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Hansan var ett lösligt handelsförbund av köpmannahus och städer, med centrum i Lübeck, som dominerade handel och politik i norra Europa under medeltiden. Utan egentliga fasta institutioner och regler kom Hansan att skapa enorma förmögenheter.Hansan växte fram underifrån utifrån ett behov att skapa trygghet för handelsmän. Hansan prioriterade nätverkstänkande och samarbete framför viljan att styra, ställa och diktera villkor för medlemmarna - ett vinnande koncept under medeltiden, men på 1500- och 1600-talen blev utmaningarna från omvärlden till slut för stora.I detta första av två avsnitt om Hansan samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med Dick Harrison, professor i historia vid Lunds universitet. Han är aktuell med boken Hansan – Ett handelsimperiums uppgång och fall.Hansan hade sitt ursprung i Tyskland, närmare bestämt i områdena kring floderna Rhen, Weser och Elbe. Till en början bestod den av flera enskilda intresseorganisationer för olika grupper av köpmän. Dessa organisationer erbjöd varandra skydd längs farofyllda transportvägar och stödde varandras handel. Hansans framgång byggde på ett system av privilegier och handelsmonopol som sträckte sig från London till Novgorod, med Visby som en viktig knutpunkt i Östersjön. Under 1100- och 1200-talen utvecklades Hansan till att bli Nordeuropas ledande politiska och ekonomiska maktcentrum.År 1161 slöt Norge ett handelsavtal med Lübeck, vilket markerade början på Hansans expansion i Norden. Birger jarl följde efter genom att ingå överenskommelser med Lübeck omkring 1250 och med Hamburg 1261. Dessa avtal gav tyska affärsmän möjlighet att verka i Sverige på gynnsamma villkor, bland annat genom befrielse från skatter och tullar.Hansan drog också nytta av Tyska ordens expansion i Baltikum under början av 1200-talet och knöt till sig vitryska och litauiska områden i sitt handelsnät. År 1227 slöt man handelsavtal med fursten av Smolensk. Vid mitten av 1200-talet fanns ett dussintal städer med lybsk rätt i Östersjöområdet, däribland Reval, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Greifswald, Kolberg, Danzig och Elbing.Till Bergen seglade nordtyska fartyg lastade med korn, öl, vin och salt. På tillbakavägen fraktade de torkad fisk, en eftertraktad vara i Europa. Denna handel genererade stora vinster för Hansan och gynnade även norrmännen, vars fisk nådde europeiska marknader.Hansan inrättade kontor i städer som inte var anslutna till förbundet men som ändå var viktiga för dess handel. Inom kontorets område gällde Hansans lagar. Det äldsta kontoret, Petershof, inrättades i Novgorod 1259. Londonkontoret, The Steelyard, växte fram under 1200-talet. Kontoret i Brygge inrättades 1347 och omkring 1360 etablerades kontoret i Bergen, där Hansan lyckades konkurrera ut så gott som alla andra utländska handelsmän och helt kontrollera den norska exporten och importen.Trots att Hansan saknade en gemensam armé eller flotta hade förbundet förmågan att mobilisera militära resurser när det behövdes. Konflikter med omvärlden föregicks ofta av långvariga debatter mellan borgmästare och rådmän från olika hansestäder, vilket speglar förbundets lösa struktur. Hansans militära styrka var dock begränsad jämfört med framväxande territorialstater. Från 1400-talet och framåt minskade hansestädernas möjligheter att försvara sin självständighet militärt, då krig blev allt dyrare att föra.Bild: Lübeck som illustreras i Nürnbergkrönikan, 1493 Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, redaktör) – Illustration från Nürnbergkrönikan, Wikipedia, Public Domain.Musik: Medieval Harp Kingdom Instrumental av OKO, Storyblock AudioKlippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
1. Dünya Savaşı adım adım yaklaşırken Rusya, 1905 Devriminin yaralarını sarmak için yoğun bir çaba içerisindeydi. Açılan ilk Duma'da öne çıkan Pyotr Stolypin, Çar Nikolay tarafından başbakanlık görevine getirildi. Stolypin, Çarlık Rusya'nın son dönemine damga vuracak reformlara imza attı. Rusya'nın en önemli sorunlarından toprak sorununa el atan başbakan, çıkarttığı kanunlarla köhnemiş Mir Sistemi'ni kaldırdı. Köylüleri özel mülkle tanıştırmaya çalışan Stolypin, tarımda verimliliği arttıracak adımlar attı. Aynı dönemde Rus devrimcileri, rejime muhalefetini sürdürmeye çalışıyordu. Devrimin başarısız olmasıyla Vladimir Lenin, baskılar sonucu Rusya'yı terketti. Önce Finlandiya'ya, ardından İsviçre'ye giden Lenin, uygun zemin için gününü bekleyecekti. Toparlanma işaretleri gösteren Rusya, bir başka suikast ile çalkalandı. Devlet erkanı, II. Alexander için yapılan heykelin açılışı için Kiev'e gelmişti. Okhrana'da görevli ve çarı korumak için yanlarında bulunan çifte ajan Dmitriy Bogrov, katıldıkları gösteri sırasında başbakana karşı gerçekleştirdiği suikastla Rus tarihine damga vurdu. Rusya, yine çalkantılı günlere sahne oldu. Balkanlarda yaşanan gelişmeler ise tüm Avrupa'yı etkiledi. Yükselen Sırp milliyetçiliği, darbeyle hanedan ailesini değiştirmiş, Avusturya-Macaristan'a karşı daha agresif bir politika izlemeye başlamıştı. Balkan kazanı bir kez daha kaynarken sürpriz haber Osmanlı Devletinden geldi. 1908 yılında, başını Resneli Niyazi, Enver, Eyüp Sabri gibi subayların çektiği bir grup İttihatçı, Reval görüşmelerine ve devletin durumuna tepki olarak bir isyan başlattı. İsyan, meşrutiyet rejimini geri getirecek, Osmanlı tarihinde ikinci kez meşrutiyet rejimine geçilecekti. İstanbul'da yaşananlar, devletleri harekete geçirdi. Rusya, Avusturya-Macaristan ile bir uzlaşıya varmıştı. Fakat Avusturya-Macaristan, kritik bir hamleyle Bosna Hersek'i ilhak etti. Boğazlarda kazanım elde etmeye çalışan Rusya, bu krizden eli boş döndü. Bosna'nın ilhakı, Sırbistan'da çok büyük tepkiye yol açtı. İki devlet arasındaki ilişkiler, hat safhada bir gerginliğe ulaştı. Aynı dönemde İtalyanlarla da masaya oturan Çar Nikolay, Boğazlara destek vermesine karşılık Trablusgarp'ta onları destekleyeceğini iletti. Tarihe Racconigi Uzlaşısı olarak geçen bu anlaşmayla İtalya, Trablusgarp'a saldırdı. Osmanlı Devleti, zaten zor durumdaydı. Trablusgarp'ta direnmeye çalışırken esas felaket haberi, Balkanlardan geldi. Tarihe Balkan Birliği olarak geçen Sırbistan, Bulgaristan, Yunanistan ve Karadağ ittifakı, Osmanlı devletine karşı savaş açtı. Balkan Savaşı, birkaç haftada Osmanlı için faciaya dönüştü. Yaşanan mücadelenin ardından Sırbistan, hem toprak hem de özgüven kazanmıştı. Avusturya'ya karşı olan tutumunu iyice sertleştirdi. İki devlet arasındaki gerginlik, Franz Ferdinand'ın Bosna ziyaretiyle felaketi getirdi. Ferdinand ve eşi Sophie Chotek, oynadıkları kumarı canıyla ödedi. Sırp milliyetçileri, 1. Dünya Savaşına giden yolu açacaktı. O güne kadar birçok diplomatik krizi çözmeyi başaran devletler, bu sınavı geçemeyecekti. Tarihe Temmuz Krizi olarak geçen dönemde özellikle Almanya ve Rusya, adım adım savaşa yürüdü. Devasa iki devletin hükümdarları Kayzer Wilhelm ile Çar Nikolay, frenlemeye çalıştıkları savaştan kaçamayacaktı. Barış için son girişim, iki hükümdar arasındaki telgraflar yoluyla gerçekleşti. Nicky-Willy Telgrafları olarak anılan bir dizi karşılıklı savaşı önleme çabası içeren bu telgraflar, dünyayı cehennemden kurtaramayacaktı. Beğenmenizi umuyor, keyifli seyirler diliyorum. Lütfen like, dislike ve yorumlarınızı esirgemeyiniz. Sevgiler. Video Bölümleri: 00:00 - 10:40 Stolypin Devri ve Suikast 10:40 - 17:48 1908 Bosna Krizi 17:48 - 20:56 Osmanlı Dağılıyor: Trablusgarp ve Balkan Felaketi 20:56 - 27:55 Rusya Yine Krize Giriyor 27:55 - 29:36 Savaşa Beş Kala: Liman von Sanders Krizi 29:36 - 32:41 Franz Ferdinand - Kara El 32:41 - 37:25 Temmuz Krizi ve Kaçınılmaz Son 37:25 - 43:02 Son Girişim: Nicky ve Willy Telgraf Başında
Last time we spoke about the rise of the Spirit Soldier movement. As a result of the hardship brought upon the common people of China during China's Warlord Era a new group known as the Spirit Soldiers rose up. Motivated by grievances against warlord abuses and foreign influences, the Spirit Soldier emerged as a grassroots movement seeking to overthrow the oppressive regime. They believed in summoning divine beings or becoming possessed by them to aid their cause, reminiscent of the Yihetuan. Despite lacking centralized organization and firearms, they managed to seize control of several counties in regions like Hubei and Sichuan. However, they simply were no match for Warlord armies who were better trained, better organized and certainly better armed. While in small groups the Spirit armies managed just fine, but when they assembled 100,000 strong, they were ultimately crushed. Despite this the last Spirit rebellion would occur in 1959. #101 The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Oh yes we are not done with Mongolia. As a quick refresher, a few episodes back we talked about what is known as the Occupation of Mongolia. Quite a few things were going on all at once in the late 1910's. The Russian Empire collapsed and now was stuck in a civil war with the Reds vs the Whites. The Republic of China likewise collapsed into the Warlord Era. Mongolia stuck between these two former empires, attempted to gain independence, but swiftly fell into conflict with radicals from both. As a result of the Russian white General Grigori Semyonov trying to force a new pan Mongolia state, Duan Qirui exploited the situation to forcibly invade Mongolia. Duan Qirui had been taking a lot of heat for pushing China to declare war on Germany and getting caught taking secret loans from the Empire of Japan. Everyone in China was calling for Duan to reduce or eliminate his Anhui Army, but the situation in Mongolia gave him the perfect excuse to use it, thus in his mind legitimizing its existence. Duan Qirui dispatched General Xu Shuzheng with the “northwest frontier army” to protect Mongolia from a supposed Red army invasion. In the face of overwhelming military forces, the Mongolians submitted to Xu and were absolutely humiliated and subjugated. And thus Mongolia lived happily ever after. No, not at all. Between 1919-1920 a few Mongolian nobles came together to form two groups, the first was called “Konsulyn denj / the Consular Hill” the second “Zuun khuree / the East Urga” groups. The first group was the brainchild of Dogsomyn Bodoo, a prominent Mongolian politician. Bodoo had worked as a Mongolian language teacher at a Russian-Mongolian school for translators. He spoke Mongolian, Tibetan, Mandarin and Manchu. Because of his work he came into contact with Bolshevism through Russian acquaintances. After the occupation of Mongolia by Duan Qirui's forces, he formed the secret Consular Hill group as a means of resistance. Doboo's Consular Hill soon saw Khorloogiin Choibalsan join. Choibalsan also worked at the Russian Mongolian translator school and shared a Yurt with Doboo. Doboo was a mentor to Choibalsan whom worked primarily as a Russian interpreter at the Russian consulate. Because of the nature of his work, Choibalsan spent a lot of time with the Soviets. Not to give too much away, but later on Choibalsan would become known as “the Stalin of Mongolia”. A Russo-Mongolian printing officer typesetter named Mikhail Kucherenko, a Bolshevik in Urga, visited Bodoo and Choibalsan, talking to them about things related to Mongolian independence and actively resisted the Chinese. The East Urga group were founded by Soliin Danzan an official of the Ministry of Finance and Dansranbilegiin Dogsom , an official in the Ministry of the Army. Danzan had once been a horse thief, but managed to climb the ladder towards being a customs officer or the ministry of finance. Dogs had worked as a scribe for district and provincial assemblies before taking a job at the ministry of finance and Army later on. Another founding member was Damdin Sukhbaatar who grew up around Russians and spoke Russian. He joined the New Mongolia Army in 1911 after the independence movement and rose through the ranks seeing deployment on Mongolia's eastern border. After his death he would be referred to as “the Lenin of Mongolia”. The beginning of the East Urga group saw radicals within the lower house of the Mongolian parliament, such as Danzan and Dogsom met secretly trying to figure a way of getting rid of Xu Shuzheng and the Chinese dominance over their nation. The groups formed a plot to seize the mongolian army's arsenal and assassinate Xu Shuzheng, but the arsenal was too well guarded and Xu departed the region before they could pull it off. Within Urga were many Russian refugees, Red and White alike. They established a Municipal Duma, and some of the Bolshevik minded ones learned of the secret Consular Hill and East Urga groups. In March of 1920, the Duma was sending one of their members, Sorokovikov to Irkutsk, but before he did so, they thought it a good idea for him to learn about these secret groups and what they were up to. Sorokovikov met with representatives of both groups before traveling to Irkutsk. When he returned to Urga in June of that year, he met with the representatives again with promises the USSR would provide any assistance needed to the Mongolian workers. He then extended them invitations to send their groups representatives to Russia to discuss matters further. As you can imagine, both these groups got pretty excited. Until this point the two groups did not brush shoulders much, they were in fact quite different. The Consular Hill group were progressive socialists while the East Urga group were more nationalistic. While they seemed to be at odds, the Soviet invitation had brought them together and in doing so they decided to merge on June 25th to form the Mongolian People's Party. It was then agreed Danzan and Choibalsan would act as the delegates that would go to Russia. Both men arrived in Verkhneudinsk, the new capital of the Pro-Soviet Far Eastern Republic. They met with Boris Shumyatsky, the acting head of the government. Shumyatsky kind of gave them the cold shoulder as they hounded his government for military assistance to fight off the Chinese. Shumyatsky advised them they should go back home, and get members of their party over in Urga to send a coded message with the stamped seal of the Bogd Khan to formally request such a thing. They did just that and now 5 delegates returned to Verkhneudinsk with it, but Shumyatsky told them he had no real authority to make such a decision and that they needed to go to Irkutsk. So yeah it was one of those cases where a guy you thought was a head honcho, was really not haha. The Mongolian delegates then went to Irkutsk in August where they met with the head of what would soon become the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International aka the Comintern. They explained they required military assistance, soon handing over a list of requests. They wanted military instructors, over 10,000 rifles, some artillery pieces, machine guns and of course funding they could use to recruit soldiers. The head told them….to drag a letter and this time to make sure the name of the party was included in it, not in the name of the Bogd Khan. They were also to list their objectives and requests. Now as funny as this all sounds, not to dox myself, but when I got my first big boy job as they say, I had to learn how to write formal letters to the government, funding requests, partnership things, etc etc, and I can feel for these guys in that sense. They all seemed to have little experience in such matters and yes, some officials were clearing just messing with them, sending them left and right, but some guys were trying to show them how to work an existing process, random rant sorry. Once they finished this new letter they were told it might be considered by the Siberian REvolutionary Committee in Omsk, the buck keeps passing. At this point the mongolians divided themselves into three groups: Delegates Danzan, Losol and Dendev went to Omsk to deliver the new letter; Bodoo and Dogsom went back to Urga to grow the party and begin recruiting a army; and Sukhbaater and Choibalsan went to Irkutsk to serve as liaisons there. Before they all departed, the drafted a new revolutionary message. It dictated the Mongolian nobility would be divested of their hereditary powers. The new system of government would be democratic with a limited monarch run by the Bogd Khaan. Several more meeting with the soviets at Omsk occurred only for the Mongolians to be sold yet again they had to go somewhere else, this time it was Moscow. Thus Danzan led a team of delegates to go to Moscow in September. For a month they discussed matters, but something huge was cooking up in the meantime. Here comes a man named Roman von Ungern-Sternberg. He was born in Graz Austria in January of 1886 to a noble family, descending from present day Estonia. Ungern-Sternberg's first language was German, but he also spoke English, French, Russian and Estonian. Within his family tree he had Hungarian roots and he would claim to be a descendant of Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Why is it, all of these “great men figures” always have to come up with a “I am descended from x” haha. He moved to Reval, the capital of Estonia. It's said as a child he was a ferocious bully and a psychopath who would torture animals. Apparently at the age of 12 he strangled his cousins owl, now thats messed up. Now Ungern-Sternberg was very proud of his ancient aristocratic background…though whether any of it was real who knows. He wrote extensively things like “for centuries my family never took orders from the working classes and it was outrageous that dirty workers who've never had any servants of their own, but still think they can command! They should have absolutely no say in the ruling of the vast Russian Empire". He was proud of his Germanic origin, but also identified with the Russian empire…and with Ghenghis khan, so yeah. When asked about his family's military history in the Russian empire he would proud boast “72 family members were killed in the wartime!”