POPULARITY
12 episodes with spatially
2 episodes with spatially
12 episodes with spatially
2 episodes with spatially
5 episodes with spatially
2 episodes with spatially
2 episodes with spatially
先週に続き慶應義塾大学理工学部教授の牛場潤一さんをゲストに迎えて『「よく学びよく遊べ」の意味～後続のために果たすべき役割とは』をテーマにトークセッションを行います。＜目次＞00:35 フリクションとイノベーション04:58 歴史ある分野での新しさの受け容れかた12:57 受け容れる側のマインドが試される20:53 内なる動機の追求がもたらす圧倒的な結果24:58 「よく学びよく遊べ」の意味30:48 自分の方法で世界を見るレンズを持ち続ける38:22 リスナーへの『問い』＜ゲストプロフィール＞牛場 潤一（ウシバ・ジュンイチ）慶應義塾大学理工学部教授。1978年7月8日生まれ、東京都出身。2001年、慶應義塾大学理工学部卒。2004年に博士（工学）を取得。同年、生命情報学科に助手として着任。以降、専任講師（'07〜）、准教授（'12〜）、基礎科学・基盤工学インスティテュート（KiPAS）主任研究員（'14〜'18）を経て、2022年より教授。研究成果活用企業株式会社LIFESCAPES（'19〜）の代表取締役社長を兼務。The BCI Research Award 2019, 2017, 2013, 2012, 2010 Top 10-12 Nominees、文部科学省「平成27年度若手科学者賞(ブレイン・マシン・インターフェースによる神経医療研究）ほか、受賞多数。 脳が本来持つ「やわらかさ」に着目し、一人ひとりが豊かで人間らしい日々を過ごすためのテクノロジーの創造を目指し、脳と機械を接続して身体運動を補助するブレイン・マシン・インターフェース技術（BMI）の基礎研究から応用研究、医療機器開発までを、一気通貫で取り組んでいる。 近年の代表的な論文に、”Beta rhythmicity in human motor cortex reflects neural population coupling that modulates subsequent finger coordination stability (Communications Biology 2022)”、” Spatially bivariate EEG-neurofeedback can manipulate interhemispheric inhibition (Elife 2022)”、” Thirty-minute motor imagery exercise aided by EEG sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback enhances morphing of sensorimotor cortices; A double-blind sham-controlled study (Cerebral Cortex 2022)”など。◼︎プラダアンバサダーの永野芽郁と、魚類学者のさかなクンが、海に住む生き物について、またその生き物たちが抱えている問題について語り合う「PRADA OCEAN PODCAST」配信中！https://sbwl.to/40xPc2b
慶應義塾大学理工学部教授の牛場潤一さんをゲストに迎えて『「やわらかい」脳の再配線〜麻痺を治せる世界に向けて』をテーマにトークセッションを行います。＜目次＞00:35 オープニングトーク01:52 人間の脳の可塑性08:36 BMI＝ブレイン・マシン・インターフェース12:41 「やわらかい」脳の大きな可能性17:11 麻痺を治すための脳の再配線 23:41 世界のBMI研究最前線27:05 BMI研究を続ける難しさ30:28 BMIのイメージを変えた学生の声34:23 BMI研究に至るまでのキャリア37:46 コンテクストデザインとの共通意識＜ゲストプロフィール＞牛場 潤一（ウシバ・ジュンイチ）慶應義塾大学理工学部教授。1978年7月8日生まれ、東京都出身。2001年、慶應義塾大学理工学部卒。2004年に博士（工学）を取得。同年、生命情報学科に助手として着任。以降、専任講師（'07〜）、准教授（'12〜）、基礎科学・基盤工学インスティテュート（KiPAS）主任研究員（'14〜'18）を経て、2022年より教授。研究成果活用企業株式会社LIFESCAPES（'19〜）の代表取締役社長を兼務。The BCI Research Award 2019, 2017, 2013, 2012, 2010 Top 10-12 Nominees、文部科学省「平成27年度若手科学者賞(ブレイン・マシン・インターフェースによる神経医療研究）ほか、受賞多数。 脳が本来持つ「やわらかさ」に着目し、一人ひとりが豊かで人間らしい日々を過ごすためのテクノロジーの創造を目指し、脳と機械を接続して身体運動を補助するブレイン・マシン・インターフェース技術（BMI）の基礎研究から応用研究、医療機器開発までを、一気通貫で取り組んでいる。 近年の代表的な論文に、”Beta rhythmicity in human motor cortex reflects neural population coupling that modulates subsequent finger coordination stability (Communications Biology 2022)”、” Spatially bivariate EEG-neurofeedback can manipulate interhemispheric inhibition (Elife 2022)”、” Thirty-minute motor imagery exercise aided by EEG sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback enhances morphing of sensorimotor cortices; A double-blind sham-controlled study (Cerebral Cortex 2022)”など。
Dr Akila Viswanathan talks with Dr Robert Griffin from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Dr Chandan Guha from Montefiore Einstein about a recent edition of Seminars in Radiation Oncology on innovations in physics, biology and clinical translation of spatially fractionated and FLASH radiotherapy.
In this podcast interview, Dr. Thomas Schreiner joins David Schrock and Stephen Wellum to introduce us to the book of Hebrews and its major themes. Timestamps 00:49 – Intro 02:28 – Why a Month on Hebrews? 04:25 – How Dr. Schreiner's Commentary Came to Be 06:34 – How Hebrews Shaped or Clarified Things for Dr. Schreiner 08:29 – Who's the Audience, What's the Aim, and Who's the Author? 12:04 – Tension found Between Practice of Paul and the Claims of Hebrews? 16:14 – Temptations for Judaizing Christians in a Roman World 17:52 – How Does Hebrews Inform Dr. Wellum's Christology? 20:41 – Reading the Old Testament Eschatologically, Typologically, and Spatially 22:14 – Prophet, Priest, King and… Son? 27:39 – Jesus as a Melchizedekian Priest 33:36 – The Warning Passages in Hebrews 38:23 – “Christians” Who Apostatize and Lose Salvation? 43:56 – Understanding the Sabbath 46:47 – Joshua Giving Rest and Reading Redemptive Historically 50:43 – How Does Understanding Hebrews' View of Rest Impact our Worship on the Lord's Day? 58:56 – Helpful Resources On Hebrews 1:02:39 - Outro Resources to Click “An Introduction to the Book of Hebrews” – Thomas R. Schreiner “Typology of Types: Typology in Dialogue” – Benajmin J. Ribbens Theme of the Month: Getting Into the Book of Hebrews Give to Support the Work Books to Read Hebrews: Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary – Thomas R. Schreiner The Race Set Before Us: A Biblical Theology of Perseverance – Thomas R. Schreiner & Ardel Caneday “Goodbye and Hello: The Sabbath Command for New Covenant Believers” by Thomas R. Schreiner in Progressive Covenantalism – eds. Brent Parker & Stephen J. Wellum A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (ECBC) - Philip Hughes The Epistle to the Hebrews (NICNT) – Gareth Lee Cockerill Hebrews (NIVAC) – George H. Guthrie Hebrews 1-8, Vol. 47A (WBC) – William Lane Hebrews 9-13, Vol. 47B (WBC) – William Lane Hebrews: A Call to Commitment – William Lane The Epistle to the Hebrews (ECBC) – F.F. Bruce The Letter to the Hebrews (PNTC) - Sigurd Grindheim Bound For the Promised Land (NSBT) – Oren Martin Cosmology and Eschatology in Hebrews: The Settings of the Sacrifice (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series) – Kenneth L. Schenck Allegory Transformed: The Appropriation of Philonic Hermeneutics in the Letters to the Hebrews – Stefan N. Svendsen Joshua Typology in the New Testament – Richard Ounsworth Hermeneutical Foundations of Hebrews: A Study in the Validity of the Epistle's Interpretation of Some Core Citations from the Psalms – Dale F. Leschert Deuteronomy and Exhortation in Hebrews: A Study in Narrative Re-presentation – David M. Allen “The Eschatology of Hebrews: As Understood Within a Cultic Setting,” by Gert J. Steyn in Eschatology of the New Testament and Some Related Documents – Jan G. Van Der Watt The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology – eds. Richard Bauckham, Daniel R. Driver, et al. Cosmology and New Testament Theology – eds. Jonathan T. Pennington & Sean M. McDonough A Cloud of Witnesses: The Theology of Hebrews in its Ancient Contexts – eds. Richard Bauckham, Daniel Driver, Trevor Hart, & Nathan MacDonald
Sue Yom, our Editor in Chief, leads a discussion of Overview and Recommendations for Prospective Multi-institutional Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials, a critical review from AAPM and NRG Oncology. Guests are first author Dr. Heng Li, Associate Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences at Johns Hopkins University and Chief Proton Physicist of the Johns Hopkins National Proton Center, supervising author Dr. Stanley Benedict, Professor and Vice Chair of Clinical Physics in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of California Davis, and co-author Dr. Nina Mayr, Professor in the College of Human Medicine at Michigan State University.
