Podcasts about Sverdlovsk

Os presento un extracto del programa de 4 horas publicado para mecenas, donde nos adentramos en uno de los episodios más importantes de la historia reciente: los encuentros con OVNIs en la antigua Unión Soviética. En un contexto de hermetismo, tensiones de la Guerra Fría y exploración científica, la URSS se convirtió en escenario de eventos inexplicables que, hasta el día de hoy, siguen desafiando a los investigadores, y estos son solamente algunos de los casos que encontraréis en este programa: - El incidente de Sverdlovsk (1969): Los rumores sobre una nave desconocida recuperada por las autoridades soviéticas, dieron pie a numerosas teorías sobre tecnología no terrestre. - El misterio del Antonov An-2 en 1961: Una desaparición inexplicable, con un avión encontrado intacto en un claro donde nunca podría haber aterrizado por medios convencionales. - El impacto del verano de 1961 en Rybinsk: Una base de misiles que quedó paralizada tras disparar contra un objeto masivo que desató un evento eléctrico inexplicable. - La experiencia de la Voskhod I (1964): Una misión espacial que reportó la presencia de objetos cercanos cuyas maniobras desafiaban cualquier tecnología conocida. Cada uno de estos casos plantea serios interrogantes que desafían quizá la frágil lógica humana, pero entre todos ellos, uno destaca por la cantidad de detalles y la profundidad de los testimonios: “El caso Voronezh”, que dejó una marca imborrable en la historia de los avistamientos OVNI. Voronezh (1989) En el tranquilo parque de Voronezh, una tarde de septiembre de 1989, varios niños y adultos se convirtieron en testigos de algo que escapaba a toda explicación convencional. Una esfera luminosa de gran tamaño apareció en el cielo y descendió sobre el parque, dejando marcas visibles y fenómenos que la ciencia no pudo explicar del todo. De la nave emergieron seres humanoides de gran altura, acompañados de una figura mecánica que desafiaba cualquier noción de robótica conocida. Los testigos reportaron sensaciones de parálisis y fenómenos lumínicos que dejaron una huella psicológica en quienes estuvieron allí. Sin embargo, lo que ocurrió durante esos minutos, es algo que exploraremos con profundidad en el programa. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! Ovnis en la URSS: En este extenso programa de 4 horas, nos adentramos en uno de los episodios más importantes de la historia reciente: los encuentros con OVNIs en la antigua Unión Soviética. En un contexto de hermetismo, tensiones de la Guerra Fría y exploración científica, la URSS se convirtió en escenario de eventos inexplicables que, hasta el día de hoy, siguen desafiando a los investigadores, y estos son solamente algunos de los casos que encontraréis en este programa: - El incidente de Sverdlovsk (1969): Los rumores sobre una nave desconocida recuperada por las autoridades soviéticas, dieron pie a numerosas teorías sobre tecnología no terrestre. - El misterio del Antonov An-2 en 1961: Una desaparición inexplicable, con un avión encontrado intacto en un claro donde nunca podría haber aterrizado por medios convencionales. - El impacto del verano de 1961 en Rybinsk: Una base de misiles que quedó paralizada tras disparar contra un objeto masivo que desató un evento eléctrico inexplicable. - La experiencia de la Voskhod I (1964): Una misión espacial que reportó la presencia de objetos cercanos cuyas maniobras desafiaban cualquier tecnología conocida. Cada uno de estos casos plantea serios interrogantes que desafían quizá la frágil lógica humana, pero entre todos ellos, uno destaca por la cantidad de detalles y la profundidad de los testimonios: “El caso Voronezh”, que dejó una marca imborrable en la historia de los avistamientos OVNI. Voronezh (1989) En el tranquilo parque de Voronezh, una tarde de septiembre de 1989, varios niños y adultos se convirtieron en testigos de algo que escapaba a toda explicación convencional. Una esfera luminosa de gran tamaño apareció en el cielo y descendió sobre el parque, dejando marcas visibles y fenómenos que la ciencia no pudo explicar del todo. De la nave emergieron seres humanoides de gran altura, acompañados de una figura mecánica que desafiaba cualquier noción de robótica conocida. Los testigos reportaron sensaciones de parálisis y fenómenos lumínicos que dejaron una huella psicológica en quienes estuvieron allí. Sin embargo, lo que ocurrió durante esos minutos, es algo que exploraremos con profundidad en el programa. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

In April and May 1979, between 66 and 300 people died from anthrax in the Russian city of Sverdlovsk, now called Yekaterinburg. The Soviet authorities seized doctors' records and quickly rolled out an explanation: the deaths were an accident caused by contaminated meat. But American intelligence agencies suspected a more nefarious explanation: the Soviets were secretly developing biological weapons.Last week, we interviewed Matthew Meselson about his key role in convincing Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon to ban biological weapons research in the early 1970s. After the Sverdlovsk incident, Meselson was brought in by the CIA to help assess the potential explanations. For more than a decade, he led scientific investigations into the incident. In 1992, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the truth finally came out: the Sverdlovsk incident was a bioweapons lab leak, the most deadly confirmed lab leak in history.Meselson's paper confirming the lab leak is an epidemiological classic. For the first time on Statecraft, we've doubled up on a guest: the 94-year-old Meselson is back for round two.[00:00] The CIA recruits Meselson[5:38] Attempts to travel to Sverdlovsk[9:11] Meselson travels to Moscow[14:15] An invitation to Sverdlovsk[25:27] On-the-ground investigation[34:25] Who knew what, and when did they know it?[40:16] Who is developing chemical weapons today?[45:34] How closely does the Sverdlovsk lab leak parallel incidents in Wuhan?[50:31] Why the Soviets couldn't find their own research facilities This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.statecraft.pub

Борис Гуселетов - родился и до 5 лет жил в Сибири. С 5 до 45 лет жил в Свердловске, на Урале. Окончил уральский политехнический институт металлургический факультет. С 3 курса он занимался наукой. После окончания института остался работать на кафедре, в 28 лет защитил кандидатскую диссертацию. Занимался общественной деятельностью стройотряды, комсомол. В 30 лет перешёл работать в другой вуз доцентом. С началом перестройки вступил в КПСС, в 1990 г. Был делегатом последнего съезда КПСС, на нем несколько раз выступал. По решению Горбачева избран членом ЦК КПСС. После развала СССР участвовал в создании ряда социал- демократических партий. В 2000 г. По приглашению Горбачева переехал в Москву, был его заместителем в партии. До 2016 г. Работал на руководящих постах в ряде партий. Был помощником депутата Госдумы. В 2013 г. Защитил докторскую диссертацию по политическим наукам. В 2016 г. Перешёл работать в институт Европы РАН. С 2021 г. Работает и в институте социально политических исследований РАН. Автор 300 статей. Boris Guseletov was born and lived in Siberia until he was 5 years old. From 5 to 45 years old he lived in Sverdlovsk, in the Urals. Graduated from the Ural Polytechnic Institute, Metallurgical Faculty. From the 3rd year he studied science. After graduating from the institute, he remained to work at the department and defended his Ph.D. thesis at the age of 28. He was involved in social activities, student's construction brigades, and the Komsomol. At the age of 30, he moved to work at another university as an assistant professor. With the beginning of perestroika, he joined the CPSU in 1990. He was a delegate to the last congress of the CPSU, and spoke at it several times. By decision of Gorbachev, he was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee. After the collapse of the USSR, he participated in the creation of a number of social democratic parties. In 2000, at the invitation of Gorbachev, he moved to Moscow and was his deputy in the party. Until 2016, he worked in leadership positions in a number of parties. He was an assistant to a State Duma deputy. In 2013, he defended his doctoral dissertation in political science. In 2016, he moved to work at the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 2021, he has also been working at the Institute of Social and Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Author of 300 articles. FIND BORIS ON SOCIAL MEDIA Facebook ================================SUPPORT & CONNECT:Support on Patreon: ⁠https://www.patreon.com/denofrich⁠Twitter: ⁠https://twitter.com/denofrich⁠Facebook: ⁠https://www.facebook.com/mark.develman/⁠YouTube: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/denofrich⁠Instagram: ⁠https://www.instagram.com/den_of_rich/⁠Hashtag: #denofrich© Copyright 2023 Den of Rich. All rights reserved.

In his second Exopolitics Today interview, Anton Anfalov, Ph.D., explains critical military research facilities used by the Soviet Union in studying retrieved alien spacecraft and extraterrestrial entities. These research facilities include a multilevel underground facility at the M. M. Gromov Flight Research Institute located next to the current Zhukovskiy airport complex; a Top Secret research facility inside an enormous cavern system in the Ural mountains first built by extraterrestrials; and Novosibirsk aviation plant in Eastern Siberia. He also discusses secret meetings and agreements between extraterrestrials and leading Soviet/Russian authorities dating back to 1954. He states that Nordic-looking extraterrestrials have been helping the Putin Administration with advanced technologies. Anton Anfalov, Ph.D., was born in the city of Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union in 1972 and spent decades living in Crimea before his recent departure to Canada due to the intensifying Ukraine conflict. In the mid-1980s, he became interested in the UFO phenomenon after the Soviet Union first relaxed its stringent secrecy policies during the glasnost era and the subsequent Presidency of Boris Yeltsin.  Dr. Anfalov has interviewed hundreds of Russian and Ukrainian whistleblowers and been given documents on the UFO phenomenon dating back to the early post-World War II Soviet era. He has gained much knowledge about UFO crash retrieval operations in the Soviet Union and Russia; learned about ancient underground tunnels built by extraterrestrials that the Kremlin repurposed for deep underground military bases; multiple UFO crash retrieval cases: meetings and agreements with extraterrestrial civilizations; and the existence of a Russian secret space program. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/exopolitics/support

Anton Anfalov, Ph.D., was born in the city of Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union in 1972 and spent decades living in Crimea before his recent departure to Canada due to the intensifying Ukraine conflict. In the mid-1980s, he became interested in the UFO phenomenon after the Soviet Union first relaxed its stringent secrecy policies during the glasnost era and the subsequent Presidency of Boris Yeltsin. Dr. Anfalov has interviewed hundreds of Russian and Ukrainian whistleblowers and been given documents on the UFO phenomenon dating back to the early post-World War II Soviet era. He has gained much knowledge about UFO crash retrieval operations in the Soviet Union and Russia; learned about ancient underground tunnels built by extraterrestrials that the Kremlin repurposed for deep underground military bases; the capture in 1965 of several Praying Mantis Insectoids from the Inner Earth; and the existence of a Russian secret space program. In the first of a series of Exopolitics Today interviews, Dr. Anfalov explains how he learned about Soviet and Russian secrets about extraterrestrial visitors and Inner Earth Civilizations. He asserts that the current administration of President Vladimir Putin has adopted Soviet-era KGB policies of strict secrecy and that prospects of official disclosure by Russian authorities are dim. His testimony, therefore, provides rare insight into the secret history of the Soviet Union and Russia interacting with visiting extraterrestrial life and Inner Earth civilizations, and reverse engineering captured UFO technologies. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/exopolitics/support

La tempestad era espantosa, con vientos de 120 kilómetros por hora, y rachas que llegaban a los 170. El pesquero ruso «Briz», de seis mil toneladas, se anegaba en las aguas del mar del Norte. Cuando el capitán Sverdlovsk, del pesquero ruso, vio que su nave se hundía, irradió una llamada de auxilio, y un remolcador holandés, el «Carlot», acudió en su ayuda. Pero el salvamento se hacía casi imposible. Era como si toda la furia de los vientos y las inmensas olas del mar se hubieran propuesto no permitir el rescate de ninguno de los cincuenta y seis marineros a bordo del «Briz». Después de algún tiempo de tratar de ejecutar el salvamento y de agotar todos los recursos sin poder transferir a un solo hombre, el capitán del remolcador «Carlot», André Ruyg, de cuarenta y dos años de edad y creyente en Dios, hizo lo que para un capitán era insólito. Pidió ayuda divina: «¡Dios mío —rogó—, ayúdanos! Sólo tú puedes calmar este vendaval.» De repente los vientos comenzaron a calmarse y las inmensas olas perdieron su furia. El salvamento pudo llevarse a cabo, y aunque el pesquero «Briz» se hundió, no pereció ninguno de los marineros. Las batallas del hombre contra el mar tienen siempre acentos épicos. ¡Es tan grande el océano y son tan pequeños los barcos! ¡Son tan altas las olas y tan frágiles los cascos! Por eso el marinero sabe clamar a Dios, y al igual que en aquella célebre tormenta en el mar de Galilea de dos mil años atrás, Jesús viene en auxilio caminando sobre las olas. Aprendamos a orar. No es cuestión de aprender ciertos rezos ni oraciones redactadas de cierto modo, sino de establecer una relación permanente con Dios. Practiquemos la presencia de Dios. Vivamos con la línea de comunicación abierta. Que nunca haya un momento en que no estemos en contacto con Dios. Si no tenemos una relación con Dios, entablemos una sin demora. Si hemos cortado la relación que teníamos, comencemos desde este momento a restablecerla. Así, pase lo que pase, en medio del dolor podremos clamar con la seguridad de que Dios nos está escuchando. Jesucristo desea ayudarnos en todas las tragedias de la vida. Él puede reprender los vientos y calmar las olas. Lo único que tenemos que hacer es expresarle nuestro temor y esperar con fe en la respuesta. Cristo dijo: «Pidan, y se les dará; busquen, y encontrarán; llamen, y se les abrirá. Porque todo el que pide, recibe; el que busca, encuentra; y al que llama, se le abre» (Mateo 7:7‑8). Hermano PabloUn Mensaje a la Concienciawww.conciencia.net

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Catastrophic Risks from AI #4: Organizational Risks, published by Dan H on June 26, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. This is the fourth post in a sequence of posts giving an overview of catastrophic AI risks. 4 Organizational Risks In January 1986, tens of millions of people tuned in to watch the launch of the Challenger Space Shuttle. Approximately 73 seconds after liftoff, the shuttle exploded, resulting in the deaths of everyone on board. Though tragic enough on its own, one of its crew members was a school teacher named Sharon Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe was selected from over 10,000 applicants for the NASA Teacher in Space Project and was scheduled to become the first teacher to fly in space. As a result, millions of those watching were schoolchildren. NASA had the best scientists and engineers in the world, and if there was ever a mission NASA didn't want to go wrong, it was this one [70]. The Challenger disaster, alongside other catastrophes, serves as a chilling reminder that even with the best expertise and intentions, accidents can still occur. As we progress in developing advanced AI systems, it is crucial to remember that these systems are not immune to catastrophic accidents. An essential factor in preventing accidents and maintaining low levels of risk lies in the organizations responsible for these technologies. In this section, we discuss how organizational safety plays a critical role in the safety of AI systems. First, we discuss how even without competitive pressures or malicious actors, accidents can happen—in fact, they are inevitable. We then discuss how improving organizational factors can reduce the likelihood of AI catastrophes. Catastrophes occur even when competitive pressures are low. Even in the absence of competitive pressures or malicious actors, factors like human error or unforeseen circumstances can still bring about catastrophe. The Challenger disaster illustrates that organizational negligence can lead to loss of life, even when there is no urgent need to compete or outperform rivals. By January 1986, the space race between the US and USSR had largely diminished, yet the tragic event still happened due to errors in judgment and insufficient safety precautions. Similarly, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in April 1986 highlights how catastrophic accidents can occur in the absence of external pressures. As a state-run project without the pressures of international competition, the disaster happened when a safety test involving the reactor's cooling system was mishandled by an inadequately prepared night shift crew. This led to an unstable reactor core, causing explosions and the release of radioactive particles that contaminated large swathes of Europe [71]. Seven years earlier, America came close to experiencing its own Chernobyl when, in March 1979, a partial meltdown occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. Though less catastrophic than Chernobyl, both events highlight how even with extensive safety measures in place and few outside influences, catastrophic accidents can still occur. Another example of a costly lesson on organizational safety came just one month after the accident at Three Mile Island. In April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis—or simply "anthrax," as it is commonly known—were accidentally released from a Soviet military research facility in the city of Sverdlovsk. This led to an outbreak of anthrax that resulted in at least 66 confirmed deaths [72]. Investigations into the incident revealed that the cause of the release was a procedural failure and poor maintenance of the facility's biosecurity systems, despite being operated by the state and not subjected to significant competitive pressures. The unsettling reality is that AI is far less understood and AI industry standards are far less stringent th...

