Podcasts about proteinuria

*Content warning: infant loss, miscarriage, birth trauma, medical trauma, medical neglect, body image abuse, mature and stressful themes. *Free + Confidential Resources + Safety Tips: somethingwaswrong.com/resources Moms Advocating For MomsS23 survivors Markeda, Kristen and Amanda have created a nonprofit, Moms Advocating for Moms, in hopes to create a future where maternal well-being is prioritized, disparities are addressed, and every mother has the resources and support she needs to thrive: https://www.momsadvocatingformoms.org/take-actionhttps://linktr.ee/momsadvocatingformoms Please sign the survivors petitions below to improve midwifery education and regulation in Texashttps://www.change.org/p/improve-midwifery-education-and-regulation-in-texas?recruiter=1336781649&recruited_by_id=74bf3b50-fd98-11ee-9e3f-a55a14340b5a&utm_source=share_petition&utm_campaign=share_for_starters_page&utm_medium=copylink Malik's Law https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB4553 M.A.M.A. has helped file a Texas bill called Malik's Law, which is intended to implement requirements for midwives in Texas to report birth outcomes in hopes of improving transparency and data collection in the midwifery field in partnership with Senator Claudia Ordaz. *Sources:American College of Nurse Midwiveshttps://midwife.org/ American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)https://www.acog.org/ Blood clots and pregnancyhttps://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/blood-clots-and-pregnancy#:~:text=Although%20birthing%20people%20with%20blood,both%20you%20and%20your%20baby.Chorioamnionitishttps://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=chorioamnionitis-90-P02441#:~:text=Chorioamnionitis%20is%20an%20infection%20of,smell%20from%20the%20amniotic%20fluid. Cross border reproductive care (CBRC): a growing global phenomenon with multidimensional implications (a systematic and critical review)https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6063838/#:~:text=In%20vitro%20fertilization%20and%20intracytoplasmic,Belgium%20%5B37%E2%80%9344%5D. Detection of Proteinuria in Pregnancy: Comparison of Qualitative Tests for Proteins and Dipsticks with Urinary Protein Creatinine Indexhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3809617/#:~:text=Background%20and%20Objectives%3A%20Excretion%20of,the%20patient%20or%20her%20pregnancy. Egg Donation and IVF in Czech Republichttps://www.eggdonationfriends.com/ivf-egg-donation-country-czech-republic/#:~:text=in%20Czech%20Republic-,IVF%20cost%20in%20Czech%20Republic,much%20from%20the%20European%20average.&text=It%20also%20needs%20to%20be,frozen%20embryo%20transfer Fundal Heighthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22294-fundal-height HELLP Syndromehttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21637-hellp-syndrome High Blood Pressure–Understanding the Silent Killerhttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/special-features/high-blood-pressure-understanding-silent-killer#:~:text=Normal%20pressure%20is%20120/80,manage%20your%20high%20blood%20pressure? In vitro fertilization (IVF)https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716#:~:text=Research%20suggests%20that%20IVF%20slightly,or%20ovarian%20cancer%20after%20IVF%20. Magnesium - Uses, Side Effects, and Morehttps://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-998/magnesium March of Dimeshttps://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/about-us National Midwifery Institutehttps://www.nationalmidwiferyinstitute.com/midwifery North American Registry of Midwives (NARM)https://narm.org/ Placental Abruptionhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9435-placental-abruption Placenta and Heart Researchhttps://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cardiovascular-institute/placenta-and-heart-research#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20pregnancy,area%20for%20uptake%20of%20nutrients. Postpartum Hemorrhagehttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22228-postpartum-hemorrhage Preeclampsiahttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17952-preeclampsia Preeclampsia - Signs & Symptoms https://www.preeclampsia.org/signs-and-symptoms#:~:text=Weight%20gain%20of%20more%20than,the%20kidneys%20to%20be%20excreted.&text=Do%20not%20try%20to%20lose%20weight%20during%20pregnancy%20by%20restricting%20your%20diet.Pregnancy weight gain: What's healthy?https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-weight-gain/art-20044360 Prothrombin Gene Mutationhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21810-prothrombin-gene-mutation Prothrombin 20210 Mutation (Factor II Mutation)https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000135582.53444.87#:~:text=There%20are%20also%20implications%20of,a%20baby%20of%20small%20size. The Risks of Prothrombin Gene Mutation in Pregnancyhttps://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/prothrombin-gene-mutation#What-Are-the-Risks-of-Prothrombin-Mutation-in-Pregnancy State investigating Dallas birth center and midwives, following multiple complaints from patientshttps://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/investigates/state-investigating-dallas-birth-center-midwives-following-multiple-complaints-from-patients/287-ea77eb18-c637-44d4-aaa2-fe8fd7a2fcef Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR)https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/ Texas Health, Week by Week https://www.texashealth.org/baby-care/Week-by-Week Texas Occupations Code, Chapter 203. Midwives https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/OC/htm/OC.203.htmWhat are high blood pressure numbers?https://www.lancastergeneralhealth.org/health-hub-home/2023/february/what-are-high-blood-pressure-numbers#:~:text=Normal:%20Less%20than%20120/80,Avoid%20secondhand%20smoke. White Coat Syndromehttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23989-white-coat-syndrome Why Won't an Attorney Take My Texas Medical Malpractice Case?https://www.hastingsfirm.com/your-case-and-texas-law/ Zucker School of Medicine, Amos Grunebaum, MDhttps://faculty.medicine.hofstra.edu/13732-amos-grunebaum/publications 24-Hour Urine Collectionhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/24hour-urine-collection#:~:text=A%2024%2Dhour%20urine%20collection%20is%20a%20simple%20lab%20test,is%20returned%20to%20the%20lab. 40 years later, why is IVF still not covered by insurance? Economics, ignorance and sexismhttps://www.cnn.com/2018/07/25/health/ivf-insurance-parenting-strauss/index.html *SWW S23 Theme Song & Artwork: Thank you so much to Emily Wolfe for covering Glad Rag's original song, U Think U for us this season!Hear more from Emily Wolfe:On SpotifyOn Apple Musichttps://www.emilywolfemusic.com/instagram.com/emilywolfemusicGlad Rags: https://www.gladragsmusic.com/ The S23 cover art is by the Amazing Sara StewartFollow Something Was Wrong:Website: somethingwaswrong.com IG: instagram.com/somethingwaswrongpodcastTikTok: tiktok.com/@somethingwaswrongpodcast Follow Tiffany Reese:Website: tiffanyreese.me IG: instagram.com/lookiebooSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Uplizna gains new indication; Vanrafia approved for proteinuria in IgAN; Erzofri now available for schizophrenia; setmelanotide shows promise in hypothalamic obesity; GLP-1RAs may reduce dementia risk.  

This activity was supported by an educational grant from Travere Therapeutics. Please go to ⁠https://academiccme.com/CKDCE3/⁠ and complete the evaluation to receive your CE/CME Credit. Credit is available through November 21, 2025.

In this CCO Nephrology podcast episode, hear from nephrologists Pietro Canetta, MD, MS, and Andy Bomback, MD, PhD, experts in clinical management and research on glomerular diseases as they discuss key updates in managing IgAN. Faculty highlight the importance of a comprehensive supportive care regimen to protect patients' kidneys and prevent progression of disease. In addition, they review the merits and place in therapy of novel and emerging therapies.  Topics include:Supportive care as the foundation of IgAN managementPlace in therapy for new and emerging agentsTargeted-release formulation of budesonideEndothelin receptor antagonists (eg, sparsentan)Factor B inhibitors (eg, iptacopan)The role of clinical trial involvementLearn more about IgA nephropathy with educational activities and resources here:  CME-certified text module with animated pathophysiology video and patient voice audio clipClinicalThought commentariesResources on IgAN from the American Kidney Fund

Drs. Alicia A. McDonough and Aurelie Edwards discuss the findings from their study, "Potassium-Alkali–Enriched Diet, Hypertension, and Proteinuria following Uninephrectomy," with JASN Deputy Editor David H. Ellison.

In this CCO Nephrology podcast episode, hear from Kelly Chen, a nephrology nurse practitioner and patient living with IgA nephropathy, as she discusses her experiences with Dr Pietro Canetta, Associate Professor of Medicine at Columbia University and expert in glomerular diseases. Episode outline: Seeking and obtaining an IgAN diagnosis Patient self-advocacy Individualizing IgAN treatment plansClinical trial involvement Burdens of IgAN: physical, emotional, social, and beyondTo learn more about IgA nephropathy, find more educational activities and resources with the links below: CME-certified text module with animated pathophysiology video and patient voice audio clipsClinicalThought commentaries Resources on IgAN from the American Kidney Fund 

 Dive into the latest episode of our podcast. This week, we delve into the fascinating world of proteinuria with Dr Haresh.  Whether you're a medical professional or just curious about health topics, you won't want to miss this insightful discussion

U-r-ine for another urine episode, this time on proteinuria! We join the Kidney Chronicles Podcast, hosted by Drs. Emily Zangla and Annie Kouri, to discuss all scenarios proteinuria. They teach us about proteinuria in CKD, proteinuria in UTI, nephrotic range proteinuria, and why we should be ordering the urine protein to creatinine ratio!

Andrew Hall discusses results of his study, "Spatiotemporal Landscape of Kidney Tubular Responses to Glomerular Proteinuria," with JASN Deputy Editor David H. Ellison.

The Filtrate:Joel TopfSwapnil HiremathPriya Yenebere Nayan AroraWith Special Guest:Brendon Neuen Super smart guy and clinical trialistMichelle Rheault Lead author of DUPLEX and friend of the podShow NotesSparsentan versus Irbesartan in Focal Segmental GlomerulosclerosisNephJC Summary | PubMed | NEJMKDIGO FSGS Guidelines 2021 (PDF)Characterization of the Clinical Evidence Supporting Repository Corticotropin Injection for FDA-Approved Indications, A Scoping Review (JAMA Internal Medicine)DUET: A Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Sparsentan in Patients with FSGS (PubMed)Vlado Perkovic, mentor and sponsor extradenoire (UNSW Sydney)Shimer Its a floor wax and a desert topping (TikTok)SONAR: Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (NephJC)Travere Therapeutics Announces FDA Accelerated Approval of FILSPARIᵀᴹ (sparsentan), the First and Only Non-immunosuppressive Therapy for the Reduction of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy (Travere press release)GFR Slope: Chronic vs Total slope: A meta-analysis of GFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for kidney failure (Nature Medicine)There are dozens of us! Dozens! (Know your Meme)Brendon's Neuen's tweet about total versus chronic slope (X | Twitter)Julie R. Ingelfinger, deputy editor for the New England Journal of Medicine (Wikipedia)You know nothing, John Snow (YouTube shorts)Tubular SecretionsSwapnil Foundation season two on Apple TV Wheel of Time season two Amazon PrimeBrendon Andor Priya Poverty, by America Mattew DesmondNayan The Armor of Light: A Novel by Ken FollettMichelle Lessons in Chemistry: A Novel by Bonnie Garmus

Welcome to our weekly live series where we discuss all topics related to kidney health, nutrition, and longevity.Timestamps00:00 Start0:30 Introduction1:15 Sodium and Kidney Disease7:12 Nanoplastics in bottled water16:09 Tirzepatide and protein in the urine23:12 Exercise and Longevity26:33 Artificial sweeteners and Gut MicrobiomeReferences:1. Sodium and CKD-World Health Organization . Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2012. pp. 1–46.-Wright JA, Cavanaugh KL. Dietary sodium in chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive approach. Semin Dial. 2010 Jul-Aug;23(4):415-21.-Verma A, Popa C. The Interplay Between Dietary Sodium Intake and Proteinuria in CKD. Kidney Int Rep (2023) 8, 1133–11362. Nanoplastics and Health-Qian, N., et al. (2024). "Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(3): e2300582121.3. Tirzepatide and Proteinuria-Karakasis et al. Effect of tirzepatide on albuminuria levels and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis .Diabetes Obes Metab 2023 Dec 20;[EPub Ahead of Print]4. Walking and longevity-Kankaanpää A, Tolvanen A, Joensuu L, Waller K, Heikkinen A, Kaprio J, Ollikainen M, Sillanpää E. The associations of long-term physical activity in adulthood with later biological ageing and all-cause mortality - a prospective twin study. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Jun 5:20235. Artificial Sweeteners and gut microbiome-Hosseini A, Barlow GM, Leite G, Rashid M, Parodi G, Wang J, Morales W, Weitsman S, Rezaie A, Pimentel M, Mathur R. Consuming artificial sweeteners may alter the structure and function of duodenal microbial communities. iScience. 2023 Nov 23;26(12):108530.VISIT OUR STOREStore: https://www.selfelements.comFOLLOW USwww.selfprinciple.orgwww. youtube.com/selfprinciplewww.youtube.com/plantbasedkidneyhealthwww.instagram.com/seanhashmimd

Drs. Daniel Cattran and Sean Barbour summarize the main results of their study, "Anti-PLA2R Antibody Levels and Clinical Risk Factors for Treatment Nonresponse in Membranous Nephropathy," on behalf of their colleagues.

