Podcasts about normale sup

Could the moon of another planet be a source for life as we know it? Antonin Affholder, post-doctoral researcher at the University of Arizona, discusses. Antonin Affholder obtained his PhD from the École Normale Supérieure, in Paris, France, working on developing models of ecosystems on other worlds to assess their habitability and to research biosignatures. […]

Terrain d'affrontements sanglants pendant des décennies, le Viêt Nam, 100 millions d'habitants, a gagné la paix et célèbre cette année le cinquantenaire de la chute de Saïgon en 1975 qui marqua la réunification du pays et la fin de la guerre du Vietnam, presque 30 ans après les premiers coups de feu contre les Français. Feux d'artifices et spectacle de drones ont précédé le 30 avril 2025 à Hanoï une parade militaire imposante sous le regard de Tô Lâm, le secrétaire général du parti communiste, nouvel homme fort de ce pays d'Asie du Sud-Est, pris en tenaille entre la Chine et Donald Trump. Des célébrations auxquelles les diplomates américains se sont vu interdire de participer par Washington tant elles marquent la déroute historique des États-Unis. Les images des derniers hélicoptères américains quittant en urgence les toits de Saïgon ne sont pas loin… Cinq décennies plus tard, le pays s'est transformé : il est devenu un atelier du monde, un acteur discret mais stratégique d'Asie du Sud-Est, un État autoritaire en pleine croissance. Comment le Vietnam a-t-il pansé les plaies du conflit ? Quelles mémoires en garde-t-il ? Quel est son rôle dans le grand jeu indo-pacifique, entre Pékin et Washington ? Quels sont ses défis ?   Invités : François Guillemot, historien, spécialiste du Vietnam à l'Institut d'Asie Orientale à Lyon, et ingénieur de recherche au CNRS. « Histoire du Vietnam contemporain. De 1858 à nos jours », éd. La Découverte.  Laurent Gédéon, maître de conférences en Géopolitique à l'Université catholique de Lyon, chercheur à l'Institut d'Asie Orientale au sein de l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon.

In this episode of "Ask the Expert," Dr. Matthew Bellman joined Dr. GG deFiebre of SRNA to explain the basics of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and its applications. Dr. Bellman outlined how FES differs from other electrical stimulation techniques and its role in improving mobility for those with neuroimmune disorders [00:03:35]. He discussed the specific benefits of FES, including muscle strengthening and managing spasticity, and shared success stories demonstrating its impact [00:09:53]. Dr. Bellman also highlighted new developments in FES technology, particularly the integration of AI [00:33:28].Matthew Bellman, PhD is a Founder and the Chief Technology Officer for MYOLYN, Inc. Dr. Bellman is a Triple-Gator with bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Florida (UF). In 2013, Dr. Bellman co-founded MYOLYN to commercialize his doctoral research on mobility assistance for people with paralysis and muscle weakness using functional electrical stimulation (FES) and robotics. In his time at MYOLYN, Dr. Bellman has been responsible for building a certified medical device quality management system, managing a team of engineers in the design and development of two Class II medical devices, obtaining grant funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and growing a small business. Dr. Bellman has been awarded the Entrepreneurial Spirit Award by UF's Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, the O. Hugo Schuck Best Paper Award by the American Automation Control Council, and the Outstanding Young Alumnus Award by the UF Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. In 2019, Dr. Bellman secured MYOLYN's place as a finalist in the Toyota Mobility Unlimited Challenge. In addition to his role at MYOLYN, Dr. Bellman has also served as a member of the Board of Directors for NextStep Orlando's Paralysis Recovery Center and as a member of the Advisory Council for the American Bionics Project. Dr. Bellman's work has been published in high-impact scientific journals including Muscle & Nerve, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, and The Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, and he has been an invited guest speaker at universities around the world including UF, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, and the Tokyo Institute of Technology. When not at work, Dr. Bellman can be found trail running or relaxing at home with his wife and family.00:00 Introduction00:31 Meet Dr. Matthew Bellman00:52 Understanding Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)01:30 Historical Context and Early Applications of FES03:35 How FES Works in the Body07:05 FES for Spinal Cord Damage and Neuromuscular Disorders09:53 Benefits of FES for Various Symptoms13:44 Evidence and Secondary Benefits of FES17:47 Typical FES Session and Accessibility24:06 Success Stories and Patient Feedback29:25 Barriers to FES Adoption33:28 Future Developments in FES Technology36:46 Final Thoughts and Encouragement

