–24(2) God's judgment on the surrounding nations, 25–32(3) God's restoration of the Jews in the kingdom, 33–48.[1]Have you ever tried to skip rocks across the surface of a lake?  It hits the surface and then takes to the air again.  The process is repeated until it just runs out of steam.  That's what we're going to do tonight.  We're going to skip through Ezekiel 36 touching down at significant points in the text.  We've already seen how the book itself breaks down.  Now, I want you to see how the chapter itself seems to breaks down …(1) The Promise to renew the land of Israel –Verses 1-15(2) The Promise to renew the people of Israel –Verses 16-38Okay, with this in mind, let's dive into the first section which deals with the renewal of the land of Israel.Ezekiel 36:1–7… “And you, son of man, prophesy to the mountains of Israel and say, ‘O mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord. 2 ‘Thus says the Lord God, “Because the enemy has spoken against you, ‘Aha!' and, ‘The everlasting heights have become our possession,' 3 therefore prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the Lord God, “For good reason they have made you desolate and crushed you from every side, that you would become a possession of the rest of the nations and you have been taken up in the talk and the whispering of the people.” ' ” 4 ‘Therefore, O mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord God. Thus says the Lord God to the mountains and to the hills, to the ravines and to the valleys, to the desolate wastes and to the forsaken cities which have become a prey and a derision to the rest of the nations which are round about, 5 therefore thus says the Lord God, “Surely in the fire of My jealousy I have spoken against the rest of the nations, and against all Edom, who appropriated My land for themselves as a possession with wholehearted joy and with scorn of soul, to drive it out for a prey.” 6 ‘Therefore prophesy concerning the land of Israel and say to the mountains and to the hills, to the ravines and to the valleys, “Thus says the Lord God, ‘Behold, I have spoken in My jealousy and in My wrath because you have endured the insults of the nations.' 7 “Therefore thus says the Lord God, ‘I have sworn that surely the nations which are around you will themselves endure their insults. Just as Ezekiel was commanded to prophesy to the Mount Seir (Edom) in chapter 35, now he prophesies to “the mountains of Israel” in chapter 36.  What's behind this contrast?God promised to punish Israel's enemies for their sin in hounding, slandering (v. 3), plundering (vv. 4–5), rejoicing over, and practicing cruelty against Israel.[2]  Here at the outset of this prophetic portion of Scripture there is a powerful emphasis on God's judgment of the nations that surrounded Israel, that hated them with a passion, and that sought to take their promised land.  Look carefully at verse 5…Ezekiel 36:5… therefore thus says the Lord God, “Surely in the fire of My jealousy I have spoken against the rest of the nations, and against all Edom, who appropriated My land for themselves as a possession with wholehearted joy and with scorn of soul, to drive it out for a prey.” (MAP) God says that this tiny sliver of land is HIS LAND.  Who did He give it to?Genesis 15:7,18… And He said to him, “I am the Lord who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldeans, to give you this land to possess it.” 18 On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying, “To your descendants I have given this land, From the river of Egypt as far as the great river, the river Euphrates.” He gave it to Abraham and his descendants—the Jewish people.  Ezekiel 36:8–12… ‘But you, O mountains of Israel, you will put forth your branches and bear your fruit for My people Israel; for they will soon come. 9 ‘For, behold, I am for you, and I will turn to you, and you will be cultivated and sown. 10 ‘I will multiply men on you, all the house of Israel, all of it; and the cities will be inhabited and the waste places will be rebuilt. 11 ‘I will multiply on you man and beast; and they will increase and be fruitful; and I will cause you to be inhabited as you were formerly and will treat you better than at the first. *Thus you will know that I am the Lord*. 12 ‘Yes, I will cause men—My people Israel—to walk on you and possess you, so that you will become their inheritance and never again bereave them of children.' Keep in mind that this Scripture is referring to the land of Israel.  It's interesting that as one studies the history of Israel it becomes apparent that the fruitfulness of the land seemed to be contingent upon the obedience of God's people.  Often, the sovereign Lord unleashed famines, droughts, pestilence, and locusts to discipline the Jewish people.  Leviticus 26:32–33… ‘I will make the land desolate so that your enemies who settle in it will be appalled over it. 33 ‘You, however, I will scatter among the nations and will draw out a sword after you, as your land becomes desolate and your cities become waste. Deuteronomy 28:64… “Moreover, the Lord will scatter you among all peoples, from one end of the earth to the other end of the earth; and there you shall serve other gods, wood and stone, which you or your fathers have not known.” In this passage God promises to make the land fruitful for “My people Israel.” Look at all the promises God makes concerning the land of Israel.  Ezekiel 36:13–15… “Thus says the Lord God, ‘Because they say to you, “You are a devourer of men and have bereaved your nation of children,” 14 therefore you will no longer devour men and no longer bereave your nation of children,' declares the Lord God. 15 “I will not let you hear insults from the nations anymore, nor will you bear disgrace from the peoples any longer, nor will you cause your nation to stumble any longer,” declares the Lord God.' ” Besides punishing Israel's enemies (vv. 1–7) and restoring Israel's land (vv. 8–12), God will also remove the land of Israel's reproach (vv. 13–15).  The mockery and humiliation the land had been forced to endure (vv. 3–6) will cease.  She will once again be restored to her position of prestige as the land of God's Chosen People (cf. Deut. 28:13; Zech. 8:13, 20–23).[3]Keep in mind that with Old Testament prophecy there is often a partial fulfillment that occurs in a certain time period and then a complete fulfillment that occurs in the future.  Let me give you a bit of insight concerning the nation of Israel…With this emphasis on the land of Israel, it's important to understand that with the Roman conquests of AD 70 and AD 138 until the Zionist movement that started in the 19th century the land of Israel became a desolate wasteland.  Mark Twain visited this God-forsaken land and reported…   In 1867 the American author Mark Twain toured the land of Israel and described it as a “desolate country whose soil is rich enough, but is given over wholly to weeds—a silent mournful expanse…. A desolation…. We never saw a human being on the whole route…. hardly a tree or shrub anywhere…. Even the olive tree and the cactus, those fast friends of a worthless soil, had almost deserted the country.” (The Innocents Abroad)Spurgeon, the great British preacher, said the following in an 1864 sermon that was focused on Ezekiel 36…“These words were addressed to the mountains  of Palestine.  Albeit that they are now waste  and barren, they are yet to be as fruitful and  luxuriant as in the days of Israel's grandeur.”I've been to Israel three times.  I was amazed at the productivity of the land.  Look at this…According to Israeli government statistics and reports, since the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948 they have more than tripled the amount of land used for farming and production has increased sixteen times. What used to be an agricultural wasteland is now a model for the world, and Israel produces 95% of its own food requirements and has a large agricultural export industry.  The most popular products in the Israeli agricultural market are tomatoes, carrots, turnips, grapefruit, and bananas. Israel is also a significant exporter of dates, avocados, olive oil, pomegranates, and almonds, and it is a world leader in agricultural technologies.We can regard these impressive developments as a mere beginning of the much greater fruitfulness promised in the fullness of God's plan for Israel and her land.…………………………………………………………………………………….Here are nine things you should know about the creation of the modern Israeli state.1. In AD 138, the ancient nation of Israel ceased to exist when the Roman emperor Hadrian crushed the Bar Kochba revolt and banned all Jews from Palestine (i.e., the biblical regions known as the Land of Israel). The land was conquered by various nations until 1517, when it was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans retained control until 1917, when the British captured Jerusalem during World War I.2. By 1850, only about 14,000 Jews remained in Palestine. But in 1881, in reaction to growing anti-Semitism in Europe and Russia, a number of organizations were established with the aim of furthering Jewish settlement in the area. These groups were the forerunners of modern Zionism, the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the land of Israel.3. Theodore Herzl—officially referred to in the Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel as “the spiritual father of the Jewish State“—launched the modern Zionist movement in 1896.  He said…Let the sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the globe large enough to satisfy the rightful requirements of a nation; the rest we shall manage for ourselves.4. In 1897, Herzl began to put his plan into action by convening the first Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. At this symbolic congress—which was referred to as the Basel Congress—the group adopted the Basel Program with this stated goal: “Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law.” A few weeks after the event, Herzl wrote in his diary… “Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word—which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly—it would be this: At Basel I founded the Jewish State. If I said this out loud today l would be greeted by universal laughter. In five years perhaps, and certainly in fifty years, everyone will perceive it.”5. During World War I, the Allies drove the Turks out of Ottoman Syria. In 1917, the British government announced its support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in the 67-word statement known as the Balfour Declaration.After the war the British controlled the area of Palestine and was given a mandate by the League of Nations to administer the territory. 6. The Jewish population in Palestine grew between 1919 and 1923 as Jews began to flee persecution in Russia and Ukraine. This influx of Jews, along with the Balfour Declaration, led the Arab inhabitants of the land to develop their own political movement, known as Palestinian nationalism.  A nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs led to the “Great Revolt” of 1936-1939. This insurrection led the British to propose a partition of the land into Jewish and Arab states. The Arabs rejected the proposal.7. In 1939, the British began limiting Jewish immigration into Palestine. Even after the Holocaust began creating Jewish refugees in Europe, the UK refused to lift the immigration cap. Thousands of Jews died trying to flee to Palestine in small boats, and thousands more were caught and turned away. The American government supported a move to allow 100,000 new immigrants into the region, which prompted the British to abandon the Palestine Mandate and leave the issue to be resolved by the United Nations.8. On May 15, 1947, the United Nations created UNSCOP (the UN Special Committee on Palestine), with representatives from 11 “neutral” countries: Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia. UNSCOP offered two proposals to solve the “Palestine Question.” The first plan, supported by the majority of the committee, recommended the land be divided between an Arab state and a Jewish state, with Jerusalem being under an international trusteeship. The second plan, supported by a minority of the committee, proposed a federal union of Arabs and Jews with Jerusalem as its capital. The Zionists accepted the two-state solution, but the Arabs rejected both. On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the partition plan as Resolution 181 (II). 9. On May 14, 1948, the British mandate over Palestine expired, and the Jewish People's Council issued a proclamation declaring the establishment of the State of Israel. This day is celebrated in Israel as “The Day of Independence”. ……………………………………………………………………………..Since this time, the nation of Israel has had to fight for its existence…1948 Arab-Israeli War (Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia)Six-Day War. Date: 1967 (Egypt and Syria)Yom Kippur War. Date: 1973 (Egypt and Syria)Is God's covenant with the Jewish nation and the Jewish people permanent?  The answer is “yes.” Look at this promise…Jeremiah 31:35–36… Thus says the Lord, Who gives the sun for light by day And the fixed order of the moon and the stars for light by night, Who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar; The Lord of hosts is His name: 36 “If this fixed order departs From before Me,” declares the Lord, “Then the offspring of Israel also will cease From being a nation before Me forever.” Let's wrap up our session by considering the implications for what we are witnessing before our very eyes.  Samuel Sey wrote this…So in these bad times, we should remember the gospel of Christ. We should be more familiar with the good news than all the bad news from the war.God became a man — a Jewish man. The king of the universe is from Israel. Jesus' ethnicity is Jewish. His mother is Jewish. His brothers are Jewish. His Apostles are Jewish. His prophets are Jewish. His ancestors are Jewish. Jesus was born a Jew, raised a Jew, died a Jew, resurrected a Jew, ascended a Jew, and reigns as a Jew. He hasn't stopped being a Jew. Just as we will maintain our ethnicity in heaven (Revelation 5:9), Jesus maintains his Jewish ethnicity in Heaven. That's why He's described in the book of Revelation as “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David.”So if you hate Jews, you hate Jesus. In the same way, if you hate Palestinians, you hate their creator. Palestinians are made in the image of God, so if you hate them — you hate God.  The good news is Jesus was born in Bethlehem (currently Palestinian land) so that he would be the Savior of Jews and Gentiles, including Palestinians. He lived a sinless life so that He would suffer and die on the cross — offering Himself as our atoning substitute, the “righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God” (1 Peter 3:18).  Samuel Sey is a Ghanaian-Canadian who lives in Brampton, a city just outside of Toronto.[1] Warren W. Wiersbe, Wiersbe's Expository Outlines on the Old Testament (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1993), Eze 1–36.[2] Charles H. Dyer, “Ezekiel,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures, ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck, vol. 1 (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985), 1296.[3] Charles H. Dyer, “Ezekiel,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures, ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck, vol. 1 (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985), 1297.

