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Ab und zu haben wir eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte für euch, die ihr schnell weg snacken könnt. Heute geht's um Jack Kilby, der Mikrochips und Taschenrechner erfunden hat und seine Chefs damit am Anfang gar nicht überzeugen könnte. Eine beeindruckende Frau, die später in der Informatik mit Chips gearbeitet hat, ist übrigens Lynn Conway, die sich als Transfrau in der Technik behaupten musste. Willkommen beim einzig wahren True Science-Podcast! Hier geht's um die Lebensgeschichten von Menschen, die mit Wissenschaft unsere Welt verändert haben. Wir fragen uns: Was hat sie bewegt, was haben sie erlebt, und wie kam es zu diesem einen Geistesblitz?! Dabei ist eins sicher: In der Wissenschaft gibt's jede Menge Gossip und den hört ihr hier. “Behind Science” gibt's jeden Samstag - am Science-Samstag. Zwischendurch erreicht ihr uns per Mail und Instagram, und hier gibt's unsere Links, die gerade wichtig sind. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Konu bilgisayarların tarihi olduğunda hep bir en birinci kimdi rekabetinin ortasında buluyoruz kendimizi. Fakat bu kavgaların dışında birbiriyle daha iyisini yapmak için rekabet eden devler de var. Ki esas farkı yaratanlar da onlar oluyor. Onlar sayesinde “bir tıkla” tüm dünya parmaklarımızın ucunda artık. Bilgisayarların tarihinin ikinci bölümünde, o bir “tıka” nasıl geldiğimiz üzerine konuşacağız. Bugün cebimize sığan teknolojinin gelişimine tanık olacağız. Ve bölümün sonunda şunu çok net bir şekilde anlayacağız aslında: Her şeyin bu kadar kolay olması, hiç de kolay olmadı.Dijital sağlık platformu Eczacıbaşı Evital ile alanlarında uzman psikolog ve diyetisyenlerle internetin olduğu her yerden online görüşmelerinizi hemen yapabilirsiniz. Ücretsiz ön görüşme fırsatına ek olarak görüşmelerinizi %25 indirimle planlamak için PODBEE25 kodunu kullanabilirsiniz. Evital'i deneyimlemek için hemen tıklayınSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
A new study suggests that apes can recognize when a human doesn't know something and will try to fill in the gaps, plus, we look at the first possible lunar data center. On This Day in History, we focus on Jack Kilby and his groundbreaking work at Texas Instruments. Bonobos Know When You're Clueless — Their Theory of Mind Explains Why | ZME Science The World's First Moon Data Center Is Launching — Here's What It Means | ZME Science Texas Instruments Integrated Circuit | Bullock Texas State History Museum How a Texas Instruments engineer created the integrated circuit | San Antonio Report February 6: Kilby Files Patent for Integrated Circuit | This Day in History | Computer History Museum Sponsored By Acorns - Head to at acorns.com/cool or download the Acorns app to start saving and investing for your future today! Contact the show - coolstuffcommute@gmail.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Auf Halbleitermaterialen basierende Chips haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten bahnbrechende technologische Entwicklungen ermöglicht. Nur ein Paar Beispiele: die Massenproduktion und die Miniaturisierung haben uns von kühlschrankgroßen Computern zur Smartwatch geführt, Navigationssysteme führen uns punktgenau von A nach B. Die Kehrseite der Medaille: Satelliten, künstliche Intelligenz, Google Maps, Elektroautos, ... und noch viel meeeehr sind ohne Chips undenkbar! Begeben wir uns in eine gefährliche Abhängigkeit? Die Longs versuchen in dieser Folge, euch mit ihrem gefährlichen Halbwissen einige Einblicke in dieses spannende Thema zu gewähren.
Heute vor 100 Jahren wurde der Physiker und Elektroingenieur Jack Kilby geboren – der "Vater des Mikrochips".
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Jack Kilby's integrated circuit set off the "Second Industrial Revolution" and I want to believe that it was the product of Texans' finely-tuned attention to energy density, going back to the likes of Gail Borden and every plains Indian that ever sat a horse. And yet, is the integrated circuit perhaps a better example of land-obsessed Texans' failing to appreciate the potential of the twentieth century's greatest invention?Photo available at TexasInstruments.com.www.BrandonSeale.com
Jack Kilby Interview New Host joins me today to talk about how he became involved in the wrestling business and working with Hannibal Tv .
Blog post: https://medium.com/asecuritysite-when-bob-met-alice/noyce-moore-and-grove-a-template-for-spin-out-start-up-success-b67d9795154a Introduction So, is there a formula for a successful start-up/spin-out — and if you followed it, you would be guaranteed success? For this, many people approach me and say, “I want to have a spin-out. What should I do?”. To me, this is a little like saying, “I want to fly, can you give me wings?”. So, let me lay out a few things that I have learned over the past two decades of being involved in spin-out companies. Overall, we have been very lucky in our spin-outs, with three highly successful ones, and where two have been bought out (Zonefox and Symphonic), and the third is expanding fast within digital forensics (Cyacomb). But, as they say, “The Harder I Practice, the Luckier I Get”. We have had failures, but every time our team has licked their wounds and come back stronger. And the one thing, though, I've observed is that the leadership of an innovative company often needs to change as it evolves, and those leading it need to know when they need to move aside and let others take their place. So, I'm going to define the three stages as: Visionary, Strategy and Grit, and where there are very different leaders at each stage. But, fundamentally, the first two stages set up the culture and approach of the company, and which are fundamental to its long-term beliefs and ideals. Overall, few companies in the third stage can turn their ship and travel in a different direction. The approach of IBM, for example, is still one of an engineering approach to their work and one built on rewarding innovation. Forgive me, I'm technical And, so I am a cryptography professor, and not a business one, so please forgive me for not covering the core literature in the areas of business. I am also highly technical, and that is what I love. I would never want to be a cut-throat business person and would never want to be. I love inventing things and seeing ideas grow from seeds. And one thing I know is when my role is complete as part of the innovation process and when to move aside. But, deeply technical people are at the core of creating a successful spin-out, along with people with a vision. And, so, I would like to lay out a basic template of my observations in creating a successful spin-out — and based on the ones we have produced. To me, also, a great technical company should have a core of theoretical work, and where the best work can come from academic collaborations. In academia, there is an attention to detail and theory, and which makes sense of the complex world of invention and discovery. But, the magic comes from practical implements, and where the best collaborations mix practice with theory. So, my basic template for success is to get the right leadership team in place, and get the right leader for the right time. A core part of this is knowing when the leader should move aside and let someone else take over. For this, I'll map it to the success of Intel and its first three employees: Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore and Andy Grove. Stage 1: Robert Noyce — the Visionary (1968–1975) If there's a superstar of our digital era, it must be Robert Noyce. Imagine inventing the one thing that now drives virtually everything in our digital age: the integrated circuit. It all started in the late 1950s with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs and who first invented the transistor. William Shockley advanced the concept with the creation of the bipolar transistor. Bardeen and Brattain were a great research team and has a great balance of theoretical skills with practical ones. Brattain did the theory, and Bardeen did the practical work. All three eventually received a Nobel Prize for their work — with Brattain being one of the few people to ever get two Nobel Prizes. While Bell Labs was a hub of innovation at the time, Shockley wanted to take a good deal of the credit for the invention of the transistor and left Bell Labs to set up his own company in 1955: Shockley Semiconductor. For this, we recruited Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore to work on his ideas. But Shockley was a difficult boss and had an overbearing approach to his management style. This caused eight of Shockley's employees — including Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore — to leave the company and start their own venture with the support of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. It was there, in 1961, that Robert created one of the most significant patents of all time: It outlined a magical way of doping a semiconductor substrate and producing an integrated circuit: This invention differed from Jack Kilby's work at Texas Instruments, as Robert outlined a monolithic circuit while Jack defined a hybrid circuit approach. And, so, Fairchild grew fast as a leader in semiconductors, but as the company grew, Robert increasingly missed the days of true innovation and decided to team up with Gordon Moore to create Integrated Electronics (which would end up just being known as Intel). And, so, Robert was the anchor for the creation of Intel. A true visionary and someone that people trusted and listened to. It was thus not difficult for Andy Rock to find the seed funding for the start-up — as it had Robert's name on it. Those who invested in the company were not investing in the company and its projected product line but in Robert. In Stage 1 we thus have the visionary leader. The person who can see beyond the near future and build a company that could scale towards their vision, and someone who both inspired people to believe and someone who others could trust with the vision. And, so, Robert led Intel from 1968 to 1975 but knew the time that he needed to hand over to someone else. And, that needed to be someone who had a core understanding of the technology required to scale Intel: Gordon Moore. Stage 2: Gordon Moore — the technical and strategic genius (1975–1987) In Stage 2, we move from the visionary leader to the strategic leader, and there was no better person than Gordon Moore (and who created the mighty Moore's Law — and which is still relevant to this day). Gordon had an eye for detail and quality. For Intel to succeed, they needed someone to convert the vision shown by Noyce to something that matched the market. For this, he invested heavily in R&D and made Intel a world leader in the memory market. But, he showed his strategic brilliance by spotting the opportunity to initiate work in microprocessors. As we all know, in 1969, Intel was designing some chips for Busicom and decided to integrate these into a single device, which could be programmed with software. The designer was Ted Hoff, and he produced the first microprocessor: the 4004. And, so, as the memory market became crowded and profits fell, Gordon moved Intel out of it and ramped up the development of the 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors. The device that sprang out of this development was the Intel 8086, which — luck would have it — was the processor selected for the IBM PC. It was luck and strategy, and Gordon was a core part of this. Most CEOs would have pushed forward in the memory market, but Gordon focused Intel's R&D on new markets. Gordon Moore was thus the second phase leader and the one who could stop opportunities and be in the right place at the right time to exploit them. Without his technical genius, the company would have struggled to understand how to scale R&D into emerging markets. Stage 3: Andy Grove — the detail (1987–1998) And now we need the last piece of the puzzle … Andy Grove. Intel had grown up as a company of idealists and lacked a “Us and Them” approach to management. Noyce, Moore and Grove had led the company, but they were colleagues. Many remember that it was often difficult to find Gordon in the company when they visited him, as he sat in a cubical in the open plan set up and shared the same physical space with others in the company. There were no fancy trimmings for Gordon in his CEO role — he was as much a worker as any other. And both Robert and Gordon had a gentle approach to their management style, but Andy brought an edge that the congenial Moore and Noyce could never give. At eight years old, Andy escaped with his mother from the Nazis and left Hungary at the age of 20 during the Hungarian Revolution. He arrived in the US as a refugee with no money but with a passion for learning. Eventually, he gained his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. And, so, Andy provided the grit and desire to succeed that Intel needed, and, as with Gordon, he had an eye for quality and in making sure that everything that Intel did was at the highest possible technical level. And so it was Andy who had the grit to move Intel out of its core memory business and into microprocessors. He had a knack for taking complex problems and distilling them down into strategies that were easy for those involved to understand. Perhaps it was because he was an engineer first and then had to learn about management and strategic approaches. His strategy was to move Intel out of memory and straight into the PC. The natural choice at the time for the processor in the PC was Motorola, but Grove managed to get the technical support in place for the Intel chip, and that allowed engineers to develop their prototypes. And, what did Grove do about the expertise in memory? He put it to good use in integrating SRAM caches into the processor, which massively speeded up their operation. Andy thus had the grit that Intel required to take it into new markets and win: The most important role of managers is to create an environment where people are passionately dedicated to winning in the marketplace. Fear plays a major role in creating and maintaining such passion. Fear of competition, fear of bankruptcy, fear of being wrong and fear of losing can all be powerful motivators. Conclusions Moore and Noyce drove Intel to become one of the world's most powerful companies. The team had a perfect balance … Noyce inspired everyone he met and built an initial customer base, while Moore built technical excellence and then followed through. It was left to Grove to focus on detail and excellence. William Shockley failed in the market as he couldn't share success with others, while Moore, Noyce and Grove built a culture of collaboration and in taking shared ownership of the company they built. The first stages of a company are thus so important is building its culture into the future. If those involved in those first stages do not act in the right way, then the company may be doomed to have the wrong approaches to its employees and customers. The initial leaders are the ones that people should look up to and be inspired by. This is not often through business practice, but having core scientific and technical expertise in their field. So, get your team in place … a visionary, a technical genius, and a true leader with grit. But, knowing the best leader at any given time and knowing when to hand over to someone else can take the next great step forward. And, go do something wonderful …
This Morning's Baking Ingredients More evidence that Capitalism won't save us.If Black is a response to generational trauma, what does it mean to be pro-Black?Violence against women starts with yourself and then ya mates. The Innits got it rightJoin the conversation Tuesday & Thursday, at 8 am-ish on Instagram Live, YouTube, and Twitter. Follow us on Instagram @WakeNBakeWithBeMo! Learn more about the host of Wake N Bake With BeMo on BeMoauthentic.com. The Wake N Bake With BeMo Podcast is proudly presented by the Bridge Podcast Network. For more information about the Washington Informer and The Bridge visit WIBridgeDC.comThis morning's baked good sponsor is Street Lawyer Services DC. Visit their location to sample this morning's bake. Tell ‘em BeMo sent you.This morning's rolling session is sponsored by Jack Kilby and the good folks over at Crab Shack Studios. Visit them for more grooves over at CrabShackMusic.comIf you are interested in being a sponsor for Wake N Bake with BeMo, visit our insights page and shoot us an email.
This Morning's Baking Ingredients Low-Quality Rhymes with White SupremacyPaul Robeson Negroes of the Week: James Jeter & Dara Douglas for Americana HBCU CultureThe Characteristics of White Supremacy in real-time!Join the conversation Tuesday & Thursday, at 8 am-ish on Instagram Live, YouTube, and Twitter. Follow us on Instagram @WakeNBakeWithBeMo! Learn more about the host of Wake N Bake With BeMo on BeMoauthentic.com. The Wake N Bake With BeMo Podcast is proudly presented by the Bridge Podcast Network. For more information about the Washington Informer and The Bridge visit WIBridgeDC.comThis morning's baked good sponsor is Street Lawyer Services DC. Visit their location to sample this morning's bake. Tell ‘em BeMo sent you.This morning's rolling session is sponsored by Jack Kilby and the good folks over at Crab Shack Studios. Visit them for more grooves over at CrabShackMusic.comIf you are interested in being a sponsor for Wake N Bake with BeMo, visit our insights page and shoot us an email.
This Morning's Baking Ingredients Respect will no longer be expected, let alone tolerated. Naomi expands the Blueprint Let me be Ryan Coogler's rage for a moment. I don't wipe the tears.Competition shows are now competing for who sucks. REELality expanded.Join the conversation Tuesday & Thursday, 8 am-ish on Instagram Live, YouTube, and Twitter. Follow us on Instagram @WakeNBakeWithBeMo! Learn more about the host of Wake N Bake With BeMo on BeMoauthentic.com. The Wake N Bake With BeMo Podcast is proudly presented by the Bridge Podcast Network. For more information about the Washington Informer and The Bridge visit WIBridgeDC.comThis morning's baked good sponsor is Street Lawyer Services DC. Visit their location to sample this morning's bake. Tell ‘em BeMo sent you.This morning's rolling session is sponsored by Jack Kilby and the good folks over at Crab Shack Studios. Visit them for more grooves over at CrabShackMusic.comIf you are interested in being a sponsor for Wake N Bake with BeMo, visit our insights page and shoot us an email.
This Morning's Baking Ingredients Part 2 of an exploration of “corny” and other Black-specific insults. The Paul Robeson Negro of the Week!- Russell WestbrookAn evolution of my relationship with the women at the job.Join the conversation Tuesday & Thursday, 8 am-ish on Instagram Live, YouTube, and Twitter. Follow us on Instagram @WakeNBakeWithBeMo! Learn more about the host of Wake N Bake With BeMo on BeMoauthentic.com. The Wake N Bake With BeMo Podcast is proudly presented by the Bridge Podcast Network. For more information about the Washington Informer and The Bridge visit WIBridgeDC.comThis morning's baked good sponsor is Street Lawyer Services DC. Visit their location to sample this morning's bake. Tell ‘em BeMo sent you.This morning's rolling session is sponsored by Jack Kilby and the good folks over at Crab Shack Studios. Visit them for more grooves over at CrabShackMusic.comIf you are interested in being a sponsor for Wake N Bake with BeMo, visit our insights page and shoot us an email.
This Morning's Solution-Baked TopicsInstagram taught me that the internet ain't real. Where have I been?The parody of the Black Experience; Ziwe vs Ms. PatThe Exploration of Corny in the lexicon of Black specific insults.Join the conversation Tuesday & Thursday, 8 am-ish on Instagram Live, YouTube, and Twitter. Follow us on Instagram @WakeNBakeWithBeMo! Learn more about the host of Wake N Bake With BeMo on BeMoauthentic.com. The Wake N Bake With BeMo Podcast is proudly presented by the Bridge Podcast Network. For more information about the Washington Informer and The Bridge visit WIBridgeDC.comThis morning's baked good sponsor is Street Lawyer Services DC. Visit their location to sample this morning's bake. Tell ‘em BeMo sent you.This morning's rolling session is sponsored by Jack Kilby and the good folks over at Crab Shack Studios. Visit them for more grooves over at CrabShackMusic.comIf you are interested in being a sponsor for Wake N Bake with BeMo, visit our insights page and shoot us an email.