Drs. Benjamin Adegbite and Evren Azeloglu discuss the results of their study, "Patient-Specific Pharmacokinetics and Dasatinib Nephrotoxicity," on behalf of their colleagues.

'THE RAW DOG FOOD TRUTH' PODCAST YOUR PET'S HEALTH IS OUR BUSINESS FRIENDS DON'T LET FRIENDS FEED KIBBLE Dr. Judy Jasek, DVM Joins DeDe to Discuss Listeners Questions and Here About a remarkable recovery from a rattlesnake bitten dog! www.RawDogFoodandCo.com  Best complete pure raw dog food for healthy dogs and cats at Wholesale prices. Relieve itching, allergies, digestive and skin issues. Ship Raw Dog Food Direct to Your Door Friends Don't Let Friends Feed Kibble Shop Now

Dr. Jessica Quimby is back on the show, and we talk about proteinuria in CKD. When should we be using ace inhibitors in feline chronic renal disease? Treating proteinuria is a long-term game. Jessica also talks about immune-mediated proteinuria in young cats. The prognosis used to be very bad, but now she is much more aggressive with immunosuppressive with better success. Last but not least, we discuss the IRIS stages in renal disease

On Episode 28 of the Stroke Alert Podcast, host Dr. Negar Asdaghi highlights two articles from the May 2023 issue of Stroke: “Decreased Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Proteinuria and Long-Term Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study” and “Stroke Prevention and Treatment in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Is There a Role for GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Analogues?” She also interviews Drs. Kanishk Kaushik and Marieke J.H. Wermer about their article “Iatrogenic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Post Neurosurgery: Frequency, Clinical Profile, Radiological Features, and Outcome.” For the episode transcript, visit: https://www.ahajournals.org/do/10.1161/podcast.20230501.274417  

The kidney is one of the organs necessary to filter blood, composed of tiny functional units that separate waste products from molecules the body should retain. Chronic kidney disease is a significant international problem, with up to 10% of the population requiring treatment, and extreme cases requiring dialysis and/or transplantation with significant personal and public health costs. In today's episode we speak with Dr. Andrew King, Chief Scientific Officer of Chinook Therapeutics.  We discuss rare diseases of the kidney, such as disorders that lead to nephropathy, proteinuria, and oxalic acid deposition, along with how the next generation of drugs work to target these issues. www.chinooktx.com

Results from postexposure prophylaxis study of molnupiravir; Treatment approved to reduce proteinuria in adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy; Intravitreal injection approved for geographic atrophy secondary to AMD; Potential vaccines for melanoma and pregnant individuals to help protect from RSV complications in infants.  

Jonathan Barratt, PhD, FRCP - In Pursuit of Proteinuria: Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of IgAN

Jonathan Barratt, PhD, FRCP - In Pursuit of Proteinuria: Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of IgAN

Drs Sparks and Bansal discuss the screening and treatment for CKD as a primary care physician, including testing, cardiovascular risk, new treatments, and when to refer a patient to a nephrologist. Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/971889). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertiser. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals. Resources Estimated GFR Can Widely Diverge From Measured GFR https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/976533 Kidney Failure Risk Equation Works Without Race Adjustment https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/966313 The Kidney Failure Risk Equation https://kidneyfailurerisk.com/ Don't Routinely Stop RAS Inhibitors in Advanced Kidney Disease https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/943717 What Is the Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs) in the Treatment of Proteinuria? https://www.medscape.com/answers/238158-93529/what-is-the-role-of-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-mras-in-the-treatment-of-proteinuria What Is the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? https://www.medscape.com/answers/238798-105205/what-is-the-role-of-sglt2-inhibitors-in-the-treatment-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Safety Concerns https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892957_6 finerenone (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/kerendia-finerenone-4000168 Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686

Addressing Sexual Health and STD Prevention in Lupus Patients CAR-T Therapies in Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Copays Reduce Adherence to SLE Medications Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in antiphospholipid syndrome Hydroxychloroquine Update from ACR22 Low-grade Proteinuria in Non Renal Lupus: Should We be Worried? Photovoice: A New Visual Research Method in Lupus Stop Ordering Repeat ANAs! Timely Fetal Screening Important in Positive Anti-Ro Antibody Pregnancies Life or Organ Threatening SLE: What To Do? Is There Anything New?

Best of ACR Day Two in PSA Dr. Rachel Tate, discusses abstracts 1018, 1159 at ACR22 Convergence. Comorbidities in Ankylosing Spondylitis Dr. Akhil Sood discusses Abstract 1609 at ACR22 Convergence. Fat and bone are never alone: osteoporotic fracture in RA Dr. David Liew discusses Abstract 889 at ACR22 Convergence.  Abstract 889: Serum Adipokines Predict Incident Osteoporotic Fracture in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis GCA: What we feel and what we can't Dr David Liew discusses Abstracts 0483 and 0486 at ACR22 Convergence. Hydroxychloroquine: Cumulative Doses and Thresholds Dr. Sheila Reyes discusses Abstracts 0982 and 0344 at ACR22 Convergence. JAK inhibitors in rheumatic diseases Dr. Antoni Chan discusses abstracts 0510 and 0404 at ACR22 Convergence in Philadelphia, PA. Abstract 0510: MACE and VTE Across Upadacitinib Clinical Trial Programs in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis Abstract 0404: Site-Specific Responses of Joint and Entheses to Tofacitinib in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Trial Low-grade Proteinuria in Non-Renal Lupus: Should We be Worried? Dr. Yuz Yusof discusses Abstract 1463 presented at ACR22 Convergence in Philadelphia, PA. PET CT Imaging to Define Risk of Progression from PSO to PsA Dr. Peter Nash discusses Abstract 1018 at ACR22 Convergence. Spondyloarthritis: Novel Therapies, Diagnostic Dilemmas and Depression Dr. Lianne Gensler discusses the following abstracts presented at ACR22 Convergence.  Abstracts 1597, 1598, 1599 (treatment) and 1613, 1609 and 1614 (diagnosis and outcomes) Tapering TNF Inhib in non Radiolgraphic AxSpA Dr. Peter Nash, Philadelphia Vaccines Work! Dr. Eric Dein and Dr. Caoilfhionn Connolly discuss abstracts 2275 & 0797 at ACR22 Convergence.

Las glomerulopatías, enfermedades raras, son la joya de la corona de la nefrología, la mayoría de las veces con un trasfondo autoinmune y, por tanto, su tratamiento puede ser muy tóxico, con efectos adversos secundarios importantes. En este episodio los doctores Aldo Jiménez (@aldorodrigo) y Alejandro Meraz (@nephroguy) hacen una revisión de las principales características de estas patologías. Time stamps Introducción… 00:00 Recomendaciones de la semana… 01:05 Preámbulo… 04:15 Caso clínico… 05:00 Continuación del caso… 08:00 El glomérulo y patrones de lesión glomerular… 09:20 Abordaje sindromático… 11:05 Consideraciones importantes… 15:00 Estudios de laboratorio… 17:45 Perlas… 22:55 Biopsia renal… 25:10 Resumen… 28:55 Puntos para llevar a casa… 31:44  