#IndianaHoenlein and the Lost Roman Swords of the Bar Kochba revolt. Malcolm Hoenlein, Conference of Presidents. Thaddeus McCotter, American Greatness https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/four-1900-year-old-roman-swords-found-in-judean-desert-likely-from-bar-kochba-revolt/ar-AA1gjuVp 1907 Carthage

The Ninth Day of the month of Av is the saddest day of the Jewish calendar. On this day, the First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians. On this same day the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans. The Bar Kochba rebellion was stamped out with violent finality on this day. This is a […]

The Ninth Day of the month of Av is the saddest day of the Jewish calendar. On this day, the First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians. On this same day the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans. The Bar Kochba rebellion was stamped out with violent finality on this day. This is a day that is designated for tragedy and misfortune. What are the roots of this day? What can we do to help rectify and remedy it? In this exquisite podcast, the great Rabbi Shmuly Botnick weaves a complex, Kabbalistic tapestry on the roots of this sad day.– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –DONATE: Please consider supporting the podcasts by making a donation to help fund our Jewish outreach and educational efforts at https://www.torchweb.org/support.php. Thank you!– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Email me with questions, comments, and feedback: rabbiwolbe@gmail.com– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –SUBSCRIBE to my Newsletterrabbiwolbe.com/newsletter– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –SUBSCRIBE to Rabbi Yaakov Wolbe's PodcastsThe Parsha PodcastThe Jewish History PodcastThe Mitzvah Podcast This Jewish LifeThe Ethics PodcastTORAH 101 ★ Support this podcast ★

Dedication opportunities are available for episodes and series at  https://ohr.edu/donate/qa   Questions? Comments? podcasts@ohr.edu   00:00 How can one be okay with prayers not being answered? How might one "improve the returns", so to speak?   07:01 Is there a source for souls choosing their parents before birth?   11:47 How can we pray if Hashem won't change His mind? And is it possible for Adam & Eve to be a parable?   24:22 Do we introduce all halachos at once to someone interested in Judaism, or do we withhold some and introduce slowly?   30:42 Is it preferable for the only Levi to quicken his Amidah to wash the cohanim's hands, or to forego washing in favor of a better Amidah?   32:25 How can the Zohar claim that there is no teshuva for zera levatala, whereas the Talmud Yerushalmi says that is true only for bitul Torah?   35:23 Is there a source for Lev Tahor's dress code, and how should we react to it?   38:23 If someone is given an interim set of tefillin by the tefillin repair shop, and he has already paid for his fixed tefillin, what type of shomer is he?   40:46 Do the laws to respect the wishes of the dead apply even to those executed by the court?   42:48 What does Judaism say about alien life or the multiverse?   46:07 Does Korach have a share in the World to Come?   47:59 If one regrets his own purchase, does gam zu letovah apply?   52:15 Why do some wait to repeat Vayechulu with another, if they finished the Shabbat Amidah late, while some don't?   54:08 How should one treat non-Jewish family members by intermarriage?   1:00:25 A person younger than 20 suffers-- is this attributed to future sins, the sins of the parents, or a gilgul?   1:04:28 Where does tikkun klali come from, and are there similar formulas?   1:06:45 What mitzvos can one forego for the sake of kiruv, or to what degree can one sacrifice his own spiritual growth for kiruv?   1:16:05 How many praying people can one walk in front of in order to do a mitzvah?   1:18:41 What is the cause of the rise in divorce rate, and how can one avoid divorce?   1:24:50 How did the Sanhedrin communicate their takanos and gezeiros?   1:27:06 What exactly is the sin of complaining in Chukas? And why should a copper snake be a cure?   1:34:26 Are the rules of saying amen from Berachos still applicable today?   1:35:23 Should a baal teshuva start with new growth or with old regret? What about day-to-day?   1:40:24 Was Tosfos' expectation that we know all of Shas before learning Tosfos?   1:45:17 Are there many references to Bar Kochba in Chazal?   Yeshivat Ohr Somayach located in the heart of Jerusalem, is an educational institution for young Jewish English-speaking men. We have a range of classes and programs designed for the intellectually curious and academically inclined - for those with no background in Jewish learning to those who are proficient in Gemara and other original source material. To find the perfect program for you, please visit our website https://ohr.edu/study_in_israel​ whatsapp us at https://bit.ly/OSREGISTER or call our placement specialist at 1-254-981-0133 today!   Subscribe to the Rabbi Breitowitz Q&A Podcast at https://plnk.to/rbq&a   Submit questions for the Q&A with Rabbi Breitowitz https://forms.gle/VCZSK3wQJJ4fSd3Q7   Subscribe to our YouTube Channel at https://www.youtube.com/c/OhrSomayach/videos       You can listen to this and many other Ohr Somayach programs by downloading our app, on Apple and Google Play, ohr.edu and all major podcast platforms. Visit us @ https://ohr.edu  PRODUCED BY: CEDAR MEDIA STUDIOS  

UN calls ‘emergency session' about Ben-Gvir's trip to the Temple Mount. Here's the breakdown on what he actually did and why it's getting attention; Former Prime Minister Yair Lapid set to visit American Jews to bash new government & special gold coin located in Israel gives credence to historic Bar Kochba revolt in ancient Israel. Israel Daily News Podcast holiday fundraising campaign with gift box: https://www.hasodstore.com/shop/israeldailynewssupport Social Media links, Newsletter sign-up &, Support the show $ here: https://linktr.ee/israeldailynews Music: Goodbye; Alarie Prema; https://ffm.to/alarieprema-moment --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/israeldailynews/support

Would you like to sponsor an episode? A series?   We'd love to hear from you : podcasts@ohr.edu   https://podcasts.ohr.edu/   Visit us @ ohr.edu    00:00 Is there a Heter for kiruv groups putting on events where mixed dancing is inevitable?   07:37 What kinds of advice can the Rav give to help us make more of our davening?   18:20 Why was the GRA so vehemently against Chassidus?   30:28 What is the Torah view of the drug known as Ayahuasca?    36:21 What's the purpose of life once we reach a perfect reality/complete tikkun?   41:08 Does the Rambam hold that a Tinok Shenishbah would get resurrection?   55:19 Is it halachically permissible for women to take birth control?   58:30 What's the difference between Rav SR Hirsch's TIDES view and Rav Soleveichik's Torah Umada view?   1:01:59 What is the Torah view on the following: In business if one deals with another company or client that treated them and their company poorly or ripped them off, what's the right way to approach the transgressor from a professional standpoint?   1:04:32 How do we understand the idea that God “regretted” certain things?   1:08:06 How can we describe God using attributes when He is unlimited?   1:15:05 Why is a mother that gives birth to a female impure for longer than when she gives birth to a male?   1:18:05 Is there always some type of coherent arc in the Gemara or are there parts that are seemingly pieced together?   1:22:50 What are some in your opinion over the top cleanings that people do for Pesach?   1:25:03 Is there a difference between a Jewish and non-Jewish soul?   1:28:12 Why did Shmuel of the Gemara not listen to a woman in distress?   1:31:18 Why do we refer to Bar Kochba as that name specifically to this day and not reverting back to Shimon Ben Kuziba?    1:34:08 what does it mean to give power to the ayin horo?   1:35:10 In light of terrorist events lately, would it be a worthy hishtadlus to get a gun and should people avoid making aliyah?   1:38:38 What is the origin of Mishmar specifically on Thursday nights?   1:41:00 What should be out attitude on different machlokesim—follow the herd or have our own views?   1:43:44 Why can a ben eretz Yisrael go to chutz la'aretz and what kinds of Halachas apply?   1:47:37 In the Hespeidim, everyone commented that Rav Chaim never accepted money for his advice and brochos. He also famously never had a job/position. Even if we say that he lived on very little, how did he afford the little he did have?   1:49:40 Why does the Gemara present so many views that end up being refuted?   1:52:52 Can a Jew get a PCR test on Shabbos if it is administered by a non-Jew?   1:54:47 How does someone (namely the Amshinov Rebbe) keep Shabbos until Tuesday?    1:56:22 What halachic complications can occur with IVF?   Produced by: Cedar Media Studios

At the end of the account of the resurrection of Lazarus, John pens a short section steeped in ironies (John 11:45–53). All of them point unerringly to the cross.(1) The authorities are thoroughly frustrated. No one can deny that the miracle Jesus has performed actually occurred: it was too public, and Lazarus was genuinely dead—so dead that the smell of decomposition was public and obnoxious (John 11:39). So how can the Sanhedrin trim Jesus' rising authority or quell the messianic fervor that is likely to erupt when the report of the miracle circulates? Eventually, they fear, “everyone will believe in him,” the rebellion will become established, “and then the Romans will come and take away both our place and our nation” (John 11:48). There may be irony even in their mention of “our place”: the peculiar expression could refer to the temple (as the NIV footnote suggests), yet it is hard to deny that their real interest is not so much the temple as their place of privilege in society. Yet there is a deeper irony. As the story unfolds, they take action against Jesus, and he is crucified. Yet this fails to preserve their “place.” Within forty years, the Romans descend on Jerusalem and crush it. They destroy the temple. And the “place” of the authorities is wiped out.(2) But that is still in the future. It is Caiaphas who first formalizes the concrete proposal to pervert justice, sacrificing judicial integrity on the altar of political expediency. “You know nothing at all!” he exclaims (John 11:49), his pique belittling his colleagues as, in effect, a bunch of nincompoops. “You do not realize that it is better for you that one man die for the people than that the whole nation perish” (John 11:50). Note: it is better for you—that is the real locus of interest, the political selfishness behind the political claptrap. Bump off Jesus, and the messianic fervor dies and the nation is spared: it all seems so clean, so logical—and besides, it will be good for “our place.” So Jesus dies—and the tragic irony is that the nation perishes anyway. Not even A.D. 70 was the end of it. Six decades later the Bar Kochba revolt brought in the Romans again (132–135). Jerusalem was razed to the ground. It became a capital offense for any Jew to live anywhere in the environs of Jerusalem.(3) But there is a deeper irony yet, which John detects in Caiaphas's words. Caiaphas speaks as high priest, and in God's providence he speaks better than he knows. Jesus dies for the Jewish nation, and not only for them “but also for the scattered children of God, to bring them together and make them one” (John 11:52). This podcast is designed to be used alongside TGC's Read The Bible initiative (TGC.org/readthebible). The podcast features devotional commentaries from D.A. Carson's book For the Love of God (vol. 2) that follow the M'Cheyne Bible reading plan.