Nearly everything is fine in moderation. Plastics exploded as an industry in the post World War II boom of the 50s and on - but goes back far further. A plastic is a category of materials called a polymer. These are materials comprised of long chains of molecules that can be easily found in nature because cellulose, the cellular walls of plants, comes in many forms. But while the word plastics comes from easily pliable materials, we don't usually think of plant-based products as plastics. Instead, we think of the synthetic polymers. But documented uses go back thousands of years, especially with early uses of natural rubbers, milk proteins, gums, and shellacs. But as we rounded the corner into the mid-1800s with the rise of chemistry things picked up steam. That's when Charles Goodyear wanted to keep tires from popping and so discovered vulcanization as a means to treat rubber. Vulcanization is when rubber is heated and mixed with other chemicals like sulphur. Then in 1869 John Wesley Hyatt looked for an alternative to natural ivory for things like billiards. He found that cotton fibers could be treated with camphor, which came from the waxy wood of camphor laurels. The substance could be shaped, dried, and then come off as most anything nature produced. When Wesley innovated plastics most camphor was extracted from trees, but today most camphor is synthetically produced from petroleum-based products, further freeing humans from needing natural materials to produce goods. Not only could we skip killing elephants but we could avoid chopping down forests to meet our needs for goods. Leo Baekeland gave us Bakelite in 1907. By then we were using other materials and the hunt was on for all kinds of materials. Shellac had been used as a moisture sealant for centuries and came from the female lac bugs in trees around India but could also be used to insulate electrical components. Baekeland created a phenol and formaldehyde solution he called Novolak but as with the advent of steel realized that he could change the temperature and how much pressure was applied to the solution that he could make it harder and more moldable - thus Bakelite became the first fully synthetic polymer. Hermann Staudinger started doing more of the academic research to explain why these reactions were happening. In 1920, he wrote a paper that looked at rubber, starch, and other polymers, explaining how their long chains of molecular units were linked by covalent bonds. Thus their high molecular weights. He would go on to collaborate with his wife Magda Voita, who was a bonanist and his polymer theories proven. And so plastics went from experimentation to science. Scientists and experimenters alike continued to investigate uses and by 1925 there was even a magazine called Plastics. They could add filler to Bakelite and create colored plastics for all kinds of uses and started molding jewelry, gears, and other trinkets. They could heat it to 300 degrees and then inject it into molds. And so plastic manufacturing was born. As with many of the things we interact with in our modern world, use grew through the decades and there were other industries that started to merge, evolve, and diverge. Éleuthère Irénée du Pont had worked with gunpowder in France and his family immigrated to the United States after the French Revolution. He'd worked with chemist Antoine Lavoisier while a student and started producing gunpowder in the early 1800s. That company, which evolved into the modern DuPont, always excelled in various materials sciences and through the 1920s also focused on a number of polymers. One of their employees, Wallace Carothers, invented neoprene and so gave us our first super polymer in 1928. He would go on to invent nylon as a synthetic form of silk in 1935. DuPont also brought us Teflon and insecticides in 1935. Acrylic acid went back to the mid-1800s but as people were experimenting with combining chemicals around the same time we saw British chemists John Crawford and Rowland Hill and independently German Otto Röhm develop products based on polymathy methacrylate. Here, they were creating clear, hard plastic to be used like glass. The Brits called theirs Perspex and the Germans called theirs Plexiglas when they went to market, with our friends back at DuPont creating yet another called Lucite. The period between World War I and World War II saw advancements in nearly every science - from mechanical computing to early electrical switching and of course, plastics. The Great Depression saw a slow-down in the advancements but World War II and some of the basic research happening around the world caused an explosion as governments dumped money into build-ups. That's when DuPont cranked out parachutes and tires and even got involved in building the Savannah Hanford plutonium plant as a part of the Manhattan Project. This took them away from things like nylon, which led to riots. We were clearly in the era of synthetics used in clothing. Leading up to the war and beyond, every supply chain of natural goods got constrained. And so synthetic replacements for these were being heavily researched and new uses were being discovered all over the place. Add in assembly lines and we were pumping out things to bring joy or improve lives at a constant clip. BASF had been making dyes since the 1860s but chemicals are chemicals and had developed polystyrene in the 1930s and continued to grow and benefit from both licensing and developing other materials like Styropor insulating foam. Dow Chemical had been founded in the 1800s by Herbert Henry Dow, but became an important part of the supply chain for the growing synthetics businesses, working with Corning to produce silicones and producing styrene and magnesium for light parts for aircraft. They too would help in nuclear developments, managing the Rocky Flats plutonium triggers plant and then napalm, Agent Orange, breast implants, plastic bottles, and anything else we could mix chemicals with. Expanded polystyrene led to plastics in cups, packaging, and anything else. By the 60s we were fully in a synthetic world. A great quote from 1967's “The Graduate” was “I want to say one word to you. Just one word. Are you listening? Plastics.” The future was here. And much of that future involved injection molding machines, now more and more common. Many a mainframe was encased in metal but with hard plastics we could build faceplates out of plastic. The IBM mainframes had lots of blinking lights recessed into holes in plastic with metal switches sticking out. Turns out people get shocked less when the whole thing isn't metal. The minicomputers were smaller but by the time of the PDP-11 there were plastic toggles and a plastic front on the chassis. The Altair 8800 ended up looking a lot like that, but bringing that technology to the hobbyist. By the time the personal computer started to go mainstream, the full case was made of injection molding. The things that went inside computers were increasingly plastic as well. Going back to the early days of mechanical computing, gears were made out of metal. But tubes were often mounted on circuits screwed to wooden boards. Albert Hanson had worked on foil conductors that were laminated to insulating boards going back to 1903 but Charles Ducas patented electroplating circuit patterns in 1927 and Austrian Paul Eisler invented printed circuits for radio sets in the mid-1930s. John Sargrove then figured out he could spray metal onto plastic boards made of Bakelite in the late 1930s and uses expanded to proximity fuzes in World War II and then Motorola helped bring them into broader consumer electronics in the early 1950s. Printed circuit boards then moved to screen printing metallic paint onto various surfaces and Harry Rubinstein patented printing components, which helped pave the way for integrated circuits. Board lamination and etching was added to the process and conductive inks used in the creation might be etched copper, plated substrates or even silver inks as are used in RFID tags. We've learned over time to make things easier and with more precise machinery we were able to build smaller and smaller boards, chips, and eventually 3d printed electronics - even the Circuit Scribe to draw circuits. Doug Engelbart's first mouse was wood but by the time Steve Jobs insisted they be mass produceable they'd been plastic for Englebart and then the Alto. Computer keyboards had evolved out of the flexowriter and so become plastic as well. Even the springs that caused keys to bounce back up eventually replaced with plastic and rubberized materials in different configurations. Plastic is great for insulating electronics, they are poor conductors of heat, they're light, they're easy to mold, they're hardy, synthetics require less than 5% of the oil we use, and they're recyclable. Silicone, another polymer, is a term coined by the English chemist F.S. Kipping in 1901. His academic work while at University College, Nottingham would kickstart the synthetic rubber and silicone lubricant industries. But that's not silicon. That's an element and a tetravalent metalloid at that. Silicon was discovered in 1787 by Antoine Lavoisier. Yup the same guy that taught Du Pont. While William Shockley started off with germanium and silicon when he was inventing the transistor, it was Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce who realized how well it acted as an insulator or a semiconductor it ended up used in what we now think of as the microchip. But again, that's not a plastic… Plastic of course has its drawbacks. Especially since we don't consume plastics in moderation. It takes 400 to a thousand years do decompose many plastics. The rampant use in every aspect of our lives has led to animals dying after eating plastic, or getting caught in islands of it as plastic is all over the oceans and other waterways around the world. That's 5 and a quarter trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean that weighs a combined 270,000 tons with another 8 million pieces flowing in there each and every day. In short, the overuse of plastics is hurting our environment. Or at least our inability to control our rampant consumerism is leading to their overuse. They do melt at low temperatures, which can work as a good or bad thing. When they do, they can release hazardous fumes like PCBs and dioxins. Due to many of the chemical compounds they often rely on fossil fuels and so are derived from non-renewable resources. But they're affordable and represent a trillion dollar industry. And we can all do better at recycling - which of course requires energy and those bonds break down over time so we can't recycle forever. Oh and the byproducts from the creation of products is downright toxic. We could argue that plastic is one of the most important discoveries in the history of humanity. That guy from The Graduate certainly would. We could argue it's one of the worst. But we also just have to realize that our modern lives, and especially all those devices we carry around, wouldn't be possible without plastics and other synthetic polymers. There's a future where instead of running out to the store for certain items, we just 3d print them. Maybe we even make filament from printed materials we no longer need. The move to recyclable materials for packaging helps reduce the negative impacts of plastics. But so does just consuming less. Except devices. We obviously need the latest and greatest of each of those all the time! Here's the thing, half of plastics are single-purpose. Much of it is packaging like containers and wrappers. But can you imagine life without the 380 million tons of plastics the world produces a year? Just look around right now. Couldn't tell you how many parts of this microphone, computer, and all the cables and adapters are made of it. How many couldn't be made by anything else. There was a world without plastics for thousands of years of human civilization. We'll look at one of those single-purpose plastic-heavy industries called fast food in an episode soon. But it's not the plastics that are such a problem. It's the wasteful rampant consumerism. When I take out my recycling I can't help but think that what goes in the recycling versus compost versus garbage is as much a symbol of who I want to be as what I actually end up eating and relying on to live. And yet, I remain hopeful for the world in that these discoveries can actually end up bringing us back into harmony with the world around us without reverting to luddites and walking back all of these amazing developments like we see in the science fiction dystopian futures.
