Cows on the Planet

Join Tim and Kim and Dr. Francis Fluharty of the University of Georgia  as they talk about changes in cattle over the past 60 years, whether these changes can be sustained in the future, and the desirability of selecting for cows that are excellent swimmers for future floods. ReferencesHerrero, M., & Thornton, P. K. (2013). Livestock and global change: Emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(52), 20878–20881. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321844111Lamm, K. W., Randall, N. L., & Fluharty, F. L. (2021). Critical issues facing the animal and food industry: A Delphi analysis. Translational Animal Science, 5(1), txaa213. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa213Nicol, C. J. (2021). A Grand Challenge for Animal Science: Multiple Goals – Convergent and Divergent. Frontiers in Animal Science, 2, 640503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.640503Nielsen, M. S. W., & Bergfeld, E. (2003). Critical perspectives in animal agriculture: A response. Journal of Animal Science, 81(11), 2908–2911. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81112908xRioja-Lang, F. C., Connor, M., Bacon, H. J., Lawrence, A. B., & Dwyer, C. M. (2020). Prioritization of Farm Animal Welfare Issues Using Expert Consensus. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00495Schillo, K. K. (2003). Critical perspectives of animal agriculture: Introduction1,2. Journal of Animal Science, 81(11), 2880–2886. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81112880x

Join Tim and Kim as they visit with Mark Aspin, Manager of the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Consortium in New Zealand.  Much discussion of burps, farts and levies for ruminant-produced greenhouse gasses ensues. References Buddle, Bryce M., Michel Denis, Graeme T. Attwood, Eric Altermann, Peter H. Janssen, Ron S. Ronimus, Cesar S. Pinares-Patiño, Stefan Muetzel, and D. Neil Wedlock. “Strategies to Reduce Methane Emissions from Farmed Ruminants Grazing on Pasture.” The Veterinary Journal 188, no. 1 (April 2011): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.019.Animals. “Can You Tax a Cow's Burps? New Zealand Will Be the First to Try.,” November 17, 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/can-you-tax-a-cows-burps-new-zealand-will-be-the-first-to-try.Corlett, Eva. “Nineteen Years after the ‘Fart Tax', New Zealand's Farmers Are Fighting Emissions.” The Guardian, November 12, 2022, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/12/19-years-after-the-fart-tax-new-zealands-farmers-are-fighting-emissions.González-Recio, O., J. López-Paredes, L. Ouatahar, N. Charfeddine, E. Ugarte, R. Alenda, and J.A. Jiménez-Montero. “Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases in Dairy Cattle via Genetic Selection: 2. Incorporating Methane Emissions into the Breeding Goal.” Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 8 (August 2020): 7210–21. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17598.Hayek, Matthew N, and Scot M Miller. “Underestimates of Methane from Intensively Raised Animals Could Undermine Goals of Sustainable Development.” Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 063006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac02ef.Hickey, Sharon M., Wendy E. Bain, Timothy P. Bilton, Gordon J. Greer, Sara Elmes, Brooke Bryson, Cesar S. Pinares-Patiño, et al. “Impact of Breeding for Reduced Methane Emissions in New Zealand Sheep on Maternal and Health Traits.” Frontiers in Genetics 13 (September 30, 2022): 910413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.910413.McGregor, Andrew, Lauren Rickards, Donna Houston, Michael K. Goodman, and Milena Bojovic. “The Biopolitics of Cattle Methane Emissions Reduction: Governing Life in a Time of Climate Change.” Antipode 53, no. 4 (July 2021): 1161–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12714.Press ·, The Associated. “New Zealand's Plan to Tax Cow Burps Condemned by Farmers | CBC News.” CBC, October 11, 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/new-zealand-proposes-taxing-cow-burps-1.6612302.Smith, Ian. “Farmers Protest against New Zealand's Proposed ‘Cow Burp Tax.'” euronews, October 20, 2022. https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/10/20/cow-burps-to-be-taxed-under-world-first-proposals-by-new-zealand.

ReferencesBai, Zhaohai, Xiangwen Fan, Xinpeng Jin, Zhanqing Zhao, Yan Wu, Oene Oenema, Gerard Velthof, Chunsheng Hu, and Lin Ma. “Relocate 10 Billion Livestock to Reduce Harmful Nitrogen Pollution Exposure for 90% of China's Population.” Nature Food 3, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 152–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00453-z.Rütting, T., H. Aronsson, and S. Delin. “Efficient Use of Nitrogen in Agriculture.” Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 110, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9900-8.Samanta, Prantik, Harald Horn, and Florencia Saravia. “Impact of Livestock Farming on Nitrogen Pollution and the Corresponding Energy Demand for Zero Liquid Discharge.” Water 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081278.Skeffington, R.A., and Emma J. Wilson. “Excess Nitrogen Deposition: Issues for Consideration.” Environmental Pollution 54, no. 3–4 (1988): 159–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(88)90110-8.Sun, Bo, Linxiu Zhang, Linzhang Yang, Fusuo Zhang, David Norse, and Zhaoliang Zhu. “Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures.” AMBIO 41, no. 4 (June 2012): 370–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0249-6.

