In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett dive deep into the American frontier era (1790-1890) and examine how diverse cultural groups shaped westward expansion. Through personal anecdotes and historical analysis, they explore how regional identities and ecological changes forged the American character and transformed a continental power into a global empire. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett examine the British Empire as history's largest colonial enterprise, analyzing its evolution from America-focused beginnings to India-centered expansion. hey consider the empire's contradictions—brutal exploitation alongside institutional development—while drawing connections between imperial strategies and modern geopolitical realities that continue to shape our world. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett discuss Victorian Britain as a pivotal historical era characterized by unprecedented innovation, social change, and global influence. They analyze how a small nation drove massive technological and intellectual developments while balancing competing societal forces - scientific rationalism versus romanticism. This episode examines Victorian cultural values, industrialization's impacts, and how this era constructed modern institutions before ultimately collapsing with World War I, suggesting parallels between Victorian challenges and contemporary societal tensions. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett examine the Age of Exploration, analyzing how European powers united previously isolated civilizations through maritime expansion. The hosts balance intellectual curiosity about explorers' remarkable achievements with critical reflections on conquest's darker aspects, revealing how this pivotal era fundamentally reshaped human history. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett present a conservative critique of the lasting social, cultural, and economic changes that emerged from the 1960s, with particular focus on how these changes continue to shape modern American society. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett present a conservative critique of the lasting social, cultural, and economic changes that emerged from the 1960s, with particular focus on how these changes continue to shape modern American society. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett analyze the 1950s challenges common narratives, exploring how post-WWII trauma, technological advancement, and social transformation shaped modern Western society. Through detailed historical analysis, they deconstruct popular misconceptions about the era's conservatism, examining its complex relationship with materialism, bureaucracy, and cultural change. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett examine science's historical development, challenging conventional narratives by tracing its roots in Christian philosophy and ancient traditions. The hosts analyze how empirical methodology transformed into modern "scientism," arguing that contemporary society has abandoned true scientific inquiry for ideology-driven selectivity, placing these intellectual shifts within broader historical patterns of knowledge systems. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett discuss how the adoption of iron weapons and tools democratized warfare, disrupted Bronze Age aristocracies, and facilitated new social structures and philosophical movements. They analyze parallel developments in Greece, Persia, India, and China, examining how iron technology catalyzed cultural changes, religious innovations, and new forms of governance between roughly 1200-200 BCE. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore how an interconnected world of chariot-riding elites, complex trade networks, and temple bureaucracies imploded within a single generation. From mysterious Sea Peoples to the rise of iron weapons, they unpack how this collapse birthed a new heroic age that gave us the Greeks, Jews, and Persians. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore how ancient Israel, despite its small size, revolutionized human thought through monotheism. They discuss how Jewish identity emerged from the intersection of various civilizations, developed through cycles of conquest and resistance, and ultimately shaped major world religions - all while drawing thought-provoking parallels to other historical patterns and modern phenomena. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett examine the medieval decline of Asia, analyzing how regions that were once the world's centers of culture, economics, and technology—particularly China, India, and the Islamic world—gradually lost their dominance between 1000-1500 AD.  --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about Southeast Asia: where ancient slave empires meet modern tech hubs. From Angkor's temples to Singapore's skylines, discover how this crossroads between India and China shaped global trade while maintaining its uniquely fluid cultural identity. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explores how the Silk Road shaped global civilization through expansive trade networks, cultural exchange, and power dynamics between Europe, the Middle East, India, and China. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore the fascinating world of Ancient Europe, from the mysterious megalith builders to the warring Celtic tribes. Listen as they uncover how waves of migration, technological advances, and cultural shifts shaped the continent. Learn how archaeology, genetics, and mythology reveal stories of ancient battles, complex trade networks, and forgotten civilizations that laid the foundation for modern European society. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett do a fascinating deep dive into Medieval Britain. They explore how a tiny population in northwest Europe shaped the modern world. From the fall of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest, they unpack how the English created their cultural identity, legal code, and political system – innovations that still influence us today. Through Viking invasions, peasant revolts, and epic battles, they reveal how England emerged as one of history's most consequential nations despite its modest size. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about the French Revolution and the fascinating parallels between 18th-century French social dynamics and today's political landscape. From bureaucratic upheaval to radical terror, journey through the chaos that transformed France and birthed modern political divisions. Learn how a centralized monarchy crumbled into revolutionary fervor, spawning new ideas of nationalism, secularism, and total war that would reshape Europe. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore pivotal historical moments about the English Civil War. They masterfully weave together religious conflict, economic transformation, and cultural dynamics to explain how this crucial conflict shaped modern capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, and even contemporary progressive politics. Their engaging conversation style makes complex history accessible and relevant. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about the Protestant Reformation, masterfully drawing parallels between historical information technology revolutions (like the printing press) and our current internet age, exploring how such advances fundamentally alter how societies process information and relate to authority. They offer fresh perspectives on well-worn historical territory, suggesting for instance that the Reformation wasn't just about religious doctrine, but represented a quantum leap in human agency and individualism that helped birth the modern world. --