Hello Passengers! Thanks for listening! Become a First Class Passenger! Get all of the bonuses, support the show and Save The Music Foundation! www.patreon.com/accidentaldads   Units 731 is a hardcore metal band formed in Pittsburgh, PA, in 2005. The band combines death metal, hardcore, and slam to create a heavy and chaotic sound for which Pittsburgh bands are notable. Influences include Dying Fetus, All Out War, Irate, and Built Upon Frustration. Ok, wait… wrong notes. Um… ok, here it is. The Unit 731 we're here to talk about is short for Manshu Detachment 731. It was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that participated in lethal human experimentation and the production of biological weapons during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. Unit 731 was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories claimed by Manchukuo were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 and then formally transferred to the Chinese administration in the following year.  For those of you wondering, "what in the Jim Henson hell is a puppet state," well, according to Wikipedia, a puppet state "is a state that is legally recognized as independent but, in fact, completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, but a foreign power effectively exercises control through financial interests and economic or military support. The United States also had some puppet states during the Cold War: Cuba (United States), (before 1959) Guatemala (United States), (until 1991) South Korea A.K.A. United States Army Military Government in Korea (United States), (Until 1948) The Republic of Vietnam A.K.A. South Vietnam (United States), (Until 1975) Japan A.K.A. Allied Occupation of Japan (United States), (Until 1952) Some of the most infamous war crimes committed by the Japanese military forces were caused by this Unit. Internally dehumanized and referred to as "logs," humans were regularly used in Unit 731 testing.    Some atrocious experiments included: disease injections, controlled dehydration, hypobaric chamber experiments, biological weapons testing, vivisection, amputation, and weapons testing. Babies, children, and pregnant women were among the victims. Although the victims were from various countries, the majority were Chinese. Additionally, Unit 731 created biological weapons employed in regions of China, including Chinese cities and towns, water supplies, and farms, that were not held by Japanese soldiers.    Up to 500,000 people are thought to have been murdered by Unit 731 and its related activities. It was called "The Kwantung Army's Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department." Unit 731 was first established by the Kenpeitai military police of the Empire of Japan. General Shiro Ishii, a combat medic officer in the Kwantung Army, took control and oversaw the unit until the war's conclusion. Ishii and his crew used the facility, constructed in 1935 to replace the Zhongma Fortress, to increase their capabilities.    Up to the end of the war in 1945, the Japanese government generously supported the initiative. Facilities for the manufacturing, testing, deployment and storage of biological weapons were controlled by Unit 731 and the other units of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. While researchers from Unit 731 detained by Soviet troops were convicted in the Khabarovsk war crime trials in December 1949, those seized by American forces were secretly granted immunity in exchange for the information obtained during their human experimentation.    As if we needed more bullshit to make us question the tactics of the U.S. government, The U.S. quelled the talk of the human experiments and paid the accused of doing it an actual salary. So then, similar to what they did with German researchers during Operation Paperclip, the Americans siphoned and took their knowledge of and expertise with bioweapons for use in their own program for biological warfare. Japan started its biological weapons program in the 1930s, partly because biological weapons were banned by the Geneva Convention of 1925; they reasoned that the ban verified its effectiveness as a weapon.    This begs the question, does this type of government appropriation, paying off and hiring those guilty of explicit acts on humans to use their knowledge to create our own versions of what they committed, considered an act "for the greater good?" Does allowing these turds' immunity to extract their heinous experience worth it?   Japan's occupation of Manchuria began in 1931 after the Japanese invasion. Japan decided to build Unit 731 in Manchuria because the occupation not only gave the Japanese advantage of separating the research station from their island but also gave them access to as many Chinese individuals as they wanted for use as human experimental subjects. They viewed the Chinese as no-cost research subjects and hoped they could use this advantage to lead the world in biological warfare. Most research subjects were Chinese, but many were of different nationalities.    Sound familiar? Maybe a precursor to what a bunch of mind fucked Nazis attempted AND SUCCEEDED IN DOING to so many Jews and Jewish sympathizers?    In 1932, Surgeon General Shirō Ishii, chief medical officer of the Imperial Japanese Army and protégé of Army Minister Sadao Araki, was placed in command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (AEPRL). Ishii organized a secret research group, the "Tōgō Unit," for chemical and biological experimentation in Manchuria. Ishii proposed the creation of a Japanese biological and chemical research unit in 1930, after a two-year study trip abroad, because Western powers were developing their own programs. Colonel Chikahiko Koizumi, who eventually served as Japan's Health Minister from 1941 to 1945, was one of Ishii's most fierce supporters inside the Army. In 1915, during World War I, Koizumi and other Imperial Japanese Army officers were inspired by the Germans' successful use of chlorine gas at the Second Battle of Ypres (EEPRUH), in which the Allies suffered 5,000 fatalities and 15,000 injuries as a result of the chemical attack. As a result, they joined a covert poison gas research committee. As a result, unit Togo was started in the Zhongma Fortress, a prison/experimentation camp in Beiyinhe, a hamlet on the South Manchuria Railway 100 kilometers (62 miles) south of Harbin.    To start the tests on those in good health, prisoners were often well-fed on a diet of rice or wheat, meat, fish, and perhaps even wine. The inmates were then starved of food and drink and had their blood drained over many days. Finally, it was noted that their health was declining. Shocker.  Some were vivisected as well. For those who don't watch or listen to disturbing documentaries, vivisection is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structures. Others had been purposefully exposed to the plague bacterium and other pathogens. Ishii had to close down Zhongma Fortress due to a jailbreak in the fall of 1934 that jeopardized the facility's secret and an explosion in 1935 that was thought to be sabotage. Then he was given permission to relocate to Pingfang, which is 24 km (15 mi) south of Harbin, to set up a new, much larger facility.  Emperor Hirohito signed a decree in 1936 approving the unit's growth and its incorporation as the Epidemic Prevention Department into the Kwantung Army. It had bases at Hsinking and was split into the "Ishii Unit" and "Wakamatsu Unit." The units were collectively referred to as the "Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army" from August 1940 onward. Hirohito's younger brother, Prince Mikasa, toured the Unit 731 headquarters in China and wrote in his memoir that he watched films showing how Chinese prisoners were "made to march on the plains of Manchuria for poison gas experiments on humans." The decree also mandated the construction of a chemical warfare development unit, the Kwantung Army Technical Testing Department, and a biological warfare development unit, the Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic Prevention Workshop (later known as Manchuria Unit 100). (subsequently referred to as Manchuria Unit 516).    Sister chemical and biological warfare organizations known as Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Units were established in significant Chinese towns during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Unit 1855 in Beijing, Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing, Unit 8604 in Guangzhou, and Unit 9420 in Singapore were among the detachments. Ishii's network, which at its height in 1939 had control over 10,000 people, was made up of all these organizations. In addition, Japanese medical practitioners and academics were drawn to Unit 731 by the opportunity to perform human experiments, which was highly unusual, and the Army's robust financial support.   Experiments   Human subjects were used in studies for a specific project with the codename Maruta. Test subjects were selected from the local populace and were referred to as "logs," as in the phrase "How many logs fell?" Since the facility's official cover story to local authorities was that it was a timber mill, the personnel first used the word as a joke. The initiative was internally known as "Holzklotz," which is German, meaning log, according to a junior uniformed civilian employee of the Imperial Japanese Army working in Unit 731. Nothing like dehumanizing the poor people you're experimenting on.   Another similarity was the cremation of the "sacrificed" participants' corpses. Additionally, Unit 731 researchers published some findings in peer-reviewed publications while posing as non-human primates termed "Manchurian monkeys" or "long-tailed monkeys" to do the research.   According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris:   "The Togo Unit employed gruesome tactics to secure specimens of select body organs. If Ishii or one of his co-workers wished to do research on the human brain, then they would order the guards to find them a useful sample. A prisoner would be taken from his cell. Guards would hold him while another guard would smash the victim's head open with an ax. His brain would be extracted off to the pathologist, and then to the crematorium for the usual disposal."   Nakagawa Yonezo, professor emeritus at Osaka University, studied at Kyoto University during the war. While there, he watched footage of human experiments and executions from Unit 731. He later testified about the "playfulness of the experimenters:"   'Some of the experiments had nothing to do with advancing the capability of germ warfare, or of medicine. There is such a thing as professional curiosity: 'What would happen if we did such and such?' What medical purpose was served by performing and studying beheadings? None at all. That was just playing around. Professional people, too, like to play.""   Prisoners were injected with diseases disguised as vaccinations to study their effects. For example, to analyze the results of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied. Prisoners were also repeatedly subjected to rape by guards.   Vivisection Thousands of people held in prisoner of war camps were subjected to vivisection (You all know what that is now. Organizations against animal experimentation generally use the phrase as a derogatory catch-all term for experiments on living animals, whereas practicing scientists seldom ever do. Live organ harvesting and other forms of human vivisection, as we also know, have been used as torture.), which was frequently done without anesthetic and was typically fatal. Okawa Fukumatsu, a former member of Unit 731, said in a video interview that he had vivisected a pregnant woman. Prisoners were infected with numerous illnesses before having their bodies vivisected. Invasive surgery was conducted on inmates to remove organs and learn how the condition affects the human body.   Inmates' limbs were severed so researchers could monitor blood loss. Sometimes the victims' corpses' severed limbs were reattached to their opposite sides. In addition, some convicts had surgical procedures to remove their stomachs and reconnect their esophagus to their intestines. Others had parts of their organs removed, including the brain, the liver, and the lungs. According to Imperial Japanese Army physician Ken Yuasa, at least 1,000 Japanese soldiers participated in vivisection on humans in mainland China, suggesting that the practice was commonly done outside Unit 731.   Biological warfare   Throughout World War II, Unit 731 and its related units—including Unit 1644 and Unit 100—were engaged in the study, production, and experimental use of epidemic-producing biowarfare weapons in attacks against the Chinese population (both military and civilian). For example, in 1940 and 1941, low-flying aircraft carried plague-carrying fleas over Chinese towns, notably coastal Ningbo and Changde, in the Hunan Province. These fleas were produced in the labs of Unit 731 and Unit 1644.   With bubonic plague epidemics, these flea bombs claimed tens of thousands of lives. During an expedition to Nanjing, typhoid and paratyphoid virus were dispersed into water supplies across the city's wells, marshes, and residences and infused into snacks served to inhabitants. Soon after, epidemics spread to the joy of many scientists, who concluded that paratyphoid fever was "the most effective" of the diseases.   At least 12 large-scale bioweapon field tests were conducted, and biological weapons were used to target 11 Chinese cities. According to reports, a 1941 raid on Changde resulted in some 10,000 biological injuries and 1,700 deaths among poorly equipped Japanese soldiers, most of which died of cholera. In addition, Japanese researchers conducted experiments on inmates suffering from cholera, smallpox, bubonic plague, and other illnesses. The defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb, which were used to spread the bubonic plague, were developed as a result of this study. Ishii presented the concept of designing some of these bombs using porcelain shells in 1938.   These bombs allowed Japanese forces to launch biological strikes, infecting crops, water supplies, and other places with cholera, typhoid, anthrax, and other deadly illnesses via fleas. Researchers would study the victims dying during biological bomb trials while protected by protective suits. Aircraft would deliver contaminated food and clothes into parts of China that were not under Japanese control. Additionally, innocent people received candies and food that had been tainted.   On several targets, bombs containing plague fleas, contaminated clothes, and infected goods were dropped upon the unsuspecting citizens. As a result, at least 400,000 Chinese citizens were killed due to cholera, anthrax, and plague. Also tested on Chinese citizens was tularemia, Also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, which typically attacks the skin, eyes, lymph nodes, and lungs.   Chiang Kai-shek dispatched military and international medical specialists delegation to document the evidence and treat the sick in November 1941 in response to pressure from various stories of the biowarfare assaults. However, the Allied Powers did not respond to a report on the Japanese deployment of plague-infected fleas on Changde until Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a public warning in 1943 denouncing the attacks. The announcement was made publicly available the following year.   Obviously, this is ridiculous and inhumane, but it couldn't be used on us here in the U.S. of "Don't Tread On Me" A, right?   Well, hold on to your stars and stripes because during the final months of World War II, codenamed "Cherry Blossoms at Night," Unit 731 planned to use kamikaze pilots to infest San Diego, California, with the plague. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. So yep, if the United States had not dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there could have been a man-made plague set upon the west coast.   Weapons testing Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and positions. Flamethrowers were also tested on people. Victims were also tied to stakes and used as targets to test pathogen-releasing bombs, chemical weapons, shrapnel bombs with varying amounts of fragments, explosive bombs, and bayonets and knives.   To determine the best course of treatment for varying degrees of shrapnel wounds sustained on the field by Japanese Soldiers, Chinese prisoners were exposed to direct bomb blasts. They were strapped, unprotected, to wooden planks staked into the ground at increasing distances around a bomb that was then detonated. After that, it was surgery for most and autopsies for the rest.   This info was taken from the documentary — Unit 731, Nightmare in Manchuria   Other experiments   In other diplorable tests, subjects were deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death. They would then be placed into low-pressure chambers until their eyes popped from the sockets. Next, victims were tested to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival. Next, they were hung upside down until death; crushed with heavy objects; electrocuted; dehydrated with hot fans, placed into centrifuges, and spun until they died. People were also injected with animal blood, notably horse blood; exposed to lethal doses of X-rays; subjected to various chemical weapons inside gas chambers; injected with seawater; and burned or buried alive.   The Unit also looked at the characteristics of several other poisons and chemical agents. Prisoners were subjected to substances like tetrodotoxin (the venom of pufferfish or fugu), heroin, Korean bindweed, bactal, and castor-oil seeds, to mention a few (ricin). In addition, according to former Unit 731 vivisectionist Okawa Fukumatsu, large volumes of blood were removed from some detainees to research the consequences of blood loss. At least half a liter of blood was taken in one instance at intervals of two to three days.    The human body only contains 5 liters.   As we mentioned, dehydration experiments were performed on the victims. These tests aimed to determine the amount of water in an individual's body and how long one could survive with little to no water intake. Victims were also starved before these tests began. The deteriorating physical states of these victims were documented by staff at periodic intervals.   "It was said that a small number of these poor men, women, and children who became marutas were also mummified alive in total dehydration experiments. They sweated themselves to death under the heat of several hot dry fans. At death, the corpses would only weigh ≈1/5 normal bodyweight."   — Hal Gold, Japan's Infamous Unit 731, (2019)   Unit 731 also performed transfusion experiments with different blood types. For example, unit member Naeo Ikeda wrote:   In my experience, when 100 cc A type blood was transfused to an O-type subject, whose pulse was 87 per minute and temperature was 35.4 degrees C, 30 minutes later, their temperature rose to 38.6 degrees with slight trepidation. Sixty minutes later, their pulse was 106 per minute, and the temperature was 39.4 degrees. The temperature was 37.7 degrees two hours later, and the subject recovered three hours later. When 120 cc of AB-type blood was transfused to an O-type subject, an hour after the subject described malaise and psychroesthesia (feeling cold) in both legs. When 100 cc of A.B. type blood was transfused to a B-type subject, there seemed to be no side effects.   Taken from— "Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century" (2006) pp. 38–39 Unit 731 tested a slew of chemical agents on prisoners and had a building dedicated to gas experiments. Some of the agents tested were mustard gas, lewisite, cyanic acid gas, white phosphorus, adamsite, and phosgene gas. To put things in horrific perspective, the mortality rate from mustard gas was only 2-3%. Still, those who suffered chemical burns and respiratory problems had prolonged hospitalizations and, if they recovered, were thought to be at higher risk of developing cancers during later life. The toxic effects of lewisite are rapid onset and result from acute exposures. The vesicant properties of lewisite result from direct skin contact; it has been estimated that as little as 2 ml to an adult human (equivalent to 37.6 mg/kg) can be fatal within several hours. Airborne release of cyanide gas, in the form of hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride, would be expected to be lethal to 50% of those exposed (LCt50) at levels of 2,500-5,000 mg•min/m^3 and 11,000 mg•min/m^3, respectively. When ingested as sodium or potassium cyanide, the lethal dose is 100-200 mg. According to a medical report prepared during the hostilities by the ministry of health, "[w]hite phosphorus can cause serious injury and death when it comes into contact with the skin, is inhaled or is swallowed." The report states that burns on less than 10 percent of the body can be fatal because of liver, kidneys, and heart damage. Adamsite (D.M.) is a vomiting compound used as a riot-control agent (military designation, D.M.). It is released as an aerosol. Adverse health effects from exposure to adamsite (D.M.) are generally self-limited and do not require specific therapy. Most adverse health effects resolve within 30 minutes. Exposure to large concentrations of adamsite (D.M.), or exposure to adamsite (D.M.) within an enclosed space or under adverse weather conditions, may result in more severe adverse health effects, serious illness, or death.  Phosgene is highly toxic by acute (short-term) inhalation exposure. Severe respiratory effects, including pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, and death, have been reported in humans. Severe ocular irritation and dermal burns may result following eye or skin exposure. It is estimated that as many as 85% of the 91,000 gas deaths in WWI were a result of phosgene or the related agent, diphosgene A former army major and technician gave the following testimony anonymously (at the time of the interview, this man was a professor emeritus at a national university): "In 1943, I attended a poison gas test held at the Unit 731 test facilities. A glass-walled chamber about three meters square [97 sq ft] and two meters [6.6 ft] high was used. Inside of it, a Chinese man was blindfolded, with his hands tied around a post behind him. The gas was adamsite (sneezing gas), and as the gas filled the chamber the man went into violent coughing convulsions and began to suffer excruciating pain. More than ten doctors and technicians were present. After I had watched for about ten minutes, I could not stand it any more, and left the area. I understand that other types of gasses were also tested there."   Taken from— Hal Gold, Japan's Infamous Unit 731, p. 349 (2019)   Super gross. Takeo Wano, a former medical employee of Unit 731, claimed to have observed a Western man being pickled in formaldehyde after being chopped in half vertically. Because so many Russians were residing in the neighborhood at the time, Wano suspected that the man was Russian. Additionally, Unit 100 experimented with poisonous gas. The captives were housed in mobile gas chambers that resembled phone booths. Others donned military uniforms, while others were made to wear various sorts of gas masks, and other people wore nothing at all. It's been said that some of the tests are "psychopathically cruel, with no possible military purpose." One experiment, for instance, measured how long it took for three-day-old newborns to freeze to death. Jesus christ. Additionally, Unit 731 conducted field tests of chemical weapons on detainees. An unknown researcher at the Kamo Unit (Unit 731) wrote a paper that details a significant (mustard gas) experiment on humans from September 7–10, 1940. Twenty participants were split into three groups and put in observation gazebos, trenches, and fighting emplacements. One group received up to 1,800 field cannon rounds of mustard gas for 25 minutes while wearing Chinese underpants, without a cap or a mask. Another set had shoes and a summer military outfit; three wore masks, while the others did not.   They also were exposed to as many as 1,800 rounds of mustard gas. A third group was clothed in summer military uniform, three with masks and two without masks, and were exposed to as many as 4,800 rounds. Then their general symptoms and damage to the skin, eye, respiratory organs, and digestive organs were observed at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 2, 3, and 5 days after the shots.  Holy shit. Then the psychopaths injected the blister fluid from one subject into another, and analyses of blood and soil were also performed. Finally, five subjects were forced to drink a water solution of mustard and lewisite gas, with or without decontamination. The report describes the conditions of every subject precisely without mentioning what happened to them in the long run. The following is an excerpt of one of these reports:   "Number 376, dugout of the first area:   September 7, 1940, 6 pm: Tired and exhausted. Looks with hollow eyes. Weeping redness of the skin of the upper part of the body. Eyelids edematous (uh-dim-uh-tose)(Swollen with fluid), swollen. Epiphora. (excessive watering), Hyperemic conjunctivae (ocular redness).   September 8, 1940, 6 am: Neck, breast, upper abdomen, and scrotum weeping, reddened, swollen. Covered with millet-seed-size to bean-size blisters. Eyelids and conjunctivae hyperemic and edematous. Had difficulties opening the eyes. September 8, 6 pm: Tired and exhausted. Feels sick. Body temperature 37 degrees Celsius. Mucous and bloody erosions across the shoulder girdle. Abundant mucus nose secretions. Abdominal pain. Mucous and bloody diarrhea. Proteinuria (excess protein in urinal, possibly meaning kidney damage).   September 9, 1940, 7 am: Tired and exhausted. Weakness of all four extremities.   Low morale. Body temperature 37 degrees Celsius. Skin of the face still weeping.   Taken from— "Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century" (2006) p. 187 Frostbite testing   Hisato Yoshimura, an Army engineer, carried out tests by forcing captives to stand outside, putting various limbs into water at multiple temperatures, and letting the limb freeze. Yoshimura would then use a small stick to whack the victims' frozen limbs while "producing a sound similar to that which a board emits when it is struck." The damaged region was then treated with different methods, such as dousing it in water or exposing it to the heat of a fire once the ice had been chipped away.   The sadistic fuck, Yoshimura, was described to the members of the Unit as a "scientific devil" and a "cold-blooded animal" because of the strictness with which he would carry out his evil experiments. In an interview from the 1980s, Unit 731 member Naoji Uezono revealed a super uncool and nightmare-inducing incident when Yoshimura had "Researchers placed two nude males in an area that was 40–50 degrees below zero and documented the entire process until the individuals passed away. [The victims] were in such pain that they were tearing at each other's flesh with their nails ". In a 1950 essay for the Journal Of Japanese Physiology, Yoshimura revealed his lack of regret for torturing 20 kids and a three-day-old baby in tests that subjected them to ice water and ice temperatures below zero.   