Join Tim and Kim as they talk with Dr. Colleen Duncan of Colorado State University and Dr. Katie Steneroden of Iowa State University on potential cow-related pandemics of the future, the role of climate change in pandemics and the need for future fun fashion with hazmat suits in designer colors. BibliographyBernstein, A. S., Ando, A. W., Loch-Temzelides, T., Vale, M. M., Li, B. V., Li, H., Busch, J., Chapman, C. A., Kinnaird, M., Nowak, K., Castro, M. C., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Ahumada, J. A., Xiao, L., Roehrdanz, P., Kaufman, L., Hannah, L., Daszak, P., Pimm, S. L., & Dobson, A. P. (2022). The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics. Science Advances, 8(5), eabl4183. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl4183Jones, B. A., Grace, D., Kock, R., Alonso, S., Rushton, J., Said, M. Y., McKeever, D., Mutua, F., Young, J., McDermott, J., & Pfeiffer, D. U. (2013). Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(21), 8399–8404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110Magouras, I., Brookes, V. J., Jori, F., Martin, A., Pfeiffer, D. U., & Dürr, S. (2020). Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: Should We Rethink the Animal–Human Interface? Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 582743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.582743McDaniel, C. J., Cardwell, D. M., Moeller, R. B., & Gray, G. C. (2014). Humans and Cattle: A Review of Bovine Zoonoses. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 14(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1164Meurens, F., Dunoyer, C., Fourichon, C., Gerdts, V., Haddad, N., Kortekaas, J., Lewandowska, M., Monchatre-Leroy, E., Summerfield, A., Wichgers Schreur, P. J., van der Poel, W. H. M., & Zhu, J. (2021). Animal board invited review: Risks of zoonotic disease emergence at the interface of wildlife and livestock systems. Animal, 15(6), 100241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100241Petrovan, S. O., Aldridge, D. C., Bartlett, H., Bladon, A. J., Booth, H., Broad, S., Broom, D. M., Burgess, N. D., Cleaveland, S., Cunningham, A. A., Ferri, M., Hinsley, A., Hua, F., Hughes, A. C., Jones, K., Kelly, M., Mayes, G., Radakovic, M., Ugwu, C. A., … Sutherland, W. J. (2021). Post COVID‐19: A solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics. Biological Reviews, 96(6), 2694–2715. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12774PREVENTING THE NEXT PANDEMIC: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. (n.d.).

BibliographyChakravarti, A. K. (1985). Cattle development problems and programs in India: A regional analysis. GeoJournal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174664Gupta, J. J., Singh, K. M., Bhatt, B. P., & Dey, A. (n.d.). A diagnostic study on livestock production system in Eastern Region of India. 7.Khan, A. A., & Bidabadi, F. S. (2004). Livestock Revolution in India: Its Impact and Policy Response. South Asia Research, 24(2), 99–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728004047907Kumar, A., & Singh, D. K. (n.d.). Livestock Production Systems in India: An Appraisal Across Agro-Ecological Regions. 22.Thornton, P., Nelson, G., Mayberry, D., & Herrero, M. (2022). Impacts of heat stress on global cattle production during the 21st century: A modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(3), e192–e201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00002-X 

Join Tim and Kim as they talk with Dr. Frank Mitloehner of UC Davis about how dietary choices affect green house gasses, teaching children to cook, and the need for better-looking scientists among other things.BibliographyAlmiron, N., & Zoppeddu, M. (2015). Eating Meat and Climate Change: The Media Blind Spot—A Study of Spanish and Italian Press Coverage. Environmental Communication, 9(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.953968Amundson, R. (2022). Negative emissions in agriculture are improbable in the near future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12), e2118142119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118142119González, N., Marquès, M., Nadal, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2020). Meat consumption: Which are the current global risks? A review of recent (2010–2020) evidences. Food Research International, 137, 109341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109341Pitesky, M. E., Stackhouse, K. R., & Mitloehner, F. M. (2009). Clearing the Air. In Advances in Agronomy (Vol. 103, pp. 1–40). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(09)03001-6Raiten, D. J., Allen, L. H., Slavin, J. L., Mitloehner, F. M., Thoma, G. J., Haggerty, P. A., & Finley, J. W. (2020). Understanding the Intersection of Climate/Environmental Change, Health, Agriculture, and Improved Nutrition: A Case Study on Micronutrient Nutrition and Animal Source Foods. Current Developments in Nutrition, 4(7), nzaa087. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa087