Fragt ein Mitarbeiter bei Texas Instruments, wie man es mit dem Thema Innovation hält, so erhält er deutlich zu Antwort: „Innovation is in everything what we do“ Texas Instruments, ein Technologieunternehmen, das vielen von uns schon in der Schule als Hersteller der Taschenrechner für den Mathematik-Unterricht begegnet ist und dessen Prozessoren in all unseren Haushaltsgeräten ihren Dienst tun, schreibt Innovation groß: in Texas, weit weg vom deutschen Standort, in den Kilby-Labs - benannt nach Jack Kilby, dem Erfinder des integrierten Schaltkreises und vermutlich berühmtesten Sohn des Unternehmens – werden die großen Innovationen ausgebrütet. In Deutschland sorgen dann allerdings die Experten für die inkrementellen Verbesserungen. Von großen Innovationen wird hier wenig spürbar. „Niemand bei uns wusste, was Innovation in seinem konkreten Arbeitskontext wirklich heißt. Also haben wir einfach mal einen Raum gebucht und eine Einladung rausgeschickt", erinnert Leisgang. Leisgang beschließt, das Thema Innovation in Eigenregie in die Hand zu nehmen und das Thema erlebbar zu machen und Kollegen zu begeistern. Er lädt zum ersten „Innovation Day“, erst in kleinem Kreis, dann mit großem Verteiler. Das Format legt er als Open Space an, und setzt das Thema Innovation damit auf die Tagesordnung. „Ich habe mir gedacht: das probiere ich jetzt einfach aus. Das Schlimmste, was passieren kann, ist: ich sitze alleine da und keiner kommt. Dann weiß ich zumindest, dass ich bei der ganzen Geschichte keine Mitstreiter habe", erzählt Leisgang in unserem Buch „Graswurzelinitiativen in Unternehmen“. Es kommt aber anders. Die Innovation Days wachsen und werden fester Bestandteil des Alltags, es entsteht ein Innovation Club als bereichsübergreifende Initiative, und neue Formate wie die Inspirations-Session „Sparks“ liefern Andockmöglichkeiten für neue interessierte Kollegen. Warum Tobias Leisgang das Jahr 1928 wichtig war, was das mit Petrischalen zu tun hat und wie die Innovations- Graswurzel weiter gewachsen ist, das erzählt er in der neuen Folge unseres Podcasts.
American electrical engineer Jack Kilby demonstrated the world’s first integrated circuit while working at Texas ...
O que fazer para se diferenciar e crescer na carreira em uma indústria de software? Neste episódio vamos falar sobre algumas armadilhas, caminhos não convencionais e várias dicas do que achamos relevantes fazer rumo ao crescimento! O que aconteceu de interessante em 06 de Fevereiro? O ano era 1959 e Jack Kilby da Texas Instruments apresentou a primeira patente para um circuito integrado! Quer conhecer a famosa lista de livros do Ionan? Acesse: https://uptech.software/
Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Today we're going to look at the Tech Model Railroad Club, an obsessive group of young computer hackers that helped to shape a new vision for the young computer industry through the late 50s and early 60s. We've all seen parodies it in the movies. Queue up a montage. Iron Man just can't help but tinker with new models of his armor. Then viola, these castaway hack jobs are there when a new foe comes along. As is inspiration to finish them. The Lambda Lamda Lamda guys get back at the jock frat boys in Revenge of the Nerds. The driven inventor in Honey I Shrunk the Kids just can't help himself but build the most insane inventions. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters. There's a drive. And those who need to understand, to comprehend, to make sense of what was non-sensical before. I guess it even goes back to Dr Frankenstein. Some science just isn't meant to be conquered. But trains. Those are meant to be conquered. They're the golden spike into the engineering chasm that young freshman who looked like the cast of Stand By Me, but at MIT, wanted to conquer. You went to MIT in the 50s and 60s because you wanted a deeper understanding of how the world worked. But can you imagine a world where the unofficial motto of the MIT math department was that “there's no such thing as computer science. It's witchcraft!” The Tech Model Railroad Club, or TMRC, had started in 1946. World War II had ended the year before and the first first UN General Assembly and Security Council met, with Iran filing the first complaint against the Soviet Union and UNICEF being created. Syria got their independence from France. Jordan got their independence from Britain. The Philippines gained their independence from the US. Truman enacted the CIA, Stalin accounted a 5 year plan for Russia, ushering in the era of Soviet reconstruction and signaling the beginning of the col war, which would begin the next year. Anti-British protests exploded in India, and Attlee agreed to their independence. Ho Chi Minh became president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France recognized their statehood days later, with war between his forces and the French breaking out later that year resulting in French martial law. Churchill gave his famous Iron Curtain Speech. Italy and Bulgaria abolished their monarchies. The US Supreme Court ordered desegregation of busses and Truman ordered desegregation of the armed forces and created the Committee on Civil Rights using an executive order. And there was no true computer industry. But the ENIAC went into production in 1946. And a group of kids at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology weren't thinking much about the new world order being formed nor about the ENIAC which was being installed just a 5 or 6 hour drive away. They were thinking about model trains. And over the next few years they would build, paint, and make these trains run on model tracks. Started by Walter Marvin and John Fitzallen Moore, who would end up with over a dozen patents after earning his PhD from Columbia and having a long career at Lockheed, EMI Medical who invented the CT scan. By the mid-50s the club had grown and there were a few groups of people who were really in it for different things. Some wanted to drink cocacola while they painted trains. But the thing that drew many a student though was the ARRC, or Automatic Railroad Running Computer. This was built by the Signals and Power Subcommittee who used relays from telephone switches to make the trains do all kinds of crazy things, even cleaning the tracks. Today there we're hacking genes, going to lifehacker.com, and sometimes regrettably getting hacked, or losing data in a breach. But the term came from one who chops or cuts, going back to the 1200s. But on a cool day in 1955, on the third floor of Build 20, known as the Plywood Palace, that would change. Minutes of a meeting at the Tech Model Railroad Club note “Mr. Eccles requests that anyone working or hacking on the electrical system turn the power off to avoid fuse blowing.” Maybe they were chopping parts of train tracks up. Maybe the term was derived from something altogether separate. But this was the beginning of a whole new culture. One that survives and thrives today. Hacking began to mean to do technical things for enjoyment in the club. And those who hacked became hackers. The OG hacker was Jack Dennis, an alumni of the TMRC. Jack Dennis had gotten his bachelors from MIT in 1953 and moved on to get his Masters then Doctorate by 1958, staying until he retired in 1987, teaching and influencing many subsequent generations of young hackers. You see, he studied artificial intelligence, or taking these computers built by companies like IBM to do math, and making them… intelligent. These switches and relays under the table of the model railroad were a lot of logical circuits strung together and in the days before what we think of as computers now, these were just a poor college student's way of building a computer. Having skipped two grades in high school, this “computer” was what drew Alan Kotok to the TMRC in 1958. And incoming freshman Peter Samson. And Bob Saunders, a bit older than the rest. Then grad student Jack Dennis introduced the TMRC to the IBM 704. A marvel of human engineering. It was like your dad's shiny new red 1958 corvette. Way too expensive to touch. But you just couldn't help it. The young hackers didn't know it yet, but Marvin Minsky had shown up to MIT in 1958. John McCarthy was a research fellow there. Jack Dennis got his PhD that year. Outside of MIT, Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby were giving us the Integrated Circuit, we got FORTRAN II, and that McCarthy guy. He gave us LISP. No, he didn't speak with a LISP. He spoke IN LISP. And then president Lyndon Johnson established ARPA in response to Sputnik, to speed up technological progress. Fernando Corbato got his PhD in physics in 1956 and stayed on with the nerds until he retired as well. Kotok ended up writing the first chess program with McCarthy on the IBM 7090 while still a teenager. Everything changed when Lincoln Lab got the TX-0, lovingly referred to as the tikso. Suddenly, they weren't loading cards into batch processing computers. The old IBM way was the enemy. The new machines allowed them to actually program. They wrote calculators and did work for courses. But Dennis kinda' let them do most anything they wanted. So of course we ended up with very early computer games as well, with tic tac toe and Mouse in the Maze. These kids would write anything. Compilers? Sure. Assemblers? Got it. They would hover around the signup sheet for access to the tikso and consume every minute that wasn't being used for official research. At this point, the kids were like the budding laser inventors in Weird Science. They were driven, crazed. And young Peter Deutsch joined them, writing the Lisp 1.5 implementation for the PDP at 12. Can you imagine being a 12 year old and holding your own around a group of some of the most influential people in the computer industry. Bill Gosper got to MIT in 1961 and so did the second PDP-1 ever built. Steve Russell joined the team and ended up working on Spacewar! When he wasn't working on Lisp. Speaking of video games. They made Spacewar during this time with a little help from Kotok Steve Piner, Samson, Suanders, and Dan Edwards. In fact, Kotok and Saunders created the first gamepad, later made popular for Nintendo, so they could play Spacewar without using the keyboard. This was work that would eventually be celebrated by the likes of Rolling Stone and Space War and in fact would later become the software used to smoke test the PDP once it entered into the buying tornado. Ricky Greenblatt got to MIT in 1962. And this unruly, unkempt, and extremely talented group of kids hacked their way through the PDP, with Greenblatt becoming famous for his hacks, hacking away the first FORTRAN compiler for the PDP and spending so much time at the terminal that he didn't make it through his junior year at MIT. These formative years in their lives were consumed with cocacola, Chinese food, and establishing many paradigms we now consider fundamental in computer science. The real shift from a batch process mode of operations, fed by paper tape and punchcards, to a interactive computer was upon us. And they were the pioneers who through countless hours of hacking away, found “the right thing.” Project MAC was established at MIT in 1963 using a DARPA grant and was initially run by legendary J. C. R. Licklider. MAC would influence operating systems with Multics which served as the inspiration for Unix, and the forming of what we now know as computer science through the 1960s and 70s. This represented a higher level of funding and a shift towards the era of development that led to the Internet and many of the standards we still use today. More generations of hackers would follow and continue to push the envelope. But that one special glimpse in time, let's just say if you listen at just the right frequency you can hear screaming at terminals when a game of Spacewar didn't go someone's way, or when something crashed, or with glee when you got “the right thing.” And if you listen hard enough at your next hackathon, you can sometimes hear a Kotok or a Deutsch or a Saunders whisper in your ear exactly what “the right thing” is - but only after sufficient amounts of trial, error, and Spacewar. This free exercise gives way to innovation. That's why Google famously gives employees free time to pursue their passions. That's why companies run hackathons. That's why everyone from DARPA to Netflix has run bounty programs. These young mathematicians, scientists, physicists, and engineers would go on to change the world in their own ways. Uncle John McCarthy would later move to Stanford, where he started the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. From there he influenced Sun Microsystems (the S in Sun is for Stanford), Cisco, and dozens of other Silicon Valley powerhouses. Dennis would go on to found Multics and be an inspiration for Ken Thompson with the first versions of Unix. And after retiring he would go to NASA and then Acorn Networks. Slug Russell would go on to a long career as a developer and then executive, including a stop mentoring two nerdy high school kids at Lakeside School in Seattle. They were Paul Allen and Bill Gates, who would go on to found Microsoft. Alan Kotok would go on to join DEC where he would work for 30 years, influencing much of the computing through the 70s and into the 80s. He would work on the Titan chip at DEC and in the various consortiums around the emergent Internet. He would be a founding member of the World Wide Web Consortium. Ricky Greenblatt ended up spending too much of his time hacking. He would go on to found Lisp Machines, coauthor the time sharing software for the PDP-6 and PDP-10, write Maclisp, and write the first computer chess program to beat world class players in Hubert Dreyfus. Peter Samson wrote the Tech Model Railroad Club's official dictionary which would evolve into the now-famous Jargon file. He wrote the Harmony compiler, a FORTRAN compiler for the PDP-6, made music for the first time with computers, became an architect at DEC, would oversee hardware engineering at NASA, and continues to act as a docent at the Computer History Museum. Bob Saunders would go on to be a professor at the University of California, becoming president of the IEEE, and Chairman of the Board during some of the most influential years in that great body of engineers and scientists. Peter Deutsch would go on to get his PhD from Berkeley, found Aladdin Enterprises, write Ghostscript, create free Postscript and PDF alternatives, work on Smalltalk, work at Sun, be an influential mind at Xerox PARC, and is now a composer. We owe a great deal to them. So thank you to these pioneers. And thank you, listeners, for sticking through to the end of this episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're lucky to have you.