Enjoy a good mystery? Ever heard of the Dyatlov Incident? It happened in 1959 in the northern Ural Mountains near Siberia. Nine young hikers from the Ural Polytechnic Institute in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union, head out on 16-day hiking/skiing expedition to get their Grade III Hiking Certification. Something happens on February 1st that sends the hikers scrambling in the darkness out of the shelter of their tent--the only shelter for 100s of miles. No one knows what shook them so to the core that they headed out into the darkness and 25 degree below zero temperatures without their boots, some without socks, some without their jackets...Whatever happened remains a mystery to this day because all nine of the 20 something hikers would perish--some due to hypothermia; others due to blunt force trauma injuries. Allow me to tell you this most fascinating Bed Crime Story. This is Episode 1 with more to follow... #dyatlovgroup #dyatlov #dyatlovmystery #truecrimemysteries #mystery #russia #sovietunion #thedyatlovexpedition #truecrime #idaho #moscowidaho #kayleegoncalves #madisonmogen #ethanchapin #xanakernodle #moscowstudentmurders #idahostudentmurders #moscowhomicides  #truecrimeunsolved #truecrimeunsolvedSupport the show

My guest is epidemiologist and biosecurity expert, Raina MacIntyre. Dr MacIntyre is Head of the Biosecurity Program at the Kirby Institute, and Professor of Global Biosecurity at UNSW. Today we discuss her latest book DARK WINTER: An insider's guide to Pandemics and biosecurity. We discuss a series of unnatural outbreaks [lab leaks or deliberate misuse] that have occurred over the past 70 years: Sverdlovsk anthrax release, Rajneeshee bioterror attacks, Amerithrax attacks, and others... Raina breaks down the patterns and features they have in common.  We discuss the highly unusual features of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak that raise questions about a possible unnatural origin of these outbreaks. In every case, the outbreak was initially deemed a natural occurrence by scientists, but later [often many years later] were determined to have had an unnatural origin.  Common features in these cases are denial, a cover-up, silence, and often an “information war” led by scientists to control the narrative. The conclusions are inescapable and unsettling: When it comes to investigating an unusual outbreak, we cannot leave the scientists in charge of the investigation. And second, in an era of widely available synthetic biology, accelerated natural selection, and covert DUROC, we face an existential threat from bioweapons of mass destruction. The odds have already shifted dramatically in favor of any outbreak being due to a lab leak or deliberate misuse rather than due to a natural occurrence.

Sice neexistují oficiální statistiky o uzavírání sňatků v Rusku, sociální sítě jsou svatebčanů doslova plné. To, že po vyhlášení částečné mobilizace prudce vzrostl jejich počet, naznačují i údaje z různých regionů, všímá si nezávislý ruský zpravodajský server Moscow Times. Sverdlovská oblast na Urale zaznamenala během prvních dvou týdnů mobilizace 65procentní nárůst počtu sňatků.

Sice neexistují oficiální statistiky o uzavírání sňatků v Rusku, sociální sítě jsou svatebčanů doslova plné. To, že po vyhlášení částečné mobilizace prudce vzrostl jejich počet, naznačují i údaje z různých regionů, všímá si nezávislý ruský zpravodajský server Moscow Times. Sverdlovská oblast na Urale zaznamenala během prvních dvou týdnů mobilizace 65procentní nárůst počtu sňatků. Všechny díly podcastu Svět ve 20 minutách můžete pohodlně poslouchat v mobilní aplikaci mujRozhlas pro Android a iOS nebo na webu mujRozhlas.cz.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 611, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: The Boris Yeltsin File 1: 1931:Boris Yeltsin is born in Sverdlovsk, an industrial region in these mountains. the Ural Mountains. 2: 1985:This new General Secretary of the Communist Party brings Yeltsin to Moscow. Gorbachev. 3: 1986:Yeltsin is inducted into this national executive and policymaking committee. the Politburo. 4: 1994:Yeltsin orders Russian troops into this rebellious republic. Chechnya. 5: 1999:Yeltsin names this 15-year KGB veteran his successor. Putin. Round 2. Category: I Read The Articles, Too 1: "When they eat your dog, they're not so cute" was the headline on a USA Today article on these from Miami. alligators. 2: Scottish-born John Muir wrote the 1902 Ency. Britannica article on this valley in the Sierra Nevada of California. Yosemite. 3: In the 1945 magazine article "Extra-Terrestrial Relays", Arthur C. Clarke suggested these devices be used. satellites. 4: You can't escape the fact that the 1926 Encyclopedia Britannica article on conjuring was done by him. Houdini. 5: In an 1850 article, Dickens described his visit to this "Old Lady of Threadneedle Street". the Bank of England. Round 3. Category: Name The Musical 1: "Let the Sunshine in". Hair. 2: King Arthur,Merlin,Morgan Le Fey. Camelot. 3: Magaldi,Peron's mistress,People of Argentina. Evita. 4: "The Music of the Night". Phantom of the Opera. 5: "Luck Be a Lady". Guys and Dolls. Round 4. Category: Countries 1: North American mainland country which straddles the Tropic of Cancer. Mexico. 2: In the famous play, "Charlie's Aunt" was from this country "where the nuts come from". Brazil. 3: This food crop, Burma's most important, is pictured on its flag. rice. 4: You can say just Bosnia or Bosnia and this, the southern part of the country. Herzegovina. 5: Ras Dashen, this African country's highest peak, has been translated as "General Who Fights in Front of the Emperor". Ethiopia. Round 5. Category: Smooching In Shakespeare 1: He claims that the sleeping Michael Cassio kissed him hard while dreaming of Desdemona. Iago. 2: He says, "Here hung those lips that I have kissed I know not how oft" while holding Yorick's skull. Hamlet. 3: "Love's Labour's Lost" and "Henry VI, Part III" both mention the kiss of this Biblical traitor. Judas Iscariot. 4: In this comedy Petruchio says, "Kiss me, Kate, we will be married o' Sunday". Taming of the Shrew. 5: "We have kiss'd away kingdoms and provinces" says Scarus in the play about this title couple. Antony and Cleopatra. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia! Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/