Join Tim and Kim as they talk with Dr. Sarah Klopatek of UC Davis and learn all the chewy bits of her recent comprehensive study on grass-fed beef economics, meat quality, and environmental impacts. BibliographyDavis, H., Magistrali, A., Butler, G., & Stergiadis, S. (2022). Nutritional Benefits from Fatty Acids in Organic and Grass-Fed Beef. Foods, 11(5), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050646Geiker, N. R. W., Bertram, H. C., Mejborn, H., Dragsted, L. O., Kristensen, L., Carrascal, J. R., Bügel, S., & Astrup, A. (2021). Meat and Human Health—Current Knowledge and Research Gaps. Foods, 10(7), 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071556Klopatek, S. C., Marvinney, E., Duarte, T., Kendall, A., Yang, X. (Crystal), & Oltjen, J. W. (2022a). Grass-fed vs. grain-fed beef systems: Performance, economic, and environmental trade-offs. Journal of Animal Science, 100(2), skab374. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab374Klopatek, S. C., Marvinney, E., Duarte, T., Kendall, A., Yang, X. (Crystal), & Oltjen, J. W. (2022b). Grass-fed vs. grain-fed beef systems: Performance, economic, and environmental trade-offs. Journal of Animal Science, 100(2), skab374. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab374Klopatek, S. C., & Oltjen, J. W. (2022). How advances in animal efficiency and management have affected beef cattle's water intensity in the United States: 1991 compared to 2019. Journal of Animal Science, skac297. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac297Provenza, F. D., Kronberg, S. L., & Gregorini, P. (2019). Is Grassfed Meat and Dairy Better for Human and Environmental Health? Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00026Tichenor, N. E., Peters, C. J., Norris, G. A., Thoma, G., & Griffin, T. S. (2017). Life cycle environmental consequences of grass-fed and dairy beef production systems in the Northeastern United States. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 1619–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.138Turner, T. D., Jensen, J., Pilfold, J. L., Prema, D., Donkor, K. K., Cinel, B., Thompson, D. J., Dugan, M. E. R., & Church, J. S. (2015). Comparison of fatty acids in beef tissues from conventional, organic and natural feeding systems in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 95(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-113

Join Tim and Kim as they discuss the sometimes negative view of agriculture in the media with Ben Wilson and Sarah Wray of Storybrokers Media House. BibliographyJohn, D. A., & Babu, G. R. (2021). Lessons From the Aftermaths of Green Revolution on Food System and Health. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 644559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.644559Lundy, L. K., Ruth, A. M., & Park, T. D. (2007). Entertainment and Agriculture: An Examination of the Impact of Entertainment Media on Perceptions of Agriculture. Journal of Applied Communications, 91(1). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1257Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(11), 5995–6000. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5995Wachenheim, C., & Rathge, R. (n.d.). Societal Perceptions of Agriculture. 41.Widiyanti, E., Setyowati, N., & Ardianto, D. T. (2018). Young generation's perception on the agricultural sector. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 200, 012060. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/012060

Join Tim and Kim as they welcome back Dr. Edward Bork of the University of Alberta to discuss his work on increasing carbon sequestration by judicious grazing by cattle. Are cattle the problem or part of the solution to climate change?CitationsBaah-Acheamfour, M., Chang, S. X., Carlyle, C. N., & Bork, E. W. (2015). Carbon pool size and stability are affected by trees and grassland cover types within agroforestry systems of western Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 213, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.016Bork, D. E., & Chair, M. (n.d.). A Reconsideration of Grazing Impacts on Soil Carbon in Northern Temperate Grasslands. 31.Carlyle, C. N. (n.d.). GRAZING EFFECTS ON CARBON STORAGE IN RANGELANDS OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE. 26.De Deyn, G. B., Cornelissen, J. H. C., & Bardgett, R. D. (2008). Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes. Ecology Letters, 11(5), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.xShrestha, B., Chang, S., Bork, E., & Carlyle, C. (2018). Enrichment Planting and Soil Amendments Enhance Carbon Sequestration and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agroforestry Systems: A Review. Forests, 9(6), 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060369Whitehead, D. (2020). Management of Grazed Landscapes to Increase Soil Carbon Stocks in Temperate, Dryland Grasslands. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 585913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.585913

Join Tim and Kim as they talk about all  your favorite potential residues in beef, from hormones and antibiotics to genetically-modified crops, with Dr. Joe Schwarcz, Director of the Office for Science and Society at McGill University.CitationDoyle, E. (2000). Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle. 24.Hirpessa, B., Ulusoy, B., Hecer, C. (2020). Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis.  Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jfq/2020/5065386/Jeong, S.-H., Kang, D.-J., Lim, M.-W., Kang, C.-S., & Sung, H.-J. (2010). Risk Assessment of Growth Hormones and Antimicrobial Residues in Meat. Toxicological Research, 26(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2010.26.4.301Kumar, S. (2018). Adverse effects on consumer's health caused by hormones administered in cattle. 10.Ramatla, T., Ngoma, L., Adetunji, M., & Mwanza, M. (2017). Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Raw Meat Using Different Analytical Methods. Antibiotics, 6(4), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics6040034Smith, Z. K., & Johnson, B. J. (2020). Mechanisms of steroidal implants to improve beef cattle growth: A review. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 48(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1751642Thieme, D., & Hemmersbach, P. (Eds.). (2010). Doping in Sports (Vol. 195). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4