"Front of the Line With Jack Kilby" concludes with this finale episode. Tune into part 3 of this 3 part conversation between Jack Kilby and multi-instrumentalist Marcus Tenney. In this part, the two discuss music genres, jazz, trap music, hip hop, music education and the future of music. All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, AppleMusic, AmazonMusic, Google Play Music, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Marcus Tenneyhttp://tennishumusic.com/https://marcustenneyquartet.bandcamp.com/https://store.cdbaby.com/Artist/MarcusTenneyTriohttps://twitter.com/tennishumusicJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
The Microchip Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on the history of the microchip, or microprocessor. This was a hard episode, because it was the culmination of so many technologies. You don't know where to stop telling the story - and you find yourself writing a chronological story in reverse chronological order. But few advancements have impacted humanity the way the introduction of the microprocessor has. Given that most technological advances are a convergence of otherwise disparate technologies, we'll start the story of the microchip with the obvious choice: the light bulb. Thomas Edison first demonstrated the carbon filament light bulb in 1879. William Joseph Hammer, an inventor working with Edison, then noted that if he added another electrode to a heated filament bulb that it would glow around the positive pole in the vacuum of the bulb and blacken the wire and the bulb around the negative pole. 25 years later, John Ambrose Fleming demonstrated that if that extra electrode is made more positive than the filament the current flows through the vacuum and that the current could only flow from the filament to the electrode and not the other direction. This converted AC signals to DC and represented a boolean gate. In the 1904 Fleming was granted Great Britain's patent number 24850 for the vacuum tube, ushering in the era of electronics. Over the next few decades, researchers continued to work with these tubes. Eccles and Jordan invented the flip-flop circuit at London's City and Guilds Technical College in 1918, receiving a patent for what they called the Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit in 1920. Now, English mathematician George Boole back in the earlier part of the 1800s had developed Boolean algebra. Here he created a system where logical statements could be made in mathematical terms. Those could then be performed using math on the symbols. Only a 0 or a 1 could be used. It took awhile, John Vincent Atanasoff and grad student Clifford Berry harnessed the circuits in the Atanasoff-Berry computer in 1938 at Iowa State University and using Boolean algebra, successfully solved linear equations but never finished the device due to World War II, when a number of other technological advancements happened, including the development of the ENIAC by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert from the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the US Army Ordinance Corps, starting in 1943. By the time it was taken out of operation, the ENIAC had 20,000 of these tubes. Each digit in an algorithm required 36 tubes. Ten digit numbers could be multiplied at 357 per second, showing the first true use of a computer. John Von Neumann was the first to actually use the ENIAC when they used one million punch cards to run the computations that helped propel the development of the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The creators would leave the University and found the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Out of that later would come the Univac and the ancestor of todays Unisys Corporation. These early computers used vacuum tubes to replace gears that were in previous counting machines and represented the First Generation. But the tubes for the flip-flop circuits were expensive and had to be replaced way too often. The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes for logic circuits. The integrated circuit is basically a wire set into silicon or germanium that can be set to on or off based on the properties of the material. These replaced vacuum tubes in computers to provide the foundation of the boolean logic. You know, the zeros and ones that computers are famous for. As with most modern technologies the integrated circuit owes its origin to a number of different technologies that came before it was able to be useful in computers. This includes the three primary components of the circuit: the transistor, resistor, and capacitor. The silicon that chips are so famous for was actually discovered by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. He heated potassium chips in a silica container and washed away the residue and viola - an element! The transistor is a semiconducting device that has three connections that amplify data. One is the source, which is connected to the negative terminal on a battery. The second is the drain, and is a positive terminal that, when touched to the gate (the third connection), the transistor allows electricity through. Transistors then acts as an on/off switch. The fact they can be on or off is the foundation for Boolean logic in modern computing. The resistor controls the flow of electricity and is used to control the levels and terminate lines. An integrated circuit is also built using silicon but you print the pattern into the circuit using lithography rather than painstakingly putting little wires where they need to go like radio operators did with the Cats Whisker all those years ago. The idea of the transistor goes back to the mid-30s when William Shockley took the idea of a cat's wicker, or fine wire touching a galena crystal. The radio operator moved the wire to different parts of the crystal to pick up different radio signals. Solid state physics was born when Shockley, who first studied at Cal Tech and then got his PhD in Physics, started working on a way to make these useable in every day electronics. After a decade in the trenches, Bell gave him John Bardeen and Walter Brattain who successfully finished the invention in 1947. Shockley went on to design a new and better transistor, known as a bipolar transistor and helped move us from vacuum tubes, which were bulky and needed a lot of power, to first gernanium, which they used initially and then to silicon. Shockley got a Nobel Prize in physics for his work and was able to recruit a team of extremely talented young PhDs to help work on new semiconductor devices. He became increasingly frustrated with Bell and took a leave of absence. Shockley moved back to his hometown of Palo Alto, California and started a new company called the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. He had some ideas that were way before his time and wasn't exactly easy to work with. He pushed the chip industry forward but in the process spawned a mass exodus of employees that went to Fairchild in 1957. He called them the “Traitorous 8” to create what would be Fairchild Semiconductors. The alumni of Shockley Labs ended up spawning 65 companies over the next 20 years that laid foundation of the microchip industry to this day, including Intel. . If he were easier to work with, we might not have had the innovation that we've seen if not for Shockley's abbrasiveness! All of these silicon chip makers being in a small area of California then led to that area getting the Silicon Valley moniker, given all the chip makers located there. At this point, people were starting to experiment with computers using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The University of Manchester created the Transistor Computer in 1953. The first fully transistorized computer came in 1955 with the Harwell CADET, MIT started work on the TX-0 in 1956, and the THOR guidance computer for ICBMs came in 1957. But the IBM 608 was the first commercial all-transistor solid-state computer. The RCA 501, Philco Transac S-1000, and IBM 7070 took us through the age of transistors which continued to get smaller and more compact. At this point, we were really just replacing tubes with transistors. But the integrated circuit would bring us into the third generation of computers. The integrated circuit is an electronic device that has all of the functional blocks put on the same piece of silicon. So the transistor, or multiple transistors, is printed into one block. Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first miniaturized electronic circuit in 1959, which used germanium and external wires and was really more of a hybrid integrated Circuit. Later in 1959, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented the first truly monolithic integrated circuit, which he received a patent for. While doing so independently, they are considered the creators of the integrated circuit. The third generation of computers was from 1964 to 1971, and saw the introduction of metal-oxide-silicon and printing circuits with photolithography. In 1965 Gordon Moore, also of Fairchild at the time, observed that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and other components that could be shoved into a chip was doubling about every year and published an article with this observation in Electronics Magazine, forecasting what's now known as Moore's Law. The integrated circuit gave us the DEC PDP and later the IBM S/360 series of computers, making computers smaller, and brought us into a world where we could write code in COBOL and FORTRAN. A microprocessor is one type of integrated circuit. They're also used in audio amplifiers, analog integrated circuits, clocks, interfaces, etc. But in the early 60s, the Minuteman missal program and the US Navy contracts were practically the only ones using these chips, at this point numbering in the hundreds, bringing us into the world of the MSI, or medium-scale integration chip. Moore and Noyce left Fairchild and founded NM Electronics in 1968, later renaming the company to Intel, short for Integrated Electronics. Federico Faggin came over in 1970 to lead the MCS-4 family of chips. These along with other chips that were economical to produce started to result in chips finding their way into various consumer products. In fact, the MCS-4 chips, which split RAM , ROM, CPU, and I/O, were designed for the Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and Intel bought the rights back, announcing the chip in Electronic News with an article called “Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.” Together, they built the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor that fit on a single chip. They buried the contacts in multiple layers and introduced 2-phase clocks. Silicon oxide was used to layer integrated circuits onto a single chip. Here, the microprocessor, or CPU, splits the arithmetic and logic unit, or ALU, the bus, the