Podcasts about Patria

JULIO SHILING - cubano-americano politólogo, escritor, director de Patria de Martí y columnista de El American. Es autor de "Dictaduras y sus paradigmas" y "Democratización en Cuba" Tema: cambio en la política sobre Cuba de la administración Joe Biden

Esta semana los atolinos platican con Carolina Rocha sobre sus extraordinarios reportajes sobre la tiranía y miseria de Cuba. Si algo queda claro, es que el comunismo cubano ha sido un rotundo fracaso.

Nació en Ceuta, era obrera textil, miliciana y en 1937 desapareció de España. Su familia, ilustre y muy conservadora, no supo nada de ella hasta su muerte, en Moscú en 1988. Y supieron, que había llegado a ser coronel del KGB. Su vida está llena de secretos; de hecho, toda su historia sigue siendo de acceso restringido por los servicios de inteligencia que, hasta su muerte, seguían siendo los soviéticos. Pero se sabe que la lucha por una causa en principio noble la llevó al fanatismo más siniestro. Nos acompaña por este viaje tenebroso a la biografía de África de las Heras Javier Juárez,  especialista en espionaje y autor de la única (y espléndida) biografía de África de las Heras, "Patria: una española en el KGB" (Debate, 2008). 

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Noticias, Tema del día, Cartas de los Oyentes, La patria es la patria - la ingeniera biomédica Silvia Schmidtová

Hoy hablamos con Juan Pablo Delgado Cantú, jefe del área de investigación de Fuerza Informativa Azteca, sobre la situación real en Cuba. Escucha el episodio.

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Y la seguridad se tomó la agenda. Era obvio, pero ya estamos en el momento en que eso es real. No solo eso, sino que incluso puede ser un poco de aire para Izkia en particular y el gobierno en general. Ahora ya no se habla de refundación de carabineros, sino que se ofrecen más policías para dar tranquilidad a las comunas. Cosas que suceden cuando se gobierna.

Y la seguridad se tomó la agenda. Era obvio, pero ya estamos en el momento que eso es real. No solo eso, sino que incluso puede ser un poco de aire para Izkia en particular y el gobierno en general. Ahora ya no se habla de refundación de carabineros, sino que se ofrecen más policías para dar tranquilidad a las comunas. Cosas que suceden cuando se gobierna.

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Sánchez aprovechó el momento para decir también que "siempre hemos optado por hacer más fuerte nuestro proyecto común, que es Europa".

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Julio Shiling - politólogo, escritor, director de Patria de Martí y columnista de El American, nos habla sobre Cuba, Venezuela y Nicaragua no serán invitados a la próxima Cumbre de las Américas

Cuini Amelio Ortiz llegó a Berlín hace mucho tiempo. Ya era cineasta en Argentina, en Berlín solo lo confirmó: desde 1985 ha realizado más de 40 documentales para cadenas alemanas y europeas. Le gustan los temas duros y difíciles, como la guerra y la migración. Y de eso nos habla en esta entrevista con Pía Castro, además de un concepto que a muchos hace llorar, Heimat.

Se non lavori Giorgia Meloni ti multa. Non male come idea da colei che lamenta da anni uno «Stato che ci controlla e che ci obbliga a vaccinarci». #LaSveglia per La Notizia

Un viaje al centro de la geopolítica global, de la mano de Marco Teruggi. En conversación con Ximena Tordini, Natalia Gelós y Mario Santucho. Los dilemas que abre la compra de Twitter por parte del multimillonario Elon Musk. Y la pregunta por la regulación después del crac del sueño globalizador. Con el aporte de Julián Macías Tobar. Encontranos en todas las plataformas de podcast o los sábado a las 9 en Nacional Rock, FM 93.7

Horacio Franco, Ana Francis Mor y Fernando Rivera Calderón dialogan sobre la presencia de violencia en el lenguaje político actual y la utilización del calificativo “traidores a la Patria”.Visita: https://julioastillero.com/ Link para hacer donaciones vía PayPal:https://www.paypal.me/julioastillero See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

•La CDMX, es el mejor lugar para invertir•Fiscalía de Nuevo León cesa a dos funcionarios por deficiencias en el caso Debanhi•Más información en nuestro podcast

Traicionar a la Patria, significa doblarse ante un mandatario extranjero: Alejandro MorenoPrecios de energía y alimentos se mantendrán altos, informa el Banco Mundial Kamala Harris, anuncio que dio positivo a Covid-19

Únete a nuestra comunidad en Telegram: https://bit.ly/3CRzgJr Escucha el podcast ¡México, ¡al chile!: - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3o3LdFz - Apple Podcast: https://apple.co/3EVmn1z Encuentrame en redes sociales: FB: https://bit.ly/34eM23W TW: https://bit.ly/3c0ffTc IG: https://bit.ly/3dXFJGt IG 2: https://bit.ly/2XfpdM0 TikTok: https://bit.ly/3ES3PPO Lee nuestros reportajes en www.themexico.news

En Buenos Días América arrancamos contando “Que paso mientras Ud. dormía” nuestro boletín informativo con un resumen de las noticias más importantes del día.Hemos hecho Debate sobre inmigración e inflación en USA, con los analistas, Julio M. Shiling politólogo, escritor y director de Patria de Martí y Benjamín De Yurre, economista. Aquí sus opiniones y comentarios frente a cada uno de los temas que hoy ocupan la agenda nacional.Maria Luisa Martinez corresponsal de Univision desde Perú, para conocer más detalles sobre la propuesta del presidente Pedro Castillo para implementar la castración química a violadores de menores, Además, conversamos con la numeróloga Liz Landaeta para conocer qué les depara el futuro a al presidente de la nación y otros líderes de nuestro país de acuerdo con esa disciplina, a veces cuestionada.Antonio Valenzuela divulgador de salud y desarrollo, explicándonos cuales son los problemas que se nos pueden presentar por no respirar correctamente.Y en Contacto Deportivo, hablamos con Pedro Antonio Flores dando una ronda por la jornada del futbol mexicano, el gran premio de Italia y la llegada de la selección nacional de México a orlando en su campaña de preparación para el mundial.Mañana más, en Buenos Días América, no olvides en conectarte. Si te gusto, recuerda compartir con tus amigos que pueden encontrarnos en la App de UFORIA o en cualquier plataforma de podcast.Envíanos tus comentarios, inquietudes o sugerencias, a nuestras redes sociales en Facebook @buenosdiasam, Instagram buenosdiasamericaam o escríbenos a nfoudradio@UNIVISION.NET estaríamos encantados de recibirlas.

What is the true cost of not prioritizing our mental and physical health? Have you ever held yourself back on achieving a goal related to health? Well I know I have and still do at times.... this is why I am bringing you guys my amazing guest Patria Leone this week! Patria will break down how to access the knowledge and skills to overcome these barriers! She is the CEO and Founder of Health4Wealth LLC and H4W protein powders and supplements. Patria is also a health strategist who hosts her own radio show called Health4welath where she features entrepreneurs and business owners on all things health related for maximizing lifestyle! Tune in to hear how Patria overcame personal struggles to help guide others toward clarity on their health pursuits! For more Patria go here: https://www.instagram.com/patrialeone/ --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/masteryourmental/support

Julio Shiling - cubanoamericano, escritor, politólogo, director de Patria de Martí y columnista de El American, nos habla sobre los 80.000 cubanos que han llegado a EEUU en los últimos seis meses

Hay que tomarlo en serio. Uno no debe burlarse”. La recomendación la he leído y escuchado hasta el cansancio en estos días.

Únete a nuestra comunidad en Telegram: https://bit.ly/3CRzgJr Escucha el podcast ¡México, ¡al chile!: - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3o3LdFz - Apple Podcast: https://apple.co/3EVmn1z Encuentrame en redes sociales: FB: https://bit.ly/34eM23W TW: https://bit.ly/3c0ffTc IG: https://bit.ly/3dXFJGt IG 2: https://bit.ly/2XfpdM0 TikTok: https://bit.ly/3ES3PPO Lee nuestros reportajes en www.themexico.news

Bienvenidos a nuestro resumen de noticias para este viernes 22 de abril. Estas son algunas de los temas que puedes conocer el día de hoy: AMLO defiende campaña de Morena que exhibe a diputados como 'traidores a la patria' Joe Biden anuncia ayuda militar a Ucrania y prohíbe que barcos rusos atraquen en Estados Unidos Musk dice que tiene $ 46.5 mil millones en financiamiento listo para comprar Twitter Erik ten Hag: el Manchester United nombra al entrenador del Ajax como próximo entrenador Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse se retrasa hasta el 2023 Descarga Brieffy haciendo click aquí: https://www.brieffy.news/apiv3/download

El Presidente y luego sus seguidores decidieron llamar “traidores a la Patria” a quienes votaron contra su reforma constitucional de energía.

Patria Leone will maximize your mindset, health, relationships, and finances. Picture a drill sergeant in the appearance of a wellness coach. Patria uses her sometimes painful journey, to help YOU be your BEST.