Outline00:00 - Intro01:17 - Early Years04:17 - The “Scenic Route” to Control Theory12:44 - Sampled Data Systems22:26 - Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) Identification28:07 - From Distributed Systems and PDEs ...38:59 - ... to Distributed Control of Spatially Invariant Systems49:02 - Taming the Navier-Stokes Equations50:55 - Advice to Future Students1:13:12 - Coherence in Large Scale Systems1:32:28 - On Resistive Losses in Power Systems1:39:00 - Cochlear Instabilities1:50:40 - Stochasticity in Feedback Loops2:00:00 - About Linear and Nonlinear Control2:08:14 - How to Select a Research Problem2:14:21 - Future of Control2:22:06 - OutroLinks- Paper on moment-invariants and object recognition: https://tinyurl.com/26tnks3z- Bassam's PhD Thesis: https://tinyurl.com/3n2274dv- Identification of linear parametrically varying systems: https://tinyurl.com/mryebhhy- Distributed control of spatially invariant systems: https://tinyurl.com/rzszjch2- Shift Operator: https://tinyurl.com/24fwehet- Heat Equation: https://tinyurl.com/57rc6s7h- Navier-Stokes Equations: https://tinyurl.com/45ktrd2e- The impulse response of the Navier-Stokes equations: https://tinyurl.com/4vaausfn- Non-Normal Matrix: https://tinyurl.com/58z4sph8- Coherence in large-scale networks: https://tinyurl.com/ynm5cbay- The Price of Synchrony: https://tinyurl.com/3svzancw- Tinnitus: https://tinyurl.com/yc5hm549- Cochlear Instabilities: https://tinyurl.com/fjespjbj- Stochasticity in Feedback Loops: https://tinyurl.com/yc6aw9xt- Koopman Operator: https://tinyurl.com/3jeu68p8- Carleman Linearization: https://tinyurl.com/yckzrnfh- Mamba Model: https://tinyurl.com/33h59jwj- Spectral Factorization: https://Support the Show.Podcast infoPodcast website: https://www.incontrolpodcast.com/Apple Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/5n84j85jSpotify: https://tinyurl.com/4rwztj3cRSS: https://tinyurl.com/yc2fcv4yYoutube: https://tinyurl.com/bdbvhsj6Facebook: https://tinyurl.com/3z24yr43Twitter: https://twitter.com/IncontrolPInstagram: https://tinyurl.com/35cu4kr4Acknowledgments and sponsorsThis episode was supported by the National Centre of Competence in Research on «Dependable, ubiquitous automation» and the IFAC Activity fund. The podcast benefits from the help of an incredibly talented and passionate team. Special thanks to L. Seward, E. Cahard, F. Banis, F. Dörfler, J. Lygeros, ETH studio and mirrorlake . Music was composed by A New Element.
Ethan Sherbondy is the developer of Mahjong Space and at work on several other visionOS apps. Mahjong Space was built with Spatial Personas in mind and is an amazing one to add to your visionOS app library if you are looking for more Spatial Persona games. The bulk of this episode was recorded before Apple surprise released Spatial Personas. We were able to record a special segment about Spatial Personas after Apple released that feature as a part of visionOS 1.1.We cover a ton of ground in this episode including the community aspect of developing for visionOS. Ethan is currently at VisionDevCamp and attended both GDC and a month long visionOS developer residency where he was able to collaborate with other visionOS developers during the launch month of this new platform. Early episodes with chapter markers are available by supporting the podcast at www.visionpros.fm/patreon.Early episodes are also now available in Apple Podcasts! Subscribe today to get early access to both Vision Pros and iPad Pros!Show notes are available at www.VisionPros.fm. Feedback is welcomed at tim@visionpros.fm.Links: https://twitter.com/sherbondyhttps://www.mahjong.spacehttps://www.irylan.comhttps://visiondevcamp.org/visiondevcamp-winnershttps://f.inchttps://dreamxr.cohttps://testflight.apple.com/join/Fc48B6ABhttps://www.boxtree.ggChapter Markers:00:00:00: Opening00:01:42: Support the Podcast00:02:04: Ethan Sherbondy00:06:52: Headsets00:14:28: visionOS00:18:16: 2 month check-in00:30:18: VisionDevCamp00:32:57: Month long residency00:37:10: DreamsXR Hackathon00:41:51: Spatially app00:45:09: dot dot dot00:48:10: Collaboration00:54:56: GDC01:02:52: Mahjong Space01:10:09: Spatial Personas (Before Launch)01:12:29: Spatial Personas (ARE HERE!)01:35:23: Mahjong Space Wrapup01:36:07: Duel Space01:42:30: Uploading Your Own Card Decks01:43:42: Apple Pencil01:44:05: Volumetric? 01:44:54: Spatial Personas (facial expressions)01:45:52: Board Games?01:47:59: visionOS 2 hopes01:54:41: Anything else?01:57:29: Where can people follow you online?01:57:42: @sherbondy01:58:13: Closing Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
I interviewed Soul Paint co-directors Sarah Ticho & Niki Smit remotely ahead of the SXSW XR Experience 2024. See more context in the rough transcript below. This is a listener-supported podcast through the Voices of VR Patreon. Music: Fatality
Nils Pihl returns as our guest for a second time on the podcast. He is the CEO and founder of Auki Labs, a company dedicated to revolutionizing augmented reality positioning. Auki's technology uses peer-to-peer communication to establish a distributed spatial computing protocol. In this episode, we revisit some of the themes from the first episode, such as the concept of language as the oldest form of augmented reality and Auki's role in enhancing communication through augmented reality positioning. Nils background as a behavioral engineer specializing in Meme Theory and Memetic Engineering adds a unique depth to his approach in the AR space. A serial entrepreneur, Nils brings invaluable insights and experiences from his previous ventures to his current projects.During his first time on the podcast, Jason and Nils discussed the unique challenges of positioning for AR and looked at AR from the perspective of memetics.Today, we first dive into how growing up online influenced Nils' work in memetic engineering and AR. We look at look at AR use cases like retail, gaming, people-finding etc. from the perspective of meme theory.Nils brings a unique perspective, viewing AR and meme theory as integral to evolving human communication, human ways of being, and our relationship with future AI. We also discuss neural interfaces, living and working in Asia, and more.Links From The Episode- Book Summary: [Ender's Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game)- Book: [Software Agents (story of Nicholas Negreponte translator)](https://amzn.to/3weTwWF)by Jeffrey M. Bradshaw- Article: [The Egregore Passes You By](https://www.theintrinsicperspective.com/p/the-planetary-egregore-passes-you) by Erik Hoel- Video: [If You're Not The Hero In Your Novel What Kind Of Novel Is It](https://youtu.be/puHHjl77uKM?si=Joe77oPxBmg0Y6xU&t=450) by Terence McKenna- Video: [The Last Bronycon: a fandom autopsy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fVOF2PiHnc) by Jenny NicholsonYou can find all of the show notes at thearshow.com.
Anion binding and ion-pairing of organoplatinum(II) complexes with countercations increases solid-state phosphorescence 75 times Enhancing Solid-State Phosphorescence in Pi Electronic Molecules Pi Electronic molecules are luminescent materials with applications in photonics. However, they lose their luminosity in the solid state due to self-association. To address this issue, researchers from Ritsumeikan University, Japan introduced chloride ions and cations to dipyrrolyldiketone PtII complexes, creating a charge-by-charge arrangement. This innovative approach prevents self-association of Pi-electronic molecules, maintaining luminescent properties in the solid state. The study opens avenues for new emissive materials with potential applications in organic electronics and flexible displays. Photoluminescent molecules, capable of absorbing and re-emitting light, play an important role in the development of technologies such as light-emitting diodes, sensors, and displays. Among them, ordered arrangements of Pi-electronic molecules such as crystals of organoplatinum(II) complexes, where a platinum(II) ion is coordinated by organic ligands in a square-planar arrangement, stand out for their applications in energy-efficient flexible displays. However, their luminescence in the solid state is short-lived due to the interaction between excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) of neighboring molecules. To address this issue, bulky foreign molecules are introduced into the molecular structure to prevent or minimize the electronic interactions between molecules. Using this strategy, a research team led by Professor Hiromitsu Maeda from Ritsumeikan University, Japan, recently enhanced the solid-state phosphorescence in multiple organoplatinum(II) complexes, increasing the phosphorescence by upto 75 times. "Spatially and electronically isolated ordered arrangement of emissive ?-electronic molecules is a principal point for the preparation of emissive solid-state materials. This concept can be used in materials for organic electronics, particularly organic light-emitting diodes for flexible displays," explains Prof. Maeda. In their study published in Chemical Science on December 5, 2023, the research team synthesized dipyrrolyldiketone PtII complexes consisting of four different C^N ligands. These molecules display strong phosphorescence in solution but show extremely weak phosphorescence in the solid state due to self-association. To enhance their luminosity in the solid state, the team introduced ion pairs consisting of a chloride anion and tetraalkylammonium countercations: TPA+ (tetrapropylammonium), TBA+ (tetrabutylammonium), and TPeA+ (tetrapentylammonium). This resulted in ion-pairing assemblies consisting of chloride ion-binding PtII complexes and countercations. The chloride ions bind to the PtII complex via hydrogen bonds, while the cations form layers between the ?-electronic molecules. X-ray analysis confirmed the complex's rigid structure, where PtII complexes are separated by cations in charge-by-charge arrangements. By isolating the electronic molecules from each other, the researchers enhanced the luminescent properties of the organoplatinum(II) complexes in the solid state. Compared to the original anion-free states where the complex is not bonded to the chloride ion, the relative intensity of phosphorescence in Cl-binding PtII complexes with cations showed improvements ranging from 1% to 7.5%, a 75-fold increase over the original molecule. The luminescence also lasts significantly longer, with certain ion-pairing assemblies achieving an emission lifetime nearly 200 times longer than the monomeric PtII complex. Theoretical studies using DFT calculations revealed that the charge-by-charge packing structure prevents the delocalization of the electron wavefunction over PtII complexes. "To the best of our knowledge, such a room-temperature phosphorescence enhancement by anion binding and ion-pairing assembly has not been demons...