▶️ Dans cet épisode, aux côtés d'Ayman Moussa et Nastassia Pouradier Duteil, j'ai le plaisir d'accueillir Clémentine Courtès, maîtresse de conférences à l'Institut de Recherche Mathématique Avancée de l'université de Strasbourg. Clémentine travaille dans le domaine de l'analyse numérique pour des équations aux dérivés partielles appliquées à la physique. Elle s'intéresse, entre autres, à ce qu'on appelle la dispersion, un phénomène physique notamment à l'origine de l'apparition des arc-en-ciels, comme elle nous l'explique si bien.

Edition No155 | 08-06-2025 - Russia has a fascist ideology. It may be incoherent when it comes to doctrinal details, but it is clear on one thing. If you are part of the democratic world, it intends to destroy you. Russian propagandists and ideologies are clear on this point at least. It's time to face this ideology for what it really is: aggressive, intolerant, extreme, calculated, premeditated and completely nihilistic. Modern Russian fascism is built for export, and is fundamentally opposed to the democratic world, its culture, values and its institutions. In this episode we'll look at an interview given for Le Grand Continent, a respected European journal of geopolitical analysis published by the GEG - Groupe d'Études Géopolitiques, a think tank affiliated with the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. They published a deeply disturbing conversation with Sergei Karaganov, one of the Kremlin's most influential ideologues and a longtime advisor to Vladimir Putin.----------Links: https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2025/06/07/entretien-avec-serguei-karaganov-larchitecte-de-la-geopolitique-de-poutine/https://substack.com/@statedept/p-164571608----------SUMMER FUNDRAISERSNAFO & Silicon Curtain community - Let's help help 5th SAB together https://www.help99.co/patches/nafo-silicon-curtain-communityWe are teaming up with NAFO 69th Sniffing Brigade to provide 2nd Assault Battalion of 5th SAB with a pickup truck that they need for their missions. With your donation, you're not just sending a truck — you're standing with Ukraine.https://www.help99.co/patches/nafo-silicon-curtain-communityWhy NAFO Trucks Matter:Ukrainian soldiers know the immense value of our NAFO trucks and buses. These vehicles are carefully selected, produced between 2010 and 2017, ensuring reliability for harsh frontline terrain. Each truck is capable of driving at least 20,000 km (12,500 miles) without major technical issues, making them a lifeline for soldiers in combat zones.In total we are looking to raise an initial 19 500 EUR in order to buy 1 x NAFO truck 2.0 Who is getting the aid? 5 SAB, 2 Assault Battalion, UAV operators‍.https://www.help99.co/patches/nafo-silicon-curtain-community----------Car for Ukraine has once again joined forces with a group of influencers, creators, and news observers during this summer. Sunshine here serves as a metaphor, the trucks are a sunshine for our warriors to bring them to where they need to be and out from the place they don't.https://car4ukraine.com/campaigns/summer-sunshine-silicon-curtainThis time, we focus on the 6th Detachment of HUR, 93rd Alcatraz, 3rd Assault Brigade, MLRS systems and more. https://car4ukraine.com/campaigns/summer-sunshine-silicon-curtain- bring soldiers to the positions- protect them with armor- deploy troops with drones to the positions----------SILICON CURTAIN FILM FUNDRAISERA project to make a documentary film in Ukraine, to raise awareness of Ukraine's struggle and in supporting a team running aid convoys to Ukraine's front-line towns.https://buymeacoffee.com/siliconcurtain/extras----------SUPPORT THE CHANNEL:https://www.buymeacoffee.com/siliconcurtainhttps://www.patreon.com/siliconcurtain----------TRUSTED CHARITIES ON THE GROUND:Save Ukrainehttps://www.saveukraineua.org/Superhumans - Hospital for war traumashttps://superhumans.com/en/UNBROKEN - Treatment. Prosthesis. Rehabilitation for Ukrainians in Ukrainehttps://unbroken.org.ua/Come Back Alivehttps://savelife.in.ua/en/Chefs For Ukraine - World Central Kitchenhttps://wck.org/relief/activation-chefs-for-ukraineUNITED24 - An initiative of President Zelenskyyhttps://u24.gov.ua/Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundationhttps://prytulafoundation.orgNGO “Herojam Slava”https://heroiamslava.org/kharpp - Reconstruction project supporting communities in Kharkivhttps://kharpp.com/NOR DOG Animal Rescuehttps://www.nor-dog.org/home/----------