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch is joined by business development executive and agriculture technology industry entrepreneur Austin Padgett and explore 17th century Western Europe's pivotal transformation. They examine how the Protestant-Catholic divide, parallel to modern political polarization, shaped warfare, science, and economics. The conversation reveals how the Dutch and English success in breaking monopolies and embracing agricultural innovation set the stage for the Industrial Revolution and modern capitalism. --

In this episode of History 102, In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg dive deep into the fascinating yet often overlooked realm of 17th century Eastern Europe. Join Rudyard and Erik as they bring this pivotal era to life: unravel the rise and fall of Poland-Lithuania, Russia's emergence as a great power, and Sweden's surprising dominance, and discover how Cossacks, Ottoman Turks, and visionary leaders shaped the region's destiny. With a blend of scholarly insight and engaging storytelling, Rudyard uncovers the absurdities, triumphs, and tragedies that defined this transformative century

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch is joined again by Bismarck Analysis's Samo Burja (podcast host: Live Players) for a mind-bending discussion and deep dive into the concept of "long ripples" — how ideas and events from the distant past continue to shape our present and future in unexpected ways. From Plato's influence on modern political movements to the unforeseen consequences of the Industrial Revolution, this conversation challenges our understanding of historical cause and effect. Are we truly progressing, or are we caught in cycles we fail to recognize? Can we learn from the past, or are we doomed to repeat it in new, technologically-amplified ways? This episode is a rollercoaster ride through time, technology, and human nature, forcing us to reconsider our place in the grand sweep of history. 

In this episode of History 102, In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg explore the origins, impacts, and global spread of the Industrial Revolution, from 18th century Britain to modern challenges. Unleashing progress or Pandora's box? This episode presents a unique perspective, framing the Industrial Revolution as "the magic of kings" - a transformative force that granted humanity godlike powers while leaving our fundamental nature unchanged.

In this episode of History 102, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg are joined by Bismarck Analysis's Samo Burja (podcast host: Live Players) to uncover the hidden threads connecting ancient Babylon to Silicon Valley. Did you know that 2,500 years ago, people complained about information overload just like we do today? Or that some civilizations saw 70% of their population enslaved? Rudyard and Samo peel back the layers of history, revealing: The shocking similarities between ancient Athens and the Taliban Why California might be birthing new religions as we speak How deforestation toppled empires (and why it matters now) From psychedelic Greek philosophers to the eerie parallels between Polish-Lithuanian and Cambodian history, this episode is a mind-bending tour of humanity's greatest triumphs and strangest quirks.

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg provides a detailed overview of the American Revolution, covering its causes, key events, major figures, and outcomes, while exploring the political, social, and strategic factors that shaped the conflict and led to the birth of the United States.