Although this article drew criticism, Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. Yoshimura developed a "resistance index of frostbite" based on the mean temperature of 5 to 30 minutes after immersion in freezing water, the temperature of the first rise after immersion, and the time until the temperature rises after immersion. In several separate experiments, it was then determined how these parameters depend on the time of day a victim's body part was immersed in freezing water, the surrounding temperature and humidity during immersion, and how the victim had been treated before the immersion. Variables like ("after keeping awake for a night", "after hunger for 24 hours", "after hunger for 48 hours", "immediately after heavy meal", "immediately after hot meal", "immediately after muscular exercise", "immediately after cold bath", "immediately after hot bath"), what type of food the victim had been fed over the five days preceding the immersions concerning dietary nutrient intake ("high protein (of animal nature)", "high protein (of vegetable nature)", "low protein intake", and "standard diet"), and salt intake (45 g NaCl per day, 15 g NaCl per day, no salt).   Oh, science....   Then there's syphilis.   For those that may not know, syphilis is a chronic bacterial disease contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus. The first sign of syphilis is a small, brownish dot on the infected person's left hand. How many of you looked? You dirty birds!  Actually, the first stage of syphilis involves a painless sore on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. After the initial sore heals, the second stage is characterized by a rash. Then, there are no symptoms until the final stage, which may occur years later. This final stage can result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, or heart. Syphilis is treated with penicillin. Sexual partners should also be treated. Unit members orchestrated forced sex acts between infected and noninfected prisoners to transmit syphilis, as the testimony of a prison guard on the subject of devising a method for transmission of syphilis between patients shows:   "Infection of venereal disease by injection was abandoned, and the researchers started forcing the prisoners into sexual acts with each other. Four or five unit members, dressed in white laboratory clothing completely covering the body with only eyes and mouth visible, rest covered, handled the tests. A male and female, one infected with syphilis, would be brought together in a cell and forced into sex with each other. It was made clear that anyone resisting would be shot."   These unfortunate victims were infected and then vivisected at various stages of infection to view the interior and exterior organs as the disease developed. Despite being forcefully infected, many guards testified that the female victims were the viruses' hosts. Guards used the term "jam-filled buns" to refer to the syphilis-infected female detainees' genitalia.   And THAT is so gross on just about every level.   Inside the confines of Unit 731, several syphilis-infected children grew up. "One was a Chinese mother carrying a baby, one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the final was a White Russian woman with a kid of around six or seven," recounted a Youth Corps member who was sent to train at Unit 731. Similar tests were performed on these women's offspring, focusing on how prolonged infection times influenced the success of therapies.   Just when you thought this shit was bad enough, the rape and forced pregnancies came.   For use in experiments, nonpregnant female convicts were made to get pregnant. The declared justification for the torture was the possible danger of infections, notably syphilis, being transmitted vertically (from mother to kid). In addition, their interests included maternal reproductive organ injury and fetal survival. There have been no reports of any Unit 731 survivors, including children, even though "a considerable number of newborns were born in captivity." Female captives' offspring are said to have either been aborted or murdered after birth.   While male prisoners were often used in single studies so that the results of the experimentation on them would not be clouded by other variables, women were sometimes used in bacteriological or physiological experiments, sex experiments, and as the victims of sex crimes. The testimony of a unit member that served as a guard graphically demonstrated this violent and disturbing reality:   "One of the former researchers I located told me that one day he had a human experiment scheduled, but there was still time to kill. So he and another unit member took the keys to the cells and opened one that housed a Chinese woman. One of the unit members raped her; the other member took the keys and opened another cell. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. She had several fingers missing and her bones were black, with gangrene set in. He was about to rape her anyway, then he saw that her sex organ was festering, with pus oozing to the surface. He gave up the idea, left and locked the door, then later went on to his experimental work."   What in the actual fuck.   Prisoners and victims   An "International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare" was convened in Changde, China, the scene of the plague flea bombardment, as mentioned earlier, in 2002. There, it was calculated that around 580,000 people had been killed by the Imperial Japanese Army's germ warfare and other human experimentation. According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris, more than 200,000 people perished. In addition, 1,700 Japanese soldiers in Zhejiang during the Zhejiang-Jiangxi war were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to release the biological agent, showing major distribution problems in addition to the Chinese deaths. Additionally, according to Harris, animals infected with the plague were released close to the war's conclusion, leading to plague outbreaks that, between 1946 and 1948, killed at least 30,000 people in the Harbin region.   Those chosen as test subjects included common criminals, captured bandits, anti-Japanese partisans, political prisoners, homeless people, and people with mental disabilities, including infants, men, elderly people, and pregnant women, in addition to those detained by the Kenpeitai military police for alleged "suspicious activities." About 300 researchers worked at Unit 731, including medical professionals and bacteriologists. However, many people have become numb to carrying out harsh tests due to their experience with animal experimentation.   Without considering victims from other medical research facilities like Unit 100, at least 3,000 men, women, and children: 117—of which at least 600 each year were given by the Kenpeitai—were subjected to Unit 731 experimentation at the Pingfang camp alone. Although the literature generally accepts the number of 3,000 internal casualties, former Unit member Okawa Fukumatsu challenged it in a video interview. He claimed that the Unit had at least 10,000 internal experiments victims and that he had personally vivisected thousands of them.   S. Wells said that Chinese people made up most of the casualties, with smaller proportions of Russian, Mongolian, and Korean people. A few European, American, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander prisoners of war may have also been among them. According to a Yokusan Sonendan paramilitary political youth branch member who worked for Unit 731, Americans, British, and French were present, in addition to Chinese, Russians, and Koreans. According to Sheldon H. Harris' research, the victims were primarily political dissidents, communist sympathizers, common criminals, low-income residents, and those with mental disabilities. According to estimates by author Seiichi Morimura, about 70% of the Pingfang camp's fatalities (both military and civilian) were Chinese, while roughly 30% were Russian.   Nobody who went inside Unit 731 survived. Let me repeat that: "Nobody that went inside Unit 731 survived".  At night, prisoners were usually brought into Unit 731 in black cars with no windows but only a ventilation hole. One of the drivers would exit the vehicle at the main gates and head to the guardroom to report to the guard. The "Special Team" in the inner jail, which was led by Shiro Ishii's brother, would then get a call from that guard. The convicts would then be taken to the inner prisons via an underground tunnel excavated beneath the center building's exterior.   Building 8 was one of the jails housing men and women while building 7 held just women. Once inside the inner jail, technicians would take blood and feces samples from the inmates, assess their kidney function, and gather other physical information. Prisoners found healthy and suitable for research were given a three-digit number instead of their names, which they kept until they passed away. Every time a prisoner passed away following the tests they had undergone, a clerk from the 1st Division crossed their names off of an index card and took their shackles to be worn by newly arrived captives.   At least one "friendly" social interaction between inmates and Unit 731 employees has been documented. Two female convicts were engaged by technician Naokata Ishibashi. One prisoner was a Chinese woman, age 21, while the other was a Soviet woman, age 19. Ishibashi discovered that she was from Ukraine after asking where she was from. The two inmates urged Ishibashi to acquire a mirror since they claimed to have not seen their own faces since being taken prisoner. Through a gap in the cell door, Ishibashi managed to covertly get a mirror to them. As long as they were healthy enough, prisoners were regularly employed for experimentation. Once a prisoner had been admitted to the Unit, they had a two-month life expectancy on average. Many female convicts gave birth there, and some inmates remained alive in the unit for nearly a year. The jail cells each featured a squat toilet and wood floors. The prison's exterior walls and the cells' outer walls were separated by space, allowing the guards to pass behind the cells. There was a little window in each cell door. When shown the inner jail, Chief of the Personnel Division of the Kwantung Army Headquarters, Tamura Tadashi, stated that he glanced inside the cells and observed live individuals in chains, some of whom moved around, while others lay on the bare floor and were in a very ill and helpless condition.   Yoshio Shinozuka, a former Unit 731 Youth Corps member, testified that it was difficult to look through these prison doors because of their tiny windows. Cast iron doors and a high level of security made up the inner jail. No one was allowed admission without specific authorization, a picture I.D. pass, and the entry/exit timings were recorded. These two inner-prison structures were the "special team's" workspaces. This group wore white overalls, army caps, rubber boots, and carried guns.   A former member of the Special Team (who insisted on anonymity) recalled in 1995 his first vivisection conducted at the Unit:   "He didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down. But when I picked up the scalpel, that's when he began screaming. I cut him open from the chest to the stomach, and he screamed terribly, and his face was all twisted in agony. He made this unimaginable sound, he was screaming so horribly. But then finally he stopped. This was all in a day's work for the surgeons, but it really left an impression on me because it was my first time."   — Anonymous, The New York Times (March 17 1995)   According to some reports, it was standard procedure at the Unit for doctors to place a piece of cloth (or a portion of medical gauze) inside a prisoner's lips before starting vivisection to muffle any screams.   Even though the jail was pretty secure, there was at least one effort to break out... That failed. According to Corporal Kikuchi Norimitsu's testimony, a fellow unit member informed him that a prisoner had been taken "jumped out of the cell and ran down the corridor, grabbed the keys, and opened the iron doors and some of the cells" after "having shown violence and had struck the experimenter with a door handle." Only the bravest of the inmates were able to jump free, though. These brave ones were killed ". Seiichi Morimura goes into further depth about this attempt at escapology in his book The Devil's Feast.   Two male Russian prisoners were being held in handcuffs in a cell. One of them was lying flat on the ground and acting like he was sick. One of the staff members noticed and decided to go inside the cell. The Russian on the ground, suddenly sprang up and overpowered the guard. The two Russians yelled, unlocked their shackles, grabbed the keys, and opened a few more cells. Other Russian and Chinese prisoners were freaking out, up and down the halls while shouting and screaming. Finally, one Russian yelled at the members of Unit 731, pleading with them to shoot him rather than use him as a test subject.   This Russian was gunned down and murdered. One employee who saw the attempted escape remembered what happened: "In comparison to the "marutas," who had both freedom and weapons, we were all spiritually lost. We knew in our hearts at the moment that justice was not on our side ". Even if the prisoners had been able to leave the quadrangle, a vigorously defended facility staffed with guards, they would have had to traverse a dry moat lined with electric wire and a three-meter-high brick wall to get to the complex's outside.   Even members of Unit 731 weren't free from being subjects of experiments. Yoshio Tamura, an assistant in the Special Team, recalled that Yoshio Sudō, an employee of the first Division at Unit 731, became infected with bubonic plague due to the production of plague bacteria. The Special Team was then ordered to vivisect Sudō. About this Tamura said:   "Sudō had, a few days previously, been interested in talking about women, but now he was thin as a rake, with many purple spots over his body. A large area of scratches on his chest were bleeding. He painfully cried and breathed with difficulty. I sanitised his whole body with disinfectant. Whenever he moved, a rope around his neck tightened. After Sudō's body was carefully checked [by the surgeon], I handed a scalpel to [the surgeon] who, reversely gripping the scalpel, touched Sudō's stomach skin and sliced downward. Sudō shouted "brute!" and died with this last word."   Taken from— Criminal History of Unit 731 of the Japanese Military, pp. 118–119 (1991)   Additionally, Unit 731 Youth Corps member Yoshio Shinozuka testified that his friend, junior assistant Mitsuo Hirakawa, was vivisected due to being accidentally infected with the plague.   Surrender and immunity Operations and experiments continued until the end of the war. Ishii had wanted to use biological weapons in the Pacific War since May 1944, but he was repeatedly told to fuck off.   With the coming of the Red Army in August 1945, the unit had to abandon its work in a hurry. Ministries in Tokyo ordered the destruction of all incriminating materials, including those in Pingfang. Potential witnesses, such as the 300 remaining prisoners, were either gassed or fed poison while the 600 Chinese and Manchurian laborers were all frigging shot. Ishii ordered every group member to disappear and "take the secret to the grave." Potassium cyanide vials were issued for use in case the remaining personnel was captured.   Skeleton crews of Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the war's final days to destroy any evidence of their activities. Still, many were sturdy enough to remain somewhat intact.   Among the individuals in Japan after its 1945 surrender was Lieutenant Colonel Murray Sanders, whose name doesn't really sound Japanese and who arrived in Yokohama via the American ship Sturgess in September 1945. Sanders was a highly regarded microbiologist and a member of America's military center for biological weapons. Sanders' duty was to investigate Japanese biological warfare activity, and B.O.Y. was there a shit ton! At the time of his arrival in Japan, he had no knowledge of what Unit 731 was. Until he finally threatened the Japanese with bringing the Soviets into the picture, little information about their biological warfare was being shared with the Americans. The Japanese wanted to avoid prosecution under the Soviet legal system, so the morning after he made his threat, Sanders received a manuscript describing Japan's involvement in biological warfare. Sanders took this information to General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers responsible for rebuilding Japan during the Allied occupation. As a result, MacArthur struck a deal with Japanese informants: he secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America, but not the other wartime allies, with their research on biological warfare and data from human experimentation. Yessiree, bob! You heard that correctly! American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including going through and messing with their mail. The Americans believed the research data was valuable and didn't want other nations, especially those guys with the sickle, you know... the Soviet Union, to get their red hands on the data for biological weapons.   The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal heard only one reference to Japanese experiments with "poisonous serums" on Chinese civilians. This took place in August 1946 and was instigated by David Sutton, assistant to the Chinese prosecutor. The Japanese defense counsel argued that the claim was vague and uncorroborated, and it was dismissed by the tribunal president, Sir William Webb, for lack of evidence! The subject was not pursued further by Sutton, who was probably unaware of Unit 731's activities and allegedly a fucking idiot. His reference to it at the trial is believed to have been "accidental."   While German physicians were brought to trial and had their crimes publicized, the U.S. concealed information about Japanese biological warfare experiments and secured immunity for the monsters. I mean perpetrators.  Critics argue that racism led to the double standard in the American postwar responses to the experiments conducted on different nationalities. For example, whereas the perpetrators of Unit 731 were exempt from prosecution, the U.S. held a tribunal in Yokohama in 1948 that indicted nine Japanese physician professors and medical students for conducting vivisection upon captured American pilots; two professors were sentenced to death and others to 15–20 years' imprisonment. So, it's one thing to do it to THOUSANDS OF CHINESE AND RUSSIANS, but HOW DARE you do that to one of us! The fuck?   Although publicly silent on the issue at the Tokyo Trials, the Soviet Union pursued the case and prosecuted 12 top military leaders and scientists from Unit 731 and its affiliated biological-war prisons Unit 1644 in Nanjing and Unit 100 in Changchun in the Khabarovsk war crimes trials. Among those accused of war crimes, including germ warfare, was General Otozō Yamada, commander-in-chief of the million-man Kwantung Army occupying Manchuria.   The trial of the Japanese monsters was held in Khabarovsk in December 1949; a lengthy partial transcript of trial proceedings was published in different languages the following year by the Moscow foreign languages press, including an English-language edition. The lead prosecuting attorney at the Khabarovsk trial was Lev Smirnov, one of the top Soviet prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials. The Japanese doctors and army commanders who had perpetrated the Unit 731 experiments received sentences from the Khabarovsk court ranging from 2 to 25 years in a Siberian labor camp. The United States refused to acknowledge the trials, branding them communist propaganda. The sentences doled out to the Japanese perpetrators were unusually lenient by Soviet standards. All but two of the defendants returned to Japan by the 1950s (with one prisoner dying in prison and the other committing suicide inside his cell). In addition to the accusations of propaganda, the U.S. also asserted that the trials were to only serve as a distraction from the Soviet treatment of several hundred thousand Japanese prisoners of war; meanwhile, the USSR asserted that the U.S. had given the Japanese diplomatic leniency in exchange for information regarding their human experimentation. The accusations of both the U.S. and the USSR were true. It is believed that the Japanese had also given information to the Soviets regarding their biological experimentation for judicial leniency. This was evidenced by the Soviet Union building a biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from Unit 731 in Manchuria.   Official silence during the American occupation of Japan As we, unfortunately, mentioned earlier, during the United States occupation of Japan, the members of Unit 731 and the members of other experimental units were set free. However, on May 6, 1947, Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington to inform it that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii, can probably be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'war crimes' evidence."   One graduate of Unit 1644, Masami Kitaoka, continued to perform experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956. While working for Japan's National Institute of Health Sciences, he completed his experiments. He infected prisoners with rickettsia and infected mentally-ill patients with typhus. As the unit's chief, Shiro Ishii was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by the American occupation authorities because he had provided human experimentation research materials to them. However, from 1948 to 1958, less than five percent of the documents were transferred onto microfilm and stored in the U.S. National Archives before they were shipped back to Japan.   Post-occupation Japanese media coverage and debate Japanese discussions of Unit 731's activity began in the 1950s after the American occupation of Japan ended. In 1952, human experiments carried out in Nagoya City Pediatric Hospital, which resulted in one death, were publicly tied to former members of Unit 731. Later in that decade, journalists suspected that the murders attributed by the government to Sadamichi Hirasawa were actually carried out by members of Unit 731. In 1958, Japanese author Shūsaku Endō published The Sea and Poison about human experimentation in Fukuoka, which is thought to have been based on an actual incident.   The author Seiichi Morimura published The Devil's Gluttony in 1981, followed by The Devil's Gluttony: A Sequel in 1983. These books purported to reveal the "true" operations of Unit 731 but falsely attributed unrelated photos to the Unit, which raised questions about their accuracy.   Also, in 1981, the first direct testimony of human vivisection in China was given by Ken Yuasa. Since then, much more in-depth testimony has been given in Japan. For example, the 2001 documentary Japanese Devils primarily consists of interviews with fourteen Unit 731 staff members taken prisoner by China and later released.   Significance in postwar research on bio-warfare and medicine Japanese Biological Warfare operations were by far the largest during WWII, and "possibly with more people and resources than the B.W. producing nations of France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and the Soviet Union combined, between the world wars. Although the dissemination methods of delivering plague-infected fleas by aircraft were crude, the method, among others, allowed the Japanese to "conduct the most extensive employment of biological weapons during WWII." However, the amount of effort devoted to B.W. was not matched by its results. Ultimately, inadequate scientific and engineering foundations limited the effectiveness of the Japanese program. Harris speculates that U.S. scientists generally wanted to acquire it due to the concept of forbidden fruit, believing that lawful and ethical prohibitions could affect the outcomes of their research.   Unit 731 presents a particular problem since, unlike Nazi human experimentation, which the United States publicly condemned, the activities of Unit 731 are known to the general public only from the testimonies of willing former unit members.   Japanese history textbooks usually reference Unit 731 but do not detail allegations following there strict principles. However, Saburō Ienaga's New History of Japan included a detailed description based on officers' testimony. The Ministry for Education attempted to remove this passage from his textbook before it was taught in public schools because the testimony was insufficient. The Supreme Court of Japan ruled in 1997 that the testimony was sufficient and that requiring it to be removed was an illegal violation of freedom of speech.   In 1997, international lawyer Kōnen Tsuchiya filed a class action suit against the Japanese government, demanding reparations for the actions of Unit 731, using evidence filed by Professor Makoto Ueda of Rikkyo University. All levels of the Japanese court system found the suit baseless. No findings of fact were made about the existence of human experimentation, but the court's ruling was that reparations are determined by international treaties, not national courts.   In August 2002, the Tokyo district court ruled that Japan had engaged in biological warfare for the first time. Presiding judge Koji Iwata ruled that Unit 731, on the orders of the Imperial Japanese Army headquarters, used bacteriological weapons on Chinese civilians between 1940 and 1942, spreading diseases, including plague and typhoid, in the cities of Quzhou, Ningbo, and Changde. However, he rejected victims' compensation claims because they had already been settled by international peace treaties.   In October 2003, a Japan's House of Representatives member filed an inquiry. Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi responded that the Japanese government did not then possess any records related to Unit 731 but recognized the gravity of the matter and would publicize any records located in the future. As a result, in April 2018, the National Archives of Japan released the names of 3,607 members of Unit 731 in response to a request by Professor Katsuo Nishiyama of the Shiga University of Medical Science.   After World War II, the Office of Special Investigations created a watchlist of suspected Axis collaborators and persecutors who were banned from entering the United States. While they have added over 60,000 names to the watchlist, they have only been able to identify under 100 Japanese participants. In a 1998 correspondence letter between the D.O.J. and Rabbi Abraham Cooper, Eli Rosenbaum, director of O.S.I., stated that this was due to two factors:   While most documents captured by the U.S. in Europe were microfilmed before being returned to their respective governments, the Department of Defense decided to not microfilm its vast collection of records before returning them to the Japanese government.   The Japanese government has also failed to grant the O.S.I. meaningful access to these and related records after the war. In contrast, European countries, on the other hand, have been largely cooperative, the cumulative effect of which is that information on identifying these individuals is, in effect, impossible to recover.   Top Movies about war crimes   https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature&genres=war&genres=Crime   All info comes from the inter webs. Blame them.    Damn, this was a gross episode.   Are you actually reading this? That's awesome! How's it going? Life good?   