Enseignante à l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Marie Gautheron publie « « Désert, déserts, du Moyen-âge au XXIème siècle », chez Gallimard. Un des ouvrages les plus réussis de la saison. Pour Fréquence Protestante, cette agrégée de Lettres ayant écrit une thèse d'Histoire de l'art explique de quelle façon nos représentations du Désert ont évolué au fil du temps. Rencontre avec une personnalité généreuse, attentive, et rigoureuse.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

François-Marie BréonAvenir Commun Durable (2024-2025)Collège de FranceAnnée 2024-2025Colloque - Regards croisés sur la géo-ingénierie : Évaluation de la géo-ingénierie à l'Académie des sciencesFrancis AlbarèdeGéologue et géochimiste, professeur émérite, membre de l'Académie des sciencesRésuméThis presentation explores geoengineering – a set of ideas aimed at cooling the planet if cutting greenhouse gas emissions isn't enough to stop climate change. It looks at two main strategies: Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR).SRM methods try to reflect more sunlight away from the Earth. These include techniques like injecting particles into the upper atmosphere, making clouds more reflective, or thinning certain types of clouds. While these could cool the planet, they also come with risks, such as changing rainfall patterns or affecting the ozone layer.CDR approaches focus on removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere. This might involve planting coastal vegetation, spreading crushed rock on land, or making the oceans more alkaline so they absorb more CO₂.The presentation makes it clear that geoengineering is not a substitute for cutting emissions, but something to consider if those cuts fall short. These technologies raise big scientific and ethical questions, and this talk aims to provide a framework for understanding them and starting a public conversation about their future use.Francis AlbarèdeFrancis Albarède is a French geochemist internationally recognized for his work in isotope geochemistry and the application of mass spectrometry to Earth sciences.He has made major contributions to understanding the origin and differentiation of the Earth's mantle and crust, the cycling of elements in oceans, and the formation of ore deposits. In the 1990s, he played a pivotal role in advancing high-precision isotope analysis by acquiring one of the first commercial multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS), a technology that revolutionized the field.Albarède's research spans geochemistry, volcanology, paleoclimatology, and planetary science, with studies ranging from the isotopic signatures of ancient oceans to the composition of Martian meteorites. He is also known for integrating quantitative models with geochemical observations, applying a physicist's precision to Earth science problems. His interdisciplinary work, notably on metal isotopes in medicine and archaeology, has gained wide recognition.He is currently professor emeritus at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and a visiting scientist at Rice University. Among many distinctions, he has been elected to the Académie des sciences and awarded the Nemmers Prize in Earth Sciences and the V.M. Goldschmidt Award.

