Podcasts about Ho Chi Minh

September 2, 1945. Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnamese independence, setting the country on a collision course with America, the very country that inspired his speech.Support the show! Join Into History for ad-free listening and more.History Daily is a co-production of Airship and Noiser.Go to HistoryDaily.com for more history, daily.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Last time we spoke about the Soviet Victory in Asia. After atomic bombings and Japan's surrender, the Soviets launched a rapid Manchurian invasion, driving toward Harbin, Mukden, Changchun, and Beijing. Shenyang was taken, seeing the capture of the last Emperor of China, Pu Yi. The Soviets continued their advances into Korea with port captures at Gensan and Pyongyang, and occupation of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, ahead of anticipated American intervention. Stalin pushed for speed to avoid US naval landings, coordinating with Chinese forces and leveraging the Sino-Soviet pact while balancing relations with Chiang Kai-shek. As fronts closed, tens of thousands of Japanese POWs were taken, while harsh wartime reprisals, looting, and mass sexual violence against Japanese, Korean, and Chinese civilians were reported.  This episode is the Surrender of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  With the Manchurian Campaign over and Japan's surrender confirmed, we've reached the end of the Pacific War and the ushering of a new era. This journey took us 3 years, 8 months, and 27 days and it's been a rollercoaster. We've gone over numerous stories of heroism and horror, victory and defeat, trying to peel back a part of WW2 that often gets overshadowed by the war in Europe. Certainly the China War is almost completely ignored by the west, but fortunately for you all, as I end this series we have just entered the China war over at the Fall and Rise of China Podcast. Unlike this series where, to be blunt, I am hamstrung by the week by week format, over there I can tackle the subject as I see fit, full of personal accounts. I implore you if you want to revisit some of that action in China, jump over to the other podcast, I will be continuing it until the end of the Chinese civil war. One could say it will soon be a bit of a sequel to this one. Of course if you love this format and want more, you can check out the brand new Eastern Front week by week podcast, which really does match the horror of the Pacific war. Lastly if you just love hearing my dumb voice, come check out my podcast which also is in video format on the Pacific War Channel on Youtube, the Echoes of War podcast. Me and my co-host Gaurav tackle history from Ancient to Modern, often with guests and we blend the dialogue with maps, photos and clips. But stating all of that, lets get into it, the surrender of Japan. As we last saw, while the Soviet invasion of Manchuria raged, Emperor Hirohito announced the unconditional surrender of the Japanese Empire on August 15. Public reaction varied, yet most were stunned and bewildered, unable to grasp that Japan had surrendered for the first time in its history. Many wept openly as they listened to the Emperor's solemn message; others directed swift anger at the nation's leaders and the fighting services for failing to avert defeat; and some blamed themselves for falling short in their war effort. Above all, there was a deep sympathy for the Emperor, who had been forced to make such a tragic and painful decision.  In the wake of the Emperor's broadcast, war factories across the country dismissed their workers and shut their doors. Newspapers that had been ordered to pause their usual morning editions appeared in the afternoon, each carrying the Imperial Rescript, an unabridged translation of the Potsdam Declaration, and the notes exchanged with the Allied Powers. In Tokyo, crowds of weeping citizens gathered all afternoon in the vast plaza before the Imperial Palace and at the Meiji and Yasukuni Shrines to bow in reverence and prayer. The shock and grief of the moment, coupled with the dark uncertainty about the future, prevented any widespread sense of relief that the fighting had ended. Bombings and bloodshed were over, but defeat seemed likely to bring only continued hardship and privation. Starvation already gripped the land, and the nation faced the looming breakdown of public discipline and order, acts of violence and oppression by occupying forces, and a heavy burden of reparations. Yet despite the grim outlook, the Emperor's assurance that he would remain to guide the people through the difficult days ahead offered a measure of solace and courage. His appeal for strict compliance with the Imperial will left a lasting impression, and the refrain “Reverent Obedience to the Rescript” became the rallying cry as the nation prepared to endure the consequences of capitulation. Immediately after the Emperor's broadcast, Prime Minister Suzuki's cabinet tendered its collective resignation, yet Hirohito commanded them to remain in office until a new cabinet could be formed. Accordingly, Suzuki delivered another broadcast that evening, urging the nation to unite in absolute loyalty to the throne in this grave national crisis, and stressing that the Emperor's decision to end the war had been taken out of compassion for his subjects and in careful consideration of the circumstances. Thus, the shocked and grief-stricken population understood that this decision represented the Emperor's actual will rather than a ratified act of the Government, assuring that the nation as a whole would obediently accept the Imperial command. Consequently, most Japanese simply went on with their lives as best they could; yet some military officers, such as General Anami, chose suicide over surrender. Another key figure who committed seppuku between August 15 and 16 was Vice-Admiral Onishi Takijiro, the father of the kamikaze. Onishi's suicide note apologized to the roughly 4,000 pilots he had sent to their deaths and urged all surviving young civilians to work toward rebuilding Japan and fostering peace among nations. Additionally, despite being called “the hero of the August 15 incident” for his peacekeeping role in the attempted coup d'état, General Tanaka felt responsible for the damage done to Tokyo and shot himself on August 24. Following the final Imperial conference on 14 August, the Army's “Big Three”, War Minister Anami, Chief of the Army General Staff Umezu, and Inspectorate-General of Military Training General Kenji Doihara, met at the War Ministry together with Field Marshals Hata and Sugiyama, the senior operational commanders of the homeland's Army forces. These five men affixed their seals to a joint resolution pledging that the Army would “conduct itself in accordance with the Imperial decision to the last.” The resolution was endorsed immediately afterward by General Masakazu Kawabe, the overall commander of the Army air forces in the homeland. In accordance with this decision, General Anami and General Umezu separately convened meetings of their senior subordinates during the afternoon of the 14th, informing them of the outcome of the final Imperial conference and directing strict obedience to the Emperor's command. Shortly thereafter, special instructions to the same effect were radioed to all top operational commanders jointly in the names of the War Minister and Chief of Army General Staff. The Army and Navy authorities acted promptly, and their decisive stance proved, for the most part, highly effective. In the Army, where the threat of upheaval was most acute, the final, unequivocal decision of its top leaders to heed the Emperor's will delivered a crippling blow to the smoldering coup plot by the young officers to block the surrender. The conspirators had based their plans on unified action by the Army as a whole; with that unified stance effectively ruled out, most of the principal plotters reluctantly abandoned the coup d'état scheme on the afternoon of 14 August. At the same time, the weakened Imperial Japanese Navy took steps to ensure disciplined compliance with the surrender decision. Only Admiral Ugaki chose to challenge this with his final actions. After listening to Japan's defeat, Admiral Ugaki Kayō's diary recorded that he had not yet received an official cease-fire order, and that, since he alone was to blame for the failure of Japanese aviators to stop the American advance, he would fly one last mission himself to embody the true spirit of bushido. His subordinates protested, and even after Ugaki had climbed into the back seat of a Yokosuka D4Y4 of the 701st Kokutai dive bomber piloted by Lieutenant Tatsuo Nakatsuru, Warrant Officer Akiyoshi Endo, whose place in the kamikaze roster Ugaki had usurped, also climbed into the same space that the admiral had already occupied. Thus, the aircraft containing Ugaki took off with three men piloted by Nakatsuru, with Endo providing reconnaissance, and Ugaki himself, rather than the two crew members that filled the other ten aircraft. Before boarding his aircraft, Ugaki posed for pictures and removed his rank insignia from his dark green uniform, taking only a ceremonial short sword given to him by Admiral Yamamoto. Elements of this last flight most likely followed the Ryukyu flyway southwest to the many small islands north of Okinawa, where U.S. forces were still on alert at the potential end of hostilities. Endo served as radioman during the mission, sending Ugaki's final messages, the last of which at 19:24 reported that the plane had begun its dive onto an American vessel. However, U.S. Navy records do not indicate any successful kamikaze attack on that day, and it is likely that all aircraft on the mission with the exception of three that returned due to engine problems crashed into the ocean, struck down by American anti-aircraft fire. Although there are no precise accounts of an intercept made by Navy or Marine fighters or Pacific Fleet surface units against enemy aircraft in this vicinity at the time of surrender. it is likely the aircraft crashed into the ocean or was shot down by American anti-aircraft fire. In any event, the crew of LST-926 reported finding the still-smoldering remains of a cockpit with three bodies on the beach of Iheyajima Island, with Ugaki's remains allegedly among them. Meanwhile, we have already covered the Truman–Stalin agreement that Japanese forces north of the 38th parallel would surrender to the Soviets while those to the south would surrender to the Americans, along with the subsequent Soviet occupation of Manchuria, North Korea, South Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands. Yet even before the first atomic bomb was dropped, and well before the Potsdam Conference, General MacArthur and his staff were planning a peaceful occupation of Japan and the Korean Peninsula. The first edition of this plan, designated “Blacklist,” appeared on July 16 and called for a progressive, orderly occupation in strength of an estimated fourteen major areas in Japan and three to six areas in Korea, so that the Allies could exercise unhampered control over the various phases of administration. These operations would employ 22 divisions and 3 regiments, together with air and naval elements, and would utilize all United States forces immediately available in the Pacific. The plan also provided for the maximum use of existing Japanese political and administrative organizations, since these agencies already exerted effective control over the population and could be employed to good advantage by the Allies. The final edition of “Blacklist,” issued on August 8, was divided into three main phases of occupation. The first phase included the Kanto Plain, the Kobe–Osaka–Kyoto areas, the Nagasaki–Sasebo area in Kyushu, the Keijo district in Korea, and the Aomori–Ominato area of northern Honshu. The second phase covered the Shimonoseki–Fukuoka and Nagoya areas, Sapporo in Hokkaido, and Fusan in Korea. The third phase comprised the Hiroshima–Kure area, Kochi in Shikoku, the Okayama, Tsuruga, and Niigata areas, Sendai in northern Honshu, Otomari in Karafuto, and the Gunzan–Zenshu area in Korea. Although the Joint Chiefs of Staff initially favored Admiral Nimitz's “Campus” Plan, which envisioned entry into Japan by Army forces only after an emergency occupation of Tokyo Bay by advanced naval units and the seizure of key positions ashore near each anchorage, MacArthur argued that naval forces were not designed to perform the preliminary occupation of a hostile country whose ground divisions remained intact, and he contended that occupying large land areas was fundamentally an Army mission. He ultimately convinced them that occupation by a weak Allied force might provoke resistance from dissident Japanese elements among the bomb-shattered population and could therefore lead to grave repercussions. The formal directive for the occupation of Japan, Korea, and the China coast was issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on August 11. The immediate objectives were to secure the early entry of occupying forces into major strategic areas, to control critical ports, port facilities, and airfields, and to demobilize and disarm enemy troops. First priority went to the prompt occupation of Japan, second to the consolidation of Keijo in Korea, and third to operations on the China coast and in Formosa. MacArthur was to assume responsibility for the forces entering Japan and Korea; General Wedemeyer was assigned operational control of the forces landing on the China coast and was instructed to coordinate his plans with the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek; and Japanese forces in Southeast Asia were earmarked for surrender to Admiral Mountbatten. With the agreement of the Soviet, Chinese, and British governments, President Truman designated MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers on August 15, thereby granting him final authority for the execution of the terms of surrender and occupation. In this capacity, MacArthur promptly notified the Emperor and the Japanese Government that he was authorized to arrange for the cessation of hostilities at the earliest practicable date and directed that the Japanese forces terminate hostilities immediately and that he be notified at once of the effective date and hour of such termination. He further directed that Japan send to Manila on August 17 “a competent representative empowered to receive in the name of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Imperial Government, and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender.” General MacArthur's stipulations to the Japanese Government included specific instructions regarding the journey of the Japanese representatives to Manila. The emissaries were to leave Sata Misaki, at the southern tip of Kyushu, on the morning of August 17. They were to travel in a Douglas DC-3-type transport plane, painted white and marked with green crosses on the wings and fuselage, and to fly under Allied escort to an airdrome on Lejima in the Ryukyus. From there, the Japanese would be transported to Manila in a United States plane. The code designation chosen for communication between the Japanese plane and US forces was the symbolic word “Bataan.” Implementation challenges arose almost immediately due to disagreements within Imperial General Headquarters and the Foreign Office over the exact nature of the mission. Some officials interpreted the instructions as requiring the delegates to carry full powers to receive and agree to the actual terms of surrender, effectively making them top representatives of the Government and High Command. Others understood the mission to be strictly preparatory, aimed only at working out technical surrender arrangements and procedures. Late in the afternoon of August 16, a message was sent to MacArthur's headquarters seeking clarification and more time to organize the mission. MacArthur replied that signing the surrender terms would not be among the tasks of the Japanese representatives dispatched to Manila, assured the Japanese that their proposed measures were satisfactory, and pledged that every precaution would be taken to ensure the safety of the Emperor's representatives on their mission. Although preparations were made with all possible speed, on August 16 the Japanese notified that this delegation would be somewhat delayed due to the scarcity of time allowed for its formation. At the same time, MacArthur was notified that Hirohito had issued an order commanding the entire armed forces of his nation to halt their fighting immediately. The wide dispersion and the disrupted communications of the Japanese forces, however, made the rapid and complete implementation of such an order exceedingly difficult, so it was expected that the Imperial order would take approximately two to twelve days to reach forces throughout the Pacific and Asiatic areas. On August 17, the Emperor personally backed up these orders with a special Rescript to the armed services, carefully worded to assuage military aversion to surrender. Suzuki was also replaced on this date, with the former commander of the General Defense Army, General Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, becoming the new Prime Minister with the initial tasks to hastily form a new cabinet capable of effecting the difficult transition to peace swiftly and without incident. The Government and Imperial General Headquarters moved quickly to hasten the preparations, but the appointment of the mission's head was held up pending the installation of the Higashikuni Cabinet. The premier-designate pressed for a rapid formation of the government, and on the afternoon of the 17th the official ceremony of installation took place in the Emperor's presence. Until General Shimomura could be summoned to Tokyo from the North China Area Army, Prince Higashikuni himself assumed the portfolio of War Minister concurrently with the premiership, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai remaining in the critical post of Navy Minister, and Prince Ayamaro Konoe, by Marquis Kido's recommendation, entered the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio to act as Higashikuni's closest advisor. The Foreign Minister role went to Mamoru Shigemitsu, who had previously served in the Koiso Cabinet. With the new government installed, Prince Higashikuni broadcast to the nation on the evening of 17 August, declaring that his policies as Premier would conform to the Emperor's wishes as expressed in the Imperial mandate to form a Cabinet. These policies were to control the armed forces, maintain public order, and surmount the national crisis, with scrupulous respect for the Constitution and the Imperial Rescript terminating the war. The cabinet's installation removed one delay, and in the afternoon of the same day a message from General MacArthur's headquarters clarified the mission's nature and purpose. Based on this clarification, it was promptly decided that Lieutenant General Torashiro Kawabe, Deputy Chief of the Army General Staff, should head a delegation of sixteen members, mainly representing the Army and Navy General Staffs. Kawabe was formally appointed by the Emperor on 18 August. By late afternoon that same day, the data required by the Allied Supreme Commander had largely been assembled, and a message was dispatched to Manila informing General MacArthur's headquarters that the mission was prepared to depart the following morning. The itinerary received prompt approval from the Supreme Commander. Indeed, the decision to appoint a member of the Imperial Family who had a respectable career in the armed forces was aimed both at appeasing the population and at reassuring the military. MacArthur appointed General Eichelberger's 8th Army to initiate the occupation unassisted through September 22, at which point General Krueger's 6th Army would join the effort. General Hodge's 24th Corps was assigned to execute Operation Blacklist Forty, the occupation of the Korean Peninsula south of the 38th Parallel. MacArthur's tentative schedule for the occupation outlined an initial advance party of 150 communications experts and engineers under Colonel Charles Tench, which would land at Atsugi Airfield on August 23. Naval forces under Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet were to enter Tokyo Bay on August 24, followed by MacArthur's arrival at Atsugi the next day and the start of the main landings of airborne troops and naval and marine forces. The formal surrender instrument was to be signed aboard an American battleship in Tokyo Bay on August 28, with initial troop landings in southern Kyushu planned for August 29–30. By September 4, Hodge's 24th Corps was to land at Inchon and begin the occupation of South Korea. In the meantime, per MacArthur's directions, a sixteen-man Japanese delegation headed by Lieutenant-General Kawabe Torashiro, Vice-Chief of the Army General Staff, left Sata Misaki on the morning of August 19; after landing at Iejima, the delegation transferred to an American transport and arrived at Nichols Field at about 18:00. That night, the representatives held their first conference with MacArthur's staff, led by Lieutenant-General Richard Sutherland. During the two days of conference, American linguists scanned, translated, and photostated the various reports, maps, and charts the Japanese had brought with them. Negotiations also resulted in permission for the Japanese to supervise the disarmament and demobilization of their own armed forces under Allied supervision, and provided for three extra days of preparation before the first occupying unit landed on the Japanese home islands on August 26. At the close of the conference, Kawabe was handed the documents containing the “Requirements of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers,” which concerned the arrival of the first echelons of Allied forces, the formal surrender ceremony, and the reception of the occupation forces. Also given were a draft Imperial Proclamation by which the Emperor would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and command his subjects to cease hostilities, a