Powstanie Bar Kochby to zbrojne wystąpienie Żydów w latach 132–135 n.e., skierowane przeciwko wielkiemu Cesarstwu rzymskiemu, mające na celu zrzucenie rzymskiego zwierzchnictwa nad prowincją Judei. Co było przyczyną tego zrywu narodowo wyzwoleńczego społeczności Żydowskiej? Cesarz Hadrian wydał zarządzenie, aby na miejscu zburzonej Świątyni Jerozolimskiej zbudować Świątynie Jowisza Kapitolńskiego. To bardzo religijnym Żydom nie spodobało się. Ponadto, zabroniono Żydom, pod karą śmierci, ceremonii obrzezania, którą cesarz postrzegał jako formę samookaleczenia. Ale to uderzało w podstawy religii żydowskiej. Wybuchło zatem powstanie, któremu przewodził Bar Kochba. Rzymianie utopili to powstanie we krwi. Zburzyli 50 twierdz oraz 985 miast i wsi. Wymordowali ok. 600 tysięcy Żydów. Te wszystkie fakty sprzed prawie 2 tysięcy lat przypomina historyk Wojciech Dutka.

Today's Daf Yomi page, Sukkah 34, ponders the meaning of the lulav. NYU professor Jeffrey Rubenstein joins us to explain what the lulav meant to generations of Jews, and why we still argue over its exact nature. Why did the Jews who launched the Bar Kochba rebellion imprint a lulav on their coins? Listen and find out. Like the show? Send us a note at takeone@tabletmag.com. Follow us on Twitter at @takeonedafyomi and join the conversation in the Take One Facebook group. Take One is hosted by Liel Leibovitz and produced by Josh Kross, Sara Fredman Aeder, and Robert Scaramuccia. Check out all of Tablet's podcasts at tabletmag.com/podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Names and numbers in Paleo Hebrew from the 7th-8th century BC were discovered here, slightly south of the Dead Sea. Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, and Minor Prophets Scrolls were discovered from about the time of the Bar Kochba revolt. And 2 letters signed by Bar Kochba himself were among the finds. God bless you! Thank you for listening! Please join us on Youtube and Facebook at New Life of Albany Ga. Please remember to subscribe, share, pray, and support this vital Ministry!

This week we Rabbi Ken Spiro is talking about Lag B'Omer and the Bar Kochba Revolution as it relates to this holiday. Check out more about Rabbi Ken Spiro and his work at www.KenSpiro.com Learn more about The Jewish Family Insitute at www.MyJFI.com --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/jfi-remember-whats-next/message

Rabbi Schapira, Jewish history: The Bar Kochba uprising. by Mayanot

bar kochba rebellion

On this episode of The Israel Show: Meir Weingarten discusses "the Bar Kochba Revolt and the lulav" and what we learn from archaeology of the past few decades. Plus a great holiday-centric Israeli music mix. Moadim L'Simcha!

To better understand the true meaning of Palestine, we must go back in history quite a bit earlier than the mid-1960s. While the exact origin of the name Palestine is still debated, there are aspects of the word’s meaning that we can know for sure. It possibly once described a people group known as the Philistines, but that people group was in no way connected to the current era Palestinians – not ethnically, not linguistically, not historically and not culturally. In A.D. 132, a Jewish revolt took place against the Romans. It was known as the Bar Kochba revolt (Bar Kochba was a false    messiah in Israel at the time.)  In a nutshell, things didn't end well for the Jewish people; and in addition to a bloodbath of gigantic proportions, Israel was renamed Palaestina by the Romans. The rebranding of the Land with the name of their enemies, the Philistines, was an effort to undermine Jewish history and humiliate the Jewish people further. Additionally, at the time, Jerusalem was also renamed Aelia Capitolina by emperor Hadrian. The name Palestine stuck and continued to be used after that time. It is nowhere found in the Bible except for the maps section at the end of each Bible; but, of course, these are not inspired. There is more to it, but its' complicated! 

Three Weeks Lecture Series on Bar Kochba

Three Weeks Lecture Series on Bar Kochba

Ich freue mich sehr das es in Ausgabe 74 ein Thema gibt, was man sonst selten finden kann. Traurig aber wahr, bis heute ist die Geschichte zahlreicher jüdischer Vereine in Deutschland mehr oder weniger vergessen. Das war auch in Leipzig nicht anders. Bis 2011 Dr.Gerlinde Rohr die Geschichte des SK Bar Kochba für das Stadtjahrbuch zusammentrug. Seitdem hat sich einiges getan. Tüpfelhausen e.V. - das Familienportal erinnert seit einigen Jahren mit einem Gedenkturnier an den SK Bar Kochba. Yuval Rubovitch mein heutiger Gast erzählt ausführlich über das jüdische Leben vor der NS-Zeit. Er gibt Einblicke in das Leben der jüdischen Gemeinde Lepzig und erzählt von seiner Spurensuche in Sachen SK Bar Kochba.

Ich freue mich sehr das es in Ausgabe 73 ein Thema gibt, was man sonst selten finden kann. Traurig aber wahr, bis heute ist die Geschichte zahlreicher jüdischer Vereine in Deutschland mehr oder weniger vergessen. Das war auch in Leipzig nicht anders. Bis 2011 Dr.Gerlinde Rohr die Geschichte des SK Bar Kochba für das Stadtjahrbuch zusammentrug. Seitdem hat sich einiges getan. Tüpfelhausen e.V. - das Familienportal erinnert seit einigen Jahren mit einem Gedenkturnier an den SK Bar Kochba. Yuval Rubovitch mein heutiger Gast erzählt ausführlich über das jüdische Leben vor der NS-Zeit. Er gibt Einblicke in das Leben der jüdischen Gemeinde Lepzig und erzählt von seiner Spurensuche in Sachen SK Bar Kochba.

Why did Rabbi Akivah believe Bar Kochba was Moshiach- and what can it teach us?

About 60 years after the destruction of the second temple, the Jews in Israel rebelled against the Roman Empire led by a charismatic leader and warrior Shimon Bar Kuziba also known as Bar Kochba. While the rebellion succeeded at first, the Romans crushed the rebellion, devastating Israel and destroying Beitar where Bar Kochba and his men took their last stand.