. He believed many of the fallen monarchies of Europe could be restored with the help of the cavalry peoples of the Steppe, such as the Mongols. Ungern-Sternberg of course was attracted to military service and during the Russo-Japanese War he joined the fighting. Its unsure whether he made it to Manchuria to see actual fighting, but he was awarded a Russo-Japanese War Medal in 1913. During the first Russian Revolution of 1905, Estonian peasants ravaged the country trying to murder nobles. Ungern-Sternberg recalled "the peasants that worked on my family's land were rough, untutored, wild and constantly angry, hating everybody and everything without understanding why". After the failed revolution he continued his military career and picked up an interest in Buddhism. Later in life while in Mongolia he would become a Buddhist, but never really relinquished his Lutheran faith. While in Mongolia Ungern-Sternberg became obsessed with the idea that he was the in-incarnation of Genghis Khan. When he graduated from a military academy he demanded a station amongst the Cossacks in Asia. He was appointed an officer in Eastern Siberia where he served under the 1st Argunsky and later the 1st Amursky Cossack regiments. From there he fell in love with the lifestyle of the nomadic Mongol peoples. He was a hell of a drunk and loved to pick fights. There were theories he had been hit so many times to the head during fights, it was believed he had brain damage and was insane as a result. In 1913 he asked to be transferred to the reserves, because he wanted time and space to achieve a new goal, he sought to assist the Mongols in their struggle for independence from China. Russian officials heard rumors he sought to do this and they actively thwarted him as best as they could. He went to the town of Khovd in western Mongolia where he served as an unofficial officer in a Gossack guard detachment for the Russian consulate. When WW1 broke out, Ungern-Sternberg joined the 34th regiment of Cossack troops stationed in the Galicia frontier. He would take part in the first Russian offensive against Prussia and earned a reputation as an extremely brave but also very reckless and mentally unstable officer. Men who came to know him said he looked happiest atop a horse leading a charge, showing no signs of fear with a wicked smile on his face. He received multiple citations such as the st george of the 4th grade; st vladimir of the 4th grade, st anna of the 3rd and 4th grades and st Stanislas of the 3rd grade. These decorations however were offset by the amount of disciplinary actions issued against him and he would eventually be discharged from one of his commands for attacking another officer in a drunken brawl. He went to prison and was court martialed. After he got out of prison in January of 1917, he transferred over to the Caucasian theater to fight the Ottomans. Then the Russian revolution began, ending the Russian empire and of course ending the Romanov monarchy, quite the bitter blow to the monarchist Ungern-Sternberg. While still in the Caucasus, Ungern-Sternberg ran into a Cossack Captain, an old friend we met a few podcasts ago, Captain Grigory Semyonov. Working with Semyonov the two organized a volunteer Assyrian Christian unit in modern day Iran. The Assyrian genocide had led to thousands of Assyrians fleeing over to the Russians. Semyonov and Ungern-Sternberg Assyrian force was able to win some small victories over Turkish forces, but in the grand scheme of the theater it did not amount to much. The experience of forging such a group however led them to think about doing the same thing with Buryat troops in Siberia. At the outbreak of the Russian civil war, Semyonov and Ungern-Sternberg declared themselves Romanov loyalists, joing the White Movement. They both vowed the defeat the Red Army and late into 1917, they as part of a combined group of 5 Cossacks managed to disarm 1500 Red soldiers at a Far Eastern Railway station in China near the Russian border. They took up a position there, preparing for a military expedition into the Transbaikal region, recruiting men into a Special Manchrian regiment. The White army managed to defeat the Red Army along the Far Eastern Railway territory. Semyonov eventually appointed Ungern-Sternberg to be the commander of a force at Dauria, a railway station at the strategic point southeast of Lake Baikal. Despite being part of the white movement, Semyonov and Ungern-Sternberg were quite rebellious. Semyonov for example refused to recognize the authority of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, the prominent white leader in Siberia. Semyonov fancied acting on his own and received support from the Japanese. Ungern-Sternberg, a subornidate to Semyonov also acted independently. Ungern-Sternberg also had his own reasons not to comply fully with Kolchak. Kolchak had promised after a White victory, he would reconvene the Consitutional Assembly, disband the Bolsheviks completely and then decide the future for Russia, that being whether it adopts the monarchy back or goes a different path. Ungern-Sternberg believed god had chosen Russia to be run by a monarchy and that its restoration came first. Ungern-Sternberg performed successful military campains in Dauria and Hailar, earning the rank of Major-General, promtping Semyonov to enturst him with forming his own military unit to fight the communists. Both men gradually recruited Buryats and Mongols for the task, but they also were growing wary of another. Ungern-Sternberg was unhappy with Semyonov who he deemed to be corrupt, he also took issue with the mans love interest in a Jewish cabert singer, he was after all a rampant anti-semite. Ungern-Sternberg founded the volunteer based Asiatic Cavalry Division in Dauria, alongside a fortress. It is said at this fortress he would torture his red enemies and it was full of their bones. As we mentioned in a previous episode, the Anhui Clique dispatched General Xu Shuzheng to occupy outer mongolia. However after the first Anhui-Zhili war, the Anhui clique was severely reduced and General Xu Shuzheng's forces in Mongolia were as well. This effectively left the Mongolian protectorate without their protectors. Chaos reigned as Chahar Mongols from Inner Mongolia began to fight with Khalkhas Mongols from Outer Mongolia. Seeing the disunity, Ungern-Sternberg saw a grand opportunity and made plans to take control of Mongolia. He began networking and married the Manchurian princess Ji at Harbin. Princess Ji was a relative of Genreal Zhang Kuiwu, the coammander of Chinese troops in the western part of the Chinese Manchurian railway as well as the govenror of Hailar. He also tried to arrange a meeting between Semyonov and Zhang Zuolin, Eventually Kolchak's white army was defeated by the Red Army and subsequently the Japanese pulled their expeditionary forces out of the Transbaikal region. This put Semyonov in a bad situation as he was unable to cope with the brunt of the impending Red forces, thus he planned to pull back into Manchuria. Ungern-Sternberg had a different idea however. He took his Asiatic Cavalry Division, roughly 1500 men at the time, consisting mostly of Russians, but there was also Cossacks, Buryats, Chinese and a few Japanese, with few machine guns and 4 artillery pieces. He broke his ties to Semyonov and took his division into Outer Mongolia in October of 1920. They gradually advanced to Urga where they ran into Chinees occupying forces. Ungern-Sternberg attempted to negotiate with the Chinese, demadning they disarm, but they rejected his terms. In late October and early November, Ungern-Sternbergs forces assaulted Urga, suffering two disasterous defeats. After this they assailed the Setsen-Khan aimag, a district north of the Kherlen River, ruld by Prince Setsen Khan. During his time in Mongolia Ungern-Sternberg befriended some Mongol forces seeking independence from the Chinese occupation, the most influential leader amongst them being Bogd Khan. Bogd Khan secretly made a pact with Unger-Sternberg, seeking his aid to expel the Chinese from Mongolia. Ungern-Sternberg went to work reorganizing his army. Apparently he had taken a liking to a Lt and gave the man full command over the medical division. During a withdrawal, the Lt raped multiple nurses in the medical division, many of whom were married to other officers, ordered settlements they ran by to be looted and ordered all the wounded the be poisoned because they were a nuisance. Ungern-Sternberg had the man flogged and burned at the stake. So yeah. During the Chinese occupation of Outer Mongolia, they had initiated strict regulations over Buddhist services and imprisoned anyone whom they considered sought independence, including Russians. While Ungern-Sternberg had 1500 well trained troops, the Chinese had roughly 7000 still in Outer Mongolia. The Chinese enjoyed an advantage in more men, more machine guns, more artillery and they already had fortified Urga. On February 2nd, Ungern-Sternberg assaulted the front line of Urga again. His forces led by Captain Rezzukhin managed to capture a front-line fortificaiton near the Small and Big Madachan villages, due southeast of Urga. Ungern-Sternberg's forces also managed to rescue Bogd Khan who was under house arrests, transporting him to the Manjushri Monastery. Ungern-Sternberg then took a page out of Genghis Khan's note book, ordering his troops to light a large number of campfires in the hills surrounding Urga, trying to scare the Chinese into thinking they were more numerous. On February 4th, they attacked Chinese barracks east of Urga, captured them. Ungern-Sternberg then divided his force in two with the first attacking the Chinese trade settlement “Maimaicheng” and the secnd the Consular Settlement. Ungern-Sternbergs men used exlosives and improvised battering rams to blow open the gates to Maimaicheng. Upon storming the settlement, the battle turned into a melee of sabres, seeing both sides hack each other in a slaughter. Ungern-Sternbergs men took Maimaicheng, and soon joined up with the other force to attack the COnsulder Settlement. The Chinese launched a counter attack, forcing Ungern-Sternbergs men northeast somewhat, but then he counter attacked sending them back to Urga. By the night of the 4th, Urga would fall to the invaders. The Chinese civilian and military officials simply fled for their lives in 11 cars, abandoning the soldiers. The Chinese troops followed suite aftwards heading north, massacring all Mongolian civilians they came across, heading over the Russian border. The Red Russians resided in Urga fled alongside them. The Chinese suffered apparently 1500 men, while Ungern-Sternberg recorded only 60 casualties for his force. Ungern-Sternbergs troops were welcomed with open arms as liberators. The populace of Urga hated their tyrannical Chinese overlords and believed the Russians were their salvation. Then the Russian began plundering the Chinese run stores and hunted down Russian Jews still in the city. Ungern-Sternberg personally ordered the execution of all Jews in the city unless they had special notes handed out by him sparing their lives. It is estimated roughly 50 Jews were killed by Ungern-Sternbergs men in Mongolia. Urga's Jewish community was annihilated. After a few days, Ungern-Sternberg had set up a quasi secret police force led by Colonel Leonid Sipalov who hunted Red Russians. Meanwhile Ungern-Sternberg's army seized the Chinese fortified base at Choi due south of Urga. During the attack the Russians number 900, the Chinese garrison roughly 1500. After taking the fort, the Russians returned to Urga as Ungern-Sternberg dispatched expeditionary groups to find Chinese strength. They came across a abandoned Chinese fort at Zamyn-Uud, taking it without resistance. Most of the Chinese troops left in Mongolia withdrew north to Kyakhta where they were trying find a way to get around the Urga region to escape back to China. Ungern-Sternberg and his men assumed they were trying to reorganize to recapture Urga so he dispatched forces to assail them. Chinese forces were advancing through the area of Talyn Ulaaankhad Hill when Ungern-Sternberg initiated a battle. The battle saw nearly 1000 Chinese, 100 Mongols and various amounts of Russians, Buryats and others killed. The Chinese forces routed during the battle, fleeing south until they got over the Chinese border. After this action, the Chinese effectively had departed Outer Mongolia. On February 22nd february of 1921, Ungern-Sternberg, Mongolian prince and Lamas, held a ceremony to restore the Bogd Khan to the throne. To reward their savior, Bogd Khan granted Ungern-Sternberg a high title, that of “darkhan khoshoi chin wang” in the degree of Khan. Once Semyonov heard of what Ungern-Sternberg had achieved, he likewise promoted him to Lt-General. On that same day, Mongolia proclaimed itself independent as a monarchy under the Bogd Khan, now the 8th Bogd Gegen Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. According to the eye witness account of the polish explorer Kamil Gizycki and polish writer Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Ungern-Sternberg went to work ordering Urga's streets thoroughly cleaned, promoted religious tolerance, I would imagine for all excluding Jews and attempted some economic reforms. The writer Ossendowski had previously served in Kolchaks government, but after its fall sought refugee in Mongolia. He became friends with Ungern-Sternberg, probably looking for a good story, I mean this maniac does make for a good story, hell I am covering him after all ahah. Ossendowski would write pieces of his experience in Mongolia in his book “Beasts, Men and Gods”. A soldier within Ungern-Sternbergs army, named Dmitri Alioshin wrote a novel as well of his experience titled Asian Odyssey and here is a passage about his description of Ungern-Sternberg and his closest followers beliefs. “The whole world is rotten. Greed, hatred and cruelty are in the saddle. We intend to organize a new empire; a new civilization. It will be called the Middle Asiatic Buddhist Empire, carved out of Mongolia, Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Communication has already been established for that purpose with Djan-Zo-Lin, the war lord of Manchuria, and with Hutukhta, the Living Buddha of Mongolia. Here in these historic plains we will organize an army as powerful as that of Genghis Khan. Then we will move, as that great man did, and smash the whole of Europe. The world must die so that a new and better world may come forth, reincarnated on a higher plane.” Within that passage there was mention of Hutukhta, he was the dominant Buddha of Mongolia at the time. Hutukhta did not share Ungern-Sternbergs dream of restoring Monarchies all across the world and he understood the mans army could not hope to defend them from Soviet or Chinese invaders. In April of 1921, Hutukhta wrote to Beijing asking if the Chinese government was interesting in resuming their protectorship. In the meantime Ungern-Sternberg began looking for funds. He approached several Chinese warlords, such as Zhang Zuolin, but all rejected him. He also continued his tyrannical treatment never against Mongolians, but against Russians within Mongolia. Its estimated his secret police force killed 846 people, with roughly 120 being in Urga. Ungern-Sternbergs men were not at all happy about the brutality he inflicted upon their fellow Russians. Yet Ungern-Sternbergs days of psychopathic fun were soon to come to an end. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Poor Mongolia was stuck between two crumbling empires, who both became engulfed in violent civil wars. The spill over from their wars saw Mongolia become a protectorate to the Chinese, nearly a satellite communist state to the USSR and now was independent, but really at the mercy of the White army of Ungern-Sternberg. The psychopath was having a field day, but it was about to come to an end.