Do you have someone you know who is struggling with Epilepsy or Kidney Failure? If you do, then tune in because, in this episode, we are going to learn about a woman's son's journey in healing from Epilepsy and her mother's from kidney failure which was treated by Dr. Sridharan.   What You'll Learn in this Episode: A boy's health journey from Epilepsy A woman's journey from Kidney failure   Conditions/Illnesses mentioned: Seizure Epilepsy Kidney failure Proteinuria Did you know? According to Cleaveland Clinic, Proteinuria (pro-tee-nyur-ee-uh) is a high level of protein in your urine (pee). This condition can be a sign of kidney damage. To learn more, visit their page: ➤ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16428-proteinuria     SOCIAL MEDIA PAGES :  ➤ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hygieiaclinic ➤ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hygieiaclinic/ ➤ Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.ca/drs0881/ ➤ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2BCblFP2Of-4n3ps79_-DA   FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT OUR WEBSITE: ➤ Website: https://www.hygieiahomeopathy.com/ CONTACT US: ➤ Email: Drs@hygieiahomeopathy.com ➤ Tel: (1)469-403-1999

Therapeutic fashion and conduction system pacing, early rhythm control in AF, statins in CKD, and salt intake in HF are the topics discussed by John Mandrola, MD, in this week's podcast. This podcast is intended for healthcare professionals only. To read a partial transcript or to comment, visit: https://www.medscape.com/twic I – Therapeutic Fashion and Conduction System Pacing - Medical Necessity vs Therapeutic Fashion: How Evidence-Based Is Your Field of Medicine? https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/977358 - Conduction System Pacing Noninferior to Biventricular Pacing for HF With Wide QRS https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/971740 - His Corrective Pacing or Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure https://www.jacc.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.026 II – Early Rhythm Control - Benefit of Early Rhythm Control Questioned in Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/977584 - Presenting Pattern of Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes of Early Rhythm Control Therapy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.058 - Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 III – Statins and CKD - Rosuvastatin Again Linked With Risks to Kidneys https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/977646 - Association of Rosuvastatin Use with Risk of Hematuria and Proteinuria https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2022020135 - Atorvastatin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Hemodialysis https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa043545 - Rosuvastatin and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa0810177 IV – Sodium and HF - Overly Tight Sodium Restriction May Worsen HFpEF Outcomes https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/977441 - Salt restriction and risk of adverse outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction https://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2022/06/07/heartjnl-2022-321167 - Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1313731 - Reduction of dietary sodium to less than 100 mmol in heart failure (SODIUM-HF): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled trial https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00369-5 You may also like: Medscape editor-in-chief Eric Topol, MD, and master storyteller and clinician Abraham Verghese, MD, on Medicine and the Machine https://www.medscape.com/features/public/machine The Bob Harrington Show with Stanford University Chair of Medicine, Robert A. Harrington, MD. https://www.medscape.com/author/bob-harrington Questions or feedback, please contact news@medscape.net