Are you interested in multisensory urban experiences? Summary of the article titled Urban sensory map: How do tourists “sense” a destination spatially? from 2023 by Huahua Li, Mimi Li, Huixia Zou, Yi Zhang, and Jinjing Cao, published in the Tourism Management journal. This is a great preparation to our next panel discussion with Dr Kirsten Day and Lucas Nadolskis in episode 200 talking about experiencing the city not just through the visual cortex. Since we are investigating the future of cities, I thought it would be interesting to see how sensory experiences are involved in spatial sensing. This article establishes a macro–meso–micro analytical framework to explore the relationships among sensory experiences and spatial environmental characteristics based on social media big data. As the most important things, I would like to highlight 3 aspects: Multisensory experiences significantly enhance tourist engagement in urban environments, prioritizing both internal and external senses. Social media data analysis can reveal sensory landscapes guiding urban design and destination management towards a holistic sensory approach. Emphasizing multisensory environments contributes to humanistic city development, benefiting tourists and residents alike. You can find the article through this link. Abstract: Tourism sensory experiences represent a spatially constrained and constructed process influenced by various environmental stimuli. Although growing academic attention has been devoted to sensory tourism, few studies have incorporated spatiality into investigations of sensory experiences. This study establishes a macro–meso–micro analytical framework to explore the relationships among sensory experiences and spatial environmental characteristics based on social media big data. This research also moves beyond the conventional five-sense framework to include a sixth sense—interoception. Results (a) uncover the spatial distribution and relationships among sensory experiences in a destination; (b) demonstrate associations between attraction types and sensory experiences; and (c) illustrate interactions between environmental attributes and sensory encounters. This study theoretically clarifies relevant antecedents, extends a sense-based framework, and multidimensionally enriches tourism sensory experiences; empirically offer guidance for sensory environment planning, marketing, and management. Results also produce methodological insights for adopting social media big data to capture sensory experiences. Connecting episodes you might be interested in: No.114 - Interview with Kelly Boucher about spatial teaching differently; No.138 - Interview with Luis Natera about consciously choosing where to live; You can find the transcript through this link. What wast the most interesting part for you? What questions did arise for you? Let me know on Twitter @WTF4Cities or on the wtf4cities.com website where the shownotes are also available. I hope this was an interesting episode for you and thanks for tuning in. Music by Lesfm from Pixabay
Maddie Lohman, a PhD student from University of Nevada-Reno and 2-time DU research fellow, joins host Mike Brasher to discuss her research on mallards, pintails, and blue-wings in the Prairie Pothole Region. She shares how an initial dislike of math turned into a fascination with quantitative ecology and how she hopes her research will inform conservation. The two also reminisce about their trip to Alaska with friends and colleagues to study black brant on the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. www.ducks.org/DUPodcast
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551212v1?rss=1 Authors: Gulbinaite, R., Nazari, M., Rule, M. E., Bermudez Contreras, E. J., Cohen, M. X., Heimel, J. A., Mohajerani, M. H. Abstract: Human primary visual cortex (V1) is entrained by the rhythmic light and responds more strongly, or resonates, to ~10, ~15-20, ~40-50 Hz flicker. Full-field flicker also elicits geometric hallucinations, the origin of which has only been explored in computational models and human EEG with limited spatial resolution. Here, we recorded cortical responses to flicker in awake mice using high spatial resolution widefield imaging in combination with high temporal resolution glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFR). Resonance frequencies in mouse V1 were similar to those in humans (8 Hz, 15 Hz, 33 Hz). Spatially, all flicker frequencies evoked responses in V1 corresponding to retinotopic stimulus location and some evoked additional spatial peaks. These flicker-induced cortical patterns displayed standing wave characteristics and matched linear wave equation solutions in an area restricted to the visual cortex. Taken together, the interaction of travelling waves with cortical area boundaries leads to spatiotemporal activity patterns, which may affect perception. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.22.550017v1?rss=1 Authors: Nenning, K.-H., Xu, T., Tambini, A., Franco, A. R., Margulies, D. S., Colcombe, S. J., Milham, M. P. Abstract: Brain connectome analysis suffers from the high dimensionality of connectivity data, often forcing a reduced representation of the brain at a lower spatial resolution or parcellation. However, maintaining high spatial resolution can both allow fine-grained topographical analysis and preserve subtle individual differences otherwise lost. This work presents a computationally efficient approach to estimate spatially fine-grained connectivity gradients and demonstrates its application in improving brain-behavior predictions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549873v1?rss=1 Authors: Hegarty, B. E., Gruenhagen, G. W., Johnson, Z. V., Baker, C. M., Streelman, J. T. Abstract: The telencephalon has undergone remarkable diversification and expansion throughout vertebrate evolution, exhibiting striking differences in structural and functional complexity. Nevertheless, fundamental features are shared across vertebrate taxa, such as the presence of distinct regions including the pallium, subpallium, and olfactory structures. Teleost fishes have a uniquely 'everted' telencephalon, which has made it challenging to compare brain regions in fish to those in other vertebrates. Here we combine spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to generate a spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the cichlid fish telencephalon. We then compare cell-types and anatomical regions in the cichlid telencephalon with those in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. We uncover striking transcriptional similarities between cell populations in the fish telencephalon and subpallial, hippocampal, and cortical cell populations in tetrapods. Ultimately, our work lends new insights into the organization and evolution of conserved cell-types and regions in the vertebrate forebrain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.16.549247v1?rss=1 Authors: Ghosh, S., Biswas, D., Chakravarthy, S., Vijayan, S. Abstract: In this study, we model high-dimensional Electroencephalogram signals in sleep stages, using a general trainable network of Hopf oscillators. The proposed architecture has two components: a layer of oscillators with lateral connections, and a complex valued feedforward network with and without a hidden layer. The output of the Hopf oscillators, whose dynamics is described in the complex domain, is fed as input to the feedforward network and the output predicts the EEG signals. The proposed network is trained in two stages: in the 1st stage, intrinsic frequencies of the oscillators and the lateral connections are trained whereas, in the 2nd stage, the complex-valued feed-forward network is trained. Reconstruction error obtained when there is a hidden layer in the feedforward network is an order of magnitude smaller than that obtained without a hidden layer. Also, it has been shown that during testing our model is able to generate EEG signals, whose spectral properties accurately describe the corresponding target signals. In the first, the oscillators do not have any spatial localization, whereas in the second the oscillators are spatially distributed in a spherical shell geometry. The model described can be interpreted as a stepping stone towards a large-scale model of brain dynamics. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Dr. Hillit Meidar-Alfi is founder and CEO of Spatially Health, a tech start-up in spatial analytics and location-based services to analyze the relationship between communities and health care outcomes. The platform's proprietary models leverage location intelligence and spatial analytics that go beyond ZIP codes and provide granular patient insights at the hyper-local level. Spatially helps identify and quantify SDOH risks at the individual level, guiding decision makers on where and how to allocate resources to maximize positive impact and promote equity. Hillit is a trained architect with experience working in housing, urban planning and design, and health care. She received a Master of City Planning and PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, and Bachelor of Architecture from Carnegie Mellon University. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theia-hc/support
Asteroid belts are harder to find than Sci-fi would have you believe. Spotting an asteroid belt is easier in the outer solar system, but closer in it gets a bit more blurry. Using the JWT we can use more than just visible light to find tricky interstellar objects. Asteroid belts are messy but they can tell us a lot about a solar system by what they leave in their wake. Reference: András Gáspár, Schuyler Grace Wolff, George H. Rieke, Jarron M. Leisenring, Jane Morrison, Kate Y. L. Su, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Jonathan Aguilar, Marie Ygouf, Charles Beichman, Jorge Llop-Sayson, Geoffrey Bryden. Spatially resolved imaging of the inner Fomalhaut disk using JWST/MIRI. Nature Astronomy, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41550-023-01962-6