Hello Passengers! Thanks for listening! Become a First Class Passenger! Get all of the bonuses, support the show and Save The Music Foundation! www.patreon.com/accidentaldads   Units 731 is a hardcore metal band formed in Pittsburgh, PA, in 2005. The band combines death metal, hardcore, and slam to create a heavy and chaotic sound for which Pittsburgh bands are notable. Influences include Dying Fetus, All Out War, Irate, and Built Upon Frustration. Ok, wait… wrong notes. Um… ok, here it is. The Unit 731 we're here to talk about is short for Manshu Detachment 731. It was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that participated in lethal human experimentation and the production of biological weapons during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. Unit 731 was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories claimed by Manchukuo were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 and then formally transferred to the Chinese administration in the following year.  For those of you wondering, "what in the Jim Henson hell is a puppet state," well, according to Wikipedia, a puppet state "is a state that is legally recognized as independent but, in fact, completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, but a foreign power effectively exercises control through financial interests and economic or military support. The United States also had some puppet states during the Cold War: Cuba (United States), (before 1959) Guatemala (United States), (until 1991) South Korea A.K.A. United States Army Military Government in Korea (United States), (Until 1948) The Republic of Vietnam A.K.A. South Vietnam (United States), (Until 1975) Japan A.K.A. Allied Occupation of Japan (United States), (Until 1952) Some of the most infamous war crimes committed by the Japanese military forces were caused by this Unit. Internally dehumanized and referred to as "logs," humans were regularly used in Unit 731 testing.    Some atrocious experiments included: disease injections, controlled dehydration, hypobaric chamber experiments, biological weapons testing, vivisection, amputation, and weapons testing. Babies, children, and pregnant women were among the victims. Although the victims were from various countries, the majority were Chinese. Additionally, Unit 731 created biological weapons employed in regions of China, including Chinese cities and towns, water supplies, and farms, that were not held by Japanese soldiers.    Up to 500,000 people are thought to have been murdered by Unit 731 and its related activities. It was called "The Kwantung Army's Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department." Unit 731 was first established by the Kenpeitai military police of the Empire of Japan. General Shiro Ishii, a combat medic officer in the Kwantung Army, took control and oversaw the unit until the war's conclusion. Ishii and his crew used the facility, constructed in 1935 to replace the Zhongma Fortress, to increase their capabilities.    Up to the end of the war in 1945, the Japanese government generously supported the initiative. Facilities for the manufacturing, testing, deployment and storage of biological weapons were controlled by Unit 731 and the other units of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. While researchers from Unit 731 detained by Soviet troops were convicted in the Khabarovsk war crime trials in December 1949, those seized by American forces were secretly granted immunity in exchange for the information obtained during their human experimentation.    As if we needed more bullshit to make us question the tactics of the U.S. government, The U.S. quelled the talk of the human experiments and paid the accused of doing it an actual salary. So then, similar to what they did with German researchers during Operation Paperclip, the Americans siphoned and took their knowledge of and expertise with bioweapons for use in their own program for biological warfare. Japan started its biological weapons program in the 1930s, partly because biological weapons were banned by the Geneva Convention of 1925; they reasoned that the ban verified its effectiveness as a weapon.    This begs the question, does this type of government appropriation, paying off and hiring those guilty of explicit acts on humans to use their knowledge to create our own versions of what they committed, considered an act "for the greater good?" Does allowing these turds' immunity to extract their heinous experience worth it?   Japan's occupation of Manchuria began in 1931 after the Japanese invasion. Japan decided to build Unit 731 in Manchuria because the occupation not only gave the Japanese advantage of separating the research station from their island but also gave them access to as many Chinese individuals as they wanted for use as human experimental subjects. They viewed the Chinese as no-cost research subjects and hoped they could use this advantage to lead the world in biological warfare. Most research subjects were Chinese, but many were of different nationalities.    Sound familiar? Maybe a precursor to what a bunch of mind fucked Nazis attempted AND SUCCEEDED IN DOING to so many Jews and Jewish sympathizers?    In 1932, Surgeon General Shirō Ishii, chief medical officer of the Imperial Japanese Army and protégé of Army Minister Sadao Araki, was placed in command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (AEPRL). Ishii organized a secret research group, the "Tōgō Unit," for chemical and biological experimentation in Manchuria. Ishii proposed the creation of a Japanese biological and chemical research unit in 1930, after a two-year study trip abroad, because Western powers were developing their own programs. Colonel Chikahiko Koizumi, who eventually served as Japan's Health Minister from 1941 to 1945, was one of Ishii's most fierce supporters inside the Army. In 1915, during World War I, Koizumi and other Imperial Japanese Army officers were inspired by the Germans' successful use of chlorine gas at the Second Battle of Ypres (EEPRUH), in which the Allies suffered 5,000 fatalities and 15,000 injuries as a result of the chemical attack. As a result, they joined a covert poison gas research committee. As a result, unit Togo was started in the Zhongma Fortress, a prison/experimentation camp in Beiyinhe, a hamlet on the South Manchuria Railway 100 kilometers (62 miles) south of Harbin.    To start the tests on those in good health, prisoners were often well-fed on a diet of rice or wheat, meat, fish, and perhaps even wine. The inmates were then starved of food and drink and had their blood drained over many days. Finally, it was noted that their health was declining. Shocker.  Some were vivisected as well. For those who don't watch or listen to disturbing documentaries, vivisection is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structures. Others had been purposefully exposed to the plague bacterium and other pathogens. Ishii had to close down Zhongma Fortress due to a jailbreak in the fall of 1934 that jeopardized the facility's secret and an explosion in 1935 that was thought to be sabotage. Then he was given permission to relocate to Pingfang, which is 24 km (15 mi) south of Harbin, to set up a new, much larger facility.  Emperor Hirohito signed a decree in 1936 approving the unit's growth and its incorporation as the Epidemic Prevention Department into the Kwantung Army. It had bases at Hsinking and was split into the "Ishii Unit" and "Wakamatsu Unit." The units were collectively referred to as the "Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army" from August 1940 onward. Hirohito's younger brother, Prince Mikasa, toured the Unit 731 headquarters in China and wrote in his memoir that he watched films showing how Chinese prisoners were "made to march on the plains of Manchuria for poison gas experiments on humans." The decree also mandated the construction of a chemical warfare development unit, the Kwantung Army Technical Testing Department, and a biological warfare development unit, the Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic Prevention Workshop (later known as Manchuria Unit 100). (subsequently referred to as Manchuria Unit 516).    Sister chemical and biological warfare organizations known as Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Units were established in significant Chinese towns during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Unit 1855 in Beijing, Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing, Unit 8604 in Guangzhou, and Unit 9420 in Singapore were among the detachments. Ishii's network, which at its height in 1939 had control over 10,000 people, was made up of all these organizations. In addition, Japanese medical practitioners and academics were drawn to Unit 731 by the opportunity to perform human experiments, which was highly unusual, and the Army's robust financial support.   Experiments   Human subjects were used in studies for a specific project with the codename Maruta. Test subjects were selected from the local populace and were referred to as "logs," as in the phrase "How many logs fell?" Since the facility's official cover story to local authorities was that it was a timber mill, the personnel first used the word as a joke. The initiative was internally known as "Holzklotz," which is German, meaning log, according to a junior uniformed civilian employee of the Imperial Japanese Army working in Unit 731. Nothing like dehumanizing the poor people you're experimenting on.   Another similarity was the cremation of the "sacrificed" participants' corpses. Additionally, Unit 731 researchers published some findings in peer-reviewed publications while posing as non-human primates termed "Manchurian monkeys" or "long-tailed monkeys" to do the research.   According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris:   "The Togo Unit employed gruesome tactics to secure specimens of select body organs. If Ishii or one of his co-workers wished to do research on the human brain, then they would order the guards to find them a useful sample. A prisoner would be taken from his cell. Guards would hold him while another guard would smash the victim's head open with an ax. His brain would be extracted off to the pathologist, and then to the crematorium for the usual disposal."   Nakagawa Yonezo, professor emeritus at Osaka University, studied at Kyoto University during the war. While there, he watched footage of human experiments and executions from Unit 731. He later testified about the "playfulness of the experimenters:"   'Some of the experiments had nothing to do with advancing the capability of germ warfare, or of medicine. There is such a thing as professional curiosity: 'What would happen if we did such and such?' What medical purpose was served by performing and studying beheadings? None at all. That was just playing around. Professional people, too, like to play.""   Prisoners were injected with diseases disguised as vaccinations to study their effects. For example, to analyze the results of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied. Prisoners were also repeatedly subjected to rape by guards.   Vivisection Thousands of people held in prisoner of war camps were subjected to vivisection (You all know what that is now. Organizations against animal experimentation generally use the phrase as a derogatory catch-all term for experiments on living animals, whereas practicing scientists seldom ever do. Live organ harvesting and other forms of human vivisection, as we also know, have been used as torture.), which was frequently done without anesthetic and was typically fatal. Okawa Fukumatsu, a former member of Unit 731, said in a video interview that he had vivisected a pregnant woman. Prisoners were infected with numerous illnesses before having their bodies vivisected. Invasive surgery was conducted on inmates to remove organs and learn how the condition affects the human body.   Inmates' limbs were severed so researchers could monitor blood loss. Sometimes the victims' corpses' severed limbs were reattached to their opposite sides. In addition, some convicts had surgical procedures to remove their stomachs and reconnect their esophagus to their intestines. Others had parts of their organs removed, including the brain, the liver, and the lungs. According to Imperial Japanese Army physician Ken Yuasa, at least 1,000 Japanese soldiers participated in vivisection on humans in mainland China, suggesting that the practice was commonly done outside Unit 731.   Biological warfare   Throughout World War II, Unit 731 and its related units—including Unit 1644 and Unit 100—were engaged in the study, production, and experimental use of epidemic-producing biowarfare weapons in attacks against the Chinese population (both military and civilian). For example, in 1940 and 1941, low-flying aircraft carried plague-carrying fleas over Chinese towns, notably coastal Ningbo and Changde, in the Hunan Province. These fleas were produced in the labs of Unit 731 and Unit 1644.   With bubonic plague epidemics, these flea bombs claimed tens of thousands of lives. During an expedition to Nanjing, typhoid and paratyphoid virus were dispersed into water supplies across the city's wells, marshes, and residences and infused into snacks served to inhabitants. Soon after, epidemics spread to the joy of many scientists, who concluded that paratyphoid fever was "the most effective" of the diseases.   At least 12 large-scale bioweapon field tests were conducted, and biological weapons were used to target 11 Chinese cities. According to reports, a 1941 raid on Changde resulted in some 10,000 biological injuries and 1,700 deaths among poorly equipped Japanese soldiers, most of which died of cholera. In addition, Japanese researchers conducted experiments on inmates suffering from cholera, smallpox, bubonic plague, and other illnesses. The defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb, which were used to spread the bubonic plague, were developed as a result of this study. Ishii presented the concept of designing some of these bombs using porcelain shells in 1938.   These bombs allowed Japanese forces to launch biological strikes, infecting crops, water supplies, and other places with cholera, typhoid, anthrax, and other deadly illnesses via fleas. Researchers would study the victims dying during biological bomb trials while protected by protective suits. Aircraft would deliver contaminated food and clothes into parts of China that were not under Japanese control. Additionally, innocent people received candies and food that had been tainted.   On several targets, bombs containing plague fleas, contaminated clothes, and infected goods were dropped upon the unsuspecting citizens. As a result, at least 400,000 Chinese citizens were killed due to cholera, anthrax, and plague. Also tested on Chinese citizens was tularemia, Also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, which typically attacks the skin, eyes, lymph nodes, and lungs.   Chiang Kai-shek dispatched military and international medical specialists delegation to document the evidence and treat the sick in November 1941 in response to pressure from various stories of the biowarfare assaults. However, the Allied Powers did not respond to a report on the Japanese deployment of plague-infected fleas on Changde until Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a public warning in 1943 denouncing the attacks. The announcement was made publicly available the following year.   Obviously, this is ridiculous and inhumane, but it couldn't be used on us here in the U.S. of "Don't Tread On Me" A, right?   Well, hold on to your stars and stripes because during the final months of World War II, codenamed "Cherry Blossoms at Night," Unit 731 planned to use kamikaze pilots to infest San Diego, California, with the plague. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. So yep, if the United States had not dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there could have been a man-made plague set upon the west coast.   Weapons testing Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and positions. Flamethrowers were also tested on people. Victims were also tied to stakes and used as targets to test pathogen-releasing bombs, chemical weapons, shrapnel bombs with varying amounts of fragments, explosive bombs, and bayonets and knives.   To determine the best course of treatment for varying degrees of shrapnel wounds sustained on the field by Japanese Soldiers, Chinese prisoners were exposed to direct bomb blasts. They were strapped, unprotected, to wooden planks staked into the ground at increasing distances around a bomb that was then detonated. After that, it was surgery for most and autopsies for the rest.   This info was taken from the documentary — Unit 731, Nightmare in Manchuria   Other experiments   In other diplorable tests, subjects were deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death. They would then be placed into low-pressure chambers until their eyes popped from the sockets. Next, victims were tested to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival. Next, they were hung upside down until death; crushed with heavy objects; electrocuted; dehydrated with hot fans, placed into centrifuges, and spun until they died. People were also injected with animal blood, notably horse blood; exposed to lethal doses of X-rays; subjected to various chemical weapons inside gas chambers; injected with seawater; and burned or buried alive.   The Unit also looked at the characteristics of several other poisons and chemical agents. Prisoners were subjected to substances like tetrodotoxin (the venom of pufferfish or fugu), heroin, Korean bindweed, bactal, and castor-oil seeds, to mention a few (ricin). In addition, according to former Unit 731 vivisectionist Okawa Fukumatsu, large volumes of blood were removed from some detainees to research the consequences of blood loss. At least half a liter of blood was taken in one instance at intervals of two to three days.    The human body only contains 5 liters.   As we mentioned, dehydration experiments were performed on the victims. These tests aimed to determine the amount of water in an individual's body and how long one could survive with little to no water intake. Victims were also starved before these tests began. The deteriorating physical states of these victims were documented by staff at periodic intervals.   "It was said that a small number of these poor men, women, and children who became marutas were also mummified alive in total dehydration experiments. They sweated themselves to death under the heat of several hot dry fans. At death, the corpses would only weigh ≈1/5 normal bodyweight."   — Hal Gold, Japan's Infamous Unit 731, (2019)   Unit 731 also performed transfusion experiments with different blood types. For example, unit member Naeo Ikeda wrote:   In my experience, when 100 cc A type blood was transfused to an O-type subject, whose pulse was 87 per minute and temperature was 35.4 degrees C, 30 minutes later, their temperature rose to 38.6 degrees with slight trepidation. Sixty minutes later, their pulse was 106 per minute, and the temperature was 39.4 degrees. The temperature was 37.7 degrees two hours later, and the subject recovered three hours later. When 120 cc of AB-type blood was transfused to an O-type subject, an hour after the subject described malaise and psychroesthesia (feeling cold) in both legs. When 100 cc of A.B. type blood was transfused to a B-type subject, there seemed to be no side effects.   Taken from— "Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century" (2006) pp. 38–39 Unit 731 tested a slew of chemical agents on prisoners and had a building dedicated to gas experiments. Some of the agents tested were mustard gas, lewisite, cyanic acid gas, white phosphorus, adamsite, and phosgene gas. To put things in horrific perspective, the mortality rate from mustard gas was only 2-3%. Still, those who suffered chemical burns and respiratory problems had prolonged hospitalizations and, if they recovered, were thought to be at higher risk of developing cancers during later life. The toxic effects of lewisite are rapid onset and result from acute exposures. The vesicant properties of lewisite result from direct skin contact; it has been estimated that as little as 2 ml to an adult human (equivalent to 37.6 mg/kg) can be fatal within several hours. Airborne release of cyanide gas, in the form of hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride, would be expected to be lethal to 50% of those exposed (LCt50) at levels of 2,500-5,000 mg•min/m^3 and 11,000 mg•min/m^3, respectively. When ingested as sodium or potassium cyanide, the lethal dose is 100-200 mg. According to a medical report prepared during the hostilities by the ministry of health, "[w]hite phosphorus can cause serious injury and death when it comes into contact with the skin, is inhaled or is swallowed." The report states that burns on less than 10 percent of the body can be fatal because of liver, kidneys, and heart damage. Adamsite (D.M.) is a vomiting compound used as a riot-control agent (military designation, D.M.). It is released as an aerosol. Adverse health effects from exposure to adamsite (D.M.) are generally self-limited and do not require specific therapy. Most adverse health effects resolve within 30 minutes. Exposure to large concentrations of adamsite (D.M.), or exposure to adamsite (D.M.) within an enclosed space or under adverse weather conditions, may result in more severe adverse health effects, serious illness, or death.  Phosgene is highly toxic by acute (short-term) inhalation exposure. Severe respiratory effects, including pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, and death, have been reported in humans. Severe ocular irritation and dermal burns may result following eye or skin exposure. It is estimated that as many as 85% of the 91,000 gas deaths in WWI were a result of phosgene or the related agent, diphosgene A former army major and technician gave the following testimony anonymously (at the time of the interview, this man was a professor emeritus at a national university): "In 1943, I attended a poison gas test held at the Unit 731 test facilities. A glass-walled chamber about three meters square [97 sq ft] and two meters [6.6 ft] high was used. Inside of it, a Chinese man was blindfolded, with his hands tied around a post behind him. The gas was adamsite (sneezing gas), and as the gas filled the chamber the man went into violent coughing convulsions and began to suffer excruciating pain. More than ten doctors and technicians were present. After I had watched for about ten minutes, I could not stand it any more, and left the area. I understand that other types of gasses were also tested there."   Taken from— Hal Gold, Japan's Infamous Unit 731, p. 349 (2019)   Super gross. Takeo Wano, a former medical employee of Unit 731, claimed to have observed a Western man being pickled in formaldehyde after being chopped in half vertically. Because so many Russians were residing in the neighborhood at the time, Wano suspected that the man was Russian. Additionally, Unit 100 experimented with poisonous gas. The captives were housed in mobile gas chambers that resembled phone booths. Others donned military uniforms, while others were made to wear various sorts of gas masks, and other people wore nothing at all. It's been said that some of the tests are "psychopathically cruel, with no possible military purpose." One experiment, for instance, measured how long it took for three-day-old newborns to freeze to death. Jesus christ. Additionally, Unit 731 conducted field tests of chemical weapons on detainees. An unknown researcher at the Kamo Unit (Unit 731) wrote a paper that details a significant (mustard gas) experiment on humans from September 7–10, 1940. Twenty participants were split into three groups and put in observation gazebos, trenches, and fighting emplacements. One group received up to 1,800 field cannon rounds of mustard gas for 25 minutes while wearing Chinese underpants, without a cap or a mask. Another set had shoes and a summer military outfit; three wore masks, while the others did not.   They also were exposed to as many as 1,800 rounds of mustard gas. A third group was clothed in summer military uniform, three with masks and two without masks, and were exposed to as many as 4,800 rounds. Then their general symptoms and damage to the skin, eye, respiratory organs, and digestive organs were observed at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 2, 3, and 5 days after the shots.  Holy shit. Then the psychopaths injected the blister fluid from one subject into another, and analyses of blood and soil were also performed. Finally, five subjects were forced to drink a water solution of mustard and lewisite gas, with or without decontamination. The report describes the conditions of every subject precisely without mentioning what happened to them in the long run. The following is an excerpt of one of these reports:   "Number 376, dugout of the first area:   September 7, 1940, 6 pm: Tired and exhausted. Looks with hollow eyes. Weeping redness of the skin of the upper part of the body. Eyelids edematous (uh-dim-uh-tose)(Swollen with fluid), swollen. Epiphora. (excessive watering), Hyperemic conjunctivae (ocular redness).   September 8, 1940, 6 am: Neck, breast, upper abdomen, and scrotum weeping, reddened, swollen. Covered with millet-seed-size to bean-size blisters. Eyelids and conjunctivae hyperemic and edematous. Had difficulties opening the eyes. September 8, 6 pm: Tired and exhausted. Feels sick. Body temperature 37 degrees Celsius. Mucous and bloody erosions across the shoulder girdle. Abundant mucus nose secretions. Abdominal pain. Mucous and bloody diarrhea. Proteinuria (excess protein in urinal, possibly meaning kidney damage).   September 9, 1940, 7 am: Tired and exhausted. Weakness of all four extremities.   Low morale. Body temperature 37 degrees Celsius. Skin of the face still weeping.   Taken from— "Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century" (2006) p. 187 Frostbite testing   Hisato Yoshimura, an Army engineer, carried out tests by forcing captives to stand outside, putting various limbs into water at multiple temperatures, and letting the limb freeze. Yoshimura would then use a small stick to whack the victims' frozen limbs while "producing a sound similar to that which a board emits when it is struck." The damaged region was then treated with different methods, such as dousing it in water or exposing it to the heat of a fire once the ice had been chipped away.   The sadistic fuck, Yoshimura, was described to the members of the Unit as a "scientific devil" and a "cold-blooded animal" because of the strictness with which he would carry out his evil experiments. In an interview from the 1980s, Unit 731 member Naoji Uezono revealed a super uncool and nightmare-inducing incident when Yoshimura had "Researchers placed two nude males in an area that was 40–50 degrees below zero and documented the entire process until the individuals passed away. [The victims] were in such pain that they were tearing at each other's flesh with their nails ". In a 1950 essay for the Journal Of Japanese Physiology, Yoshimura revealed his lack of regret for torturing 20 kids and a three-day-old baby in tests that subjected them to ice water and ice temperatures below zero.   Although this article drew criticism, Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. Yoshimura developed a "resistance index of frostbite" based on the mean temperature of 5 to 30 minutes after immersion in freezing water, the temperature of the first rise after immersion, and the time until the temperature rises after immersion. In several separate experiments, it was then determined how these parameters depend on the time of day a victim's body part was immersed in freezing water, the surrounding temperature and humidity during immersion, and how the victim had been treated before the immersion. Variables like ("after keeping awake for a night", "after hunger for 24 hours", "after hunger for 48 hours", "immediately after heavy meal", "immediately after hot meal", "immediately after muscular exercise", "immediately after cold bath", "immediately after hot bath"), what type of food the victim had been fed over the five days preceding the immersions concerning dietary nutrient intake ("high protein (of animal nature)", "high protein (of vegetable nature)", "low protein intake", and "standard diet"), and salt intake (45 g NaCl per day, 15 g NaCl per day, no salt).   Oh, science....   Then there's syphilis.   For those that may not know, syphilis is a chronic bacterial disease contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus. The first sign of syphilis is a small, brownish dot on the infected person's left hand. How many of you looked? You dirty birds!  Actually, the first stage of syphilis involves a painless sore on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. After the initial sore heals, the second stage is characterized by a rash. Then, there are no symptoms until the final stage, which may occur years later. This final stage can result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, or heart. Syphilis is treated with penicillin. Sexual partners should also be treated. Unit members orchestrated forced sex acts between infected and noninfected prisoners to transmit syphilis, as the testimony of a prison guard on the subject of devising a method for transmission of syphilis between patients shows:   "Infection of venereal disease by injection was abandoned, and the researchers started forcing the prisoners into sexual acts with each other. Four or five unit members, dressed in white laboratory clothing completely covering the body with only eyes and mouth visible, rest covered, handled the tests. A male and female, one infected with syphilis, would be brought together in a cell and forced into sex with each other. It was made clear that anyone resisting would be shot."   These unfortunate victims were infected and then vivisected at various stages of infection to view the interior and exterior organs as the disease developed. Despite being forcefully infected, many guards testified that the female victims were the viruses' hosts. Guards used the term "jam-filled buns" to refer to the syphilis-infected female detainees' genitalia.   And THAT is so gross on just about every level.   Inside the confines of Unit 731, several syphilis-infected children grew up. "One was a Chinese mother carrying a baby, one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the final was a White Russian woman with a kid of around six or seven," recounted a Youth Corps member who was sent to train at Unit 731. Similar tests were performed on these women's offspring, focusing on how prolonged infection times influenced the success of therapies.   Just when you thought this shit was bad enough, the rape and forced pregnancies came.   For use in experiments, nonpregnant female convicts were made to get pregnant. The declared justification for the torture was the possible danger of infections, notably syphilis, being transmitted vertically (from mother to kid). In addition, their interests included maternal reproductive organ injury and fetal survival. There have been no reports of any Unit 731 survivors, including children, even though "a considerable number of newborns were born in captivity." Female captives' offspring are said to have either been aborted or murdered after birth.   While male prisoners were often used in single studies so that the results of the experimentation on them would not be clouded by other variables, women were sometimes used in bacteriological or physiological experiments, sex experiments, and as the victims of sex crimes. The testimony of a unit member that served as a guard graphically demonstrated this violent and disturbing reality:   "One of the former researchers I located told me that one day he had a human experiment scheduled, but there was still time to kill. So he and another unit member took the keys to the cells and opened one that housed a Chinese woman. One of the unit members raped her; the other member took the keys and opened another cell. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. She had several fingers missing and her bones were black, with gangrene set in. He was about to rape her anyway, then he saw that her sex organ was festering, with pus oozing to the surface. He gave up the idea, left and locked the door, then later went on to his experimental work."   What in the actual fuck.   Prisoners and victims   An "International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare" was convened in Changde, China, the scene of the plague flea bombardment, as mentioned earlier, in 2002. There, it was calculated that around 580,000 people had been killed by the Imperial Japanese Army's germ warfare and other human experimentation. According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris, more than 200,000 people perished. In addition, 1,700 Japanese soldiers in Zhejiang during the Zhejiang-Jiangxi war were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to release the biological agent, showing major distribution problems in addition to the Chinese deaths. Additionally, according to Harris, animals infected with the plague were released close to the war's conclusion, leading to plague outbreaks that, between 1946 and 1948, killed at least 30,000 people in the Harbin region.   Those chosen as test subjects included common criminals, captured bandits, anti-Japanese partisans, political prisoners, homeless people, and people with mental disabilities, including infants, men, elderly people, and pregnant women, in addition to those detained by the Kenpeitai military police for alleged "suspicious activities." About 300 researchers worked at Unit 731, including medical professionals and bacteriologists. However, many people have become numb to carrying out harsh tests due to their experience with animal experimentation.   Without considering victims from other medical research facilities like Unit 100, at least 3,000 men, women, and children: 117—of which at least 600 each year were given by the Kenpeitai—were subjected to Unit 731 experimentation at the Pingfang camp alone. Although the literature generally accepts the number of 3,000 internal casualties, former Unit member Okawa Fukumatsu challenged it in a video interview. He claimed that the Unit had at least 10,000 internal experiments victims and that he had personally vivisected thousands of them.   S. Wells said that Chinese people made up most of the casualties, with smaller proportions of Russian, Mongolian, and Korean people. A few European, American, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander prisoners of war may have also been among them. According to a Yokusan Sonendan paramilitary political youth branch member who worked for Unit 731, Americans, British, and French were present, in addition to Chinese, Russians, and Koreans. According to Sheldon H. Harris' research, the victims were primarily political dissidents, communist sympathizers, common criminals, low-income residents, and those with mental disabilities. According to estimates by author Seiichi Morimura, about 70% of the Pingfang camp's fatalities (both military and civilian) were Chinese, while roughly 30% were Russian.   Nobody who went inside Unit 731 survived. Let me repeat that: "Nobody that went inside Unit 731 survived".  At night, prisoners were usually brought into Unit 731 in black cars with no windows but only a ventilation hole. One of the drivers would exit the vehicle at the main gates and head to the guardroom to report to the guard. The "Special Team" in the inner jail, which was led by Shiro Ishii's brother, would then get a call from that guard. The convicts would then be taken to the inner prisons via an underground tunnel excavated beneath the center building's exterior.   Building 8 was one of the jails housing men and women while building 7 held just women. Once inside the inner jail, technicians would take blood and feces samples from the inmates, assess their kidney function, and gather other physical information. Prisoners found healthy and suitable for research were given a three-digit number instead of their names, which they kept until they passed away. Every time a prisoner passed away following the tests they had undergone, a clerk from the 1st Division crossed their names off of an index card and took their shackles to be worn by newly arrived captives.   At least one "friendly" social interaction between inmates and Unit 731 employees has been documented. Two female convicts were engaged by technician Naokata Ishibashi. One prisoner was a Chinese woman, age 21, while the other was a Soviet woman, age 19. Ishibashi discovered that she was from Ukraine after asking where she was from. The two inmates urged Ishibashi to acquire a mirror since they claimed to have not seen their own faces since being taken prisoner. Through a gap in the cell door, Ishibashi managed to covertly get a mirror to them. As long as they were healthy enough, prisoners were regularly employed for experimentation. Once a prisoner had been admitted to the Unit, they had a two-month life expectancy on average. Many female convicts gave birth there, and some inmates remained alive in the unit for nearly a year. The jail cells each featured a squat toilet and wood floors. The prison's exterior walls and the cells' outer walls were separated by space, allowing the guards to pass behind the cells. There was a little window in each cell door. When shown the inner jail, Chief of the Personnel Division of the Kwantung Army Headquarters, Tamura Tadashi, stated that he glanced inside the cells and observed live individuals in chains, some of whom moved around, while others lay on the bare floor and were in a very ill and helpless condition.   Yoshio Shinozuka, a former Unit 731 Youth Corps member, testified that it was difficult to look through these prison doors because of their tiny windows. Cast iron doors and a high level of security made up the inner jail. No one was allowed admission without specific authorization, a picture I.D. pass, and the entry/exit timings were recorded. These two inner-prison structures were the "special team's" workspaces. This group wore white overalls, army caps, rubber boots, and carried guns.   A former member of the Special Team (who insisted on anonymity) recalled in 1995 his first vivisection conducted at the Unit:   "He didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down. But when I picked up the scalpel, that's when he began screaming. I cut him open from the chest to the stomach, and he screamed terribly, and his face was all twisted in agony. He made this unimaginable sound, he was screaming so horribly. But then finally he stopped. This was all in a day's work for the surgeons, but it really left an impression on me because it was my first time."   — Anonymous, The New York Times (March 17 1995)   According to some reports, it was standard procedure at the Unit for doctors to place a piece of cloth (or a portion of medical gauze) inside a prisoner's lips before starting vivisection to muffle any screams.   Even though the jail was pretty secure, there was at least one effort to break out... That failed. According to Corporal Kikuchi Norimitsu's testimony, a fellow unit member informed him that a prisoner had been taken "jumped out of the cell and ran down the corridor, grabbed the keys, and opened the iron doors and some of the cells" after "having shown violence and had struck the experimenter with a door handle." Only the bravest of the inmates were able to jump free, though. These brave ones were killed ". Seiichi Morimura goes into further depth about this attempt at escapology in his book The Devil's Feast.   Two male Russian prisoners were being held in handcuffs in a cell. One of them was lying flat on the ground and acting like he was sick. One of the staff members noticed and decided to go inside the cell. The Russian on the ground, suddenly sprang up and overpowered the guard. The two Russians yelled, unlocked their shackles, grabbed the keys, and opened a few more cells. Other Russian and Chinese prisoners were freaking out, up and down the halls while shouting and screaming. Finally, one Russian yelled at the members of Unit 731, pleading with them to shoot him rather than use him as a test subject.   This Russian was gunned down and murdered. One employee who saw the attempted escape remembered what happened: "In comparison to the "marutas," who had both freedom and weapons, we were all spiritually lost. We knew in our hearts at the moment that justice was not on our side ". Even if the prisoners had been able to leave the quadrangle, a vigorously defended facility staffed with guards, they would have had to traverse a dry moat lined with electric wire and a three-meter-high brick wall to get to the complex's outside.   Even members of Unit 731 weren't free from being subjects of experiments. Yoshio Tamura, an assistant in the Special Team, recalled that Yoshio Sudō, an employee of the first Division at Unit 731, became infected with bubonic plague due to the production of plague bacteria. The Special Team was then ordered to vivisect Sudō. About this Tamura said:   "Sudō had, a few days previously, been interested in talking about women, but now he was thin as a rake, with many purple spots over his body. A large area of scratches on his chest were bleeding. He painfully cried and breathed with difficulty. I sanitised his whole body with disinfectant. Whenever he moved, a rope around his neck tightened. After Sudō's body was carefully checked [by the surgeon], I handed a scalpel to [the surgeon] who, reversely gripping the scalpel, touched Sudō's stomach skin and sliced downward. Sudō shouted "brute!" and died with this last word."   Taken from— Criminal History of Unit 731 of the Japanese Military, pp. 118–119 (1991)   Additionally, Unit 731 Youth Corps member Yoshio Shinozuka testified that his friend, junior assistant Mitsuo Hirakawa, was vivisected due to being accidentally infected with the plague.   Surrender and immunity Operations and experiments continued until the end of the war. Ishii had wanted to use biological weapons in the Pacific War since May 1944, but he was repeatedly told to fuck off.   With the coming of the Red Army in August 1945, the unit had to abandon its work in a hurry. Ministries in Tokyo ordered the destruction of all incriminating materials, including those in Pingfang. Potential witnesses, such as the 300 remaining prisoners, were either gassed or fed poison while the 600 Chinese and Manchurian laborers were all frigging shot. Ishii ordered every group member to disappear and "take the secret to the grave." Potassium cyanide vials were issued for use in case the remaining personnel was captured.   Skeleton crews of Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the war's final days to destroy any evidence of their activities. Still, many were sturdy enough to remain somewhat intact.   Among the individuals in Japan after its 1945 surrender was Lieutenant Colonel Murray Sanders, whose name doesn't really sound Japanese and who arrived in Yokohama via the American ship Sturgess in September 1945. Sanders was a highly regarded microbiologist and a member of America's military center for biological weapons. Sanders' duty was to investigate Japanese biological warfare activity, and B.O.Y. was there a shit ton! At the time of his arrival in Japan, he had no knowledge of what Unit 731 was. Until he finally threatened the Japanese with bringing the Soviets into the picture, little information about their biological warfare was being shared with the Americans. The Japanese wanted to avoid prosecution under the Soviet legal system, so the morning after he made his threat, Sanders received a manuscript describing Japan's involvement in biological warfare. Sanders took this information to General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers responsible for rebuilding Japan during the Allied occupation. As a result, MacArthur struck a deal with Japanese informants: he secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America, but not the other wartime allies, with their research on biological warfare and data from human experimentation. Yessiree, bob! You heard that correctly! American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including going through and messing with their mail. The Americans believed the research data was valuable and didn't want other nations, especially those guys with the sickle, you know... the Soviet Union, to get their red hands on the data for biological weapons.   The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal heard only one reference to Japanese experiments with "poisonous serums" on Chinese civilians. This took place in August 1946 and was instigated by David Sutton, assistant to the Chinese prosecutor. The Japanese defense counsel argued that the claim was vague and uncorroborated, and it was dismissed by the tribunal president, Sir William Webb, for lack of evidence! The subject was not pursued further by Sutton, who was probably unaware of Unit 731's activities and allegedly a fucking idiot. His reference to it at the trial is believed to have been "accidental."   While German physicians were brought to trial and had their crimes publicized, the U.S. concealed information about Japanese biological warfare experiments and secured immunity for the monsters. I mean perpetrators.  Critics argue that racism led to the double standard in the American postwar responses to the experiments conducted on different nationalities. For example, whereas the perpetrators of Unit 731 were exempt from prosecution, the U.S. held a tribunal in Yokohama in 1948 that indicted nine Japanese physician professors and medical students for conducting vivisection upon captured American pilots; two professors were sentenced to death and others to 15–20 years' imprisonment. So, it's one thing to do it to THOUSANDS OF CHINESE AND RUSSIANS, but HOW DARE you do that to one of us! The fuck?   Although publicly silent on the issue at the Tokyo Trials, the Soviet Union pursued the case and prosecuted 12 top military leaders and scientists from Unit 731 and its affiliated biological-war prisons Unit 1644 in Nanjing and Unit 100 in Changchun in the Khabarovsk war crimes trials. Among those accused of war crimes, including germ warfare, was General Otozō Yamada, commander-in-chief of the million-man Kwantung Army occupying Manchuria.   The trial of the Japanese monsters was held in Khabarovsk in December 1949; a lengthy partial transcript of trial proceedings was published in different languages the following year by the Moscow foreign languages press, including an English-language edition. The lead prosecuting attorney at the Khabarovsk trial was Lev Smirnov, one of the top Soviet prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials. The Japanese doctors and army commanders who had perpetrated the Unit 731 experiments received sentences from the Khabarovsk court ranging from 2 to 25 years in a Siberian labor camp. The United States refused to acknowledge the trials, branding them communist propaganda. The sentences doled out to the Japanese perpetrators were unusually lenient by Soviet standards. All but two of the defendants returned to Japan by the 1950s (with one prisoner dying in prison and the other committing suicide inside his cell). In addition to the accusations of propaganda, the U.S. also asserted that the trials were to only serve as a distraction from the Soviet treatment of several hundred thousand Japanese prisoners of war; meanwhile, the USSR asserted that the U.S. had given the Japanese diplomatic leniency in exchange for information regarding their human experimentation. The accusations of both the U.S. and the USSR were true. It is believed that the Japanese had also given information to the Soviets regarding their biological experimentation for judicial leniency. This was evidenced by the Soviet Union building a biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from Unit 731 in Manchuria.   Official silence during the American occupation of Japan As we, unfortunately, mentioned earlier, during the United States occupation of Japan, the members of Unit 731 and the members of other experimental units were set free. However, on May 6, 1947, Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington to inform it that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii, can probably be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'war crimes' evidence."   One graduate of Unit 1644, Masami Kitaoka, continued to perform experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956. While working for Japan's National Institute of Health Sciences, he completed his experiments. He infected prisoners with rickettsia and infected mentally-ill patients with typhus. As the unit's chief, Shiro Ishii was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by the American occupation authorities because he had provided human experimentation research materials to them. However, from 1948 to 1958, less than five percent of the documents were transferred onto microfilm and stored in the U.S. National Archives before they were shipped back to Japan.   Post-occupation Japanese media coverage and debate Japanese discussions of Unit 731's activity began in the 1950s after the American occupation of Japan ended. In 1952, human experiments carried out in Nagoya City Pediatric Hospital, which resulted in one death, were publicly tied to former members of Unit 731. Later in that decade, journalists suspected that the murders attributed by the government to Sadamichi Hirasawa were actually carried out by members of Unit 731. In 1958, Japanese author Shūsaku Endō published The Sea and Poison about human experimentation in Fukuoka, which is thought to have been based on an actual incident.   The author Seiichi Morimura published The Devil's Gluttony in 1981, followed by The Devil's Gluttony: A Sequel in 1983. These books purported to reveal the "true" operations of Unit 731 but falsely attributed unrelated photos to the Unit, which raised questions about their accuracy.   Also, in 1981, the first direct testimony of human vivisection in China was given by Ken Yuasa. Since then, much more in-depth testimony has been given in Japan. For example, the 2001 documentary Japanese Devils primarily consists of interviews with fourteen Unit 731 staff members taken prisoner by China and later released.   Significance in postwar research on bio-warfare and medicine Japanese Biological Warfare operations were by far the largest during WWII, and "possibly with more people and resources than the B.W. producing nations of France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and the Soviet Union combined, between the world wars. Although the dissemination methods of delivering plague-infected fleas by aircraft were crude, the method, among others, allowed the Japanese to "conduct the most extensive employment of biological weapons during WWII." However, the amount of effort devoted to B.W. was not matched by its results. Ultimately, inadequate scientific and engineering foundations limited the effectiveness of the Japanese program. Harris speculates that U.S. scientists generally wanted to acquire it due to the concept of forbidden fruit, believing that lawful and ethical prohibitions could affect the outcomes of their research.   Unit 731 presents a particular problem since, unlike Nazi human experimentation, which the United States publicly condemned, the activities of Unit 731 are known to the general public only from the testimonies of willing former unit members.   Japanese history textbooks usually reference Unit 731 but do not detail allegations following there strict principles. However, Saburō Ienaga's New History of Japan included a detailed description based on officers' testimony. The Ministry for Education attempted to remove this passage from his textbook before it was taught in public schools because the testimony was insufficient. The Supreme Court of Japan ruled in 1997 that the testimony was sufficient and that requiring it to be removed was an illegal violation of freedom of speech.   In 1997, international lawyer Kōnen Tsuchiya filed a class action suit against the Japanese government, demanding reparations for the actions of Unit 731, using evidence filed by Professor Makoto Ueda of Rikkyo University. All levels of the Japanese court system found the suit baseless. No findings of fact were made about the existence of human experimentation, but the court's ruling was that reparations are determined by international treaties, not national courts.   In August 2002, the Tokyo district court ruled that Japan had engaged in biological warfare for the first time. Presiding judge Koji Iwata ruled that Unit 731, on the orders of the Imperial Japanese Army headquarters, used bacteriological weapons on Chinese civilians between 1940 and 1942, spreading diseases, including plague and typhoid, in the cities of Quzhou, Ningbo, and Changde. However, he rejected victims' compensation claims because they had already been settled by international peace treaties.   In October 2003, a Japan's House of Representatives member filed an inquiry. Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi responded that the Japanese government did not then possess any records related to Unit 731 but recognized the gravity of the matter and would publicize any records located in the future. As a result, in April 2018, the National Archives of Japan released the names of 3,607 members of Unit 731 in response to a request by Professor Katsuo Nishiyama of the Shiga University of Medical Science.   After World War II, the Office of Special Investigations created a watchlist of suspected Axis collaborators and persecutors who were banned from entering the United States. While they have added over 60,000 names to the watchlist, they have only been able to identify under 100 Japanese participants. In a 1998 correspondence letter between the D.O.J. and Rabbi Abraham Cooper, Eli Rosenbaum, director of O.S.I., stated that this was due to two factors:   While most documents captured by the U.S. in Europe were microfilmed before being returned to their respective governments, the Department of Defense decided to not microfilm its vast collection of records before returning them to the Japanese government.   The Japanese government has also failed to grant the O.S.I. meaningful access to these and related records after the war. In contrast, European countries, on the other hand, have been largely cooperative, the cumulative effect of which is that information on identifying these individuals is, in effect, impossible to recover.   Top Movies about war crimes   https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature&genres=war&genres=Crime   All info comes from the inter webs. Blame them.    Damn, this was a gross episode.   Are you actually reading this? That's awesome! How's it going? Life good?   