Join Tim and Kim as they discuss situations most likely to lead to injury or death by bovine with Dr. Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein in a shameless ploy to tap into the true crime podcast fanbase. CitationsBlack, R., & Krawczel, P. (2016). A Case Study of Behaviour and Performance of Confined or Pastured Cows During the Dry Period. Animals, 6(7), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6070041Eusebi, P. G., Sevane, N., O'Rourke, T., Pizarro, M., Boeckx, C., & Dunner, S. (2022). Age Effects Aggressive Behavior: RNA-Seq Analysis in Cattle with Implications for Studying Neoteny Under Domestication. Behavior Genetics, 52(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-021-10097-1No need to tolerate aggressive cows. (2011). Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/features/why-do-we-tolerate-aggressive-cows/Westgarth, C., & McIntyre, M. (2017). When cows attack: How dangerous are cattle and how can you stay safe around them? The Conversation. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from http://theconversation.com/when-cows-attack-how-dangerous-are-cattle-and-how-can-you-stay-safe-around-them-79524Why and how to read a cow or bull. (2004). Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://nature.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7article/article29.htm

Join Tim and Kim and Dr. Manuel Juarez of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada as they discus eating invasive species such as wild boars instead of beef and the pros and cons of helicopter gunships for wild boar hunting.CitationAschim, R. A., & Brook, R. K. (2019). Evaluating Cost-Effective Methods for Rapid and Repeatable National Scale Detection and Mapping of Invasive Species Spread. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 7254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43729-yBulté, G., Robinson, S. A., Forbes, M. R., & Marcogliese, David. J. (2012). Is There Such Thing as a Parasite Free Lunch? The Direct and Indirect Consequences of Eating Invasive Prey. EcoHealth, 9(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0757-7Croft, S., Franzetti, B., Gill, R., & Massei, G. (2020). Too many wild boar? Modelling fertility control and culling to reduce wild boar numbers in isolated populations. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238429Curtis, P. D. (n.d.). After Decades of Suburban Deer Research and Management in the Eastern United States: Where Do We Go From Here? 18.Fiala, M., Marveggio, D., Viganò, R., Demartini, E., Nonini, L., & Gaviglio, A. (2020). LCA and wild animals: Results from wild deer culled in a northern Italy hunting district. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244, 118667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118667Gagnier, M., Laurion, I., & DeNicola, A. J. (2020). Control and Surveillance Operations to Prevent Chronic Wasting Disease Establishment in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Québec, Canada. Animals, 10(2), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020283Gamborg, C., Sandøe, P., & Palmer, C. (2020). Ethical management of wildlife. Lethal versus nonlethal control of white‐tailed deer. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.171Gaviglio, A., Marescotti, M., & Demartini, E. (2018). The Local Value Chain of Hunted Red Deer Meat: A Scenario Analysis Based on a Northern Italian Case Study. Resources, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020034Johann, F., Handschuh, M., Linderoth, P., Dormann, C. F., & Arnold, J. (2020). Adaptation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) activity in a human-dominated landscape. BMC Ecology, 20(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-019-0271-7Keuling, O., Baubet, E., Duscher, A., Ebert, C., Fischer, C., Monaco, A., Podgórski, T., Prevot, C., Ronnenberg, K., Sodeikat, G., Stier, N., & Thurfjell, H. (2013). Mortality rates of wild boar Sus scrofa L. in central Europe. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 59(6), 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-013-0733-8Koons, D. N., Rockwell, R. F., & Aubry, L. M. (2014). Effects of exploitation on an overabundant species: The lesser snow goose predicament. Journal of Animal Ecology, 83(2), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12133Meng, X. J., Lindsay, D. S., & Sriranganathan, N. (2009). Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1530), 2697–2707. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0086Niewiadomska, K., Kosicka-Gębska, M., Gębski, J., Gutkowska, K., Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., & Sułek, M. (2020). Game Meat Consumption—Conscious Choice or Just a Game? Foods, 9(10), 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101357Nuñez, M. A., Kuebbing, S., Dimarco, R. D., & Simberloff, D. (2012). Invasive Species: To eat or not to eat, that is the question: Eating invasive species. Conservation Letters, 5(5), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00250.xRisch, D. R., Ringma, J., & Price, M. R. (2021). The global impact of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) on terrestrial biodiversity. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92691-1Seaman, A. N. (n.d.). Eating invasives: Chefs as an avenue to control through consumption. 19.Silveira de Oliveira, Ê., Ludwig da Fontoura Rodrigues, M., Machado Severo, M., Gomes dos Santos, T., & Kasper, C. B. (2020). Who's afraid of the big bad boar? Assessing the effect of wild boar presence on the occurrence and activity patterns of other mammals. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0235312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235312