copy of General Order No. 1 by which Imperial General Headquarters would direct all military and naval commanders to lay down their arms and surrender their units to designated Allied commanders, and the Instrument of Surrender itself, which would later be signed on board an American battleship in Tokyo Bay. After the Manila Conference ended, the Japanese delegation began its return to Japan at 13:00 on August 20; but due to mechanical problems and a forced landing near Hamamatsu, they did not reach Tokyo until August 21. With the scheduled arrival of the advanced party of the Allied occupation forces only five days away, the Japanese immediately began disarming combat units in the initial-occupation areas and evacuating them from those areas. The basic orders stated that Allied forces would begin occupying the homeland on 26 August and reaffirmed the intention ofImperial General Headquarters "to insure absolute obedience to the Imperial Rescript of 14 August, to prevent the occurrence of trouble with the occupying forces, and thus to demonstrate Japan's sincerity to the world." The Japanese government announced that all phases of the occupation by Allied troops would be peaceful and urged the public not to panic or resort to violence against the occupying forces. While they sought to reassure the population, they faced die-hard anti-surrender elements within the IJN, with ominous signs of trouble both from Kyushu, where many sea and air special-attack units were poised to meet an invasion, and from Atsugi, the main entry point for Allied airborne troops into the Tokyo Bay area. At Kanoya, Ugaki's successor, Vice-Admiral Kusaka Ryonosuke, hastened the separation of units from their weapons and the evacuation of naval personnel. At Atsugi, an even more threatening situation developed in the Navy's 302nd Air Group. Immediately after the announcement of the surrender, extremist elements in the group led by Captain Kozono Yasuna flew over Atsugi and the surrounding area, scattering leaflets urging the continuation of the war on the ground and claiming that the surrender edict was not the Emperor's true will but the machination of "traitors around the Throne." The extremists, numbering 83 junior officers and noncommissioned officers, did not commit hostile acts but refused to obey orders from their superior commanders. On August 19, Prince Takamatsu, the Emperor's brother and a navy captain, telephoned Atsugi and personally appealed to Captain Kozono and his followers to obey the Imperial decision. This intervention did not end the incident; on August 21 the extremists seized a number of aircraft and flew them to Army airfields in Saitama Prefecture in hopes of gaining support from Army air units. They failed in this attempt, and it was not until August 25 that all members of the group had surrendered. As a result of the Atsugi incident, on August 22 the Emperor dispatched Captain Prince Takamatsu Nabuhito and Vice-Admiral Prince Kuni Asaakira to various naval commands on Honshu and Kyushu to reiterate the necessity of strict obedience to the surrender decision. Both princes immediately left Tokyo to carry out this mission, but the situation improved over the next two days, and they were recalled before completing their tours. By this point, a typhoon struck the Kanto region on the night of August 22, causing heavy damage and interrupting communications and transport vital for evacuating troops from the occupation zone. This led to further delays in Japanese preparations for the arrival of occupation forces, and the Americans ultimately agreed to a two-day postponement of the preliminary landings. On August 27 at 10:30, elements of the 3rd Fleet entered Sagami Bay as the first step in the delayed occupation schedule. At 09:00 on August 28, Tench's advanced party landed at Atsugi to complete technical arrangements for the arrival of the main forces. Two days later, the main body of the airborne occupation forces began streaming into Atsugi, while naval and marine forces simultaneously landed at Yokosuka on the south shore of Tokyo Bay. There were no signs of resistance, and the initial occupation proceeded successfully.  Shortly after 1400, a famous C-54  the name “Bataan” in large letters on its nose circled the field and glided in for a landing. General MacArthur stepped from the aircraft, accompanied by General Sutherland and his staff officers. The operation proceeded smoothly. MacArthur paused momentarily to inspect the airfield, then climbed into a waiting automobile for the drive to Yokohama. Thousands of Japanese troops were posted along the fifteen miles of road from Atsugi to Yokohama to guard the route of the Allied motor cavalcade as it proceeded to the temporary SCAP Headquarters in Japan's great seaport city. The Supreme Commander established his headquarters provisionally in the Yokohama Customs House. The headquarters of the American Eighth Army and the Far East Air Force were also established in Yokohama, and representatives of the United States Pacific Fleet were attached to the Supreme Commander's headquarters. The intensive preparation and excitement surrounding the first landings on the Japanese mainland did not interfere with the mission of affording relief and rescue to Allied personnel who were internees or prisoners in Japan. Despite bad weather delaying the occupation operation, units of the Far East Air Forces and planes from the Third Fleet continued their surveillance missions. On 25 August they began dropping relief supplies, food, medicine, and clothing, to Allied soldiers and civilians in prisoner-of-war and internment camps across the main islands. While the advance echelon of the occupation forces was still on Okinawa, “mercy teams” were organized to accompany the first elements of the Eighth Army Headquarters. Immediately after the initial landings, these teams established contact with the Swiss and Swedish Legations, the International Red Cross, the United States Navy, and the Japanese Liaison Office, and rushed to expedite the release and evacuation, where necessary, of thousands of Allied internees.  On September 1, the Reconnaissance Troop of the 11th Airborne Division conducted a subsidiary airlift operation, flying from Atsugi to occupy Kisarazu Airfield; and on the morning of September 2, the 1st Cavalry Division began landing at Yokohama to secure most of the strategic areas along the shores of Tokyo Bay, with Tokyo itself remaining unoccupied. Concurrently, the surrender ceremony took place aboard Halsey's flagship, the battleship Missouri, crowded with representatives of the United Nations that had participated in the Pacific War.  General MacArthur presided over the epoch-making ceremony, and with the following words he inaugurated the proceedings which would ring down the curtain of war in the Pacific “We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues, involving divergent ideals and ideologies, have been determined on the battlefields of the world and hence are not for our discussion or debate. Nor is it for us here to meet, representing as we do a majority of the people of the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice or hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity which alone befits the sacred purposes we are about to serve, committing all our peoples unreservedly to faithful compliance with the understandings they are here formally to assume. It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind, that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past — a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice. The terms and conditions upon which surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you…”.  The Supreme Commander then invited the two Japanese plenipotentiaries to sign the duplicate surrender documents : Foreign Minister Shigemitsu, on behalf of the Emperor and the Japanese Government, and General Umezu, for the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. He then called forward two famous former prisoners of the Japanese to stand behind him while he himself affixed his signature to the formal acceptance of the surrender : Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, hero of Bataan and Corregidor and Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur E. Percival, who had been forced to yield the British stronghold at Singapore. General MacArthur was followed in turn by Admiral Nimitz, who signed on behalf of the United States. Alongside the recently liberated Generals Wainwright and Percival, who had been captured during the Japanese conquest of the Philippines and Singapore respectively, MacArthur then signed the surrender documents, followed by Admiral Nimitz and representatives of the other United Nations present. The Instrument of Surrender was completely signed within twenty minutes. Shortly afterwards, MacArthur broadcast the announcement of peace to the world, famously saying, “Today the guns are silent.” Immediately following the signing of the surrender articles, the Imperial Proclamation of capitulation was issued, commanding overseas forces to cease hostilities and lay down their arms; however, it would take many days, and in some cases weeks, for the official word of surrender to be carried along Japan's badly disrupted communications channels. Various devices were employed by American commanders to transmit news of final defeat to dispersed and isolated enemy troops, such as plane-strewn leaflets, loudspeaker broadcasts, strategically placed signboards, and prisoner-of-war volunteers. Already, the bypassed Japanese garrison at Mille Atoll had surrendered on August 22; yet the first large-scale surrender of Japanese forces came on August 27, when Lieutenant-General Ishii Yoshio surrendered Morotai and Halmahera to the 93rd Division. On August 30, a British Pacific Fleet force under Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt entered Victoria Harbour to begin the liberation of Hong Kong; and the following day, Rear-Admiral Matsubara Masata surrendered Minami-Torishima. In the Marianas, the Japanese commanders on Rota and Pagan Islands relinquished their commands almost simultaneously with the Tokyo Bay ceremony of September 2. Later that day, the same was done by Lieutenant-General Inoue Sadae in the Palaus and by Lieutenant-General Mugikura Shunzaburo and Vice-Admiral Hara Chuichi at Truk in the Carolines. Additionally, as part of Operation Jurist, a British detachment under Vice-Admiral Harold Walker received the surrender of the Japanese garrison on Penang Island. In the Philippines, local commanders in the central Bukidnon Province, Infanta, the Bataan Peninsula, and the Cagayan Valley had already surrendered by September 2. On September 3, General Yamashita and Vice-Admiral Okawachi Denshichi met with General Wainwright, General Percival, and Lieutenant-General Wilhelm Styer, Commanding General of Army Forces of the Western Pacific, to sign the formal surrender of the Japanese forces in the Philippines. With Yamashita's capitulation, subordinate commanders throughout the islands began surrendering in increasing numbers, though some stragglers remained unaware of the capitulation. Concurrently, while Yamashita was yielding his Philippine forces, Lieutenant-General Tachibana Yoshio's 109th Division surrendered in the Bonins on September 3. On September 4, Rear-Admiral Sakaibara Shigematsu and Colonel Chikamori Shigeharu surrendered their garrison on Wake Island, as did the garrison on Aguigan Island in the Marianas. Also on September 4, an advanced party of the 24th Corps landed at Kimpo Airfield near Keijo to prepare the groundwork for the occupation of South Korea; and under Operation Tiderace, Mountbatten's large British and French naval force arrived off Singapore and accepted the surrender of Japanese forces there. On September 5, Rear-Admiral Masuda Nisuke surrendered his garrison on Jaluit Atoll in the Marshalls, as did the garrison of Yap Island. The overall surrender of Japanese forces in the Solomons and Bismarcks and in the Wewak area of New Guinea was finally signed on September 6 by General Imamura Hitoshi and Vice-Admiral Kusaka Jinichi aboard the aircraft carrier Glory off Rabaul, the former center of Japanese power in the South Pacific. Furthermore, Lieutenant-General Nomi Toshio, representing remaining Japanese naval and army forces in the Ryukyus, officially capitulated on September 7 at the headquarters of General Stilwell's 10th Army on Okinawa. The following day, Tokyo was finally occupied by the Americans, and looking south, General Kanda and Vice-Admiral Baron Samejima Tomoshige agreed to travel to General Savige's headquarters at Torokina to sign the surrender of Bougainville. On September 8, Rear-Admiral Kamada Michiaki's 22nd Naval Special Base Force at Samarinda surrendered to General Milford's 7th Australian Division, as did the Japanese garrison on Kosrae Island in the Carolines. On September 9, a wave of surrenders continued: the official capitulation of all Japanese forces in the China Theater occurred at the Central Military Academy in Nanking, with General Okamura surrendering to General He Yingqin, the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China National Revolutionary Army; subsequently, on October 10, 47 divisions from the former Imperial Japanese Army officially surrendered to Chinese military officials and allied representatives at the Forbidden City in Beijing. The broader context of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the protracted war was daunting, with the Nationalists weakened and Chiang Kai-shek's policies contributing to Mao Zedong's strengthened position, shaping the early dynamics of the resumption of the Chinese Civil War. Meanwhile, on September 9, Hodge landed the 7th Division at Inchon to begin the occupation of South Korea. In the throne room of the Governor's Palace at Keijo, soon to be renamed Seoul, the surrender instrument was signed by General Abe Nobuyuki, the Governor-General of Korea; Lieutenant-General Kozuki Yoshio, commander of the 17th Area Army and of the Korean Army; and Vice-Admiral Yamaguchi Gisaburo, commander of the Japanese Naval Forces in Korea. The sequence continued with the 25th Indian Division landing in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan on Malaya to capture Port Dickson, while Lieutenant-General Teshima Fusataro's 2nd Army officially surrendered to General Blamey at Morotai, enabling Australian occupation of much of the eastern Dutch East Indies. On September 10, the Japanese garrisons on the Wotje and Maloelap Atolls in the Marshalls surrendered, and Lieutenant-General Baba Masao surrendered all Japanese forces in North Borneo to General Wootten's 9th Australian Division. After Imamura's surrender, Major-General Kenneth Eather's 11th Australian Division landed at Rabaul to begin occupation, and the garrison on Muschu and Kairiru Islands also capitulated. On September 11, General Adachi finally surrendered his 18th Army in the Wewak area, concluding the bloody New Guinea Campaign, while Major-General Yamamura Hyoe's 71st Independent Mixed Brigade surrendered at Kuching and Lieutenant-General Watanabe Masao's 52nd Independent Mixed Brigade surrendered on Ponape Island in the Carolines. Additionally, the 20th Indian Division, with French troops, arrived at Saigon as part of Operation Masterdom and accepted the surrender of Lieutenant-General Tsuchihashi Yuitsu, who had already met with Viet Minh envoys and agreed to turn power over to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.  When the Japanese surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, the Viet Minh immediately launched the insurrection they had prepared for a long time. Across the countryside, “People's Revolutionary Committees” took over administrative positions, often acting on their own initiative, and in the cities the Japanese stood by as the Vietnamese took control. By the morning of August 19, the Viet Minh had seized Hanoi, rapidly expanding their control over northern Vietnam in the following days. The Nguyen dynasty, with its puppet government led by Tran Trong Kim, collapsed when Emperor Bao Dai abdicated on August 25. By late August, the Viet Minh controlled most of Vietnam. On 2 September, in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. As the Viet Minh began extending control across the country, the new government's attention turned to the arrival of Allied troops and the French attempt to reassert colonial authority, signaling the onset of a new and contentious phase in Vietnam's struggle.  French Indochina had been left in chaos by the Japanese occupation. On 11 September British and Indian troops of the 20th Indian Division under Major General Douglas Gracey arrived at Saigon as part of Operation Masterdom. After the Japanese surrender, all French prisoners had been gathered on the outskirts of Saigon and Hanoi, and the sentries disappeared on 18 September; six months of captivity cost an additional 1,500 lives. By 22 September 1945, all prisoners were liberated by Gracey's men, armed, and dispatched in combat units toward Saigon to conquer it from the Viet Minh, later joined by the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, established to fight the Japanese arriving a few weeks later. Around the same time, General Lu Han's 200,000 Chinese National Revolutionary Army troops of the 1st Front Army occupied Indochina north of the 16th parallel, with 90,000 arriving by October; the 62nd Army came on 26 September to Nam Dinh and Haiphong, Lang Son and Cao Bang were occupied by the Guangxi 62nd Army Corps, and the Red River region and Lai Cai were occupied by a column from Yunnan. Lu Han occupied the French governor-general's palace after ejecting the French staff under Sainteny. Consequently, while General Lu Han's Chinese troops occupied northern Indochina and allowed the Vietnamese Provisional Government to remain in control there, the British and French forces would have to contest control of Saigon. On September 12, a surrender instrument was signed at the Singapore Municipal Building for all Southern Army forces in Southeast Asia, the Dutch East Indies, and the eastern islands; General Terauchi, then in a hospital in Saigon after a stroke, learned of Burma's fall and had his deputy commander and leader of the 7th Area Army, Lieutenant-General Itagaki Seishiro, surrender on his behalf to Mountbatten, after which a British military administration was formed to govern the island until March 1946. The Japanese Burma Area Army surrendered the same day as Mountbatten's ceremony in Singapore, and Indian forces in Malaya reached Kuala Lumpur to liberate the Malay capital, though the British were slow to reestablish control over all of Malaya, with eastern Pahang remaining beyond reach for three more weeks. On September 13, the Japanese garrisons on Nauru and Ocean Islands surrendered to Brigadier John Stevenson, and three days later Major-General Okada Umekichi and Vice-Admiral Fujita Ruitaro formally signed the instrument of surrender at Hong Kong. In the meantime, following the Allied call for surrender, Japan had decided to grant Indonesian independence to complicate Dutch reoccupation: Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta signed Indonesia's Proclamation of Independence on August 17 and were appointed president and vice-president the next day, with Indonesian youths spreading news across Java via Japanese news and telegraph facilities and Bandung's news broadcast by radio. The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese and sought to restore their colonial rule due to lingering political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies, a stance that helped trigger a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Fighting also erupted in Sumatra and the Celebes, though the 26th Indian Division managed to land at Padang on October 10. On October 21, Lieutenant-General Tanabe Moritake and Vice-Admiral Hirose Sueto surrendered all Japanese forces on Sumatra, yet British control over the country would dwindle in the ensuing civil conflict. Meanwhile, Formosa (Taiwan) was placed under the control of the Kuomintang-led Republic of China by General Order No. 1 and the Instrument of Surrender; Chiang Kai-shek appointed General Chen Yi as Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command on September 1. After several days of preparation, an advance party moved into Taihoku on October 5, with additional personnel arriving from Shanghai and Chongqing between October 5 and 24, and on October 25 General Ando Rikichi signed the surrender document at Taipei City Hall. But that's the end for this week, and for the Pacific War.  Boy oh boy, its been a long journey hasn't it? Now before letting you orphans go into the wild, I will remind you, while this podcast has come to an end, I still write and narrate Kings and Generals Eastern Front week by week and the Fall and Rise of China Podcasts. Atop all that I have my own video-podcast Echoes of War, that can be found on Youtube or all podcast platforms. I really hope to continue entertaining you guys, so if you venture over to the other podcasts, comment you came from here! I also have some parting gifts to you all, I have decided to release a few Pacific War related exclusive episodes from my Youtuber Membership / patreon at www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel. At the time I am writing this, over there I have roughly 32 episodes, one is uploaded every month alongside countless other goodies. Thank you all for being part of this long lasting journey. Kings and Generals literally grabbed me out of the blue when I was but a small silly person doing youtube videos using an old camera, I have barely gotten any better at it. I loved making this series, and I look forward to continuing other series going forward! You know where to find me, if you have any requests going forward the best way to reach me is just comment on my Youtube channel or email me, the email address can be found on my youtube channel. This has been Craig of the Pacific War Channel and narrator of the Pacific war week by week podcast, over and out!