Den 12 mars 1610 tågade Jakob De la Gardie (1583-1652) in i Moskva som befälhavare för en brokig svensk expeditionsarmé. Han trädde fram inför den ryska tsaren med värjan kvar – vilket var ett stort avsteg från hovetiketten – inte som fiende utan allierad.Men svikna ryska löften och den spirande svenska stormaktens ambition skulle snart leda till krig med Ryssland och den mycket förmånliga freden i Stolbova 1617.I detta avsnitt av podden Historia.nu samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med Peter Ullgren, docent i historia och aktuell med boken Moskvas erövrare – Jakob De la Gardie.Familjen De la Gardies höga position i det svenska riket inleddes med att äventyraren Pontus De la Gardie bytte sida från den danska till den svenska efter ett danskt nederlag vid Varberg. Den forne munken från Pyrenéerna i södra Frankrike hade blivit en framgångsrik landsknekt som med duglighet svingade sig upp i den svenska eliten så att han fick gifta sig med kungen Johan III:s illegitima dotter.Jakob Pontusson De la Gardie föddes den 20 juni 1583 i Reval (nuvarande Tallinn) i Estland, som son till Pontus De la Gardie och Sofia Johansdotter (Gyllenhielm). Hans mor avled i barnsäng när han föddes, och hans far drunknade när Jakob bara var två år gammal. Närheten till kungen gjorde att den föräldralöse Jakob och hans syskon togs väl om hand och fick växa upp på Åbo slott.De la Gardie inledde sin militärkarriär redan som 18-åring i försvar av Wolmar i Livland mot polackerna. Det svenska nederlaget vid Wolmar ledde till en flera år lång polsk fångenskap. När han efter fyra år frigavs reste han till Nederländerna för att lära sig den senaste krigskonsten under Moritz av Oranien.År 1609 återvände De la Gardie till Sverige och fick befälet över de trupper som Karl IX sände till stöd för tsar Vasilij IV av Ryssland, vilket blev känt som det De la Gardieska fälttåget. Trots svåra omständigheter lyckades han tillsammans med tsarens kusin Michail Skopin-Sjujskij att tränga ända till Moskva i mars 1610.Jakob de la Gardie skulle som militär och förhandlare utöka Sveriges besittningar på Rysslands bekostnad under det ryska kriget och ingermaländska kriget så att Östersjön nästan blev ett svenskt innanhav.De la Gardie hade totalt fjorton barn med sin fru Ebba Brahe varav sju nådde vuxen ålder. Hans mest kända barn är troligen Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie. De la Gardies arv levde vidare inte bara genom hans barn, utan även genom den stad som hans fru grundade efter hans död, Jakobstad.Bild: Porträttet av fältherren och statsmannen Jakob De la Gardie är enligt påskriften utfört 1606, när han var 23 år. Då hade han påbörjat studier i militärstrategi i Nederländerna efter att ha suttit som polsk krigsfånge i fyra år. Målningen är förmodligen utförd av en holländsk konstnär. Nationalmuseeum, Wikipedia, Public Domain.Musik: Claudio Monteverdi-Quel Augelin Che Cantaav, The Tudor Consort, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsKlippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Hem Türkiye'de hem dünyanın diğer ekonomilerinde enflasyonist etkilerin talep yönlü kısmının değil, arz yönlü kısmının güçlü olduğu çok defa tartışıldı. Gene de küresel çapta politika tercihi talep yönlü gelişti. Kısa sürede arzı artırmak mümkündü, değildi, ayrı mesele. Çünkü mesele bu yönüyle tartışılmadı. Arz yönlü kısmı reddedildi. Hatta son günlerde vaziyeti kurtarmak, eksik değerlendirmeleri telafi etmek gibi motivasyonlarla en başından bu yana var olan fırsatçılık ve kalite/gramaj oyunu kaynaklı enflasyon kerhen de olsa kabul edildi. Asıl enflasyonist faktörün arz kısıtı olduğunu itiraf etmemenin bir aracı olarak belki de... Talep yönlü politikaların etkisiyse henüz görülmedi. Revalüasyon başlamadan da görmek zor. Gene de konut kredi maliyetleri yükselince konut fiyat artışının durmasa da yavaşladığı doğrudur. Büyük oranda yurtiçi değişkenlerin hâkim olduğu göz önüne alınırsa bu durum normaldir. Diğer taraftan araç fiyatlarını takip edenler sarı sitede ikinci el ilanlarında indirim bildirimleri gelmeye başladığını fark etmişlerdir. Ticaret Bakanlığı'nın tedbirleri burada etkili oldu. Sıfır otomobillerde de kampanyalar var. Son günlerde biraz bayi dolaştım. Gördüklerim şaşırtıcıydı. Üst orta segment otomobillerde 300 binden 700 bine kadar tabeladan indirimler yapılıyor. Tabelada 2,5 milyon olan otomobili 1,8 milyona teklif ettiler. 2 milyonluk bir diğerini 1,7 milyona. Fiyatı 1,6 milyon civarı olan alt orta segmentler pek oralı değil gerçi. Ama bu fiyatların neden aynı seviyede kümelendiği düşündürdü. Farklı segmentten araçları 1,7 milyon lira civarına kümeleyen etki ne? Para politikası mı? Epeydir uzak kaldığım otomobil pazarını biraz irdeleyince konunun para politikasıyla ilişkisinin varsa da çok zayıf olduğunu anladım. Meğer piyasada arzı artıran, kalitenin sınırını ve niteliği zorlayan, rekabetçi bir etken rol oynamış. Yani arz yönlü gelişme olmuş.
Last time we spoke about the bloody siege of Port Arthur. General Maresuke Nogi lost a lot during the Russo-Japanese War, at Port Arthur it would cost him thousands of young men, his last son and in many ways his soul. The 3rd IJA fought tooth and nail to take each feature one by one, inching closer to the port city. Nogi's initial strategy to target the east was a terrible failure, costing countless men and nearly his command. When prodded by Baron Kodama to target 203 meter Hill, Nogi's men had finally found the crux to Port Arthur's defenses. It was a terrible and bloody ordeal, but once 203 meter hill fell, the 3rd IJA were finally able to deploy their artillery in a position to smash the trapped Russian fleet. Now Port Arthur was back in Japanese hands and all that remained was Mukden. #81 The Russo-Japanese War part 8: A stalemate at Shaho and Sandepu Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Port Arthur had finally fallen and the forces of Kuropatkin were once again on the retreat. Kuropatkin sought to establish defenses at Tiehling as the area was more suitable to make a stand rather than the plains surrounding Mukden. Yet as had become customary, Alexeiev intervened stressing ‘the continued retreat to Tiehling will not prove favorable to the morale of the army'. The Russian forces were completely demoralized and the Hong Huzi became emboldened. The Chinese bandits struck at the fleeing Russian forces, particularly the Cossacks. Japanese officers were directing their efforts, trying to hit train carts full of supplies. Russian soldiers and officers were suffering from dysentery and venereal diseases, many also fell to the bottle. Kuropatkins numerical advantage would see be lost, as General Nogi's 3rd IJA would soon come join the rest. Tsar Nicholas II decided to form a second Manchurian Army, under the command of General Oscar Casmirovitch Grippenberg. The man was more politician than soldier, he had not seen active service since the Crimean War, and even then only commanded a battalion. At the ripe age of 66, deaf and quite the hypochondriac, he came to Manchuria, and brought with him news of the motherland. St Petersburg was seeing more dissonance, the people were in rapid disorder, the overall feeling was that of revolution. For the Japanese side, they were also licking their wounds. They had lost many men, and to remedy the loss of manpower they created a new ordinance on September 29th raising an additional 46,548 men to replace over 1/6th of their army that had fallen. Marshal Oyama looked to his logistics, preparing for the next engagement and probably did not expect what Kuropatkin did. Kuropatkin suddenly went on the offensive. Kuropatkin sent out these orders ‘I order the Manchurian Army entrusted to my command to attack the enemy in whatever position he may be occupying having as the main object to gain possession of the right bank of the Taitzu river.' He scheduled an attack to be made on October 5th, shaking the Russian army out of their depression, to see if they could exact vengeance. Grippenberg and his command and not yet arrived to the theater of war when Kuropatkin began his offensive plans. Grippenberg's army consisted of the 6th and 8th Siberian corps, the 61st infantry division and a division of Don Cossacks. In the meantime, Alexeiev gave Kuropatkin the 6th Siberians. Despite the losses inquired upon his forces, at this time Kuropatkin still held superiority in numbers, with 261 battalions vs Oyama's 170. At Mukden Kuropatkin had formed a bridgehead. To his south was the Taitzu river, to the east ran the Sha Ho. The railway line ran parallel to the old Mandarin Road. Around the Sha Ho area were hills and west of it many villages. The terrain east of the Mandarin road was mountainous, forcing infantry to be confined to pathways. Kuropatkin divided his forces in two forming western and eastern armies. Behind this were the general reserves, two flanks guards and a rearguard. The western force consisted of the 10th and 17th corps, with 4 regiments of Cossacks led by General Bildering. The Eastern Force consisted of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Siberian corps with a division of Cossacks under the command of Stakelberg. He ordered his army to advance along a 20 mile front through Pienniulupu to Penshihu. Within his reserves were the 4th Siberians and 1st European corps, the 6th Siberians made up the rearguard. The bulk of Kuropatkins front line force was east of the railway, but the west held more favorable ground for artillery and cavalry. The terrain to the east was less favorable for movement, yet Kuropatkin chose here to make his main thrust. Perhaps Kuropatkin planned to surprise the Japanese with such a bold move, yet it would not work. Oyama's forces had just been reinforced by a cavalry brigade who were occupying a narrow position going from the Coal Mines at Yentai to Santaitzu. Oyama sought to concentrate his forces as much as possible in the hopes an opportunity for an offensive would soon present itself. Oyama placed General Oku's 2nd IJA on the left, General Nozu's 4th IJA in the middle and Kuroki's 1st IJA on the right. Within his reserve was the 12th division, near the right flanks rear. Oyama's intelligence could not find two Russian corp locations, so he held back 3 Kobi brigades and a field artillery brigade in reserve at Liaoyang. 15 miles northeast in the mountains at Pienniulupu was Umezawa's Kobi brigade scouting forward. Umezawa's force were having a difficult time because of faulty maps. Kuropatkin was going to use his Western force to launch a holding attack, seeing two corps face off against the 2nd and 4th IJA. The disparity in strength was roughly 45,000 vs 72,000. Meanwhile the eastern force would perform the main assault with over 73, albeit under-strengthed battalions, numbering 50,000 or so. The 1st IJA would be roughly 40,000 strong. The first contact would be made in front of Umezawa's position. Kuroki was convinced the main Russian assault was about to hit the northern area where Umezawa was, but Oyama was not convinced of this. Kuroki would turn out to be right, one of his patrols came across some documents on a dead Russian officer showcasing Stakelbergs offensive. When Oyama was presented with the evidence he immediately ordered a preemptive attack against the perceived main Russian thrust. Umezawa pulled his brigade out of their position on the 7th of October, moving to Penhsihu. The Russians quickly seized Penhsihu by the 10th securing their right flank as Umezawa was forced to pull back further. Meanwhile the 5th IJA division's advance was being hampered by a Russian regiment and the 2nd IJA were pushing the 17th corps further back. The Russians formed a new central group consisting of the 4th Siberian corps and a Cossack division led by Mischenko. This was done to plug up the gap created between the western and eastern forces. The Eastern forces were being bogged down heavily due to the mountainous terrain. Their communication line and maps were quite poor. Stakelberg was also being overly cautious in his movements, while Oyama would be quite simplistic in his orders. ‘I desire to drive the enemy at present east of the Mukden highway towards the north east.' The result was the entire force, excluding the 12th division and Umezawa's men, advancing 16 miles to a new line from Fengchipu to Kuanlinpu. The goal was to smash the Russian center with the 2nd, Guards, 10th and 5th divisions. The 4th IJA would wheel around the right while the 2nd IJA would attract the attention of the Russian right, drawing their reserves. On the morning of the 11th, the battle swayed back and forth in the mountains and around the villages over the plains. The Russians were having the soldiers go shoulder to shoulder upon features meeting the onslaught of attacks. Wherever it looked like the Japanese might break through, the Russian commanders screamed for reserves to come up. This caused a bit of confusion amongst so many reserve units being called forward. The Japanese used the night to gain momentum, sneaking around while the Russian artillery was less effective. On the night of the 11th, the 4th IJA were to perform their wheeling maneuver seeing the 10th division advance. At 1am the division surged forward with bayonets fixed, each man was wearing a black greatcoat over his khaki uniform. The men were also wearing white armbands, as a previous attack had gone disastrously when neither side could tell friend from foe. Apparently a Japanese commander had given his men orders “Japanese are short, foreigners are tall” it did not go well. The Russians had fortified a village and from its walls fired upon the incoming Japanese. The Japanese grabbed volunteers to breach the wall, 200 men set off for a “Kesshitai” known in english as forlorn hope attack. Most of the groups leaders were shot or bayoneted, but their sheer weight won the night. In one of the village houses the Japanese found a regimental commander. He was severely wounded and could hardly stand, but he refused to surrender. The Japanese night attack was a attempt to form a wedge between the Western force and central group, it achieved its objective at the cost of 60 officers and 1250 casualties. Most of these were of the 5th IJA division whose job was to wheel around the heart of the enemy's position. That night Stakelberg ordered his men to attempt a breach of the Japanese lines. Their first effort was directed at the Taling Pass, but they were easily swept aside as the Japanese had anticipated the attack. A second attempt was made and succeeded somewhat, but the Japanese were quick to counter attack. The Japanese seized the position back and the Russians were calling up more reserves in response. The next day, Kuropatkin lost the initiative to Oyama. Oyama had succeeded in bringing superior numbers to critical points. It was evident the 10th IJA division had suffered tremendous casualties, so the 5th IJA division was brought up. Now the Russian right wing, consisting of the 17th Corps, some 25,000 men would be hit by 3 Japanese divisions totaling 32,000. Until this point, Kuropatkin had not committed 50,000 men and 250 guns of his reserve. The bulk of his 6th siberian and 1st European corps were untasked and the 2nd Siberians were basically stuck in limbo while Kuropatkin and Stakelberg kept a series of long distance messages unable to coordinate properly. Kuropatkin was patiently awaiting reports from Stakelbergs offensive in the east, hoping he would have a breakthrough. However the terrible maps and rough mountainous terrain were hampering all efforts. It was not just the terrain, Stakelberg was not the same officer who began the war in the east. Stakelberg was weary and demoralized. The 2nd cavalry brigade of Prince Kanin, reinforced with 1200 men began a southern advance against Stakelberg. The attack had the element of surprise and forced the cavalry divisions of Samsonov and Liubavin to pull out, exposing Rennenkampf's infantry along the northern bank of the river. This action would force Stakelberg to order a retreat. In the west, the 17th corps reinforced with a brigade of the 6th corps was exposed to attacks from the 2nd IJA. The 6th corps commander refused to assist. This left the 17th corps to fight it alone and they were severely defeated and forced to withdraw along their front. The 219th regiment, part of the 6th corps had just arrived at the scene and encountered the retreating men of the 139th and 140th regiments. Yet the 219th regiment kept advancing, unsupported by artillery, towards a position then occupied by 6 Japanese battalions and 11 batteries. Such was the communications failure at Sha Ho. The Japanese held their fire as the 219th advancing within 600 yards. The first experience of battle for the 219th would be the combined fire of 66 guns and thousands of rifles. They were blasted to pieces, they quickly routed leaving behind 22 officers and 832 men on the ground. A quarter of the regiment had been lost. The morning of the 13th saw the eastern group retreating. That same day saw the arrived of the 5th Kobi brigade, allowing Oyama to reinforce his depleted 12th division. Meanwhile the Guards division was in serious trouble as Stakelberg had tossed a counter