Mehdi DJAADI, est un acteur, auteur, metteur en scène et producteur. En plus de sa carrière au cinéma, il écrit et joue des seul-en-scène qui abordent des sujets de société. Après avoir été nommé aux Molières pour son premier spectacle, il revient au théâtre avec « Couleur framboise », une pièce qui traite de l'infertilité masculine et, par extension, d'écologie, de la religion et du rapport à la science dans la société française.Paul CLAVIER, enseigne l'histoire de la métaphysique et la philosophie de la religion à l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris. Il est membre du Centre Cavaillès, au sein de CIRPHLES. Il est auteur de plusieurs ouvrages.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Grand événement - À la recherche d'un Avenir Commun DurableL'IA et les mathématiques pour la météorologie et la climatologieAI and math for meteorology and climatologyCollège de FranceAnnée 2024-20255 mai 2025Grand événement - AI and math for meteorology and climatology - Thomas Dubos: Hamiltonian insights and the challenge of unresolved processes in geophysical modelsThomas DubosProfesseur, École PolytechniqueRésuméMathematical and numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean rely on various assumptions, approximations, and simplifications. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating their structure and interconnections, particularly for the resolved and reversible fluid components. This advancement has largely been driven by Hamiltonian approaches, encompassing both Hamilton's principle of least action and the associated symplectic structure. Moreover, these insights have influenced the development of numerical methods in production-ready models.This progress shifts attention toward the unresolved and irreversible processes, where mathematical and theoretical foundations remain scarce—and may continue to be so. I will challenge the notion that partial differential equations are all that is needed, and highlight areas where theoretical progress seems possible. Hopefully, this perspective can shed light on the respective roles of physics-based and data-driven components in comprehensive models.Thomas DubosThomas Dubos studied mathematics and physics at the École Normale Supérieure (Paris) and obtained his Ph.D. in 2002 at the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), focusing on transport through two-dimensional turbulence. As Assistant Professor and then Professor at LMD/École Polytechnique, his research focused on geophysical turbulence and hydrodynamics. More recently, he has used Hamiltonian methods to uncover the structure and connections of existing geophysical models, to derive new models, and to develop numerical methods with desirable physical properties. This fundamental work has contributed to the development of the LMDZ, the atmospheric general circulation model developed at LMD, which is part of the Earth System Model at the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL).

Super épisode avec Nicolas Granatino, investisseur deeptech au cœur de la scène IA européenne, bras armé d'Eric Schmidt en France, et pionnier des deals les plus emblématiques de l'IA open source.

durée : 00:22:06 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda, Mathias Le Gargasson, Antoine Dhulster - En entrant à l'École normale supérieure en 1926, le philosophe Maurice Merleau-Ponty côtoie deux personnes qui seront très importantes dans sa vie : Jean-Paul Sartre et Simone de Beauvoir. Il se souvient de ces rencontres décisives au micro de Georges Charbonnier, en 1959. - réalisation : Massimo Bellini, Vincent Abouchar - invités : Maurice Merleau-Ponty Philosophe français

durée : 00:28:47 - Une histoire particulière - par : Kristel Le Pollotec - 43 ans après l'assassinat d'Hélène Legotien-Rytmann par Louis Althusser, la société a changé et le récit mythifié du meurtre d'Hélène Legotien Rytmann, celui qui était diffusé depuis des décennies, devient soudainement moins audible. - réalisation : Laure-Hélène Planchet

durée : 00:28:47 - Une histoire particulière - par : Kristel Le Pollotec - 43 ans après l'assassinat d'Hélène Legotien-Rytmann par Louis Althusser, la société a changé et le récit mythifié du meurtre d'Hélène Legotien Rytmann, celui qui était diffusé depuis des décennies, devient soudainement moins audible. - réalisation : Laure-Hélène Planchet

durée : 00:28:48 - Une histoire particulière - par : Kristel Le Pollotec - Le 17 novembre 1980 le meurtre d'Hélène Legotien-Rytmann par son époux, Louis Althusser fait la une des journaux, du Monde à France Soir. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux circonstances du crime et surtout à la figure du meurtrier à qui l'on consacre de longs portraits. - réalisation : Laure-Hélène Planchet

durée : 00:28:48 - Une histoire particulière - par : Kristel Le Pollotec - Le 17 novembre 1980 le meurtre d'Hélène Legotien-Rytmann par son époux, Louis Althusser fait la une des journaux, du Monde à France Soir. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux circonstances du crime et surtout à la figure du meurtrier à qui l'on consacre de longs portraits. - réalisation : Laure-Hélène Planchet