Send us a textSeptember 2, 1945 (Hanoi). Hồ Chí Minh declares the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) at the Ba Đình square. This is a major milestone on Vietnam's journey to freeing itself from French colonization and ultimately becoming a free and independent country. The shape that Vietnam would take came from decades more strife and pain.PS: Chris Tran, a significant Việt creator on instagram, posted a celebration message for National Day. He then posted 2 hate filled comments he received from diaspora Viets and a positive response. Read the comments for incredible feedback from all manners of Việts. https://www.instagram.com/p/DOFd3s2kXve/?img_index=6&igsh=MXN5aG1mNzRtZGNpZQ==

This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945,  This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday August 25, 1945. I've endeavored to have new episodes out every Monday, the same day (80 years later) as the last day of the weeks described in each. This week is the latest one yet, going out Saturday instead. My initial thought was that "it wasn't a very interesting week" but quickly realized how interesting it really was. The Daghlian criticality incident, happening so soon after all three of  the first atomic detonations, so often is treated as simply an industrial accident, but it's right in the middle of this very busy month. Ho Chi Minh is consolidating his authority over Vietnam,  in direct response to the power vacuum caused by Japan's surrender, and at breakneck speed. The Chinese Civil War has resumed, the Soviet Union continues to pursue a war that is barely two weeks old,  colonial powers are returning to their former areas of power - yet before this, I'd hardly realized how much was happening in there.  I daresay one could put together an intensive college-level semester course on "The End of World War II, August 15-September 2," and spend a week on each day, looking at all of the machinery of war, diplomacy, science, and politics being upended in that time, and how it affected the next century. That may be the reason that it's rarely covered: So much is happening that a manageable storyline can't be concocted that ties it all together.  And because of that, every single day of it needs intensive research to discuss intelligently.  Which is the real answer to how it ended up short.   In any case, here is the next episode. Since the surrender ceremony is on Sunday, I'm currently planning on including that in the next episode (so 8 days instead of 7, ending on Sunday instead of Saturday).     Sunday, August 19,1945 - 34 Days After Trinity   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yongjiazhen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_assault_on_Maoka   Monday, August 20,1945 - 35 Days After Trinity When I was younger, I remember references to "quisling" as a traitor. It stopped being used, though, and it now takes some research to remember who he was and why he, so quickly, became that noun of choice.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling   U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union Harriman informs Truman of the gift of “A framed photograph of a portrait of Stalin” presumably a response to the picture received three weeks earlier. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/node/349075 Tuesday, August 21,1945 - 36 Days After Trinity Daghlian Criticality accident (Demon Core) - he would die 25 days later, in mid September https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Daghlian https://members.tripod.com/~Arnold_Dion/Daghlian/accident.html An estimate of radiation doses for Hiroshima survivors. Reading through other stories, though - specifically the New Yorker's Hiroshima - it's clear that many people received lethal doses  without being signficantly injured otherwise.  https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=146517 This notes that the 100% lethal doses is 400 rem - one-tenth or even one percent of what Daghlian received. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/causes/radiation-thermometer.html   Wednesday, August 22,1945 - 37 Days After Trinity   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Soviet_invasion_of_Hokkaido     Thursday, August 23,1945 - 38 Days After Trinity Battle of Shumshu ends - Soviet victory over Japan, but Soviets had more casualties.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu   Friday, August 24,1945 - 39 Days After Trinity   https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bullhead-i.html  https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-navy-ships/alphabetical-listing/b/uss-bullhead--ss-332-0.html The Matsue incident - a group of young Japanese riot in opposition to the end of the war. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsue_incident   Saturday, August 25,1945 - 40 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Bảo_Đại https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/25/archives/submarine-bullhead-lost-java-sea-patrol-her-last.html Summer of Trinity is a part of Mapping History here on The Latest Generation.

5 Hours PG-13Here are episodes 6-10 of the Cold War series with Thomas777.The 'Cold War' Pt. 6 - Ho Chi Minh and the Origin of the Vietnam War w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 7 - Robert McNamara, Vietnam, and a World Turning 'Red' w/ Thomas777The Cold War Pt. 8 - How the On the Ground Battles in Vietnam Were Fought w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 9 - Battling the Khmer Rouge w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 10 - The Vietnam War Comes to an End w/ Thomas777Thomas' SubstackThomas777 MerchandiseThomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 1"Thomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 2"Thomas on TwitterThomas' CashApp - $7homas777Pete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

Dear friends, In memory of Joanna Macy, who passed away on July 19th, we are republishing episode #12 of The Way Out Is In podcast series, with an introduction by Jo Confino. A scholar of Buddhism, systems theory, and deep ecology, Joanna Macy (1929 -2025), PhD, was one of the most respected voices in the movements for peace, justice, and ecology. She interweaved her scholarship with learnings from six decades of activism, had written twelve books, and laught an empowerment approach known as the Work That Reconnects. In episode 12 (November, 2021), presenters Zen Buddhist monk Brother Phap Huu and lay Buddhist practitioner and journalist Jo Confino were joined by Joanna Macy to discuss the relevance of Thich Nhat Hanh's teachings to the crises we face today as a species; the energy of simplicity; truth-telling and the power of facing the truth; the grounds for transformation; impermanence; interbeing. Joanna recollects what Thich Nhat Hanh's teachings and activism have meant to her, and shares a special meeting with him in the early 1980s, during a UN peace conference, when Thay read one of his essential poems in public for the first time. Joanna's activism, forged during many campaigns, and her practice and study of Theravada Buddhism, shine through in her priceless advice about facing the current social and ecological crisis, grieving for all creation, and finding the power to deal with the heartbreaking present-day reality. She also addresses how grief and joy can coexist in one person, and how to be present for life even in the midst of struggle.Their conversations will take you from the current “great unravelling” and the “gift of death” to Rilke's poetry; the magic of love as solution; active hope; the contemporary relevance of the ancient Prophecy of the Shambhala Warriors; the possibility of a “great turning”. And can you guess her aspirations at 92? Could a swing be just the perfect place to discuss the evanescence of life?Brother Phap Huu shares a lesson in patience from Thay, and adds to the teachings of touching suffering, recognizing and embracing the truth, consumption of consciousness, finding balance, and smiling at life.  Jo reads a special translation of one of Rainer Maria Rilke's Duino Elegies, expands upon some of Joanna's core books and philosophies, and recollects “irreplaceable” advice about overwork. The episode ends with a guided meditation by Joanna Macy. Co-produced by the Plum Village App:https://plumvillage.app/ And Global Optimism:https://globaloptimism.com/ With support from the Thich Nhat Hanh Foundation:https://thichnhathanhfoundation.org/ List of resources Lotus in a Sea of Fire (1967)https://plumvillage.org/books/1967-hoa-sen-trong-bien-lua-lotus-in-a-sea-of-fire/ Call Me By My True Nameshttps://plumvillage.org/books/call-me-by-my-true-names/ Celestial Bodhisattvashttps://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/buddhas-and-bodhisattvas-celestial-buddhas-and-bodhisattvas Rainer Maria Rilkehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke Duino Elegieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies The Tenth Elegyhttps://www.tellthestory.co.uk/translatedpoemduino10.html The Book of Hourshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Hours Satipaṭṭhānahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satipatthana World as Lover, World as Selfhttps://www.parallax.org/product/world-as-lover-world-as-self-a-guide-to-living-fully-in-turbulent-times/ ‘The Shambhala Warrior'https://www.awakin.org/read/view.php?tid=236 The Shambhala Warrior Prophecyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14dbM93FALE Bardohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo ‘Entering the Bardo'https://emergencemagazine.org/op_ed/entering-the-bardo/ Maitreyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya Ho Chi Minhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh Śūnyatāhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81Svabhava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svabhava Kṣitigarbhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha Parallax Presshttps://www.parallax.org/ Ānāpānasatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati Satipaṭṭhānahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satipatthana Quotes “Do not be afraid of feeling pain for the world. Do not be afraid of the suffering, but take it. That’s what a bodhisattva learns to do, and that makes your heart very big.” “Life is only difficult for those who pick and choose. You just take it. And that helps you feel whole, and maybe flying with the birds helps you be with the deep levels of hell. But this is life and it’s all given to us and it’s given free.” “It doesn’t take a poet; all of us can feel that there are times when a shadow passes over our mood and we taste the tears. Taste the tears. They’re salty. It’s the living Earth. We are part of this.” “All Rilke says is, ‘Give me the time so I can love the things.' As if that’s the great commandment. So I want more time to do what I’m made to do. Why else do we have these hearts with more neurons in them than our brains? Why else are we given eyes that can see the beauty of this world and ears that can hear such beautiful poetry? And lungs that can breathe the air. We have to use these things for tasting and loving our world. And if she’s ailing, now is the time to love her more.” “You are the environment; the environment is not outside of you.” “We are in a space without a map. With the likelihood of economic collapse and climate catastrophe looming, it feels like we are on shifting ground, where old habits and old scenarios no longer apply. In Tibetan Buddhism, such a space or gap between known worlds is called a bardo. It is frightening. It is also a place of potential transformation. As you enter the bardo, there facing you is the Buddha Akshobhya. His element is Water. He is holding a mirror, for his gift is Mirror Wisdom, reflecting everything just as it is. And the teaching of Akshobhya's mirror is this: Do not look away. Do not avert your gaze. Do not turn aside. This teaching clearly calls for radical attention and total acceptance.”“We all have an appointment, and that appointment is with life. And if we can touch that in each moment, our life will become more beautiful when we allow ourselves to arrive at that appointment.” “Even in despair, we have to enjoy life, because we see life as beautiful; [we see] that planet Earth is still a miracle.” “We know we are still alive, and because we are alive, anything is possible. So let us take care of the situation in a more calm and mindful way.” “Even wholesome things can become a distraction if you make them take the place of your sheer presence to life.” “Maybe this really will be the last chapter. But I’m here, and how fortunate I am to be here. And I have imagined that it’s so wonderful to be here.” “Impermanence: the fragrance of our day.”

The Daily Quiz - Geography Today's Questions: Question 1: In which Vietnamese city are Ho Chi Minh's remains displayed in a mausoleum in Ba Dinh Square? Question 2: What's the oldest capital city in the Americas? Question 3: What is the capital city of Republic of the Congo? Question 4: What is the capital city of Cuba? Question 5: Vientiane is the capital city of which country? Question 6: Which volcano's 1980 eruption caused the city of Spokane to be plunged into darkness due to the ash? Question 7: Bern is the capital city of which country? Question 8: What is the capital city of Gabon? This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

7:15 AM // STAMPED zine is a project made by migrants, for migrants. It is edited by a group of creatives who have been navigating so-called Australia as foreigners for some time. The goal of STAMPED is to create a space for visa holders to express both the mundane and the aspirational while trying to settle (temporarily). A place to protest without the shame of needing to be grateful, or being told that you should return to your homeland. Phuong spoke to STAMPED zine's founder and project coordinator, René Hà, who describes themselves as a former 'cash cow' and was based in Gadigal land with a keen interest in identity making in the context of ethno-nationalism and postcolonial effects. They have recently relocated to their home city of Ho Chi Minh city. We spoke about the fourth and final edition of the zine, Departed, and the complexities of the migrant experience in so-called Australia. 7:30 AM // STAMPED zine part two.7:45 AM // Isabelle Reinecke, the executive director and founder of Grata Fund. A judgment in Uncle Pabai and Uncle Paul's' landmark climate case will be handed down at 2pm today. Australia's federal court will determine if the government owes a ‘duty of care' to protect Torres Strait Islanders, who are at risk of becoming displaced by rising seas. Uncle Pabai and Uncle Paul, their communities, and their legal team have fought for justice with courage and determination for more than four years. Isabelle is an expert in the intersection of the law, politics and power and the author of Courting Power: Law Democracy and the Public Interest in Australia. Grata Fund has been supporting the Australian Climate Case.8:00 AM // Farida Iqbal from Defend Dissent Coalition. Farida has been involved in activism for over 25 years and has previously been part of a campaign that defeated similar anti-protest laws in Western Australia. She is committed to fighting for the rights of people with Long Covid as a person with Long Covid herself. Farida joins us today to chat about proposed protest legislation tabled by the Victorian Government, with a focus on the potential impact of a ban on the use of face masks. You can follow @defenddissentcoalition on Instagram for campaign updates and rally information.8:15 AM // Sarah Baarini, a Naarm based activist and organiser within the Free Palestine movement. She is an Immediate Past Executive Member of the Islamic Council of Victoria. On the 20th of July, this Sunday, there will be a National Rally at the Parliament House in Canberra, with Palestine liberation groups and allies from across the country coming together to pressure Labor to end its support and complicity in genocide. This Converge on Canberra represents a united call to sanction the state of Israel in response to the genocide in Gaza.  Songs: Chinese New Year - Su-AnnIsland Home - Christine AnuHold Strong - Miiesha  