In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHists' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg dive into the West European Dark Ages, discussing the period from the fall of Rome until the rise of medieval Europe around 1000 AD. Were they really a decline or a period of critical transformation? Uncover the surprising truth behind this oft-misunderstood era.

In this episode of History 102, WhatIfAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg talk about the Aryan invasions around 2000 BC and how it reshaped Eurasia from Ukraine to India. This discussion explores their origins, methods, and lasting impacts on genetics, culture, and religion across diverse regions. Discover the shocking truth about the Aryan invasions and why this significant event was hidden from history for decades.

In this episode of History 102, WhatIfAltHists creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg uncover the diverse and fascinating world of ancient Greek city-states, beyond Athens and Sparta, and their unique cultures. Discover the realities of ancient Greece beyond the myths, including its complex social structures, its role in philosophy, and its impact on the world.

In this episode of History 102, join WhatIfAltHists creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg as they explore the intricate history of Mesopotamia. This episode dives into the origins, advancements, and eventual decline of one of the world's earliest civilizations, covering everything from early agriculture to the prominent empires and their societal structures.

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg Explore the tumultuous history of Imperial Russia, from its Viking origins to the rise of the Romanovs and the impact of the Mongols. When did Russia truly become a significant player on the global stage, and what were the key events that solidified its status? Listen and discover how Imperial Russia grappled with its identity, its relationship with the West, and its long journey toward modernization

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg talk about the story of the Byzantine Empire, Rome's eastern successor, and how it thrived while the West crumbled. They also discuss on the Byzantine Empire's constant battles against invaders and how it defied expectations to survive for a millennium. Why is the Byzantine Empire largely ignored? Explore its rich history, intriguing culture, and its impact on Eastern Europe and Russia.

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg explore the surprising origins of Christianity. From a carpenter's son's teachings to its unexpected rise to global dominance, discover how this religion, appealing to the marginalized, provided a sense of community and purpose in a brutal world. Learn how this religion, once seen as a radical threat, became a defining force in Western history.

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg discuss the history of the Muslim slave trade, a forgotten tragedy that predates and rivals the Atlantic slave trade in both scale and brutality. Dive into the complex dynamics and enduring impact of this dark chapter in African history, and explore the Muslim and internal slave trades while also challenging the 1619 Project's narrative. Learn about the broader context of global slavery, the complex origins of racial inequality, and the global network that fueled the transatlantic slave trade. 7:3

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg dive deep into the Axial Age, a transformative time that birthed new philosophies and religions. Uncover the surprising link between the invention of coinage, explore the decline of traditional religions, and discover the reasons why people sought new spiritual paths in 500 BC.

In this episode of History 102, WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg talk about the brutal cost of communist ideology, from mass killings to cultural destruction, and the psychological motivations driving its appeal. From Marx to Mao, explore the rise, fall, and enduring legacy of communism, its impact on history, and its surprising influence today.

This episode of History 102 explores the fascinating rise of Islam, its Golden Age, and its decline, unpacking the cultural, political, and economic factors that shaped this pivotal period in history. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg talk about the cultural and scientific achievements of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliph - a period of unprecedented growth and innovation in the Islamic world. Then, uncover the reasons behind the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, from internal conflicts and moral decay to the rise of the Turks and the shift from scientific progress to religious conservatism. – SPONSOR: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

This episode of History 102 explores the European Middle Ages, its misunderstood aspects, technological and social advancements, and critical events. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg discover how the seemingly "dark" medieval era set the stage for the scientific revolution, the age of exploration, and the rise of modern Europe. – SPONSOR: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

This episode of History 102 delves deeply into the ancient history of China, from its foundation around 2000 BC to the fall of the Han Dynasty around 200 AD. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg also explore the rise and fall of the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties, uncovering the political and social forces that shaped ancient Chinese history. Discover how ancient China evolved in isolation, developing its own unique civilization, institutions, and beliefs, with surprising parallels to other world powers. -- SPONSORS: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