This week, we discuss the case of Biological Warfare throughout history. It is an implement of war that is as deadly on the battlefield as it is in the general population. These attacks are lethal and effective when used and can quickly overwhelm even the most modern forces. If you enjoyed this episode, please rate it five stars!Follow the show! https://www.instagram.com/destination.disaster/https://twitter.com/DestDisasterSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326439/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_biological_defense_programIntro/Out Music: Cody Martin - Leviathanhttps://app.soundstripe.com/songs/14667 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Kas nutinka, kai biologinį ginklą kuria nevėkšlos? Skausminga mirtis. 1979 m. balandį iš Sverdlovsk-19 bioginklų laboratorijos dabartiniame Jekaterinburge pabėgo viena mirtingiausių žmonijai žinomų juodligės atmainų. Šimtams žmonių tai reiškė pabaigos pradžią. Papasakosime, kodėl išprotėję mokslininkai taip mėgsta juodligę, kodėl geriau gamtos nemokyti žudyti bei kas nutinka kai priešui skirtas ginklas prižiūrimas lyg kaimyno šuo. Taip pat sužinosite, kuris iš mūsų turi nenumaldomą trauką traškiems šašams. Skanaus klausymo! Iliustracija: Tiny Mischiefs (IG @tinymischiefs)  Muzika: GeoffreyBurch, GioeleFazzeri, SergeQuadrado, Timbre, AudioCoffee, Music_For_Videos, 22505087, Infinita08, esh9419, toefur, audiojacked.