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.17.537161v1?rss=1 Authors: Brohl, F., Kayser, C. Abstract: Hearing is an active process and recent studies show that even the ear is affected by cognitive states or motor actions. One example are movements of the eardrum induced by saccadic eye movements - known as "eye movement-related eardrum oscillations" (EMREOs). While these are systematically shaped by the direction and size of saccades, the consequences of saccadic eye movements and their resulting EMREOs for hearing remain unclear. We here studied their implications for the detection of near-threshold clicks in human participants. Across three experiments sound detection was not affected by their time of presentation relative to saccade onset, by saccade amplitude or direction. While the EMREOs were shaped by the direction and amplitude of the saccadic movement, inducing covert shifts in spatial attention did not affect the EMREO, suggesting that this signature of active sensing is restricted to overt changes in visual focus. Importantly, in our experiments fluctuations in the EMREO amplitude were not related to detection performance, at least when monaural cues are sufficient. Hence while eye movements may shape the transduction of acoustic information the behavioral implications remain unclear. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534707v1?rss=1 Authors: Henriques, R. N., Ianus, A., Novello, L., Jovicich, J., Jespersen, S., Shemesh, N. Abstract: Mar[c]enko-Pastur (MP) PCA denoising is emerging as an effective means for noise suppression in MRI acquisitions with redundant dimensions. However, MP-PCA performance is severely compromised by spatially correlated noise -- an issue typically affecting most modern MRI acquisitions -- almost to the point of returning the original images with little or no noise removal. In this study, we develop and apply two new strategies that enable efficient and robust denoising even in the presence of severe spatial correlations. This is achieved by measuring a-priori information about the noise variance and combing these estimates with PCA denoising thresholding concepts. The two denoising strategies developed here are: 1) General PCA (GPCA) denoising that uses a-priori noise variance estimates without assuming specific noise distributions; and 2) Threshold PCA (TPCA) denoising which removes noise components with a threshold computed from a-priori estimated noise variance to determine the upper bound of the MP distribution. These strategies were tested in simulations with known ground truth and applied for denoising diffusion MRI data acquired using pre-clinical (16.4T) and clinical (3T) MRI scanners. In synthetic phantoms, MP-PCA failed to denoise spatially correlated data, while GPCA and TPCA correctly classified all signal/noise components. In cases where the noise variance was not accurately estimated (as can be the case in many practical scenarios), TPCA still provides excellent denoising performance. Our experiments in pre-clinical diffusion data with highly corrupted by spatial correlated noise revealed that both GPCA and TPCA robustly denoised the data while MP-PCA denoising failed. In in vivo diffusion MRI data acquired on a clinical scanner in healthy subjects, MP-PCA weakly removed noised, while TPCA was found to have the best performance, likely due to misestimations of the noise variance. Thus, our work shows that these novel denoising approaches can strongly benefit future pre-clinical and clinical MRI applications. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.533197v1?rss=1 Authors: Dietrich, A., Pinzuti, E., Cabral-Calderin, Y., Mueller-Dahlhaus, F., Wibral, M., Tuescher, O. Abstract: Human behaviour is inextricably linked to the interaction of emotion and cognition. For decades, emotion and cognition were perceived as separable processes, yet with mutual interactions. Recently, this differentiation has been challenged by more integrative approaches, but without addressing the exact neurophysiological basis of their interaction. Here, we aimed to uncover neurophysiological mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction. We used an emotional Flanker task paired with EEG/FEM beamforming in a large cohort (N=121) of healthy human participants, obtaining high temporal and fMRI-equivalent spatial resolution. Spatially, emotion and cognition processing overlapped in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), specifically in pars triangularis. Temporally, emotion and cognition processing overlapped during the transition from emotional to cognitive processing, with a stronger interaction in beta-band power leading to worse behavioral performance. Despite functionally segregated subdivisions in rIFG, frequency-specific information flowed extensively within IFG and top-down to visual areas (V2, Precuneus) -- explaining the behavioral interference effect. Thus, for the first time we here show the neural mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction in space, time, frequency and information transfer with high temporal and spatial resolution, revealing a central role for $beta$-band activity in rIFG. Our results support the idea that rIFG plays a broad role in both inhibitory control and emotional interference inhibition as it is a site of convergence in both processes. Furthermore, our results have potential clinical implications for understanding dysfunctional emotion-cognition interaction and emotional interference inhibition in psychiatric disorders, e.g. major depression and substance use disorder, in which patients have difficulties in regulating emotions and executing inhibitory control Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531334v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, W., Fu, Y., Peng, L., Ogawa, Y., Zhou, X., Rasband, M. N., Zou, P. Abstract: Axon initial segments (AISs) are specialized neuronal compartments crucial for action potential generation and neuronal polarity. However, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating AIS structure and function has been hindered by an incomplete knowledge of its molecular composition. Here, we profile the AIS proteome and its dynamic changes in-depth during neuronal maturation. Our method capitalizes on antibody targeted proximity labeling with subcellular spatial specificity in fixed primary neurons. Among the AIS proteins labeled, we identified novel AIS components, including PHGDH and SCRIB. PHGDH and SCRIB are highly enriched in the AIS both in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit a periodic architecture like the axonal spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we show that neuronal PHGDH activity is necessary for AIS integrity and action potential initiation. This powerful and flexible approach defines the AIS proteome and provides a rich resource to elucidate the mechanisms regulating AIS structure and function. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531348v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, M., Pan, X., Jung, W., Halpern, A., Eichhorn, S. W., Lei, Z., Cohen, L., Smith, K. A., Tasic, B., Yao, Z., Zeng, H., Zhuang, X. Abstract: In mammalian brains, tens of millions to billions of cells form complex interaction networks to enable a wide range of functions. The enormous diversity and intricate organization of cells in the brain have so far hindered our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of its functions. Recent advances in spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomics have allowed systematic mapping of the spatial organization of molecularly defined cell types in complex tissues. However, these approaches have only been applied to a few brain regions and a comprehensive cell atlas of the whole brain is still missing. Here, we imaged a panel of greater than 1,100 genes in ~8 million cells across the entire adult mouse brain using multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH) and performed spatially resolved, single-cell expression profiling at the whole-transcriptome scale by integrating MERFISH and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Using this approach, we generated a comprehensive cell atlas of greater than 5,000 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters, belonging to ~300 major cell types, in the whole mouse brain with high molecular and spatial resolution. Registration of the MERFISH images to the common coordinate framework (CCF) of the mouse brain further allowed systematic quantifications of the cell composition and organization in individual brain regions defined in the CCF. We further identified spatial modules characterized by distinct cell-type compositions and spatial gradients featuring gradual changes in the gene-expression profiles of cells. Finally, this high-resolution spatial map of cells, with a transcriptome-wide expression profile associated with each cell, allowed us to infer cell-type-specific interactions between several hundred pairs of molecularly defined cell types and predict potential molecular (ligand-receptor) basis and functional implications of these cell-cell interactions. These results provide rich insights into the molecular and cellular architecture of the brain and a valuable resource for future functional investigations of neural circuits and their dysfunction in diseases. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.18.528865v1?rss=1 Authors: Yuan, L., Chen, X., Zhan, H., Gilbert, H. L., Zador, A. M. Abstract: Neurons in the cortex are heterogenous, sending diverse axonal projections to multiple brain regions. Unraveling the logic of these projections requires single-neuron resolution. Although a growing number of techniques have enabled high-throughput reconstruction, these techniques are typically limited to dozens or at most hundreds of neurons per brain, requiring that statistical analyses combine data from different specimens. Here we present axonal BARseq, a high-throughput approach based on reading out nucleic acid barcodes using in situ RNA sequencing, which enables analysis of even densely labeled neurons. As a proof of principle, we have mapped the long-range projections of greater than 8000 mouse primary auditory cortex neurons from a single brain. We identified major cell types based on projection targets and axonal trajectory. The large sample size enabled us to systematically quantify the projections of intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, and revealed that individual IT neurons project to different layers in an area-dependent fashion. Axonal BARseq is a powerful technique for studying the heterogeneity of single neuronal projections at high throughput within individual brains. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526841v1?rss=1 Authors: Levron, C. L., Watanabe, M., Proserpio, V., Piacenti, G., Lauria, A., Kaltenbach, S., Nohara, T., Anselmi, F., Duval, C., Donna, D., Baev, D., Natsuga, K., Hagai, T., Oliviero, S., Donati, G. Abstract: It is believed epithelial cells that have participated in a wound repair elicit a more efficient but locally restricted response to future injuries. However here we show that the cell adaptation resulting from a localised tissue damage has a wide spatial impact at a scale not previously noticed. We demonstrate that away from injured site, after a first injury a specific epithelial stem cell population gives rise to long term wound-memory progenitors residing in their own niche of origin. Notably these progenitors have not taken part in the first wound healing but become pre-activated through priming. This adaptation differs from classical features of trained immunity previously shown to be adopted by other epithelial stem cells. Our newly identified wound-distal memory cells display a cell-autonomous transcriptional pre-activated state leading to an enhanced wound repair ability that can be partially recapitulated through epigenetic perturbation even in absence of an injury. Importantly, the harmful consequences of wound repair, such as exacerbated tumorigenesis, occur within these primed cells and follow their spatial distribution. Overall, we show that sub-organ scale adaptation of an injury relies on spatially organised and memory-dedicated progenitors, characterised by an epigenetic actionable cell state, that predisposes to tumour onset. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520404v1?rss=1 Authors: Ossandon, J. P., Roder, B., Stange, L. Abstract: Previous studies have indicated that crossmodal visual predictions are instrumental in controlling early visual cortex activity. The exact time course and spatial precision of such crossmodal top-down influences on visual cortex have been unknown. In the present study, participants were exposed to audio-visual combinations comprising one of two sounds and a Gabor patch either in the top left or in the bottom right visual field. Event related potentials (ERP) were recorded to these frequent crossmodal combinations (Standards) as well as to trials in which the visual stimulus was omitted (Omissions) or the visual and auditory stimuli were recombined (Deviants). Standards and Deviants elicited an ERP between 50 and 100 ms of opposite polarity known as a C1 effect commonly associated with retinotopic processing in early visual cortex. In contrast, a C1 effect was not observed in Omission trials. Spatially specific Omission and Mismatch effects (Deviants minus Standards) started only later with a latency of 230 ms and 170 ms, respectively. These results suggest that crossmodal visual predictions control visual cortex activity in a spatially specific manner. However, visual predictions do not elicit neural responses that mimic stimulus-driven activity but rather seem to affect early visual cortex via distinct neural mechanisms. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520453v1?rss=1 Authors: Liu, Z.-Q., Shafiei, G., Baillet, S., Misic, B. Abstract: The relationship between structural and functional connectivity in the brain is a key question in connectomics. Here we quantify patterns of structure-function coupling across the neocortex, by comparing structural connectivity estimated using diffusion MRI with functional connectivity estimated using both neurophysiological (MEG-based) and haemodynamic (fMRI-based) recordings. We find that structure-function coupling is heterogeneous across brain regions and frequency bands. The link between structural and functional connectivity is generally stronger in multiple MEG frequency bands compared to resting state fMRI. Structure-function coupling is greater in slower and intermediate frequency bands compared to faster frequency bands. We also find that structure-function coupling systematically follows the archetypal sensorimotor-association hierarchy, as well as patterns of laminar differentiation, peaking in granular layer IV. Finally, structure-function coupling is better explained using structure-informed inter-regional communication metrics than using structural connectivity alone. Collectively, these results place neurophysiological and haemodynamic structure-function relationships in a common frame of reference and provide a starting point for a multi-modal understanding of structure-function coupling in the brain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
ARway Corp CEO Evan Gappelberg joined Steve Darling from Proactive to share news the company has announced it has started to map a 400,000 sq ft mall for a pilot project that is underway. Gappelberg telling Proactive this exercise is intended to show off the Arway's augmented reality indoor wayfinding solution. The company expects to have over 100 pilot projects in place in the coming months. #proactiveinvestors #arwaycorp #cse #arwy #wayfinding #invest #investing #investment #investor #stockmarket #stocks #stock #stockmarketnews
A localized kinematic structure detected in atomic carbon emission spatially coincident with a proposed protoplanet in the HD 163296 disk by Felipe Alarcón et al. on Wednesday 30 November Over the last five years, studies of the kinematics in protoplanetary disks have led to the discovery of new protoplanet candidates and several structures linked to possible planet-disk interactions. We detect a localized kinematic bipolar structure in the HD 163296 disk present inside the deepest dust gap at 48 au from atomic carbon line emission. HD 163296's stellar jet and molecular winds have been described in detail in the literature; however, the kinematic anomaly in C I emission is not associated with either of them. Further, the velocity of the kinematic structure points indicates a component fast enough to differentiate it from the Keplerian profile of the disk; and its atomic nature hints at a localized UV source strong enough to dissociate CO and launch a C I outflow, or a strong polar flow from the upper layers of the disk. By discarding the stellar jet and previously observed molecular winds, we explore different sources for this kinematic feature in C I emission that could be associated with a protoplanet inflow/outflow, or disk winds. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16531v1
A localized kinematic structure detected in atomic carbon emission spatially coincident with a proposed protoplanet in the HD 163296 disk by Felipe Alarcón et al. on Wednesday 30 November Over the last five years, studies of the kinematics in protoplanetary disks have led to the discovery of new protoplanet candidates and several structures linked to possible planet-disk interactions. We detect a localized kinematic bipolar structure in the HD 163296 disk present inside the deepest dust gap at 48 au from atomic carbon line emission. HD 163296's stellar jet and molecular winds have been described in detail in the literature; however, the kinematic anomaly in C I emission is not associated with either of them. Further, the velocity of the kinematic structure points indicates a component fast enough to differentiate it from the Keplerian profile of the disk; and its atomic nature hints at a localized UV source strong enough to dissociate CO and launch a C I outflow, or a strong polar flow from the upper layers of the disk. By discarding the stellar jet and previously observed molecular winds, we explore different sources for this kinematic feature in C I emission that could be associated with a protoplanet inflow/outflow, or disk winds. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16531v1
First spatially resolved Na I and He I transitions towards an MYSO Finding new tracers for the gaseous star disc interface by Evgenia Koumpia et al. on Friday 25 November With steady observational advances, the formation of massive stars is being understood in more detail. Numerical models are converging on a scenario where accretion discs play a key role. Direct observational evidence of such discs at a few au scales is scarce, due to the rarity of such objects and the observational challenges, including the lack of adequate diagnostic lines in the near-IR. We present the analysis of K-band spectro-interferometric observations toward the Massive Young Stellar Object IRAS 13481-6124, which is known to host an accreting dusty disc. Using GRAVITY on the VLTI, we trace the crucial au-scales of the warm inner interface between the star and the accretion dusty disc. We detect and spatially resolve the Na I doublet and He I transitions towards an object of this class for the first time. The new observations in combination with our geometric models allowed us to probe the smallest au-scales of accretion/ejection around an MYSO. We find that Na I originates in the disc at smaller radii than the dust disc and is more compact than any of the other spatially resolved diagnostics (Br$gamma$, He I, and CO). Our findings suggest that Na I can be a new powerful diagnostic line in tracing the warm star/disc accreting interface of forming (massive) stars, while the similarities between He I and Br$gamma$ point towards an accretion/ejection origin of He I arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13085v1
The spatially resolved view of star formation in galaxy clusters by Bianca M. Poggianti et al. on Thursday 24 November Integral field spectroscopic studies of galaxies in dense environments, such as clusters and groups of galaxies, have provided new insights for understanding how star formation proceeds, and quenches. I present the spatially resolved view of the star formation activity and its link with the multiphase gas in cluster galaxies based on MUSE and multi-wavelength data of the GASP survey. I discuss the link among the different scales (i.e. the link between the spatially resolved and the global star formation rate-stellar mass relation), the spatially resolved signatures and the quenching histories of jellyfish (progenitors) and post-starburst (descendants) galaxies in clusters. Finally, I discuss the multi-wavelength view of star-forming clumps both in galaxy disks and in the tails of stripped gas. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.12297v1
First spatially resolved Na I and He I transitions towards an MYSO Finding new tracers for the gaseous star disc interface by Evgenia Koumpia et al. on Thursday 24 November With steady observational advances, the formation of massive stars is being understood in more detail. Numerical models are converging on a scenario where accretion discs play a key role. Direct observational evidence of such discs at a few au scales is scarce, due to the rarity of such objects and the observational challenges, including the lack of adequate diagnostic lines in the near-IR. We present the analysis of K-band spectro-interferometric observations toward the Massive Young Stellar Object IRAS 13481-6124, which is known to host an accreting dusty disc. Using GRAVITY on the VLTI, we trace the crucial au-scales of the warm inner interface between the star and the accretion dusty disc. We detect and spatially resolve the Na I doublet and He I transitions towards an object of this class for the first time. The new observations in combination with our geometric models allowed us to probe the smallest au-scales of accretion/ejection around an MYSO. We find that Na I originates in the disc at smaller radii than the dust disc and is more compact than any of the other spatially resolved diagnostics (Br$gamma$, He I, and CO). Our findings suggest that Na I can be a new powerful diagnostic line in tracing the warm star/disc accreting interface of forming (massive) stars, while the similarities between He I and Br$gamma$ point towards an accretion/ejection origin of He I arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13085v1
The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey -- IX Spatially resolved kinematics of hot hydrogen gas in the star disk interaction region of T Tauri stars by GRAVITY Collaboration et al. on Thursday 24 November Aims: We aim to spatially and spectrally resolve the Br-gamma hydrogen emission line with the methods of interferometry in order to examine the kinematics of the hydrogen gas emission region in the inner accretion disk of a sample of solar-like young stellar objects. The goal is to identify trends and categories among the sources of our sample and to discuss whether or not they can be tied to different origin mechanisms associated with Br-gamma emission in T Tauri stars, chiefly and most prominently magnetospheric accretion. Methods: We observed a sample of seven T Tauri stars for the first time with VLTI GRAVITY, recording spectra and spectrally dispersed interferometric quantities across the Br-gamma line in the NIR K-band. We use them to extract the size of the Br-gamma emission region and the photocenter shifts. To assist in the interpretation, we also make use of radiative transfer models of magnetospheric accretion to establish a baseline of expected interferometric signatures if accretion is the primary driver of Br-gamma emission. Results: From among our sample, we find that five of the seven T~Tauri stars show an emission region with a half-flux radius in the range broadly expected for magnetospheric truncation. Two of the five objects also show Br-gamma emission primarily originating from within the corotation radius, while two other objects exhibit extended emission on a scale beyond 10 R$_*$, one of them even beyond the K~band continuum half-flux radius of 11.3 R$_*$. Conclusions: We find strong evidence to suggest that for the two weakest accretors in the sample, magnetospheric accretion is the primary driver of Br-gamma radiation. The results for the remaining sources imply either partial or strong contributions coming from spatially extended emission components in the form of outflows, such as stellar or disk winds. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.13095v3