This episode of History 102 dives into ancient India, exploring its rich civilizations, philosophical divergences from the West, and the profound influence of the caste system on its society. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg also debunk myths and explore the real impact of the caste system, Hindu nationalism, and the arrival of Islam on ancient Indian civilization. – SPONSORS: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

This episode of History 102 features a follow up analysis of World War II focused on Japan, China, and the events located in the Pacific. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg discuss the build-up to the Pacific War, the geopolitical backdrop of Japan's militaristic expansion, and the cultural psyche that fueled its aggressive actions. Key points include Japan's transition to authoritarianism in the 1920s, its strategic ambitions in China leading to the Sino-Japanese War, and the critical battles and dynamics with other global powers including the USSR and the USA. The episode also explores the nuanced causes and justifications behind the Pacific War, Japan's wartime atrocities, and the decisive moments that led to Japan's surrender, including discussions around the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Tourism content in the episode includes the broader implications of WWII, the downfall of colonial empires, and the socio-political changes in post-war Japan.  – SPONSORS: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

This episode of History 102 features a comprehensive analysis of World War II. WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg discuss the build-up to the war, including the aftermath of World War I and the conditions in Europe that led to the rise of Hitler. Recommendations for further reading on the subject are provided, enhancing understanding of the war's complex aspects and its lasting impact on global history. SPONSORS: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

In this episode of History 102, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg delve into critical historical moments and patterns, focusing on the Spanish Empire's unique and often overlooked role in shaping the modern world. This episode challenges common historical narratives by examining Spain's extractive policies, and the consequences of its colonization efforts, including the impact on indigenous populations and the development of an extractive culture that contrasts with other Western societies' developmental paths. SPONSORS: BEEHIIV Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

In this episode of History 102, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg explore the rise of Rome, from its origins as a small settlement in Central Italy to becoming a dominant force in the known world, drawing parallels between historical events and modern-day societal patterns. They discuss themes of decadence, social cohesion, and the cyclical nature of civilizations. - SPONSORS: BEEHIIV | PLUMB Head to Beehiiv, the newsletter platform built for growth, to power your own. Connect with premium brands, scale your audience, and deliver a beautiful UX that stands out in an inbox. 

In this episode of History 102, hosts Erik Torenberg and Rudyard Lynch delve into the American Civil War, providing a comprehensive overview encompassing its causes, key battles, and the aftermath. --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. – RECOMMENDED PODCAST: WhatIfAlthist is Rudyard's original alt history show & features historical deep dives. Subscribe to the audio version here: Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5InvQGtqIpA3p4VhNrDIwi Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/whatifalthist/id1737510373 – This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. – FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineMedia – RECOMMENDED BOOKS: Roll, Jordan, Roll by Eugene D. Genovese The Guns of the South by Harry Turtledove – TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (00:41) Exploring the Roots of the American Civil War (01:24) Complex Causes Behind the Civil War (02:02) Slavery in Sparking the Civil War (04:12) The Industrial Revolution's Impact on the Civil War (06:34) Reflections and the Debate on Civil War Causes (16:55) Beliefs of the North and South (20:57) The South's Strategy and the Role of International Powers (22:57) Sponsor (23:00) The Turning Points of the Civil War (29:14) The War Itself (48:19) The Aftermath and Reconstruction Era (55:26) Wrap

In this episode which was first aired on Whatifalthist's podcast, Rudyard Lynch explores the hypothetical scenario of World War III, analyzing potential winners, front lines, and geopolitical alliances. --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. – RECOMMENDED PODCAST Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5InvQGtqIpA3p4VhNrDIwi Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/whatifalthist/id1737510373 YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist – This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. – FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineMedia – TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Welcome (00:12) Exploring the What Ifs and Changing Perspectives of World War III (01:50) Theoretical Alliances and Their Strengths (03:19) Potential Flashpoints and Concerns (04:35) The Unpredictability of Predicting the Future (05:11) Imagining a Scenario: China's Invasion of Taiwan (08:28) The Realities of Modern Warfare and Technology (10:21) Reevaluating China's Military and Social Stability (11:43) Sponsor: Turpentine (16:43) The Complex Terrain of Potential Conflicts (20:55) A New Type of War: Demographic and Economic Battles (24:30) Concluding Thoughts and the Future of Warfare (25:00) Wrap