Join Tim and Kim as they talk  with Dr. Hsin Huang, Secretary General of the International Meat Secretariat about some of the surprising products that come from cows other than milk and meat.  CitationsAlam, A. Y. (n.d.). The challenge of dealing with animal derived ingredients in medical/surgical products. 3.Alao, B., Falowo, A., Chulayo, A., & Muchenje, V. (2017). The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges. Sustainability, 9(7), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071089Jayathilakan, K., Sultana, K., Radhakrishna, K., & Bawa, A. S. (2012). Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49(3), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7Khouw, B. T., Rubin, L. J., & Berry, B. (n.d.). Meat Animal By-Products of Pharmaceutical and Food Interest. 8.Quin, J. (2020). Medicines/pharmaceuticals of animal origin. 33.Singh, N., Halliday, H. L., Stevens, T. P., Suresh, G., Soll, R., & Rojas-Reyes, M. X. (2015). Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010249.pub2Toldrá, F., Reig, M., & Mora, L. (2021). Management of meat by- and co-products for an improved meat processing sustainability. Meat Science, 181, 108608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108608

CitationsCurtain, F., & Grafenauer, S. (2019). Plant-Based Meat Substitutes in the Flexitarian Age: An Audit of Products on Supermarket Shelves. Nutrients, 11(11), 2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112603Davitt, E. D., Winham, D. M., Heer, M. M., Shelley, M. C., & Knoblauch, S. T. (2021). Predictors of Plant-Based Alternatives to Meat Consumption in Midwest University Students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53(7), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2021.04.459He, J., Evans, N. M., Liu, H., & Shao, S. (2020). A review of research on plant‐based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(5), 2639–2656. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12610Lynch, H., Johnston, C., & Wharton, C. (2018). Plant-Based Diets: Considerations for Environmental Impact, Protein Quality, and Exercise Performance. Nutrients, 10(12), 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121841Michel, F., Hartmann, C., & Siegrist, M. (2021). Consumers' associations, perceptions and acceptance of meat and plant-based meat alternatives. Food Quality and Preference, 87, 104063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104063Santo, R. E., Kim, B. F., Goldman, S. E., Dutkiewicz, J., Biehl, E. M. B., Bloem, M. W., Neff, R. A., & Nachman, K. E. (2020). Considering Plant-Based Meat Substitutes and Cell-Based Meats: A Public Health and Food Systems Perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134van Vliet, S., Kronberg, S. L., & Provenza, F. D. (2020). Plant-Based Meats, Human Health, and Climate Change. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00128 

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Literature CitedKaimowitz, D., Mertens, B., Wunder, S., & Pacheco, P. (n.d.). Cattle ranching and deforestation in Brazil's Amazon. 10.Rajão, R., & Georgiadou, Y. (2014). Blame Games in the Amazon: Environmental Crises and the Emergence of a Transparency Regime in Brazil. Global Environmental Politics, 14(4), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00259Rajão, R., Soares-Filho, B., Nunes, F., Börner, J., Machado, L., Assis, D., Oliveira, A., Pinto, L., Ribeiro, V., Rausch, L., Gibbs, H., & Figueira, D. (2020). The rotten apples of Brazil's agribusiness. Science, 369(6501), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6646Rajão, R., & Vurdubakis, T. (2013). On the Pragmatics of Inscription: Detecting Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Theory, Culture & Society, 30(4), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413486203Shukla, J., Nobre, C., & Sellers, P. (1990). Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change. Science, 247(4948), 1322–1325. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4948.1322Silva Junior, C. H. L., Pessôa, A. C. M., Carvalho, N. S., Reis, J. B. C., Anderson, L. O., & Aragão, L. E. O. C. (2021). The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(2), 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-xSkidmore, M. E., Moffette, F., Rausch, L., Christie, M., Munger, J., & Gibbs, H. K. (2021). Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies. Global Environmental Change, 68, 102280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102280Soares-Filho, B., Rajão, R., Macedo, M., Carneiro, A., Costa, W., Coe, M., Rodrigues, H., & Alencar, A. (2014). Cracking Brazil's Forest Code. Science, 344(6182), 363–364. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246663Walker, N. F., Patel, S. A., & Kalif, K. A. B. (2013). From Amazon Pasture to the High Street: Deforestation and the Brazilian Cattle Product Supply Chain. Tropical Conservation Science, 6(3), 446–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291300600309Walker, R., Moran, E., & Anselin, L. (2000). Deforestation and Cattle Ranching in the Brazilian Amazon: External Capital and Household Processes. World Development, 28(4), 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00149-7