attack their way. Luckily for the Guards, when they pulled back, so did the Russians, they did not pursue them at all. Oyama tossed all his remaining reserves to restore the equilibrium and hoped the added help would allow Kuroki's 1st IJA to cut off the retreating eastern force. The Russians were gradually forming a full retreat. Bilderings western force found some breathing space as the 2nd IJA were nearing exhaustion. Oyama had no further reserves, the next reinforcements would be the 8th division arriving by train to Liaoyang. The Russian right flank was still holding firm, with their uncommitted guard led by Lt General Dembovski. Had his force of 16 squadrons and 32 guns been tossed into the mixed they perhaps could have severely hurt the 4th IJA division. Oyama then gave out new orders ‘to pursue the enemy as far as the left bank of the Sha river'. On the 14th the demoralized Russians were falling back through a rainy night. Again rain was saving the Russian's withdrawal. At 7:20am Shahopu was lost by the 10th corps. The 10th corps were trying to hold a southern portion of the Sha river, but were gradually withdrawing. To try and stop them Kuropatkin sent 10 battalions with orders to attack southwards. That night the 10th corps withdrew leaving only 3 points to the south of the river within Russian hands. These were the village of Lamutun, One Tree Hill and Putilov Hill. Meanwhile the 6th corps launched an attack against the 4th IJA division. The attack went unsupported, as other nearby units were in disarray. The Russians advanced into a maelstrom of fire from the Japanese, nearly 2000 men were lost. On the 15th Oyama issued another batch of orders ‘I intend to reform the Japanese armies on the left bank of the Sha Ho, in order to prepare to advance to the line of the Hun Ho.' At the time, Oyama could not ford the Sha river while the Russians still held positions south of it. That day the Japanese seized Putilov Hill and Lamutun village, while Kuropatkin assembled a reserve nearing 30,000 men in strength. The next day, One Tree Hill was captured as General Gerngross took command of the enormous reserve group. Gerngross was ordered to recapture Putilov and One Tree Hill. These features were not large, nor very steep, sitting just south of the Sha river. At 5pm the Russian unleashed their artillery upon the Japanese occupiers, who quickly withdrew. General Putilov grabbed men to attack the hill that would soon bear his name as General Novikov with 3 regiment of the 1st European corps attacked One Tree Hill and the 36th east siberian rifle regiment would attack the Japanese right rear. Novikov's men advanced so quickly they caught some of the Japanese still withdrawing at One Tree Hill. This resulted in 4 Japanese companies making a nightly stand upon the hill to give their comrades time to get out. Meanwhile Putilov heard the sounds of battle from One Tree Hill and ordered his men to advance with haste. His force was met by a tremendous volley of gunfire from Japanese rearguards. Yet both features fell back into Russian hands and with it a boost to morale. The price was heavy, the Russians took 3000 casualties, while the Japanese had roughly 1000. Both sides then began to dig in, neither commander had secured his objective and thus the battle fell to stalemate. Winter was coming along as the men built vast trench networks. What has become known as the battle of Sha Ho was quite indecisive. The Russians suffered 41,550 casualties, the Japanese 39,769. In the face of what was somewhat a reversal in the campaign, Tsar Nicholas II recalled Alexeiev to St Petersburg and left Kuropatkin a free hand to plan his next move. Finally rid of the troublesome Alexeiev was on one hand a great thing for Kuropatkin, it was however unfortunately far too late into the war. Kuropatkin was not in a good position and now he could not complain of the divided command issue to the Tsar, the responsibility was his and his alone. Winter was settling in, news of Port Arthur's fall and news of revolutionary fever back home was rampant amongst the troops. The Russians held a 100 mile long defense the Japanese could not outflank, but Kuropatkin knew Nogi's 3rd IJA were enroute. Trains were carrying men and supplies from Port Arthur. Kuropatkin looked to his cavalry to better the situation “In order to induce the enemy to detach as many men as possible for their line of communications, and so weaken their front, to handicap their supply arrangements, and to stop the rail transport of Nogi's units to the front, a raid by a mounted force was organised against their line of communications.“ Mischenko was put in charge of a 6000 strong cavalry unit alongside 6 batteries of light guns to perform a raid. His target was to seize Newchwang station where he hoped to achieve two objectives. 1) to destroy a large stockpile of foodstuff there and 2) to destroy a portion of the track between Tashihchiao and Kaiping. On January 12th Mischenkos force approached the main stores depot, normally guarded by just 500 Japanese. His cavalry advanced along the railway as his dragoons began cutting the line behind them. At 4pm a train approached from their rear with 16 trucks each carrying 30 Japanese. The train was coming extremely fast and steamed past them while also firing upon them. The depot was now garrisoned by 1000 Japanese who had well entrenched positions and knew the Russian cavalry were enroute. The mounted Cossacks made 3 charges against the Japanese lines, but could do little without infantry support. The Russian artillery failed to have enough effect and upon mounting casualties, Mischenko was forced to withdraw leaving behind 62 dead and 6 wounded. Meanwhile the dragoons cutting the railway line had no idea their force was defeated and were quickly brushed aside. Thus what could have been a brilliant raid saving the Russians valuable time, was a disaster. By January 18th, Grippenburg had arrived to take command of the 2nd Manchurian Army situated on the right of the Russian defensive line. In the center was the 3rd Manchurian army led by General Kaulbars. To the left was the 1st Manchurian army led by Linievich. Kuropatkin would issue orders 3 days before Russia's 1905 bloody sunday at the winter palace. ‘Our primary object is to drive the enemy behind the Taitzu River and to inflict on him as much damage as possible.' Kuropatkin was unleashing a full blown offensive, seeking to hammer the Japanese before Nogi could arrive to tip the scale. Though Mischenko's raid failed horribly, it did bring Kuropatkin valuable intelligence, indicating Nogi was not yet within the theatre. The intelligence also indicated the Japanese left flank was quite vulnerable. Grippenberg seized the initiative and began massively redeploying units on January 14-16th, this unfortunately fully showcased his intent to the Japanese. Kuropatkin would late write ‘These movements, of course, at once disclosed our intentions, and information soon came in that the enemy had, in their turn, commenced moving their troops westward and fortifying opposite our new dispositions.' The most southern held position of the Russians was Changtau. Further south were the villages of Haikoutai and Sandepu, roughly 2 miles apart held and fortified by the Japanese. These villages held walls around 3 feet thick surrounded by open plains. The walls had been fitted with gun holes for machine guns that the Japanese made sure had good interlocking arcs of fire. The Russian advance began on the 25th, and the winter weather was dreadful. Grippenbergs army of 75,000 men marched across the frozen Hun river. The 1st Siberian corps of Stakelberg quickly seized Heikoutai, but at a tremendous cost of casualties. Meanwhile over at the left flank's position at Sandepu, the Japanese had 4 divisions and were attacked by 7 divisions of Grippenberg. There was a state of confusion between the forces of Grippenberg and Kaulbars armies from the offset. Hampered by a lack of maps, literally working with sketches and facing blizzard conditions, Grippenergs 14th division shelled and occupied the neighboring hamlet of Paotaitzu by accident. A false report was soon dispatched to Kuropatkin indicating Sandepu had fallen. When Grippenberg realized his mistake, he ordered his heavy artillery to shell the actual target. His troops were exhausted from the offensive and weather, so Grippenberg gave them the a day's rest on the 27th, but the rest area was literally beside Sandepu, still held by the 5th IJA division. Stakelbergs men in the area were absolutely smashed by the Japanese who quickly attacked them. Stakelberg would lose roughly 6000 men before withdrawing during the night. On the night of the 28th, the bulk of Grippenbergs army was now separated from Kaulbars on either side of Sandepu village. The Russians launched attacks against Sandepu, but failed to make any progress. The Japanese held position was thwarted the two Russian armies ability to cooperate. Soon Kuropatkin learnt what was going on as Grippenberg requested reinforcements to continue his advance. Kuropatkin refused to reinforce Grippenberg and ordered him to pull back greatly irritated by the Grippenbergs insubordination. At the exact same time, Oyama ordered his armies to push the Russians past the Hun River. Thus when Grippenberg began to withdraw he was met with a massive Japanese offensive. Oyama described the action as such “‘We attempted several attack movements but suffered heavily from the enemy's artillery, and especially from his machine guns, but all the columns continued the attack with all their might. Our forces charging into Heikoutai occupied the place firmly and entirely by half past nine.'” Kuropatkin had thus failed to achieve any of his objectives, the Sandepu debacle had cost him 20,000 casualties, the Japanese suffered 9000 casualties. Over a third of the Russian loses were incurred by Stakelbergs 1st Siberian corps, largely due to the commander refusing to comply with direct orders. As a result Stakelberg was removed from command and by January 30th, Grippenberg was asking to be relieved of command, stating he was gravely ill! Kuropatkin wrote “This action of his set a fatal example both to those under him and to the rest of the army, and was most harmful to all discipline. The opinions, also, that he had expressed to the effect that the campaign was virtually over, and that we should retire to Mukden and Harbin, had a dangerously disturbing effect on our weaker members. It was in the long run more harmful than any single defeat of a portion of our force would have been” As Grippenberg took his leave for St Petersburg, he stopped by Harbin and gave a report to the Novoe Vremya, it was quite a embellished account of what had occurred “Victory was in our hands, and I cannot tell you how anxiously I awaited men and authorisation to advance … On the night of the 29th we retired, carrying away all our wounded men, and even picking up broken bayonets. The men retired unwillingly with tears in their eyes. I decided that it was impossible for me to remain any longer at the front, and the next day I reported myself to General Kuropatkin, asking him to relieve me of my command immediately.” Thus Kuropatkin had finally been rid of the meddlesome Alexeiev, only to be severed with a megalomaniac commander who refused to listen to orders, such as Grippenberg. To make matters worse, Grippenberg, a senior general came back home and leaked such information to the official newspaper during a time in which revolution could break out at any moment. The mention of tens of thousands of Russian soldiers being killed in what was seen as a pointless war, drove the public's outrage further. The Times had this to report “They had been told that they would beat the Japanese as soon as they had them on the plain. After Liaoyang they were told that they would beat the Makaki (leatherskinned dwarfs) as soon as the kaoliang was cut and the little tricksters had to fight in the open. After the Sha Ho they were told that the Japanese could not bear the cold, and that they would never stand their ground in a winter engagement.” By February of 1905 the war had become 1 year old and the Russians had little to show for it. Meanwhile back home nearly 1000 people were dead or wounded from the events of Bloody Sunday. Disorder and looting broke out across St Petersburg. Strikes began to erupt outside the city in places like Batum, Tiflis, Baku, Kovno, Reval, Vilna, Riga, Warsaw and of course Moscow. Over 400,000 Russian workers refused to work in January of 1905 as Tsar Nicholas II attempted appeasing the peoples fever with a Duma. Soon that began to fail, the Tsar resorted to brute force to quell the strike movement. In the next few months an estimated 15,000 people were shot or hanged, 20,000 were beaten up and 45,000 would be sent into exile. The attractive war was adding fuel to the fires of revolution within the Russian Empire. A weak aristocracy was barely holding on to its fledgling empire. The Tsar had initially saw the outbreak of war in the east to be a positive factor that would contribute to a raise of morale amongst the populace of Russia, but it was backfiring tremendously. Of course the revolutionary fever had more to do with other variables than an unpopular war, but what would happen if Russia lost the war? I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. General Grippenberg did not turn out to be a great replacement for Alexeiev. Kuropatkin struggled to toss any offensive he could to break Oyama's armies before General Nogi's 3rd IJA arrived at the theatre of war. Now all that remained was Mukden and with it Russia's hope of holding onto Manchuria.
This week we look at the activities of the Teutonic order in Livonia during the 13th century. The situation in Livonia was profoundly different to Prussia and posed a number of new challenges for the brothers. In Livonia there were the powerful bishops of Riga to contend with who had led the crusade there since its inception in the 1180s. The Hanse merchants who have settled in Riga, Reval and Dorpat are no pushovers. Like in Prussia, the Lithuanians are a formidable force able to inflict painful defeats on the brothers as are some of the Baltic peoples who didn't enjoy conversion at swordpoint as much as the planners back in Bremen, Marburg and Acre had hoped. And let's not forget some new neighbors, the Danes in Northern Estonia and the great republic of Novgorod.In 1240 a great effort gets under way to forcibly convert the orthodox Rus'ian states, including Novgorod that are already under pressure from the Mongols. In their distress the boyars of Novgorod make the second son of the grand duke of Vladimir becomes their military leader, a man we know as Alexander Nevsky. On April 5, 1242 Alexander Nevsky and his men stand on the shore of Lake Peipus staring at a squadron of heavily armored cavalry thundering across the ice towards them…Whilst the riders almost certainly weren't accompanied by Prokofief's amazing soundtrack, they may have brought an organ, but that, like everything else about the Battle on the Ice is subject to intense debate, a debate we will examine in this episode.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comFacebook: @HOTGPod Twitter: @germanshistoryInstagram: history_of_the_germansReddit: u/historyofthegermansPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/Historyofthegermans
This week we look at the activities of the Teutonic order in Livonia during the 13th century. The situation in Livonia was profoundly different to Prussia and posed a number of new challenges for the brothers. In Livonia there were the powerful bishops of Riga to contend with who had led the crusade there since its inception in the 1180s. The Hanse merchants who have settled in Riga, Reval and Dorpat are no pushovers. Like in Prussia, the Lithuanians are a formidable force able to inflict painful defeats on the brothers as are some of the Baltic peoples who didn't enjoy conversion at swordpoint as much as the planners back in Bremen, Marburg and Acre had hoped. And let's not forget some new neighbors, the Danes in Northern Estonia and the great republic of Novgorod. In 1240 a great effort gets under way to forcibly convert the orthodox Rus'ian states, including Novgorod that are already under pressure from the Mongols. In their distress the boyars of Novgorod make the second son of the grand duke of Vladimir becomes their military leader, a man we know as Alexander Nevsky. On April 5, 1242 Alexander Nevsky and his men stand on the shore of Lake Peipus staring at a squadron of heavily armored cavalry thundering across the ice towards them… Whilst the riders almost certainly weren't accompanied by Prokofief's amazing soundtrack, they may have brought an organ, but that, like everything else about the Battle on the Ice is subject to intense debate, a debate we will examine in this episode.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comFacebook: @HOTGPod Twitter: @germanshistoryInstagram: history_of_the_germansReddit: u/historyofthegermansPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/Historyofthegermans
Stuudiokülaline on Taavi-Mats Utt.