Today, we're excited to announce that Turpentine will be releasing Rudyard Lynch's WhatifAltHist as a podcast feed! Click the link below to subscribe. The highlighted episode we're airing today was touched on in our most recent History 102 episode on China's Modern History. Rudyard lays out his the patterns that predict China's coming socio-economic crisis. --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. – RELATED CHANNELS: Subscribe to What If Alt Hist podcast! Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5InvQGtqIpA3p4VhNrDIwi Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/whatifalthist/id1737510373 YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist – This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. – FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @dwr (Dan) @moz_podcast (Moment of Zen) @TurpentineMedia – BOOKS CITED: Asian Waters by Humphrey Hawksley Asia's Cauldron by Robert Kaplan Disunited Nations by Peter Zeihan Why Nations Fail by James Robinson and Daron Acemoglu The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama The Next 100 Years by George Friedman World Order by Henry Kissinger The Best of Times and the Worst of Times by Michael Burleigh Seeing Like a State by James C Scott Destined for War by Graham Allison Crashed by Adam Tooze China's Asian Dream by Tom Miller China by John Keay Mao by Jung Chang The Soul of China by Amaury de Riencourt Oriental Ways of Thinking by Nakamura TIMESTAMPS (00:00) Intro (00:43) Exploring China's Impending Social and Economic Crisis (02:11) The Western Fascination with Authoritarian Regimes (03:00) Understanding China's Internal Struggles and Media Misrepresentation (05:15) The Demographic Challenges Facing China (09:50) Economic Pressures and Real Estate Bubble in China (14:51) The Shift Towards Maoism and Increased Oppression (20:54) The Potential for Revolution and Civil Unrest (30:18) Predicting the Collapse of Modern China (31:42) Conclusion

Today, we're releasing a special episode from the Moment of Zen podcast where Rudyard was the featured guest along with hosts Erik Torenberg and Dan Romero. They discuss his analysis of potential future global events, such as an American civil war and a revolution in China, considering economic conditions, demographics, and societal behaviors. This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. – RELATED CHANNELS: Subscribe to Moment of Zen: https://www.youtube.com/@MomentofZenPodcast History 102: https://www.youtube.com/@History102-qg5oj Subscribe to WhatifAltHist: https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist – FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @dwr (Dan) @moz_podcast (Moment of Zen) @TurpentineMedia – BOOKS CITED: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past by David Reich The Coming Caesars by Amaury De Riencourt The Eye of Shiva: Eastern Mysticism and Science by Amaury De Riencourt Bulfinch's Mythology - All Three Volumes - The Age of Fable, The Age of Chivalry, and Legends of Charlemagne by Thomas Bulfinch Dune by Frank Herbert Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari – TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:29) Rudyard and Dan's Approach to History (03:39) Alt History (10:05) Modern Civilization and Historical Patterns (17:40) Sponsor: Turpentine (18:00) Possibility of a Civil War? (39:27) Political Crisis and the Split of States (41:27) Power of American National Guards (43:23) Dependence of States on Federal Funding (43:50) Economic Divide in America (44:20) Struggles of Average Americans (46:16) Insane Minorities in Civil Wars (47:12) Power of Elites in Conflicts (47:53) Potential for a Competent Trump-like Populist (01:02:16) The Future of China and Its Potential Revolution (01:14:45) Wrap