Es uno de los mayores expertos del mundo en la figura y la obra de Leonardo da Vinci. Con voz pausada, Carlo Vecce propone un apasionante viaje en el tiempo para descubrir la época de Leonardo. También para comprender al ser humano que subyace tras el mito del genio. Este profesor italiano trabaja directamente con los manuscritos, dibujos, códices y obras de Da Vinci. Revisando estos documentos, un día llegó a uno de los descubrimientos más importantes sobre la vida de Leonardo: su madre, Caterina, era una esclava del Cáucaso. Un hallazgo que impactó al mundo del arte y que, para Vecce, significó una comprensión más profunda del Leonardo más humano: “El legado que Caterina dejó a su hijo fue el espíritu de libertad. Toda su obra está dominada por el espíritu de libertad, Leonardo era un hombre libre, sin barreras ni limitaciones en su investigación intelectual y científica”, explica. En este viaje a las luces y las sombras del Renacimiento, Carlo Vecce explica algunas de las obras más importantes de Leonardo y de su legado histórico, tanto para el arte como para la ciencia. Según afirma: “Podemos traer muchas cosas de la época renacentista a nuestro tiempo, como los grandes valores humanistas, que deberíamos defender siempre”, concluye. Carlo Vecce ha sido profesor en las universidades de la Sorbona y Los Ángeles, en el Institute of Advanced Studies de Durham y en la École Normale Supérieure de Lyon. Ha dirigido programas de cooperación cultural en India y China, y es miembro de la prestigiosa Accademia dei Lincei, donde encabezó un proyecto de reconstrucción de la biblioteca de Leonardo que condujo a la organización de exposiciones en la propia Academia, en el Museo Galileo de Florencia, la Universidad de Stanford y en el Instituto Max Planck de Berlín. Actualmente enseña literatura italiana en la Università Orientale de Nápoles. Es autor de numerosos ensayos, entre los que destaca ‘Vida de Leonardo' (2025), considerada la biografía definitiva sobre Leonardo da Vinci y su novela ‘Caterina' (2024), sobre la madre de Leonardo da Vinci.

L'émission 28 minutes du 20/01/2025 Le comédien Denis Podalydès raconte son père spirituel Pierre BourdieuDenis Podalydès est connu pour ses talents d'acteur au cinéma et de comédien en tant que sociétaire de la Comédie-Française. On le redécouvre dans son dernier livre, “L'ami de la famille. Souvenirs de Pierre Bourdieu” (éditions Julliard), dans lequel il se questionne sur sa trajectoire et ce qu'elle aurait pu être, notamment professeur ou universitaire, après des études en classes préparatoires littéraires dans deux lycées prestigieux parisiens. Il échoue trois fois à entrer à Normale Sup' et réussit le concours du Conservatoire. C'est au lycée Henri-IV que naîtra une amitié avec un élève particulier : Emmanuel, fils du sociologue Pierre Bourdieu. Il devient l'ami de la famille, presque le quatrième membre de celle-ci. Dans son ouvrage, il rend compte de son admiration pour celui qui a théorisé le déterminisme social et dont les travaux ont permis au comédien d'expliquer “ses choix”.  Des influences qui se retrouvent jusque dans ses mises en scène ou interprétations de rôles. Conclave sur les retraites : dialogue social, dialogue de dupes ?Le Premier ministre François Bayrou a écarté dimanche 16 mars un retour de l'âge de la retraite à 62 ans alors que les partenaires sociaux se réunissent en “conclave” autour des retraites depuis trois semaines. Mi-janvier, il avait promis que les discussions seraient “sans aucun totem” ni “tabou” sur tous les sujets. Les partenaires sociaux étaient chargés de trouver un “accord” après plusieurs semaines de discussion pour une réforme “socialement plus juste” tout en étant “équilibrée”. Ainsi, la CGT a annoncé le 19 mars au soir quitter la conversation comme l'avait fait la veille l'U2P, l'organisation patronale qui représente les entreprises de proximité.  La quatrième séance du conclave doit se tenir aujourd'hui, à laquelle la CFDT sera présente, mais non sans réticence : “On va se retrouver parmi ceux qui ont envie de travailler et on va définir des nouvelles règles et des nouveaux sujets et la question de l'âge sera sur la table car ça fait partie des sujets sur lesquels la CFDT veut pouvoir discuter et voir comment on avance”, a expliqué la secrétaire générale Marylise Léon. Ce conclave a-t-il encore du sens alors que François Bayrou a dit “non” au retour aux 62 ans ? Enfin, Xavier Mauduit nous parle des livrets de survie en temps de guerre alors que le gouvernement français prépare un manuel de survie pour la population face aux crises majeures tels que les accidents industriels, les événements climatiques graves ou les conflits armés. Marie Bonnisseau nous présente le blobfish, élu animal “le plus laid du monde”, devenu le poisson de l'année en Nouvelle-Zélande.28 minutes est le magazine d'actualité d'ARTE, présenté par Élisabeth Quin du lundi au jeudi à 20h05. Renaud Dély est aux commandes de l'émission le vendredi et le samedi. Ce podcast est coproduit par KM et ARTE Radio. Enregistrement 20 mars 2025 Présentation Élisabeth Quin Production KM, ARTE Radio