Citation Adams, F., Ohene-Yankyera, K., Aidoo, R., & Wongnaa, C. A. (2021). Economic benefits of livestock management in Ghana. Agricultural and Food Economics, 9(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00191-7Addah, W. (2010). Impact of ethnic conflicts on cattle population and production in the eastern corridor of the northern region of Ghana. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/ijotafs.v3i1.50015Balehegn, M., Kebreab, E., Tolera, A., Hunt, S., Erickson, P., Crane, T. A., & Adesogan, A. T. (2021). Livestock sustainability research in Africa with a focus on the environment. Animal Frontiers, 11(4), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfab034Chebo, C., & Alemayehu, K. (n.d.). Trends of cattle genetic improvement programs in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. 17.Ilemobade, A. A. (n.d.). Tsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa: The challenges, the opportunities. 6.Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H., Colecraft, E. K., Awuah, R. B., Adjorlolo, L. K., Wilson, M. L., & Jones, A. D. (2018). Leveraging smallholder livestock production to reduce anemia: A qualitative study of three agroecological zones in Ghana. Social Science & Medicine, 212, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.028Otte, J., Pica-Ciamarra, U., & Morzaria, S. (2019). A Comparative Overview of the Livestock-Environment Interactions in Asia and Sub-saharan Africa. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00037University of Ghana, Obese, F., Acheampong, D., Darfour-Oduro, K., & Animal Research Institute, Ghana. (2013). Growth and reproductive traits of friesian X sanga crossbred cattle in the Accra plains of Ghana. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(57), 7357–7371. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.57.11440The role of livestock in food security, poverty reduction and wealth creation in West Africa. (2020). FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8385enEVALUATION OF EXISTING AND POTENTIAL FEED RESOURCES FOR RUMINANT PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN GHANA. (n.d.). 36. 

CitationCan be found in the episode notes of the past 17 episodes at Cows on the Planet (simplecast.com). 

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CitationsBoulay, A.-M., Bare, J., Benini, L., Berger, M., Lathuillière, M. J., Manzardo, A., Margni, M., Motoshita, M., Núñez, M., Pastor, A. V., Ridoutt, B., Oki, T., Worbe, S., & Pfister, S. (2018). The WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints: Assessing impacts of water consumption based on available water remaining (AWARE). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 23(2), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1333-8Boulay, A.-M., Drastig, K., Amanullah, Chapagain, A., Charlon, V., Civit, B., DeCamillis, C., De Souza, M., Hess, T., Hoekstra, A. Y., Ibidhi, R., Lathuillière, M. J., Manzardo, A., McAllister, T., Morales, R. A., Motoshita, M., Palhares, J. C. P., Pirlo, G., Ridoutt, B., … Pfister, S. (2021). Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership. Ecological Indicators, 124, 107391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107391Broom, D. M. (2019). Land and Water Usage in Beef Production Systems. Animals, 9(6), 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060286Cabernard, L., & Pfister, S. (2021). A highly resolved MRIO database for analyzing environmental footprints and Green Economy Progress. Science of The Total Environment, 755, 142587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142587Chenoweth, J., Hadjikakou, M., & Zoumides, C. (2014). Quantifying the human impact on water resources: A critical review of the water footprint concept. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(6), 2325–2342. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2325-2014Gerbens-Leenes, P. W., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). The water footprint of poultry, pork and beef: A comparative study in different countries and production systems. Water Resources and Industry, 1–2, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2013.03.001Legesse, G., Cordeiro, M. R. C., Ominski, K. H., Beauchemin, K. A., Kroebel, R., McGeough, E. J., Pogue, S., & McAllister, T. A. (2018). Water use intensity of Canadian beef production in 1981 as compared to 2011. Science of The Total Environment, 619–620, 1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.194Lutter, S., Pfister, S., Giljum, S., Wieland, H., & Mutel, C. (2016). Spatially explicit assessment of water embodied in European trade: A product-level multi-regional input-output analysis. Global Environmental Change, 38, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.03.001Maré, F. A., Jordaan, H., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2020). The Water Footprint of Primary Cow–Calf Production: A Revised Bottom-Up Approach Applied on Different Breeds of Beef Cattle. Water, 12(9), 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092325Ridoutt, B. G., & Pfister, S. (2010). A revised approach to water footprinting to make transparent the impacts of consumption and production on global freshwater scarcity. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.08.003Ridoutt, B. G., Sanguansri, P., Freer, M., & Harper, G. S. (2012). Water footprint of livestock: Comparison of six geographically defined beef production systems. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0346-yRodrigues Junior, U. J., & Dziedzic, M. (2021). The water footprint of beef cattle in the amazon region, Brazil. Ciência Rural, 51(8), 20190294. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190294

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This episode looks into how grazing cows help trees. To look into this topic we've invited Amanda Miller a rangeland ecologist.