Este episodio 17 se titula “Que Diferencia hace un Siglo.”Empezando a la mitad del cuarto siglo, la Historia de la Iglesia caminó juntamente con la historia del Imperio Romano. Con la muerte de Constantino el Grande, el poder del Imperio se dividió entre sus 3 hijos, Constantino II, Constante y Constancio II. En las maniobras de hombres hambrientos por el poder que siguieron, ellos le dieron poco honor a su crianza en una educación cristiana. Ellos eliminaron rápidamente cualquier reto por parientes de su padre, y luego se puso a pelear entre ellos mismos. Tres años después de la muerte de su padre ya estaban ellos en una guerra de lucha por la supremacía exclusiva. Constantino II fue asesinado por Constante, quien a su vez fue asesinado por un Comandante de Galicia de la Guardia Imperial llamado Magnentius. Después de su derrota y el suicidio de Magnentius, Constancio se convirtió en el único Emperador y reinó hasta su muerte en el año 361 d.C..Constancio se aparto de la sabia política de tolerancia religiosa de su padre Constantino. Constancio fue fuertemente influenciado por el obispo Arriano de Constantinopla Eusebio, que le inspiró a utilizar su autoridad de su posición para imponer la manera Arriana del Cristianismo no sólo sobre los paganos del Imperio, sino también en aquellos Cristianos que seguían a la Ortodoxia de Nicea. El paganismo fue reprimida violentamente. Los templos fueron saqueados y destruidos con el botín procedente de ellos dado a la Iglesia o a los que apoyaban a Constancio. Como los Cristianos habían sido previamente sometidos a detención y ejecución, ahora era en contra de los paganos. No inesperadamente, un gran número de antiguos paganos vinieron al Cristianismo; su conversión fingida. Una persecución similar fue aplicado hacia Cristianos que seguían a la Ortodoxia de Nicea. Fueron castigados con la confiscación de bienes y el destierro.Constancio se entrometió en la mayoría de los asuntos de la Iglesia, la cual, durante su reinado estuvo plagado de controversia doctrinal. Llamó a una multitud de consejos; en Galia, Italia, Illyricum, y Asia. El se veía como un gran teólogo y le gustaba que lo llamaran el Obispo de los obispos.Constancio justificó su violenta represión del paganismo diciendo que era como la orden de Dios a Israel de aniquilar la adoración y los ídolos de los Cananeos. Pero lideres inteligentes de la iglesia como Atanasio argumentaron en su lugar por la tolerancia. Atanasio escribió,Satanás, porque no hay verdad en él, rompe con el hacha y la espada. Pero el Salvador es suave, y obliga a nadie a quien viene, pero toca y habla con el alma: "Abrir a mí, mi hermana?" Si estamos abiertos a Él, entra, pero si nosotros no estamos dispuestos se va. La verdad no es predicada por la espada y la mazmorra, por el poder de un ejército, sino por la persuasión y la exhortación. ¿Cómo puede haber persuasión donde el temor del Emperador es prioritario? Cómo exhortación, donde la contradicción solo tiene que esperar el destierro y la muerte?La constante oscilación del péndulo de la historia, predice que la fuerza que obligó a la fe a muchos por Constancio provocaría una reacción pagana. Esa reacción se produjo inmediatamente después de Constancio durante el reinado de su primo, Juliano el Apóstata. Juliano sólo había evitado la purga anterior de su familia, porque él era demasiado joven para una amenaza. Pero los jóvenes crecen. Julián recibió una educación Cristiana y fue entrenado para tener una posición en el liderazgo de la iglesia. Pero tenia y alimentaba un odio secreto por la religión de la corte, una religión en la que casi todos de su familia había sido exterminada. El estudió los textos prohibidos de místicos orientales y filósofos griegos; y todo era más emocionante porque estaban prohibidos. Juliano se volvió tan inmerso en el paganismo, que se hizo el líder de una orden secreta dedicada a mantener viva la antigua religión.A pesar de su hostilidad hacia el Cristianismo, Juliano reconoció que la fe era demasiado arraigada en el Imperio para volver atrás el reloj a una época en la cual los cristianos eran persona non grata. Él decidió en lugar de simplemente soltarse la influencia que habían establecido en el ámbito civil. Nombró a los no cristianos a puestos importantes y recupero algunos de los antiguos templos paganos que se habían convertido en iglesias  y los puso de vuelta a su uso original.Juliano promulgó una política de tolerancia religiosa. Cada uno era libre de practicar la fe que quería. Pero no nos equivoquemos, Juliano quería eliminar al Cristianismo. Sentía que la mejor manera de conseguirlo, no era atacarla abiertamente. Después de todo, 200 años de persecución ya habían demostrado que ese método no era eficaz. Más bien, Juliano se enfoco en que todas las diversas sectas del Cristianismo acabarían yendo a la guerra las unas con la otros y el movimiento moriría la muerte de mil cortes, todas auto infligidas. Su plan no funcionó, por supuesto, pero era una astuta observación de que tan facciosos los seguidores de Cristo puede ser.Cuando Juliano fue asesinado en el año 363 d.C. en una mal aconsejada guerra en contra los Sasánidas, el renacimiento pagano que esperaba, fracasó. Las razones de su desaparición eran muchas. Desde que el paganismo era una amalgama de diversas cosmovisiones y creencias contradictorias que a menudo carecian de la unidad necesaria para enfrentar al Cristianismo. Y comparado con las virtudes, moralidad y prioridades éticas del Cristianismo, el paganismo era insignificante.Juliano esperaba eliminar al Cristianismo, permitiendo que sus diversas sectas operaran unas al lado de otras igual nunca se materializó. Al contrario, se dieron avances importantes hacia un entendimiento mutuo en los debates doctrinales que los dividian. El antiguo Atanasio seguía vivo y como un anciano lider de la iglesia se había puesto menos combativo, que lo hizo un punto de encuentro para los diferentes grupos. Llamó a una reunión de los líderes de la iglesia en Alejandría, en el año 362, justo en el medio del reinado de Juliano, para reconocer al Credo de Nicea como la declaración oficial de la deidad de Cristo para la Iglesia. Su resolución fue aprobada.Pero un gran problema estaba creciendo en la importante ciudad de Antioquía. Mientras que las iglesias del Oeste bajo el liderazgo del Obispo de Roma permanecieron firmes en su lealtad al Credo de Nicea, el Imperio del Oriente se inclinaba hacia el Arrianismo. Antioquía de Siria Oriental fue una ciudad clave dividida entre los partidarios de Nicea y el Arrianismo. La iglesia oficial, es decir, reconocida por el Emperador de Constantinopla tenia un Obispo Arriano. Los Cristianos pro-Nicea y estaban encabezados por el Obispo Paulino de una iglesia cercana. Pero en el año 360 d.C., un nuevo obispo subió a encabezar la Iglesia Arriana en Antioquía - y él era un devoto de la Ortodoxia de Nicea llamado Meletius! Esto ocurrió justo en un momento en que más y más obispos orientales salían en favor del Credo de Nicea. Estos Obispos Orientales apoyaron al nuevo Obispo Meletius de Antioquía. Se podría pensar que esta sería una fusión de los viejos seguidores de Nicea bajo Paulino con el nuevo obispo, y → asumiríamos equivocadamente. Roma y la Iglesia Occidental consideraban a Paulino como el legítimo Obispo de Antioquía y seguían siendo sospechosos de Meletius y el nuevo enfoque que traía de Nicea. Sus esfuerzos para negociar con y ser aceptados por la iglesia Occidental fueron rechazados. Esto sirvió para aumentar las diferencias entre Oriente y Occidente, que ya había venido creciendo durante las últimas décadas._________________________________________________________________________________________________________Un nuevo centro de fuerza espiritual se desarrollo durante este tiempo en Capadocia, en el centro-este de Asia Menor. Se formó alrededor de la vida de 3 líderes de la Iglesia, Basilio el Grande, su hermano Gregorio de Nisa y su amigo Gregorio de Nacianzo. Su trabajo respondió a las persistentes preocupaciones que rodeaban las palabras que el Consejo de Nicea había elegido para describir a Jesús como siendo de la misma sustancia que el Padre. Estos 3 Padres Capadocios fueron capaces de convencer a sus hermanos que el original Credo de Nicea era la mejor formulación que iban a poder producir y que aceptaran que Jesús era de la misma sustancia que el Padre, y por lo tanto Dios, no una sustancia similar y por lo tanto algo distinto o inferior a Dios, como los Arrianos enseñaban. Lo expresaron en términos que hacían evidente que existía sólo un Dios, pero en 3 personas que individualmente son, y que juntos forman un solo Dios, Padre, Hijo y Espíritu Santo. Dijeron que los 3 operaban inseparablemente, ninguno nunca actuaba independientemente de los demás. Cada acción divina comienza desde el Padre, continúa a través del Hijo, y se completa en el Espíritu Santo.En el año 381 d.C. en el Concilio de Constantinopla, la Iglesia Oriental demostró su aceptación de la teología de los Padres Capadocios' al afirmar su adhesión al Credo de Nicea. Efectivamente, esto marcó el fin del Arrianismo dentro del Imperio. Y a diferencia de los 3 anteriores Concilios Ecuménicos, el Concilio de Constantinopla no fue seguido por años de contiendas amargas. Lo que el Consejo no pudo hacer era resolver la división en la iglesia de Antioquía. El Occidente continuó apoyando a los originales seguidores de Nicea mientras el Oriente apoyó los nuevos. Era evidente para todos que la tensión entre la antigua sede del poder Imperial y la nueva capital; entre Roma y Constantinopla estaba creciendo. Y que Obispo de cual iglesia sería el líder reconocido por la totalidad de la Iglesia? Antioquía se convirtió en el sitio donde esta batalla fue vivida a través de sus representantes, Paulino y Meletius.El Concilio de Constantinopla intento parar esta contienda mediante el desarrollo de un sistema de leyes de como las iglesias serían dirigidas. Las resoluciones del Consejo, y de todos los concilios de la Iglesia celebrado durante estos años, se denominaban Ley Canónica, que establecía la política por la cual la Iglesia habría de funcionar. Una de las resoluciones del Concilio de Constantinopla estableció lo que se conoce como Diócesis. La diócesis era un grupo de provincias, que se convertían en una región en la que el Obispo presidia con la eucaristía. La regla era que una diócesis no pueden interferir en el funcionamiento de otra. Cada cual tenía que ser autónoma._