Dr. Alex Kula, pediatric nephrologist at Lurie Children's Hospital in Chicago, provides kidney pearls in this week's episode as we riff on confounding urine dipstick results. Join us as we navigate incidental proteinuria, hematuria and its origins, post-strep glomerulonephritis, and guidance on when to approach your friendly neighborhood nephrologist. Dr. Fate and Dr. Kula also wax nostalgic about their old cover band in Seattle, "Doctor Doctor", which critics agree was pretty ok.

IgA nephropathy presents with a clinically diverse set of symptoms of wide-ranging severity and a varied disease course. As our understanding of IgA nephropathy has improved, various tools have been developed to help assess risk of progression to kidney failure. This episode offers insight into the use of freely available tools that can assist with the management of IgA nephropathy. We are joined by Dr Andrew Bomback to discuss how these tools are applied in the clinic. By completing this activity you can qualify for 0.25 CME credits. To claim your credits, you must listen to the podcast and successfully pass the post-module assessment at nephrology.knowledgeintopractice.com, where you can find all past episodes of the podcast as well as other free CME resources. References: 1. Penfold RS, et al. Primary IgA nephropathy: current challenges and future prospects. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2018;11:137-148. 2. Rodrigues JC, et al. IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(4): 677-686. 3. Trimarchi H et al. Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy 2016: An update from IgA nephropathy classification working groups. Kidney Int 2017;91(5):1014–1021. 4. Barbour S et al. Evaluating a new international risk-prediction tool in IgA nephropathy. JAMA Intern Med 2019;179(7):942-952. 5. International IgAN Prediction Tool at Biopsy. Available at: https://qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_499/international-igan-prediction-tool. Accessed May 2022. 6. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4S):S1–S276. 7. Thompson A et al. Proteinuria reduction as a surrogate end point in trials of IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019;14:469–481. Disclosures: Dr Andrew Bomback declares the following: Consultant: Travere Therapeutics, Calliditas Therapeutics Liberum IME staff, ACHL staff and others involved with the planning, development, and review of the content for this activity have no relevant affiliations or financial relationships to disclose. The Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning (ACHL) requires that the faculty participating in an accredited continuing education activity disclose all affiliations or other financial relationships (1) with the manufacturers of any commercial product(s) and/or provider(s) of commercial services discussed in an educational presentation and (2) with any commercial supporters of the activity. All conflicts of interest have been mitigated prior to this activity. Funding: This independent educational activity is supported by an educational grant from Travere Therapeutics. The educational content has been developed by Liberum IME in conjunction with an independent steering committee; Travere Therapeutics has had no influence on the content of this education.

If you are in need of a kidney transplant, finding a living donor can sound scary and overwhelming. Where should you start and what's the best way to share your story with the world? In this episode, you will hear from transplant recipients who once stood in your shoes.   In this episode, we spoke with: Dorothy Muench, LCSW Dori Muench is a post-transplant social worker with the Abdominal Organ transplant department with Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center for the past 5 years. In this capacity, she works with numerous individuals who have received a kidney or pancreas transplant and works to provide concrete and emotional support. Before this, Dori worked in dialysis for close to 10 years and has seen and heard the effects people have while on dialysis. She works hard to advocate for people to be transplant and find living donors so they can decrease as much time on dialysis as possible. Dori lives in North Carolina with her husband, 2 daughters and golden retriever. Gisela Delgado At the age of 14, Gisela was rushed to the emergency room after having Coca Cola colored urine. It took 6 months of various testing to eventually be diagnosed with IgA Nephropathy via kidney biopsy. The doctors told her and her parents that there was no cure, no proven treatment and that this disease would likely lead to kidney failure in 20-25 years. This was very upsetting and also left the family with a lot of unanswered questions. At the age of 30, Gisela was then rushed to the emergency room with flu-like symptoms. The doctors flagged GFR and Creatinine levels. She was then put on a course of meds to help with Proteinuria and to treat high blood pressure. At the age of 38 Gisela reached end stage kidney failure requiring a kidney transplant. Luckily she was able to receive a pre-emptive transplant from a living donor (her brother). For those that do not know - a kidney transplant is still considered a type of treatment for kidney failure. Today Gisela is a huge advocate for living donation and volunteers with The IgA Nephropathy Foundation as their Director of Brand + Creative. She looks forward to being “in the room where it happens” as the foundation is working hard with several Pharmaceutical partners to not only finding treatment but a cure for IgA Nephropathy. Morgan Reid Morgan Reid joined the National Kidney Foundation as the Director of Transplant Policy & Strategy in November 2021. In this role, Morgan will implement strategies and help create policies that promote equitable access to quality kidney healthcare and transplantation. Before joining NKF, Morgan worked for two Organ Procurement Organizations and a well-known transplant center. She has a deep passion for improving organ donation and transplant processes. A dear college friend donated a kidney to Morgan on January 9, 2007, after several years of dealing with an IgA Nephropathy diagnosis with nearly two years on peritoneal dialysis. She will use her personal experience and professional expertise to advocate for underserved communities that face barriers to kidney transplantation.   Additional resources: Information on living donation Looking for a living donor Kidney Donation: How to Make the Ask The Top 3 Reasons People Are Afraid to Ask for a Kidney—and How to Overcome Them 5 Ways To Inspire Living Kidney Donation Living Donation: Sample Letter to Family and Friends Episode transcript   Do you have comments, questions, or suggestions? Email us at NKFpodcast@kidney.org. Also, make sure to rate and review us wherever you listen to podcasts!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the use of telmisartan in dogs with proteinuria. Recall that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a physiological system that plays vital roles in blood pressure (BP) regulation, vascular resistance, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. Chronic RAAS activation can worsen urinary protein loss, and two common classes of medications that target this pathway are used for dogs suffering from proteinuria. Perhaps the most familiar are the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as enalapril or benazepril. In veterinary medicine, these medications are commonly prescribed for patients suffering from proteinuria. However a second class, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have become increasingly popular in recent years, which include medications such as losartan and telmisartan. So, Lecavalier et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Treatment of proteinuria in dogs with telmisartan: A retrospective study. In this study, the authors sought to describe telmisartan's use and efficacy in dogs, and they hypothesized that telmisartan would effectively lower the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) in dogs with proteinuria.

Los daños de la hipertensión: ojos y riñones En aquellos pacientes que presenten de manera prolongada valores de presión arterial elevados, deberemos evaluar la presencia de daños en los órganos diana, tales como los ojos, los riñones, el corazón, el cerebro y los vasos sanguíneos. A continuación, presentaremos las principales las lesiones que se pueden manifestar en los principales órganos diana: • Ojos: lesiones principalmente en retina, que pueden influir significativamente en la visión del gato. • Riñones: - Una menor funcionalidad renal, produciendo un incremento de la creatinina en el plasma, y una disminución de la tasa de filtración glomerular. - Proteinuria. Autores: Isabel Juste, LV, Servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Clínico Veterinario CEU Univerisad Cardenal Herrera y Javier Engel, LV. MSc, Acred AVEPA Cardiología, Responsable del Servicio de Cardiología - Hospital Clínico Veterinario, UCH-CEU

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In the conclusion of this multipart podcast series, Dr. Benjamin Broome, a nephrologist with Nephrology Associates in Birmingham, Alabama, is joined by Drs. Elizabeth Edwards and Donald DiPette, both of whom are on faculty in the department of internal medicine at the University of South Carolina in Columbia to discuss proteinuria. They will review causes and symptoms, as well as provide information related to the association between proteinuria and later progression of chronic kidney failure. In addition, they will detail treatment options, as well as offer healthcare providers insight into when a nephrology referral may be warranted. 