Last time we spoke about the Red Bearded Honghuzi Bandits. Yes Manchuria and many parts of China proper have had a bandit problem going back to ancient times. The borderlands between the Russian Empire and Qing Dynasty proved to be the perfect grounds for bandits to evolve. The Honghuzi were getting larger, more organized and certain leaders amongst them would have long lasting impacts on the history of China. Such names that come to mind are Zhang Zuolin and the Dogmeat General Zhang Zongchang. Such forces were incorporated officially into the Qing military to thwart other bandit groups and eventually to harass the Russians or Japanese in conflict looming on the horizon. Everything seems to be hot in Manchuria, Russian has full on invaded her and is reluctant to drag her troops out. There are those unhappy with this circumstance and they will soon make themselves heard loud and clear. #73 The Yellow Peril and a War in the East Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. The Boxer Rebellion is over. The Russo-Chinese War in Manchuria is over. Order had been restored to Beijing and in Manchuria things were significantly quieted down. Now the other nations of the 8 nation alliance had their hands full dealing with the expedition against Beijing and they sort of turned a blind eye to what was a side conflict in Manchuria. But when things were settling down and 177,000 Russian forces had more or less invaded and were occupying Manchuria, well a lot of eyeballs bulged. Britain and Japan sought common cause, both had significant investments in the Asia-Pacific. For example Britain had Weihaiwei and was literally staring down at the Russians over in Port Arthur and Dalien. Japan had been slighted by the triple intervention by Russia, Germany and France, losing her acquisitions of Port Arthur and Dalien to the Russians. Manchuria was always seen as a buffer zone to the Japanese, she now hand a toehold in Korea and such large Russian activity in Manchuria was very threatening. Let us not forget the entire war between the Qing dynasty and Japan over Korea, to a lesser extent also had Russian as a 4th party. Russia did meddle in Korea and continuously antagonized Japan. Thus with common cause Japan and Britain formed an alliance on January 30th of 1902. In response Russia and France formed their own on March 16th of 1902. The alliances basically worked to thwart any other great powers from getting involved in a potential war between Japan and Russia. Now Russia also agreed to the rest of the great powers that she would gradually withdraw her forces from Manchuria. It was to be rolled out in 3 periods of 6 months. The first phase saw southwest Manchuria evacuated and returned to China, but when it came to the second phase, suddenly Russia was making demands for concessions to the Qing dynasty. Britain, Japan and the US protested the demands and this bolstered China to reject them. Now turned back the clock a bit there was another sticky situation. When chaos was erupting in Korea, King Gojong ran to the Russians for protection for over two years. This turned the nations favor towards the Russians over the Chinese and Japanese. Russia seized this opportunity to strengthen her forces in defense of her legation in Korea, and this action was met with actions taken up by Japan. Japanese and Russian officials met and this was the result verbatim: A further agreement between Russia and Japan had been signed in Tokyo on 25 April 1898. The agreement contained three understandings: The independence of Korea was assured; neither country would interfere in Korea's domestic affairs. There would be no appointment of military or civil advisers without discussion with the interested parties. Russia agreed not to hinder Japan's development of trade with Korea. Aside from this the Russians of course wanted to seize as much as they could. A Russian-Korean bank was formed in 1897, and a timber cutting contract was given to Russian industrialists in the Yalu river area. In 1901, Tsar Nicholas II told Prince Henry of Prussia, "I do not want to seize Korea but under no circumstances can I allow Japan to become firmly established there. That will be a “casus belli." The contract only came into effect when the Manchurian railway projects were kicking off and when able bodies were around, which came about during the occupation of Manchuria. In april of 1903 Russians acquired some land and established a fort at Yongampo near the mouth of the Yalu river. America and Japan received similar concessions in the region. The Japanese began receiving reports, indicating Port Arthur was being heavily stocked with supplies and a large body of Russian troops were advancing across the Liaodong Peninsula towards Korea. Thus from the Japanese point of view it looked clear Russia was not honoring her agreements. On July 28th of 1903, the Japanese ambassador at St Petersburg was instructed to make it known to the Russians, the 7 demands they made to China was not seen as a “relaxation of her hold on Manchuria but rather a consolidation” Two days later, Russian Admiral Alexeiev was appointed Viceroy of the Far East. Alexeiev would hold supreme power to exercises diplomacy between Russian East Asia and her neighbors as well as command the Russian military and naval forces in the east. From the Japanese point of view, a permanent Russian occupation of Manchuria would be prejudicial over her own security and interests. It would also threaten Korea, which was her sphere of interest, one she was not looking to share. Russia agreed to consider drawing up a new treaty. On August 12th of 1903 a draft was presented at St Petersburg, but in the meantime Russia was strengthening her position in the far east. This tense situation kept going, until January 13th of 1904 when Japan offered to recognize Manchuria as being outside her sphere of interest, if Russia would agree Korea was Japan's sphere of interest. It was to be blunt a very fair deal. Japan requested an early reply to the proposal, but by February 4th of 1904 no reply was forthcoming. Two days later the Japanese ambassador, Mr. Kurino called upon the Russian foreign minister, Count Lamsdorf to take his leave. Kurino explained to Lamsdorf that the Japanese government had decided to adopt some “independent action” deeming it necessary to defend its established rights and legitimate interests. Basically Japan's patience had come to an end. The Russian ambassador to Tokyo, Baron Rosen, had continuously sent warnings to his superiors in St Petersburg that if they continued to corner Japan, she would most certainly fight them. Such sentiment was shared by War Minister General Kuroptkin who resigned in a state of exasperation some months earlier. Tsar Nicholas II did not want a war, but he was continuously assured by his advisers, Japan was not strong enough to fight them. When Mr. Kurino took his leave, the immediate signal was made to Admiral Alexeiev, who was in Tokyo at the time. The new viceroy saw with his own eyes evidence of Japanese mobilization and he advised St Petersburg accordingly. The Japanese foreign ministry confirmed their government had run out of patience. However all of this was taken to be a bluff. It has been theorized Alexeiev was simply not averse to a war with a country he certainly deemed inferior to his own. It is also theorized Tsar Nicholas II probably believed if a war would to break out it would be a short and victorious one, and perhaps such an event could distract the tide of revolution hitting his nation, the people of Russia were not happy anymore about the Romanov rule. Funny enough, all of these talks, deceptions and plans were to take shape in China. The Chinese were literally never even thought of or spoken to, and soon a war would literally occur within their borders against their will. How did this all come about? It might sound a bit funny, but a large reason the Russo-Japanese War would occur would simply be a result of, pardon my french, shit talking by one Kaiser Wilhelm II. When Kaiser Wilhelm I died on March 9th of 1888, Germany fell to Frederick III who died of throat cancer only 99 days after taking the reins. On June 15th, a 29 year old Kaiser Wilhelm II took the throne. Now for those of you who don't know, Otto von Bismarck, the man who unified Germany was during the late 19th century one of the greatest political players in the world. Bismarck had an incredible understanding of the balance of power theory and studied all the most powerful nations national interests. He brokered international deals using his knowledge to increase Germany's standing in global politics and he also in many ways designed a system of international alliances to thwart a global war….which ironically would in many ways cause ww1. If you want to know more specifically about this by the way, check out Kings and Generals alliances that caused WW1, I wrote that script and its a fascinating story. Dan Carlin famously referred to Bismarcks work as creating a giant hand grenade, that if the pin got pulled out, only Bismarck understood how to put it back in. While Bismarck was in power things were pretty good, but he was such a colossal figure, that when the young Kaiser came into power, many of his advisers suggested he was being overshadowed by Bismarck. Kaiser Wilhelm II listening to his advisers, sought to stop Bismarck from taking the quote en quote “day to day” administration. Conflicts began to arise between the two men. Wilhelm did not understand the complexities of Bismarcks international relations and saw him as far too peaceful. Wilhelm gradually fell under the influence of his military leaders to the dismay of Bismarck who thought the Kaiser would lead them swiftly into a war with a nation like Russia. In 1890 Bismarck resigned under pressure from Wilhelm II and other German leaders, and as Dan Carlin would say, now the grenade he created was set to go off. Now when the new Kaiser venturing into international relations, he was deeply influenced by a ideological concept that he would use as a tool to coerce international players to act out. The concept is known as the “yellow peril” “le Peril Jaune” as coined by Russian sociologist Jacques Novikow in the late 19th century. In essence the yellow peril was a racist ideology that held asians to be subhuman, like apes and monkeys, but also that as a racial group should they unite, they would threaten what was thought to be the superior race of the day, whites. Basically the idea was that if all the nations of asia were to unite, they could retaliate against the White nations who were at the time colonizing or forcing unequal treaties upon them. There was also a religious element to it, that Christianity was under threat from the hoards of the east. Now back to Wilhelm II, one of his advisers was the diplomat Max von Brandt who advised him that Imperial Germany had major colonial interests in China. The Triple Intervention that Germany endorsed was justified by the Kaiser under the guise it was to thwart what he began calling “die Gelbe Gefahr / the yellow peril”. The Kaiser began a propaganda campaign using the famous allegorical lithograph “Peoples of Europe, Guard your Most Sacred Possessions” created in 1895 by Hermann Knackfuss. You can google the image. The lithograph portrays the European monarchs with Germany as the leader of Europe personified by a “prehistoric warrior-goddesses being led by the Archangel Michael against the yellow peril from the east. The east is seen as a dark cloud of smoke which rests eerily upon a calm Buddha, wreathed in flame”. The imagery is very apparent, white and christianity is under threat from asian and their eastern religions. This type of ideology goes all the way back to Ancient Greece and Persia, its the age old west vs east stuff. Today you would call this sort of talk, a race war. Now you are probably asking, ok this leader of Germany is just a racist dude, how does this cause a war between Russia and Japan? This story is rather hilarious and hard to believe, but in summary, the Kaiser used the ideology to trick his cousin into war. For those unaware, Kaiser Wilhelm II was first cousins with King Geoerge V of Britain, to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, to Queens Marie of Romania, Maud of Norway, Victoria Eugene of Spain, and even the woman he would eventually marry, the Empress of Russia. Now the Germany presented to Wilhelm was involved in some alliances. I mentioned Britain and Japan had an alliance and France and Russian had an alliance. Wilhelm and his advisers sought to increase Germany's stature. Wilhelm believed that if Russia went to war with Japan, it would break up the Franco-Russian alliance and with no one else to turn to, Russia would seek an alliance with Germany. Wilhelms reasoning was that France was not supporting of Russians expansion into asia and such aggressive actions like going to war with Japan would be highly disapproved by France. The French Premier Maurice Rouvier publicly declared that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only in Europe and not Asia and that if Japan and Russia went to war, France would remain neutral. Such rhetoric seemed to prove Wilhelms beliefs. Germany meanwhile felt threatened by Britain and had embarked on what was known as the Tirpitz Plan in the late 1890s. The Tirpitz plan was Germany's plan to achieve world power status through naval power, but the world's greatest navy of course was Britain at the time. What essentially happened was Germany challenging Britain to an arms race in the form of naval warship building programs. Everything the Kaiser pursued during the late 19th century was what was called “Weltpolitik / world politics” which essentially was just Germany's imperialistic foreign policy to become a global power. Wilhelm and his advisers were playing world politics to weaken rivals and strengthen Germany plain and simple. So Wilhelm believes he can break the French-Russian alliance and squeeze himself in Frances place if he can get the Russians to go to war with Japan who just happened to be allied to Germany's main rival, Britain. Some real game of thrones stuff here. Wilhelm also believed if Germany could pull this off, France would be compelled to join them, forming a triple alliance against Britain and Japan so they could all pursue their expansionist policies in places like Asia. There was also the belief pulling this off would pull Russia away from the Balkans which was a huge source of tension with Germany's main ally Austro-Hungary. Thats all fine and dandy, but how does Wilhelm get his cousin Tsar Nicholas to go to war with the Japanese, here comes the yellow peril. Starting in 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm began using the Yellow Peril ideology to portray Germany as the great defender of the west against the barbarism of the east. But then all of a sudden Wilhelm began sending personal letters to his cousin Nicholas praising him as the quote “savior of the white races” and began urging him to take a more hardened approach to Asia. The letters between the two have been referred to as the “willy-nicky” letters, consisting of 75 messages sent back and forth between 1895-1914. I wont list them all of course but lets take a peak at how Wilhelm wrote to his cousin. In 1895 Wilhelm wrote this from Kaltenbronn Schwarzwald. I will paraphrase of course there's a ton of fluff. Dearest Nicky, I thank you sincerely for the excellent way in which you initiated the combined action of Europe[27] for the sake of its interests against Japan. It was high time that energetic steps were taken, and will make an excellent impression in Japan as elsewhere. It shows to evidence how necessary it is that we should hold together, and also that there is existent a base of common interests upon which all European nations may work in joint action for the welfare of all as is shown by the adherence of France to us two. May the conviction that this can be done without touching a nations honour, take root more and more firmly, then no doubt the fear of war in Europe will dissipate more and more. The kind and most valuable messages which you sent me through Osten Sacken[28] by Count Eulenburgs transmission in Vienna have given me a signal proof of your loyalty and openness towards me. I shall certainly do all in my power to keep Europe quiet and also guard the rear or Russia so that nobody shall hamper your action towards the Far East! For that is clearly the great task of the future for Russia to cultivate the Asian Continent and to defend Europe from the inroads of the Great Yellow race. In this you will always find me on your side ready to help you as best I can. You have well understood that call of Providence and have quickly grasped the moment; it is of immense political and historical value and much good will come of it. I shall with interest await the further development of our action and hope that, just as I will gladly help you to settle the question of eventual annexations[29] of portions of territory for Russia, you will kindly see that Germany may also be able to acquire a Port somewhere were it does not "gêne" you. You can see how Wilhelm is egging on his cousin about how Germany will have his back if he were to be bolder in Asia. Also the cute end bit about Germany acquiring some ports. In 1898 for a New Years letter Wilhelm sent this Dearest Niky May this New Year be a happy one for you dear Allx and the whole of your house and country. May the plans, which you mature be fullfilled for the wellfare of your people. Henry's mission^ is one of the steps I have taken for the help and countenance of your lofty Ideals—without which no sovereign can exist—in promoting civilisation I. e. Christianity in [41] the Far East! Will you kindly accept a drawing I have sketched for you, showing the Symbolising figures of Russia and Germany as sentinels at the Yellow Sea for the proclaiming of the Gospel of Truth and Light in the East. I drew the sketch in the Xmas week under the blaze of the lights of theXmas trees! Here Wilhelm is pressing upon the religious aspect and is basically flattering Nicholas. Again in 1898 Wilhelm wrote Dearest Nicky I must congratulate you most heartily at the successful issue of your action at Port Arthur ; we two will make a good pair of sentinels at the entrance of the gulf of Petchili, who will be duly respected especially by the Yellow Ones ! I think the way you managed to soothe the feelings of the "fretful Japs"by the masterly arrangement at Korea a remarkably fine piece of diplomacy and a great show of foresight; which Is apt to show what a boon it was that by your great journey,^ you were able to study the Question of the Far East locally and are now morally speaking the Master of Peking! Fretful Japs indeed In 1902 we get probably the most important letter involving the yellow peril Dear Nicky This is the more necessary as/certain symptoms in the East seems to show that Japan is becoming a rather restless customer and that the situation necessitates all coolness and decision of the Peace Powers. The news of the attachment of the Japanese General Yamai^—former leader of the Jap. troops in China—to the Legation at Peking in order to take in hand the reorganisation of the Chinese Army—i.e. for the unavowed object of driving every other foreigner out of China—is very serious. 