•CCE felicita a legisladores que votaron sobre la reforma eléctrica •Más información en nuestro podcast

Buenos días desde La Habana, soy Yoani Sánchez y en el "cafecito informativo" de este lunes 18 de 2022 comentaré estos temas: - La salud mental en medio de la crisis - Las mascarillas de fabricación cubana aparecen cuando la pandemia está de salida - Nicaragua prohíbe la entrada a un médico que denunció las carencias del sistema de Salud cubano - “Con tantas lluvias al lomo” Gracias por compartir este “cafecito informativo” y te espero temprano para el programa de mañana. Puedes conocer más detalles de estas noticias en el diario https://www.14ymedio.com Los enlaces de hoy: - Las mascarillas de fabricación cubana aparecen cuando la pandemia está de salida https://notihab.online/cuba/mascarillas-fabricacion-aparecen-pandemia-salida_0_3297270244.html - Los accidentes de tránsito, quinta causa de muerte, siguen enlutando a Cuba https://notihab.online/cuba/accidentes-trafico-siguen-enlutando-Cuba_0_3297270242.html - Nicaragua prohíbe la entrada a un médico que denunció las carencias de la Salud cubana https://notihab.online/cuba/Nicaragua-prohibe-entrada-Alexander_Figueredo-denuncio-carencias-Salud-Cuba_0_3296670304.html - La mayor termoeléctrica de Cuba sale de servicio de forma "imprevista" https://notihab.online/cuba/termoelectrica-Cuba-servicio-forma-imprevista_0_3296670301.html - Solo en un hospital cubano se harán los chequeos médicos para las visas de inmigrante a EE UU https://notihab.online/cuba/hospital-cubano-chequeos-medicos-visas-inmigrante-EE-UU_0_3295470428.html - Derrotado por Spence, Ugás saluda a sus seguidores con "Patria y Vida" https://notihab.online/deportes/Derrotado-Errol_Spence-saluda-Yordenis_Ugas-Patria_Vida_0_3296670302.html - Presentación de la novela 'Habana Año Cero' de Karla Suárez https://notihab.online/eventos_culturales/libros/Presentacion-novela-Habana-Cero-Karla-Suarez_13_3295000468.html

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Keď sa dlhoročná skautka a spoluzakladateľka Montessori škôlky v Bratislave Dáša Cingálková chcela so svojou dcérou rozprávať o jej tele a intímnych zónach, zistila, že v slovenčine žiadna taká kniha pre deti neexistuje. Rozhodla sa preto kontaktovať autorku bestselleru "My body belongs to me" s návrhom, že ju preloží do slovenčiny. Kniha "Moje telo patrí mne" vyšla len nedávno, no jej odkaz a obsah je tak dôležitý, že sa k nám tip na Dášu ako hosťku dostal nezávisle z viacerých strán. Pozvali sme ju, aby sme sa rozprávali o tom, ako s deťmi komunikovať o ich tele, intímnych zónach, ako ich učiť rozoznať, keď sa im deje niečo nepríjemné, prečo sú tajomstvá nebezpečné a ako komunikovať hranice tela našich detí s blízkym a vzdialenejším okolím. Dáša okrem prekladu kníh vytvorila aj seminár pre rodičov a deti o hraniciach tela, súhlase, ktorý je zameraný na prevenciu sexuálneho násilia na deťoch. Tento diel je nabitý dôležitými informáciami, konkrétnymi príkladmi aj úprimnými výbuchmi smiechu.

Jornada Betances - Cabo Rojo https://www.facebook.com/Jornada-a-Betances-1384984395152212/ Carmen Asencio Roxana Fernández Joaquín García Mary Ann Merrill Juan Carlos Olmeda • La importancia de la Jornada • Un poco de historia sobre Betances • La novela El Espía de Betances • Este año se recuerda los 195 años de Betances • Este año la Jornada se reanuda presencial • ¿Quién era Betances? • Persecución de los betancinos por celebrar las recomendaciones • Betances era blanco por “votación popular” • La importancia para la economía del oeste y su contrabando • El Betances médico que recibió la Cruz de Francia por su rol en la lucha de la pandemia del cólera • Invitación a leer la tesis doctoral de Betances fue sobre la salud reproductiva de la mujer y está muy a tono con la discusión actual • Sobre el calendario de actividades de Jornada de Betances o Viernes:  Pescadores y agricultores se incluyeron en un mercado en la feria  Micrófono abierto sobre Betances  Homenaje a Bob Rabin  Conferencia sobre la gentrificación que amenaza la isla  Música de Trio  Conferencia sobre la educación en el País  Encuentro de trovadores o Sábado:  Visita de la Logia cuna de Betances  Feria de Salud  Taller de arte y de higüera  Conferencia sobre remedios naturales para las plagas del jardín  Taller de baile de bomba  Payaso  Conferencia sobre las leyes 20 y 22  Certamen literario y artes plásticas para los niños escolares de Cabo Rojo  Protocolo masónico del Gran Oriente  Conferencia sobre Betances político  Bohemia  Músico de Tepeu y Haciendo Punto

Continuarán las altas temperaturas en la ciudad de MéxicoCONACYT dio a conocer los requisitos para ser voluntario para la fase dos de la vacuna PatriaComenzó el desmantelamiento de la montaña rusa de la feria de Chapultepec

La Historia de Malvinas se seguirá escribiendo a la par de los esfuerzos diplomáticos para lograr, definitivamente, el reconocimiento de soberanía argentina sobre ese puñado de tierra tan lejano para el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña y tan cercano para nuestro país. Este año se cumplieron 40 años del desembarco argentino en el Archipiélago. A los homenajes a realizarse en todo el país durante todo el 2022, Radio Nacional se suma con este Documental inédito en el cual la guerra…la cuentan “los de piel oscura”…los excombatientes de pueblos indígenas que combatieron en las primeras líneas de fuego. Invisibilizados a lo largo de estos años. Los protagonistas son: Benito González (Qom). Hilario Flores (Colla) Anastasio Vilca Condorí (Colla de la comunidad Los Naranjos. Salta). Juan Bautista Vilca (Colla) David Zambrino (Descendiente guaraní). Martín Raninqueo (Mapuche). Algunos de ellos nos dejaron su reflexión final en el idioma de sus ancestros. Sus relatos estremecen. Los recuerdos de sus compañeros que cayeron en combate, emocionan. Como dijo el Presidente de la Nación: “Las Malvinas fueron, son y serán Argentinas”. Los héroes de pueblos indígenas dieron todo por su Patria. Locución: Chelo Ayala Edición y musicalización: Fabián Panizzi Contenidos: Mariana Antoñanzas y Liliana Manna Producción Ejecutiva: Liliana Manna  

La vacuna dio esultados superiores a otras vacunas aplicadas contra el Covid-19. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Esta es una muestra de "La violinista roja". La versión completa tiene una duración total de 5 h 48 min. Encuentra este audiolibro completo en: https://bit.ly/violinistaroja-audiolibroNarrado por: Charo SoriaLa legendaria historia de una valerosa mujer que luchó por sus ideales más allá de la familia, el amor, la amistad y el orden mundial. «Pero ¿quién demonios es esa mujer?» era la pregunta más escuchada en los despachos de la CIA. ¿Quién movía los hilos del espionaje mundial, frustraba operaciones de inteligencia, retorcía voluntades, mudaba de piel, encabezaba misiones imposibles, descubría secretos de Estado y dibujaba en el tablero de la Guerra Fría la amenaza de una Tercera Guerra Mundial? Esa misteriosa mujer era la española África de las Heras, quien se convirtió en la espía soviética más importante del siglo xx. Captada por los servicios secretos de Stalin en Barcelona durante la guerra civil española, formó parte del operativo para asesinar a Trotski en México, luchó contra los nazis ejerciendo de radioperadora —violinista— en Ucrania, protagonizó la trampa de miel más fructífera del KGB al casarse con el escritor anticomunista Felisberto Hernández y crear la mayor red de agentes soviéticos en Sudamérica, dejó su impronta en el espionaje nuclear, en bahía de Cochinos y se relacionó con Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera o Ernest Hemingway, entre otros. Una vida llena de peligro, misterio, glamour y numerosas identidades secretas bajo un mismo alias: Patria. Ni siquiera la relación personal con el asesino de Trotski, Ramón Mercader, la separó de sus objetivos, pero ¿qué precio tuvo que pagar por su lealtad a la URSS y a sí misma? Reyes Monforte relata en La violinista roja la increíble vida de un icono fascinante de nuestra historia; una novela épica, torrencial y ambiciosa en torno a una de las mujeres que forjaron el siglo xx tal y como lo conocemos.© 2022, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, S. A. U.#penguinaudio #audiolibro #audiolibros #monforte #reyesmonforte See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

En el episodio 159 de este podcast informativo, tres grandes reportajes destacaron esta semana por la alianza entre los portales RunRun.es, TalCual y El Pitazo.De la rumba al mundo petrolero: dos jóvenes empresarios investigados por traición a la Patria., es el reportaje que destacó por El Pitazo esta semana. Ochos meses después que el Departamento del Tesoro de Estados Unidos sancionara a Pdvsa, Hugo Andrés Hernández Chacón y Juan Andrés Perozo Urdaneta constituyeron una empresa para movilizar el petróleo venezolano y así evitar el bloqueo de las autoridades americanas.Sambil La Candelaria: ni comercio socialista, ni universidad, ni clínica, ni centro cultural, es el reportaje de TalCual que expone que hasta la fecha ninguna autoridad ha declarado al respecto. Algunos analistas consideran que el gobierno madurista está flexibilizando varias políticas chavistas obligados por la asfixia económica, otros piensan que se trata de una mera estrategia electoral de cara a los comicios presidenciales de 2024. Por Runrun.es resaltó el trabajo Venezuela post covid, el episodio final de la pandemia aún está en construcción. Aunque después de vacunados, muchos venezolanos han bajado la guardia y se atreven hasta andar sin tapabocas, para algunos expertos no estamos ni cerca de salir de la fase pandémica del coronavirus. Médicos indican que a finales de 2022, la enfermedad podría ser endémica, pero no hay que relajarse y se deben seguir con las medidas de bioseguridad.  No olvides suscribirte desde tu plataforma de podcast preferida y compartirlo con tus amigos para que se mantengan informados. Además, puedes visitar las páginas web para tener acceso a las noticias y mayor detalle de los reportajes que destacaron esta semana en el Tres en Uno, tu suplemento informativo semanal.