In today's episode, hosts Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg delve into the rich and complex history of China in the last several hundred years -- a critical period if we consider China the greatest rival of the US. The discussion explores China's once stagnant technological and social progress, periods of humiliation by Western powers, China under Mao, and the subsequent rise to become a global superpower. Rudyard's comprehensive narrative also highlights the dramatic shifts in China's demographic, political, and economic landscapes, illuminating the factors that have shaped its current politics and societal challenges. Watch this episode accompanied by maps and illustrations on History 102's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@history102-qg5oj History 102 is part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: turpentine.co --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access --- This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. --- RELATED PODCAST: If you dig History 102, we think you'll love Live Players with Samo Burja from Turpentine. Every week Samo and Erik dive into a key power player, institution, or company changing the course of history. Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5fbMTkHBnom1JIBWYNVBK1 Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1718925188 --- RECOMMENDED BOOKS: China: A History by John Keay The Soul of China by Amaury de Riencourt. Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War by Stephen R. Platt LINKS: WhatifAltHist on What if China Wasn't Communist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt5RY_DRbDU --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (00:20) Understanding China's Historical Context (02:04) China's Isolation and Technological Stagnation (07:56) China's Geopolitical Position During the Manchu Dynasty (10:57) 300-year Period of Peace in China (12:12) The Opium Wars: A Turning Point in Chinese History (15:28) Be a Sponsor of a Turpentine Podcast (16:17) The Opium Wars - continued (21:40) The Taiping Rebellion: A Forgotten War (31:55) The Boxer Rebellion and the Fall of the Chinese Monarchy (33:18) Communism and Mao's China (39:08) Deng Xiaoping's Reforms and China's Economic Boom (41:56) Predicting China's Future: Growth and Potential Challenges (46:36) Wrap and Further Reading Recommendations

In today's episode, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg discuss critical moments in colonial American history -- a span of 180 years before the revolution. They discuss the formation of regional cultures in colonial America, the foundation of modern America, and lesser-studied elements of American history before the revolution. Drawing upon colonial America, the English Civil War, the French and Indian War, they analyze how American culture has been shaped by its history and also delve into the future of America, alluding to a civil war predictor based on patterns from history. Watch this episode accompanied by maps and illustrations on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@history102-qg5oj History 102 is part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: turpentine.co --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. --- RELATED PODCAST: If you dig History 102, we think you'll love Live Players with Samo Burja from Turpentine. Every week Samo and Erik dive into a key power player, institution, or company changing the course of history. Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5fbMTkHBnom1JIBWYNVBK1 Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1718925188 --- RECOMMENDED BOOKS: Albion's Seed by David Hackett Fisher The Barbarous Years by Bernard Bailyn American Colonies: The Settling of North America by Alan Taylor --- FOLLOW US ON X: @eriktorenberg (Erik) @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @turpentinemedia (Turpentine) FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE: History 102 https://www.youtube.com/@history102-qg5oj WhatifAltHist [Main] https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist Upstream with Erik Torenberg https://www.youtube.com/@UpstreamwithErikTorenberg --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (00:16) Exploring Early America (02:05) Understanding America's British Roots (03:10) America: A Side Effect of the English Civil War (14:28) Civil War in the Future (16:30) The Influence of the English Civil War on American Culture (17:38) Another Civil War Looming in the Future? (21:49) The Start of America's National Cohesion (24:49) Global Balance of Power: What Was the Most Powerful Country at this Time? (26:28) The British Empire's Loss of Power (28:29) The Formation of Distinct Regional Cultures in America (44:52) The Birth of American Democracy (47:44) Understanding America as a People (48:42) Wrap -- This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co.