Join Dr. Andrew Pelling as he describes some of the challenges his lab is facing developing lab-grown meat.

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Join Dr. Benjamin Bohrer of Ohio State University as he discusses some of the challenges and easier aspects to meeting nutrient requirements on a vegan diet. Dr. Benjamin Bohrer can be reached on Twitter @b3nbohrer for further discussion!

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Additional Music - Soviet March by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.comCitationAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada, & Larney, F. J. (2018). Manure and compost management to maintain soil health. In D. Reicosky (Ed.), Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science (Vol. 2, pp. 229–246). Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0033.28Edmeades, D. C. (n.d.). The long-term effects of manures and fertilisers on soil productivity and quality: A review. 16.Geng, Y., Cao, G., Wang, L., & Wang, S. (2019). Effects of equal chemical fertilizer substitutions with organic manure on yield, dry matter, and nitrogen uptake of spring maize and soil nitrogen distribution. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0219512. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219512Larney, F. J., & Angers, D. A. (2012). The role of organic amendments in soil reclamation: A review. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 92(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-064Larney, F. J., Buckley, K. E., Hao, X., & McCaughey, W. P. (2006). Fresh, Stockpiled, and Composted Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure: Nutrient Levels and Mass Balance Estimates in Alberta and Manitoba. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35(5), 1844–1854. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0440Larney, F. J., Hao, X., & Topp, E. (2015). Manure Management. In J. L. Hatfield & T. J. Sauer (Eds.), Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture (pp. 245–263). Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2136/2011.soilmanagement.c16Larney, F. J., Pearson, D. C., Blackshaw, R., & Lupwayi, N. Z. (2017). Soil changes over 12 years of conventional vs. Conservation management on irrigated rotations in southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, CJSS-2016-0141. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2016-0141Larney, F. J., Sullivan, D. M., Buckley, K. E., & Eghball, B. (2006). The role of composting in recycling manure nutrients. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 86(4), 597–611. https://doi.org/10.4141/S05-116Maillard, É., & Angers, D. A. (2014). Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 20(2), 666–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12438Miner, G. L., Delgado, J. A., Ippolito, J. A., Stewart, C. E., Manter, D. K., Del Grosso, S. J., Floyd, B. A., & D'Adamo, R. E. (2020). Assessing manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil health, crop productivity, and crop quality in a continuous maize agroecosystem. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 75(4), 481–498. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2020.00148Ozlu, E., Sandhu, S. S., Kumar, S., & Arriaga, F. J. (2019). Soil health indicators impacted by long-term cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer application in a corn-soybean rotation of South Dakota. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 11776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48207-zRayne, N., & Aula, L. (2020). Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review. Soil Systems, 4(4), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040064Xia, L., Lam, S. K., Yan, X., & Chen, D. (2017). How Does Recycling of Livestock Manure in Agroecosystems Affect Crop Productivity, Reactive Nitrogen Losses, and Soil Carbon Balance? Environmental Science & Technology, 51(13), 7450–7457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06470Zhong, W., Gu, T., Wang, W., Zhang, B., Lin, X., Huang, Q., & Shen, W. (2010). The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity. Plant and Soil, 326(1–2), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9988-y

Join Dr. Tim McAllister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada as he discusses "super-bugs", antibiotic use by cattle, and his work comparing antimicrobial resistance in cattle and people.

CitationDou, Z., Toth, J. D., & Westendorf, M. L. (2018). Food waste for livestock feeding: Feasibility, safety, and sustainability implications. Global Food Security, 17, 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.12.003Forwood, D. L., Hooker, K., Caro, E., Huo, Y., Holman, D., Chaves, A. V., & Meale, S. J. (2020). Ensiling Unsalable Vegetables with Crop Sorghum to Produce High Quality Feed. Proceedings, 36(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036113Forwood, D. L., Holman, B. W. B., Hopkins, D. L., Smyth, H. E., Hoffman, L. C., Chaves, A. V., & Meale, S. J. (2021). Feeding unsaleable carrots to lambs increased performance and carcass characteristics while maintaining meat quality. Meat Science, 173, 108402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108402Mottet, A., de Haan, C., Falcucci, A., Tempio, G., Opio, C., & Gerber, P. (2017). Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate. Global Food Security, 14, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001Ominski, K., McAllister, T., Stanford, K., Mengistu, G., Kebebe, E. G., Omonijo, F., Cordeiro, M., Legesse, G., & Wittenberg, K. (2021). Utilization of by-products and food waste in livestock production systems: A Canadian perspective. Animal Frontiers, 11(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfab004Shurson, G. C. (2020). “What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises? Sustainability, 12(17), 7071. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177071