О группе "Настя" Рассказ Егора Белкина 2 часть. Плэйлист подкаста : 01. Настя — У нас нет песни 02. Настя и БГ — Сквозь Пальцы 03. Настя - Мосты над Невою 04. Настя - Пьяный друг 05. Настя - Ненависть 06. БГ - Плоскость 07. Настя — Легко

О группе "Настя" Рассказ Егора Белкина 1 часть. Плэйлист подкаста : 01. Трек - 07 Рок-н-ролл 02. Настя - Тацу 03. Настя В.Бутсов - Снежные волки 04. Настя - Летучий фрегат 05. Настя - Невеста 06. Настя - Танец на цыпочках 07. Настя - Даром и не даром

Năm 1985, tân tổng bí thư Mikhail Gorbachev mời Boris Yeltsin, bí thư Sverdlovsk (nay là Yekaterinburg) về Moscow. Chỉ trong vòng một năm, ông Yelsin vào Bộ Chính trị Đảng CS Liên Xô. Là gương mặt trẻ, năng động, thậm chí nói thẳng tới mức bị cho là ‘hung hăng', ông giúp Gorbachev thực hiện các chiến dịch chống tham nhũng. Ngày nay người ta hay nói về Yeltsin và Gorbachev như hai nhân vật đối nghịch nhau, thậm chí là kẻ thù chính trị. Nhưng thực ra họ có nhiều điểm giống nhau. Xem thêm: http://nghiencuuquocte.org/2021/12/15/boris-yeltsin-nguoi-nong-dan-lam-tong-thong-nga-dan-chu/

Runt om i världen så finns fabriker och laboratorier som dagligen handskas med livsfarliga ämnen. Arbetsplatser där ingenting någonsin får gå fel. Men det här är ställen som drivs av människor och det vi människor ibland gör det är misstag. Jobbar du på ett vanligt jobb så är det oftast inte hela världen om du missar något litet men när din arbetsplats har livsfarliga ämnen i sin ägo så kan ett litet snedsteg resultera i en stor katastrof. Det är dags för ett avsnitt av katastrofer och den här gången har vi temat läckor.Fall: Minamatasjukan, läckan i Sverdlovsk & BhopalkatastrofenLänk Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spoktimmenMusik”Requiem Demo (Horror)” av ianchenmusichttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode KontaktInstagram: @spoktimmen@linnkarolina@jennyborg91 Facebook: Spöktimmen Mail: spoktimmenpodcast@gmail.com See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

During a visit to Yekaterinburg on September 2, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was treated to a patriotic flash mob performed by employees of the wholesale company Sima-Land. The Sverdlovsk region's Governor Evgeny Kuyvashev and Yekaterinburg businessman Andrey Simanovsky also attended the event. Original Article: https://meduza.io/en/feature/2021/09/02/we-are-team-putin

In deze derde aflevering van de Betrouwbare Bronnen serie over de ineenstorting van de ‘rode supermacht', de Sovjet Unie, nu 30 jaar geleden, duiken Jaap Jansen en PG Kroeger in het meeslepende levensverhaal van een nu al een beetje vergeten man. Boris Nikolajevitsj Jeltsin, de eerste democratisch gekozen president van Rusland, het grootste land op aarde. Hij leefde van 1931 tot 2007 en zijn lotgevallen, persoonlijkheid en tragiek zijn symbolisch voor die van het Russische volk in de 20 e eeuw.Jeltsin kwam uit een boerendorp bij het huidige Jekaterinenburg, toen Sverdlovsk geheten. Ten oosten van de Oeral, de poort van Siberië. Zijn familie leed onder Stalins terreur. Hij was een slimme en gedreven jongen die zich in de bouwsector na de ‘Grote Vaderlandse Oorlog' (1941 - 1945) snel opwerkte en door de partijbonzen als talent werd gekoesterd. PG vertelt hoe de oude Sovjetleider Leonid Breznjew hem nieuwsgierig in het Kremlin uitnodigde voor een kennismaking en hoe hij als aanjager van hervormingen en openheid door Michail Gorbatsjov eerst werd gesteund, maar later tegenover hem kwam te staan.We reizen met de politiek in ongenade gevallen Jeltsin mee naar Amerika en zien hem in een groentenwinkel in Texas twijfelen aan zijn communistische idealen. We beleven zijn moed, zijn strijd voor democratie en eerlijkheid over de gruwelen van het Sovjetregime. En zien hem ten onder gaan in het nieuwe Rusland waar hij een grote verkiezingsoverwinningen boekte maar daarna de grip verloor. Hij was een populist die corruptie en bureaucratie aanpakte; een bullebak met een hart voor de gewone Rus die diep verdriet voelde over het lot van zijn volk.Historici worstelen nog altijd met de vraag welke plaats Jeltsin verdient. Jaap en PG vertellen hoe dit treffend zichtbaar is rond het Jeltsin Museum in Jekaterinenburg en de inhoud van wat daar tentoongesteld wordt. De toespraak van de door hemzelf naar voren geschoven opvolger Vladimir Poetin bij de opening van dat museum bewees dat zelfs die niet goed raad weet met Jeltsin. Ook 30 jaar na de turbulente hoogtepunten van zijn loopbaan is het boek nog lang niet dicht en het definitieve verhaal nog niet geschreven.***Deze aflevering is mede mogelijk gemaakt door donaties van luisteraars via de site Vriend van de Show. Sponsoring of adverteren is ook mogelijk. Stuur een mailtje naar adverteren@dagennacht.nl en we nemen contact met u op!***Verder lezenTom Vennink - Rusland eert zijn president van de chaos op Amerikaanse wijze (Volkskrant, 1 februari 2016)When Boris Yeltsin went grocery shopping in Clear Lake (Houston Chronicle, 13 september 2017)***Verder kijkenBoris Yeltsin - The Making of a Leader (2001 Documentary)Press Conference with President Clinton & President YeltsinBoris Godounov - Varlaam (Evgeny Nikitin)***Verder luisteren188 - De ondergang van de Sovjet-Unie: 1991, het jaar waarin Gorbatsjov in de afgrond staart en Poetin gemeenteambtenaar wordt163 - De ondergang van de Sovjet-Unie: hoe een wereldmacht verdampte93 - Hoe Gorbatsjov en het Sovjet-imperium ten onder gingen***Tijdlijn00:00:00 – Intro00:01:15 – Deel 100:39:00 – Deel 201:15:14 – Uitro01:15:55 – EindePrivacy Policy and California Privacy Notice.

On January 23, 1959, ten experienced student hikers left the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk on a planned expedition into the Ural Mountains. On February 26 of the same year, nine of them were found dead in the wilderness. The ensuing investigation and scientific inquiry yielded no conclusive results, and to this day, the Dyatlov Pass Incident remains officially unsolved… for now. Follow the dingbats on Twitter: @leftunreadpod @poorfidalgo @glutenyung And as always, all music is by Interesting Times Gang!  https://itgang.bandcamp.com/

On this day in 1979, an accidental anthrax leak in a microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union caused dozens of people to fall ill. The Soviet Union would deny a leak happened until years later. / On this day in 1929, Irish mercenary Patrick Murphy unintentionally dropped two bombs over the border town of Naco, Arizona. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

Astrīda Ruško kopā ar ģimeni uz Sibīriju tika deportēta 1941.gadā, kad viņai bija vien četri gadi. Izsūtījumā ģimene zaudēja tēvu, piedzīvoja salu, badu un izmisumu. "Dzīvojām badā. Kad vārīja kartupeļus, tad mamma ēda mizu, bet man ar māsu deva ēst kartupeli. Jautāju mammai, vai miza ir garšīgāka." Pēc nelegālas atgriešanās Latvijā, ģimene tika izsūtīta otrreiz. "Tas bija 1950. gadā. Man bija 13 gadi, māsai 10 gadi. Mūs sūtīja no Rīgas centrālcietuma pēc kārtas uz cietumiem Ļeņingradā, Kirovā, Sverdlovskā, Novosibirskā, Krasnojarskā. Katrā izsūtījumā vāca etapu pa maršrutu. Mēs braucām, redzējām, ka bērni jau iet skolā, bet mēs vēl braucām..."Raidījumu "Jautā-Jums" skaties katru darbdienu 16.00 kanālā ReTV vai labākās epizodes klausies podkāstu platformās. Raidījumu vada Lauris Kļaviņš.Raidījums ReTV ēterā: 24.03.2021.