5 Hours PG-13Here are episodes 6-10 of the Cold War series with Thomas777.The 'Cold War' Pt. 6 - Ho Chi Minh and the Origin of the Vietnam War w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 7 - Robert McNamara, Vietnam, and a World Turning 'Red' w/ Thomas777The Cold War Pt. 8 - How the On the Ground Battles in Vietnam Were Fought w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 9 - Battling the Khmer Rouge w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 10 - The Vietnam War Comes to an End w/ Thomas777Thomas' SubstackThomas777 MerchandiseThomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 1"Thomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 2"Thomas on TwitterThomas' CashApp - $7homas777Pete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

On this inspiring episode of WOCTalk, we sit down with Dr. Charleen Singh, Founder and Program Director, and Annie Ocampo, Philippines Liaison, for the International Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing Education Program (IWOCNEP) to explore the growing global reach of the Wound, Ostomy, and Continence (WOC) nursing specialty through IWOCNEP. IWOCNEP is a WOCN Society Accredited WOC Nursing Education Program whose philosophy is to build a supportive and collaborative community that utilizes innovation to disseminate the unique body of wound, ostomy, continence nursing knowledge to improve quality of life across the globe. Tune in as they discuss the unique challenges, cultural insights, and life-changing outcomes of international WOC education—along with firsthand stories from the field, the importance of collaboration, and how WOC nurses everywhere can support this global initiative.Episode Resources:To learn more about the International Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing Education Program (IWOCNEP), click here.Click here to email IWOCNEP for additional information, ask questions about how to get involved, or to find out if you qualify for a full or partial scholarship.Lectures for each specialty are offered throughout the year using video technology.Clinical residency is hosted in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam or Iloilo Philippines.Minimum requirements for the program include Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and 2 years of medical-surgical nursing.Interested in becoming a WOC Nurse? To find WOC Nursing Education Programs accredited by the WOCN Society, click here. About the Speakers:Charleen Singh, PhD, MBA, MSN/ed, FNP-BC, CWOCN, WOCNF, CNE, RNDr. Charleen Singh is the founder and program director of the International WOCNEP a non-profit bringing wound ostomy continence education to nurses in South Asia partnering with the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh and the Central Philippines University. She is the co-founder, co-director of the San Jose State Wound Ostomy program.She offers more than 25 years of nursing experience which spans across countries, ages, health issues and practice.Currently she is the program director of the DNP-FNP program at the University of California Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing. Education of nurses, future nurses, improving patient outcomes and applying evidence-based practice are a few of her passions.Annielyn Ocampo, MSN, RN, CWOCNAnnielyn Ocampo, MSN, RN, CWOCN has been a member of the WOCN Society for 20 years. She works as the Wound, Ostomy, Continence Nurse Specialist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Her educational background includes: University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Nebraska – Master of Science in Nursing, Leadership/ Administration Program, May 2017; Emory University, Georgia – Graduate of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Program, September 2006; University of Perpetual Help of Rizal, Philippines – Bachelor of Science in Nursing, March 1992.Annie is the Philippines Liaison for the International WOCNEP and currently serves as a Director on the WOCN Society's National Board of Directors.Editing and post-production work for this episode was provided by The Podcast Consultant.

durée : 01:00:51 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Antoine Dhulster - Le 19 décembre 1946, Ho Chi Minh lance à Hanoï un ordre de soulèvement général contre les Français. C'est le début de la guerre d'Indochine, une guerre dont les origines encore confuses remontent à l'occupation japonaise depuis 1940 et l'élimination de l'administration française en 1945. - réalisation : Thomas Jost - invités : Philippe Franchini Ecrivain et peintre; Philippe Grandjean

(00:00-30:12) Gettin' you ready. Doug says the lede is the Stanley Cup. Congrats to Matthew Tkachuk on back-to-back Stanley Cups. Audio of Matthew talking about playing thru injuries. Is Jackson on the wrong channel? Abductor or adductor? Is Walt still up? Anesthesiologists and Six Flags workers. Teams to lose back-to-back Stanley Cups. Panthers prioritizing the postseason. Local champions. King's Speech. Why do you like Ho Chi Minh?(30:20-45:10) Strong start on the south side. Big night for the offense. Jackson's Cardinal supercut. Just read it, Tim, it doesn't matter. Oli Marmol audio talking about the offense. MIke Shannon's call of Glenn Brummer stealing home in 1982. We can't please nobody!(45:20-1:20:35) Jackson, why Johnny Mathis? Songs for Doug. Petition to bring Tim's beard back. Vess soda. Jared is on the phone lines. Jared wants to know if St. Louis is blacklisted from the NBA and NFL. St. Louis and the Vancouver Grizzlies. TMA is St. Louis's dirtiest little secret. Civic Progress story time. Fredbird is going into the Mascot Hall of Fame. SIr Big Spur. Jackson's least favorite coach. Arch Manning hanging out on the north side. Saggy deuce. How did we get here?See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

TESTO DELL'ARTICOLO ➜ https://www.bastabugie.it/8197CINQUANT'ANNI FA INIZIAVA L'INCUBO DEI KHMER ROSSI IN CAMBOGIA di Stefano Magni Il 17 aprile di 50 anni fa, cadeva Phnom Penh. La capitale della Cambogia finiva nelle mani dei Khmer Rossi, il movimento comunista, maoista, più letale della storia. Nei tre anni successivi, il regime retto con pugno di ferro da Pol Pot, eliminerà un terzo della sua stessa popolazione. Suo obiettivo dichiarato era quello di realizzare l'utopia comunista entro il 1990, non importava con quali metodi e con quanti morti.L'ascesa al potere dei Khmer Rossi avvenne dopo otto anni di guerra civile. A distruggere il già precario equilibrio di quella regione dell'Asia sudorientale, che aveva ottenuto l'indipendenza nel 1953 dalla Francia, fu soprattutto la guerra del Vietnam. Il principe Sihanouk, succeduto pacificamente al dominio francese, si era barcamenato fra il comunismo (in espansione in tutta la regione) e l'alleanza con gli Stati Uniti, protettori del Vietnam del Sud. Quando il Vietnam del Nord, comunista, nel 1959, incominciò a invadere il Vietnam del Sud (nazionalista) infiltrandovi i suoi militari e guerriglieri, Sihanouk non riuscì o non volle opporsi. Nel 1965, primo anno dell'intervento americano in Vietnam, la Cambogia era già diventata il principale terreno di transito dei nordvietnamiti. Essendo un paese neutrale, lì non potevano essere colpiti dagli americani e dai sudvietnamiti. Sihanouk represse violentemente il comunismo all'interno del suo paese. Nella sola rivolta contadina nel distretto di Samlaut (scoppiata a seguito di espropri arbitrari), dal 1967 al 1970, fece uccidere 12mila persone. I militari tagliavano le teste dei contadini e le mandavano a Phnom Penh, come prova del lavoro eseguito. Fu in quel periodo, in opposizione al regime, che crebbe il movimento armato dei Khmer Rossi, ispirato al maoismo più intransigente. Ma in politica estera, lo stesso Sihanouk si avvicinò alla Cina di Mao e all'Urss di Brezhnev e ruppe con gli americani.REPUBBLICA KHMERNel 1970, quando Sihanouk era a Mosca in visita di Stato, i militari presero il potere. Lon Nol, uno dei peggiori macellai della repressione di Samlaut, divenne presidente, di fatto il dittatore, della nuova "Repubblica Khmer". Promise lotta alla corruzione e cacciata dei vietnamiti e chiese subito agli Usa di intervenire in suo aiuto. In meno di un mese, Nixon autorizzò un intervento di terra, segreto, in territorio cambogiano. Militarmente fu un successo: i nordvietnamiti vennero cacciati dalle aree di confine. Politicamente fu un disastro: i comunisti di Ho Chi Minh si dispersero nel paese e insegnarono ai Khmer Rossi come si combatteva contro un esercito regolare. Lon Nol si alienò ulteriormente la popolazione, prima di tutto perché si dimostrò ancora più corrotto del predecessore. Poi perché fu ancora più violento, perseguitò tutti i vietnamiti del paese, i cattolici e le altre minoranze religiose e represse nel sangue ogni manifestazione di dissenso. Contro di lui si allearono monarchici e comunisti: Sihanouk e i Khmer Rossi formarono un Fronte di Unità Nazionale. Nel 1973 controllavano già metà del paese e Lon Nol chiese di nuovo l'aiuto degli americani. Nixon autorizzò una campagna di bombardamenti aerei (anche questa segreta), in cui perirono decine di migliaia di civili, oltre ai guerriglieri. Fu un successo effimero: l'avanzata dei comunisti venne solo temporaneamente arginata, ma come reazione ai bombardamenti le popolazioni contadine si arruolarono in massa nei Khmer Rossi, anche se ormai era chiaro, nelle aree che avevano occupato, che il loro regime fosse molto più letale di quello nazionalista di Lon Nol.LA KAMPUCHEA DEMOCRATICANell'aprile del 1975, quando il Vietnam del Sud era in procinto di essere sopraffatto dal Nord e gli americani se ne erano ormai andati, i Khmer Rossi vinsero la guerra civile. Sihanouk rimase ufficialmente il capo di Stato ancora per un anno, poi venne costretto agli arresti domiciliari. Nasceva la Kampuchea Democratica, Khieu Samphan era il presidente, ma il vero uomo al comando era il primo ministro, leader del movimento armato comunista, Saloth Sar, detto Pol Pot. Educato a Parigi (aveva Jean Paul Sartre quale mentore), volle creare l'utopia comunista dal giorno uno del suo regno. Tutte le città, a partire da Phnom Penh, vennero evacuate con urgenza. Anche i malati e i feriti ricoverati negli ospedali furono gettati in strada. Agli evacuati le nuove autorità dissero che si trattava di una misura temporanea e di portarsi dietro il minimo indispensabile. In realtà erano destinati a partecipare a un gigantesco esperimento sociale: trasformare i cittadini in contadini. Le evacuazioni, effettuate con metodi da deportazione, costarono decine di migliaia di vittime. Ed era solo l'inizio della sofferenza.Tutta la popolazione cambogiana venne riorganizzata in comunità contadine. Non era possibile alcuna libertà di movimento: di fatto erano prigionieri di campi di lavoro. I turni andavano dalle 12 alle 14 ore al giorno, senza pause se non per subire il lavaggio del cervello ideologico nelle sessioni di rieducazione. Tutti i membri del vecchio regime e le loro famiglie vennero sterminati. Tutti i religiosi, a qualunque religione appartenessero, vennero uccisi. Per il resto, ogni comandante e funzionario locale aveva diritto di vita e di morte sui suoi contadini. I più sadici e sospettosi uccidevano anche chi solo portava gli occhiali, simbolo di degenerazione borghese. Poteva essere ucciso anche chi fosse considerato "pigro" nel lavoro dei campi, chi non aveva abbastanza calli sulle mani, chi non rispondeva in modo appropriato nelle sessioni di rieducazione, chi conosceva lingue straniere, chi esercitava professioni liberali prima dell'anno zero della nuova era.GESTI D'AMORE VIETATI E PUNITINon era permesso parlare in prima persona singolare: l'Io era bandito. Non era permesso l'affetto personale: parole dolci e gesti d'amore erano vietati e puniti. Doveva essere amato solo il partito. Dall'inizio del 1977, i matrimoni furono solo combinati dai quadri del partito, fra uomini e donne che fra loro non si conoscevano. I figli furono separati dai genitori, educati dal partito. Tutto era in comune, le coltivazioni destinate al catasto, il cibo razionato e consumato in mense collettive. La morte per fame divenne la regola e i contadini che cercavano di rubare il cibo o di consumarlo mentre lo coltivavano erano condannati a morte.Nemmeno i quadri e i dirigenti dei Khmer erano esenti dalla paura. I tentativi di colpi di Stato furono molto numerosi, almeno nove in tre anni. Pol Pot rispose con purghe periodiche. Le vittime principali erano i comunisti rientrati dall'estero, invogliati dalla propaganda di Phnom Penh. Quasi tutti finirono sotto la scure della repressione. Il carcere di Tuol Sleng, destinato agli epurati, divenne il simbolo dello sterminio cambogiano, l'unico luogo in cui l'identità delle vittime e la data della loro esecuzione venne documentata minuziosamente. La quasi totalità degli internati a Tuol Sleng venne uccisa, dai plotoni d'esecuzione o nelle camere di tortura.Il regime Khmer era anche profondamente razzista. Nonostante l'alleanza con Pechino, sterminò la quasi totalità dei cinesi residenti in Cambogia (circa 200mila perirono in questo genocidio nel genocidio), la minoranza musulmana Cham e decine di migliaia di vietnamiti. E fu proprio per salvare questi ultimi dall'annientamento che, alla fine del 1978, il Vietnam invase la Cambogia. In poco più di un mese spazzò via l'infernale regime. Ma nel paese non tornò la libertà, si instaurò un altro regime comunista, guidato da Samrin (un ex Khmer Rosso fuggito in Vietnam) e solo meno repressivo e letale del precedente. Per questo è così difficile, ancora oggi, fare luce sul crimine immenso dei Khmer Rossi e punire i suoi responsabili. Il colpo di spugna sul passato, comunque, non cancella i due milioni di morti, assassinati in appena tre anni, con un'intensità senza precedenti. Uccisi nel nome di un'utopia, di un paradiso in terra che garantì l'inferno a un popolo intero. 

Quer descobrir os segredos de Ho Chi Minh, a vibrante cidade que nasceu das cinzas da guerra? No episódio 81 do Podcast Viajantes Bem Vividas, Sylvia Yano compartilha dicas incríveis, histórias emocionantes e tudo o que você precisa saber para explorar essa cidade fascinante no, no sul do Vietnã! Desde os arranha-céus modernos às memórias do passado, descobrindo seus pratos típicos e os melhores passeios, você vai se encantar com cada detalhe dessa viagem. Quer saber qual é o lugar com a vista mais bonita da cidade? Então não perca tempo! Ouça agora o episódio 81, no YouTube ou Spotify, comente e compartilhe com as amigas! Venha se inspirar para sua próxima aventura! Não esquece de seguir o Viajantes Bem Vividas no YouTube, Spotify e Instagram. Vamos juntas desvendar o mundo! #ViajantesBemVividas #HoChiMinh #Saigon #Vietnã #DicasDeViagem #Aventura #História #Cultura #TravelTips #sudesteasiático #longevidadeativa #geracaoprateadaviaja Atrações - detalhes no episódio em áudio:City Hall, prefeitura de Ho Chi MinhCorreio da Conchinchina ou de Ho Chi MinhCatedral de Notre DameBook StreetÓpera de Ho Chi MinhTorre Bitexco,com seu Skydeck Landmark 81 Sky View.Museu dos Vestígios da GuerraMercado de Ben ThanhBui Vien Walking StreetPasseio de Waterbus pelo Rio SaigonGastronomia TípicaBánh MiGoi CuonCom TamOnde ComerCyclo RestaurantHuong Lai Errata: o Edifício Bitexco, projetada por Carlos Zapata, foi inspirada na flor símbolo do Vietnã, o lótus! Siga as redes sociais de Sylvia YanoBlog Sentidos do Viajar: https://sentidosdoviajar.comInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/sentidosdoviajar/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sentidosdoviajar/YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/SentidosdoviajarSiga as redes sociais de Lilian AzevedoBlog Uma Senhora Viagem: https://www.umasenhoraviagem.comInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/umasenhoraviagem/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/umasenhoraviagem/Siga as redes sociais do Podcast Viajantes Bem VividasYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@viajantesbemvividasSpotify geral: https://bit.ly/3s7SNRd_viajantesbemvividasInstagram:  https://instagram.com/viajantesbemvividas?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=.  @viajantesbemvividasFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100072030566508&mibextid=9R9pXOAcesso episodios: https://lkt.bio/viajantesbemvividasApple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/br/podcast/viajantes-bem-vividas/id1580357204 - https://bit.ly/3iCbcmc_podviajantesbemvividasGoogle podcasts - https://bit.ly/3sk713y

En este tercer episodio del programa viajero, el ferrolano David Monteagudo nos cuenta la última etapa de su reciente viaje por Vietnam. Tras recorrer 1.700 kilómetros desde Hanoi, David llega a Ho Chi Minh, la gran ciudad del sur, donde nos habla de su impresionante experiencia en la antigua Saigón. David describe la influencia colonial francesa en la ciudad, los impactantes recuerdos de la guerra en el Museo de la Guerra, y la visita a lugares icónicos como el Coffee Apartment y los túneles de Cu Chi, donde se escondían y desplazaban los soldados vietnamitas. Además, nos descubre curiosidades locales como el café con huevo, una especialidad típica que mezcla tradición y sabor. También nos ofrece consejos prácticos para futuros viajeros sobre cómo organizar el recorrido por Vietnam y sus zonas favoritas. David destaca la amabilidad de la gente vietnamita y recomienda visitar el país, que combina historia, cultura y hospitalidad, con precios muy asequibles para todo tipo de presupuestos.