The spatially resolved view of star formation in galaxy clusters by Bianca M. Poggianti et al. on Wednesday 23 November Integral field spectroscopic studies of galaxies in dense environments, such as clusters and groups of galaxies, have provided new insights for understanding how star formation proceeds, and quenches. I present the spatially resolved view of the star formation activity and its link with the multiphase gas in cluster galaxies based on MUSE and multi-wavelength data of the GASP survey. I discuss the link among the different scales (i.e. the link between the spatially resolved and the global star formation rate-stellar mass relation), the spatially resolved signatures and the quenching histories of jellyfish (progenitors) and post-starburst (descendants) galaxies in clusters. Finally, I discuss the multi-wavelength view of star-forming clumps both in galaxy disks and in the tails of stripped gas. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.12297v1
The spatially resolved view of star formation in galaxy clusters by Bianca M. Poggianti et al. on Wednesday 23 November Integral field spectroscopic studies of galaxies in dense environments, such as clusters and groups of galaxies, have provided new insights for understanding how star formation proceeds, and quenches. I present the spatially resolved view of the star formation activity and its link with the multiphase gas in cluster galaxies based on MUSE and multi-wavelength data of the GASP survey. I discuss the link among the different scales (i.e. the link between the spatially resolved and the global star formation rate-stellar mass relation), the spatially resolved signatures and the quenching histories of jellyfish (progenitors) and post-starburst (descendants) galaxies in clusters. Finally, I discuss the multi-wavelength view of star-forming clumps both in galaxy disks and in the tails of stripped gas. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.12297v1
The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey -- IX Spatially resolved kinematics of hot hydrogen gas in the star disk interaction region of T Tauri stars by GRAVITY Collaboration et al. on Wednesday 23 November Aims: We aim to spatially and spectrally resolve the Br-gamma hydrogen emission line with the methods of interferometry in order to examine the kinematics of the hydrogen gas emission region in the inner accretion disk of a sample of solar-like young stellar objects. The goal is to identify trends and categories among the sources of our sample and to discuss whether or not they can be tied to different origin mechanisms associated with Br-gamma emission in T Tauri stars, chiefly and most prominently magnetospheric accretion. Methods: We observed a sample of seven T Tauri stars for the first time with VLTI GRAVITY, recording spectra and spectrally dispersed interferometric quantities across the Br-gamma line in the NIR K-band. We use them to extract the size of the Br-gamma emission region and the photocenter shifts. To assist in the interpretation, we also make use of radiative transfer models of magnetospheric accretion to establish a baseline of expected interferometric signatures if accretion is the primary driver of Br-gamma emission. Results: From among our sample, we find that five of the seven T~Tauri stars show an emission region with a half-flux radius in the range broadly expected for magnetospheric truncation. Two of the five objects also show Br-gamma emission primarily originating from within the corotation radius, while two other objects exhibit extended emission on a scale beyond 10 R$_*$, one of them even beyond the K~band continuum half-flux radius of 11.3 R$_*$. Conclusions: We find strong evidence to suggest that for the two weakest accretors in the sample, magnetospheric accretion is the primary driver of Br-gamma radiation. The results for the remaining sources imply either partial or strong contributions coming from spatially extended emission components in the form of outflows, such as stellar or disk winds. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.13095v3
Spectroscopic and Imaging Observations of Spatially Extended Magnetic Reconnection in the Splitting of a Solar Filament Structure by Huidong Hu et al. on Monday 21 November On the Sun, Doppler shifts of bidirectional outflows from the magnetic-reconnection site have been found only in confined regions through spectroscopic observations. Without spatially resolved spectroscopic observations across an extended region, the distribution of reconnection and its outflows in the solar atmosphere cannot be made clear. Magnetic reconnection is thought to cause the splitting of filament structures, but unambiguous evidence has been elusive. Here we report spectroscopic and imaging analysis of a magnetic-reconnection event on the Sun, using high-resolution data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Our findings reveal that the reconnection region extends to an unprecedented length of no less than 14,000 km. The reconnection splits a filament structure into two branches, and the upper branch erupts eventually. Doppler shifts indicate clear bidirectional outflows of ~100 km/s, which decelerate beyond the reconnection site. Differential-emission-measure analysis reveals that in the reconnection region the temperature reaches over 10 MK and the thermal energy is much larger than the kinetic energy. This Letter provides definite spectroscopic evidence for the splitting of a solar filament by magnetic reconnection in an extended region. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10216v1
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.17.516914v1?rss=1 Authors: Achterberg, J., Akarca, D., Strouse, D., Duncan, J., Astle, D. Abstract: Brain networks exist within the confines of resource limitations. As a result, a brain network must overcome metabolic costs of growing and sustaining the network within its physical space, while simultaneously implementing its required information processing. To observe the effect of these processes, we introduce the spatially-embedded recurrent neural network (seRNN). seRNNs learn basic task-related inferences while existing within a 3D Euclidean space, where the communication of constituent neurons is constrained by a sparse connectome. We find that seRNNs, similar to primate cerebral cortices, naturally converge on solving inferences using modular small-world networks, in which functionally similar units spatially configure themselves to utilize an energetically-efficient mixed-selective code. As all these features emerge in unison, seRNNs reveal how many common structural and functional brain motifs are strongly intertwined and can be attributed to basic biological optimization processes. seRNNs can serve as model systems to bridge between structural and functional research communities to move neuroscientific understanding forward. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
References Nature Scientific Reports 2017.volume 7, Article number: 18004 Cells 2022, 11(13).https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11132020 European Journal of Endocrinology 2015. (July). 173(4). Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 569802. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message
During image editing, existing deep generative models tend to re-synthesize the entire output from scratch, including the unedited regions. This leads to a significant waste of computation, especially for minor editing operations. In this work, we present Spatially Sparse Inference (SSI), a general-purpose technique that selectively performs computation for edited regions and accelerates various generative models, including both conditional GANs and diffusion models. Our key observation is that users tend to make gradual changes to the input image. This motivates us to cache and reuse the feature maps of the original image. 2022: Muyang Li, Ji Lin, Chenlin Meng, S. Ermon, Song Han, Junyan Zhu https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.02048v1.pdf
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.02.514809v1?rss=1 Authors: Meng, X., Iraji, A., Fu, Z., Kochunov, P., Belger, A., Ford, J., McEwen, S., Mathalon, D. H., Mueller, B. A., Pearlson, G. D., Potkin, S. G., Preda, A., Turner, J., Erp, T. G. M. v., Sui, J., Calhoun, V. Abstract: Brain functional networks identified from resting fMRI data have the potential to reveal biomarkers for brain disorders, but studies of complex mental illnesses such as schizophrenia (SZ) often yield mixed results across replication studies. This is likely due in part to the complexity of the disorder, the short data acquisition time, and the limited ability of the approaches for brain imaging data mining. Therefore, the use of analytic approaches which can both capture individual variability while offering comparability across analyses is highly preferred. Fully blind data-driven approaches such as independent component analysis (ICA) are hard to compare across studies, and approaches that use fixed atlas-based regions can have limited sensitivity to individual sensitivity. By contrast, spatially constrained ICA (scICA) provides a hybrid, fully automated solution that can incorporate spatial network priors while also adapting to new subjects. However, scICA has thus far only been used with a single spatial scale. In this work, we present an approach using scICA to extract subject-specific intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) from fMRI data at multiple spatial scales (ICA model orders), which also enables us to study interactions across spatial scales. We evaluate this approach using a large N (N greater than 1,600) study of schizophrenia divided into separate validation and replication sets. A multi-scale ICN template was estimated and labeled, then used as input into spatially constrained ICA which was computed on an individual subject level. We then performed a subsequent analysis of multiscale functional network connectivity (msFNC) to evaluate the patient data, including group differences and classification. Results showed highly consistent group differences in msFNC in regions including cerebellum, thalamus, and motor/auditory networks. Importantly, multiple msFNC pairs linking different spatial scales were implicated. We also used the msFNC features as input to a classification model in cross-validated hold-out data and also in an independent test data. Visualization of predictive features was performed by evaluating their feature weights. Finally, we evaluated the relationship of the identified patterns to positive symptoms and found consistent results across datasets. The results verified the robustness of our framework in evaluating brain functional connectivity of schizophrenia at multiple spatial scales, implicated consistent and replicable brain networks, and highlighted a promising approach for leveraging resting fMRI data for brain biomarker development. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.28.514241v1?rss=1 Authors: Weber, L. M., Divecha, H. R., Tran, M. N., Kwon, S. H., Spangler, A., Montgomery, K. D., Tippani, M., Bharadwaj, R., Kleinman, J. E., Page, S. C., Hyde, T. M., Collado-Torres, L., Maynard, K. R., Martinowich, K., Hicks, S. C. Abstract: Norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) project widely throughout the central nervous system, playing critical roles in arousal and mood, as well as various components of cognition including attention, learning, and memory. The LC-NE system is also implicated in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, LC-NE neurons are highly sensitive to degeneration in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Despite the clinical importance of the brain region and the prominent role of LC-NE neurons in a variety of brain and behavioral functions, a detailed molecular characterization of the LC is lacking. Here, we used a combination of spatially-resolved transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to characterize the molecular landscape of the LC region and the transcriptomic profile of LC-NE neurons in the human brain. We provide a freely accessible resource of these data in web-accessible formats. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.20.508805v1?rss=1 Authors: Chehade, N. G., Gharbawie, O. Abstract: Motor (M1) and dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex are central to arm and hand control in primates. Motor outputs in both areas confer somatotopically organized arm and hand zones. Here, we investigate the spatial mapping between those motor zones and movement-related neural activity to gain insight about functional organization in M1/PMd. Two macaques reached and grasped while cortical activity was measured with intrinsic signal optical imaging. Activity maps were quantified in relation to microstimulation motor maps from the same hemispheres. Each activity map was comprised of many patches and overlapped surprisingly small portions of the motor map. Functional differences between the patches were inferred from their activity time courses and location within the motor map. We propose that M1/PMd contain subzones that are preferentially tuned for specific actions. Thus, the spatial dimension of neural activity in frontal motor areas is an important organizing principle of the neural code for movement control. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer
Empirical constraints on the turbulence in QSO host nebulae from velocity structure function measurements by Mandy C. Chen et al. on Monday 12 September We present the first empirical constraints on the turbulent velocity field of the diffuse circumgalactic medium around four luminous QSOs at $z!approx!0.5$--1.1. Spatially extended nebulae of $approx!50$--100 physical kpc in diameter centered on the QSOs are revealed in [OII]$lambdalambda,3727,3729$ and/or [OIII]$lambda,5008$ emission lines in integral field spectroscopic observations obtained using MUSE on the VLT. We measure the second- and third-order velocity structure functions (VSFs) over a range of scales, from $lesssim!5$ kpc to $approx!20$--50 kpc, to quantify the turbulent energy transfer between different scales in these nebulae. While no constraints on the energy injection and dissipation scales can be obtained from the current data, we show that robust constraints on the power-law slope of the VSFs can be determined after accounting for the effects of atmospheric seeing, spatial smoothing, and large-scale bulk flows. Out of the four QSO nebulae studied, one exhibits VSFs in spectacular agreement with the Kolmogorov law, expected for isotropic, homogeneous, and incompressible turbulent flows. The other three fields exhibit a shallower decline in the VSFs from large to small scales but with loose constraints, in part due to a limited dynamic range in the spatial scales in seeing-limited data. For the QSO nebula consistent with the Kolmogorov law, we determine a turbulence energy cascade rate of $approx!0.2$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{-3}$. We discuss the implication of the observed VSFs in the context of QSO feeding and feedback in the circumgalactic medium. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04344v1
Commentary by Dr. Valentin Fuster
CitationsBoulay, A.-M., Bare, J., Benini, L., Berger, M., Lathuillière, M. J., Manzardo, A., Margni, M., Motoshita, M., Núñez, M., Pastor, A. V., Ridoutt, B., Oki, T., Worbe, S., & Pfister, S. (2018). The WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints: Assessing impacts of water consumption based on available water remaining (AWARE). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 23(2), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1333-8Boulay, A.-M., Drastig, K., Amanullah, Chapagain, A., Charlon, V., Civit, B., DeCamillis, C., De Souza, M., Hess, T., Hoekstra, A. Y., Ibidhi, R., Lathuillière, M. J., Manzardo, A., McAllister, T., Morales, R. A., Motoshita, M., Palhares, J. C. P., Pirlo, G., Ridoutt, B., … Pfister, S. (2021). Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership. Ecological Indicators, 124, 107391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107391Broom, D. M. (2019). Land and Water Usage in Beef Production Systems. Animals, 9(6), 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060286Cabernard, L., & Pfister, S. (2021). A highly resolved MRIO database for analyzing environmental footprints and Green Economy Progress. Science of The Total Environment, 755, 142587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142587Chenoweth, J., Hadjikakou, M., & Zoumides, C. (2014). Quantifying the human impact on water resources: A critical review of the water footprint concept. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(6), 2325–2342. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2325-2014Gerbens-Leenes, P. W., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). The water footprint of poultry, pork and beef: A comparative study in different countries and production systems. Water Resources and Industry, 1–2, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2013.03.001Legesse, G., Cordeiro, M. R. C., Ominski, K. H., Beauchemin, K. A., Kroebel, R., McGeough, E. J., Pogue, S., & McAllister, T. A. (2018). Water use intensity of Canadian beef production in 1981 as compared to 2011. Science of The Total Environment, 619–620, 1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.194Lutter, S., Pfister, S., Giljum, S., Wieland, H., & Mutel, C. (2016). Spatially explicit assessment of water embodied in European trade: A product-level multi-regional input-output analysis. Global Environmental Change, 38, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.03.001Maré, F. A., Jordaan, H., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2020). The Water Footprint of Primary Cow–Calf Production: A Revised Bottom-Up Approach Applied on Different Breeds of Beef Cattle. Water, 12(9), 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092325Ridoutt, B. G., & Pfister, S. (2010). A revised approach to water footprinting to make transparent the impacts of consumption and production on global freshwater scarcity. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.08.003Ridoutt, B. G., Sanguansri, P., Freer, M., & Harper, G. S. (2012). Water footprint of livestock: Comparison of six geographically defined beef production systems. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0346-yRodrigues Junior, U. J., & Dziedzic, M. (2021). The water footprint of beef cattle in the amazon region, Brazil. Ciência Rural, 51(8), 20190294. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190294
Embattled Dreamlands: The Politics of Contesting Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish Memory (Routledge, 2020) explores the complex relationship between competing national myths, imagined boundaries and local memories in the threefold-contested geography referred to as Eastern Turkey, Western Armenia or Northern Kurdistan. Spatially rooted in the shatter zone of the post-Ottoman and post-Soviet space, it sheds light on the multi-layered memory landscape of the Lake Van region in Southeastern Turkey, where collective violence stretches back from the Armenian Genocide to the Kurdish conflict of today. Based on his fieldwork in Turkey and Armenia, the author examines how states work to construct and monopolize collective memory by narrating, silencing, mapping and performing the past, and how these narratives might help to contribute and resolve present-day conflicts. By looking at how national discourses are constructed and asking hard questions about why nations are imagined as exclusive and hostile to others, Embattled Dreamlands provides a unique insight into the development of national identity which will provide a great resource to students and researchers in sociology and history alike. Ronay Bakan is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/book-of-the-day
This podcast is with Dr. Hongkui Zeng who directs the Allen Institute for Brain Science and Dr. Bolisjka Tasic who directs Molecular Genetics at the Allen Institute for Brain Science. It's about how spatially resolved transcriptomics, a Nature Methods Method of the Year, can help to understand the brain. I did a story about it here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-020-01033-y . This is a podcast series that shares more of what I found out in my reporting. The piece is about smoothies, fruit salads, fruit tarts, genomics and a big puzzle called: the brain. Transcript of podcast Note: These podcasts are produced to be heard. If you can, please tune in. Transcripts are generated using speech recognition software and there's a human editor. But a transcript may contain errors. Please check the corresponding audio before quoting.Not lost in space Episode 2 Hi and welcome to Conversations with scientists, I'm Vivien Marx. This podcast is about space--space in biology, actually. Talking about the role of space and spatial analysis in biology is a chat about food. About smoothies, fruit salads and fruit tarts. Here's Dr. Hongkui Zeng and Dr. Bosiljka Tasic from the Allen Institute for Brain Science. [0:30] Bosiljka Tasic Fruit salad and smoothie. Fruit tart is spatial transcriptomics.Smoothie is Bulk RNA-seq. Ok passé Hongkui ZengForget it. Bosiljka Tasic You have fruit salad, you have dissociated cells you are profiling, you have lost the context, you have a context in the piece of tissue you have dissected. Then there is the fruit tart. You know exactly where each piece of fruit. Relationship to the other VivienOk so spatial analysis in genomics is understanding a fruit tart. Knowing which genes are expressed where and what the relationship is of the genes to one another. The two scientists will talk more about this shortly. There's Dr. Bosiljka Tasic, she directs Molecular Genetics and her research is for example on cell types in the mouse brain. And Dr. Hongkui Zeng who is director of the Allen Institute for Brain Science. Before they explain more about this science, here they both are, kindly teaching me how to pronounce their names. As ever I will try to do this right. And likely fail. [1:37] Bosiljka Tasic and Hongkui ZengI'm Bosiljka Tasic. Bosiljka Tasic. OK, got it Hongkui Zeng. You don't pronounce the G at all, just, well, Zen, yeah, Zen G Zen. Yeah, yeah. It's very, very almost not there. How would you how would you pronounce that if you emphasize the G . ZengG. So I think g you hear much more but it's not the correct way. I mean I've given you my Americanized way of saying my name. I see. Well I'm going to, I'm going to do it wrong anyway. But but at least for me, don't worry. VivienNext, before we get back to their thoughts and research, just a bit about this podcast series. In my reporting I speak with scientists around the world and this