 23MAR82, Por la Patria todo es poco  

(Partido Premundial Ecuador-Argentina) «El pitazo final hace rugir el estadio Olímpico Atahualpa. Cuarenta y dos mil hinchas saltan, gritan, lloran. El Ecuador le ganó dos a cero a la Argentina. ¡Dos a cero! ... »Pocos hinchas han olvidado ese día. Era domingo. Un 2 de junio de 1996. Ecuador y Argentina se enfrentaban por las eliminatorias al Mundial de Francia.» Así presenta las emociones vividas ese día la profesora ecuatoriana Martha Cecilia Ruiz en el segundo volumen de la serie titulada: Con sabor a gol: Biblioteca del fútbol ecuatoriano. Según el sociólogo Hernán Reyes, «una de las tantas magias que ofrece el fútbol es el hecho de invertir los valores sociales, aunque sea por noventa minutos». Así, por obra y gracia de un partido bien jugado, un hombre pobre o negro —mal visto antes de entrar a la cancha— puede convertirse en héroe —señala Ruiz—. Por eso, en el partido Ecuador-Argentina, el esmeraldeño Eduardo Hurtado se volvió estrella cuando, dos minutos antes del pitazo final, pegó la carrera desde la media cancha y, con un cañonazo, marcó el segundo tanto: el del triunfo. Los hinchas lloraron. Hurtado corrió hacia [las graderías], se levantó la camiseta tricolor, besó el escapulario con la imagen de Narcisa de Jesús y ofreció el gol a su padre. Patria, religión y familia... tres pájaros de un tiro.»1 Apodado «El Tanque», Eduardo Hurtado (que en ese entonces era el goleador del Galaxy de Los Ángeles, Estados Unidos) se había sumado a la selección ecuatoriana apenas cinco días antes del partido, pero se había quedado entrenando en Guayaquil para no sentir los efectos de la altura. Viajaba a la capital para los entrenamientos tácticos y para escuchar lo que tenía que enseñar el técnico Maturana, pero inmediatamente después regresaba en avión al puerto principal del país. Dos años antes, en un partido amistoso disputado allí mismo en Guayaquil, la selección del Ecuador había logrado derrotar por primera vez a Argentina, encabezada por su máxima estrella Diego Armando Maradona. Pero ahora Maradona estaba encendiendo los ánimos diciendo que Maturana tenía miedo de este encuentro.2 «Yo le había prometido a mi padre Ramón que iba a hacer un gol ante Argentina —recuerda Hurtado acerca de esa histórica tarde de 1996—.... Estuve a punto de marcar en varias ocasiones, pero Bossio atajaba todo. »En el minuto 89 la gente pedía que terminara el partido. Pero yo nunca perdí las esperanzas: un minuto después, Álex Aguinaga me hizo un pase desde la media cancha, corrí con todo y le pegué con fuerza y mucha fe. Vi que el balón entró en el ángulo.... Me abrazaban Wagner Rivera y Lucho Capurro, pero yo buscaba a mi padre en la tribuna. Cuando lo vi, me salieron las lágrimas.»3 ¡Qué linda esa imagen del padre que revienta de orgullo por la hazaña de su hijo, a la vez que el hijo revienta de emoción por haberle podido cumplir semejante promesa a su padre! Si bien un padre es capaz de sentir tal emoción aquí en la tierra, ¿cuál no será la emoción que colmará de satisfacción a nuestro Padre celestial cuando, como hijos suyos, marquemos el gol final y se lo dediquemos a Él en las graderías de la gloria? Para que ese sea nuestro futuro, más vale que le prometamos a Dios que de aquí en adelante entregaremos alma y corazón en la cancha de las eliminatorias mundiales de nuestra vida. Carlos ReyUn Mensaje a la Concienciawww.conciencia.net 1 Martha Cecilia Ruiz, «El fútbol: ¿el espacio absoluto de la masculinidad?», Con sabor a gol: Biblioteca del fútbol ecuatoriano, Kintto Lucas, Editor Volumen II (Quito: FLACSO Sede Ecuador, 2006), pp. 223-25 En línea 11 marzo 2020. 2 Emilio José Carrión, «El día que Argentina perdió en el Ecuador», Diario El Universo, 31 mayo 2005 En línea 11 marzo 2020. 3 Eduardo Hurtado, «Esa tarde le cumplí a mi padre», Diario El Universo, 31 mayo 2005 En línea 11 marzo 2020.