________________________________________________________________________________________________________Aunque Joviano siguió a Juliano como Emperador en el año 363, Su reinado fue corto. Siguió una política de tolerancia religiosa, como hizo Valentiniano I que le sucedió. Valentiniano reconoció que el Imperio era demasiado vasto para un hombre de estado y nombró a su hermano menor Valente para dominar al Oriente. Valente fue menos tolerante que su hermano y ataco tanto el paganismo y al los Ortodoxos de Nicea. Pero Valente fue el último Arriano en reinar en el Oriente o en el Occidente. Todos los Emperadores posteriores fueron Ortodoxos; es decir, siguieron el Credo de Nicea.Cuando Valentiniano murió en el año 375 d.C., el Imperio el imperio de Occidente cayó a su hijo Graciano. Y cuando Valente murió, Graciano eligió un experimentado soldado llamado Teodosio para dominar el Oriente.Graciano y Teodosio presidieron en la desaparición definitiva del paganismo. Ambos hombres apoyaron firmemente la fe ortodoxa, y a peticion del Obispo Ambrosio de Milán, promulgaron políticas que pusieron el fin a la adoración pagana. Por supuesto, los individuos dispersos por todo el imperio continuaron secretamente a ofrecer sacrificios a los ídolos, a través de los rituales supersticiosos del pasado, pero como una institución social con templos y un sacerdocio, el paganismo había sido erradicado. Bajo el reinado de Teodosio, el Cristianismo fue nombrada la religión oficial del Imperio.Terminaremos este episodio con un vistazo a cómo la iglesia en Roma surgió a ser la líder de la Iglesia en el Imperio durante los 4º y 5º siglos.En teoría, todos los Obispos de las muchas iglesias del imperio eran iguales. En realidad, desde el tiempo de los Padres Apostólicos, algunos habían ganado mayor importancia porque sus iglesias estaban en las ciudades más importantes. Durante el 2º y primera parte del 3º siglo, Alejandría, Antioquía, Roma y Cartago eran los lugares de mayor fuerza espiritual; sus pastores principales reconocidos como líderes, no sólo de sus iglesias, sino de toda La Iglesia. El Concilio de Nicea en el año 325 d.C. reconoció la iglesia de Alejandría como la iglesia principal de todo el norte de África, en el oriente era Antioquía y Roma como preeminente en el Oeste.Constantinopla, la nueva capital política oriental, se agregó a esa lista en el año 381 por el Concilio de Constantinopla. Como uno de sus decretos de la Ley Canónica, el Consejo declaro a Constantinopla segunda sólo a Roma en términos de primacía para decidir asuntos de la iglesia.Se puede suponer que el Obispo de Roma aceptaría con mucho agrado esta declaración del Consejo, siendo que reconocía  a la “sede" Romana, (es decir, un territorio de la autoridad del obispo) como principal. Él no! Él se opuso porque la decisión del Consejo implicaba que la posición de una iglesia y su Obispo dependía de la importancia de su ciudad en el Imperio. En otras palabras, la cercanía al centro del poder político es lo que era más importante. El Obispo de Roma mantuvo que la preeminencia de Roma no dependia de la proximidad política pero de un precedente histórico. El dijo que el decreto de un sínodo o consejo no podía transmitir la primacía. El Obispo Romano alegó que Roma tenia la importancia porque Dios lo había decretado así. En un concilio en Roma un año después del Concilio de Constantinopla, el Obispo Romano Dámaso dijo que la primacía de Roma recaía sobre el Apóstol Pedro que fundo la iglesia Romana. Desde mediados del 3º siglo, los cristianos Romanos habían utilizado Mateo 16, Lucas 22 y Juan 21 para reclamar que su iglesia poseía una única autoridad sobre otras iglesias y obispos. Esta Teoria Petrina como se llego a conocer, fue generalmente aceptada por el final del siglo 6º. Esta alegaba que Pedro había sido dado primacía en respecto a sus compañeros apóstoles, y que su posición superior habia sido transmitida desde él a sus sucesores, los Obispos de Roma, en virtud de la sucesión apostólica.En verdad, ya existía una importante comunidad Cristiana en Roma cuando Pedro llegó a Roma y fue martirizado. Los cristianos honraban a Pedro como lo hicieron a todos sus mártires, haciendo que su tumba, un lugar popular de reunión. Eventualmente, se convirtió en un santuario. Entonces, cuando la persecución terminó, el santuario se convirtió en una Iglesia. El líder de esa iglesia se asoció con Pedro, cuya tumba era su característica central.Cuando Constantino llegó al poder, ordenó una basílica construida en el sitio de la Colina Vaticana. Para marcar que un nuevo día de favor hacia la Iglesia había llegado, Constantino dio el Palacio Lateranense, donde la Emperatriz Romana había vivido, al Obispo de Roma como su residencia. Pero la historia que surgió más tarde que pone al Emperador Constantino arrodillado delante de Silvestre, el Obispo de Roma, pidiendo perdón en cilicio y cenizas y entregándole el reino de Italia y de Roma, es una ficción.Hasta el Obispo Dámaso, a mediados del 4º siglo, los Obispos Romanos fueron líderes competentes de la iglesia pero que tendían a ceder con debilidad al tratar con los Emperadores que a menudo intentaban dominar la fe. Se produjo un cambio dramático hacia el final del 4º siglo, cuando el Obispo de la Iglesia Ambrosio de Milán, le dictada al Emperador que debía hacer.El Obispo Dámaso, contemporáneo de Ambrosio, instaló la primacía de Pedro como un elemento central de la doctrina de la Iglesia. Afirmó que la iglesia Romana fue iniciada por Pedro, quien había pasado su autoridad al próximo Obispo, quien había, a su vez, la había entregó a su sucesor y que cada Obispo de Roma era un destinatario de la autoridad apostólica de Pedro. Puesto que Pedro era el líder de los Apóstoles, esto significaba que la Iglesia Romana era la iglesia principal y su Obispo el líder, no sólo de Roma sino de toda la Cristiandad. Dámaso fue el primero en referirse a los otros Obispos como 'hijos' en lugar de 'hermanos'.Eventos históricos durante el 4º y 5º siglo crecieron el poder del Obispo de Roma. Cuando Constantino trasladó la capital política a Constantinopla en el año 330 d.C., dejó al Obispo de Roma como el individuo más poderoso en Roma durante largos períodos de tiempo. La gente del Occidente buscaba de él liderazgo terrenal, así como el liderazgo espiritual cuando surgía una crisis.Constantinopla, y el Emperador estaban cientos de kilómetros y a semanas de distancia; el Obispo Romano estaba cerca; así que la gente se dirigió a él para ejercer la autoridad en tratar con una crisis política, al igual con una crisis espiritual. En el año 410 d.C. cuando Alaric y los Visigodos vinieron a saquear Roma, El Obispo Inocente uso la diplomacia y inteligencia para salvar a la ciudad de la antorcha. Cuando el Imperio de Occidente cayó finalmente en el año 476 d.C., el pueblo de Italia esperaba que el Obispo Romano para asuntos civiles, así como el liderazgo religioso.Grandes líderes como Cipriano, Tertuliano y Agustín eran hombres sobresalientes de la iglesia occidental, que se habían puesto bajo el liderazgo del Obispo de Roma. El Imperio del Occidente también había logrado mantenerse libre de las herejías y los desafíos que habían sacudido al Imperio del Oriente, especialmente, el problema con Arrío y sus seguidores. Esta solidaridad doctrinal se debió en gran parte al liderazgo de los Obispos de Roma.Otro factor que contribuyó al aumento del dominio de Roma fue la caida de los otros grandes centros Cristianos. Jerusalén perdió su lugar debido a la rebelión de Bar Kochba en el 2º siglo. Alejandría y Antioquía fueron invadidos por los Musulmanes en el 6º y 7º siglo; dejando a Constantinopla y Roma como los únicos centros de poder.En un edicto Imperial en el año 445 d.C., el emperador Valentiniano III reconoció la supremacía del Obispo de Roma en los asuntos espirituales. Lo que dijo se convirtió en Ley Canónica para todos.Otra gran ventaja para la influencia y el prestigio del Obispo Romano fue la labor misionera de monjes leales a Roma. Clovis & Agustín plantaron iglesias en el Norte de Francia y Gran Bretaña, todos con lealtad a Roma.Pero por encima de todo, la Iglesia Romana fue encabezada por varios obispos muy capaces durante este tiempo; hombres que no perdían ninguna oportunidad para mejorar y ampliar su poder.Leo I fue el Obispo en Roma desde el año 440 al 461 d.C. y fue el mas capaz ocupante de la posición de Obispo hasta Gregorio I, 150 años más tarde. Su habilidad le llevo a recibir el título de "Leo Magno o Leo el Grande."No estamos seguros cuando los Obispos de Roma comenzaron a llamarse "Papa", un título que durante años había sido utilizado por el Obispo de Alejandría. Pero Leo I fue el primero en referirse constantemente a sí mismo como Papa - del Latín, un término afectuoso de un niño a su papa. En el año 452, Leo convenció a Atila el Huno dejar la ciudad de Roma, y no saquearla. A continuación, 3 años más tarde cuando los Vándalos vinieron a destruir la ciudad, Leo los convenció a limitar su destrucción a 2 semanas. El líder Vándalo Gaiseric mantuvo su palabra, y los Romanos siempre después de esto estimado a Leo como el que salvó a la ciudad de la destrucción.El Papa Leo insistió en que todos los tribunales de la iglesia y las sentencias de todos los Obispos debían de ser sometidas a él para que el tomara la decisión definitiva. Esto es lo que el edicto de Valentiniano III del año 445 d.C. le había concedido y estaba decidido a aplicarlo.El Papa Gelasio I, quien gobernó desde el año 492 al 496 d.C., decia que Dios le daba poder sagrado al Papa y poder real al Rey. Pero debido a que el Papa tenia que rendir cuentas a Dios por el Rey en el juicio final, el poder sagrado de la Papa era más importante que el poder real. Por tanto, los gobernantes civiles deberían someterse al Papa. Mientras que todos los emperadores no se sometieron automáticamente a los Papas, la mayoría de ellos si renuncio una gran parte de su autoridad y influencia política a los Obispos Romanos.