Tilly Riddle, leader of the TillyRiddle band, presents InDetails, a show about music and literature, mannered reasoning with embedded songs in unknown Slavic languages. It won’t be too academic, with lots of good music and more!www.fusionmusicradio.net

What is the Dyatlov Pass incident? Well, as we’ll find out, it was when nine Russian hikers died in the northern Ural Mountains between February 1st & 2nd in 1959, under supposed uncertain circumstances. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl, in an area now named in honour of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to cut their way out of their tent and attempt to flee the campsite while not being dressed for the heavy ass snowfall and subzero temperatures. Subzero was one of my favorite Mortal Kombat characters… god I loved that game. After the group's bodies were grusomly discovered, an investigation by Soviet authorities determined that six of them had died from hypothermia while the other three had been killed by physical trauma. One victim actually had major skull damage, two had severe chest trauma, and another had a small crack in the skull. Was all of this caused by an avalanche or from something nefarious? Four of the bodies were found lying in running water in a creek, and three of these had soft tissue damage of the head and face – two of the bodies were missing their eyes, one was missing its tongue, and one was missing its eyebrows. It’s eyebrows! The Soviet investigation concluded that a "compelling natural force" had caused the untimely deaths. Numerous theories have been brought forward to account for the unexplained deaths, including animal attacks, hypothermia, avalanche, katabatic winds, infrasound-induced panic, military involvement, or some combination of these. We’ll discuss all these in further detail later on. Recently, Russia has opened a new investigation into the Dyatlov incident in 2019, and its conclusions were presented in July 2020: Simply put, they believe  that an avalanche had led to the deaths of the hikers. Survivors of the avalanche had been forced to suddenly leave their camp in low visibility conditions with inadequate clothing, and had died of hypothermia. Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of the regional prosecutor's office, said: "It was a heroic struggle. There was no panic. But they had no chance to save themselves under the circumstances." A study published in 2021 suggested that a type of avalanche known as a slab avalanche could explain some of the injuries. However, we’ll run through everything and you can come to your own conclusion.   Ok, let’s dive into the details of the event. In 1959, the group was formed for a skiing expedition across the northern Urals in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Soviet Union. According to Prosecutor Tempalov, documents that were found in the tent of the expedition suggest that the expedition was named for the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and was possibly dispatched by the local Komsomol organisation.Which was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union, which was sometimes described as the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Igor Dyatlov, a 23-year-old radio engineering student at the Ural Polytechnical Institute; now Ural Federal University, was the leader who assembled a group of nine others for the trip, most of whom were fellow students and peers at the university.Ok, so they were mostly students. Each member of the group, which consisted of eight men and two women, was an experienced Grade II-hiker with ski tour experience, and would be receiving Grade III certification upon their return. So, this trekk was like a test. I hated tests. Especially ones that could KILL YOU! At the time, this was the highest certification available in the Soviet Union, and required candidates to traverse 190 mi. The route was designed by Igor Dyatlov's group in order to reach the far northern regions of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the upper-streams of the Lozva river. The route was approved by the Sverdlovsk city route commission, which was a division of the Sverdlovsk Committee of Physical Culture and Sport. They approved of and confirmed the group of 10 people on January 8th, 1959. The goal of the expedition was to reach Otorten, a mountain(6.2 mi north of the site where the incident took place. This path, taken  in February, was estimated as a Category III, the most difficult time to traverse.   On January 23rd, 1959 the Dyatlov group was issued their route book which listed their course as following the No.5 trail. At that time, the Sverdlovsk City Committee of Physical Culture and Sport listed approval for 11 people. The 11th person was listed as Semyon Zolotaryov who was previously certified to go with another expedition of similar difficulty (that was the Sogrin expedition group). The Dyatlov group left the Sverdlovsk city (today called Yekaterinburg) on the same day they received the route book.   The members of the group were Igor Alekseyevich Dyatlov, Yuri Nikolayevich Doroshenko, Lyudmila Alexandrovna Dubinina, Georgiy (Yuri) Alexeyevich Krivonischenko, Alexander Sergeyevich Kolevatov, Zinaida Alekseevna Kolmogorova, Rustem Vladimirovich Slobodin, Nikolai Vladimirovich Thibeaux-Brignolles, Semyon (Alexander) Alekseevich Zolotaryov, and Yuri Yefimovich Yudin   The group arrived by train at Ivdel, a town at the centre of the northern province of Sverdlovsk Oblast in the early morning hours of January 25, 1959. They took a truck to Vizhai, a little village that is the last inhabited settlement to the north. As of 2010, only 207 really, really fucking cold people lived there. While spending the night in Vizhai, and probably freezing their baguettes off, the skiers purchased and ate loaves of bread to keep their energy levels up for the following day's hike. On January 27, they began their trek toward Gora Otorten. On January 28, one member, Yuri Yudin, who suffered from several health ailments (including rheumatism and a congenital heart defect) turned back due to knee and joint pain that made him unable to continue the hike. The remaining nine hikers continued the trek. Ok, my first question with this is, why in the fuck was that guy there, to begin with??  Diaries and cameras found around their last campsite made it possible to track the group's route up to the day before the incident. On January 31st, the group arrived at the edge of a highland area and began to prepare for climbing. In a wooded valley, they rounded up surplus food and equipment that they would use for the trip back. The next day, the hikers started to move through the pass. It seems they planned to get over the pass and make camp for the next night on the opposite side, but because of worsening weather conditions—like snowstorms,  decreasing visibility... large piles of yeti shit—they lost their direction and headed west, toward the top of Kholat Syakhl. When they realised their mistake, the group decided to set up camp there on the slope of the mountain, rather than move almost a mile downhill to a forested area that would have offered some shelter from the weather. Yudin, the debilitated goofball that shouldn’t have even been there speculated, "Dyatlov probably did not want to lose the altitude they had gained, or he decided to practice camping on the mountain slope."   Before leaving, Captain Dyatlov had agreed he would send a telegram to their sports club as soon as the group returned to teeny, tiny Vizhai. It was expected that this would happen no later than February 12th, but Dyatlov had told Yudin, before he departed from the group, that he expected it to actually be longer. When the 12th passed and no messages had been received, there was no immediate reaction because, ya know… fuck it. Just kidding, these types of delays were actually common with such expeditions. On February 20th, the travellers' worried relatives demanded a rescue operation and the head of the institute sent the first rescue groups, consisting of volunteer students and teachers. Later, the army and militsiya forces (aka the Soviet police) became involved, with planes and helicopters ordered to join in on the search party. On February 26th, the searchers found the group's abandoned and super fucked up tent on Kholat Syakhl. The campsite undoubtedly baffled the search party. Mikhail Sharavin, the student who found the tent, said “HOLY SHIT! THIS PLACE IS FUCKED UP!”... No, that’s not true. He actually said, "the tent was half torn down and covered with snow. It was empty, and all the group's belongings and shoes had been left behind." Investigators said the tent had been cut open from inside. Which seems like a serious and quick  escape route was needed. Nine sets of footprints, left by people wearing only socks or a single shoe or even barefoot, could actually be followed, leading down to the edge of a nearby wood, on the opposite side of the pass, about a mile to the north-east. After approximately 1,600 ft, these tracks were covered with snow. At the forest's edge, under a large Siberian pine, the searchers found the visible remains of a small fire. There were the first two bodies, those of Krivonischenko and Doroshenko, shoeless and dressed only in their tighty whiteys. The branches on the tree were broken up to five meters high, suggesting that one of the skiers had climbed up to look for something, maybe the camp. Between the pine and the camp, the searchers found three more corpses: Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin, who died in poses suggesting that they were attempting to return to the tent. They were found at distances of 980, 1,570, and 2,070 ft from the tree. Finding the remaining four travellers took more than two frigging months. They were finally found on May 4th under 13 ft of snow in a ravine 246 ft further into the woods from the pine tree. Three of the four were better dressed than the others, and there were signs that some clothing of those who had died first had been taken off of their corpses for use by the others. Dubinina was wearing Krivonishenko's burned, torn trousers, and her left foot and shin were wrapped in a torn jacket.   Let’s get into the investigation. A legal inquest started immediately after the first five bodies were found. A medical examination found no injuries that might have led to their deaths, and it was concluded that they had all died of hypothermia.Which would make sense because it was colder than a polar bear’s butthole. Slobodin had a small crack in his skull, but it was not thought to be a fatal wound. An examination of the four bodies found in May shifted the overall narrative of what they initially believed transpired. Three of the hikers had fatal injuries: Thibeaux-Brignolles had major skull damage, and Dubinina and Zolotaryov had major chest fractures. According to Boris Vozrozhdenny, the force required to cause such damage would have been extremely high, comparable to that of a car crash.Also, the bodies had no external wounds associated with the bone fractures, as if they had been subjected to a high level of pressure. All four bodies found at the bottom of the creek in a running stream of water had soft tissue damage to their head and face. For example, Dubinina was missing her tongue, eyes, part of the lips, as well as facial tissue and a fragment of her skullbone, while Zolotaryov was missing his friggin eyeballs, and Aleksander Kolevatov his eyebrows. V. A. Vozrozhdenny, the forensic expert performing the post-mortem examination, judged that these injuries happened after they had died, due to the location of the bodies in a stream. At first, there was speculation that the indigenous Mansi people, who were just simple reindeer herders local to the area, had attacked and murdered the group for making fun of Rudolph. Several Mansi were interrogated, but the investigation indicated that the nature of the deaths did not support this hypothesis: only the hikers' footprints were visible, and they showed no sign of hand-to-hand struggle. Oh, I was kidding about the Rudolph thing. They thought they attacked the hikers for being on their land.  Although the temperature was very low, around −13 to −22 °F with a storm blowing, the dead were only partially dressed, as I mentioned.  Journalists reporting on the available parts of the inquest files claim that it states: Six of the group members died of hypothermia and three of fatal injuries. There were no indications of other people nearby on Kholat Syakhl apart from the nine travellers. The tent had been ripped open from within. The victims had died six to eight hours after their last meal. Traces from the camp showed that all group members left the campsite of their own accord, on foot. Some levels of radiation were found on one victim's clothing. To dispel the theory of an attack by the indigenous Mansi people, Vozrozhdenny stated that the fatal injuries of the three bodies could not have been caused by human beings, "because the force of the blows had been too strong and no soft tissue had been damaged". Released documents contained no information about the condition of the skiers' internal organs. And most obviously, There were no survivors. At the time, the official conclusion was that the group members had died because of a compelling natural force.The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party. The files were sent to a secret archive. In 1997, it was revealed that the negatives from Krivonischenko's camera were kept in the private archive of one of the investigators, Lev Ivanov. The film material was donated by Ivanov's daughter to the Dyatlov Foundation. The diaries of the hiking party fell into Russia's public domain in 2009. On April 12th, 2018, Zolotarev's remains were exhumed on the initiative of journalists of the Russian tabloid newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. Contradictory results were obtained: one of the experts said that the character of the injuries resembled a person knocked down by a car, and the DNA analysis did not reveal any similarity to the DNA of living relatives. In addition, it turned out that Zolotarev's name was not on the list of those buried at the Ivanovskoye cemetery. Nevertheless, the reconstruction of the face from the exhumed skull matched postwar photographs of Zolotarev, although journalists expressed suspicions that another person was hiding under Zolotarev's name after World War II. In February 2019, Russian authorities reopened the investigation into the incident, yet again,  although only three possible explanations were being considered: an avalanche, a slab avalanche, or a hurricane. The possibility of a crime had been discounted.   Other reports brought about a whole bunch of additional speculation. Twelve-year-old Yury Kuntsevich, who later became the head of the Yekaterinburg-based Dyatlov Foundation, attended five of the hikers' funerals. He recalled that their skin had a "deep brown tan". Another group of hikers 31 mi south of the incident reported that they saw strange orange spheres in the sky to the north on the night of the incident.Similar spheres were observed in Ivdel and other areas continually during the period from February to March of 1959, by various independent witnesses (including the meteorology service and the military). These sightings were not noted in the 1959 investigation, and the various witnesses came forward years later. After the initial investigation, Anatoly Gushchin summarized his research in the book The Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives. Some researchers criticised the work for its concentration on the speculative theory of a Soviet secret weapon experiment, but its publication led to public discussion, stimulated by interest in the paranormal.It is true that many of those who had remained silent for thirty years reported new facts about the accident. One of them was the former police officer, Lev Ivanov, who led the official inquest in 1959. In 1990, he published an article that included his admission that the investigation team had no rational explanation for the incident. He also stated that, after his team reported that they had seen flying spheres, he then received direct orders from high-ranking regional officials to dismiss this claim. In 2000, a regional television company produced the documentary film The Mystery of Dyatlov Pass. With the help of the film crew, a Yekaterinburg writer, Anna Matveyeva, published a docudrama of the same name. A large part of the book includes broad quotations from the official case, diaries of victims, interviews with searchers and other documentaries collected by the film-makers. The narrative line of the book details the everyday life and thoughts of a modern woman (an alter ego of the author herself, which is super weird) who attempts to resolve the case. Despite its fictional narrative, Matveyeva's book remains the largest source of documentary materials ever made available to the public regarding the incident. Also, the pages of the case files and other documentaries (in photocopies and transcripts) are gradually being published on a web forum for nerds just like you and i!. The Dyatlov Foundation was founded in 1999 at Yekaterinburg, with the help of Ural State Technical University, led by Yuri Kuntsevitch. The foundation's stated aim is to continue investigation of the case and to maintain the Dyatlov Museum to preserve the memory of the dead hikers. On July 1st 2016, a memorial plaque was inaugurated in Solikamsk in Ural's Perm Region, dedicated to Yuri Yudin (the dude who pussed out and is the sole survivor of the expedition group), who died in 2013.   Now, let’s go over some of the theories of what actually took place at the pass. Avalanche On July 11 2020, Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of the Urals Federal District directorate of the Prosecutor-General's Office, announced an avalanche to be the "official cause of death" for the Dyatlov group in 1959. Later independent computer simulation and analysis by Swiss researchers also suggest avalanche as the cause.   Reviewing the sensationalist "Yeti" hypothesis , American skeptic author Benjamin Radford suggests an avalanche as more plausible: “that the group woke up in a panic (...) and cut their way out the tent either because an avalanche had covered the entrance to their tent or because they were scared that an avalanche was imminent (...) (better to have a potentially repairable slit in a tent than risk being buried alive in it under tons of snow). They were poorly clothed because they had been sleeping, and ran to the safety of the nearby woods where trees would help slow oncoming snow. In the darkness of night, they got separated into two or three groups; one group made a fire (hence the burned hands) while the others tried to return to the tent to recover their clothing since the danger had passed. But it was too cold, and they all froze to death before they could locate their tent in the darkness. At some point, some of the clothes may have been recovered or swapped from the dead, but at any rate, the group of four whose bodies was most severely damaged were caught in an avalanche and buried under 4 meters (13 ft) of snow (more than enough to account for the 'compelling natural force' the medical examiner described). Dubinina's tongue was likely removed by scavengers and ordinary predation.” Evidence contradicting the avalanche theory includes: The location of the incident did not have any obvious signs of an avalanche having taken place. An avalanche would have left certain patterns and debris distributed over a wide area. The bodies found within a month of the event were covered with a very shallow layer of snow and, had there been an avalanche of sufficient strength to sweep away the second party, these bodies would have been swept away as well; this would have caused more serious and different injuries in the process and would have damaged the tree line. Over 100 expeditions to the region had been held since the incident, and none of them ever reported conditions that might create an avalanche. A study of the area using up-to-date terrain-related physics revealed that the location was entirely unlikely for such an avalanche to have occurred. The "dangerous conditions" found in another nearby area (which had significantly steeper slopes and cornices) were observed in April and May when the snowfalls of winter were melting. During February, when the incident occurred, there were no such conditions. An analysis of the terrain and the slope showed that even if there could have been a very specific avalanche that found its way into the area, its path would have gone past the tent. The tent had collapsed from the side but not in a horizontal direction. Dyatlov was an experienced skier and the much older Zolotaryov was studying for his Masters Certificate in ski instruction and mountain hiking. Neither of these two men would have been likely to camp anywhere in the path of a potential avalanche. Footprint patterns leading away from the tent were inconsistent with someone, let alone a group of nine people, running in panic from either real or imagined danger. All the footprints leading away from the tent and towards the woods were consistent with individuals who were walking at a normal pace. Repeated 2015 investigation[edit] A review of the 1959 investigation's evidence completed in 2015–2019 by experienced investigators from the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (ICRF) on request of the families confirmed the avalanche with several important details added. First of all, the ICRF investigators (one of them an experienced alpinist) confirmed that the weather on the night of the tragedy was very harsh, with wind speeds up to hurricane force,(45–67 mph, a snowstorm and temperatures reaching −40 °C. These factors weren't considered by the 1959 investigators who arrived at the scene of the accident three weeks later when the weather had much improved and any remains of the snow slide had settled and been covered with fresh snowfall. The harsh weather at the same time played a critical role in the events of the tragic night, which have been reconstructed as follows: On 1 February the group arrives at the Kholat Syakhl mountain and erects a large, 9-person tent on an open slope, without any natural barriers such as forests. On the day and a few preceding days, a heavy snowfall continued, with strong wind and frost. The group traversing the slope and digging a tent site into the snow weakens the snow base. During the night the snowfield above the tent starts to slide down slowly under the weight of the new snow, gradually pushing on the tent fabric, starting from the entrance. The group wakes up and starts evacuation in panic, with only some able to put on warm clothes. With the entrance blocked, the group escapes through a hole cut in the tent fabric and descends the slope to find a place perceived as safe from the avalanche only 1500 m down, at the forest border. Because some of the members have only incomplete clothing, the group splits. Two of the group, only in their underwear and pajamas, were found at the Siberian pine tree, near a fire pit. Their bodies were found first and confirmed to have died from hypothermia. Three hikers, including Dyatlov, attempted to climb back to the tent, possibly to get sleeping bags. They had better clothes than those at the fire pit, but still quite light and with inadequate footwear. Their bodies were found at various distances 300–600 m from the campfire, in poses suggesting that they had fallen exhausted while trying to climb in deep snow in extremely cold weather. The remaining four, equipped with warm clothing and footwear, were trying to find or build a better camping place in the forest further down the slope. Their bodies were found 70 m from the fireplace, under several meters of snow and with traumas indicating that they had fallen into a snow hole formed above a stream. These bodies were found only after two months. According to the ICRF investigators, the factors contributing to the tragedy were extremely bad weather and lack of experience of the group leader in such conditions, which led to the selection of a dangerous camping place. After the snow slide, another mistake of the group was to split up, rather than building a temporary camp down in the forest and trying to survive through the night. Negligence of the 1959 investigators contributed to their report creating more questions than answers and inspiring numerous conspiracy theories. In 2021 a team of physicists and engineers led by Alexander Puzrin published a new model that demonstrated how even a relatively small slide of snow slab on the Kholat Syakhl slope could cause tent damage and injuries consistent with those suffered by Dyatlov team. Ok, what about the Katabatic wind that I mentioned earlier? In 2019, a Swedish-Russian expedition was made to the site, and after investigations, they proposed that a violent katabatic wind was a plausible explanation for the incident. Katabatic winds are a drainage wind, a wind that carries high-density air from a higher elevation down a slope under the force of gravity. They are somewhat rare events and can be extremely violent. They were implicated in a 1978 case at Anaris Mountain in Sweden, where eight hikers were killed and one was severely injured in the aftermath of katabatic wind. The topography of these locations were noted to be very similar according to the expedition. A sudden katabatic wind would have made it impossible to remain in the tent, and the most rational course of action would have been for the hikers to cover the tent with snow and seek shelter behind the treeline. On top of the tent, there was also a torch left turned on, possibly left there intentionally so that the hikers could find their way back to the tent once the winds subsided. The expedition proposed that the group of hikers constructed two bivouac shelters, or just makeshift shelters, one of which collapsed, leaving four of the hikers buried with the severe injuries observed. Infrasound Another hypothesis popularised by Donnie Eichar's 2013 book Dead Mountain is that wind going around Kholat Syakal created a Kármán vortex street, a repeating pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding, which is responsible for the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies. which can produce infrasound capable of inducing panic attacks in humans. According to Eichar's theory, the infrasound generated by the wind as it passed over the top of the Holatchahl mountain was responsible for causing physical discomfort and mental distress in the hikers. Eichar claims that, because of their panic, the hikers were driven to leave the tent by whatever means necessary, and fled down the slope. By the time they were further down the hill, they would have been out of the infrasound's path and would have regained their composure, but in the darkness would have been unable to return to their shelter. The traumatic injuries suffered by three of the victims were the result of their stumbling over the edge of a ravine in the darkness and landing on the rocks at the bottom. Hmmm...plausible. Military tests In another theory, the campsite fell within the path of a Soviet parachute mine exercise. This theory alleges that the hikers, woken up by loud explosions, fled the tent in a shoeless panic and found themselves unable to return for their shit. After some members froze to death attempting to endure the bombardment, others commandeered their clothing only to be fatally injured by subsequent parachute mine concussions. There are in fact records of parachute mines being tested by the Soviet military in the area around the time the hikers were out there, fuckin’ around. Parachute mines detonate while still in the air rather than upon striking the Earth's surface and produce signature injuries similar to those experienced by the hikers: heavy internal damage with relatively little external trauma. The theory coincides with reported sightings of glowing, orange orbs floating or falling in the sky within the general vicinity of the hikers and allegedly photographed by them, potentially military aircraft or descending parachute mines. (remember the camera they found? HUH? Yeah?)  This theory (among others) uses scavenging animals to explain Dubinina's injuries. Some speculate that the bodies were unnaturally manipulated, on the basis of characteristic livor mortis markings discovered during an autopsy, as well as burns to hair and skin. Photographs of the tent allegedly show that it was erected incorrectly, something the experienced hikers were unlikely to have done. A similar theory alleges the testing of radiological weapons and is based partly on the discovery of radioactivity on some of the clothing as well as the descriptions of the bodies by relatives as having orange skin and grey hair. However, radioactive dispersal would have affected all, not just some, of the hikers and equipment, and the skin and hair discoloration can be explained by a natural process of mummification after three months of exposure to the cold and wind. The initial suppression by Soviet authorities of files describing the group's disappearance is sometimes mentioned as evidence of a cover-up, but the concealment of information about domestic incidents was standard procedure in the USSR and thus nothing strange.. And by the late 1980s, all Dyatlov files had been released in some manner. Let’s talk about Paradoxical undressing International Science Times proposed that the hikers' deaths were caused by hypothermia, which can induce a behavior known as paradoxical undressing in which hypothermic subjects remove their clothes in response to perceived feelings of burning warmth. It is undisputed that six of the nine hikers died of hypothermia. However, others in the group appear to have acquired additional clothing (from those who had already died), which suggests that they were of a sound enough mind to try to add layers.   Keith McCloskey, who has researched the incident for many years and has appeared in several TV documentaries on the subject, traveled to the Dyatlov Pass in 2015 with Yury Kuntsevich of the Dyatlov Foundation and a group. At the Dyatlov Pass he noted: There were wide discrepancies in distances quoted between the two possible locations of the snow shelter where Dubinina, Kolevatov, Zolotarev, and Thibault-Brignolles were found. One location was approximately 80 to 100 meters from the pine tree where the bodies of Doroshenko and Krivonischenko were found and the other suggested location was so close to the tree that anyone in the snow shelter could have spoken to those at the tree without raising their voices to be heard. This second location also has a rock in the stream where Dubinina's body was found and is the more likely location of the two. However, the second suggested location of the two has a topography that is closer to the photos taken at the time of the search in 1959. The location of the tent near the ridge was found to be too close to the spur of the ridge for any significant build-up of snow to cause an avalanche. Furthermore, the prevailing wind blowing over the ridge had the effect of blowing snow away from the edge of the ridge on the side where the tent was. This further reduced any build-up of snow to cause an avalanche. This aspect of the lack of snow on the top and near the top of the ridge was pointed out by Sergey Sogrin in 2010. McCloskey also noted: Lev Ivanov's boss, Evgeny Okishev (Deputy Head of the Investigative Department of the Sverdlovsk Oblast Prosecution Office), was still alive in 2015 and had given an interview to former Kemerovo prosecutor Leonid Proshkin in which Okishev stated that he was arranging another trip to the Pass to fully investigate the strange deaths of the last four bodies when Deputy Prosecutor General Urakov arrived from Moscow and ordered the case shut down. Evgeny Okishev also stated in his interview with Leonid Proshkin that Klinov, head of the Sverdlovsk Prosecutor's Office, was present at the first post mortems in the morgue and spent three days there, something Okishev regarded as highly unusual and the only time, in his experience, it had happened. Donnie Eichar, who investigated and made a documentary about the incident, evaluated several other theories that are deemed unlikely or have been discredited: They were attacked by Mansi or other local tribesmen. The local tribesmen were known to be peaceful and there was no track evidence of anyone approaching the tent. They were attacked and chased by animal wildlife. There were no animal tracks and the group would not have abandoned the relative security of the tent. High winds blew one member away, and the others attempted to rescue the person. A large experienced group would not have behaved like that, and winds strong enough to blow away people with such force would have also blown away the tent. An argument, possibly related to a romantic encounter that left some of them only partially clothed, led to a violent dispute. About this, Eichar states that it is "highly implausible. By all indications, the group was largely harmonious, and sexual tension was confined to platonic flirtation and crushes. There were no drugs present and the only alcohol was a small flask of medicinal alcohol, found intact at the scene. The group had even sworn off cigarettes for the expedition." Furthermore, a fight could not have left the massive injuries that one body had suffered.   Ace’s Depot http://www.aces-depot.com   BECOME A PRODUCER! http://www.patreon.com/themidnighttrainpodcast   Find The Midnight Train Podcast: www.themidnighttrainpodcast.com www.facebook.com/themidnighttrainpodcast www.twitter.com/themidnighttrainpc www.instagram.com/themidnighttrainpodcast www.discord.com/themidnighttrainpodcast www.tiktok.com/themidnighttrainp   And wherever you listen to your favorite podcasts.   Subscribe to our official YouTube channel: OUR YOUTUBE