Support the show and receive bonus episodes by becoming a Patreon producer over at: www.themidnighttrainpodcast.com  Archives of terror Archivos del Terror were found on december 22, 1992 by a lawyer and human rights activist, strange how those two titles are in the same sentence, Dr. Martín Almada, and Judge José Agustín Fernández. Found in a police station in the suburbs of Paraguay known as Asunción.   Fernandez was looking for files on a former prisoner. Instead, stumbled across an archive describing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans who had been secretly kidnapped, tortured, and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay with the help of our friendly neighborhood CIA. Known as Operation Condor.   “Operation Condor was a U.S. backed campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents.”   Let's go back a ways toward the beginning. One day, a young guy, wanted to fuck up the world and created the CIA. JK… but not really.   So we go back to 1968 where General Robert W. Porter said that "in order to facilitate the coordinated employment of internal security forces within and among Latin American countries, we are ... endeavoring to foster inter-service and regional cooperation by assisting in the organization of integrated command and control centers; the establishment of common operating procedures; and the conduct of joint and combined training exercises."   According to former secret CIA documents from 1976, plans were developed among international security officials at the US Army School of the Americas and the Conference of American Armies in the 1960s and early 1970s to deal with perceived threats in South America from political dissidents, according to American historian J. Patrice McSherry. "In early 1974, security officials from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia convened in Buenos Aires to prepare synchronized attacks against subversive targets," according to a declassified CIA memo dated June 23, 1976.   Following a series of military-led coups d'états, particularly in the 1970s, the program was established: General Alfredo Stroessner took control of Paraguay in 1954 General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez takes control of Peru after a successful coup in 1975 The Brazilian military overthrew the president João Goulart in 1964 General Hugo Banzer took power in Bolivia in 1971 through a series of coups A military dictatorship seized power in Uruguay on 27 June 1973 Chilean armed forces commanded by General Augusto Pinochet bombed the presidential palace in Chile on 11 September 1973, overthrowing democratically elected president Salvador Allende A military dictatorship headed by General Jorge Rafael Videla seized power in Argentina on 24 March 1976   According to American journalist A. J. Langguth, the CIA organized the first meetings between Argentinian and Uruguayan security officials regarding the surveillance (and subsequent disappearance or assassination) of political refugees in these countries, as well as its role as an intermediary in the meetings between Argentinian, Uruguayan, and Brazilian death squads.   According to the National Security Archive's documentary evidence from US, Paraguayan, Argentine, and Chilean files, "Founded by the Pinochet regime in November 1975, Operation Condor was the codename for a formal Southern Cone collaboration that included transnational secret intelligence activities, kidnapping, torture, disappearance, and assassination." Several persons were slain as part of this codename mission. "Notable Condor victims include two former Uruguayan legislators and a former Bolivian president, Juan José Torres, murdered in Buenos Aires, a former Chilean Minister of the Interior, Bernardo Leighton, and former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier and his 26-year-old American colleague, Ronni Moffitt, assassinated by a car bomb in downtown Washington D.C.," according to the report.   Prior to the formation of Operation Condor, there had been cooperation among various security services with the goal of "eliminating Marxist subversion." On September 3, 1973, at the Conference of American Armies in Caracas, Brazilian General Breno Borges Fortes, the chief of the Brazilian army, urged that various services "expand the interchange of information" in order to "fight against subversion."   Representatives from Chile, Uruguay, and Bolivia's police forces met with Alberto Villar, deputy chief of the Argentine Federal Police and co-founder of the Triple A killing squad, in March 1974 to discuss collaboration standards. Their purpose was to eliminate the "subversive" threat posed by Argentina's tens of thousands of political exiles. Bolivian immigrants' bodies were discovered at rubbish dumps in Buenos Aires in August 1974. Based on recently revealed CIA records dated June 1976, McSherry corroborated the kidnapping and torture of Chilean and Uruguayan exiles living in Buenos Aires during this time.   On General Augusto Pinochet's 60th birthday, November 25, 1975, in Santiago de Chile, heads of the military intelligence services of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met with Manuel Contreras, commander of the Chilean secret police, to officially establish the Plan Condor. General Rivero, an intelligence officer in the Argentine Armed Forces and a former student of the French, devised the concept of Operation Condor, according to French writer Marie-Monique Robin, author of Escadrons de la death, l'école française (2004, Death Squads, The French School).   Officially, the targets were armed groups (such as the MIR, the Montoneros or the ERP, the Tupamaros, etc.) based on the governments' perceptions of threats, but the governments expanded their attacks to include all types of political opponents, including their families and others, as reported by the Valech Commission, which is known as The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report. The Argentine "Dirty War," for example, kidnapped, tortured, and assassinated many trade unionists, relatives of activists, social activists such as the founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, nuns, university professors, and others, according to most estimates.   The Chilean DINA and its Argentine counterpart, SIDE, were the operation's front-line troops from 1976 forward. The infamous "death flights," which were postulated in Argentina by Luis Mara Menda and deployed by French forces during the Algerian War (1954–62), were widely used. Government forces flew or helicoptered victims out to sea, where they were dumped to die in premeditated disappearances. According to reports, the OPR-33 facility in Argentina was destroyed as a result of the military bombardment. Members of Plan Condor met in Santiago, Chile, in May 1976, to discuss "long-range collaboration... [that] went well beyond intelligence exchange" and to assign code names to the participating countries. The CIA acquired information in July that Plan Condor participants planned to strike "against leaders of indigenous terrorist groups residing overseas."   Several corpses washed up on beaches south of Buenos Aires in late 1977 as a result of extraordinary storms, providing evidence of some of the government's victims. Hundreds of newborns and children were removed from women in prison who had been kidnapped and later disappeared; the children were then given to families and associates of the dictatorship in clandestine adoptions. According to the CIA, Operation Condor countries reacted positively to the concept of cooperating and built their own communications network as well as joint training programs in areas like psychological warfare.    The military governments in South America were coming together to join forces for security concerns, according to a memo prepared by Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America Harry W. Shlaudeman to Kissinger on August 3, 1976. They were anxious about the growth of Marxism and the consequences it would have on their dominance. This new force worked in secret in the countries of other members. Their mission: to track out and murder "Revolutionary Coordinating Committee" terrorists in their own nations and throughout Europe.Shlaudeman voiced fear that the members of Operation Condor's "siege mindset" could lead to a wider divide between military and civilian institutions in the region. He was also concerned that this would further isolate these countries from developed Western countries. He argued that some of these anxieties were justified, but that by reacting too harshly, these countries risked inciting a violent counter-reaction comparable to the PLO's in Israel.   Chile and Argentina were both active in using communications medium for the purpose of transmitting propaganda, according to papers from the United States dated April 17, 1977. The propaganda's goal was to accomplish two things. The first goal was to defuse/counter international media criticism of the governments involved, and the second goal was to instill national pride in the local population. "Chile after Allende," a propaganda piece developed by Chile, was sent to the states functioning under Condor. The paper, however, solely mentions Uruguay and Argentina as the only two countries that have signed the deal. The government of Paraguay was solely identified as using the local press, "Patria," as its primary source of propaganda. Due to the reorganisation of both Argentina's and Paraguay's intelligence organizations, a meeting scheduled for March 1977 to discuss "psychological warfare measures against terrorists and leftist extremists" was canceled.   One "component of the campaign including Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina envisages unlawful operations beyond Latin America against expatriate terrorists, primarily in Europe," according to a 2016 declassified CIA study titled "Counterterrorism in the Southern Cone." "All military-controlled regimes in the Southern Cone consider themselves targets of international Marxism," the memo stated. Condor's fundamental characteristic was highlighted in the document, which came to fruition in early 1974 when "security officials from all of the member countries, except Brazil, agreed to establish liaison channels and to facilitate the movement of security officers on government business from one country to the other," as part of a long-tested "regional approach" to pacifying "subversion." Condor's "initial aims" included the "exchange of information on the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta (RCJ), an organization...of terrorist groups from Bolivia, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay" with "representatives" in Europe "believed to have been involved in the assassinations in Paris of the Bolivian ambassador to France last May and a Uruguayan military attache in 1974." Condor's primary purpose, according to the CIA assessment, was to eliminate "top-level terrorist leaders" as well as non-terrorist targets such as "Uruguayan opposition figure Wilson Ferreira, if he should travel to Europe, and some leaders of Amnesty International." Condor was also suspected by the CIA of being "involved in nonviolent actions, including as psychological warfare and a propaganda campaign" that used the media's power to "publicize terrorist crimes and atrocities." Condor also urged citizens in its member countries to "report anything out of the norm in their surroundings" in an appeal to "national pride and national conscience." Another meeting took place in 1980, and Montensero was apprehended. The RSO allegedly promised not to kill them if they agreed to collaborate and provide information on upcoming meetings in Rio.   So, after all of this mumbo jumbo, let's recap.    50,000 people were killed, 30,000 disappeared, and 400,000 were imprisoned, according to the "terror archives."  A letter signed by Manuel Contreras, the chief of Chile's National Intelligence Directorate (DINA) at the time, inviting Paraguayan intelligence personnel to Santiago for a clandestine "First Working Meeting on National Intelligence" on November 25, 1975, was also uncovered. The presence of intelligence chiefs from Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay at the meetings was also confirmed by this letter, indicating that those countries were also involved in the formulation of Operation Condor. Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela are among the countries named in the archives as having collaborated to varying degrees by giving intelligence information that had been sought by the security agencies of the Southern Cone countries. Parts of the archives, which are presently housed in Asunción's Palace of Justice, have been used to prosecute former military officers in some of these countries. Those records were used extensively in Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón's prosecution against Chilean General Augusto Pinochet. Baltasar Garzón interviewed Almada twice after he was a Condor victim.   "[The records] represent a mound of shame and lies that Stroessner [Paraguay's ruler until 1989] used to blackmail the Paraguayan people for 40 years," Almada said. He wants the "terror archives" to be listed as an international cultural site by UNESCO, as this would make it much easier to get funds to maintain and protect the records.   In May 2000, a UNESCO mission visited Asunción in response to a request from the Paraguayan government for assistance in registering these files on the Memory of the World Register, which is part of a program aimed at preserving and promoting humanity's documentary heritage by ensuring that records are preserved and accessible.   Now that we are all caught up, let's talk about a few noteworthy events. First we go to Argentina.   Argentina was ruled by military juntas from 1976 until 1983 under Operation Condor, which was a civic-military dictatorship. In countless incidents of desaparecidos, the Argentine SIDE collaborated with the Chilean DINA. In Buenos Aires, they assassinated Chilean General Carlos Prats, former Uruguayan MPs Zelmar Michelini and Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz, and former Bolivian President Juan José Torres. With the support of Italian Gladio operator Stefano Delle Chiaie and Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie, the SIDE aided Bolivian commander Luis Garca Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup (see also Operation Charly). Since the release of secret records, it has been revealed that at ESMA, there were operational units made up of Italians who were utilized to suppress organizations of Italian Montoneros. Gaetano Saya, the Officer of the Italian stay behind next - Operation Gladio, led this outfit known as "Shadow Group." The Madres de la Square de Mayo, a group of mothers whose children had vanished, began protesting every Thursday in front of the Casa Rosada on the plaza in April 1977. They wanted to know where their children were and what happened to them. The abduction of two French nuns and other founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in December 1977 drew worldwide notice. Their corpses were later recognized among the deceased washed up on beaches south of Buenos Aires in December 1977, victims of death planes.   In 1983, when Argentina's democracy was restored, the government established the National Commission for Forced Disappearances (CONADEP), which was chaired by writer Ernesto Sabato. It gathered testimony from hundreds of witnesses about regime victims and known atrocities, as well as documenting hundreds of secret jails and detention sites and identifying torture and execution squad leaders. The Juicio a las Juntas (Juntas Trial) two years later was mostly successful in proving the crimes of the top commanders of the numerous juntas that had composed the self-styled National Reorganization Process. Most of the top officers on trial, including Jorge Rafael Videla, Emilio Eduardo Massera, Roberto Eduardo Viola, Armando Lambruschini, Ral Agosti, Rubén Graffigna, Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Anaya, and Basilio Lami Dozo, were convicted and sentenced to life in prison.   Following these trials, Ral Alfonsn's administration implemented two amnesty laws, the 1986 Ley de Punto Final (law of closure) and the 1987 Ley de Obediencia Debida (law of due obedience), which ended prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War. In an attempt at healing and reconciliation, President Carlos Menem pardoned the junta's leaders who were serving prison sentences in 1989–1990.   Due to attacks on American citizens in Argentina and revelations about CIA funding of the Argentine military in the late 1990s, and despite an explicit 1990 Congressional prohibition, US President Bill Clinton ordered the declassification of thousands of State Department documents relating to US-Argentine relations dating back to 1954. These documents exposed American involvement in the Dirty War and Operation Condor.   Following years of protests by the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and other human rights organizations, the Argentine Congress overturned the amnesty legislation in 2003, with the full support of President Nestor Kirchner and the ruling majority in both chambers. In June 2005, the Argentine Supreme Court deemed them unlawful after a separate assessment. The government was able to resume prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War as a result of the court's decision.    Enrique Arancibia Clavel, a DINA civil agent who was charged with crimes against humanity in Argentina in 2004, was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the death of General Prats. Stefano Delle Chiaie, a suspected Italian terrorist, is also said to have been involved in the murder. In Rome in December 1995, he and fellow extreme Vincenzo Vinciguerra testified before federal judge Mara Servini de Cubra that DINA operatives Clavel and Michael Townley were intimately involved in the assassination. Judge Servini de Cubra demanded that Mariana Callejas (Michael Townley's wife) and Cristoph Willikie, a retired Chilean army colonel, be extradited in 2003 because they were also accused of being complicit in the murder. Nibaldo Segura, a Chilean appeals court judge, declined extradition in July 2005, claiming that they had already been prosecuted in Chile.   Twenty-five former high-ranking military commanders from Argentina and Uruguay were charged on March 5, 2013, in Buenos Aires with conspiring to "kidnap, disappear, torture, and kill" 171 political opponents throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Former Argentine "presidents" Jorge Videla and Reynaldo Bignone, both from the El Proceso era, are among the defendants. Prosecutors are relying on declassified US records collected by the National Security Archive, a non-governmental entity established at George Washington University in Washington, DC, in the 1990s and later.   On May 27, 2016, fifteen former military personnel were found guilty. Reynaldo Bignone was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Fourteen of the remaining 16 defendants were sentenced to eight to twenty-five years in prison. Two of the defendants were found not guilty.  A lawyer for the victims' relatives, Luz Palmás Zalda, claims that "This decision is significant since it is the first time Operation Condor's existence has been proven in court. It's also the first time former Condor members have been imprisoned for their roles in the criminal organization."    Anyone wanna go to Brazil?   In the year 2000, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso ordered the publication of some military documents related to Operation Condor. There are documents proving that in that year, attorney general Giancarlo Capaldo, an Italian magistrate, investigated the "disappearances" of Italian citizens in Latin America, which were most likely caused by the actions of Argentine, Paraguayan, Chilean, and Brazilian military personnel who tortured and murdered Italian citizens during Latin American military dictatorships. There was a list containing the names of eleven Brazilians accused of murder, kidnapping, and torture, as well as several high-ranking military personnel from other countries involved in the operation.   "(...) I can neither affirm nor deny because Argentine, Brazilian, Paraguayan, and Chilean soldiers [military men] will be subject to criminal trial until December," the Magistrate said on October 26, 2000.   According to the Italian government's official statement, it was unclear whether the government would prosecute the accused military officers or not. As of November 2021, no one in Brazil had been convicted of human rights violations for actions committed during the 21-year military dictatorship because the Amnesty Law had protected both government officials and leftist guerrillas.   In November 1978, the Condor Operation expanded its covert persecution from Uruguay to Brazil, in an incident dubbed "o Sequestro dos Uruguaios," or "the Kidnapping of the Uruguayans." Senior officials of the Uruguayan army crossed the border into Porto Alegre, the capital of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, with the permission of the Brazilian military administration. They kidnapped Universindo Rodriguez and Lilian Celiberti, a political activist couple from Uruguay, as well as her two children, Camilo and Francesca, who are five and three years old.   The unlawful operation failed because an anonymous phone call notified two Brazilian journalists, Veja magazine reporter Luiz Cláudio Cunha and photographer Joo Baptista Scalco, that the Uruguayan couple had been "disappeared." The two journalists traveled to the specified address, a Porto Alegre apartment, to double-check the facts. The armed men who had arrested Celiberti mistook the journalists for other political opposition members when they came, and they were arrested as well. Universindo Rodriguez and the children had already been brought to Uruguay under the table.   The journalists' presence had exposed the secret operation when their identities were revealed. It was put on hold. As news of the political kidnapping of Uruguayan nationals in Brazil made headlines in the Brazilian press, it is thought that the operation's disclosure avoided the death of the couple and their two young children. It became a worldwide embarrassment. Both Brazil's and Uruguay's military governments were humiliated. Officials arranged for the Celibertis' children to be transported to their maternal grandparents in Montevideo a few days later. After being imprisoned and tortured in Brazil, Rodriguez and Celiberti were transferred to Uruguayan military cells and held there for the next five years. The couple were released after Uruguay's democracy was restored in 1984. They confirmed every element of their kidnapping that had previously been reported.   In 1980, two DOPS (Department of Political and Social Order, an official police unit in charge of political repression during the military administration) inspectors were found guilty of arresting the journalists in Lilian's apartment in Porto Alegre by Brazilian courts. Joo Augusto da Rosa and Orandir Portassi Lucas were their names. They had been identified as participants in the kidnapping by the media and Uruguayans. This occurrence confirmed the Brazilian government's active involvement in the Condor Operation. Governor Pedro Simon arranged for the state of Rio Grande do Sul to legally recognize the Uruguayans' kidnapping and compensate them financially in 1991. A year later, President Luis Alberto Lacalle's democratic government in Uruguay was encouraged to do the same.   The Uruguayan couple identified Pedro Seelig, the head of the DOPS at the time of the kidnapping, as the guy in charge of the operation in Porto Alegre. Universindo and Llian remained in prison in Uruguay and were unable to testify when Seelig was on trial in Brazil. Due to a lack of proof, the Brazilian cop was acquitted. Later testimony from Lilian and Universindo revealed that four officers from Uruguay's secret Counter-Information Division – two majors and two captains – took part in the operation with the permission of Brazilian authorities. In the DOPS headquarters in Porto Alegre, Captain Glauco Yanonne was personally responsible for torturing Universindo Rodriquez. Universindo and Lilian were able to identify the Uruguayan military men who had arrested and tortured them, but none of them were prosecuted in Montevideo. Uruguayan individuals who committed acts of political repression and human rights violations under the dictatorship were granted pardon under the Law of Immunity, which was approved in 1986. Cunha and Scalco were given the 1979 Esso Prize, considered the most significant prize in Brazilian journalism, for their investigative journalism on the case.  Hugo Cores, a former political prisoner from Uruguay, was the one who had warned Cunha. He told the Brazilian press in 1993: All the Uruguayans kidnapped abroad, around 180 people, are missing to this day. The only ones who managed to survive are Lilian, her children, and Universindo.   Joo "Jango" Goulart was the first Brazilian president to die in exile after being deposed. On December 6, 1976, he died in his sleep in Mercedes, Argentina, of a suspected heart attack. The true cause of his death was never determined because an autopsy was never performed. On April 26, 2000, Leonel Brizola, Jango's brother-in-law and former governor of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, claimed that ex-presidents Joo Goulart and Juscelino Kubitschek (who died in a vehicle accident) were assassinated as part of Operation Condor. He demanded that an investigation into their deaths be launched. On January 27, 2008, the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo published a report featuring a declaration from Mario Neira Barreiro, a former member of Uruguay's dictatorship's intelligence service. Barreiro confirmed Brizola's claims that Goulart had been poisoned. Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, the head of the Departamento de Ordem Poltica e Social (Department of Political and Social Order), gave the order to assassinate Goulart, according to Barreiro, and president Ernesto Geisel gave the permission to execute him. A special panel of the Rio Grande do Sul Legislative Assembly concluded in July 2008 that "the evidence that Jango was wilfully slain, with knowledge of the Geisel regime, is strong."   The magazine CartaCapital published previously unreleased National Information Service records generated by an undercover agent who was present at Jango's Uruguayan homes in March 2009. This new information backs up the idea that the former president was poisoned. The Goulart family has yet to figure out who the "B Agent," as he's referred to in the documents, might be. The agent was a close friend of Jango's, and he detailed a disagreement between the former president and his son during the former president's 56th birthday party, which was sparked by a brawl between two employees. As a result of the story, the Chamber of Deputies' Human Rights Commission agreed to look into Jango's death.   Later, Maria Teresa Fontela Goulart, Jango's widow, was interviewed by CartaCapital, who revealed records from the Uruguayan government confirming her accusations that her family had been tracked. Jango's travel, business, and political activities were all being watched by the Uruguayan government. These data date from 1965, a year after Brazil's coup, and they indicate that he may have been targeted. The President Joo Goulart Institute and the Movement for Justice and Human Rights have requested a document from the Uruguayan Interior Ministry stating that "serious and credible Brazilian sources'' discussed an "alleged plan against the former Brazilian president."   If you thought it wasn't enough, let's talk about Chile. No not the warm stew lie concoction you make to scorn your buddy's stomach, but the country.   Additional information about Condor was released when Augusto Pinochet was detained in London in 1998 in response to Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón's request for his extradition to Spain. According to one of the lawyers requesting his extradition, Carlos Altamirano, the leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, was the target of an assassination attempt. He said that after Franco's funeral in Madrid in 1975, Pinochet contacted Italian neofascist terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie and arranged for Altamirano's murder. The strategy didn't work out. Since the bodies of victims kidnapped and presumably murdered could not be found, Chilean judge Juan Guzmán Tapia established a precedent concerning the crime of "permanent kidnapping": he determined that the kidnapping was thought to be ongoing, rather than having occurred so long ago that the perpetrators were protected by an amnesty decreed in 1978 or the Chilean statute of limitations. The Chilean government admitted in November 2015 that Pablo Neruda may have been murdered by members of Pinochet's administration.   Assassinations   On September 30, 1974, a car bomb killed General Carlos Prats and his wife, Sofa Cuthbert, in Buenos Aires, where they were living in exile. The Chilean DINA has been charged with the crime. In January 2005, Chilean Judge Alejandro Sols ended Pinochet's case when the Chilean Supreme Court denied his request to strip Pinochet's immunity from prosecution (as chief of state). In Chile, the assassination of DINA commanders Manuel Contreras, ex-chief of operations and retired general Ral Itturiaga Neuman, his brother Roger Itturiaga, and ex-brigadiers Pedro Espinoza Bravo and José Zara was accused. In Argentina, DINA agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel was found guilty of the murder.   After moving in exile in Italy, Bernardo Leighton and his wife were severely injured in a botched assassination attempt on October 6, 1975. Bernardo Leighton was critically injured in the gun attack, and his wife, Anita Fresno, was permanently crippled. Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Michael Townley and Virgilio Paz Romero in Madrid in 1975 to plan the murder of Bernardo Leighton with the help of Franco's secret police, according to declassified documents in the National Security Archive and Italian attorney general Giovanni Salvi, who led the prosecution of former DINA head Manuel Contreras. Glyn T. Davies, the secretary of the National Security Council (NSC), said in 1999 that declassified records indicated Pinochet's government's responsibility for the failed assassination attempt on Bernardo Leighton, Orlando Letelier, and General Carlos Prats on October 6, 1975.   In a December 2004 OpEd piece in the Los Angeles Times, Francisco Letelier, Orlando Letelier's son, claimed that his father's killing was part of Operation Condor, which he described as "an intelligence-sharing network employed by six South American tyrants of the time to eliminate dissidents."   Letelier's death, according to Michael Townley, was caused by Pinochet. Townley admitted to hiring five anti-Castro Cuban exiles to set up a booby-trap in Letelier's automobile. Following consultations with the terrorist organization CORU's leadership, including Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch, Cuban-Americans José Dionisio Suárez, Virgilio Paz Romero, Alvin Ross Daz, and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll were chosen to carry out the murder, according to Jean-Guy Allard. The Miami Herald reports that Luis Posada Carriles was there at the conference that decided on Letelier's death as well as the bombing of Cubana Flight 455.   During a public protest against Pinochet in July 1986, photographer Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri was burned alive and Carmen Gloria Quintana received significant burns. The case of the two became known as Caso Quemados ("The Burned Case"), and it drew attention in the United States because Rojas had fled to the United States following the 1973 coup. [96] According to a document from the US State Department, the Chilean army set fire to both Rojas and Quintana on purpose. Rojas and Quintana, on the other hand, were accused by Pinochet of being terrorists who lit themselves on fire with their own Molotov cocktails. Pinochet's reaction to the attack and killing of Rojas, according to National Security Archive analyst Peter Kornbluh, was "contributed to Reagan's decision to withdraw support for the regime and press for a return to civilian rule."   Operación Silencio   Operación Silencio (Operation Silence) was a Chilean operation that removed witnesses from the country in order to obstruct investigations by Chilean judges. It began about a year before the "terror archives" in Paraguay were discovered. Arturo Sanhueza Ross, the man accused of assassinating MIR leader Jecar Neghme in 1989, departed the country in April 1991.    According to the Rettig Report, Chilean intelligence officers were responsible for Jecar Neghme's killing. Carlos Herrera Jiménez, the man who assassinated trade unionist Tucapel Jiménez, flew out in September 1991. Eugenio Berros, a chemist who had cooperated with DINA agent Michael Townley, was led by Operation Condor agents from Chile to Uruguay in October 1991 in order to avoid testifying in the Letelier case. He used passports from Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, prompting suspicions that Operation Condor was still active. In 1995, Berros was discovered dead in El Pinar, Uruguay, near Montevideo. His corpse had been mangled to the point where it was hard to identify him by sight.   Michael Townley, who is now under witness protection in the United States, recognized linkages between Chile, DINA, and the incarceration and torture camp Colonia Dignidad in January 2005. The facility was founded in 1961 by Paul Schäfer, who was arrested and convicted of child rape in Buenos Aires in March 2005. Interpol was notified about Colonia Dignidad and the Army's Bacteriological Warfare Laboratory by Townley. This lab would have taken the place of the previous DINA lab on Via Naranja de lo Curro, where Townley collaborated with chemical assassin Eugenio Berros. According to the court reviewing the case, the toxin that allegedly murdered Christian-Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva could have been created at this new lab in Colonia Dignidad. Dossiê Jango, a Brazilian-Uruguayan-Argentine collaboration film released in 2013, accused the same lab in the alleged poisoning of Brazil's deposed president, Joo Goulart.   Congressman Koch   The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents was released in February 2004 by reporter John Dinges. He reported that in mid-1976, Uruguayan military officers threatened to assassinate United States Congressman Edward Koch (later Mayor of New York City). The CIA station commander in Montevideo had received information about it in late July 1976. He advised the Agency to take no action after finding that the men were inebriated at the time. Colonel José Fons, who was present at the November 1975 covert meeting in Santiago, Chile, and Major José Nino Gavazzo, who led a team of intelligence agents working in Argentina in 1976 and was responsible for the deaths of over 100 Uruguayans, were among the Uruguayan officers.   Koch told Dinges in the early twenty-first century that CIA Director George H. W. Bush informed him in October 1976 that "his sponsorship of legislation to cut off US military assistance to Uruguay on human rights concerns had prompted secret police officers to 'put a contract out for you'." Koch wrote to the Justice Department in mid-October 1976, requesting FBI protection, but he received none. It had been more than two months after the meeting and the assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington. Colonel Fons and Major Gavazzo were sent to important diplomatic postings in Washington, D.C. in late 1976. The State Department ordered the Uruguayan government to rescind their appointments, citing the possibility of "unpleasant publicity" for "Fons and Gavazzo."  Only in 2001 did Koch learn of the links between the threats and the position appointments.   Paraguay The US supported Alfredo Stroessner's anti-communist military dictatorship and played a "vital supporting role" in Stroessner's Paraguay's domestic affairs. As part of Operation Condor, for example, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Thierry of the United States Army was deployed to assist local workers in the construction of "La Technica," a detention and interrogation center. La Technica was also renowned as a torture facility. Pastor Coronel, Stroessner's secret police, washed their victims in human vomit and excrement tubs and shocked them in the rectum with electric cattle prods. They decapitated Miguel Angel Soler [es], the Communist party secretary, with a chainsaw while Stroessner listened on the phone. Stroessner asked that tapes of inmates wailing in agony be presented to their relatives.   Harry Shlaudeman defined Paraguay's militarized state as a "nineteenth-century military administration that looks nice on the cartoon page" in a report to Kissinger. Shlaudeman's assessments were paternalistic, but he was correct in observing that Paraguay's "backwardness" was causing it to follow in the footsteps of its neighbors. Many decolonized countries regarded national security concerns in terms of neighboring countries and long-standing ethnic or regional feuds, but the United States viewed conflict from a global and ideological viewpoint. During the Chaco War, Shlaudeman mentions Paraguay's amazing fortitude in the face of greater military force from its neighbors. The government of Paraguay believes that the country's victory over its neighbors over several decades justifies the country's lack of progress. The paper goes on to say that Paraguay's political traditions were far from democratic. Because of this reality, as well as a fear of leftist protest in neighboring countries, the government has prioritized the containment of political opposition over the growth of its economic and political institutions. They were driven to defend their sovereignty due to an ideological fear of their neighbors. As a result, many officials were inspired to act in the interest of security by the fight against radical, communist movements both within and beyond the country. The book Opération Condor, written by French writer Pablo Daniel Magee and prefaced by Costa Gavras, was published in 2020. The story chronicles the life of Martin Almada, a Paraguayan who was a victim of the Condor Operation.   The Peruvian Case   After being kidnapped in 1978, Peruvian legislator Javier Diez Canseco announced that he and twelve other compatriots (Justiniano Apaza Ordóñez, Hugo Blanco, Genaro Ledesma Izquieta, Valentín Pacho, Ricardo Letts, César Lévano, Ricardo Napurí, José Luis Alvarado Bravo, Alfonso Baella Tuesta, Guillermo Faura Gaig, José Arce Larco and Humberto Damonte). All opponents of Francisco Morales Bermudez's dictatorship were exiled and handed over to the Argentine armed forces in Jujuy in 1978 after being kidnapped in Peru. He also claimed that declassified CIA documents and WikiLeaks cable information account for the Morales Bermudez government's ties to Operation Condor.   Uruguay   Juan Mara Bordaberry declared himself dictator and banned the rest of the political parties, as was customary in the Southern Cone dictatorships of the 1970s. In the alleged defense against subversion, a large number of people were murdered, tortured, unjustly detained and imprisoned, kidnapped, and forced into disappearance during the de facto administration, which lasted from 1973 until 1985. Prior to the coup d'état in 1973, the CIA served as a consultant to the country's law enforcement institutions. Dan Mitrione, perhaps the most well-known example of such cooperation, had taught civilian police in counterinsurgency at the School of the Americas in Panama, afterwards renamed the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation.   Maybe now we can talk about the U.S involvement? The U.S never gets involved in anything so this might be new to some of you.   According to US paperwork, the US supplied critical organizational, financial, and technological help to the operation far into the 1980s. The long-term hazards of a right-wing bloc, as well as its early policy recommendations, were discussed in a US Department of State briefing for Henry Kissinger, then Secretary of State, dated 3 August 1976, prepared by Harry Shlaudeman and titled "Third World War and South America." The briefing was an overview of security forces in the Southern Cone. The operation was described as a joint effort by six Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) to win the "Third World War" by eliminating "subversion" through transnational secret intelligence operations, kidnapping, torture, disappearance, and assassination. The research begins by examining the sense of unity shared by the six countries of the Southern Cone. Kissinger is warned by Shlaudeman that the "Third World War" will trap those six countries in an ambiguous position in the long run, because they are trapped on one side by "international Marxism and its terrorist exponents," and on the other by "the hostility of uncomprehending industrial democracies misled by Marxist propaganda." According to the report, US policy toward Operation Condor should “emphasize the differences between the five countries at all times, depoliticize human rights, oppose rhetorical exaggerations of the ‘Third-World-War' type, and bring potential bloc members back into our cognitive universe through systematic exchanges.” According to CIA papers from 1976, strategies to deal with political dissidents in South America were planned among international security officials at the US Army School of the Americas and the Conference of American Armies from 1960 to the early 1970s. "In early 1974, security officials from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia convened in Buenos Aires to arrange synchronized attacks against subversive targets," according to a declassified CIA memo dated June 23, 1976. Officials in the United States were aware of the situation.   Furthermore, the Defense Intelligence Agency revealed in September 1976 that US intelligence services were well aware of Operation Condor's architecture and intentions. They discovered that "Operation Condor" was the covert name for gathering intelligence on "leftists," Communists, Peronists, or Marxists in the Southern Cone Area. The intelligence services were aware that the operation was being coordinated by the intelligence agencies of numerous South American nations (including Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia), with Chile serving as the hub. Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, according to the DIA, were already aggressively pursuing operations against communist targets, primarily in Argentina.   The report's third point reveals the US comprehension of Operation Condor's most malevolent actions. "The development of special teams from member countries to execute out operations, including killings against terrorists or sympathizers of terrorist groups," according to the paper. Although these special teams were intelligence agency operatives rather than military troops, they did work in structures similar to those used by US special forces teams, according to the study. Operation Condor's preparations to undertake probable operations in France and Portugal were revealed in Kissinger's State Department briefing - an issue that would later prove to be immensely contentious in Condor's history.   Condor's core was formed by the US government's sponsorship and collaboration with DINA (Directorate of National Intelligence) and other intelligence agencies. According to CIA papers, the agency maintained intimate ties with officers of Chile's secret police, DINA, and its leader Manuel Contreras.  Even after his role in the Letelier-Moffit killing was discovered, Contreras was kept as a paid CIA contact until 1977. Official requests to trace suspects to and from the US Embassy, the CIA, and the FBI may be found in the Paraguayan Archives. The military states received suspect lists and other intelligence material from the CIA. In 1975, the FBI conducted a nationwide hunt in the United States for persons sought by DINA.   In a February 1976 telegram from the Buenos Aires embassy to the State Department, intelligence said that the US was aware of the impending Argentinian coup. According to the ambassador, the Chief of the Foreign Ministry's North American desk revealed that the "Military Planning Group" had asked him to prepare a report and recommendations on how the "future military government can avoid or minimize the sort of problems the Chilean and Uruguayan governments are having with the US over human rights issues." The Chief also indicated that "they" (whether he is talking to the CIA or Argentina's future military dictatorship, or both) will confront opposition if they start assassinating and killing people. Assuming this is so, the envoy notes that the military coup will "intend to carry forward an all-out war on the terrorists and that some executions would therefore probably be necessary." Despite already being engaged in the region's politics, this indicates that the US was aware of the planning of human rights breaches before they occurred and did not intervene to prevent them. "It is encouraging to note that the Argentine military are aware of the problem and are already focusing on ways to avoid letting human rights issues become an irritant in US-Argentine Relations." This is confirmation.   Professor Ruth Blakeley says that Kissinger "explicitly expressed his support for the repression of political opponents" in regards to the Argentine junta's continuous human rights violations.  When Henry Kissinger met with Argentina's Foreign Minister on October 5, 1976, he said, ” Look, our basic attitude is that we would like you to succeed. I have an old-fashioned view that friends ought to be supported. What is not understood in the United States is that you have a civil war. We read about human rights problems but not the context. The quicker you succeed the better ... The human rights problem is a growing one. Your Ambassador can apprise you. We want a stable situation. We won't cause you unnecessary difficulties. If you can finish before Congress gets back, the better. Whatever freedoms you could restore would help.”   The démarche was never provided in the end. According to Kornbluh and Dinges, the decision not to deliver Kissinger's directive was based on Assistant Secretary Harry Shlaudeman's letter to his deputy in Washington, D.C., which stated: "you can simply instruct the Ambassadors to take no further action, noting that there have been no reports in some weeks indicating an intention to activate the Condor scheme."   President Bill Clinton ordered the State Department to release hundreds of declassified papers in June 1999, indicating for the first time that the CIA, State, and Defense Departments were all aware of Condor. According to a 1 October 1976 DOD intelligence assessment, Latin American military commanders gloat about it to their American colleagues. Condor's "joint counterinsurgency operations" sought to "eliminate Marxist terrorist activities," according to the same study; Argentina developed a special Condor force "structured much like a US Special Forces Team," it said. According to a summary of documents disclosed in 2004, The declassified record shows that Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was briefed on Condor and its "murder operations" on August 5, 1976, in a 14-page report from [Harry] Shlaudeman [Assistant Secretary of State]. "Internationally, the Latin generals look like our guys," Shlaudeman cautioned. "We are especially identified with Chile. It cannot do us any good." Shlaudeman and his two deputies, William Luers and Hewson Ryan, recommended action. Over the course of three weeks, they drafted a cautiously worded demarche, approved by Kissinger, in which he instructed the U.S. ambassadors in the Southern Cone countries to meet with the respective heads of state about Condor. He instructed them to express "our deep concern" about "rumors" of "plans for the assassination of subversives, politicians and prominent figures both within the national borders of certain Southern Cone countries and abroad."   Kornbluh and Dinges come to the conclusion that "The paper trail is clear: the State Department and the CIA had enough intelligence to take concrete steps to thwart the Condor assassination planning. Those steps were initiated but never implemented." Hewson Ryan, Shlaudeman's deputy, subsequently admitted in an oral history interview that the State Department's treatment of the issue was "remiss." "We knew fairly early on that the governments of the Southern Cone countries were planning, or at least talking about, some assassinations abroad in the summer of 1976. ... Whether if we had gone in, we might have prevented this, I don't know", In relation to the Letelier-Moffitt bombing, he remarked, "But we didn't."   Condor was defined as a "counter-terrorism organization" in a CIA document, which also mentioned that the Condor countries had a specific telecommunications system known as "CONDORTEL."  The New York Times released a communication from US Ambassador to Paraguay Robert White to Secretary of State Cyrus Vance on March 6, 2001. The paper was declassified and disseminated by the Clinton administration in November 2000 as part of the Chile Declassification Project. General Alejandro Fretes Davalos, the chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, told White that the South American intelligence chiefs engaged in Condor "kept in touch with one another through a United States communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone that covered all of Latin America."   According to reports, Davalos stated that the station was "employed to coordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". The US was concerned that the Condor link would be made public at a time when the killing of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American aide Ronni Moffitt in the United States was being probed."it would seem advisable to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest." White wrote to Vance. "Another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor." McSherry rebutted the cables. Furthermore, an Argentine military source told a U.S. Embassy contact that the CIA was aware of Condor and had played a vital role in establishing computerized linkages among the six Condor governments' intelligence and operations sections.   After all this it doesn't stop here. We even see France having a connection. The original document confirming that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires set up a "permanent French military mission" of officers to Argentina who had participated in the Algerian War was discovered in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was kept at the offices of the Argentine Army's chief of staff. It lasted until 1981, when François Mitterrand was elected President of France. She revealed how the administration of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing secretly coordinated with Videla's junta in Argentina and Augusto Pinochet's tyranny in Chile.   Even Britain and West Germany looked into using the tactics in their own countries. Going so far as to send their open personnel to Buenos Aires to discuss how to establish a similar network.  MOVIES   https://www.imdb.com/search/keyword/?keywords=military-coup&sort=num_votes,desc&mode=detail&page=1&title_type=movie&ref_=kw_ref_typ https://islandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/terror%3Aroot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_Terror https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20774985 https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB239d/index.htm