In this week's show our guest is Rabbi Samantha Safran who holds a Master of Arts in Hebrew Letters as well as a rabbinical title from the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC) in Philadelphia. We discuss the concept of Messiah or Meshiach in Jewish thought and explore the expectation of the Israelites after the destruction of the second Jerusalem temple. Rabbi Safran explains how the concept of Messiah developed over the time. We also explore biblical books such as Daniel and the Davidic dynasty and its impact on messianic expectations. Throughout Jewish history, there have been different figures who have claimed this title including Bar Kochba and Shabbetai Zevi. We also reviewed the ideas behind the book: There is no Messiah…and you’are it: The Stunning Transformation of Judaism's Most Provocative Idea by Rabbi Robert N. Levin. We conclude the interview by looking at contemporary perspectives of this concept including how Zionism and Secularism have influenced modern Judaism.

The sermon shows how this amazing prophesied judgment was fulfilled very literally in the Bar Kochba rebellion of AD 132-136

The sermon shows how this amazing prophesied judgment was fulfilled very literally in the Bar Kochba rebellion of AD 132-136

The sermon shows how this amazing prophesied judgment was fulfilled very literally in the Bar Kochba rebellion of AD 132-136

The sermon shows how this amazing prophesied judgment was fulfilled very literally in the Bar Kochba rebellion of AD 132-136

You said that some of the early patristic writers believed that John the Baptist was a heretic and even the spiritual mentor of Simon Magus and Dositheus. Might this version imply the canonical gospels had not yet been written? Why do you think Matt changes Mark to make the fig tree wither away immediately rather than over the course of a day?  If Mark is a Paulinist Gospel how can the baptism be adoptionistic which seems to be a doctrine popular among Jewish Christians like the Ebionites?  I wondered if the baptism might not better be seen as the point where the man Jesus is possessed w/ the spirit (the Christ) which some Gnostics believed, what Bart Ehrman calls separationism.  What say ye? What does the Geek think is going on with Jacob and Laban's flock in Genesis 30? Why would the gospel writers in the second century have to embellish the Jerusalem siege and/or the Bar Kochba revolt and not have Jesus describe in detail what will happen just like how Josephus described it since the evidence is strong that the gospel writers have Josephus in front of them while writing the four gospels. Also, why would the writer of Luke dismiss the death of James? Is there any real proof for Burton Mackâ??s hypotheses re Q?

In the Judean desert, in a cave which was a hideout for the Bar Kochba rebells two-thousand years ago, Rabbi Mike Feuer and Rabbi Yishai meet to discuss the heroes of Passover past and the challenge of understanding the grandness of our time today.