20 to 30 Million of trained Chinese helped by half a dozen Jap. Divisions and led by fine, undaunted Christian hating Jap. Officers, is a future to be con- templated not without anxiety; and not impossible. In fact it is the coming into reality of the *'Yellow Peril" which I depicted some years ago, and for which engraving I was laughed at by the greater mass of the People for my graphic depiction of it ... Your devoted friend and cousin, Willy, Admiral of the Atlantic". And there it is, an army of millions of Chinese led by Japanese officers, the yellow peril. So for years Wilhelm egged on his cousin, making him believe he was this savior of the white race, holding the yellow hoard back from sweeping over Europe. Wilhelm also made sure to leave ambiguous ideas that Germany had Russians back, that if war came and let's say a nation like Britain jumped into the mix, Germany would jump in too. Arguable if there was any reality behind these claims. Now back to the situation in the far east, King Gojong found his nation stuck between two tigers again, this time it was Japan and Russia. He believed the key to the issue was Manchuria and sought for Korea to remain as neutral as possible so she could hope to preserve her independence, I would saw independence with finger quotes. Meanwhile the Chinese ambassador to St Petersburg, Hu Weide was receiving reports from Beijing on whether Russia or Japan were likely to win such a war and how it would favor China. It was argued it was in China's interest for Japan to win, because a Japanese victory would likely breakdown Russians stronghold on Manchuria and perhaps China could wrestle it all back in. China decided in December of 1903 to remain neutral if war came, because while she knew Japan was the only one in the far east capable of pushing Russia out, she also did not know what Japan's ambitions might be in Manchuria. In early 1904 negotiations continued between Russia and Japan, but like I mentioned earlier Japan gradually figured out Russia was not being serious. This was more than likely due to an infamous message sent by Wilhelm to Nicholas in December of 1903. Since 97—Kiaochow—we have never left Russia in any doubt that we would cover her back in Europe, in case she decided to pursue a bigger policy in the Far East that might lead to military complications (with the aim of relieving our eastern border from the fearful pressure and threat of the massive Russian army!). Whereupon, Russia took Port Arthur and trusting us, took her fleet out of the Baltic, thereby making herself vulnerable to us by sea. In Danzig 01 and Reval 02, the same assurance was given again, with result that entire Russian divisions from Poland and European Russia were and are being sent to the Far East. This would not had happened if our governments had not been in agreement! Nicholas for his part was prepared to compromise with Japan, but the incessant letters from Wilhelm egging him on as a coward for thinking about compromising gradually broke the Tsar. The Kaiser wrote this: undertaking the protection and defence of the White Race, and with it, Christian civilization, against the Yellow Race. And whatever the Japs are determined to ensure the domination of the Yellow Race in East Asia, to put themselves at its head and organise and lead it into battle against the White Race. That is the kernel of the situation, and therefore there can be very little doubt about where the sympathies of all half-way intelligent Europeans should lie. England betrayed Europe's interests to America in a cowardly and shameful way over the Panama Canal question, so as to be left in 'peace' by the Yankees. Will the 'Tsar' likewise betray the interests of the White Race to the Yellow as to be 'left in peace' and not embarrass the Hague tribunal too much?. Nicholas replied he still sought peace, and Wilhelm replied in telegram “oh you innocent angel, this is the language of an innocent angel. But not that of a White Tsar!” Regardless of the Tsar's feelings, Japan was firmly under the belief Russia was not serious about seeking a peaceful solution to their dispute over Manchuria and Korea. When Japan proposed recognizing Manchuria was Russia's sphere of influence if Russia would respect their sphere of influence over Korea, the Russia counter proposal was basically, no, Russia would retain Manchuria and Korea would be open game. Potential diplomatic resolutions between the two nations had thus failed. Historians generally argue it was the fault of Nicholas II who pushed his administration to give no ground. Why he acted this way though has two major arguments, one I have highlighted, the egging on by the Kaiser, but there was another element at play. The Russian people were frankly fed up with the royal family, the people were looking for change. To start a war and rile up patriotism could have been an attempt to quell the Russian people from revolutionary actions and in retrospect it certainly seems the case. The Tsar's advisers despite being hawkish did not seek a war with Japan, they simply wanted to bully what they thought was a weaker nation into submission. Because the reality was, Manchuria was far, the trans siberian railway was not complete, moving troops and provisions such a distance was a colossal task. Japan performed a large scale study of the Russian power in Manchuria. The Japanese had been secretly surveying and mapping as far as east of Lake Baikal. In 1904 the Japanese had 380,000 active and reserve army forces, 200,000 in the 2nd reserve, another 50,000 in conscription reserve and 220,000 trained men of the national army, thus they could in theory toss 850,000 men into a conflict and by conscripting perhaps 4,250,000 who would all have to be trained taking time and money. Japan's effective strength was 257,000 infantry, 11,000 cavalry and 894 artillery pieces. They held 12 infantry divisions each containing 11,400 infantry, 430 cavalry and 36 guns a piece. Their troops received 12 months training, once the war started this would be cut to 6 months. Their artillery battalions held 3 batteries with both field and mountain guns ranging in caliber of 2.95 inches to 4.72 inches. Their infantry were equipped with a modern 1900 .256 inch magazine rifle that could fire 2000 yards but was effective at 300. Each soldier carried a knapsack, greatcoat and shelter tent. In their sacks were two days rations and entrenching tools. For machine guns they would receive Hotchkiss guns. The logistical system for the Japanese would be much better than the Russians. They had a series of lines of support. The soldiers carried two days rations, with echelons of transports that carried provisions behind them. Each division had its own transport battalion, including an ambulance train to deal with casualties. Chinese carts, Chinese and Korean coolies would all be paid premium prices for logistical aid. The Japanese would buy local foodstuff from the Koreans and Chinese at premium prices to earn the local populaces support over the Russians. For the Russians their army stood roughly at 4.5 million, but only 6 of the 25 European army corps would play an active role in the far east. By February of 1904 the Russians had roughly 60,000 troops, 3000 cavalry and 164 guns posted at Vladivostok, Harbin and Port Arthur. By Mid february this would be increased to 95,000; with 45,000 at Vladivostok, 8000 at Harbin, 9000 in Haicheng; 11,000 near the Yalu and 22,000 around Port Arthur. The Russian had the European 1st, 4th, 8th, 10th, 16th and 17th army corps each numbering 28,000 rifles and 112 guns. Alongside these were 7 Siberian corps. While the Russians held the advantage in numbers, the trans siberian was not complete and the route going around Lake Baikal formed a massive delay. Lake Baikal is basically the size of Switzerland, around 386 miles long. Thus the forces in Manchuria would be at the mercy of local foodstuffs for provisions, which meant they were competing with the Japanese to purchase them, while the Japanese had their own nations foodstuffs coming via sea transport, from Korea and of course within China. The Russian troops were armed with a .299 caliber rifles, but their training was lackluster and required all men to fire at short range on orders from superior officers. The upcoming war would catch the Russian gunners in the midst of a re-equipment programme. A third of their guns were a new 3 inch quick firing gun with a range of 6000 yards, capable of battering the Japanese artillery. However the gunners training period was quite literally on the job. Thus many of the gunners were coming into the conflict with a new technology they had not even fired yet. Japan's population was then 46.5 million, Russia's 130 million. The Russian military opinion saw the Japanese “as little people who lived in paper houses…and wasted hours on flower arrangement and tea ceremonies”. However, Minister of War Kuropatkin visited Japan in 1903 and was impressed by their infantry and artillery, stating that they were equal to any European army, and advocated avoiding war with them. Russia's navy was much larger, but divided between the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Pacific, whereas Japan's was concentrated in her home waters. By 1902, Russia began strengthening her Pacific squadron and, by the end of 1903, had 7 battleships, 7 cruisers, 25 destroyers and 27 smaller ships. The IJN (the Japanese Navy) consisted of 6 battleships, 10 cruisers, 40 destroyers and 40 smaller vessels. The Russian ships were a hotchpotch of differing types, armaments and speeds, with a varied amount of armor protection. The Japanese ships were nearly all British built, uniform and faster. Alcohol excess amongst Russian crews was a serious problem. Baltic crews spent the 6 months of winter ashore because the gulf of Finland froze and because of bureaucratic demand for uniformity. So did the crews of the Black Sea fleet. Thus, Russian sailors spent less time at sea and less time training. The Japanese navy under British instruction spent more time at sea, and trained intensively. Japanese sailors were literate, while most Russian sailors were not. These variables would come out to play when dealing with steam-driven warships, the most technologically advanced weapons of the day. At the outbreak of the conflict the Russian Far East fleet would have 7 battleships, 6 cruisers and 13 destroyers at Port Arthur. At Vladivostok were 4 first class cruisers, with a number of torpedo boats. At Chemulpo in Korea were the protected cruisers Varya and gunboat Koreyetz. A crucial component of the conflict would be commanding the sea ways. Both nations recognized this fact all too well. The Russian far east fleet was constrained from year the round training by being icebound in Vladivostok for 3 months of the year. Her fleet was also a ragtag bunch with different armaments, speed, armor and flexibility. Russia was dependent on foreign built ships, though she was fully capable of building her own. Russia had ships built from Britain, Germany, France and the US. The Russian navy was based on conscription at 7 years with 3 years of reserve. The IJN combined fleet was led by Vice-Admiral Heihachiro Togo. The two divided squadrons of the Russian Pacific Fleet were commanded overall by Admiral Oskar Ludvig Stark. The Main Russian squadron was in Port Arthur and the other cruiser squadron was at Vladivostok under the command of Admiral Nikolai Skrydlov. Port Arthur offered some shore artillery battery defense, though it was underfunded due to divestments for the development of Dalny, and its dry dock capabilities were quite limited compared to that of Sasebo. The Russians were bluffing the Japanese while continuing the strengthen their position in the far east. But the Japanese would not wait for them to do so. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Kaiser Wilhelm II had egged his cousin Tsar Nicholas II into facing against the Empire of Japan. Little did the Russian Tsar know, but he was about to send his nation to their doom, for the Japanese had done their homework and were determined to rid Manchuria of the Russian menace
Les entreprises et les banques utilisent souvent des logiciels spécialisés pour gérer leurs transactions financières. Voici quelques-uns des logiciels couramment utilisés à cette fin : 1. **Systèmes ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)** : Des solutions ERP telles que SAP, Oracle Financials, et Microsoft Dynamics intègrent la gestion financière avec d'autres aspects de l'entreprise, facilitant ainsi la gestion des transactions financières. 2. **Logiciels de gestion de trésorerie** : Des outils comme Kyriba, TreasuryXpress, et Cashforce aident les entreprises à gérer leur trésorerie, à prévoir les flux de trésorerie, et à optimiser leur gestion financière. 3. **Plateformes de paiement en ligne** : Pour les transactions en ligne, des services comme PayPal, Stripe, Square, et Adyen sont couramment utilisés par les entreprises pour recevoir des paiements. 4. **Logiciels de gestion des risques** : Les entreprises et les banques utilisent des logiciels tels que SAS Risk Management, Moody's RiskAuthority, et Fiserv Risk Management pour évaluer et gérer les risques financiers. 5. **Systèmes de gestion de trésorerie d'entreprise (TMS)** : Des TMS comme Reval, GTreasury, et FIS Quantum aident à gérer les opérations de trésorerie, y compris les paiements, la gestion des liquidités, et les prévisions. 6. **Systèmes de gestion des paiements** : Les banques utilisent des systèmes de gestion des paiements tels que SWIFT pour faciliter les transactions internationales et les paiements interbancaires. 7. **Logiciels de comptabilité** : Des solutions comptables telles que QuickBooks, Xero, et Sage sont couramment utilisées par les entreprises pour gérer leur comptabilité et leurs transactions financières. 8. **Logiciels de gestion des dépenses** : Des outils comme Concur et Expensify aident les entreprises à gérer les dépenses des employés et à automatiser les processus de remboursement. Il convient de noter que le choix du logiciel dépend des besoins spécifiques de chaque entreprise ou banque, de leur taille, de leur secteur d'activité et de leurs exigences en matière de conformité réglementaire. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chatgpt20/message
Turns out there are some things we DON'T want to know about Intern John's past! Join John, Shelby Sos, Rose, Hoody, and Erick as we react to what John just realized and talk to listeners about their industry secrets! Plus an all NEW Second Date Update and what is"Fox Girl Fall" and why do we want to embrace it? All that and more today with Intern John & Your Morning Show!Make sure to also keep up to date with ALL of our podcasts we do below that have new episodes every week:The Thought ShowerLet's Get WeirdCrisis on Infinite Podcasts
Today a man known only as “Mr. X,” will publicly reveal himself at a hearing before the House Oversight Committee. He is an IRS case agent that worked directly under IRS Supervisory Special Agent Gary Shapley, whistleblower #1, on the Hunter Biden tax case.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
II. Abdülhamit'i tahttan indirmek için yürüttükleri faaliyetin son aşamasında terörle hem devlet ricalini hem de halkı sindiren İttihatçıların beklediği fırsat 9-12 Haziran 1908 tarihlerinde Britanya Kralı VII. Edward ile Rus Çarı II. Nikola'nın Reval'de (bugün Estonya'nın başkenti Tallinn) bir araya gelmesi oldu. Reval'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun “taksimine karar verildiği” şayiaları yayılarak ortam gerilmiş, cemiyetin fedaileri, 1908 Haziran'ından itibaren Balkanlarda tam bir terör estirmişlerdi. 11 Haziran 1908 günü Selanik Merkez Kumandanı Yarbay Nâzım Bey (ki Enver Bey'in kız kardeşi Hasene'yle evliydi), Saray'a bildirmek üzere İttihatçıların adının bulunduğu 397 kişilik tevkif listesi hazırladığı gerekçesiyle, İstanbul-Akaretler'deki evinde vuruldu ancak öldürülemedi. Ardından 3 Temmuz 1908 sabahı şafakla birlikte, Kolağası Resneli Niyazi Bey, 200 kişiyle dağa çıktı. Onu Binbaşı Enver Bey'in ve Binbaşı Eyüp Sabri'nin taburları takip etti. İttihatçıların ünlü tetikçisi Yakup Cemil de Enver Bey'in yanındaydı. Bundan sonra suikastler birbirini takip etti.