LOS TRABAJOS Y LOS DÍASTEMPORADA 18 - LA SERIE DE LA CERVEZA.114 - Ignacio Castro en San José de Costa Rica. La Cerveza es una patria en sí misma. 20 de marzo de 2022. LOS TRABAJOS Y LOS DÍASDuración: 46:52Hace varios años Ignacio Castro ganó una apuesta que lo llevó a convertirse en maestro cervecero. En este episodio nos cuenta como fue su transitar del derecho a los negocios (y de los negocios a la cerveza) mientras iba construyendo arraigo en Costa Rica. ACERCA DE LOS TRABAJOS Y LOS DÍASLOS TRABAJOS Y LOS DÍAS es el podcast que conecta a los venezolanos globales. Todas las semanas conversamos con venezolanos que viven fuera de Venezuela, para que nos cuenten sus historias migratorias (sus procesos de adaptación, sus experiencias laborales y sus consejos para los próximos migrantes). Cada entrevista que hacemos es en una ciudad diferente del mundo. Nos puedes encontrar todos los martes en www.lostrabajosylosdias.com, y las principales aplicaciones de podcast, a partir de las 7:00 a.m. (Toronto).RSS Feed: https://feeds.transistor.fm/los-trabajos-y-los-diasDATOS DE GRABACIÓNAudio: MP3/Mono/44100Hz/128kbps Consola: Zoom Livetrack L-8 Micrófono: Shure SM7B Edición: Adobe Audition para MacOS Música: Lee Rosevere: Music for Podcasts 1, 3 y 4 Chris Hauge: Front Porch Blues Bleeker Street Blues John Deley: Beer Belly Blues