This 17th episode is titled “What a Difference a Century Makes.”During the mid-4th Century, the history of the Church walked apace with the history of the Roman Empire. With the death of Constantine the Great, the rule of the Empire divided among his 3 sons, Constantine II, Constans, & Constantius. In the power-hungry maneuverings that followed, they did their upbringing in a Christian education little honor. They quickly removed any challenge by their father's relatives, then set to work on one another. 3 years after their father's death they went to war in a struggle for sole supremacy. Constantine II was slain by Constans, who was in turn murdered by a Gallic commander of the Imperial guard named Magnentius. After the defeat and suicide of Magnentius, Constantius became sole Emperor & reigned till his death in 361.Constantius departed from his father Constantine's wise policy of religious toleration. Constantius was greatly influenced by the Arian bishop of Constantinople Eusebius who inspired him to use the authority of his office to enforce the Arian-brand of Christianity not only on the pagans of the Empire but also on those Christians who followed the Nicene Orthodoxy. Paganism was violently suppressed. Temples were pillaged and destroyed with the loot taken from them given either to the Church or Constantius' supporters. As Christians had earlier been subject to arrest & execution, so now were pagans. Not unexpectedly, large numbers of former pagans came over to Christianity; their conversion feigned. A similar persecution was applied towards Nicaean Christians. They were punished with confiscation and banishment.Constantius meddled in most of the Church's affairs, which during his reign was fraught with doctrinal controversy. He called a multitude of councils; in Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, & Asia. He fancied himself an accomplished theologian and enjoyed being called Bishop of bishops.Constantius justified his violent suppression of paganism by likening it to God's command to Israel to wipe out the idol-worshipping Canaanites. But intelligent church leaders like Athanasius argued instead for toleration.  Athanasius wrote,Satan, because there is no truth in him, breaks in with ax and sword. But the Savior is gentle, and forces no one to whom He comes, but knocks on and speaks to the soul: ‘Open to me, my sister?' If we open to Him He enters but if we will not, He departs. For the truth is not preached by sword and dungeon, by the might of an army, but by persuasion and exhortation. How can there be persuasion where the fear of the Emperor is uppermost? How exhortation, where the contradictory has to expect banishment and death?The ever-swinging pendulum of history foretells that the forced-upon faith of Constantius will provoke a pagan reaction. That reaction came immediately after Constantius during the reign of his cousin, Julian the Apostate. Julian had only avoided the earlier purge of his family because he was too young to pose a threat. But the young grow up.  Julian received a Christian education and was trained for a position in church leadership. But he harbored and nurtured a secret hatred for the religion of the court, a religion under which his family was all but exterminated. He studied the banned texts of Eastern mystics & Greek philosophers; all the more thrilling because they were forbidden. Julian became so immersed in paganism, he was made the leader of a secret order devoted to keeping the ancient religion alive.Despite his hostility toward Christianity, Julian recognized the Faith was too deeply entrenched in the Empire to turn back the sundial to a time when Christians were persona non grata. He decided instead to simply pry loose the influence they'd established in the civil realm. He appointed non-Christians to important posts & reclaimed some of the old pagan temples that had been turned into churches back to their original use.Julian enacted a policy of religious tolerance. Everyone was free to practice whatever faith they wanted. Make no mistake, Julian wanted to eliminate Christianity. He felt the best way to accomplish that, wasn't by attacking it outright. After all, 200 years of persecution had already shown that wasn't effective. Rather, Julian figured all the various sects of Christianity would end up going to war with one another and the movement would die the death of a thousand cuts, all self-inflicted. His plan didn't work out, of course, but it was an astute observation of how factious the followers of Christ can be.When Julian was killed in 363 in an ill-advised war against the Sassanids, the pagan revival he'd hoped for fizzled. The reasons for its demise were many. Because Paganism is an amalgam of various often contradictory beliefs and worldviews it lacked the cohesion needed to stare down Christianity. And compared to the virtuous morality and ethical priorities of Christianity, paganism paled.Julian's hoped-for elimination of Christianity by allowing its various sects to operate side by side never materialized. On the contrary, major advances were made toward a mutual understanding of the doctrinal debates that divided them. The old Athanasius was still around and as an elder statesman for the Church he'd mellowed, making him a rallying point for different groups. He called a gathering of church leaders in Alexandria in 362, right in the middle of Julian's reign, to recognize the Creed of Nicea as the Church's official creedal statement. His resolution passed.But trouble was brewing in the important city of Antioch. While the Western churches under the leadership of the Bishop of Rome remained steadfast in their loyalty to the Nicean Creed, the Eastern Empire leaned toward Arianism. Antioch in Syria was a key Eastern city split between adherents of Nicea & Arianism. The official church, that is, the one recognized by the Emperor in Constantinople had an Arian bishop. The Nicean Christians were led by Bishop Paulinus in a separate fellowship. But in 360, a new bishop rose to lead the Arian church at Antioch – and he was a devoted Nicean named Meletius! This occurred right at a time when more & more Eastern bishops were coming out in favor of the Nicene Creed. These Eastern bishops supported Meletius and the New Niceans of Antioch. We might think this would see a merger of the old-Niceans under Paulinus with the new, and à we'd assume wrongly. Rome & the Western church considered Paulinus the rightful bishop of Antioch & remained suspicious of Meletius & the new-Niceans. Efforts on their part to negotiate with & be accepted by the Western church were rebuffed. This served to increase the divide between East & West that had already been brewing for the last few decades.A new center of spiritual weight developed at this time in Cappadocia in central-eastern Asia Minor. It formed around the careers of 3 able church leaders, Basil the Great, his brother Gregory of Nyssa, and their friend, Gregory of Nazianzus. Their work answered the lingering concerns that hovered around the words the Nicaean Council had chosen to describe Jesus as being of the same substance as the Father. These 3 Cappadocian Fathers were able to convince their Eastern brothers that the Nicean Creed was the best formulation they were likely to produce and to accept that Jesus was of the same substance as the Father, and so God, not a similar substance and so something other than or less than God, as the Arians held it. They pressed in on terms that made it clear there was only one God but 3 persons who individually are, and together comprise that one God; The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. They said the 3 operated inseparably, none ever acting independently of the others. Every divine action begins from the Father, proceeds thru the Son, and is completed in the Holy Spirit.In 381 at the Council of Constantinople, the Eastern Church demonstrated its acceptance of the Cappadocian Fathers' theology by affirming their adherence to the Nicean Creed. This effectively marked the end of Arianism within the Empire. And unlike the previous 3 ecumenical councils, the Council of Constantinople was not followed by years of bitter strife. What the council failed to do was resolve the split in the church at Antioch. The West continued to support the Old-Niceans while the East supported the New. It was clear to all tension was building between the old seat of Imperial power & the new capital; between Rome & Constantinople.  Which church & bishop would be the recognized leader of the whole? Antioch became the site where that contest was lived out thru their surrogates, Paulinus & Meletius.The Council of Constantinople attempted to deal with this contest by developing a system for how the churches would be led. The rulings of the Council, and all the church councils held during these years are called Canon Law, which established policy by which the Church would operate. One of the rulings of the Council of Constantinople established what was known as dioceses. A diocese was a group of provinces that became a region over which a bishop presided. The rule was that one diocese could not interfere in the workings of another. Each was to be autonomous.Though Jovian followed Julian as emperor in 363 his reign was short. He followed a policy of religious toleration, as did Valentinian I who succeeded him. Valentinian recognized the Empire was too vast for one man to rule & appointed his younger brother Valens to rule the East. Valens was less tolerant than his brother & attacked both paganism & the Nicean Christians. But Valens was the last Arian to rule in either East or West. All subsequent emperors were Orthodox; that is, they followed the Nicean Creed.When Valentinian died in 375, rule of the Western Empire fell to his son Gratian. When Valens died, Gratian chose an experienced soldier named Theodosius to rule the East.Gratian & Theodosius presided over the final demise of paganism. Both men strongly supported the Orthodox faith, and at the urging of Bishop Ambrose of Milan, they enacted policies that brought an end to pagan-worship. Of course, individuals scattered throughout the Empire continued to secretly offer sacrifices to idols & went through the superstitious rituals of the past, but as a social institution with temples & a priesthood, paganism was eradicated. Under the reign of Theodosius, Christianity was made the official religion of the Empire.We'll end this episode with a look at how the church at Rome emerged during the 4th & 5th Centuries to become the lead church in the Empire.In theory all the bishops of the Empire's many churches were equal. In reality, from the time of the Apostolic Fathers, some gained greater prominence because their churches were in more important cities. During the 2nd & early 3rd Centuries Alexandria, Antioch, Rome & Carthage were the places of the greatest spiritual gravity; their senior pastors recognized as leaders, not just of their churches but of The Church. The Council of Nicaea in 325 recognized Alexandria as the lead church for all North Africa, Antioch in the East & Rome as preeminent in the West.Constantinople, the new Eastern political capital, was added to that list in 381 by the Council of Constantinople.  As one of its rulings in canon law, the Council declared Constantinople 2nd only to Rome in terms of primacy in deciding church matters.We might assume the Bishop of Rome would gladly accept this finding of the Council, being that it acknowledged the Roman “see” (that is, a bishop's realm of authority) as primary. He didn't! He objected because the Council's ruling implied the position of a Church and its Bishop depended on the status of their city in the Empire. In other words, it was the nearness to the center of political power that weighed most. The Bishop of Rome maintained that the preeminence of Rome wasn't dependent on political proximity but on historical precedent. He said the decree of a Synod or Council didn't convey primacy. The Roman Bishop claimed Rome was primary because God had made it so.  At a Council in Rome a year after the Council of Constantinople, the Roman Bishop Damasus said Rome's primacy rested on the Apostle Peter's founding of the Roman church. Ever since the mid-3rd C, Roman Christians had used Matthew 16, Luke 22 & John 21 to claim their church possessed a unique authority over other churches & bishops. This Petrine Theory as it's come to be known was generally accepted by the end of the 6th C. It claimed Peter had been given primacy over his fellow apostles, and his superior position had been passed on from him to his successors, the bishops of Rome, by apostolic succession.In truth, there was already a substantial church community in Rome when Peter arrived in Rome and was martyred. The Christians honored Peter as they did all their martyrs by making his grave a popular gathering place. Eventually, it became a shrine. Then, when persecution ended, the shrine became a church. The leader of that church became associated with Peter whose grave was its central feature.When Constantine came to power, he ordered a basilica built on the site on Vatican Hill. To mark that a new day of favor toward the Church had come, Constantine gave the Lateran Palace where the Roman Empress had lived to the Bishop of Rome as his residence. But the story that arose later which puts Emperor Constantine on his face before Sylvester, the Bishop of Rome, pleading forgiveness in sackcloth & ashes & handing over to him the rule of Italy & Rome, is a fiction.Until Bishop Damasus in the mid-4th C, the Roman bishops were competent leaders of the church but tended toward weakness when dealing with the Emperors, who often sought to dominate the Faith. A dramatic change occurred at the end of the 4th C, when under Ambrose of Milan, the Church dictated to the Emperor.Bishop Damasus, a contemporary of Ambrose, installed the Primacy of Peter as a central part of Church doctrine. He claimed the Roman church was started by Peter, who'd passed on his authority to the next bishop, who'd, in turn, handed it to his successor and that each Bishop of Rome was a recipient of Peter's apostolic authority. Since Peter was the leader of the Apostles that meant the Roman church was the lead church and the Bishop the leader, not just of Rome but of all Christendom. Damasus was the first to address other bishops as ‘sons' rather than ‘brothers.'Historical events during the 4th & 5th Centuries enhanced the power of the Bishop of Rome. When Constantine moved the political capital to Constantinople in 330, it left the Roman Bishop as the strongest individual in Rome for long stretches of time. People in the west looked to him for temporal as well as spiritual leadership when a crisis arose. Constantinople & the Emperor were hundreds of miles & weeks away; the Roman bishop was near; so people turned to him to exercise authority in meeting political as well as spiritual crises. In 410 when Alaric and the Visigoths sacked Rome, Bishop Innocent I used clever diplomacy to save the city from the torch. When the Western Empire finally fell in 476, the people of Italy looked to the Roman Bishop for civil as well as religious leadership.Great leaders like Cyprian, Tertullian, & Augustine were outstanding men of the Western church who counted themselves as being under the leadership of the Bishop of Rome. The Western Empire had also managed to stay free of the heretical challenges that had wracked the East, most notably, the brouhaha with Arius and his followers. This doctrinal solidarity was due in large part to the steadfast leadership of Rome's Bishops.Another factor that contributed to Rome's rise to dominance was the decline of the other great centers. Jerusalem lost its place due to the Bar Kochba rebellion of the 2nd C. Alexandria & Antioch were overrun by the Muslims in the 6th & 7th Centuries; leaving Constantinople & Rome as the centers of power.In an Imperial edict in AD 445, the Emperor Valentinian III recognized the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome in spiritual affairs. What he enacted became Canon law for all.Another great boon to the influence & prestige of the Roman Bishop was the missionary work of monks loyal to Rome. Clovis & Augustine planted churches in northern France & Britain, all owing allegiance to Rome.But above all, the Roman church was led by several able bishops during this time; men who overlooked no opportunity to enhance & extend their power.Leo I was bishop at Rome from 440 to 461 & by far the ablest occupant of the Bishop's seat until Gregory I, 150 years later. His skill earned him the title “Leo the Great.”We're not sure when Rome's bishops began to be called “pope”, a title which for years had been used by the bishop of Alexandria. But Leo was the first to refer consistently to himself as pope – from Latin, a child's affectionate term for papa. In 452, Leo persuaded Attila the Hun to let the city of Rome alone. Then 3 years later when the Vandals came to sack the city, Leo convinced them to limit their loot-fest to 2-weeks. The Vandal Leader Gaiseric kept his word, and the Romans forever after esteemed Leo as the one who saved their city from destruction.Pope Leo insisted all church courts & the rulings of all bishops had to be submitted to him for final decision. This is what Valentinians III's edict of 445 granted and he was determined to apply it.Pope Gelasius I, who ruled from 492 to 496, said that God gave sacred power to the Pope and royal power to the King. But because the Pope had to account to God for the King at the judgment, the sacred power of the Pope was more important than royal power. So, civil rulers should submit to the Pope. While the emperors didn't all automatically knuckle under to popes, most did resign a large part of authority & political influence to the Roman Bishops.