Tänasest 3.
Vi börjar med ett längre nyhetssvep där vi pratar om Ukraina och Bakhmut, kinesiska spionballonger och även återvänder till ett gammalt favoritsyndrom från Karibien. Andra halvan av avsnittet är första delen i en ny mini-serie på temat ”väpnat uppror”, som utgår från boken med samma namn. Första nedslaget är från Estland, och det väpnade uppror […]
Radio åt allas 8-marsspecial. Johanna och Helia diskuterar protesterna i Iran – hur började protesterna, vad händer där just nu och hur skiljer de sig från tidigare protester. Efter det pratar Anna och Agnes om olika internfeministiska praktiker och varför vi behöver fler galna kvinnor i talarstolen.
Vi pratar nästan uteslutande om Sverigedemokraterna. Vi börjar i senaste nytt från podden SD Malmö och huruvida en vuxen människa måste ha leverpastej på sin ostmacka eller inte, och går sedan vidare till att försöka bena ut vad det egentligen är som har hänt som gjort att i stort sett hela styret av Klippans Kommun […]
I detta avsnitt snackar Martin, Jacob och Johanna om de senaste nyheterna från lokalpolitiken i Göteborg. Martin diskuterar återigen om tåg och har intervjuat Pontus från Värdet av pengar. Jacob pratar om Västtrafiks avgående ordförande Peter Hermanssons förslag om civilklädda kontrollanter och Johanna tar oss igenom de senaste turerna i ombildningarna av Göteborgs allmännytta. Tack […]
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Technology is an increasingly important part of life as a treasury professional. But it's crucial that we are using the right systems in the right ways.On this episode of The Treasury Career Corner, guest Anshul Patni, Treasurer at Instacart, explains how you can prioritise technology that will work for you and get the best out of what you buy.Plus, he discusses his route into the industry and finding a new role during COVID all while looking after a young family. Anshul also provides expert advice for those new to treasury.Anshul's first steps into finance came in India when he interned with Ernst & Young in 2007. He later moved on to Business Analyst and Financial Analyst roles at Triple Point Technology and Reval before entering treasury with Deloitte in 2012.He remained with Deloitte in various management roles, such as Manager of Global Treasury Advisory Services and Director of Treasury, until 2020.Anshul became Diebold Nixdorf's Director of Treasury during the pandemic before returning to Deloitte as a Director in 2021. Now, Anshul holds the role of Treasurer at Instacart.Anshul Patni is a treasury leader focused on advising treasury and information technology executives on treasury and risk management, information security and banking technology. He has expertise in cash and liquidity management, treasury accounting, supporting treasury technology, program management and treasury payments.On the podcast we discussed…Why treasury pros should be flexible and versatileReviewing your technology needsAnshul's journey into treasuryGetting the most out of your systemsThe importance of risk managementWhat Anshul looks for in new hiresYou can connect with Anshul Patni on LinkedIn.Are you interested in pursuing a career within Treasury? Whether you've recently graduated, or you want to search for new job opportunities to help develop your treasury career, The Treasury Recruitment Company can help you in your search for the perfect job. Find out more here. Or, send us your CV and let us help you in your next career move!If you're enjoying the show please rate and review us on whatever podcast app you listen to us on, for Apple Podcasts click here! If you're interested in learning more about the fundamental pillars of treasury, download my free Corporate Treasury eBook by clicking here!
The Deep Wealth Podcast - Extracting Your Business And Personal Deep Wealth
“Listen to your body. We have many answers that come from within if you're willing to listen.” - Lauren SambataroRenee Belz, CNS with a Master's degree in Nutrition, and Lauren Sambataro, CHEK and Functional Diagnostic Practitioner, are sisters and avid educators of metabolic health optimization through diagnostic lab testing and strategic and achievable nutrition & lifestyle interventions.Lauren and Renee grew up in a health-driven family that prioritized the fundamentals of wellness and self-care (don't worry, there was lots of mac n' cheese and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches!). Their father, Gene Sambataro, The Original Biohacker and pioneer of Holistic Dentistry, taught them the importance of individualization, curiosity and experimentation from a very young age.Coming together as health entrepreneurs, Lauren & Renee feel a strong passion and drive to not only share each of their journeys towards wellness, but their strategy and motivation to discover our unique bodies through the world of biohacking.Their podcast, the Biohacker Babes, aims to create insight into the body's natural healing abilities, strengthen your intuition, and empower you with techniques and modalities to optimize your health and wellness.Click here to subscribe to The Sell My Business Podcast to save time and effort.SELECTED LINKS FOR THIS EPISODEbiohackerbabes@gmail.comhttps://www.biohackerbabes.comWOMEN'S HEALTH & BIOHACKING (@biohacker_babes) • Instagram photos and videosBiohacker Babes | New York NYLauren & Renee - YouTubeCockroach Startups: What You Need To Know To Succeed And ProsperFREE Deep Wealth eBook on Why You Suck At Selling Your Business And What You Can Do About It (Today)Book Your FREE Deep Wealth Strategy CallContact Deep Wealth: Tweet @JeffreyFeldberg LinkedIn Instagram Subscribe to The Deep Wealth Podcast Email podcast@deepwealth.com Help us pay it forward by leaving a review.Here's to you and your success!
Revalúa tus metas, tus amistades. Quita todos los excesos, comprométete con tu desarrollo. Crece y alcanza todo lo que te has propuesto. MVM25
Zu den nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges entstandenen neuen Staaten zählen auch die drei flächenmäßig kleinen Länder des Baltikums: Estland, Lettland und Litauen. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg verloren sie wieder ihre Unabhängigkeit, um sie Anfang der 90er in einer Loslösung von der Sowjetunion wiederzuerlangen. Aktuell ist das Baltikum angesichts der revisionistischen Kriegspolitik Russlands wieder besonders im Fokus. 1922 bereiste im Auftrag der Vossischen Zeitung deren Korrespondent in Polen Max Theodor Behrmann Lettland und Estland. In der Ausgabe vom 22. November berichtet er von seiner Überfahrt von Riga nach Reval, das heutige und auch schon damalige Tallinn. Und schon die Weigerung, diese Bezeichnung der Stadt zu benutzen, zeugt von der unverhohlenen Ablehnung des Autors gegenüber den baltischen Staatengebilden, die sich durch den Text zieht. In seinem beständigen Zweifel an deren Überlebensfähigkeit und der wiederkeherenden Polemik gegen den angeblich unverhältnismäßigen Verwaltungsaufwand manifestiert sich eine nicht nur überhebliche, sondern klar deutschnationale Perspektive, die für die liberale Vossische Zeitung eigentlich eher unüblich ist. Für uns reist an den Finnischen Meerbusen Paula Leu.
Varajase muusika festival Tallinn feat.
An accomplished fintech executive and global sales leader with extensive experience building world-class and high performing revenue organizations that achieve hyper-growth. Peter brings two decades of experience selling enterprise software into financial institutions, fintech's and global corporations and has end-to-end accountability for ThetaRay's revenue organization. Prior to joining ThetaRay as Chief Revenue Officer, Peter started his career at HSBC before holding senior sales leadership positions at Earnix, Fundtech, Reval and Thomson Financial. Peter is a regular contributor to the industry dialogue as a well-respected thought leader he holds a law degree from London Guildhall University.
Priit Hõbemägi, Ainar Ruussaar ja Ignar Fjuk. Keskpäevatunni teemad 7. mail: Vaevalt jõudis peaminister Kaja Kallas teatada, et Eesti lõpetab vene gaasi kasutamise ja Eesti loob oma LNG kai ja ostab gaasilaeva, kui juba on käes esimene suur tüli ettevõtjate ja riigikapitalistliku firma Elering vahel. Paistab, et võimegi sellest LNG võimekusest unistama jääda, sest tähtsad mehed kõvatavad taas. Alari Möldre, Harju maakohtu kohtunik määras trahvi kahele Eesti Ekspressi ajakirjanikule selle eest, et nad avalikustasid 25. märtsi artiklis info, et Swedbanki endine juhatus on saanud kahtlustuse rahapesus. See on eeltsensuuri loomine, prokuratuur ja kohtunik sõjateel ajakirjanduse vastu, võiks selle kohta öelda. Eesti Energia sai superkasumi, üle 70 miljoni euro, aga mis kasu meil sellest on? Kas uskumatult kiire ja suur hinnatõus Eestis ka valitsuse tähelepanu pälvib? Või on see midagi sellist, mis lihtsalt suurte ja tähtsate teemade kõrval valitsuse pildile ei mahu? Saabub 9. mai ja Filtri tee on kinni pandud, et mingid jõugud seal laiama ei hakka. Meenutagem, et eelmisel aastal rääkisime sellest, et lähedal asuva väeosa töötajatel ei soovitatud kanda eesti kaitseväe vormi, et mitte "provotseerida". Nüüd peaksid asjad olema täiesti muutunud - Pronksiöö organisaatoril Reval on Eestisse saabumine keelatud, teine õhutaja riigist välja saadetud.
Priit Hõbemägi, Ainar Ruussaar ja Ignar Fjuk. Keskpäevatunni teemad 7. mail: Vaevalt jõudis peaminister Kaja Kallas teatada, et Eesti lõpetab vene gaasi kasutamise ja Eesti loob oma LNG kai ja ostab gaasilaeva, kui juba on käes esimene suur tüli ettevõtjate ja riigikapitalistliku firma Elering vahel. Paistab, et võimegi sellest LNG võimekusest unistama jääda, sest tähtsad mehed kõvatavad taas. Alari Möldre, Harju maakohtu kohtunik määras trahvi kahele Eesti Ekspressi ajakirjanikule selle eest, et nad avalikustasid 25. märtsi artiklis info, et Swedbanki endine juhatus on saanud kahtlustuse rahapesus. See on eeltsensuuri loomine, prokuratuur ja kohtunik sõjateel ajakirjanduse vastu, võiks selle kohta öelda. Eesti Energia sai superkasumi, üle 70 miljoni euro, aga mis kasu meil sellest on? Kas uskumatult kiire ja suur hinnatõus Eestis ka valitsuse tähelepanu pälvib? Või on see midagi sellist, mis lihtsalt suurte ja tähtsate teemade kõrval valitsuse pildile ei mahu? Saabub 9. mai ja Filtri tee on kinni pandud, et mingid jõugud seal laiama ei hakka. Meenutagem, et eelmisel aastal rääkisime sellest, et lähedal asuva väeosa töötajatel ei soovitatud kanda eesti kaitseväe vormi, et mitte "provotseerida". Nüüd peaksid asjad olema täiesti muutunud - Pronksiöö organisaatoril Reval on Eestisse saabumine keelatud, teine õhutaja riigist välja saadetud.
Jag tyckte det var dags att ta helhetsgreppet på Jakob de la Gardie som figurerat i många av de senaste avsnitten. Från hans födsel som den yngste sonen till Pontus de la Gardie i Reval till hans död som blind. Vill du lyssa på podden? Bli patron Instagram: @kungarochkrig Twitter: @kungarochkrig Facebook: Kungar och krig Litteratur som använts i detta avsnitt: Boëthius, B: Jakob De la Gardie i Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1931) Artikel i Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden (2008).
TAGS:#reval #vaccines #deepstate
In this episode, Actualize Consulting's Senior Managers Jason Blumstein and Hubert Sy discuss fraud prevention during implementation of payment factory projects. Listen to learn:- Common tools used in the market to combat fraud- What to expect during implementation of those tools based on project experience- The role of user education in fraud prevention- Recommendations for continued risk evaluation About Jason Blumstein, CTP, PMP- Senior Manager at Actualize Consulting with over 14 years of experience. He specializes in process improvement and Banking/TMS vendor analysis, as well as implementation projects involving payment factories. Prior to his time at Actualize, he worked as a corporate treasury practitioner and as a direct consultant for Reval and Bloomberg.- Email: jblumstein@actualizeconsulting.com- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jason-blumstein-ctp-mba-pmp-19b7957/ About Hubert Sy - Senior Manager at Actualize Consulting with over 10 years of experience. He specializes in cash forecasting, payments, fraud prevention, and is certified in both Koopa and Kyriba treasury management systems.- Email: hsy@actualizeconsulting.com- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/hubert-sy-a2980019/ Thanks for listening to this episode of the Actualizing Success Podcast! We hope you enjoyed the discussion and come back for more. In the meantime, don't forget to rate this episode and leave a review to let us know how you like it. More Info:Website: www.actualizeconsulting.comIf you have any questions or comments, we'd love to hear from you. You can contact us at podcast@actualizeconsulting.com
Homme algab varajase muusika festival Tallinn feat.
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Revalúa tus metas, tus amistades. Quita todos los excesos, comprométete con tu desarrollo. Crece y alcanza todo lo que te has propuesto.
Kas teadsid, et tennis on üks keskkonda enim reostav spordiala mootorispordi, jalgpalli ja golfi järel? Eestis mängib tennist üle 10 000 inimese ning igal aastal võetakse Maarjamaal purkidest välja umbes 130 000 uut tennisepalli, mis pärast neli-viis korda kasutamist rändavad olmeprügisse. 1998. aastast tegutsenud Reval Ladies tenniseklubi toimekad naised on kätte võtnud ning koostanud projekti keskkonnasäästlikkusele kutsuva kampaania "Pall pole prügi!" "Matšpalli" podcastis käisid kampaaniast rääkimas Rohetiigri eestvedaja ja 2018. aasta aasta kodaniku aunimetuse laureaat Eva Truuverk ning Reval Ladies tenniseklubi ajaloo esimene president Aili Kägu.
Bei Ikea fing alles an Im dänischen Nationalarchiv in Kopenhagen wird die Beschreibung eines alten Seeweges durch die Schären wie ein Schatz gehütet. Das von Mönchen handgeschriebene Dokument in Latein ist eine der ältesten und aufregendsten Quellen zur Navigation auf der Ostsee. Es besteht aus einer Auflistung von Orten, die zusammen eine - meist durch die Schären geschützte - Seeroute von Dänemark entlang der Ostseeküste Schwedens über die Ålands und Süd-Finnland bis Reval (dem heutigen Tallinn) bildete. Mit La Mer wieder unterwegs Diese vergessene Segelroute, mein Segelboot „LA MER“ und ein Kajak sind die Zutaten meiner neuen Ostsee-Abenteuerreise durch die Schärengebiete Skandinaviens. Die sorgsam im Itinerar aufgelisteten Orte wurden in nordischer Schreibweise angegeben. So konnten sie fast alle rekonstruiert und in meine modernen Seekarten übertragen werden. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass die historischen Seewege der Region - so auch die der Wikinger - ebenfalls entlang dieser uralten Segelroute verliefen. So erstehen die Seemannschaft der Wikinger und die Geschichte ihrer Navigation in meiner Dokumentation wieder auf. Claus Aktoprak unterwegs - auch mit dem Kajak Durch die skandinavische Landhebung sind heute nicht mehr alle Passagen der alten Routen mit meiner 1,60 Meter tiefgehenden „LA MER“ befahrbar. Es wird notwendig sein, direkt vor Ort neue Wege durch das Gewirr der Zigtausenden Inseln und Inselchen zu suchen. Daher begleiten mich ein Kajak und ein Handecholot auf meine Expedition.