clock, the control unit, and registers up so each can do what they're good at, but live on the same chip. The 1st generation of the microprocessor was from 1971, when these 4-bit chips were mostly used in guidance systems. This boosted the speed by five times. The forming of Intel and the introduction of the 4004 chip can be seen as one of the primary events that propelled us into the evolution of the microprocessor and the fourth generation of computers, which lasted from 1972 to 2010. The Intel 4004 had 2,300 transistors. The Intel 4040 came in 1974, giving us 3,000 transistors. It was still a 4-bit data bus but jumped to 12-bit ROM. The architecture was also from Faggin but the design was carried out by Tom Innes. We were firmly in the era of LSI, or Large Scale Integration chips. These chips were also used in the Busicom calculator, and even in the first pinball game controlled by a microprocessor. But getting a true computer to fit on a chip, or a modern CPU, remained an elusive goal. Texas Instruments ran an ad in Electronics with a caption that the 8008 was a “CPU on a Chip” and attempted to patent the chip, but couldn't make it work. Faggin went to Intel and they did actually make it work, giving us the first 8-bit microprocessor. It was then redesigned in 1972 as the 8080. A year later, the chip was fabricated and then put on the market in 1972. Intel made the R&D money back in 5 months and sparked the idea for Ed Roberts to build The Altair 8800. Motorola and Zilog brought competition in the 6900 and Z-80, which was used in the Tandy TRS-80, one of the first mass produced computers. N-MOSs transistors on chips allowed for new and faster paths and MOS Technology soon joined the fray with the 6501 and 6502 chips in 1975. The 6502 ended up being the chip used in the Apple I, Apple II, NES, Atari 2600, BBC Micro, Commodore PET and Commodore VIC-20. The MOS 6510 variant was then used in the Commodore 64. The 8086 was released in 1978 with 3,000 transistors and marked the transition to Intel's x86 line of chips, setting what would become the standard in future chips. But the IBM wasn't the only place you could find chips. The Motorola 68000 was used in the Sun-1 from Sun Microsystems, the HP 9000, the DEC VAXstation, the Comodore Amiga, the Apple Lisa, the Sinclair QL, the Sega Genesis, and the Mac. The chips were also used in the first HP LaserJet and the Apple LaserWriter and used in a number of embedded systems for years to come. As we rounded the corner into the 80s it was clear that the computer revolution was upon us. A number of computer companies were looking to do more than what they could do with he existing Intel, MOS, and Motorola chips. And ARPA was pushing the boundaries yet again. Carver Mead of Caltech and Lynn Conway of Xerox PARC saw the density of transistors in chips starting to plateau. So with DARPA funding they went out looking for ways to push the world into the VLSI era, or Very Large Scale Integration. The VLSI project resulted in the concept of fabless design houses, such as Broadcom, 32-bit graphics, BSD Unix, and RISC processors, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor. Out of the RISC work done at UC Berkely came a number of new options for chips as well. One of these designers, Acorn Computers evaluated a number of chips and decided to develop their own, using VLSI Technology, a company founded by more Fairchild Semiconductor alumni) to manufacture the chip in their foundry. Sophie Wilson, then Roger, worked on an instruction set for the RISC. Out of this came the Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM chip. Over 100 billion ARM processors have been produced, well over 10 for every human on the planet. You know that fancy new A13 that Apple announced. It uses a licensed ARM core. Another chip that came out of the RISC family was the SUN Sparc. Sun being short for Stanford University Network, co-founder Andy Bchtolsheim, they were close to the action and released the SPARC in 1986. I still have a SPARC 20 I use for this and that at home. Not that SPARC has gone anywhere. They're just made by Oracle now. The Intel 80386 chip was a 32 bit microprocessor released in 1985. The first chip had 275,000 transistors, taking plenty of pages from the lessons learned in the VLSI projects. Compaq built a machine on it, but really the IBM PC/AT made it an accepted standard, although this was the beginning of the end of IBMs hold on the burgeoning computer industry. And AMD, yet another company founded by Fairchild defectors, created the Am386 in 1991, ending Intel's nearly 5 year monopoly on the PC clone industry and ending an era where AMD was a second source of Intel parts but instead was competing with Intel directly. We can thank AMD's aggressive competition with Intel for helping to keep the CPU industry going along Moore's law! At this point transistors were only 1.5 microns in size. Much, much smaller than a cats whisker. The Intel 80486 came in 1989 and again tracking against Moore's Law we hit the first 1 million transistor chip. Remember how Compaq helped end IBM's hold on the PC market? When the Intel 486 came along they went with AMD. This chip was also important because we got L1 caches, meaning that chips didn't need to send instructions to other parts of the motherboard but could do caching internally. From then on, the L1 and later L2 caches would be listed on all chips. We'd finally broken 100MHz! Motorola released the 68050 in 1990, hitting 1.2 Million transistors, and giving Apple the chip that would define the Quadra and also that L1 cache. The DEC Alpha came along in 1992, also a RISC chip, but really kicking off the 64-bit era. While the most technically advanced chip of the day, it never took off and after DEC was acquired by Compaq and Compaq by HP, the IP for the Alpha was sold to Intel in 2001, with the PC industry having just decided they could have all their money. But back to the 90s, ‘cause life was better back when grunge was new. At this point, hobbyists knew what the CPU was but most normal people didn't. The concept that there was a whole Univac on one of these never occurred to most people. But then came the Pentium. Turns out that giving a chip a name and some marketing dollars not only made Intel a household name but solidified their hold on the chip market for decades to come. While the Intel Inside campaign started in 1991, after the Pentium was released in 1993, the case of most computers would have a sticker that said Intel Inside. Intel really one upped everyone. The first Pentium, the P5 or 586 or 80501 had 3.1 million transistors that were 16.7 micrometers. Computers kept getting smaller and cheaper and faster. Apple answered by moving to the PowerPC chip from IBM, which owed much of its design to the RISC. Exactly 10 years after the famous 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, Apple was using a CPU from IBM. Another advance came in 1996 when IBM developed the Power4 chip and gave the world multi-core processors, or a CPU that had multiple CPU cores inside the CPU. Once parallel processing caught up to being able to have processes that consumed the resources on all those cores, we saw Intel's Pentium D, and AMD's Athlon 64 x2 released in May 2005 bringing multi-core architecture to the consumer. This led to even more parallel processing and an explosion in the number of cores helped us continue on with Moore's Law. There are now custom chips that reach into the thousands of cores today, although most laptops have maybe 4 cores in them. Setting multi-core architectures aside for a moment, back to Y2K when Justin Timberlake was still a part of NSYNC. Then came the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III, Xeon, Pentium M, Xeon LV, Pentium 4. On the IBM/Apple side, we got the G3 with 6.3 million transistors, G4 with 10.5 million transistors, and the G5 with 58 million transistors and 1,131 feet of copper interconnects, running at 3GHz in 2002 - so much copper that NSYNC broke up that year. The Pentium 4 that year ran at 2.4 GHz and sported 50 million transistors. This is about 1 transistor per dollar made off Star Trek: Nemesis in 2002. I guess Attack of the Clones was better because it grossed over 300 Million that year. Remember how we broke the million transistor mark in 1989? In 2005, Intel started testing Montecito with certain customers. The Titanium-2 64-bit CPU with 1.72 billion transistors, shattering the billion mark and hitting a billion two years earlier than projected. Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Apple would be moving to the Intel processor that year. NeXTSTEP had been happy as a clam on Intel, SPARC or HP RISC so given the rapid advancements from Intel, this seemed like a safe bet and allowed Apple to tell directors in IT departments “see, we play nice now.” And the innovations kept flowing for the next decade and a half. We packed more transistors in, more cache, cleaner clean rooms, faster bus speeds, with Intel owning the computer CPU market and AMD slowly growing from the ashes of Acorn computer into the power-house that AMD cores are today, when embedded in other chips designs. I'd say not much interesting has happened, but it's ALL interesting, except the numbers just sound stupid they're so big. And we had more advances along the way of course, but it started to feel like we were just miniaturizing more and more, allowing us to do much more advanced computing in general. The fifth generation of computing is all about technologies that we today consider advanced. Artificial Intelligence, Parallel Computing, Very High Level Computer Languages, the migration away from desktops to laptops and even smaller devices like smartphones. ULSI, or Ultra Large Scale Integration chips not only tells us that chip designers really have no creativity outside of chip architecture, but also means millions up to tens of billions of transistors on silicon. At the time of this recording, the AMD Epic Rome is the single chip package with the most transistors, at 32 billion. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most in the crust of the planet earth. Given that there's more chips than people by a huge percentage, we're lucky we don't have to worry about running out any time soon! We skipped RAM in this episode. But it kinda' deserves its own, since RAM is still following Moore's Law, while the CPU is kinda' lagging again. Maybe it's time for our friends at DARPA to get the kids from Berkley working at VERYUltra Large Scale chips or VULSIs! Or they could sign on to sponsor this podcast! And now I'm going to go take a VERYUltra Large Scale nap. Gentle listeners I hope you can do that as well. Unless you're driving while listening to this. Don't nap while driving. But do have a lovely day. Thank you for listening to yet another episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're so lucky to have you!