Jeff Carter - Fletcher Prouty's Cold War.Jeff Carter pays tribute to an unjustly maligned figure who had a very important place in the universe of the John Kennedy assassination, especially in relation to JFK's intent to withdraw from Vietnam.Jeff Carter has made a film about the fascinating life and career of Fletcher Prouty.  The first part of Fletcher Prouty's Cold War deals largely with the man's military background.  And Carter goes into much more expansive detail than what I have sketched above.  But beyond that the film handles all of this information with skill and agility.  Carter did an admirable job in finding back up pictures and films to fill in the foreground and background of some very important points in Prouty's career that happen to intersect with modern history. For instance, while at Okinawa, Prouty saw literally tons of equipment being landed and warehoused for a possible invasion of mainland Japan.  But since Japan surrendered before any such invasion, these arms were transferred to Indochina since Ho Chi Minh had been resisting Japan in the August Revolution.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-opperman-report--1198501/support.

Als Nguyen Sinh Cung wird er am 19. Mai 1890 in einem nordvietnamesischen Dorf geboren. Als Ho Chi Minh, den Revolutionär und Freiheitskämpfer, kennt ihn bis heute die Welt. Von Andrea Kath.

5 Hours PG-13Here are episodes 6-10 of the Cold War series with Thomas777.The 'Cold War' Pt. 6 - Ho Chi Minh and the Origin of the Vietnam War w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 7 - Robert McNamara, Vietnam, and a World Turning 'Red' w/ Thomas777The Cold War Pt. 8 - How the On the Ground Battles in Vietnam Were Fought w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 9 - Battling the Khmer Rouge w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 10 - The Vietnam War Comes to an End w/ Thomas777Thomas' SubstackThomas777 MerchandiseThomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 1"Thomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 2"Thomas on TwitterThomas' CashApp - $7homas777Pete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

It was a moment that seemed to shatter the United States' aura of invincibility. April 30th, 1975 saw scenes of desperation at the US embassy amid the final pullout of US forces from Vietnam and the takeover of victorious Communist forces from the north. Who knew then that Hanoi and Washington would seal reconciliation thanks to booming trade? When, during a 2016 visit, then-president Barack Obama celebrated Vietnam's storied street food in a six-dollar dinner with celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain, it seemed that the pendulum had swung for good.But now come Donald Trump's tariffs and Washington's ire at a China-plus-one policy of outsourcing manufacturing to neighbours on the cheap. Beijing's leader Xi Jinping recently paid his respects at Ho Chi Minh's mausoleum outside Hanoi while on a regional tour.Back then, it was the Cold War. Today, what's Vietnam's position on the past and the current superpower showdown?Produced by Rebecca Gnignati, Ilayda Habib and Aurore Laborie. 

Precies 50 jaar geleden kwam de Vietnamoorlog ten einde en dat wordt in de economische hoofdstad Ho Chi Minh groots herdacht. De herdenking markeert niet alleen de overwinning van Noord-Vietnam op het Zuiden, maar ook hoe de band met de VS daarna herstelde en zelfs opbloeide. Toch zet president Trump die band juist nu onder druk met handelstarieven, een boycot en het stopzetten van hulpgeld. Wat betekent dit voor Vietnam? Luister naar correspondent Zuidoost-Azië, Noël van Bemmel. Onze journalistiek steunen? Dat kan het beste met een (digitaal) abonnement op de Volkskrant, daarvoor ga je naar www.volkskrant.nl/podcastactie Presentatie: Sheila SitalsingRedactie: Corinne van Duin, Lotte Grimbergen, Julia van Alem en Jasper VeenstraMontage: Rinkie BartelsSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Les accords de Genève du 20-21 juillet 1954 mettent fin à la première guerre d'Indochine. Le Vietnam est divisé en deux : au Nord, un État communiste dirigé par Ho Chi Minh ; au Sud, le régime de Bao Dai, puis une république soutenue par les États-Unis. L'indépendance du Cambodge, acquise en 1953, est officiellement reconnue. Norodom Sihanouk, roi devenu premier ministre, domine la scène politique pendant 25 ans, naviguant entre alliances et mésalliances dans le contexte de la guerre froide. Le Cambodge aspire à devenir la "Suisse de l'Asie", mais peine à réaliser sa neutralité. Laurence Monnais, professeure d'histoire à l'Université de Lausanne et spécialiste de l'histoire coloniale française, analyse cette période complexe.

ORIGINALLY RELEASED Nov 2018 Historian David Parsons joins Breht for a deep and wide-ranging conversation on the Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese National Liberation struggle, unforgivable American imperial war crimes, historical memory, and much more! David Parsons is an author, historian, and leftist podcast host of The Nostalgia Trap. Find The Nostalgia Trap here: https://nostalgiatrap.com/ Find his book, Dangerous Grounds: Antiwar Coffeehouses and Military Dissent in the Vietnam Era here: https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469632018/dangerous-grounds/ The Documentary used for most of the clips in the show is "Hearts and Minds" (1974) ---------------------------------------------------- Support Rev Left and get access to bonus episodes: www.patreon.com/revleftradio Make a one-time donation to Rev Left at BuyMeACoffee.com/revleftradio Follow, Subscribe, & Learn more about Rev Left Radio HERE Outro Beat Prod. by flip da hood

por Yaiza Santos Como hombre de buena fe que es, por un momento pensó que algún tipo de plan habría tras las decisiones de Trump. Es duro asumir que, como ha escrito, estemos delante del Idiota. La cuestión pone de manifiesto, en cualquier caso y una vez más, la hegemonía de la política sobre todas las cosas en la vida de los hombres. He aquí a un empresario que llega a presidente de Estados Unidos y que, con sus decisiones contra la realidad, contra la ciencia y contra el consenso, trastoca el mundo conocido. La analogía le sirve al periodismo, aseguró. De ahí la intolerable precariedad de ambos oficios en nuestro tiempo. La formación hoy de políticos y periodistas no responde a lo que debe esperarse de ellos. Qué decir de nuestro pequeño líder máximo, yendo a buscar en China o en la tumba de Ho Chi Minh lo inencontrable. Hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario, y aún no se ha demostrado, la eficacia y el progreso pertenecen a las democracias. Ante la publicación de un libro como El Odio, la actitud correcta habría de ser, dijo, la de Comisiones Obreras ante la película El 47. Él, por supuesto, tiende a la ortodoxia en el terreno pantanoso en que se mueve la ficción cuando se ocupa de los hechos, pero en ningún caso, ya lo dijo, es partidario de la vergonzosa autoclaudicación de Anagrama. Comentó, en contra de su costumbre, y ante la proliferación de evidencias —publicadas incluso por la prensa socialdemócrata—, el asunto de Ábalos y sus chicas, y puntualizó convenientemente —¡mala ciencia!, clamó, en vano— el paper candente que trajo Santos sobre el mito de la superioridad de la monogamia. Y fue así que Espada yiró. Bibliografía «El jamón serrano estima un sobrecoste de 9 millones por los aranceles», Última Hora Joel R. Anderson y otros, «Contrarrestando el mito de la superioridad de la monogamia. Un meta-análisis de las diferencias en la satisfacción de la relación y la Satisfacción Sexual como Función de Orientación de la Relación», The Journal of Sex Research, 24 de marzo de 2025 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ho Chi Minh — affectionately called "Uncle Ho" — was not always an old man. Whodathunk? Turns out, he was a veritable globe-trotter who helped spark revolution the world over. That's what this episode is about. I learn some new things, and maybe you will too. Get full access to all bonus episodes by becoming a patron: https://www.patreon.com/ThatThingWithJames Email: ThatThingWithJames@gmail.com  Socials: @jamesjasher Reddit: r/ThatThingWithJames

Tema de abertura de Claudio Zaidan no programa Bandeirantes Acontece.

Today we begin our Journey around Vietnam where we take in the sites around Ho Chi Minh city.

Send us a textOur review of the SEO Mastery Summit 2025 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam delivers unfiltered opinions on what was good, what was bad and our key takeaways from the event. We have no relationship with the event organisers so these are truly transparent thoughts on what worked and what fell short. If you're thinking of heading to Vietnam for the SEO Mastery Summit give this episode a listen.WANT US TO DO YOUR SEO? We can take a look at your site, your competitors and your market and give you a free proposal on what you need to do to hit your goals. Head to our website and submit your details. We'll get our nerd caps on and do some digging into the right SEO strategy for you. Stuff You Need To Know The SEO Show is released once a week so subscribe now wherever you get your podcasts and if you're feeling extra kind we'd love it if you leave us a review. Learn more about us at https://theseoshow.coCheck out our agency Local DigitalFollow Michael on Twitter @servicescalingFollow our agency Local Digital on Instagram @localdigitalcoCheck out our content on Youtube

¿Qué países ha invadido indiscriminadamente Estados Unidos? ¿Qué nos dice acerca de su concepción del mundo? ¿Cómo ha cambiado la manera de ver la geopolítica global? ¿Es cierto que únicamente invaden para asegurar la libertad de los pueblos? En este capítulo hablamos de: Hawaii, Chile, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, El canal de Panamá, Afganistán, Y más datos perturbadores y escalofriantes de las intervenciones de Estados Unidos en el Banquete del Doctor Zagal.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

5 Hours PG-13Here are episodes 6-10 of the Cold War series with Thomas777.The 'Cold War' Pt. 6 - Ho Chi Minh and the Origin of the Vietnam War w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 7 - Robert McNamara, Vietnam, and a World Turning 'Red' w/ Thomas777The Cold War Pt. 8 - How the On the Ground Battles in Vietnam Were Fought w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 9 - Battling the Khmer Rouge w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 10 - The Vietnam War Comes to an End w/ Thomas777Thomas' SubstackThomas777 MerchandiseThomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 1"Thomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 2"Thomas on TwitterThomas' CashApp - $7homas777Pete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

Vietnam, 02. September 1945: Ho Chi Minh steht vor einer jubelnden Menge in Hanoi und verliest die Unabhängigkeitserklärung seines Landes. Seine Worte? Ein Zitat aus der amerikanischen Verfassung: „Alle Menschen sind gleich geschaffen…“
Doch die USA, die sich einst selbst aus der Kolonialherrschaft befreit haben, werden seine Hoffnungen enttäuschen. Der Kalte Krieg beginnt, und plötzlich ist Vietnam nicht mehr ein Land, das sich von seinen kolonialen Fesseln befreien will – sondern ein globales Schlachtfeld zwischen Kapitalismus und Kommunismus. Warum konnte die ehemalige Kolonialmacht die vietnamesischen Guerillas nicht besiegen? Warum verraten die USA ihre eigenen Ideale? Und wie wurde aus einem vietnamesischen Tellerwäscher in Paris der Mann, der Amerika in die Knie zwingen soll? Du hast Feedback oder einen Themenvorschlag für Joachim und Nils? Dann melde dich gerne bei Instagram: @wasbishergeschah.podcastQuellen:Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam von Frederick LogevallA Bright Shining Lie von Neil SheehanAmerica's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam 1950-1975 von George C. HerringUnsere allgemeinen Datenschutzrichtlinien finden Sie unter https://art19.com/privacy. Die Datenschutzrichtlinien für Kalifornien sind unter https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info abrufbar.

La Segunda Guerra Mundial ha pasado, y Francia no tiene ningunas ganas de aceptar la independencia de Vietnam, ni con gobierno de Bao Dai, ni de Ho Chi Minh. La potencia colonial pone trabas y lanza propuestas para una independencia tutelada de la mano de la Unión Francesa, desembarca en la colonia a unidades de la metrópoli, tropas coloniales africanas, despliega a la flota y a la aviación, y aumenta el número de fuerzas indígenas. Ha comenzado la Guerra de Indochina. Te lo cuentan María Vázquez, Antonio Gómez y Dani CarAn. Casus Belli Podcast pertenece a 🏭 Factoría Casus Belli. Casus Belli Podcast forma parte de 📀 Ivoox Originals. 📚 Zeppelin Books (Digital) y 📚 DCA Editor (Físico) http://zeppelinbooks.com son sellos editoriales de la 🏭 Factoría Casus Belli. Estamos en: 👉 X/Twitter https://twitter.com/CasusBelliPod 👉 Facebook https://www.facebook.com/CasusBelliPodcast 👉 Instagram estamos https://www.instagram.com/casusbellipodcast 👉 Telegram Canal https://t.me/casusbellipodcast 👉 Telegram Grupo de Chat https://t.me/casusbellipod 📺 YouTube https://bit.ly/casusbelliyoutube 👉 http://casusbelli.top ⚛️ El logotipo de Casus Belli Podcasdt y el resto de la Factoría Casus Belli están diseñados por Publicidad Fabián publicidadfabian@yahoo.es 🎵 La música incluida en el programa es Ready for the war de Marc Corominas Pujadó bajo licencia CC. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ El resto de música es propia, o bajo licencia privada de Epidemic Music, Jamendo Music o SGAE SGAE RRDD/4/1074/1012 de Ivoox. 🎭Las opiniones expresadas en este programa de pódcast, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de quienes las trasmiten. Que cada palo aguante su vela. 📧¿Queréis contarnos algo? También puedes escribirnos a casus.belli.pod@gmail.com ¿Quieres anunciarte en este podcast, patrocinar un episodio o una serie? Hazlo a través de 👉 https://www.advoices.com/casus-belli-podcast-historia Si te ha gustado, y crees que nos lo merecemos, nos sirve mucho que nos des un like, ya que nos da mucha visibilidad. Muchas gracias por escucharnos, y hasta la próxima. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

  UNDERSTANDING SPECIAL OPERATIONS (Ratcliffe 1999), CHAPTER 1 I came on duty before the beginning of WWII, an ROTC cavalry unit Active duty with the 4th Armored Division July 10th 1941 I reported to Creighton W. Abrams from my own home town I began flight training in Maxwell Field in Alabama about May of 1942 In February of 1943 I was in Africa with the Air Transport Command We flew General Smith into Saudi Arabia to meet representatives of Standard Oil That's the first clandestine exercise I was ever involved in We established an operating base during the Cairo Conference In Teheran, Churchill had no ID, the Russians weren't going to let him through Success at Teheran enabled Chiang Kai-shek to put more pressure on the Japanese American generals supported Ho Chi Minh against the Japanese A few miles below the Turkish Syrian border, 750 American former prisoners of war I realized that some of my passengers were Nazi intelligence officers This group did contain men who had been selected by Frank Wisner of the OSS I never saw devastation equal to what I saw in the Soviet Union January of '45 I began flying the Pacific, four-engine transport work The atom bomb had been used, this was mid-August, the Japanese had quit We flew up to Tokyo on September 1st, 1945 At Atsugi air base, here were our enemies, they came over and helped us Equipment for 500,000 men going to Hanoi in Indochina Hiroshima, I flew very low over the area and had a good look at it The decision had been made to establish an Air Force ROTC I taught a very interesting course called "The Evolution of Warfare" I visited Werner Von Braun to write about rockets and missiles The Korean War broke out in June of 1950 I was one of five officers selected to initiate a new Air Defense Command A difficult period, because of the enormous devastation power of the atom bomb Spring of '52, I was the Military Manager of Tokyo International Airport Out of Tokyo we ran a regularly scheduled Embassy Run Civil Air Transport, were delivering supplies to the French, fighting Ho Chi Minh I met Colonel Lansdale and his organization in Vietnam I was selected to attend the Armed Forces Staff College, in Norfolk, Virginia One of the courses was a hypothetical NATO confrontation through Europe It just shocked the whole group, the impact of what nuclear weapons could do The hydrogen bomb would wipe out any city, you cannot fight war with that I went to the Pentagon from that schoo, to the Air Force Plans Office, in July of 1955 General Thomas White told me NSC had published Directive Directive 5412, in 1954 The Department of Defense would provide support for clandestine operations "Military Support of the Clandestine Operations of the United States Government" I was the "Chief of Team B," in charge of clandestine operations, for the Air Force The Economy Act of 1932 became the heart of the covert program We created literally hundreds of false military organizations The 1234 Logistics Squadron really belongs to CIA This clandestine system we established, we called "Tab-6" Mr. Dulles sent me around the world to many of his stations In Athens there was a camp for people we call, "mechanics" (hit men, gunmen) Thousands of ex-Nazis were being brought to the US for their various skills We could paratroop people in following a massive nuclear attack "Special Forces" were created for that post-strike purpose Hitler's chief of intelligence, Reinhardt Gehlen, became a U.S. Army general European command began looking on CIA as a "Fourth Force" in nuclear warfare From 1945 until 1965, CIA was the operating command for military forces in Vietnam CIA had quite an air force, operated and maintained under "Air America" New Year's Eve of 1958-59, I waited for CIA orders to go into Cuba Senator Kennedy understood events going on in Vietnam ...