The God Bearers stand in the aftermath of a battle of godly proportions and are faced with a decision that will shake them all.Grim's mission finally comes to an end, the end weighs heavy... Bitsy, Reval, Teladris and Koshu are forced to bid him goodbye.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
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Sellel laupäeval saates Publikumärk on juttu ees ootavast Panso nädalast, lavastustest "Keiserlik kokk" ning "Tšaikovski meistriteosed", varajase muusika festivalist Tallinn feat. Reval ning Andres Ehini ilmuvast valikkogust "Kimbuke sinilolli". Saatejuht on Liis Seljamaa.
Sellel laupäeval saates Publikumärk on juttu ees ootavast Panso nädalast, lavastustest “Keiserlik kokk” ning “Tšaikovski meistriteosed”, varajase muusika festivalist Tallinn feat. Reval ning Andres Ehini ilmuvast valikkogust “Kimbuke sinilolli”. Saatejuht on Liis Seljamaa.
Eeloleval laupäeval algab III rahvusvaheline varajase muusika festival "Tallinn feat.
Eeloleval laupäeval algab III rahvusvaheline varajase muusika festival "Tallinn feat.
Werner Bergengruen (1892–1964) hade svensk påbrå på fädernet men tillhörde i egna ögon den tyska befolkning som hade levt i det baltiska området under århundraden men som under senare delen av 1800-talet och början av 1900-talet i stor utsträckning utvandrade under trycket av dels estnisk, lettisk och litauisk nationalism, dels och framför allt förryskningspolitik. Det Riga i vilket han föddes tillhörde det ryska imperiet. Historien skulle göra sig påmind också senare i hans liv. Han står som den kanske främsta litterära exponenten för det som i Tredje riket kom att gälla som ”inre exil”. Anders Björnsson, historiker och publicist och tillika översättare av Bergengruens novellsamling Döden i Reval, samtalar med Peter Luthersson.
Koshu, Bitsy, Reval, Teladris and Garble find themselves on the shores south of Hedrig's point after being ripped through time. As the God Bearers make camp to rest before the next leg of their journey.. they take a bit of time to reflect. As Teladris rests, he's reminded why he started this crazy trip through timelines, and what he needs to finish.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
The God Bearers hear the voice of their pursuer through Figaro's compass for the first time, and Kumo opines about his new found purpose after Koshu's "demise". With a promise to see the Bearers soon, he ends the communication.After the group gets its bearings inside the tiny state room, the crew and passengers of the Lady Kindly gather below decks to meet with the Captain, but little did they know Reval's past would pay him a visit.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
After setting off to their respective destinations, the Bearers get some time to be themselves. Reval, Bitsy and Koshu explore the archives and Tag and Stitcher make their way to a seedy establishment where they can drown the past few weeks away.While revelations about Bitsy's origins come to light, Koshu finds information about a conspiracy he is deep rooted in, and Reval discovers a few key points about the city they're visiting, Tag finds himself babysitting a drunk Stitcher and a face from the past haunts his visions.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
The Bearers find themselves entrenched in battle alongside Grim's companions against a band of wayward drow. Part of the team is a bit apprehensive to help, but with the opportunity to prove themselves in battle, Tag, Reval and Koshu dive right in.Each party shows their prowess against this new mysterious enemy.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
With a nights rest behind them, Tag, Reval, Koshu, Bitsy and Stitcher make a deal with Thali Bumwhistle to find his lost companion (or at least the equipment he was carrying) in exchange for passage from Bhal Faldihr to Heretic's Respite via the gnome's airship.Bitsy takes the form of a wolf, to better track Figaro, and on their hunt for the wayward gnomish scientist, the group encounters an oddball band of travelers.After an interesting exchange they're surprised to hear the eery giggles of a familiar voice.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
Under attack by a pair of vagabond ogres, the party deftly fend off the threat, but not without injury. Reval suffers some major injuries during the tussle and is in dire need of some help.Koshu finds a mysterious item in the packs of the offenders that has a few functions that aren't expected.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
An unconventional group of individuals is thrust into chaos as tensions between the pantheon of Hyfaer finally boil over, and the city of Restinu is attacked by the goddess of the Underdark, the Dark Queen Nyriam.Sticher, Koshu, Reval, Tag and Bitsy find themselves allied in a moment of both self-preservation and the safety of an orphaned child.Challenged by their own personal struggles and that of the culminating chaos of gods battling, the group of ragtag adventures find a little unity.https://deckofmanyfriends.comhttps://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriendshttps://instagram.com/deckofmanyfriendsJoin us on Discord! https://domf.chatSupport the show (https://patreon.com/deckofmanyfriends)
Kuidas jõudsid mänguküpseks lavastused Punamütsike, Ilusad inimesed, Kauka jumal ja Between Dreams and Drowning ning mida kuuleb-näeb varajase muusika festivalil Tallinn Feat. Reval, räägib laupäevane Publikumärk. Saatejuht on Liis Seljamaa
Under medeltiden förändrades livet i Österland, dagens Finland, på så gott som alla plan. Efter att svenskarna skickat över såväl militär som Guds sändebud i form av präster, etablerade sig snart katolicismen som ny majoritetsreligion. I takt med att invandringen från väst stadigt ökade, spred sig även det svenska språket och den administrationen till Finland. För att underlätta förvaltningen upprättades ett antal borgar på territoriet i öst, bland dem Raseborgs slott i Snappertuna. Borgen skulle fungera som ortens administrativa centrum i närmare 200 år. Som mest huserade upp till 70 personer på borgen, bland dem den tidigare svenska kungen Karl Knutsson Bonde. Men varför byggdes borgen just i Raseborg och hur såg livet ut för den medeltida människan? Är det sant att man drack öl istället för vatten? Var medeltiden verkligen så mörk som medeltida filmer ger sken av? Allt det här och mer i Hissapoddens avsnitt “Medeltiden i Raseborgs slott” tillsammans med Veronica Aspelin och Anna Öhman. Avsnittet gästas av FM Martin Pettersson och scenartist Dan Idman, som fungerat som guide på Raseborgs slott under de senaste 20 åren. Hissapodden beklagar att det har smugit in några tokigheter i avsnittet! Innan vi har hunnit åtgärda saken vill vi informera dig som lyssnar om följande fel: 1) Karl Knutsson Bonde hade varit kung två gånger när han bosatte sig på Raseborg hösten 1465, inte tre. 2) Kristina Abrahamsdotter, inte Abrahamsson, som används senare i avsnittet. 3) Sten Sture var kung Karls systerson, inte bror. Källor: Martin Pettersson: Mellan två centrum : Raseborgs huvudmän samt deras resurser, aktiviteter och kontakter till Reval 1378-1434 (2018) Knut Drake: Raseborg : gråstensmurarna berättar sin historia (1991) Niclas Erlin & Lina Enlund: Glans och vardag på Raseborgs slott (2018) C. J. Gardberg: Finlands medeltida borgar (1993) Torsten Edgren et al: Finlands historia 1 (1992)
Voici le premier épisode spécial séries de Sors le popcorn, que tu retrouveras le dernier vendredi de chaque mois, en plus des épisodes cinéma (un mercredi sur 2) !Cette fois-ci, Mymy et Alix se retrouvent pour parler de The Good Place, une des rares séries comiques qui survit encore dans ce monde de brutes.La saison 4, qui sera la dernière, est diffusée en ce moment même sur Netflix, au rythme d'un épisode chaque vendredi.Découvre ce que Mymy et Alix en pensent, et ce qu'elles espèrent de la fin de cette série.Nos conseils sériesAlix te recommande Dark, la série allemande très... dark entre Stranger Things et ChernobylThe Boys est la SEULE série de super-héros que Mymy aime bienThe Good Place, la série du moisUne série de Michael Schur, créateur de The Office, Parks and Recreation et Brooklyn Nine-nineKristen Bell qui pleure devant un paresseuxLa saison 4 de The Good Place sera la dernièreValérian de Luc BessonL'article d'Alix sur pourquoi elle déteste tous les héros de sérieUne vidéo sur les meilleurs name droppings de TahaniLa sitcom CheersL'histoire de Jim et Pam de The Office en une vidéo YouTubeLes séries à regarder en ce momentWatchmen saison 1, de Damien Lindelof, créateur de Lost et The Leftovers, tous les lundis sur OCSRiverdale, la série kitsch assumée, tous les jeudis sur Netflix See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.
Voici le premier épisode spécial séries de Sors le popcorn, que tu retrouveras le dernier vendredi de chaque mois, en plus des épisodes cinéma (un mercredi sur 2) !Cette fois-ci, Mymy et Alix se retrouvent pour parler de The Good Place, une des rares séries comiques qui survit encore dans ce monde de brutes.La saison 4, qui sera la dernière, est diffusée en ce moment-même sur Netflix, au rythme d'un épisode chaque vendredi.Découvre ce que Mymy et Alix en pensent, et ce qu'elles espèrent de la fin de cette série.Nos conseils sériesAlix te recommande Dark, la série allemande très... dark entre Stranger Things et ChernobylThe Boys est la SEULE série de super-héros que Mymy aime bienThe Good Place, la série du moisUne série de Michael Schur, créateur de The Office, Parks and Recreation et Brooklyn Nine-nineKristen Bell qui pleure devant un paresseuxLa saison 4 de The Good Place sera la dernièreValérian de Luc BessonL'article d'Alix sur pourquoi elle déteste tous les héros de sérieUne vidéo sur les meilleurs name droppings de TahaniLa sitcom CheersL'histoire de Jim et Pam de The Office en une vidéo YouTubeLes séries à regarder en ce momentWatchmen saison 1, de Damien Lindelof, créateur de Lost et The Leftovers, tous les lundis sur OCSRiverdale, la série kitsch assumée, tous les jeudis sur NetflixTu aimes le cinéma, les séries et les théories zinzins ?ABONNE-TOI À SORS LE POPCORN :Apple PodcastDeezer
Täna esinevad Reval Folgi hooaja lõpukontserdil pärimusmuusikud Martin Müller ja Villu Talsi.
Peeter Helme uhiuus ulmeromaan „Haakrist ja ajarelv“. On aasta 2053. 3D-kuvariga kvantarvutid, hõljukautod, rakettlennukid ja fusiooniajamiga tähelaevad on muutunud inimkonna argipäevaks. Maakaardilt ei leia Tallinna aga keegi – siin asub hoopis Ostlandi riigikomissariaadi Estlandi piirkonna halduskeskus Reval. 21. sajandi keskel jagasid Suur-Saksamaa ja Jaapani keisririik enda vahel ära kogu päikesesüsteemi ning totalismi haare pole saja aasta jooksul põrmugi lõdvenenud. Loeb Priit Rand.
Väikeses juubelisaates olid mu stuudiokülalisteks kaks muusikut: Taavi-Mats Utt ja Reinut Tepp, kelle ühiste jõupingutuste tulemusena on saanud teoks uus varajase muusika festival "Tallin feat. Reval"*. Ma uurisingi oma vestluspartneritelt, mis neid selleks ettevõtmiseks ajendas, kuidas nad vanamuusikani jõudsid ja mis tähendus sel kõigel meile 21. sajandi künnisel võiks olla. Hardo P.S. Väikese tehnilise viperuse tõttu seisab pilt 18. minutini, ent muutub sealt alates jälle liikuvaks. -------------- *http://tallinnfeatreval.cantoresvagantes.ee See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.
Sündimas on uus varajase muusika festival. Vanamuusikatunnis on külas festivali Tallinn feat. Reval kunstiline juht Taavi-Mats Utt.
Sündimas on uus varajase muusika festival. Vanamuusikatunnis on külas festivali Tallinn feat. Reval kunstiline juht Taavi-Mats Utt.
Bei Ikea fing alles an Im dänischen Nationalarchiv in Kopenhagen wird die Beschreibung eines alten Seeweges durch die Schären wie ein Schatz gehütet. Das von Mönchen handgeschriebene Dokument in Latein ist eine der ältesten und aufregendsten Quellen zur Navigation auf der Ostsee. Es besteht aus einer Auflistung von Orten, die zusammen eine - meist durch die Schären geschützte - Seeroute von Dänemark entlang der Ostseeküste Schwedens über die Ålands und Süd-Finnland bis Reval (dem heutigen Tallinn) bildete. Mit La Mer wieder unterwegs Diese vergessene Segelroute, mein Segelboot „LA MER“ und ein Kajak sind die Zutaten meiner neuen Ostsee-Abenteuerreise durch die Schärengebiete Skandinaviens. Die sorgsam im Itinerar aufgelisteten Orte wurden in nordischer Schreibweise angegeben. So konnten sie fast alle rekonstruiert und in meine modernen Seekarten übertragen werden. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass die historischen Seewege der Region - so auch die der Wikinger - ebenfalls entlang dieser uralten Segelroute verliefen. So erstehen die Seemannschaft der Wikinger und die Geschichte ihrer Navigation in meiner Dokumentation wieder auf. Claus Aktoprak unterwegs - auch mit dem Kajak Durch die skandinavische Landhebung sind heute nicht mehr alle Passagen der alten Routen mit meiner 1,60 Meter tiefgehenden „LA MER“ befahrbar. Es wird notwendig sein, direkt vor Ort neue Wege durch das Gewirr der Zigtausenden Inseln und Inselchen zu suchen. Daher begleiten mich ein Kajak und ein Handecholot auf meine Expedition.
Werner Bergengruen (1892–1964) hade svensk påbrå på fädernet men tillhörde i egna ögon den tyska befolkning som hade levt i det baltiska området under århundraden men som under senare delen av 1800-talet och början av 1900-talet i stor utsträckning utvandrade under trycket av dels estnisk, lettisk och litauisk nationalism, dels och framför allt förryskningspolitik. Det Riga i vilket han föddes tillhörde det ryska imperiet. Historien skulle göra sig påmind också senare i hans liv. Han står som den kanske främsta litterära exponenten för det som i Tredje riket kom att gälla som ”inre exil”. Anders Björnsson, historiker och publicist och tillika översättare av Bergengruens novellsamling Döden i Reval, samtalar med Peter Luthersson.
Duygo Cibik has a robust history in operations and change management and transformation. So when she took on the role of the Chief Customer Success officer at Reval, she knew she needed to create a very deliberate path to gaining understanding, acceptance and traction in her role.
A gaming lobbyist pulls the levers of power in Trenton, tax revaluations have companies preparing for battle, and a camera equipment distributor focuses on growth. Those stories and more on NJBIZ Briefcase - Episode 076: Reval.