Temas tratados en la edición de La ContraRéplica de esta semana: - Patria, país, nación y Estado - La LIVG y el Constitucional - La multiplicación de los géneros - Marruecos y Estados Unidos “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... @diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

(Día Internacional de la Mujer) La llamaron «Prudencia la loca» y se burlaron de ella por ser mujer, madre soltera e indígena. No obstante, luchó con tanto empeño por sus derechos como mujer ciudadana que se postuló a la presidencia de El Salvador en 1930, ¡a pesar de que en aquel entonces las mujeres no tenían siquiera derecho al voto! Tras su muerte en 1936 a los cincuenta y un años de edad, la historia y los medios de comunicación la olvidaron. Pero en la actualidad se le recuerda como una mujer ejemplar, digna de ser imitada. Esa es, en resumen, la carta de presentación de Prudencia Ayala, quien irónicamente bien pudo no haber terminado siquiera sus estudios primarios. Es que desde su nacimiento cerca de Sonzacate en medio del campo donde su mamá estaba cabalgando durante una noche de tormenta, Prudencia vivió una infancia muy pobre. Y como no tenía a nadie que la ayudara, su formación fue la de una autodidacta que sin duda pasaba mucho tiempo leyendo las noticias y opiniones que llegaban de Estados Unidos y de Inglaterra.1 ¿Quién hubiera pensado entonces que en 1930 se lanzara a la candidatura presidencial de El Salvador, convirtiéndose en la primera mujer en dar ese paso en toda América Latina? Prudencia misma lo explica de este modo en el editorial del diario Redención Femenina, que fundó y dirigió a fines de la década de 1920: «La mujer ha gobernado en Europa en el sistema monárquico. ¿Qué de extraño tiene que gobierne en las Repúblicas del Continente indo-latino-hispanoamericano en el sistema democrático? ... Puesto que el hombre y la mujer forman el cauce del mundo... [—]el hogar... [y] la sociedad[—], los dos deben formar el concepto ciudadano y construir las leyes democráticas contra la esclavitud. Los dos deben formar el gobierno.»2 El programa de gobierno de Ayala promovía no solamente los derechos ciudadanos de la mujer, sino también el apoyo a los trabajadores, la honradez y competencia en la administración pública, la prohibición del uso de armas en el Congreso, la limitación de la distribución y consumo del aguardiente, la libre expresión y el respeto por la libertad de culto. El único que salió en defensa de ella fue el periodista y político salvadoreño Alberto Masferrer, que escribió en el diario Patria: «Prudencia Ayala defiende una causa justa y noble, cual es el derecho de la mujer a ser elector y ocupar altos puestos. Su programa de gobierno no es inferior en claridad, sentido práctico y sencillez, al de otros candidatos que se toman en serio.»3 Luego de que la Corte Suprema de Justicia fallara en su contra, alegando que ella no podía ser candidata porque las leyes no le concedían el derecho ciudadano a la mujer, Prudencia respondió al dictamen mediante carta abierta en la que escribió: «Los políticos que me han ridiculizado quedan perdonados con todo corazón.... Me alejo grata de... que han prestado atención a la justicia que reclamo en el campo de la ley.» Lamentablemente, no fue sino hasta 1950 que las mujeres pudieron elegir y ser elegidas en el ámbito político salvadoreño.4 ¡Quiera Dios que, así como Prudencia Ayala, elijamos nosotros no sólo reclamar justicia en nuestra sociedad, sino también seguir el ejemplo y la enseñanza de Jesucristo de perdonar a nuestros enemigos, y hacerlo de todo corazón!5 Carlos ReyUn Mensaje a la Concienciawww.conciencia.net 1 Analía Llorente, «Quién es Prudencia Ayala, la primera mujer en América Latina que aspiró a la presidencia de un país y a la que tildaron de loca», BBC Mundo, 22 mayo 2018 En línea 20 octubre 2021. 2 Ibíd.; Wikipedia, s.v. «Prudencia Ayala» En línea 20 octubre 2021. 3 Analía Llorente. 4 Ibíd. 5 Pr 21:3; Is 1:17; Am 5:24; Mt 5:44; 6:14-15; Mr 11:25; Lc 6:27; 23:34; Ro 12:17-21; Ef 4:31-32