It's such an honor to welcome Giuseppe Longo to the pod! Professor Giuseppe Longo is the Research Director Emeritus at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. His work spans mathematics, computer science, biology, especially through the connective theoretical tissue of epistemology. Our conversation orbits around the limitations (or specific capacities) of computation, especially as computation becomes more and more central to mainstream theories of thought, being, life, and even physics. Longo pushes back on computationalism, grounding his critique in the sciences and in mathematics, especially as it becomes more and more established as an ideological foundation underneath applied biological research. No, for Longo the body is not a computer, the brain is not a computer, the world is not a computer, and the universe is not a computer — a computer is something altogether very specific, and should be afforded the dignity of its specificity. The title of this episode (imperative pythagoreanism) refers to pythagoreanism (the ancient worship of numbers in the 6th-4th century cult of Pythagorus, specifically the idea that the universe is fundamentally made of and reducible to numbers) and the imperative mode of computation (a determinative command structure).

Gregorio Baldin"Thomas Hobbes"Filosofia e politica nell'Europa del SeicentoCarocci Editorewww.carocci.itThomas Hobbes (1588-1679) è uno dei filosofi più noti, studiati e discussi nella storia del pensiero occidentale. Il libro traccia un profilo storico e intellettuale dell'autore che, con il suo Leviathan (1651), ha rivoluzionato la filosofia politica moderna. L'obiettivo è quello di guidare il lettore alla scoperta di Hobbes, non solo della sua filosofia, ma anche delle opere scientifiche, matematiche, storiche e letterarie, offrendo un caleidoscopio prospettico per comprendere la vivacità intellettuale di questo eclettico e poliedrico autore. Sullo sfondo cogliamo l'orizzonte delle vicende personali, ma anche le dinamiche politiche di ampio respiro che hanno segnato la storia culturale europea del primo Seicento e hanno costellato la lunga vita di questo straordinario pensatore moderno.Gregorio BaldinInsegna Storia della filosofia all'Università del Piemonte Orientale ed è membro dell'Institut d'Histoire des Représentations et des Idées dans les Modernités (École Normale Supérieure de Lyon). È stato Experienced Researcher Fellow dell'Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung presso la Philipps-Universität di Marburg. Si occupa di storia intellettuale, dedicandosi alle correnti filosofiche e agli autori della prima modernità, in particolare Thomas Hobbes e Paolo Sarpi. Ha pubblicato Hobbes and Galileo. Method, Matter and the Science of Motion (Cham 2020) e La croisée des savoirs: Hobbes, Mersenne, Descartes (Milano 2020).IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarewww.ilpostodelleparole.itDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/il-posto-delle-parole--1487855/support.