The conversation between Jack Kilby and Marcus Tenney continues in part 2 of this 3 part episode. Tune in as Jack Kilby speaks with multi-instrumentalist Marcus Tenney and the two wax poetic about swing, the music scenes in DC, VA and NC, and Jay Z. All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, AppleMusic, AmazonMusic, Google Play Music, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Marcus Tenneyhttp://tennishumusic.com/https://marcustenneyquartet.bandcamp.com/https://store.cdbaby.com/Artist/MarcusTenneyTriohttps://twitter.com/tennishumusicJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In part 1 of this 3 part episode, Jack Kilby speaks with multi-instrumentalist Marcus Tenney about his musical journey, influences, and connection to Jack Kilby and the Front Line's debut release, "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, AppleMusic, AmazonMusic, Google Play Music, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Marcus Tenneyhttp://tennishumusic.com/https://marcustenneyquartet.bandcamp.com/https://store.cdbaby.com/Artist/MarcusTenneyTriohttps://twitter.com/tennishumusicJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with Peter DelGrosso of the Metropolitan Horn Authority. Peter is the amazing french horn player featured on the track "Jupiter" found on Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing". All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, AppleMusic, AmazonMusic, Google Play Music, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Peter DelGrossohttps://www.instagram.com/pdelgrossomusic/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXk-uo3KXJTE5Rc0Ep2ogfgJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on the History of chip-maker Broadcom. This is actually two stories. The first starts with a movement called fabless semiconductors. LSI had been part of Control Data Corporation and spun off to make chips. Kickstarted by LSI in the late sixties and early seventies, fabless companies started popping up. These would have what are known as foundries make their chips. The foundries didn't compete with the organizations they were making chips for. This allowed the chip designers to patent, design, and sell chips without having to wield large manufacturing operations. Such was the state of the semiconductor industry when Henry Nicholas met Dr Henry Samueli while working at TRW in the 1980s. Samueli had picked up an interest in electronics early on, while building an AM/FM radio in school. By the 80s he was a professor at UCLA and teamed up with Nicholas, who was a student as well, to form Broadcom in 1991. They began designing integrated circuit (also referred to as a microchip). These are electronic circuits on a small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce had been pioneers in the field in the late 50s and early 60s and by the 80s, there were lots and lots of little transistors in there and people like our two Henry's were fascinated with how to shove as many transistors into as small a chip as possible. So the two decided to leave academia and go for it. They founded Broadcom Corporation, Henry Nicholas' wife made them a logo and they started selling their chips. They made chips for power management, memory controllers, control units, and early mobile devices. But most importantly, they made chips for wi-fi. Today, their chips provide the chips for most every Apple device sold. They also make chips for use in network switches, are responsible for the raspberry pi and more. Samueli holds over 70 patents on his own, although in-all Broadcom has over 20,000, many in mobile, internet of things, and data center! By 1998 sales were good and Broadcom went public. In 2000, UCLA renamed the school of engineering to the Henry Samueli School of Engineering. Nicholas retired from Broadcom in 2003, Samueli bought the Anaheim Ducks in 2005. They continued to grow, make chips, and by 2009 they hit the Fortune 500 list. They were purchased by Avago Technologies in 2016. Samueli became the Chief Technology officer of the new combined company. Wait, who's Avago?!?! Avago started in 1961 as the semiconductor division of Hewlett-Packard. In the 60s they were pioneers in using LEDs in displays. They moved into fiber in the 70s and semiconductors by the 90s, giving the world the optical mouse and cable modems along the way. They spun out of HP in 99 as part of Agilent and then were acquired from there to become Avago in 2005, naming Hock Tan as CEO. The numbers were staggering. Not only did they ship over a billion optical mouse chips, but they also pushed the boudoirs of radio frequency chips, enabling industries like ATMs and cash registers but also gave us IR on computers as a common pre-bluetooth way of wirelessly connecting peripherals. They were also key in innovations giving us wifi+bluetooth+fm combo chips for phones, pushing past the 100Gbps transfer speeds for optical and doing innovative work with touch screens. Their 20,000 patents combined with the Broadcom patents give them over 40,000 patents in just those companies. They went public in 2009 and got pretty good at increasing revenue and margins concurrently. By 2016 they went out and purchased Broadcom for $37 Billion. They helped Broadcom diversify the business and kept the name. They bought Brocade for $5.9B in 2017 and CA for $18.9 billion in 2018. Buying Symantec in 2019 bumps the revenue of Broadcom up from $2.5 billion to 24.6 billion and EBITDA margins from 33 percent to 56 percent. The aggressive acquisitions caught the eyes of Donald Trump who shut down a $117 billion dollar attempted takeover of Qualcomm, a rival of both the old Broadcom and the new Broadcom. Broadcom makes the Trident+ chips, the network interface controllers used in Dell PowerEdge blade servers, the systems on a chip used in the raspberry pi, the wifi chipsets used in the Nexus, the wifi + bluethooth chips used in every iPhone since the iPhone 3GS, the Jericho chip, the tomahawk chip. They employ some of the best chip designers of the day, including Sophie Wilson who designed the instruction set for an early RISC processor and designed the ARM chip in the 80s when she was at Acorn. Ultimately cash is cheap these days. Broadcom CEO Hock Tan has proven he can raise and deploy capital quickly. Mostly building on past successes in go-to-market infrastructure. But, if you remember from our previous episode on the history of Symantec, that's exactly what Symantec had been doing when they became a portfolio company! But here's the thing. If you acquire companies and your EBITDA drops, you're stuck. You have to increase revenues and reduce EBITDA. If you can do that in Mergers and Acquisitions, investors are likely to allow you to build as big a company as you want! With or without a unified strategy. But the recent woes of GE should be a warning. As you grow, you have to retool your approach. Otherwise, the layers upon layers of management begin to eat away at those profits. But you dig too far into that and quality suffers, as Symantec learned with their merger and then demerger with Veritas. Think about this. CA is strong in Identity and Access Management, with 1,500 patents. Symantec is strong in endpoint, web, and DLP security, with 3,600 patents. Brocade has over 900 in switching and fiber in the data center. The full device trust and reporting could, if done properly go from the user to the agent on a device to the data center and then down to the chip in a full zero trust model. Or Broadcom could just be a holding company, sitting on around 50,000 patents and eeking out profit where they can. Only time will tell. But the lesson to learn from the history of both of these companies is that if you're innovating, increasing revenues and reducing EBITDA, you too can have tens of billions of dollars, because you've proven to be a great investment.