Aliya Grig is a Founder, CEO of The Cosmos City and Human Cosmos App. Writer, space visionary, innovator and tech entrepreneur. Aliya has a 12-year background in hardware tech and urban development. Aliya successfully launched and sold two hardware startups - technology for creating solid oxide fuel cells, and aluminum scandium alloy for the aerospace industry - raising $220M for these projects with key customers - Boeing, Bloom Energy, Mitsubishi. Aliya's other projects include the construction of an 80-hectare Industrial Park and town development with 50 000 residents in the Sverdlovsk region in Russia; three space tech startups for 3D printing in space; a light launch vehicle start-up; also cubesat technologies were created and received its first customers. Two of the space tech startups were successfully sold to strategic investors. Aliya's projects received awards from ESA (European Space Agency), CDL (Creative Destruction Lab), Starburst (as an innovative startup for space mobility). Aliya participated as a space habitations expert in NASA's competition to construct a Mars base in 2017 with Apis Cor. Aliya was a mentor in Skolkovo (the largest EU and CIS innovation center and Technopark for startups), is a mentor at the St Petersburg State University School of Management, and a guest Professor for Marketing in the Moscow Higher School of Economics. Aliya was listed as one of the Top 100 Young Entrepreneurs in Europe by Forbes magazine and Top 100 women entrepreneurs in AI and Big data by Leta Capital. Aliya is engaged in the development and support of scientific projects in the field of new materials, deep space exploration, and initiates and leads projects in the field of education and art (in particular, a project within the Venice Biennale in 2015, support for gifted children in the field of music). FIND ALIYA ON SCOSIAL MEDIA Instagram | Facebook | LinkedIn ================================ SUPPORT & CONNECT: Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/denofrich Twitter: https://twitter.com/denofrich Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/denofrich YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/denofrich Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/den_of_rich/ Hashtag: #denofrich © Copyright 2022 Den of Rich. All rights reserved.

Aliya Grig is a Founder, CEO of The Cosmos City and Human Cosmos App. Writer, space visionary, innovator and tech entrepreneur. Aliya has a 12-year background in hardware tech and urban development. Aliya successfully launched and sold two hardware startups - technology for creating solid oxide fuel cells, and aluminum scandium alloy for the aerospace industry - raising $220m for these projects with key customers - Boeing, Bloom Energy, Mitsubishi. Aliya's other projects include the construction of an 80-hectare Industrial Park and town development with 50 000 residents in the Sverdlovsk region in Russia; three space tech startups for 3D printing in space; a light launch vehicle start-up; also cubesat technologies were created and received its first customers. Two of the space tech startups were successfully sold to strategic investors. Aliya's projects received awards from ESA (European Space Agency), CDL (Creative Destruction Lab), Starburst (as an innovative startup for space mobility). Aliya participated as a space habitations expert in NASA's competition to construct a Mars base in 2017 with Apis Cor. Aliya was a mentor in Skolkovo (the largest EU and CIS innovation center and Technopark for startups), is a mentor at the St Petersburg State University School of Management, and a guest Professor for Marketing in the Moscow Higher School of Economics. Aliya was listed as one of the Top 100 Young Entrepreneurs in Europe by Forbes magazine and Top 100 women entrepreneurs in AI and Big data by Leta Capital. Aliya is engaged in the development and support of scientific projects in the field of new materials, deep space exploration, and initiates and leads projects in the field of education and art (in particular, a project within the Venice Biennale in 2015, support for gifted children in the field of music).FIND ALIYA ON SCOSIAL MEDIAInstagram | Facebook | LinkedIn

This week our guest is Sergei Ivanovich Belyaev, president of the Ekaterinburg human rights organisation, Sutyazhnik. Sutyazhnik, one of the most important human rights organisations in the Urals Federal District, was founded in 1994. Sergei Belyaev became president of the organisation in 2002.The questions we discuss in this podcast include: the history and work of the human rights organization Sutyazhnik; the legislation on so-called “foreign agents”; civil society in Ekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk region; the role of the human rights commissioner in Sverdlovsk region; the activities of the Yeltsin Centre; and the future of human rights in Russia.This podcast is in the Russian language. You can also listen to the podcast on Rights in Russia, SoundCloud, Spotify and iTunes. The music, from Stravinsky's Elegy for Solo Viola, is performed for us by Karolina Herrera.Sergei Nikitin writes on Facebook: Ekaterinburg is the third most populous city in Russia. Besides that, the city is known for the remarkable human rights activists who live and work there. Among them is Sergei Belyaev, president of the human rights organisation Sutyazhnik. In our podcast Sergei talks about how the authorities put obstacles in their way from the very beginning. During their first attempt to register an association in Ekaterinburg back in 1994, the request of the human rights activists was turned down on the grounds that the authorities did not like the name. Although dictionaries explain that a Sutyazhnik is someone who is ready to sue for any reason, the negative connotation of the word is far-fetched. The activists filed a lawsuit against the denial of registration for Sutyazhnik and the registration authority quickly relented without waiting for a trial. “What's wrong with the name? Someone likes to settle disputes in court,” says Sergei Belyaev, “He likes to do that, he takes pleasure in it.” And in fact – there's nothing wrong with that! A lot has changed since 1994 in the country and in Ekaterinburg. But Sutyazhnik, which was branded a foreign agent in 2015, still lives and works.