durée : 00:58:14 - Avec philosophie - par : Géraldine Muhlmann, Nassim El Kabli - John Locke, Adam Smith, Benjamin Constant et John Stuart Mill sont considérés comme les fondateurs de la pensée libérale. Leurs divergences et les nuances au sein même de leurs théories indiquent que le libéralisme n'est pas une philosophie homogène. Mais quelles étaient vraiment leurs thèses ? - réalisation : Nicolas Berger - invités : Claude Gautier Professeur de philosophie à l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Arnaud Skornicki Maître de conférences en science politique à l'université Paris Ouest Nanterre.

Complex problems cannot be solved if examined only through a narrow lens. Enter interdisciplinarity. It is now widely accepted that drawing on varied expertise and perspectives is the only way we can understand and tackle many of the most challenging issues we face, as individuals and as a species. So, there is a growing movement towards more cross disciplinary working in higher education but it faces challenges. Interdisciplinarity requires a shift of mindset in an academy built upon clear disciplinary distinctions and must compete for space in already overcrowded curricula. We speak to two leadings scholars in interdisciplinary research and teaching to find out why it is so important and how they are encouraging more academics and students to break out of traditional academic silos. Gabriele Bammer is a professor of integration and implementation sciences (i2S) at the Australian National University. She is author of several books including ‘Disciplining Interdisciplinarity' and is inaugural president of the Global Alliance for Inter- and Transdisciplinarity. To support progress in interdisciplinarity around the world, she runs the Integration and Implementation Insights blog and repository of theory, methods and tools underpinning i2S. Gabriele has held visiting appointments at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center at the University of Maryland and the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies in Potsdam, Germany. Kate Crawford is an international scholar of the social implications of artificial intelligence who has advised policymakers in the United Nations, the White House, and the European Parliament on AI, and currently leads the Knowing Machines Project, an international research collaboration that investigates the foundations of machine learning. She is a research professor at USC Annenberg in Los Angeles, a senior principal researcher at MSR in New York, an honorary professor at the University of Sydney, and the inaugural visiting chair for AI and Justice at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Her award-winning book, Atlas of AI, reveals the extractive nature of this technology while her creative collaborations such as Anatomy of an AI System with Vladan Joler and Excavating AI with Trevor Paglen explore the complex processes behind each human-AI interaction, showing the material and human costs. Her latest exhibition, Calculating Empires: A Genealogy of Technology and Power 1500-2025, opened in Milan, November 2023 and won the Grand Prize of the European Commission for art and technology. More advice and insight can be found in our latest Campus spotlight guide: A focus on interdisciplinarity in teaching.

Why should companies focus on their uniqueness and meeting customer needs instead of competing directly with industry giants? Philippe Bouissou, a renowned business strategist and founder of Blue Dots Partners, has dedicated his career to understanding the factors that drive business growth. With extensive experience in entrepreneurship, CEO roles, and venture capitalism, Bouissou has significantly shaped the business landscape through his consulting projects and investments. He believes that alignment is crucial for creating and sustaining business value, emphasizing that businesses must focus on growth to remain competitive, particularly by attracting top talent and meeting customer needs. Bouissou's approach, rooted in a strong analytical foundation, advocates for understanding customer pain points and uniquely positioning businesses in the market to create value and foster enduring success. Key Takeaways: → Aligning a business with its target market is crucial for growth and value creation. → Understanding customer pain points and aligning them with business claims is essential for success. → Frictionless transactions enhance customer experience and drive brand preference. → Businesses should focus on being unique and meeting customer needs instead of competing directly with giants. → Setting proper expectations for customers is crucial for satisfaction and retention   More from Philippe Bouissou Dr. Philippe Bouissou is a distinguished Silicon Valley veteran with over three decades of experience as a best-selling author, TEDx speaker, growth expert, venture capitalist, CEO, and entrepreneur. As the CEO of Blue Dots Partners, LLC, a Palo Alto-based management consulting firm, he employs a universal, data-driven, and prescriptive methodology to accelerate business growth. Dr. Bouissou's career began with the founding of G2i, Inc., a Unix software company that was successfully acquired. He then served as Senior Vice President at Matra Hachette Multimedia, Inc., overseeing business development for electronic publishing within the $12 billion high-tech and diversified media conglomerate. At Apple, Dr. Bouissou founded and led the company's eCommerce business, scaling its revenue from zero to $350 million under Steve Jobs' leadership—a figure that surpassed $75 billion in 2023. Drawing inspiration from his tenure at Apple, he transitioned into venture capital, investing $43 million with double-digit cash-on-cash returns. Dr. Bouissou has served on 25 Boards of Directors, including three current positions, and has led over 210 management consulting projects. He is an alumnus of the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, holding a BS in Mathematics, an MS in Physics, and a Ph.D. in nonlinear physics with a focus on chaos theory. Website: https://bluedotspartners.com/author/admin/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/phbouissou/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/phbouissou/   If you are an experienced CEO looking to grow your company, visit https://www.TheCEOProject.com   You can also reach Jim by email: Jim@TheCEOProject.com   LinkedIn: @theceoproject Instagram: @the_ceoproject Twitter/X: @the_CEO_Project Facebook:  @IncCEOproject