(Víspera del Día Internacional de la Mujer) «Su nombre y su rostro estarán ahora en uno de los salones del Salón Azul de la Asamblea Legislativa, pero ¿qué papel jugó en la historia salvadoreña esta mujer? Es considerada desde 1976 como una heroína de la Patria gracias a un decreto legislativo de ese entonces. Sin embargo, en cada 5 de noviembre que se conmemora el Primer Grito de Independencia su nombre no es mencionado en ningún acto alusivo ni conmemorativo.» Así comenzó El Metropolitano Digital el 25 de septiembre de 2014 su artículo titulado «¿Quién fue María Feliciana de los Ángeles Miranda?». «María Feliciana, junto a su hermana Manuela Miranda, fueron las encargadas de difundir el primer movimiento independentista en San Salvador que fue lanzado... aquel 5 de noviembre de 1811 —explicó el periódico digital salvadoreño—. Las hermanas difundieron la noticia del movimiento patriota en la campiña de Sensuntepeque, promoviendo un levantamiento general contra los realistas.... »Ahora, su valentía [ha sido] reconocida al develar su retrato en el Parlamento salvadoreño. “Hoy cumplimos con un nuevo acto de justicia. Hoy les dedicamos este tributo a las heroínas que estuvieron presentes en el proceso independentista”, dijo el presidente de la Asamblea, Sigfrido Reyes.»1 Según el reconocido historiador Carlos Cañas Dinarte, las hermanas Miranda encabezaron a los patriotas que «lograron que ese territorio norteño se alzara en insurrección el 29 de diciembre... en el punto conocido como Piedra Bruja. Capturadas por las autoridades españolas, fueron procesadas en Sensuntepeque. Recluidas después en el convento de San Francisco de la localidad de San Vicente de Austria y Lorenzana, las hermanas Miranda fueron condenadas a sufrir [cien] azotes, para ingresar más tarde como siervas sin paga en la casa del párroco doctor Manuel Antonio de Molina y Cañas», relata el investigador salvadoreño.2 María Feliciana de los Ángeles murió en 1812 a los veintidós años de edad, algún tiempo después de haber recibido las descargas del látigo del verdugo frente a la multitud aglomerada en la Plaza Central de San Vicente. De ahí que, además de haber sido declarada Heroína de la Patria en 1976, una alegoría de ella figure en una conocida pintura de los hechos de aquel 5 de noviembre, y que la Asamblea Legislativa salvadoreña en 2003 dispusiera también que su nombre y el de otras mujeres patriotas se inscribieran en el nuevo Monumento a la Libertad, inaugurado el año siguiente en el Museo Militar.3 Gracias a Dios, la historia sagrada nos ha legado asombrosas heroínas cuyo ejemplo han podido seguir mujeres valerosas como María Feliciana y sus compatriotas, a quienes se les rinde tributo en monumentos a la libertad alrededor del mundo. Tal vez la más influyente, llamada Débora, fue no sólo profetiza, poeta y cantautora, sino que llegó a ser también jueza y gran guerrera de Israel.4 De modo que desde tiempos antiguos todos los hombres debiéramos haber sido tan ecuánimes como Dios mismo en cuanto a la importancia del papel que juegan las mujeres en nuestra sociedad. Carlos ReyUn Mensaje a la Concienciawww.conciencia.net 1 «¿Quién fue María Feliciana de los Ángeles Miranda?», El Metropolitano Digital, 25 septiembre 2014 En línea 20 octubre 2021. 2 Carlos Cañas-Dinarte, «Las mujeres de Sensuntepeque», en Historia de mujeres protagonistas de la independencia (1811-1814), pp. 29-31 En línea 20 octubre 2021. 3 Cañas-Dinarte; Wikipedia, s.v. «María Feliciana de los Ángeles Miranda» En línea 20 octubre 2021. 4 Jue 4-5

¿Es Pedro Castillo un traidor con intereses bolivianos? Esa es la nueva narrativa del Congreso para sacarlo y, de paso, quedarse ellos. ADEMÁS: El USB de Karelim. MIENTRAS TANTO: Un grupo de congresistas sacó una bandera de Ucrania enel hemiciclo.. ¿Cómo se posicionan las bancadas en este conflicto? TAMBIÉN: Una razón científica contra el Doctor Awita. Y... ¿Agotado con tantas crisis peruanas y extranjeras? ¿Consumido por las noticias? Aquí algunos consejos para evitar el "doomscrolling".