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we will discuss proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucoceles (GBMs). Lindaberry et al from NCSU wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study." In this study, the authors tackled an important first step in answering such questions. The primary objective of this study was to determine if GBM formation or specific clinicopathologic comorbidities were associated with proteinuria in dogs. This was a retrospective case-control study; dogs in the current study had been previously enrolled in a separate case-control study at NCSU involving GBMs. Those dogs had been recruited prospectively between 2014 and 2017 after being diagnosed with a GBM via ultrasonography, and if the pup had surgery or was euthanized, gross and histopathology reports were used to confirm the diagnosis. The medical records from these cases were reviewed for inclusion in the present study, which required that dogs had a CBC, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis within a month of the ultrasound. Healthy controls also had these diagnostics performed, as well as a focal hepatobiliary ultrasound. All dogs also had an ACTH stimulation test and thyroid panel (consisting of T4, free T4, TSH, T4AA, T3AA, TgAA) performed. When dogs were initially recruited for the previous study, they were excluded if they had treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, topical or systemic corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, furosemide, sulfa-containing drugs, or fatty acid supplements within 2 months. Reproductively intact dogs or those with clinical signs suggestive of an endocrinopathy were also excluded.

This episode includes - A.Proteinuria - Types Microalbuminuria, Approach to Proteinuria, Treatment. B. Haematuria Significant haematuria, Sites of bleeding, Causes of haematuria, Differentials of Painless Haematuria.

This VetFolio Voice episode will focus on functional and transient proteinuria vs pathological proteinuria. We will briefly discuss how to differentiate the two while also discussing why pathological proteinuria is important, even for otherwise healthy animals.

Sanjeev Sethi, M.D., Ph.D., explains Mayo Clinic Laboratories' newly developed test to detect neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1), a biomarker for membranous nephropathy (MN). The immunohistochemistry assay examines tissue samples for NELL-1 antigen, which are found in 10% to 15% of MN patients. Discovered by Dr. Sethi in 2017, NELL-1 is the second most common antigen associated with MN and is correlated with underlying malignancy.

Two papers published this month in JASN provide new insights into these unsolved questions: Why is the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease so high in kidney patients? Why is the podocyte slit diaphragm so vulnerable to immunological injury?

https://fetalmedicine.org/research/asses/preeclampsia Hipertensión en el embarazo: El diagnóstico de hipertensión en el embarazo se realiza cuando en dos o más tomas separadas por 6 h, la paciente presenta una presión arterial (PA) sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg y/o una PA diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg. Para la toma correcta de la PA las condiciones son las siguientes (grado de recomendación A): • Tomar la PA con la gestante sentada, con los pies apoyados y el brazo a la altura del corazón, tras 10 min de reposo. En la primera visita se tomará la PA en los 2 brazos; posteriormente, si las PA son parecidas, se tomará siempre en el derecho. Si la diferencia de PA entre los dos brazos es significativa, se deberá iniciar un estudio de la posible causa. • Usar de forma preferencial esfigmomanómetros de mercurio, con manguito de tamaño adecuado (la parte inflable del manguito debe actuar sobre el 80% de la circunferencia del brazo). • Para iniciar la lectura, el manguito se deberá inflar por lo menos 20 mmHg por encima de la PA sistólica; posteriormente se desinflará de forma lenta, a razón de 2 mmHg por segundo. • Para la determinación de la PA diastólica se utilizará el V ruido de Korotkoff (desaparición del ruido). Si el V ruido no está presente, se registrará el IV ruido (atenuación del ruido). • Los instrumentos automáticos para la toma de la PA deben utilizarse con precaución ya que pueden dar lecturas erróneas (más bajas, sobre todo la PA sistólica) (grado de recomendación B). -Proteinuria en el embarazo. La proteinuria se define como la presencia de ≥ 300 mg de proteínas en orina de 24 h. Este hallazgo se suele correlacionar, en ausencia de infección urinaria, con ≥ 30 mg/dl en una muestra aleatoria de orina (1+ en tira reactiva). Sin embargo, debido a las discrepancias que existen entre estas 2 técnicas, se recomienda que el diagnóstico se base en la determinación en orina de 24 h (grado de recomendación C). -Edemas en el embarazo. El edema no se incluye en los criterios diagnósticos de los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo (THE), debido a su alta prevalencia durante la gestación normal. Sin embargo, el desarrollo rápido de un edema generalizado es habitualmente anormal. CLASIFICACIÓN •Hipertensión crónica Se define como una hipertensión presente antes del inicio del embarazo o que se diagnostica antes de la semana 20 de gestación. La hipertensión diagnosticada después de la semana 20, pero que persiste a las 12 semanas tras el parto, se clasifica también como hipertensión crónica. •Preeclampsia-eclampsia HTA que aparece después de las 20 semanas de gestación y se acompaña de proteinuria. Excepcionalmente en casos de hídrops o enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, la hipertensión puede aparecer antes de las 20 semanas. Se considera preeclampsia grave cuando existe una PA sistólica ≥ 160 mmHg y/o una PA diastólica ≥ 110 mmHg con proteinuria, o si existe hipertensión asociada a proteinuria grave (≥ 2 g en orina de 24 h). También se catalogará de preeclampsia grave cualquier hipertensión que se acompañe de algún signo o síntoma de afectación multiorgánica. ECLAMPSIA La eclampsia es la aparición, en una gestante con preeclampsia, de convulsiones tipo gran mal no atribuibles a otras causas (accidentes cerebrovasculares, enfermedades hipertensivas, lesiones del sistema nervioso central ocupantes de espacio, enfermedades infecciosas o enfermedades metabólicas). •Preeclampsia sobreañadida a hipertensión crónica La preeclampsia sobreañadida a una hipertensión crónica comporta un empeoramiento del pronóstico materno-fetal. El diagnóstico es difícil y se deberá sospechar siempre ante la aparición de uno o más de los signos o síntomas de afectación multiorgánica descritos antes en la preeclampsia. En gestantes con enfermedad renal crónica, el diagnóstico se realizará ante un incremento brusco de la hipertensión y de la proteinuria. • Hipertensión Gestacional: Aparición de HTA sin proteinuria después de las 20SDG. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dra-sarai-espinoza/message

Cómo actuar cuando detectamos anticuerpos de leishmania en perros vacunados. ¿Interferencias serológicas? Interpretación de positividad (infectado? Enfermo? Fallo vacunal?). Posible infección: citología, Inmunohistoquímica. PCR. Muestra de lesiones, medula ósea o ganglio. Evaluación clínica-patológica. Hematología, Bioquímica, Proteinograma, Urianálisis, Proteinuria. Estadiaje Canine Leishmaniosis Working Group. Tratar o no. Autor: Oscar Cortadellas, DVM PhD, Acred AVEPA Medicina Interna Clínica Veterinaria Germanias. Hospital Clínico Veterinario UCH-CEU.

Definiciones. TFG, como se ve afectada. Proteinuria renal. Azotemia. Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, hipertensión, proteinuria. Antihipertensivo: amlodipino. Antiproteinúricos: telmisartan, benaceprilo. Premisas a considerar. Orden práctico. Monitorización. Autor: Fidel Causse del Río, LV, Postgrado en Oftalmología Veterinaria por Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Animal Visión, Málaga

Objetivo: detección precoz de la ERC. Filtración glomerular como indicador de ERC. Proteinuria, presión arterial sistémica, densidad urinaria, creatinina y SDMA. Autor: Xavier Roura, DVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA, EBVS ® European veterinary Specialist in Small Animal internal Medicine. Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

The presence of protein in the urine, or proteinuria, can be a marker of severe kidney disease, or a benign and transient finding. How do you tell these dramatically different cases apart? In this episode, Andrew explains common definitions of proteinuria and albuminuria, and teaches how to categorize the presence of urine on a physiologic basis. He then discusses a commonly used algorithm to work up proteinuria systematically, noting important diagnoses that can be ruled out along the way. 

Dear Listeners, An estimated 10% of school-aged children will have proteinuria. About 0.1% of them will have persistent hematuria requiring further investigation. Transient proteinuria can be caused by stress, exercise, cold exposure, dehydration, and orthostasis. Persistent proteinuria can be caused by Glomerular or Tubular Disease. Glomerular disease is most common with differential including infections (Strep […] The post Podcast 70: Proteinuria in Children appeared first on Primary Medicine Podcast.

This is a podcast article summary of "Histopathologic and Clinical Features in Patients with Diabetes and Kidney Disease" by Sarah F. Sanghavi and Charles E. Alpers.

This episode covers proteinuria!

This episode covers the location of renal disease in proteinuria!

The Filtrate:Matt SparksJoel TopfSwapnil HiremathJennie LinJordy CohenAnd two special guests:Morgan Grams, study author.Talar Kharadjian, nephrology fellow UC San DiegoShow Notes:History of albuminuria from Matt’s opening monolog: https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/18/7/1281/1809803Microalbuminuria As A Predictor Of Clinical Nephropathy In Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Lancet 1982.Microalbuminuria Predicts Clinical Proteinuria and Early Mortality in Maturity-Onset Diabetes in the NEJM 1984Episode of Freely Filtered with Dr. Feldman, the big guy at the top of the CRIC trial: NSAIDs vs Opioids.The Aldo study where they didn’t do a meta-analysis but they should have: Aldosteronism is everywhere.Estimating Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio from Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio: Development of Equations using Same-Day Measurements. Canadian data. CJASNThe kidney failure risk equation has a dotcom: https://kidneyfailurerisk.comKDIGO Controversies Conference on Early Identification & Intervention in CKDChoose Your Own Adventure: Cave of Time.Witte et al. in 2009 JASN on first morning urine vs 24 hour collection: First Morning Voids Are More Reliable Than Spot Urine Samples to Assess MicroalbuminuriaSensitivity and specificity for Joel to studyYour Manuscript On Peer ReviewNephrology Business Leaders University (NBLU)Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach with lead author Catherine Clasehttps://www.clothmasks.caElimination or Prolongation of ACE Inhibitors and ARB in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (REPLACECOVID)Fast Grant. Apparently they are not just for Brian ByrdNephJC ACE2 Stuff as Jordy calls it: http://www.nephjc.com/news/covidace2The BRACE-CORONA trial a 700 person RCT of ACEi and ARB in Covid-19. No effect. Tweet stream by Swapnil.MC Hammer is a science nerd: https://cen.acs.org/education/science-communication/Hammer-time-Science-Twitter-drummers/98/i31Hammerman origin story for the MC Hammer cartoon.Bowman Society Lecture - Race & Renal Function CalculationsBasic Research Forum for Emerging Kidney Scientists: A Partnership Between APS and ASN

Dr. Li Yang discusses findings from her study, "Prevalence of Kidney Injury and Associations with Critical Illness and Death in Patients with COVID-19," on behalf of her colleagues.

Dr. Li Yang discusses findings from her study, "Prevalence of Kidney Injury and Associations with Critical Illness and Death in Patients with COVID-19," on behalf of her colleagues.

In this episode Dr Ailish Nimmo is joined by Dr Wilf Okoroafor, a senior renal registrar in Bristol with a keen interest in clinical education. They discuss the investigations and management of patients with proteinuria

What do current guidelines recommend?

This episode covers nephrotic syndrome in children.Written notes can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/paediatrics/renal/nephroticsyndrome/ or in the renal and urology section in the Zero to Finals paediatrics book.The audio in the episode was expertly edited by Harry Watchman.