The original Unc.You are listening to this episode 1 week after it was released. To get episodes on time, up to 2 exclusive episodes a month, discord access, merch discounts and plenty more - check out our Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/TheDeprogramSupport the showSupport the show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheDeprogramFollow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDeprogramPod

The original Unc.You are listening to this episode 1 week after it was released. To get episodes on time, up to 2 exclusive episodes a month, discord access, merch discounts and plenty more - check out our Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/TheDeprogramSupport the showSupport the show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheDeprogramFollow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDeprogramPod

I've always recorded my annual predictions on December 31 or January 1. However, on December 28, 2024, I started a two-week trip to Dalat, Vietnam.  I wanted to travel light, so I recorded my annual predictions on December 27, allowing me to leave my audio and video gear in Ho Chi Minh, where I planned to return on January 15, 2025.  In my podcast a few days ago, I said that my prediction that Jimmy Carter would die in 2024 was wrong.    Sadly, my 2024 prediction was correct. See my 1-minute video The only good news in this sad news is that I get an extra point in my 2024 prediction evaluation scorecard, bringing me to 5 out of 10 points, a mediocre score, tying my worse performance. See my 2024 predictions. You can also see my 2025 predictions.  RIP Jimmy Carter. Feedback Contact me or leave an anonymous voicemail that I could use on the podcast at https://speakpipe.com/ftapon  More info You can post comments, ask questions, and sign up for my newsletter at http://wanderlearn.com. If you like this podcast, subscribe and share!  On social media, my username is always FTapon. Connect with me on: Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram TikTok LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr My Patrons sponsored this show! Claim your monthly reward by becoming a patron at http://Patreon.com/FTapon Rewards start at just $2/month! Affiliate links Get 25% off when you sign up to Trusted Housesitters, a site that helps you find sitters or homes to sit in. Start your podcast with my company, Podbean, and get one month free! In the USA, I recommend trading crypto with Kraken.  Outside the USA, trade crypto with Binance and get 5% off your trading fees! For backpacking gear, buy from Gossamer Gear.

SummaryIn this episode, Lance shares personal updates and reflections on his journey over the past year, including his travels to Tulum, Edmonton, Bali, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh. He discusses the importance of personal development, spirituality, and the challenges of finding fulfillment in life. Lance emphasizes the significance of habits and mindset in achieving success and introduces his new initiative, the FREE 7 Day 'Warrior Reset', aimed at helping individuals recalibrate and finish the year strong.Chapters00:00 Welcome Back and Podcast Journey01:23 Life Updates: Travels and Experiences03:50 Spiritual Growth in Bali and Sedona09:24 Exploring Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh and Da Nang11:42 Confronting Old Patterns: Alcohol and Habits17:57 Creating the Warrior Reset: A Path to Awareness20:21 The Journey of Self-Leadership26:06 Shifting Focus: Working with Men31:59 Promoting Growth and Connection Join the FREE 7 DAY WARRIORS RESET https://lance-essihos.mykajabi.com/the-warriors-resetTake Advantage of Black Friday Promotion and Book a Discovery Call: https://calendly.com/lanceessihos/clairtycall

For much of the twentieth century, the ideas of Karl Marx provided the backbone for social justice around the world. But today the legacy of Marxism is contested, with some seeing it as Eurocentric and irrelevant to the wider global struggle. In Global Marxism: Decolonisation and Revolutionary Politics (Manchester UP, 2024) Simin Fadaee argues that Marxism remains a living tradition and the cornerstone of revolutionary theory and practice in the Global South. She explores the lives, ideas and legacies of a group of revolutionaries who played an exceptional role in contributing to counter-hegemonic change. Figures such as Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Ali Shariati and Subcomandante Marcos did not simply accept the version of Marxism that was given to them they adapted it to local conditions and contexts. In doing this they demonstrated that Marxism is not a rigid set of propositions but an evolving force whose transformative potential remains enormous. This global Marxism has much to teach us in the never-ending task of grasping the changing historical conditions of capitalism and the complex world in which we live Simin Fadaee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester and President of the International Sociological Association Research Committee on Social Classes and Social Movements. She is the author of Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society; editor of Southern Social Movements; and Co-editor of Marxism, Religion and Emancipatory Politics. Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

For much of the twentieth century, the ideas of Karl Marx provided the backbone for social justice around the world. But today the legacy of Marxism is contested, with some seeing it as Eurocentric and irrelevant to the wider global struggle. In Global Marxism: Decolonisation and Revolutionary Politics (Manchester UP, 2024) Simin Fadaee argues that Marxism remains a living tradition and the cornerstone of revolutionary theory and practice in the Global South. She explores the lives, ideas and legacies of a group of revolutionaries who played an exceptional role in contributing to counter-hegemonic change. Figures such as Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Ali Shariati and Subcomandante Marcos did not simply accept the version of Marxism that was given to them they adapted it to local conditions and contexts. In doing this they demonstrated that Marxism is not a rigid set of propositions but an evolving force whose transformative potential remains enormous. This global Marxism has much to teach us in the never-ending task of grasping the changing historical conditions of capitalism and the complex world in which we live Simin Fadaee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester and President of the International Sociological Association Research Committee on Social Classes and Social Movements. She is the author of Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society; editor of Southern Social Movements; and Co-editor of Marxism, Religion and Emancipatory Politics. Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/critical-theory

For much of the twentieth century, the ideas of Karl Marx provided the backbone for social justice around the world. But today the legacy of Marxism is contested, with some seeing it as Eurocentric and irrelevant to the wider global struggle. In Global Marxism: Decolonisation and Revolutionary Politics (Manchester UP, 2024) Simin Fadaee argues that Marxism remains a living tradition and the cornerstone of revolutionary theory and practice in the Global South. She explores the lives, ideas and legacies of a group of revolutionaries who played an exceptional role in contributing to counter-hegemonic change. Figures such as Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Ali Shariati and Subcomandante Marcos did not simply accept the version of Marxism that was given to them they adapted it to local conditions and contexts. In doing this they demonstrated that Marxism is not a rigid set of propositions but an evolving force whose transformative potential remains enormous. This global Marxism has much to teach us in the never-ending task of grasping the changing historical conditions of capitalism and the complex world in which we live Simin Fadaee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester and President of the International Sociological Association Research Committee on Social Classes and Social Movements. She is the author of Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society; editor of Southern Social Movements; and Co-editor of Marxism, Religion and Emancipatory Politics. Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

For much of the twentieth century, the ideas of Karl Marx provided the backbone for social justice around the world. But today the legacy of Marxism is contested, with some seeing it as Eurocentric and irrelevant to the wider global struggle. In Global Marxism: Decolonisation and Revolutionary Politics (Manchester UP, 2024) Simin Fadaee argues that Marxism remains a living tradition and the cornerstone of revolutionary theory and practice in the Global South. She explores the lives, ideas and legacies of a group of revolutionaries who played an exceptional role in contributing to counter-hegemonic change. Figures such as Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Ali Shariati and Subcomandante Marcos did not simply accept the version of Marxism that was given to them they adapted it to local conditions and contexts. In doing this they demonstrated that Marxism is not a rigid set of propositions but an evolving force whose transformative potential remains enormous. This global Marxism has much to teach us in the never-ending task of grasping the changing historical conditions of capitalism and the complex world in which we live Simin Fadaee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester and President of the International Sociological Association Research Committee on Social Classes and Social Movements. She is the author of Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society; editor of Southern Social Movements; and Co-editor of Marxism, Religion and Emancipatory Politics. Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history

Send us a textIf you have the chance to spend a little extra time in Saigon (aka Ho Chi Minh City), you're in for far more than just the usual sightseeing—it's a whole new adventure! Join me In this lively episode, as I chat with Matt Cowan, an expat of 15 years, travel aficionado, and fellow podcaster, as we uncover the hidden gems that only reveal themselves to those willing to go off the beaten path.Saigon is a city of contrasts, and we recorded this episode in one of its iconic French restaurants, The Refinery. Amidst laughs and our Aussie kinship, Matt shares what casual visitors often miss: the charm of historical cafes, the character of local bars, and the richness of local districts. Beyond the motorbikes and bustling streets lies a city with a unique rhythm and soul.Join us for a humorous and insightful journey that shows Saigon is more than a stopover—it's a city worth savoring.Please enjoy some of the topics we managed to cover during the show. 00:07:03 - Exploring Saigon's Hidden Gems 00:12:47 - Nightlife and Expat Hangouts 00:14:06 - Saigon's Evolution and Modernization 00:18:10 - French Colonial Influence in Modern Cafes and Bars 00:20:05 - Exploring Historic Apartment Buildings 00:25:28 - The Opera House 00:27:47 - Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tours 00:31:04 - Exploring Japantown and Chinatown 00:40:04 - Motorbike Tours in Saigon 00:41:08 - Historic Dining Locations 00:45:06 - Best Time to Visit Saigon Links as mentioned for you to explore further:-Continental Hotel video  (The Bureau Asia YouTube Channel)https://youtu.be/YBqwIGvOuXw?si=lYVTgbhtjT5kRTR_ Cho Lon Self-Guided Walk https://thebureauasia.substack.com/p/cho-lon-self-guided-morning-walk The best places to EAT, PLAY, LOVE in HCMC in 2024 - 25 Things to Do in HCMC videohttps://thebureauasia.com/2024/03/30/the-best-places-to-eat-play-love-in-ho-chi-minh-city-in-2024/ Then & Now - Saigon 20 Years On (The Bureau Asia Podcast)https://podcasts.apple.com/vn/podcast/then-now-saigon-20-years-on/id1478396971?i=1000656875461 The Bureau Asia Facebook Grouphttps://www.facebook.com/groups/theThe best way to connect with me is not via text, it is through the website www.whataboutvietnam.com website and email.Thank you for listening. Do not send TEXT as I am unable to respond directly. Please email whataboutvietnam@gmail.com Keep abreast of news on our social pages on FB, IG,LinkedIn and TikTokWe'd love a review on your podcast channel.Let me design your #customised #private tour of Vietnam - See our Travel ServicesDo you need a #Dental Procedure? Why not find out what's possible through our Dental and #Cosmetic Medical partner Worldwide Beauty Hospital. Mention #whataboutvietnam to receive 5% discount at Worldwide Beauty Hospital

Pocas guerras han marcado tanto una época y a un país como la de Vietnam. La época fue la década de los sesenta, el país Estados Unidos. Pero no fue propiamente una guerra, sino tres que se encadenaron de forma inclemente durante más de dos décadas y desangraron a este país del sudeste asiático. La primera comenzó tras la rendición de Japón en 1945. Vietnam, parte entonces de la Indochina francesa, reclamó su independencia mediante una guerra de guerrillas contra la potencia colonial. Esta guerra concluyó con la retirada francesa tras la derrota en la batalla de Dien Bien Phu en 1954. Aquello trajo aparejada una solución a la coreana, es decir, la división del país en dos Estados: el Norte, con un gobierno comunista presidido por Ho Chi Minh y con capital en Hanói, y el Sur, con un régimen pro occidental y con capital en la ciudad histórica de Saigón, antigua sede de la administración colonial francesa. De este modo, lo que había sido una simple colonia europea un tanto marginal se colocó en el centro de los intereses geopolíticos de las dos superpotencias de la época. Para evitar que estallase una guerra civil los acuerdos de Ginebra que pusieron fin a la ocupación francesa preveían convocar en 1958 un referéndum para la unificación, pero nunca se llevó a cabo. Los soviéticos y los chinos tomaron posiciones en el Norte y Estados Unidos, temeroso del "efecto dominó" y la expansión del comunismo en el sudeste asiático, incrementó su apoyo al Gobierno del Sur enviando asesores militares y ayuda económica. Pero en el Norte no estaban por la labor de mantener el statu quo. Sus líderes ambicionaban unificar el país acabando con el Vietnam del Sur, al que consideraban un títere de Estados Unidos. Dio así comienzo la temida guerra civil auspiciada por guerrillas comunistas lideradas por el Frente Nacional de Liberación de Vietnam o Viet Cong. Fueron ganando terreno y poniendo en serios aprietos al Gobierno de Saigón, lo que provocó que la implicación estadounidense sobre el terreno fuese a más. El incidente del Golfo de Tonkin en 1964 proporcionó el pretexto para una intervención militar directa. Bajo la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson, Estados Unidos desplegó masivamente tropas en Vietnam, iniciando una escalada bélica que marcaría el comienzo de la tercera guerra, esta vez ya completamente internacionalizada. Los del Norte recibieron apoyo de la Unión Soviética y la China Popular, los de Sur del ejército de Estados Unidos, que en el punto álgido de la contienda llegó a desplegar en Vietnam más de medio millón de efectivos dotados de armamento moderno. La estrategia estadounidense se basaba en la superioridad aérea y la potencia de fuego. El bombardeo masivo de Vietnam del Norte y el uso de agentes químicos como el napalm y el agente naranja, buscaban doblegar la voluntad del enemigo emboscado en la selva. Pero aquello era muy diferente a otras guerras que habían librado los estadounidenses. El Viet Cong tenía un profundo conocimiento del terreno, el apoyo de buena parte de la población local y el respaldo del Norte. La guerra se convirtió en una sangrienta refriega entre dos modelos de combate: la guerra convencional estadounidense, basada en la tecnología y la búsqueda de una batalla decisiva, y la guerra de guerrillas del Viet Cong, caracterizada por la movilidad, el camuflaje, las emboscadas y el sabotaje. El ejército estadounidense, a pesar de su poderío, se vio atrapado en una guerra de desgaste, enfrentándose a un enemigo escurridizo que se diluía entre la población civil. La guerra de Vietnam duró, como decía antes, más de dos décadas y, al ser tan reciente, está muy bien documentada. Por eso le voy a dedicar dos programas, este y el de la semana próxima. En esta primera entrega entenderemos sus orígenes y nos adentraremos en la intervención estadounidense hasta la ofensiva del Tet en 1968, un punto de inflexión que preludió su última y definitiva fase. En El ContraSello: 0:00 Introducción 4:28 Las guerras de Vietnam 1:27:15 Romanos en Canarias 1:34:03 La invasiones húngaras Bibliografía: - "La guerra de Vietnam: Una tragedia épica" de Max Hastings - https://amzn.to/3CeTv8e - "NAM" de Mark Baker - https://amzn.to/3NZeE93 - "La otra historia de la guerra de Vietnam" de Jonathan Neale - https://amzn.to/3NYCcuP - "Breve historia de la guerra de Vietnam" de Raquel Barrios Ramos - https://amzn.to/48CYjk5 · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Contra la Revolución Francesa”… https://amzn.to/4aF0LpZ · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM #FernandoDiazVillanueva #vietnam #indochina Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Lieutenant Colonel Greg Wilson served in Vietnam & Laos as a Forward Air Controller. As a Forward Air Controller, it was his job to coordinate airstrikes, and ensure that no friendly troops were hit. After less than six months in Vietnam, he joined the classified Steve Canyon Program (Project 404), also known as the Ravens.  Laos was technically neutral during the Vietnam war, and no foreign troops were supposed to be in the country. Nonetheless, the North Vietnamese continued to use Laos in order to import supplies via the Ho Chi Minh trail. Needing to stop the flow of enemy supplies, the USAF began secret airborne operations, targeting enemy vehicles, ground troops, and weapon systems.  The Raven program was eventually developed in order to better execute these operations. Raven pilots wore civilian clothes, and their job was to mark targets with smoke rockets, and direct air strikes onto them.  In this interview, Lt Col Wilson talks about his experience as a FAC and a Raven. He tells this story about first joining the Ravens: “So, I went out for a flight with one of the Ravens, Erik Erikson, and he was in the backseat…He gave me a set of coordinates. I said, ‘Well, there's got to be something. There's got to be a trick here, because this coordinate is right in the middle of a map. I don't have to piece them together.' So, I flew to those coordinates, and he said, ‘What do you see down there?' So, I looked down and I said, ‘Well, it looks like a crashed 0-1.' He said, ‘You're right. What else do you see down there?' I said, ‘Well, I can't be sure, but I'd say that it looks like skeletal remains.' And he said, ‘You're right again. You're his replacement.' So, that was kind of my wakeup call that they figured I was a rookie. And they also, wanted to let me know that this was the real game, that there was threat here. And that if you were shot down in this environment, you were not going to be captured, you were not going to be a POW, you were going to be a fatality.” Learn more about Wilson here. Check out the Documentary.tv YouTube Channel to see incredible stories like this combined with rare, authentic battlefield footage to create riveting film documentaries. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Il y a 70 ans, le 7 mai 1954 s'achevait la bataille de Diên Biên Phu. Au terme de 56 jours de combats intenses entre les forces françaises et les forces du Việt Minh, la France défaite perdait l'Indochine, après plusieurs décennies d'implantation et huit années de guerre. Dans la deuxième partie de ce double épisode inédit d'Au cœur de l'Histoire, Virginie Girod reçoit l'historien spécialiste de l'Indochine coloniale Alain Ruscio, pour revenir sur les principales étapes de la décolonisation de ce territoire… On croisera la figure d'Hô Chi Minh, on verra pourquoi la Seconde Guerre mondiale a marqué un tournant dans la lutte pour l'indépendance de la région avant de s'intéresser à la défaite de Diên Biên Phu et ses conséquences…Thèmes abordés : Guerre d'Indochine, Viêt Nam, communisme, colonialisme, impérialisme, décolonisation Au Cœur de l'Histoire est un podcast Europe1.- Présentation : Virginie Girod- Production : Armelle Thiberge et Morgane Vianey- Réalisation : Clément Ibrahim- Composition des musiques originales : Julien Tharaud et Sébastien Guidis- Promotion et coordination des partenariats : Marie Corpet- Visuel : Sidonie Mangin