Este episodio 17 se titula “Que Diferencia hace un Siglo.”Empezando a la mitad del cuarto siglo, la Historia de la Iglesia caminó juntamente con la historia del Imperio Romano. Con la muerte de Constantino el Grande, el poder del Imperio se dividió entre sus 3 hijos, Constantino II, Constante y Constancio II. En las maniobras de hombres hambrientos por el poder que siguieron, ellos le dieron poco honor a su crianza en una educación cristiana. Ellos eliminaron rápidamente cualquier reto por parientes de su padre, y luego se puso a pelear entre ellos mismos. Tres años después de la muerte de su padre ya estaban ellos en una guerra de lucha por la supremacía exclusiva. Constantino II fue asesinado por Constante, quien a su vez fue asesinado por un Comandante de Galicia de la Guardia Imperial llamado Magnentius. Después de su derrota y el suicidio de Magnentius, Constancio se convirtió en el único Emperador y reinó hasta su muerte en el año 361 d.C..Constancio se aparto de la sabia política de tolerancia religiosa de su padre Constantino. Constancio fue fuertemente influenciado por el obispo Arriano de Constantinopla Eusebio, que le inspiró a utilizar su autoridad de su posición para imponer la manera Arriana del Cristianismo no sólo sobre los paganos del Imperio, sino también en aquellos Cristianos que seguían a la Ortodoxia de Nicea. El paganismo fue reprimida violentamente. Los templos fueron saqueados y destruidos con el botín procedente de ellos dado a la Iglesia o a los que apoyaban a Constancio. Como los Cristianos habían sido previamente sometidos a detención y ejecución, ahora era en contra de los paganos. No inesperadamente, un gran número de antiguos paganos vinieron al Cristianismo; su conversión fingida. Una persecución similar fue aplicado hacia Cristianos que seguían a la Ortodoxia de Nicea. Fueron castigados con la confiscación de bienes y el destierro.Constancio se entrometió en la mayoría de los asuntos de la Iglesia, la cual, durante su reinado estuvo plagado de controversia doctrinal. Llamó a una multitud de consejos; en Galia, Italia, Illyricum, y Asia. El se veía como un gran teólogo y le gustaba que lo llamaran el Obispo de los obispos.Constancio justificó su violenta represión del paganismo diciendo que era como la orden de Dios a Israel de aniquilar la adoración y los ídolos de los Cananeos. Pero lideres inteligentes de la iglesia como Atanasio argumentaron en su lugar por la tolerancia. Atanasio escribió,Satanás, porque no hay verdad en él, rompe con el hacha y la espada. Pero el Salvador es suave, y obliga a nadie a quien viene, pero toca y habla con el alma: "Abrir a mí, mi hermana?" Si estamos abiertos a Él, entra, pero si nosotros no estamos dispuestos se va. La verdad no es predicada por la espada y la mazmorra, por el poder de un ejército, sino por la persuasión y la exhortación. ¿Cómo puede haber persuasión donde el temor del Emperador es prioritario? Cómo exhortación, donde la contradicción solo tiene que esperar el destierro y la muerte?La constante oscilación del péndulo de la historia, predice que la fuerza que obligó a la fe a muchos por Constancio provocaría una reacción pagana. Esa reacción se produjo inmediatamente después de Constancio durante el reinado de su primo, Juliano el Apóstata. Juliano sólo había evitado la purga anterior de su familia, porque él era demasiado joven para una amenaza. Pero los jóvenes crecen. Julián recibió una educación Cristiana y fue entrenado para tener una posición en el liderazgo de la iglesia. Pero tenia y alimentaba un odio secreto por la religión de la corte, una religión en la que casi todos de su familia había sido exterminada. El estudió los textos prohibidos de místicos orientales y filósofos griegos; y todo era más emocionante porque estaban prohibidos. Juliano se volvió tan inmerso en el paganismo, que se hizo el líder de una orden secreta dedicada a mantener viva la antigua religión.A pesar de su hostilidad hacia el Cristianismo, Juliano reconoció que la fe era demasiado arraigada en el Imperio para volver atrás el reloj a una época en la cual los cristianos eran persona non grata. Él decidió en lugar de simplemente soltarse la influencia que habían establecido en el ámbito civil. Nombró a los no cristianos a puestos importantes y recupero algunos de los antiguos templos paganos que se habían convertido en iglesias  y los puso de vuelta a su uso original.Juliano promulgó una política de tolerancia religiosa. Cada uno era libre de practicar la fe que quería. Pero no nos equivoquemos, Juliano quería eliminar al Cristianismo. Sentía que la mejor manera de conseguirlo, no era atacarla abiertamente. Después de todo, 200 años de persecución ya habían demostrado que ese método no era eficaz. Más bien, Juliano se enfoco en que todas las diversas sectas del Cristianismo acabarían yendo a la guerra las unas con la otros y el movimiento moriría la muerte de mil cortes, todas auto infligidas. Su plan no funcionó, por supuesto, pero era una astuta observación de que tan facciosos los seguidores de Cristo puede ser.Cuando Juliano fue asesinado en el año 363 d.C. en una mal aconsejada guerra en contra los Sasánidas, el renacimiento pagano que esperaba, fracasó. Las razones de su desaparición eran muchas. Desde que el paganismo era una amalgama de diversas cosmovisiones y creencias contradictorias que a menudo carecian de la unidad necesaria para enfrentar al Cristianismo. Y comparado con las virtudes, moralidad y prioridades éticas del Cristianismo, el paganismo era insignificante.Juliano esperaba eliminar al Cristianismo, permitiendo que sus diversas sectas operaran unas al lado de otras igual nunca se materializó. Al contrario, se dieron avances importantes hacia un entendimiento mutuo en los debates doctrinales que los dividian. El antiguo Atanasio seguía vivo y como un anciano lider de la iglesia se había puesto menos combativo, que lo hizo un punto de encuentro para los diferentes grupos. Llamó a una reunión de los líderes de la iglesia en Alejandría, en el año 362, justo en el medio del reinado de Juliano, para reconocer al Credo de Nicea como la declaración oficial de la deidad de Cristo para la Iglesia. Su resolución fue aprobada.Pero un gran problema estaba creciendo en la importante ciudad de Antioquía. Mientras que las iglesias del Oeste bajo el liderazgo del Obispo de Roma permanecieron firmes en su lealtad al Credo de Nicea, el Imperio del Oriente se inclinaba hacia el Arrianismo. Antioquía de Siria Oriental fue una ciudad clave dividida entre los partidarios de Nicea y el Arrianismo. La iglesia oficial, es decir, reconocida por el Emperador de Constantinopla tenia un Obispo Arriano. Los Cristianos pro-Nicea y estaban encabezados por el Obispo Paulino de una iglesia cercana. Pero en el año 360 d.C., un nuevo obispo subió a encabezar la Iglesia Arriana en Antioquía - y él era un devoto de la Ortodoxia de Nicea llamado Meletius! Esto ocurrió justo en un momento en que más y más obispos orientales salían en favor del Credo de Nicea. Estos Obispos Orientales apoyaron al nuevo Obispo Meletius de Antioquía. Se podría pensar que esta sería una fusión de los viejos seguidores de Nicea bajo Paulino con el nuevo obispo, y → asumiríamos equivocadamente. Roma y la Iglesia Occidental consideraban a Paulino como el legítimo Obispo de Antioquía y seguían siendo sospechosos de Meletius y el nuevo enfoque que traía de Nicea. Sus esfuerzos para negociar con y ser aceptados por la iglesia Occidental fueron rechazados. Esto sirvió para aumentar las diferencias entre Oriente y Occidente, que ya había venido creciendo durante las últimas décadas._________________________________________________________________________________________________________Un nuevo centro de fuerza espiritual se desarrollo durante este tiempo en Capadocia, en el centro-este de Asia Menor. Se formó alrededor de la vida de 3 líderes de la Iglesia, Basilio el Grande, su hermano Gregorio de Nisa y su amigo Gregorio de Nacianzo. Su trabajo respondió a las persistentes preocupaciones que rodeaban las palabras que el Consejo de Nicea había elegido para describir a Jesús como siendo de la misma sustancia que el Padre. Estos 3 Padres Capadocios fueron capaces de convencer a sus hermanos que el original Credo de Nicea era la mejor formulación que iban a poder producir y que aceptaran que Jesús era de la misma sustancia que el Padre, y por lo tanto Dios, no una sustancia similar y por lo tanto algo distinto o inferior a Dios, como los Arrianos enseñaban. Lo expresaron en términos que hacían evidente que existía sólo un Dios, pero en 3 personas que individualmente son, y que juntos forman un solo Dios, Padre, Hijo y Espíritu Santo. Dijeron que los 3 operaban inseparablemente, ninguno nunca actuaba independientemente de los demás. Cada acción divina comienza desde el Padre, continúa a través del Hijo, y se completa en el Espíritu Santo.En el año 381 d.C. en el Concilio de Constantinopla, la Iglesia Oriental demostró su aceptación de la teología de los Padres Capadocios' al afirmar su adhesión al Credo de Nicea. Efectivamente, esto marcó el fin del Arrianismo dentro del Imperio. Y a diferencia de los 3 anteriores Concilios Ecuménicos, el Concilio de Constantinopla no fue seguido por años de contiendas amargas. Lo que el Consejo no pudo hacer era resolver la división en la iglesia de Antioquía. El Occidente continuó apoyando a los originales seguidores de Nicea mientras el Oriente apoyó los nuevos. Era evidente para todos que la tensión entre la antigua sede del poder Imperial y la nueva capital; entre Roma y Constantinopla estaba creciendo. Y que Obispo de cual iglesia sería el líder reconocido por la totalidad de la Iglesia? Antioquía se convirtió en el sitio donde esta batalla fue vivida a través de sus representantes, Paulino y Meletius.El Concilio de Constantinopla intento parar esta contienda mediante el desarrollo de un sistema de leyes de como las iglesias serían dirigidas. Las resoluciones del Consejo, y de todos los concilios de la Iglesia celebrado durante estos años, se denominaban Ley Canónica, que establecía la política por la cual la Iglesia habría de funcionar. Una de las resoluciones del Concilio de Constantinopla estableció lo que se conoce como Diócesis. La diócesis era un grupo de provincias, que se convertían en una región en la que el Obispo presidia con la eucaristía. La regla era que una diócesis no pueden interferir en el funcionamiento de otra. Cada cual tenía que ser autónoma._________________________________________________________________________________________________________Aunque Joviano siguió a Juliano como Emperador en el año 363, Su reinado fue corto. Siguió una política de tolerancia religiosa, como hizo Valentiniano I que le sucedió. Valentiniano reconoció que el Imperio era demasiado vasto para un hombre de estado y nombró a su hermano menor Valente para dominar al Oriente. Valente fue menos tolerante que su hermano y ataco tanto el paganismo y al los Ortodoxos de Nicea. Pero Valente fue el último Arriano en reinar en el Oriente o en el Occidente. Todos los Emperadores posteriores fueron Ortodoxos; es decir, siguieron el Credo de Nicea.Cuando Valentiniano murió en el año 375 d.C., el Imperio el imperio de Occidente cayó a su hijo Graciano. Y cuando Valente murió, Graciano eligió un experimentado soldado llamado Teodosio para dominar el Oriente.Graciano y Teodosio presidieron en la desaparición definitiva del paganismo. Ambos hombres apoyaron firmemente la fe ortodoxa, y a peticion del Obispo Ambrosio de Milán, promulgaron políticas que pusieron el fin a la adoración pagana. Por supuesto, los individuos dispersos por todo el imperio continuaron secretamente a ofrecer sacrificios a los ídolos, a través de los rituales supersticiosos del pasado, pero como una institución social con templos y un sacerdocio, el paganismo había sido erradicado. Bajo el reinado de Teodosio, el Cristianismo fue nombrada la religión oficial del Imperio.Terminaremos este episodio con un vistazo a cómo la iglesia en Roma surgió a ser la líder de la Iglesia en el Imperio durante los 4º y 5º siglos.En teoría, todos los Obispos de las muchas iglesias del imperio eran iguales. En realidad, desde el tiempo de los Padres Apostólicos, algunos habían ganado mayor importancia porque sus iglesias estaban en las ciudades más importantes. Durante el 2º y primera parte del 3º siglo, Alejandría, Antioquía, Roma y Cartago eran los lugares de mayor fuerza espiritual; sus pastores principales reconocidos como líderes, no sólo de sus iglesias, sino de toda La Iglesia. El Concilio de Nicea en el año 325 d.C. reconoció la iglesia de Alejandría como la iglesia principal de todo el norte de África, en el oriente era Antioquía y Roma como preeminente en el Oeste.Constantinopla, la nueva capital política oriental, se agregó a esa lista en el año 381 por el Concilio de Constantinopla. Como uno de sus decretos de la Ley Canónica, el Consejo declaro a Constantinopla segunda sólo a Roma en términos de primacía para decidir asuntos de la iglesia.Se puede suponer que el Obispo de Roma aceptaría con mucho agrado esta declaración del Consejo, siendo que reconocía  a la “sede" Romana, (es decir, un territorio de la autoridad del obispo) como principal. Él no! Él se opuso porque la decisión del Consejo implicaba que la posición de una iglesia y su Obispo dependía de la importancia de su ciudad en el Imperio. En otras palabras, la cercanía al centro del poder político es lo que era más importante. El Obispo de Roma mantuvo que la preeminencia de Roma no dependia de la proximidad política pero de un precedente histórico. El dijo que el decreto de un sínodo o consejo no podía transmitir la primacía. El Obispo Romano alegó que Roma tenia la importancia porque Dios lo había decretado así. En un concilio en Roma un año después del Concilio de Constantinopla, el Obispo Romano Dámaso dijo que la primacía de Roma recaía sobre el Apóstol Pedro que fundo la iglesia Romana. Desde mediados del 3º siglo, los cristianos Romanos habían utilizado Mateo 16, Lucas 22 y Juan 21 para reclamar que su iglesia poseía una única autoridad sobre otras iglesias y obispos. Esta Teoria Petrina como se llego a conocer, fue generalmente aceptada por el final del siglo 6º. Esta alegaba que Pedro había sido dado primacía en respecto a sus compañeros apóstoles, y que su posición superior habia sido transmitida desde él a sus sucesores, los Obispos de Roma, en virtud de la sucesión apostólica.En verdad, ya existía una importante comunidad Cristiana en Roma cuando Pedro llegó a Roma y fue martirizado. Los cristianos honraban a Pedro como lo hicieron a todos sus mártires, haciendo que su tumba, un lugar popular de reunión. Eventualmente, se convirtió en un santuario. Entonces, cuando la persecución terminó, el santuario se convirtió en una Iglesia. El líder de esa iglesia se asoció con Pedro, cuya tumba era su característica central.Cuando Constantino llegó al poder, ordenó una basílica construida en el sitio de la Colina Vaticana. Para marcar que un nuevo día de favor hacia la Iglesia había llegado, Constantino dio el Palacio Lateranense, donde la Emperatriz Romana había vivido, al Obispo de Roma como su residencia. Pero la historia que surgió más tarde que pone al Emperador Constantino arrodillado delante de Silvestre, el Obispo de Roma, pidiendo perdón en cilicio y cenizas y entregándole el reino de Italia y de Roma, es una ficción.Hasta el Obispo Dámaso, a mediados del 4º siglo, los Obispos Romanos fueron líderes competentes de la iglesia pero que tendían a ceder con debilidad al tratar con los Emperadores que a menudo intentaban dominar la fe. Se produjo un cambio dramático hacia el final del 4º siglo, cuando el Obispo de la Iglesia Ambrosio de Milán, le dictada al Emperador que debía hacer.El Obispo Dámaso, contemporáneo de Ambrosio, instaló la primacía de Pedro como un elemento central de la doctrina de la Iglesia. Afirmó que la iglesia Romana fue iniciada por Pedro, quien había pasado su autoridad al próximo Obispo, quien había, a su vez, la había entregó a su sucesor y que cada Obispo de Roma era un destinatario de la autoridad apostólica de Pedro. Puesto que Pedro era el líder de los Apóstoles, esto significaba que la Iglesia Romana era la iglesia principal y su Obispo el líder, no sólo de Roma sino de toda la Cristiandad. Dámaso fue el primero en referirse a los otros Obispos como 'hijos' en lugar de 'hermanos'.Eventos históricos durante el 4º y 5º siglo crecieron el poder del Obispo de Roma. Cuando Constantino trasladó la capital política a Constantinopla en el año 330 d.C., dejó al Obispo de Roma como el individuo más poderoso en Roma durante largos períodos de tiempo. La gente del Occidente buscaba de él liderazgo terrenal, así como el liderazgo espiritual cuando surgía una crisis.Constantinopla, y el Emperador estaban cientos de kilómetros y a semanas de distancia; el Obispo Romano estaba cerca; así que la gente se dirigió a él para ejercer la autoridad en tratar con una crisis política, al igual con una crisis espiritual. En el año 410 d.C. cuando Alaric y los Visigodos vinieron a saquear Roma, El Obispo Inocente uso la diplomacia y inteligencia para salvar a la ciudad de la antorcha. Cuando el Imperio de Occidente cayó finalmente en el año 476 d.C., el pueblo de Italia esperaba que el Obispo Romano para asuntos civiles, así como el liderazgo religioso.Grandes líderes como Cipriano, Tertuliano y Agustín eran hombres sobresalientes de la iglesia occidental, que se habían puesto bajo el liderazgo del Obispo de Roma. El Imperio del Occidente también había logrado mantenerse libre de las herejías y los desafíos que habían sacudido al Imperio del Oriente, especialmente, el problema con Arrío y sus seguidores. Esta solidaridad doctrinal se debió en gran parte al liderazgo de los Obispos de Roma.Otro factor que contribuyó al aumento del dominio de Roma fue la caida de los otros grandes centros Cristianos. Jerusalén perdió su lugar debido a la rebelión de Bar Kochba en el 2º siglo. Alejandría y Antioquía fueron invadidos por los Musulmanes en el 6º y 7º siglo; dejando a Constantinopla y Roma como los únicos centros de poder.En un edicto Imperial en el año 445 d.C., el emperador Valentiniano III reconoció la supremacía del Obispo de Roma en los asuntos espirituales. Lo que dijo se convirtió en Ley Canónica para todos.Otra gran ventaja para la influencia y el prestigio del Obispo Romano fue la labor misionera de monjes leales a Roma. Clovis & Agustín plantaron iglesias en el Norte de Francia y Gran Bretaña, todos con lealtad a Roma.Pero por encima de todo, la Iglesia Romana fue encabezada por varios obispos muy capaces durante este tiempo; hombres que no perdían ninguna oportunidad para mejorar y ampliar su poder.Leo I fue el Obispo en Roma desde el año 440 al 461 d.C. y fue el mas capaz ocupante de la posición de Obispo hasta Gregorio I, 150 años más tarde. Su habilidad le llevo a recibir el título de "Leo Magno o Leo el Grande."No estamos seguros cuando los Obispos de Roma comenzaron a llamarse "Papa", un título que durante años había sido utilizado por el Obispo de Alejandría. Pero Leo I fue el primero en referirse constantemente a sí mismo como Papa - del Latín, un término afectuoso de un niño a su papa. En el año 452, Leo convenció a Atila el Huno dejar la ciudad de Roma, y no saquearla. A continuación, 3 años más tarde cuando los Vándalos vinieron a destruir la ciudad, Leo los convenció a limitar su destrucción a 2 semanas. El líder Vándalo Gaiseric mantuvo su palabra, y los Romanos siempre después de esto estimado a Leo como el que salvó a la ciudad de la destrucción.El Papa Leo insistió en que todos los tribunales de la iglesia y las sentencias de todos los Obispos debían de ser sometidas a él para que el tomara la decisión definitiva. Esto es lo que el edicto de Valentiniano III del año 445 d.C. le había concedido y estaba decidido a aplicarlo.El Papa Gelasio I, quien gobernó desde el año 492 al 496 d.C., decia que Dios le daba poder sagrado al Papa y poder real al Rey. Pero debido a que el Papa tenia que rendir cuentas a Dios por el Rey en el juicio final, el poder sagrado de la Papa era más importante que el poder real. Por tanto, los gobernantes civiles deberían someterse al Papa. Mientras que todos los emperadores no se sometieron automáticamente a los Papas, la mayoría de ellos si renuncio una gran parte de su autoridad y influencia política a los Obispos Romanos.