CitationCallaway, T. R., Carroll, J. A., Arthington, J. D., Edrington, T. S., Anderson, R. C., Rossman, M. L., Carr, M. A., Genovese, K. J., Ricke, S. C., Crandall, P., & Nisbet, D. J. (2011). Orange Peel Products Can Reduce Salmonella Populations in Ruminants. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 8(10), 1071–1075. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2011.0867Callaway, T. R., Edrington, T. S., Loneragan, G. H., Carr, M. A., & Nisbet, D. J. (n.d.). Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Ecology in Cattle and Management Based Options for Reducing Fecal Shedding. 31.Callaway, T. R., Edrington, T. S., & Nisbet, D. J. (2014). MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Ecological and dietary impactors of foodborne pathogens and methods to reduce fecal shedding in cattle1,2. Journal of Animal Science, 92(4), 1356–1365. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7308Escarcha, J. F., Callaway, T. R., Byrd, J. A., Miller, D. N., Edrington, T. S., Anderson, R. C., & Nisbet, D. J. (2012). Effects of Dietary Alfalfa Inclusion on Salmonella Typhimurium Populations in Growing Layer Chicks. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 9(10), 945–951. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1251Munns, K. D., Selinger, L. B., Stanford, K., Guan, L., Callaway, T. R., & McAllister, T. A. (2015). Perspectives on Super-Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 12(2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1829Sapountzis, P., Segura, A., Desvaux, M., & Forano, E. (2020). An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 8(6), 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060877World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). Interventions for the control of non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in beef and pork: Meeting report and systematic review. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/249529

CitationBeauchemin, K. A., Ungerfeld, E. M., Eckard, R. J., & Wang, M. (2020). Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation. Animal, 14, s2–s16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003100Eshel, G., & Martin, P. A. (2006). Diet, Energy, and Global Warming. Earth Interactions, 10(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1175/EI167.1Eshel, G., Shepon, A., Makov, T., & Milo, R. (2014). Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(33), 11996–12001. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402183111Harwatt, H., Sabaté, J., Eshel, G., Soret, S., & Ripple, W. (2017). Substituting beans for beef as a contribution toward US climate change targets. Climatic Change, 143(1–2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1969-1Kim, B. F., Santo, R. E., Scatterday, A. P., Fry, J. P., Synk, C. M., Cebron, S. R., Mekonnen, M. M., Hoekstra, A. Y., de Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Neff, R. A., & Nachman, K. E. (2020). Country-specific dietary shifts to mitigate climate and water crises. Global Environmental Change, 62, 101926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.05.010Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018). Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392), 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216Rapier, R. (n.d.). Estimating The Carbon Footprint Of Hydrogen Production. 6.Rapier, R. (n.d.). Hydrogen Production With A Low Carbon Footprint. 5.Roque, B. M., Venegas, M., Kinley, R. D., de Nys, R., Duarte, T. L., Yang, X., & Kebreab, E. (2021). Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247820Teague, W. R., Apfelbaum, S., Lal, R., Kreuter, U. P., Rowntree, J., Davies, C. A., Conser, R., Rasmussen, M., Hatfield, J., Wang, T., Wang, F., & Byck, P. (2016). The role of ruminants in reducing agriculture's carbon footprint in North America. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 71(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.2.156Valente, A., Iribarren, D., & Dufour, J. (2020). Prospective carbon footprint comparison of hydrogen options. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138212

Welcome to the Cows on the Planet Podcast for more info we can be found on the following links. Like and follow for more! Website: https://cows-on-the-planet.simplecast.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1DtO7WI5txqNPlFW0osUkD?si=GNRS44nVRcm1yZ7V9wthDg&dl_branch=1&nd=1 Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/cows-on-the-planet/id1576254068 Amazon Music: https://music.amazon.ca/podcasts/004953a4-b379-487a-8b25-86ba9107c56e/cows-on-the-planet Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Cows.on.the.Planet Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/cows.on.the.planet/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/planet_cows

CitationAlkemade, R., Reid, R. S., van den Berg, M., de Leeuw, J., & Jeuken, M. (2013). Assessing the impacts of livestock production on biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(52), 20900–20905. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011013108Carlyle, C. N. (n.d.). THE BENEFITS OF CATTLE FOR CARBON STORAGE AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE. 23.Editorial: Cattle and Conservation Biology—Another View. (2021). 4.Pogue, S. J., Kröbel, R., Janzen, H. H., Alemu, A. W., Beauchemin, K. A., Little, S., Iravani, M., de Souza, D. M., & McAllister, T. A. (2020). A social-ecological systems approach for the assessment of ecosystem services from beef production in the Canadian prairie. Ecosystem Services, 45, 101172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101172

Join Dr. Mike Dugan as he explores healthy fat such as omega 3s and also unhealthy fats such as trans-fats, and the relationship between saturated fats and heart disease.

Beef welfare scientist Dr. Karen Schwartzkopf Genswein discusses changes in the beef industry during her 25 year career.