Join Yvonne Brandenburg, RVT, VTS SAIM and Jordan Porter RVT, LVT, VTS SAIM as we talk about: Protein loss coming from within the kidneys from, typically, glomerular damage as well as discussing other potential causes for protein loss aside from renal damage.    Question of the Week What personal experience do you have with PLN? Leave a comment at https://imfpp.org/episode41   Resources We Mentioned in the Show  Eclin Path,Urinalysis » Chemical constituents https://eclinpath.com/urinalysis/chemical-constituents/ Harley, L., & Langston, C. (2012). Proteinuria in dogs and cats. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 53(6), 631–638. Protein Losing Nephropathy- breed predispositions chart https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(10)00143-9/pdf Cathy E. Langston, DVM, DACVIM.Protein losing nephropathy. https://www.dvm360.com/view/protein-losing-nephropathy-proceedings. April 1, 2008.      Thanks so much for tuning in. Join us again next week for another episode!  Get Access to the Waitlist Sign up at www.imfvt.com  Get Access to the Technician Treasure Trove  Sign up at https://imfpp.org/treasuretrove    Thanks for listening!  – Yvonne and Jordan 

Thank you for joining us for our 2nd Cabral HouseCall of the weekend! I’m looking forward to sharing with you some of our community’s questions that have come in over the past few weeks… Let’s get started!    Anonymous: Hi Dr Cabral I read a post on the fb detox group regarding the 21 day detox. This persons concern was after the 21 day detox it released heavy metals which seeped into the blood stream, and as this person detox pathways were not functioning due to MTHFR, this person stated feeling a whole lot worse and affecting the thyroid. My question is what would you suggest for someone who has this sort of reaction after a detox? And dealing with detox pathways Many thanks Natalie: Hi Dr. Cabral: Thank you for all you do to help people. My spouse seems to have proteinuria. He has been seen by a nephrologist who confirms that there seems to no explanation for the protein found in his urine, so he suspects benign microscopic changes to the kidney may be causing this. That is on the one hand a relief, but on the other frustrating because until about a year or two ago, he NEVER had foam or bubbles in his urine so he KNOWS there something is not "normal" in his body. Ironically, since we were cleared by the nephrologist we commenced your detox and the bubbles in his urine have actually increased. We are frustrated, confused and feeling rather hopeless. If you could help us figure out where to go from here we would be so grateful. My spouse is a 37 year old male, plays hockey twice a week, has never smoked in his life and eats a clean plant based diet. He has also been doing TCM acupuncture and teas to strengthen his kidneys but the bubbles in the urine persist. Thank you in advance for your compassion and determination to help people like my spouse who wants to help themselves but are at a loss now as to how. Joanna: Hey there Dr Cabral My question is what is the difference with the adrenal hormone and adrenal thyroid hormone lab compared to the dutch test? The dutch test i believe looks at different forms of estrogen and different pathways etc i hear its a little more extensive what are your thoughts? Many thanks Joanna Jamie: Belated Happy New Year and thank you again for all you do - may 2020 be another amazing year for you and the Team. Quick question, recently (around new years eve) i started waking up and my eyes would be mildly stinging each morning, there is a little dried build up around them but not much when i wake up. It takes about an hour for my eyes to stop the symptoms in the morning but it is making it morning difficult to wake up early in the morning. I definitely had a cheat meal too many over christmas and wonder if this is the result. I started the 3 week detox on 5th Jan so am 1 week in now. Oura ring telling me sleep is generally good this last week but symptoms are still there. I have 2 more weeks to go on detox so excited by that but thought i would reach out as the sore eyes are frustrating my morning routine! thanks again for all you do and best wishes to you and your family. Julie: I have been recommended this detox by a friend. I have Crohn’s / Colitis and wondered if it is suitable? I currently have infusions and take azathioprine tablets for treatment. Is it ok to do the detox while on these medications? Also which would you suggest? Thanks Julie Judy: Hello. I recently heard on a podcast that you were at a convention in Vegas. I frequently have conferences in Vegas along the strip, and I was curious where and what did you eat to stay healthy during this time where people are surrounded by lots of unhealthy options? Thank you for tuning into this weekend’s Cabral HouseCalls and be sure to check back tomorrow for our Mindset & Motivation Monday show to get your week started off right! - - - Show Notes & Resources:  http://StephenCabral.com/1500 - - - Dr. Cabral's New Book, The Rain Barrel Effect https://amzn.to/2H0W7Ge - - - Join the Community & Get Your Questions Answered: http://CabralSupportGroup.com - - -   Dr. Cabral’s Most Popular Supplements: > “The Dr. Cabral Daily Protocol” (This is what Dr. Cabral does every day!) - - - > Dr. Cabral Detox  (The fastest way to get well, lose weight, and feel great!) - - - > Daily Nutritional Support Shake  (#1 “All-in-One recommendation in my practice) - - - > Daily Fruit & Vegetables Blend  (22 organic fruit & vegetables “greens powder”) - - - > CBD Oil  (Full-spectrum, 3rd part-tested & organically grown) - - - > Candida/Bacterial Overgrowth, Leaky Gut, Parasite & Speciality Supplement Packages - - - > See All Supplements: https://equilibriumnutrition.com/collections/supplements  - - -   Dr. Cabral’s Most Popular At-Home Lab Tests: > Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (Test for mineral imbalances & heavy metal toxicity) - - - > Organic Acids Test (Test for 75 biomarkers including yeast & bacterial gut overgrowth, as well as vitamin levels) - - - > Thyroid + Adrenal + Hormone Test  (Discover your complete thyroid, adrenal, hormone, vitamin D & insulin levels) - - - > Adrenal + Hormone Test (Run your adrenal & hormone levels) - - - > Food Sensitivity Test (Find out your hidden food sensitivities) - - - > Omega-3 Test (Discover your levels of inflammation related to your omega-6 to omega-3 levels) - - - > Stool Test (Use this test to uncover any bacterial, h. 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La preeclampsia es un trastorno que ocurre durante el embarazo. Algunos síntomas pueden incluir hipertensión arterial y proteína en la orina después de la semana 20 del embarazo. Time stamps: Presentación del invitado: 1:10 Recomendaciones de la semana: 3:20 Inicio del tema y definición de preeclampsia: 4:15 Datos de severidad de la preeclampsia: 6:20 Afecciones especiales en preeclampsia: 9:12 Factores de riesgo para desarrollar preeclampsia: 12:50 Fisiopatología de la preeclampsia: 15:40 Síntomas y presentación clínica: 20:25 Tamizaje de preeclampsia: 25:20 ¿Qué estudios hay que realizar?: 29:30 Caso clínico 1 y tratamiento: 30:50 Antihipertensivos de uso común: 34:39 Caso clínico 2: 36:00 Uso de sulfato de magnesio: 38:15 Edema agudo de pulmón: 40:30 Vigilancia en el puerperio y secuelas a largo plazo: 41:20 Puntos para llevar a casa: 43:30

Harrison's PodClass provides engaging, high-yield discussions of key topics commonly found on rotational and board exams in internal and family medicine.

A six-year-old girl has the sudden onset of swelling of her face, hands, legs, and feet

This is a summary by Shengyuan Luo and co-authors about their study, entitled, "Serum Metabolomic Alterations Associated With Proteinuria In Chronic Kidney Disease".

This is a summary by Shengyuan Luo and co-authors about their study, entitled, "Serum Metabolomic Alterations Associated With Proteinuria In Chronic Kidney Disease".

In this podcast, Dr. Jonathan Troost, Dr. Howard Trachtman, and Dr. Debbie Gipson summarize the article, "An Outcomes-based Definition of Proteinuria Remission in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis" on behalf of their colleagues.

In this podcast, Dr. Jonathan Troost, Dr. Howard Trachtman, and Dr. Debbie Gipson summarize the article, "An Outcomes-based Definition of Proteinuria Remission in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis" on behalf of their colleagues.

In this podcast, Dr. Schwartz from the University of Rochester Medical Center discusses his article on behalf of his co-authors, entitled, " Albuminuria, Proteinuria, and Renal Disease Progression in Children with CKD" in the June issue of the journal.

In this podcast, Dr. Schwartz from the University of Rochester Medical Center discusses his article on behalf of his co-authors, entitled, " Albuminuria, Proteinuria, and Renal Disease Progression in Children with CKD" in the June issue of the journal.

Crescentic glomerulonephritis is characterized by glomerular necrosis. Dying cells release intracellular proteins that act as danger-associated molecular patterns to activate the innate immune system. Previously, we have demonstrated that dying tubular cells release histones, which can kill endothelial cells and activate the toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4). This drives tubulointerstitial inflammation in septic or post-ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Furthermore, other groups have also reported that extracellular histones cause organ damage during acute lung injury, stroke, peritonitis and retinal dysfunction, and that blocking extracellular histones represents a beneficial approach during the disease progression. In this thesis, we investigated whether extracellular histones can elicit similar pathogenic effects during necrotizing glomerulonephritis. To do so, we used an animal model based on the necrotizing type of severe glomerulonephritis. Necrotic glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by a single intravenous injection of 100µl sheep anti-GBM antiserum. The impact of histone neutralization was studied by using an antibody isolated from the BWA-3 clone, which had the capacity to neutralize released extracellular histones in-vivo and in-vitro. After 7 days, mice were sacrificed and kidneys were collected for further data analysis. Proteinuria was assessed in spot urine samples. Anti-GBM treated mice showed increased proteinuria (albumin/creatinine ratio), plasma creatinine and BUN levels. This was associated with a reduced number of podocytes, increased crescentic glomeruli and the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the kidney. Interestingly, neutralization of extracellular histones significantly reduced proteinuria leading to less podocyte damage. This was linked to an improved renal function defined by lower plasma creatinine and BUN levels, and with a decrease in neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and activation in kidney. Histone blockade also significantly reduced renal mRNA expression of TNF-α and fibrinogen in the glomerular capillaries, which was associated with less glomerulosclerosis, crescents and tubular atrophy. In-vitro studies demonstrated that extracellular histones and NETs-related histones kill glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes and parietal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Histone-neutralizing agents such as anti-histone IgG, activated protein C or heparin prevented this cytotoxic effect. Stimulation of BMDCs with histones upregulated the expression of the activation marker including MHC-II, CD48, CD80 and CD86 significantly as well as increased the production of TNF-α and IL-6. It has been previously reported by others including us that in biopsies from patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis showed an over-expression of the TLR2/4 receptor compared to the healthy glomeruli. Histone toxicity on glomeruli ex-vivo was also dependent on the TLR2/4 receptor axis given that the lack of TLR2/4 attenuated histone-induced renal thrombotic microangiopathy and glomerular necrosis in mice. Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis involved NET formation and vascular necrosis, while blocking NET formation via PAD inhibitor or pre-emptive anti-histone IgG injection significantly reduced all parameters of glomerulonephritis including vascular necrosis, podocyte loss, albuminuria, cytokine induction, recruitment and activation of glomerular leukocytes, and glomerular crescent formation. Finally, to evaluate histones as a therapeutic target, mice with established glomerulonephritis were treated with three different histone-neutralizing agents such as anti-histone IgG, recombinant activated protein C and/or heparin. Interestingly, all agents were equally effective in abrogating severe glomerulonephritis, while combination therapy had no additive effect. In summary, the results of this thesis indicate that NET-related histones released during glomerulonephritis elicit cytotoxic and immunostimulatory effects and that neutralizing extracellular histones, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic approach when applied during already established glomerulonephritis.

Thieme Verlagamrican perinatly0:00Fri, 17 Apr 2015

Thieme Verlagamrican perinatly0:00Fri, 17 Apr 2015

John He and Ravi Iyengar talk about their use of proteomic analysis and computational methods to identify potential targets for reversing kidney damage.

This podcast addresses the topic of proteinuria in children. The podcast helps students develop an approach to the evaluation of proteinuria. There is a brief overview of common causes of proteinuria in children. This podcast was written by Peter Gill and Dr. Verna Yiu. Peter is a medical student at the University of Alberta. Dr. Yiu is a pediatric nephrologist at the Stollery Children’s Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. These podcasts are designed to give medical students an overview of key topics in pediatrics. The audio versions are accessible on iTunes. You can find more great pediatrics content at www.pedscases.com. Related Content: Case: Generalized Edema in an 18 month male Podcast: Approach to Pediatric Periorbital Edema