  Jim suggests people read the books:Betting On The Africans by Philip E. Muehlenbeck. JFK: Ordeal in Africa by Richard D. Mahoney, The Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild, Who Killed Hammerskjold? by Susan Williams. CAPA conference in Dallas approaching fast! September 27th is the 60th anniversary of the release of the Warren Commission. NBC & CBS ran special programming the day the Warren Commission released CBS coached the witnesses before being recorded. 26 volumes of hearing transcripts & depositions released two months later. When JFK was assassinated, 75% of the public believed the government, this decreased steadily. Many people don't know how much Kennedy supported & cared about the independence of Africa. JFK was the first President to campaign on the behalf of Africa, making his famous speech in 1957. JFK chairman of the subcommittee for the African Foreign Relations committee. In just 50 years of Belgium control, 50% of the African population was eliminated. England, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, France & Portugal all had controlling interests by 1900's. Berlin Conference held by Prince Bismark in 1884 significant in organized takeover. Congo was the 2nd largest country in Africa, & the 11th largest country in the world. International Congo Society formed by Leopold II, in his quest to obtain natural resources of Congo. Congo controlled by Leopold II from 1885-1908 & then annexed by Belgium as a formal colony. Leopold II encouraged US to back up annexation of Congo. Ho Chi Minh appealed to Harry Truman to stop France from returning to Vietnam. Roosevelt wanted to end the Imperialism. US backed CIA installed DIEM government & Operation Vulture. Richard Nixon idolized John Foster Dulles. In 1954 JFK first heard about Operation Vulture & was vehemently opposed. SEATO - South East Treaty Organization created by Dulles to utilize in takeover of Vietnam. Diplomats started to go around Dulles & Eisenhower, seeking out JFK to help with Africa. When JFK was touring in 1959, he brought up the issues in Africa often, over 400 times. Eisenhower felt the Africans were unsophisticated & lacked intelligence to run their countries. After Kennedy was elected, he tried to buy independence for the Congo. Dag Hammarskjold sent in UN troops to help protect Lumumba but to no avail. After Lumumba was assassinated, Hammarskjold was assassinated & then JFK. When Belgium pulled out of Congo, their intention was a swift withdrawal to incite extreme chaos. Unknown to Lumumba, the Belgium government had transferred Congo gold reserve to Brussels. Oliver Stone originally wanted Brando for the part of Mr. X in his JFK movie, not Donald Sutherland. Both Garrison & Zach Sklar told Oliver Stone to get in contact with Fletcher Prouty. Donald Sutherland the original producer of Executive Action, securing funding for the film. Sutherland came all the way from Canada to do the narration for Oliver Stone's JFK film. Late November of 1964, the 1st combat troops sent to Vietnam Kennedy told the British that he would not be backing the Imperial Policy anymore. The CIA sent two assassins to murder Lumumba. They kept the murder of Lumumba secret from JFK. Why? Famous photo of JFK taken on February 13, 1961 as JFK informed about Lumumba's murder. When JFK was assassinated, his Congo policy was buried with him.  

5 Hours PG-13Here are episodes 6-10 of the Cold War series with Thomas777.The 'Cold War' Pt. 6 - Ho Chi Minh and the Origin of the Vietnam War w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 7 - Robert McNamara, Vietnam, and a World Turning 'Red' w/ Thomas777The Cold War Pt. 8 - How the On the Ground Battles in Vietnam Were Fought w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 9 - Battling the Khmer Rouge w/ Thomas777The 'Cold War' Pt. 10 - The Vietnam War Comes to an End w/ Thomas777Thomas' SubstackThomas777 MerchandiseThomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 1"Thomas' Book "Steelstorm Pt. 2"Thomas on TwitterThomas' CashApp - $7homas777Pete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

Vietnam, or Indochina as it was known, had been under French colonial rule since the nineteenth century. This was until the Vietnamese nationalist group, the Viet Minh, took on the French in 1946. Ho Chi Minh, son of a Confucian scholar, former chef in Boston, and lover of French literature, was at their head. The fighting came to an end in 1954 with the Geneva convention splitting the country in two. The northern side was to be ruled by the Viet Minh, with close links to the Chinese Communist party and the Soviet Union whilst the South, then known as the Republic of Vietnam, was to remain loyal to America. However, by summer 1963, America is taking an increasingly active role, tensions are rising and a second war is on the horizon. Listen as William and Anita are joined by Fredrik Logevall to discuss the lead up to the Vietnam War. Twitter: @Empirepoduk Email: empirepoduk@gmail.com Goalhangerpodcasts.com Assistant Producers: Anouska Lewis and Alice Horrell Producer: Callum Hill Exec Producer: Neil Fearn Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

My friends I am currently in Peru and was not able to record an episode. As such we will be pulling a patron episode, something that is the first episode in a series we will be doing on Vietnam. Thank you for listening my friends Travel to Germany with me here Check out our sister podcast the Mystery of Everything Coffee Collab With The Lore Lodge COFFEE Bonus episodes as well as ad-free episodes on Patreon. Find us on Instagram. Join us on Discord. Submit your relatives on our website Podcast Youtube Channel Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

THE WAR THAT OPENED THE SENATE FOR YOUNG JOE BIDEN FIFTY YEARS AGO: 7/8: The Long Reckoning: A Story of War, Peace, and Redemption in Vietnam Hardcover –by  George Black  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Long-Reckoning-Story-Redemption-Vietnam/dp/0593534107 The American war in Vietnam has left many long-lasting scars that have not yet been sufficiently examined. The worst of them were inflicted in a tiny area bounded by the demilitarized zone between North and South Vietnam and the Ho Chi Minh Trail in neighboring Laos. That small region saw the most intense aerial bombing campaign in history, the massive use of toxic chemicals, and the heaviest casualties on both sides. In The Long Reckoning, George Black recounts the inspirational story of the small cast of characters—veterans, scientists, and Quaker-inspired pacifists, and their Vietnamese partners—who used their moral authority, scientific and political ingenuity, and sheer persistence to attempt to heal the horrors that were left in the wake of the military engagement in Southeast Asia. Their intersecting story is one of reconciliation and personal redemption, embedded in a vivid portrait of Vietnam today, with all its startling collisions between past and present, in which one-time mortal enemies, in the endless shape-shifting of geopolitics, have been transformed into close allies and partners. 1950 HO CHI MINH