podcast is a way to share more of what I find out. This podcast takes you into the science and it's about the people doing the science. You can find some of my work for example in Nature journals that are part of the Nature Portfolio. That's where you find studies by working scientists and those are about the latest aspects of their research. And a number of these journals offer science journalism. These are pieces by science journalists like me. This podcast episode about space in biology harkens back to interviews I did months ago. Back then I asked scientists about their work and their thoughts about spatially resolved transcriptomics, which is a Nature Methods method of the year. In my slow pokey DIY podcast production this is episode 2 in a series about this field of study. Spatially resolved transcriptomics helps with studying the brain, which is the giant puzzle that Hongkui Zeng and Bosiljka Tasic work on. Among their daily puzzles is: How many different cell types are there in the brains of mammals such as mice, primates or humans? There are lots of them. And scientists want to be more precise than just saying there are lots of cells, of course. They want to know which ones there are and where they are. In the brain, another puzzle is where are cell types when. Cells are born and then often move to other areas of the brain where they will tend to all sorts of tasks. It takes a number of techniques to address these questions, including spatial techniques. The US National Institutes of Health—NIH--has many research projects, one of them is the Brain Initiative, NIH's Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies Initiative. Part of that is the NIH Brain Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). One big BICCN project is to build a high quality atlas of cell types in the entire mouse brain. Many labs are working together to produce human, mouse and non-human primate brain atlases, these are intended as references for labs around the world. The scientists use imaging, electrophysiology and molecular genetic analyses including analysis of gene expression, which is transcriptomics. BICCN phase 1 is underway and phase 2 is getting underway. The project has started with the mouse brain and is moving toward an atlas of the non-human primate brain and the human brain. One big challenge in this venture is distinguishing cell types. Cells may look very different but they might also look quite similar to one another. Here is Hongkui Zeng talking about BICCN [5:20] Hongkui ZengWe are currently in phase one, BICCN phase one, building this brain-wide cell type reference atlas. We are doing quite well and we expect to complete phase 1 in the next two years. And then phase 2 is starting, BICCN, phase 2 what you heard at SfN. There are several major themes for phase 2 that were announced by NIH. The three major themes are building cell-type targeting tools, moving into the study of primate brains including human brain, cataloging cell types in the human brain and then finally studying the connections, the connectomics of the human brain. Bosiljka is very active in one of those initiatives, which is building in one of cell type targeting tools Bosiljka Tasic You want to define a cell type first, but then you want to be able to access it for experimental examination perturbation. You want to form causality connections between a cell type and, let's say a specific behavior. So in order to do that, you need to build usually a genetic tool that is based on genes that are expressed in the cell type or maybe regulatory elements, enhancers that are active in that cell type. You can you can create a transgenic mouse or a viral tool that will then deliver a particular transgene, a particular perturbing or labeling gene to that cell, and then you can visualize the cell, monitor it, maybe monitor its activity or perturb it and ask for Phenotypes effects at the level of that cell, at the level of the circuit, at the level of the whole organism. And both Hongkui and I, we are we have a just...
This podcast is about two scientists, Dr. Patrik Ståhl and Dr. Fredrik Salmén, who are joint first authors of a paper that kickstarted a field. It's about finding work they did with colleagues to enable finding out where in tissue gene expressions is happening. It's called spatially resolved transcriptomics. It is a Nature Methods Method of the Year and I did a story about it here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-020-01033-y . This is a podcast series that shares more of what I found out in my reporting. The piece is about patience, stamina, friendship, surfing the Baltic Sea, genomics and imaging. [00:00:05.560] - Vivien MarxHi and welcome to Conversations with Scientists, I'm Vivien Marx. This podcast is with and about two scientists and about space space in biology. Actually, you'll meet Patrik Ståhl. He's on the faculty of KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, and Fredrik Salmén, who is currently a postdoctoral fellow at Hubrecht Institute in the Netherlands. They will talk about a field.[00:00:33.280] - Patrik StåhlThe whole field. It's really it's it's an awesome field.[00:00:36.940] - Vivien That's Patrik Ståhl. Their work led to a major publication in the journal Science, and they are both joint first authors of this paper,[00:00:47.710] - Patrik StåhlWe share the honor[00:00:47.710] - Fredrik Salménand the pain.[00:00:47.710] - Vivien The honor and the pain. That's research for you. Just briefly, before we get to that about this podcast series, in my reporting, I speak with scientists around the world, and this podcast is a way to share more of what I find out. This podcast takes you into the science, and it's about the people doing the science. You can find some of my work, for example, in Nature journals that are part of the nature portfolio. That's where you find studies by working scientists.[00:01:19.960] - Vivien And those are about the latest aspect of their research in a number of these journals offer science journalism. These are pieces by science journalists like me. This podcast episode is one of several I'm producing about space in biology. Months ago, I interviewed researchers who work on Spatially resolved transcriptomics for a story and in my slowpokey DIY podcast production. This is part one in a series about this field of study. So Patrik Stahl and Fredrik Salmen here they are introducing themselves to help me learn how to pronounce their names.[00:02:02.890] - Patrik Ståhl Fredrik you go first.[00:02:03.560] - Fredrik SalménFredrik Salmén. [00:02:12.290] - Vivien All right. I have to practice. OK, so in[00:02:16.750] - Patrik StåhlEnglish it's Patrick. It's Patrik Stahl.[00:02:21.650] - Vivien Patrick Sahl? So no t, Stahl[00:02:29.210] all right, you have to brace yourselves.[00:02:33.980] - Patrik StåhlStahl means steel in English,[00:02:36.393] - Patrik StåhlPatrik Ståhl[00:02:36.780] - Vivien Wow I apologize . Despite their lessons, I am doing the Swedish pronunciation of their names badly. I hope they and Sweden will forgive me. So I interviewed these two Swedish scientists together and when we started to chat, I noticed a poster on the wall behind Fredrik Salmen. It showed a surfer riding a big wave. So I asked about that.[00:03:03.530] - Patrik StåhlFredrik actually quite advanced surfer, like wave surfer at the time when we started this project.[00:03:14.540] - Fredrik SalménYah, it's true. Oh, it's actually me. It's a little bit self-centered, I guess, to have their own picture on the wall. But it's fun, though. It's[00:03:27.620] - Vivien where was this taken?[00:03:30.290] - Fredrik SalménThis is actually Sweden. So it's the Baltic Sea.[00:03:35.900] - VivienThe Baltic Sea is cold. You need to wear a special suit if you want to surf there.[00:03:41.240] - Fredrik SalménYeah. It's like a frog suit with hood and gloves and boots.[00:03:45.920] - VivienSo do you still do this or.[00:03:48.320] - Fredrik SalménYeah, I still do. I'm a little bit, I would say much less nowadays and I'm also a little bit heavier these days, so not as agile anymore. But still when I get the opportunity I try to surf, it's nice. [00:04:06.020] - Vivien The two researchers worked together along with many others, but their connection was quite intense and you will hear more about that in this podcast.[00:04:13.260] - VivienIt was work that took around six years and led to a publication in the journal Science. And that publication kick-started a field. And there was a company spin out to the field of study is called spatially resolved transcriptomics, and it was crowned a Nature Methods method of the year. In this area of spatially resolved transcriptomics, scientists want to know where something takes place. It's part of understanding larger issues, such as why does the head grow where it does?[00:04:44.750] - Vivien Why does a part of the brain develop where it does? Why does a tumor grow where it does? It's genes that tune such events, genes are turned on or off, they are expressed at high levels or low levels or silenced, their expression can shift. With gene expression, it's like tissues are playing a kind of music, just one you need to find ways to hear. Patrik Stahl and Fredrik Salmen and their colleagues found one way to do just that.[00:05:15.370] - Vivien The work took place in Sweden. It involved surfing the cold waves of the Baltic, as you just heard. It's about friendship. It's about patience, about science, careers. If you're interested in any of that, as well as biology, genomics and imaging, please stick around. So this work in particular took six years and Fredrik Salmen and Patrik Stahl worked intensely together. They are the first authors of this paper in Science published in 2016, and it led to a company called Spatial Transcriptomics.[00:05:45.790] - Vivien What these scientists and their colleagues developed was a way to see where, for example, in a tissue genes are expressed. It's not the first way to do this, but it was a way to analyze a lot of mRNAs, a lot of gene transcripts at the same time. To understand why this matters, we can step back for a moment and consider a practical example that they told me about. A pathologist gets a tissue sample. It might be from a person who was just on the operating table.[00:06:13.300] - VivienThe tissue is prepared with chemical stains and then studied. The pathologist interprets what is going on in this tissue. Sometimes pathologists look at many tissue slides from many patients and want to compare them. In other cases, it is information that has to travel quickly to determine how a patient might need to be treated. Or the analysis is for a basic research lab that is studying a particular disease or development. As Patrik Stahl explains, scientists can look at a tissue slide and use stains and dyes to see what is happening there.[00:06:46.630] - VivienWell, sort of. This immunohistochemistry doesn't always answer all the questions of pathologist or other scientists might have[00:06:55.990] - Patrik StåhlSo I think this was like late 2009 and it was Jonas Frisen, who is a who is, s stem cell professor working at Karolinska Institute who is subjected to this kind of immunohistorchemistry a lot during his daily work. And I think that he was the one who first grew tired of a lack of spatial information that they could get out of a stain. And so late 2009, he contacted Joakim Lundeberg and they together in early 2010, initiated this project , trying and then...
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