"Imagine this giant gradually getting attacked by mosquitos..." In today's episode, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg delve into the critical moments and competing narratives of the fall of the Roman Empire. They compare the classical Greeks and Romans, identify key Roman figures and outsiders who impacted the course of history, and identify the major influences that shaped their era - and our current one. Watch this episode accompanied by maps and illustrations on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@history102-qg5oj History 102 is part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: turpentine.co --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. --- RELATED PODCAST: If you dig History 102, we think you'll love Live Players with Samo Burja from Turpentine. Every week Samo and Erik dive into a key power player, institution, or company changing the course of history. Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5fbMTkHBnom1JIBWYNVBK1 Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1718925188 --- RECOMMENDED BOOKS: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150-750 (Library of World Civilization) by Peter Brown Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe by Peter Heather --- FOLLOW US ON X: @eriktorenberg (Erik) @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @turpentinemedia (Turpentine) FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE: History 102 https://www.youtube.com/@history102-qg5oj WhatifAltHist [Main] https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist Upstream with Erik Torenberg https://www.youtube.com/@UpstreamwithErikTorenberg --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (00:18) Diving into the Fall of Rome (02:39) The Rise of Rome: A Historical Context (07:49) You Can't Beat The Romans In A Battle Of Willpower (10:56) Classic Rome and Ancient Greece (16:36) The Fall of Rome: Theories and Perspectives (23:44) The Impact of the Huns on the Roman Empire (27:51) Multiple Ways of Looking at the Fall of Rome (38:47) The Aftermath of the Fall of Rome (44:38) Two Historical Schools on the Fall of Rome (46:35) Legacy and Significance of the Roman Empire (50:33) Recommendations for Further Reading (51:35) Wrap

Today WhatifAltHist's Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg dive into the Vikings, the topic that got Rudyard into history in the first place. This discussion covers the misconceptions about the dark ages, the Vikings' significant reach, and their role in shaping history. They also highlight the Vikings' legacy of establishing trade links and what how the society of the Vikings closely mirrors our own. Watch this Vikings episode accompanied by maps and illustrations on Rudyard's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@CommonGround-qg5oj History 102 is part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: turpentine.co --- SPONSOR: PLUMB Plumb is a no-code AI app builder designed for product teams who care about quality and speed. What is taking you weeks to hand-code today can be done confidently in hours. Check out https://bit.ly/PlumbTCR for early access. --- RELATED PODCAST: If you dig History 102, we think you'll love Live Players with Samo Burja from Turpentine. Every week Samo and Erik dive into a key power player, institution, or company changing the course of history. Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5fbMTkHBnom1JIBWYNVBK1 Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1718925188 --- RECOMMENDED BOOKS & Links: A History of the Vikings 2nd Edition by Gwyn Jones The Vikings by Neil Oliver The Vikings: A History by Robert Ferguson Mouse Utopia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTDTVbourzU --- FOLLOW US ON X: @eriktorenberg (Erik) @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @turpentinemedia (Turpentine) FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE: Common Ground/ History 102 https://www.youtube.com/@CommonGround-qg5oj WhatifAltHist [Main] https://www.youtube.com/@WhatifAltHist Upstream with Erik Torenberg https://www.youtube.com/@UpstreamwithErikTorenberg --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:03) Introduction to History 102 (01:36) The Vikings and why they're the apex for YOLOs (09:50) The Dark Ages and the Vikings - the seeds of our current society (12:40) Could We Be in a Dark Age Now? (13:52) Mouse Utopia is Akin to the Fall of Civilizations (16:23) Interconnected and Self-Contained Civilizations During the Dark Ages (18:38) The End of the Dark Ages and the Rise of Feudalism (22:08) The Vikings Emerge (and how their social structure is similar to tech startups and venture capital) (27:32) Civil Wars and the Formation of European monarchies (30:54) Misconceptions and Underappreciated Aspects of Viking Culture (34:35) The Fall of the Vikings and the Transition to the Middle Ages (40:29) Two Reasons for the Conversion to Christianity (43:34) What if the Vikings Ruled a Bit Longer? (47:07) The YOLO nature of the Vikings (52:52) The Vikings' Legacy and Their Impact on World History (53:16) Upcoming topics of History 102 and book recommendations -- This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We're launching new shows every week, and we're looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co.