Last time we spoke about the second Zhili-Fengtian War.  After the first Zhili-Fengtian War of 1922, the Zhili warlords took control of Beijing. Cao Kun bribed his way into the presidency as Zhang Zuolin retreated to Manchuria to rebuild his army. Zhang appointed key officials and boosted military production, significantly enhancing his army, navy, and air force. The catalyst for the second Zhili-Fengtian War in 1924 was the First Jiangsu-Zhejiang War. Zhang Zuolin declared war on the Zhili clique, accusing them of corruption and oppression. The war saw battles at Rehe, Shanhaiguan, and other locations, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. However, the Zhili forces were plagued by internal betrayal and logistical challenges. Feng Yuxiang's unexpected coup in Beijing further weakened the Zhili's position. Ultimately, the Fengtian army's superior strategy and coordination led to their victory, capturing key cities and forcing Zhili leaders to flee.   #106 the First United Front Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. The second Zhili-Fengtian war was by far the most intense war to date for China's Warlord Era. Perhaps up to 450,000 troops participated in battles stretching along the Great Wall Line from Shanhaiguan to Beijing. The casualties were reported to be around 30,000, but estimates for China's Warlord Era are notoriously flimsy. Ultimately it was won by Feng Yuxiang's betrayal against Wu Peifu. Feng Yuxiang's Beijing coup certainly turned the tide, and now he had emerged a major player on the scene. Feng Yuxiang went to work, expelling the former Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi from the Forbidden city and placed Cao Kun under house arrest. Now immediately after Feng Yuxiang had taken Beijing, he began reorganizing his forces into the 1st National Army or better known as the Guominjun. Feng Yuxiang acted as its commander in chief with his co-conspirators Hu Qingyi and Sun Yueh as commanders of the 2nd and 3rd Armies. Now the Guominjun wer certainly an odd motley crew. The Guominjun's ideology was a blend of Chinese nationalism, progressive social reforms, military modernization, and ethical governance influenced by Christianity. Feng Yuxiang's leadership and vision shaped the faction into quite a unique force, striving to create a unified, modern, and moral China. Feng took care of his men's well being, he educated them, promoted their sense of nationalism. Within his territory Feng promoted education, built schools, and established social welfare programs. He believed that improving the living standards of the common people was essential for national strength and stability. He implemented a series of social reforms in the areas he controlled. These included land reforms aimed at reducing the power of landlords and distributing land more equitably among peasants. His Guominjun would become known for its efforts to combat corruption and inefficiency within its ranks and in the administration of its territories. Feng Yuxiang sought to create a more ethical and efficient government. Feng supported the modernization of China's infrastructure and industry. This included building railways, improving communications, and promoting technological advancements. The Guominjun was driven by a strong sense of Chinese nationalism, emphasizing the need to unify China and end the fragmentation caused by warlordism. They aimed to establish a central government that could restore national sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Guominjun placed a high emphasis on military discipline and modern training methods. Feng Yuxiang's background in the Beiyang Army influenced his approach to building a modern, professional military force. The Guominjun's ideological alignment with nationalism and reform brought them into close cooperation with the Kuomintang. The alliance with the KMT was based on shared goals of unification and modernization, though it was sometimes strained by ideological and strategic differences. Because of the geographical distance between their spheres of influence they would be more or less isolated from each other and thus it made it difficult to coordinate actions. Feng Yuxiang had hoped by imprisoning Cao Kun and exiling Puyi he would gain popular support amongst the Republican and anti-Manchu in the Beiyang government. Feng Yuxiang also proclaimed the Guominjun troops to be the first in the history of the Republic to serve as a national military establishment rather than a personal army. However no one forget his acts of treachery, the coup d'etat certainly gave him a bad rep. One of the few successes he would have was persuading Dr Sun Yat-Sen to come over to Beijing to take part in the new government. With the collapse of the Zhili clique, a more tenuous balance of power emerged in Beijing. Feng Yuxiang's position in Beijing was weakened each day, because of the maneuvers of Zhang Zuolin. He had moved the Fengtian forces south of Manchuria, proceeding south of the Tientsin-Pukou railway. This effectively gave Zhang Zuolin control over East China from Manchuria down to the Yangtze Valley. Alongside this Zhang Zuolin reached an agreement with Duan Qirui to bring him into the new fold. A 5 day conference took place at Tientsin from November 11th to 16th, including the new triumvirate of Zhang Zuolin, Feng Yuxiang and Duan Qirui. They discussed the future of the Beiyang government. Feng Yuxiang quickly discovered he had little negotiating power beyond his dominance in Beijing and even that was tenuous as Zhang Zuolin pretty much surrounded them all. Feng Yuxiang found out his trump card, the promise from Dr Sun Yat-Sen that he would come participate in the new Beiyang government was useless as both Zhang Zuolin and Duan Qirui had likewise received the same promise from him. During the conference the new triumvirate agreed Duan Qirui would become a figurehead of the new government with a position called the chief executive. Despite Duan Qirui's status as the leader of the practically non-existant Anhui Clique, he was more palatable to the surviving Zhili clique warlords than Zhang Zuolin or Feng Yuxiang. They made sure not to make Duan Qirui a president or premier, his role was specifically meant to be temporary, this was done to lure Dr Sun Yat-Sen over to Beijing. Meanwhile Feng Yuxiang and Zhang Zuolin retained their territories and became the military leaders of the new regime.  On November 24th, Duan Qirui arrived to Beijing and assumed his new office. On December 9th the foreign powers recognized Duan Qirui's new government on the basis he did not alter their pre-existing unequal treaties. This was inevitable as Japan was the leading imperial power in asia and backed both Zhang Zuoli and Duan Qirui. He formed a cabinet without any Guominjun members. It would seem no one had forgotten Feng Yuxiangs treachery, but then again, his Guominjun had no officers with sufficient prestige to be nominated to any posts. Feng Yuxiang had little hope of exerting any control in the new government.  Feng Yuxiang responded the dire situation by resigning his post as inspector general and retired, stating he would spending his future in study and travel. Yet his Guominjun forces still controlled Beijing. Zhang Zuolin took a cue from his move by also resigning his titles, heading over to Tientsin. Thus Duan Qirui with no military power, personally under threat of Feng Yuxiang's forces in Beijing was facing a daunting situation. He had to try and maintain the peace between the two warlords while forming a government acceptable to the foreign powers. His government then decided to make Feng Yuxiang and Zhang Zuolin defense commissioners of the northwest and northeast respectively. Feng Yuxiang now would control Suiyuan and Chahar, setting up new headquarters in Kalgan. Feng Yuxiang's new position did not prove lucrative and it was not an adequate power base. His only real ally was the KMT, but he was far to isolated from them, thus he turned to the Soviet Union.Feng Yuxiangs socialist actions had attracted the attention of communists and indeed within his entourage were many communists. The Soviets were enemies with the Empire of Japan. The Empire of Japan backed Zhang Zuolin, so the enemy of my enemy is my friend. The Soviets basically saw Feng Yuxiang as a possible balance against the Japanese who were continuing to expand their influence in Manchuria. Dr Sun Yat-Sen came to the north alongside the Soviet Michael Borodin. Dr Sun Yat-Sen had pleaded with western nations for a long time to support his government with finance and arms, but none offered anything tangible.  Dr Sun Yat-Sen ‘s problem was his hard stance against the unequal treaties. All of the western powers knew, it was Dr Sun Yat-Sen's priority to get rid of the unequal treaties, thus they all refused to support his efforts. However there was a new nation that did not support the unequal treaties, in fact they even publicly stated so, the Soviet Union. Back in Autumn of 1920, Sun Yat-Sen met with representatives of the Commuturn in Shanghai. Sun Yat-Sen told them he believed Lenin wanted him to be the founder of the CCP, because Chen Duxiu did not have much influence with the people of China, unlike him, he was after all kind of a rockstar. After numerous attempts to gain support from Japan or the West, Sun Yat-Sen began to seriously consider cooperating with the CCP who were being supported by the Soviet Union.  In December of 1921, Sun Yat-Sen met with Hendriks Josephs Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Marin, because why is his name that long haha, in Guilin. Marin was a official representative of the Commiturn, Sun Yat-Sen came to him expressing his admiration for the Russian Revolution and for Lenin. He stated that he wanted to learn more about the Soviet achievement, especially their new economic policies. In August of 1922, the soviet diplomat to China, Adolf Joffe was trying to settle issues regarding Outer Mongolia and the Chinese Far Eastern Railway, to which he had little to no success, but during the process he also met with Dr Sun Yat-Sen. Sun Yat-Sen brought up the idea of cooperating with the CCP, it sounded promising. For a few months the Soviets brainstormed and by the 4th congress of the Communist international decided to get the CCP to agree to such a thing. In July of 1922 the CCP accepted Marin's proposal to join the Kuomintang in an alliance. This became known as the Sun-Joffe Manifesto and what it resulted in was the First United Front.  In July the Soviets instructed the CCP to join the alliance, but there was a ton of push back. In Hanzhou, Marin met with Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Cai Hesen , Zhang Guotao, Gao Junyu , Maring , and Zhang Tailei. Marin pointed out to them that the Kuomintang was a party of all classes who were trying to promote democratic revolution. The CCP joining the KMT would be in line with Lenin's outline on the international communist revolution. Many of the CCP leadership pointed out issues, like anti-communist elements in the KMT, but ultimately they all decided it was a good idea as the reality was, the CCP was only 300 members, they needed help to grow. Thus it was decided, some of the CCP leading figures would join the KMT, with the secret intention of persuading KMT members to join the CCP.  According to testimony from Zhou Fohai, a CCP member at the time who would later join Wang Jingwei's collaborationist government "At that time, the Soviets wanted to collude with Wu Peifu, so it first gave Wu Peifu the honorific title of 'enlightened warlord'. At that time, Sun Hongyi was close to Wu Peifu, while Li Dazhao was close to Sun Hongyi. They took advantage of this relationship and had a secret relationship with Wu Peifu. Li Dazhao went to Luoyang several times, and it seems that there were records in the newspapers at that time. His methods were really clever. Wu Peifu ordered Gao Enhong to appoint Communists as the chief inspectors of the four lines of Beijing-Hankou, Beijing-Fengtian, Jinpu and Longhai. The inspector of Beijing-Hankou was Bao Huicai, and the inspector of Jinpu seemed to be Li Minzhi... Before the Soviets was abandoned by Wu Peifu, it once had an affair with Chen Jiongming. Chen Jiongming... specially summoned Chen Duxiu to Guangdong as its education committee member Chairman of the National People's Congress. At that time, Chen Jiongming's rebellious deeds were already well known, and Guangdong was clearly divided into two factions, Sun and Chen. The Soviets naturally used its strength to shift the situation. So the Soviets colluded with him. Chen Jiongming paid 500 yuan a month to Chen Gongbo to publish the "Qun Bao", which was a result of their collusion. Later, when Chen Jiongming was hiding in Huizhou, Ma Lin and Tan Pingshan went to Huizhou twice to discuss the terms of cooperation. Who would have thought that Chen Jiongming would dare to bombard Guanyin Mountain and endanger Premier Sun. After this rebellious act, Chen Jiongming was despised by the Chinese people. The Soviets was afraid of the attack of public opinion, so it did not dare to openly ally with him. Abandoned by Wu Peifu in the north and isolated from Chen Jiongming in the south, the Soviets, in 1923, followed the orders of the Third International and tried to infiltrate the Kuomintang and carried out its conspiracy to destroy the Kuomintang. " On January 12th of 1923, the Soviets passed a resolution recognizing the First United Front. Sun Yat-Sen accepted the alliance, but with two reservations; number 1, China would not become a communist nation; number 2 that the Soviets would give up the unequal treaties the Russian Empire previously held over China. On January 26th Sun Yat-Sen and Joffe issued a joint statement, declaring the cooperation between the KMT, CCP and Soviet Union. Now its important to note, Sun Yat-Sen did not believe the Soviet system could or would be functional for China. He believed China's largest problem was reunification under national independence. The Soviets abolished the unequal treaties that the Russian Empire had made with China and declared Outer Mongolia was part of China resolving that debacle. The Soviets even stated they promised not to carry out a communist revolution within China. Sun Yat-Sen stated publicly he was willing to accept CCP members into the KMT. Now this was clearly only done in order to receive Soviet finances and arms, but secondly, he truly believed their membership would help strengthen the nationalist movement.  Many in the KMT were concerned with this venture. On February 9th of 1924, at Tsinghua University, Sun Yat-Sen was answering questions about the issue where he stated “Russia is Russia, and China is China. Russia has its own ideology, and China has its own ideology. In my previous speech, I mentioned Russia everywhere. I was talking about the organization of its revolutionary party, not its revolutionary ideology.” Now here comes Mr. Borodin. In September of 1923, Borodin was sent to serve as Dr Sun Yat-Sens political advisor, specifically responsible for facilitating the First United Front. Borodin spoke no Chinese, thus he conversed in English. He had a heavy midwestern American accent, which masked his Russian origin, helping him communicate with the largely anglophone and American educated leadership within the KMT. He was accompanied by Ho Chi Minh, yes the future leader of communist Vietnam.  Borodin showed up in early October to Guangzhou where he held some private talks with the CCP. The CCP had been complaining about how the KMT were quite anti-communist in general, how the alliance made no sense if it was agreed there would be no Communist Revolution pushed by the Soviet Union within China. Borodin told them the real purpose of the alliance was actually a reorganization effort and to infiltrate the KMT. "In the newspapers, I talked about the Kuomintang, but for us, what I said was actually the increase in the influence of the CCP... We must never forget that what we are actually doing is to stabilize the CCP. This goal should be remembered forever."  Now despite the new alliance with the Soviets, Sun Yat-Sen did not stop reaching out to the US and Japan causing Borodin headaches. In his report to Stalin, Borodin mentioned that on January 23, 1924, he talked with Sun Yat-Sen "I asked Sun Yat-sen again and again: How long will he hold on to the fantasy that the Chinese people may get some help from the United States, Britain or Japan? Hasn't he been waiting for such help for too long? Isn't it time to sum up the past full of illusions and failures and turn to a new path?" Then in late January of 1924, during the First Congress of the Kuomintang, Sun Yat-Sen expanded upon the Three Principles of the Peoples and this deeply concerned Borodin who reported to Stalin "Sun agreed to the revolutionary program formulated for the Kuomintang, which catered to us; but he disagreed to publicly say that he would establish a united front with us. For this reason, he did not fully trust us." Borodin also came to Sun Yat-Sen about his program stating “You are facing a choice. Do you want to move forward with the 1.5 billion people in the imperialist camp? Or do you want to move forward with the 1.25 billion people who are oppressed by imperialism? You should make a decision”. Although Sun Yat-Sen would accept many of Borodin's suggestions, ultimately it was Sun Yat-Sen calling the shots, and he butted heads often with Borodin. Borodin stated at one point to those around him "the American spirit was deeply rooted in his mind. Generally speaking, it was difficult to make Sun Yat-sen change his mind." By the end of 1923, Chiang Kai-Shek led Dr Sun Yat-Sen's delegation to the Soviet Union. Chiang Kai-Shek reported back to Sun Yat-Sen “The strategy and purpose of the Soviet Union's so-called ‘world revolution' is more dangerous to the independence movement of Eastern nations than Western colonialism.” Sun Yat-Sen replied that he believed Chiang Kai-Shek was over-worrying and that he “deeply believed that only by allowing the Chinese Communist Party members to be under the leadership of our party and under the unified command of our party can we prevent them from creating class struggles and hindering the progress of our national revolution. If our Northern Expedition is victorious, the Three Principles of the People can be implemented as scheduled. By then, even if the Soviet wants to sabotage our national revolution, it will be impossible. Moreover, the Soviet Union only recognizes our party as the only party leading the revolution in China, and strongly urges its CCP members to join our party and obey its leadership, but does not deny that China has no possibility of implementing its communism. Therefore, it still insists on its decision to ally with Russia and tolerate the CCP” Trouble soon brewed in June of 1924, many leading KMT figures wrote to Sun Yat-Sen accusing the CCP of raising the banner of anti-imperialism and anti-militarism causing the KMT to suffer scorn from western powers and Chinese nationalist scorn. Sun Yat-Sen knew of the problem, it was largely CCP students led by Chen Duxiu making a scene. He explained  "The Chinese young students headed by Chen Duxiu are self-righteous. They initially wanted to monopolize Russian relations and prevent Russia from interacting with our party. Peter used Russia's help to establish his own faction and compete with our party. If I suspect Chen Duxiu and implicate Russia, it will be exactly what Chen Duxiu is planning and help him succeed. If (Chen Duxiu and others) do not obey our party, I will abandon them." Sun Yat-Sen also tried his best to restrict the CCP to be in his own direct orbit. Chen Duxiu had been repeatedly criticizing Sun Yat-Sen's policies in his newspapers, so Sun Yat-Sen went to Borodin to correct the issue. “Since the CCP have joined the KMT, they should obey party discipline and should not publicly criticize the KMT. If the CCP do not obey the KMT, I will expel them; if the Soviet Union protects the Chinese Communist Party, I will oppose the Soviet Union.” Sun Yat-Sen honestly failed to see the threat that the CCP really posed. He truly believed the CCP joined the KMT was not a cooperation between two equal parties. He believed the KMT was China's only revolutionary party while the CCP were just a group of scholars who supported Leninism. He never really took them seriously, but he also made sure never to give them arms when they continuously demanded them.  As for the CCP, they regarded the KMT as quite backwards, many leaders in the CCP thought Dr Sun Yat-Sen was no different than the warlords. When Marin proposed to the CCP that they join the KMT, Chen Duxiu raised opposition arguing "the purpose and foundation of the revolution of the CCP and the KMT are different. The KMT's policies of alliance with the United States, Zhang Zuolin and Duan Qirui are too incompatible with communism. Outside Guangdong Province, it is still regarded as a political party fighting for power and profit. The Sun Yat-sen faction of the KMT has always been absolutely intolerant of the opinions of new members and cannot give them power". A lot of the CCP resented what they saw as Sun Yat-Sen appeasing the right while disenfranchising them. Once the First United Front was established, the Soviets took over management of the Chinese Eastern Railway and began occupying Outer Mongolia. Then money and arms began pouring in, military advisors came to help create Sun Yat-Sens Northern expedition. Sun Yat-Sen dispatched Chiang Kai-Shek to Moscow to investigate their politics and military, while Borodin was made the KMT's organization trainer.  In May of 1924 Borodin helped found the Whampoa Military Academy. There officers of the National Revolutionary Army were trained, the backbone of the KMT. They would all under the leadership of Dr Sun Yat-Sen's number two, Chiang Kai-Shek. The quality of the education was guaranteed by regular visits from Soviet Officers. Many future big names would graduate from the academy, such as Lin Biao and Zhou Enlai. Borodin also established the Peasant Training institute, where a young Mao Zedong would serve. Things were not at all rainbows and sunshine. On May 1st of 1924, a large celebration was held in Guangzhou for the Peasant department. Sun Yat-Sen gave a speech calling on everyone to fight for national liberation and to put the theme of class struggle in a secondary position. This certainly did not sit well with the CCP, whose members began calling for breaking the alliance and arguing the KMT would lose the support of the Soviet Union. Borodin happened to be away at the time, and when prompted, Sun Yat-Sen kept saying they would resolve the matter when he returned. Frantic telegrams were sent and by June 20th Borodin returned. On June 25th a meeting was held with the leaders of the KMT and CCP. Borodin agreed with the point that the CCP was a party within the party of the KMT, but also stated the KMT had to give some ground to the CCP if they wanted to keep favor with the Soviet Union. Suddenly a wave of anti communist statements were lobbed from prominent KMT members, such as Wang Jingwei. They further launched a petition to expel certain communists. On July 15th in retaliation, Chinese workers in Shamian went on strike. Despite these setbacks the First United Front remained firm. Mao Zedong would see an appointment as Minister of Propaganda of the KMT. His job entailed hunting down newspapers and anyone who distributed leaflets, demanding they come to the Propaganda Department for review prior. In the next episode, if not a future one, Mao Zedong's propaganda department would have a lot of work ahead of them. Now all the way back to when I mentioned Sun Yat-Sen and Borodin visited Feng Yuxiang. Borodin came bearing a similar deal to what the KMT/CCP had with the Soviet Union and at first Feng Yuxiang was uncooperative. Yet cooped up in his Kalgan HQ, Feng Yuxiang had no backers, he was very low on funds. Most importantly he lacked arsenal facilities. Feng Yuxiang had struggled to cope, hunting everyone for backers, but the Northwest was not easily accessible. When he made orders with private traders bound for coastal ports, they were simply seized by local warlords who controlled coastal areas. Without domestic capabilities or access to the sea, Feng Yuxiang was pretty much screwed. Thus he caved into the Soviets  An agreement was bought for Soviet financial aid and munitions by February of 1925, brokered by Borodin. From April to August, war materials began to pour into Feng Yuxiangs camp. The cargo was divided into two shipments, traveling over the trans siberian railway from Moscow to Verkhne Udinsk, then south over caravan trade routes to Maimaicheng. In 1925 it took 500 mongol carts to move the small arms, ammunition, rifles and field guns from Maimaicheng to Ulaan Baater, then over motor vehicles to Pingdichuan, to a station on the Beijing-Suiyuan railway all the way over to Fengzheng. It was a heavy haul to be sure: 5,000 cases of petroleum, 1,000 boxes of ammunition, 15,000 rifles, 15 million rounds of rifle ammunition, 27 colt machine guns, 630,000 machine gun ammunition, 1,000 entrenching tools, 30.000 hand grenades, and 100 poods of explosives. Another haul in 1925 included 64,000 rifles, 15.000 carbines, 72 million rounds of rifle and carbine ammunition, 189 machine guns, 6.45 million rounds of machine gun ammunition, 66 field guns, 18,000 revolvers, 5 million rounds of revolver ammunition, 50 field kitchens, 150 twowheel carts, and 16,000 swords. With a new supply line, Feng Yuxiang would distance himself from Zhang Zuolin. The triumvirate was becoming undone and a new war was looming. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. While it seemed a decent compromise had been established with the triumvirate of Zhang Zuolin, Duan Qirui and Feng Yuxiang, dark clouds were emerging. The Guominjun and Kuomintang were both getting in bed with the Reds and soon everyone would be mobilizing for another grand war.