It's horrible when a lot of people die... but what if they all die in a line? Will tells Rod the story of the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979! (Spoiler it's anthrax and it's the Soviet Union)! The Wholesome Show is Dr Rod Lamberts and Dr Will Grant, proudly brought to you by the Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science!

En la madrugada del 1 al 2 de febrero de 1959 en los montes Urales, una zona entre la República de Komi y el óblast de Sverdlovsk, en Rusia, nueve jóvenes excursionistas que habían acampado perdieron la vida de manera atroz e inexplicable… ¡Te contamos lo sucedido! • CULTURIZANDO.COM/PODCAST • Podcast de Misterios • Podcast en Español • Leer más: https://culturizando.com/alienigenas-o-el-hombre-de-las-nieves-el-misterioso-incidente-del-paso-dyatlov/ Narración: Ángel David SardiVoz Culturizando: Santiago Duarte

This week Sergei Nikitin and Simon Cosgrove are joined by Aleksei Sokolov, head of the human rights organisation Pravovaya osnova, based in Ekaterinburg in Sverdlovsk region. A summary of the week's events, some of which are referred to in the discussion, can be found on our website here. This podcast is in the Russian language.

Het is januari 1959. Een groep van tien studenten van het Polytechnisch Instituut van Sverdlovsk in Rusland vertrekt voor een expeditie naar de Otorten, een bergtop in het noorden van de Oeral. De route valt onder categorie 3, de zwaarste volgens de toenmalige expeditienormen. Wanneer de groep midden februari nog steeds niet is teruggekeerd, wordt er een zoekactie opgezet. En zo worden de lichamen van de vermiste studenten een voor een teruggevonden. Omdat de autopsie een aantal bijzonderheden aan het licht brengt, wordt er al snel gespeculeerd over wat er is gebeurd met de groep. Gaande van een simpele lawine tot de yeti als moordenaar: er zijn ondertussen maar liefst 75 verschillende theorieën. En als het om te speculeren is, zijn wij er uiteraard graag bij. Aflevering 35, het ongeluk in de Djatlovpas. Zie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Da det amerikanske spionflyet U2 ble skutt ned over Sovjetunionen 1.mai 1960 kom Norge og Bodø i sentrum for Den kalde krigen. I denne utgaven av MUSEUM får vi høre om dekkhistoriene som fulgte og hvordan amerikanerne ser på det som skjedde. Og kanskje er det også en forbindelse til Beach Boys. Programmet ble sendt første gang i 2009. NSA-museum i Maryland I del 2 av MUSEUMs reportasje om Norge og CIAs U2-flyvninger besøker vi NSAs museum i Fort Mead utenfor Washington. National Cryptological Museum er verdens eneste, offisielle etterretningsmuseum som er åpent for publikum. I tillegg til gjenstander og dekrypteringsmaskiner fra Enigma til The Magic of Purple har museet også en egen avdeling for Den kalde krigen og U2-flyet som ble skutt ned over Sverdlovsk den 1.mai 1960. – Det var gjennom Venonaprosjektet, som avslørte Ethel og Julius Rosenberg, vi forsto at russerne hadde teknologi for å skyte ned U2-flyet, sier kurator Patrick Weadon. Ved siden av monteren med en del av U2-flyet til Gary Powers, donert av russerne i 1994, henger ”The Great Seal” . Det var amerikanernes svar i FN på Khrutsjovs avsløring av U2-flyet. Inspirerte Beach Boys Som dekorasjon ble seglet plassert i den amerikanske ambassaden i Moskva, og ved hjelp av en spesiell lydbølge-teknologi kunne en skjult mikrofon aktiveres. – KGB avlyttet ambassadøren i mange år, sier Weadon, som også forteller at popsingelen ”Good Vibrations” med The Beach Boys i 1966 bruker samme type maskin for å lage de spesielle, elektroniske lydene. Dette var forløperen til syntezisere og Moog-orgelet, funnet opp av KGB-mannen Lev Thermin i Sovjetunionen. I MUSEUM forteller også generalmajor Kjell Lutnes om hva som skjedde da Gary Powers tok bakken og CIAs evakuering fra Bodø i et C 130 lastefly. – Vi kan bare være stolte over hele U2-saken, sier Lutnes. – Norge gjorde sin del i Den kalde krigen. Medvirkende : Curator Patrick Weadon og Kjell Lutnes. Programleder Øyvind Arntsen. Sendt første gang 2009

On October 20, 1986 one pilot (as all pilots do) had 95 lives under his care during a domestic flight across western Russia (USSR at the time). During the flight from Sverdlovsk to Grozky, pilot Alexander Kliuyev did something that would put every passenger at risk (not including lives on the ground). This tragic and scandalous event would be covered up immediately by the national government, and for good reason - until documents would leak years later.Join host John as he analyzes the reported facts on the BIZARRE story of Aeroflot Flight 6502. Host Diane is traveling during the recording of the podcast, but will be back next time when we discuss topics of Mar-A-Lago, The "Funkadelics" and more Bizarre Stories and the People Involved!This podcast would like to credit the following outlets for their reporting:-wikipedia-wtf facts-la times-knowledge nuts-blitz lift-aviation safety networkour musical theme is from: www.freesfx.co.uk

Radio Wasteland #109: The Dyatlov Pass Incident w/ Launton Anderson Join us as we welcome author Launton Anderson to discuss The Dyatlov Pass Incident. In 1959, the frozen bodies of a nine-member ski-hiking expedition that had gone missing weeks weeks before in northern Urals of the Soviet Union were found near their campsite on a mountain called Kholat Syakhl (which, according to Russian sources, means “Dead Mountain” in the indigenous Mansi language). Made up mostly of students and graduates from the Ural Polytechnic Institute a few hundred miles away in Yekaterinburg (then called Sverdlovsk), the team had set out on 27 January to reach another mountain about 7 miles away, Gora Otorten (which means “Don’t Go There” in Mansi). After being sidetracked by a snowstorm, they pitched a tent on the eastern slope of Kholat Syakhl on 2 February. That night they died. Apart from the fact that they froze to death, no one knows why. Find out more at: https://radiowasteland.us/episode/000109/ About Radio Wasteland: Radio Wasteland is a radio show and podcast that covers all topics mysterious to conspiratory, ranging from corrupt governments and cover-ups to UFO phenomenon and cryptozoology… and everything in between… and more importantly, everything beyond. Learn about the cast and crew at: https://radiowasteland.us/about/ Follow Us at: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RadioWasteland.us/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/radiowasteland6 Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/Radio_wasteland/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/radiowasteland/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCacz6KvUCCTuMKg0rBkXdAA Radio Wasteland Episode #109 Episode categories: Episodes, Upcoming Episodes Episode Tags: This podcast originally aired Live On RadioWasteland.us and KCNR AM 1460: Monday, April 15th 2019 6:00 pm On the Para-X Paranormal Radio Network: Wednesday, April 17th 2019 8:00 pm Available for Streaming and Download: Wednesday, April 24th 2019 6:00 am

Por primera vez, los archivos originales de la DYATLOV MEMORIAL FOUNDATION traducidos y leidos por Kiko Orion para Todo nos da igual. DYATLOV, CASO ABIERTO: Trágicos Protagonistas capítulo 2 Como ya anunciamos la semana pasada, en este caso será el turno de Aleksander Sergeevich Kolevatov, una persona con unos comienzos muy humildes, con un futuro laboral muy brillante, pero lo abandonó todo por irse a estudiar a Sverdlovsk, ¿Puede ser que no lo abandonará todo y simplemente estuviera obedeciendo ordenes?, escuchadlo y dejadme vuestra impresión. La próxima semana será el turno de Rustem Vladimirovich Slobodin (Rustik) Tambien hablamos del próximo congreso que se celebra en Madrid "La verdad ocutla" con Sergio Ruiz.

On this day in 1979, an accidental anthrax leak in a microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union caused dozens of people to fall ill. The Soviet Union would deny a leak happened until years later. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

In late January of 1959, ten hikers left the city of Sverdlovsk heading for an adventure in the wilderness. Only one of them returned alive. So what happened to Igor Dyatlov and the other eight hikers who died at what would later come to be known as Dyatlov Pass? 

In mid-January, 1959, a groupe of students and recent graduates from Ural Polytechnic Institute departed from the city of Sverdlovsk, Russia on an expedition into the Northern Ural Mountain.s Each member of the group was extremely experienced in lengthy ski tours and mountain expeditions, and would all earn the distinguished Grade III hiking certification- the highest obtainable in the country, upon completing their journey. When the hikers hadn't arrived back home as expected, a search and rescue mission began. Over the span of the next few months, a horrifying discovery would be made: the bodies of all 9 hikers would be found scattered in various states of struggle, within a mile of their last campsite. Some with fatal blunt force trauma to their head or chest, many missing shoes and clothing, and another was even missing her tongue. The prosecutor at the time closed the investigation stating that "The hikers died of an unknown, compelling force." A vague determination that has left room for many theories in the past 60 years, ranging from UFOs to Government conspiracy. What caused these experienced hikers to flee their only shelter into total blackness, sub-zero temperatures, and imminent death that night in February, 1959? Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/creepitrealpod)

In this episode Josh and M discuss the Sverdlovsk Leak of 1979, talk about the comic chops of Barry Bostwick, question whether the new series of Animaniacs will feature Bill Clinton references, and avoid a musical interlude... Music: Medium Leaker by Tab & Anitek Learn more about Matthew's academic work on the Philosophy of Conspiracy Theories at http://episto.org/ Why not support The Podcaster's Guide to the Conspiracy by donating to our Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/conspiracism) or Podbean (http://www.podbean.com/patron/crowdfund/profile/id/muv5b-79) pages? Contact us at: podcastconspiracy@gmail.com

Een bericht uit een andere werkelijkheid, zo moet men dit unieke manuscript wel noemen. Het levensverhaal van een knaagdier geschreven door een knaagdier. Hoe en waarom hij dit deed hoort u in het bijgaande radiospel. De wereldgeschiedenis zoals wij die kennen lijkt niet te hebben bestaan als we op deze autobiografie van de vermoedelijk vier jaar oud geworden Carlos moeten afgaan. Het is een plotloze wereld, waarin iedereen wordt voortgedreven door geuren en geruchten. "Alles verandert, behalve het knaagdier," schrijft Carlos, "maar het is de drift die alle dingen stuurt." En op die drift volgt onherroepelijk de desillusie. Neem Larry: de favoriete broer van de schrijver. Iemand die, in de woorden van Carlos, als geen ander voor het leven en haar uitdagingen was uitgerust, maar die reeds in de eerste zomer tragisch aan zijn einde komt. Maar luister hoe Carlos, als hij de Woorden leert lezen en schrijven, een manier om Larry weer tot leven te wekken! Credits: Stem Emily & Carmen: Lotte Proot Stem Lary & Rocco: Marcel Faber Stem Russische arbeiders: Dimitri Merkoulov Presentator: Anton de Goede Stem Carlos: Dick Tuinder Muziek: Berend Dubbe Mixage: Marco Vermaas Scenario, regie en montage: Dick Tuinder

Boris Yeltsin goes from a young student to the First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Spionflyet U2 satte Norge på Den kalde krigs verdenskart den 1.mai 1960 da Gary Powers ble skutt ned over Sverdlovsk. I to programmer forteller MUSEUM om hva som skjedde, sett fra Norge og Washington. I dette ekstraklippet forteller pensjonert generalmajor Kjell Lutnes om hvor vanskelig det er å operere dette flyet, som fortsatt er i tjeneste i Irak og Afganistan.

NSAs museum i Fort Mead utenfor Washington, er verdens eneste, offisielle etterretningsmuseum som er åpent for publikum. I tillegg til gjenstander og dekrypteringsmaskiner fra Enigma til The Magic of Purple har National Cryptological Museum også en egen avdeling for den kalde krigen og U2-flyet som ble skutt ned over Sverdlovsk den 1.mai 1960. - Det var gjennom Venonaprosjektet, som avslørte Ethel og Julius Rosenberg, vi forsto at russerne hadde teknologi for å skyte ned U2-flyet, sier kurator Patrick Weadon. Ved siden av monteren med en del av U2-flyet til Gary Powers, donert av russerne i 1994, henger ”The Great Seal” . Det var amerikanernes svar i FN på Khrutsjovs avsløring av U2-flyet. Som dekorasjon ble seglet plassert i den amerikanske ambassaden i Moskva, og ved hjelp av en spesiell lydbølge-teknologi kunne en skjult mikrofon aktiveres. - KGB avlyttet ambassadøren i mange år, sier Weadon, som også forteller at popsingelen ”Good Vibrations” med The Beach Boys i 1966 bruker samme type maskin for å lage de spesielle, elektroniske lydene. Dette var forløperen til syntezisere og Moog-orgelet, funnet opp av KGB-mannen Lev Thermin i Sovjetunionen. I MUSEUM forteller også generalmajor Kjell Lutnes om hva som skjedde da Gary Powers tok bakken og CIAs evakuering fra Bodø i et C 130 lastefly. - Vi kan bare være stolte over hele U2-saken, sier Lutnes. - Norge gjorde sin del i Den kalde krigen. Dette er del 2 av MUSEUMs reportasje om U2-flyene. Del 1 ligger på MUSEUMs podkastside

U2-prosjektet ble startet av CIA i 1956 og går ut på å sende et spesialbygd fly opp i 70 tusen fots høyde over fiendtlig område. I denne høyden kunne ikke flyet skytes ned, trodde man, og med svært stor rekkevidde kunne U2 fotografere og overvåke store områder. Det var særlig Sovjetunionen og Kina som var U2s mål, og til å begynne med brukte man baser i Tyskland, Tyrkia og Pakistan. I 1957 fløy U2 over Norge for å teste sovjetiske radaranlegg på Kola, uten å varsle norske myndigheter. Flyet ble oppdaget, og flere norske jagerfly ble sendt opp for å avskjære, uten hell. Etter denne episoden sendte den norske utenriksminister Hallvard Lange et brev til Washington hvor han protesterte og samtidig ba om å få utlevert fotomateriale og flightplan fra U2, som han også fikk. Da amerikanerne igjen ville fly over Norge i 1958 og bruke Bodø flyplass, ble det holdt et informasjonsmøte mellom CIA og norske militære og sivile myndigheter på Fornebu i månedsskiftet august-september. Hvem som var med fra norsk side er uklart, men møtet ble ledet av CIA oberst Stan Beerli, forteller pensjonert generalmajor Kjell Lutnes. Lutnes arbeider i dag med ned og avgraderinger av Forsvarets dokumenter, men disse opplysningene er fra amerikanske kilder. - Den 27.april 1960 var det et nytt møte på Fornebu, sier Lutnes. Da kom CIA på nytt for å orientere norske myndigheter om U2s ”Grand Slam” operasjon, det vil si en fullstendig overflyvning av Sovjetisk luftrom fra Pakistan til Bodø. – Norge visste alt om U2, sier Lutnes. I programmet forteller også Lutnes om selve U2-programmet og den dramatiske nedskytingen av pilot Francis Gary Powers over Sverdlovsk.

The first rock bandfrom Sverdlovsk