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with saxophonist and singer Braxton Cook, a featured guest on Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release, "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, AppleMusic, AmazonMusic, Google Play Music, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Braxton Cookhttps://www.braxtoncook.com/http://instagram.com/braxton_cookhttps://twitter.com/BraxtonCookhttp://www.facebook.com/braxtoncookmusichttps://www.youtube.com/braxtoncookmusichttp://soundcloud.com/braxton_cookJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with pianist Mark G. Meadows and highlights his contributions to Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release"Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Singhttps://fanlink.to/LIASACS3Mark G Meadowshttps://www.instagram.com/markgmeadows/https://twitter.com/markgmeadowshttps://www.facebook.com/MarkGMeadows/https://soundcloud.com/markgmeadowsJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with Caroll "CV" Dashiell III, co-producer of the release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" Vols 1 & 2.The selected song taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 2" highlighted in this podcast is "Pure Imagination".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can SingVol 1 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Vol 2 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV2Carroll "CV" Dashiell IIIhttps://instagram.com/CVDiiihttp://twitter.com/CVDiiiJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In the conclusion of this 3 part episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Tomas speaks with Jack about his future plans, touring, his work as a tutor and exciting developments at Crab Shack Music. All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1 & 2", available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.The selected songs used as music beds underneath the interviews "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing", "Life In A Glasshouse", and "Jupiter" are taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".Love Is A Song Anyone Can SingVol 1 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Vol 2 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV2Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In part 2 of this 3 part episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Tomas continues his conversation with Jack. Tune in as they talk more about critical and public reaction to both volume's of Jack Kilby and the Front Line's release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" Vol 1 and Vol 2. All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1 & 2", available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.The selected songs used as music beds underneath the interviews "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing", "Life In A Glasshouse", and "Jupiter" are taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".Love Is A Song Anyone Can SingVol 1 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Vol 2 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV2Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this part 1 of this 3 part episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Tomas catches up with Jack after the release of Volume 2 of "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing". All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1 & 2", available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.The selected songs used as music beds underneath the interviews "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing", "Life In A Glasshouse", and "Jupiter" are taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".Love Is A Song Anyone Can SingVol 1 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Vol 2 - https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV2Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with up and coming multi-talented and musically diverse vocalist Micah Robinson. Micah's vocals are featured in the opening interlude to the Jack Kilby and the Front Line release, "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing". Learn more about Micah's upbringing and journey into music and how he came to be a crucial part of this release. All music heard in this podcast except "Hindsight" is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.The "Hindsight" excerpt used featured in this podcast appears by permission of the artist. It is taken from the Micah Robinson EP "Experimental Acetaminophen" available worldwide now. The selected songs used as music beds underneath the interviews "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing", "Life In A Glasshouse", and "Jupiter" are taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Micah Robinsonhttps://www.micahrobinsonmusic.com/https://instagram.com/micahderobinsonhttps://twitter.com/micahDErobinsonhttps://www.facebook.com/MicahDErobinson/Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with up and coming bassist and core Front Line member Kris Monson.Selected songs taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1" highlighted in this podcast are"Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" and "Pure Imagination".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Kris Monsonhttps://instagram.com/kris.monson.basshttp://twitter.com/krismonson1https://www.facebook.com/kris.monson2Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with post bop/hard bop jazz trumpeter and living music legend John D'earth.John D'earth, trumpeter for Jack Kilby and The Front Line, has appeared on recordings by Dave Matthews and Bruce Hornsby as well as several of us own releases. He is currently a lecturer and the Director of Jazz Performance at the McIntire Department of Music at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. Selected songs taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1" highlighted in this podcast are"Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" and "Pure Imagination".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1John D'earthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D%27earthhttp://music.virginia.edu/faculty/jdearthJack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In this episode of Front of The Line with Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with Elad Cohen, trombonist for Jack Kilby And The Front Line. Selected songs taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1" highlighted in this podcast are"Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" and "Pure Imagination".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Elad Cohenhttps://www.instagram.com/_eladcohen_/Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
In episode 2 of Front of the Line With Jack Kilby, Jack speaks with saxophonist, composer, recording artist, pianist, and educator, Charles Owens. In addition to being the saxophonist for Jack Kilby and The Front Line, Charles also composed the title track of Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing".Selected songs taken from Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1" highlighted in this podcast are"Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing" and "Pure Imagination".All music heard in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" which is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Vol 1https://fanlink.to/LIASACSV1Charles Owenshttps://charlesowensmusic.comhttps://about.me/charlesowenshttps://www.facebook.com/CharlesOwensMusic/Jack Kilbyhttp://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
"Front of the Line with Jack Kilby" is a limited series podcast in support of Jack Kilby and The Front Line's debut two volume release "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing". Each episode features Jack Kilby in conversation with a member of his band or a special guest artist featured on the release.In this debut episode, which coincides with the release of "Love is a Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" (October 5, 2018), Jack turns the mic on himself and asks O Tomas Bell to interview him. Tune in as Jack discusses his musical journey, his band's debut release, and much more.All music featured in this podcast is taken from "Love Is A Song Anyone Can Sing - Volume 1" and is available on CDBaby, Bandcamp, ITunes, Amazon, Google Play, Spotify, Tidal and many more.http://jackkilbymusic.com/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbymusic/https://www.instagram.com/jackkilbyfrontline/https://www.facebook.com/JKFrontLine/
Foundations of Amateur Radio This morning I spoke with two amateurs on-air. Not that surprising, since I was hosting a weekly net called F-troop for new and returning amateurs. Both amateurs came on-air for the first time in our net, one licensed sixty years ago, the other six days ago. It didn't strike me until long after the net had finished that these two amateurs have a completely different experience in this shared community. One started in a world where megacycles were common, the other knows them as megahertz, one purchased their radio in parts, the other purchased it online, one heard Donald Duck sounds and needed to read about a new mode called Single Side Band, the other is going to be reading about digital modes and how they work, one was dealing with analogue television interference, the other is dealing with plasma screens. Both these operators share many things. They are both licensed radio amateurs, both have the opportunity to participate in contests, attain their DXCC, pull out a soldering iron, participate in social activities and become members of their local radio club. If during their first year as an amateur both of them read Amateur Radio magazine, the members' periodical published by the Wireless Institute of Australia, they'd both find the rules and the results of the Rememberence Day contest, field days, letters to the editor, instructions on how to build antennas, including detailed instructions on building a 2m Yagi, information from the QSL manager, DX activity reports, the new Australian call book and information about the local news broadcast which continues to go to air on Sunday morning at 9:30am local time. In the intervening sixty years amateur radio has changed a lot, but it's also stayed the same. A radio from 1957 will still be able to communicate with a radio from 2017. Imagine that for a moment. Electronics during those sixty years saw countless dramatic changes. For example, Fairchild Semiconducter one of the pioneers in the manufacturing of transistors and integrated circuits was founded in 1957. Imagine that, the introduction and obsolesence of transistors within those sixty years. The first integrated circuit build by Jack Kilby in 1958 was a phase shift oscillator, consisting of one transistor and a handfull of capacitors and resistors. Today an integrated circuit contains 25 million transistors per square millimeter with some chips being up to 600 square millimeter in size, that's 15 billion transistors. The mind boggles what has happened in those sixty years, but the most satisfying part of all this is that both these amateurs can come on-air, join a net and participate in the hobby today. If that's not the representation of an amazing hobby, then I don't know what is. Thank you to Sandy VK6FBHW and Brian VK6DAD. I'm Onno VK6FLAB.
Dumm, wenn die anderen Urlaub haben und man arbeiten muss. Doch Jack Kilby nutzte im Sommer 1958 die Ferienzeit, um mal kurz den Mikrochip zu erfinden. Am 12. September zeigte er ihn den erholten Kollegen.
Dumm, wenn die anderen Urlaub haben und man arbeiten muss. Doch Jack Kilby nutzte im Sommer 1958 die Ferienzeit, um mal kurz den Mikrochip zu erfinden. Am 12. September zeigte er ihn den erholten Kollegen. Autorin: Yvonne Maier
Fiveofthebest.podomatic.com The Munich air disaster occurred on 6 February 1958, when British European AirwaysFlight 609 crashed on its third attempt to take off from a slush-covered runway atMunich-Riem Airport in Munich, West Germany. On board the plane was theManchester United football team, nicknamed the "Busby Babes", along with a number of supporters and journalists.[1] Twenty of the 44 people on board the aircraft died in the crash The new wing design was extremely thin, with a thickness-to-chord ratio of only 3.36% and an aspect ratio of 2.45. The wing's leading-edges were so thin (0.016 in/0.41 mm) and sharp that they presented a hazard to ground crews, and protective guards had to be installed during ground operations. The safety record of the F-104 Starfighter became high-profile news, especially in Germany, in the mid-1960s. In West Germany it came to be nicknamed Witwenmacher ("The Widowmaker"). Some operators lost a large proportion of their aircraft through accidents, although the accident rate varied widely depending on the user and operating conditions; the German Air Force lost about 30% of aircraft in accidents over its operating career,[38] and Canada lost over 50% of its F-104s.[39] The Spanish Air Force, however, lost none.[40][41] 15,000 metres (49,000 ft) in 131.1 seconds 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) in 222.99 seconds 25,000 metres (82,000 ft) in 266.03 seconds Zenith engineer, Eugene Polley created the "Flash-matic" the first wireless TV remote in 1955. The Flash-matic operated by means of four photocells, one in each corner of the TV screen. The viewer used a directional flashlight to activate the four control functions, which turned the picture and sound on and off, and turned the channel tuner dial clockwise and counter-clockwise. By definition the integrated circuit aka microchip is a set of interconnected electronic components such as transistors and resistors, that are etched or imprinted on a onto a tiny chip of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium. Jack Kilby, an engineer with a background in ceramic-based silk screen circuit boards and transistor-based hearing aids, started working for Texas Instrumentsin 1958. A year earlier, research engineer Robert Noyce had co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. From 1958 to 1959, both electrical engineers were working on an answer to the same dilemma: how to make more of less. jack kilby's first integrated curcuit The traitorous eight are eight men who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1957, due to a conflict withWilliam Shockley, to form Fairchild Semiconductor. Fairchild Bill robert noyce 15 min video about traitorous eight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLNh4UY5ohw In 1958 and 1961, the American Air Force lost nuclear weapons over the skies of South and North Carolina, respectively, raining potential apocalypse on the folks below. In both incidents, complete catastrophe was avoided thanks to that ever-potent combination of foresight and unmitigated dumb luck. And in the former incident, the bomb fell square on some unsuspecting children's playhouse. Unlike the 1958 mishap, the Goldsboro crash could have had dire consequences for the Tar Heel State. As the bombs' deactivator Dr. Jack Revelle later admitted, "How close was it to exploding? My opinion is damn close. In 1957, a B-36 accidentally salvoed a hydrogen bomb though it's bay doors while on approach to Kirtland AFB. The core was installed but didn't detonate, the conventional explosives did set off, scattering radioactive debris over a large swath of scrub land. In the early 90's the area was still restricted due to radiation concerns.
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