Kate y José conversan con Francisco Mamani, doctor en Estética, Historia y Teoría de las Artes en la École Normale Supérieure y la Universidad de Granada, sobre la cúpula de la escalera principal del convento de San Francisco en Lima (Perú, 1625)

Invité: Nathan Ferret. Le live-streaming connait un très grand succès auprès des jeunes. Il sʹagit de vidéaste (ou streamers), qui se mettent en scène en train de jouer et de commenter en direct un jeu vidéo, avec la possibilité pour les personnes qui regardent la diffusion de commenter à leur tour. Il y a des plateformes dédiées, comme Twitch, et des streamers suivis par plusieurs millions de personnes. Comment expliquer le succès de cette pratique? Pourquoi les jeunes aiment-ils regarder des autres personnes jouer? Quel est le modèle économique de ce business? Tribu  reçoit Nathan Ferret, sociologue à lʹÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, au Centre Max Weber, qui a fait sa thèse sur la plateforme Twitch et le live streaming.

In this episode, Juliana Maria Trammel, Associate Professor of Journalism & Mass Communications and Laura Robinson, Professor of Sociology talk with the UC Riverside School of Public Policy about the challenges and vulnerabilities with delivering information and services using eGovernment. This is the fifth episode in our 11-part series, Technology vs. Government, featuring former California State Assemblymember Lloyd Levine. Thank you so much to our generous sponsor for this episode, the Wall Street Journal. Activate your free school-sponsored subscription today at: ⁠⁠WSJ.com/UCRiverside⁠⁠ About Juliana Maria Trammel: Dr. Juliana Maria Trammel is a communications consultant, professor, and researcher. She has 12 years of experience in the field of communications that includes journalism, public relations, organizational and strategic communication, and communications research. She is currently an associate professor of Journalism & Mass Communications at Savannah State University. She earned a Ph.D. in Communication and Culture (organizational communication) from Howard University; a MA in Public Communication (social marketing) from American University; and a BA in Print and Broadcast Journalism (double major) from Rust College. Learn more about Juliana Maria Trammel via https://www.savannahstate.edu/class/departments/mass-communications/juliana-trammel.shtml About Laura Robinson: Laura Robinson specializes in digital sociology, research methods, and global media in Brazil, France, and the U.S. Robinson's work has appeared in journals including Information, Communication and Society; New Media & Society; Sociology, and Sociological Methodology. Robinson earned her Ph.D. from UCLA, where she held a Mellon Fellowship in Latin American Studies and received a Bourse d'Accueil at the École Normale Supérieure. She also earned degrees from Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 and USC. Leadership to the discipline has included serving as CITAMS Section Chair and as a member of the ASA Committee on the Status of Persons with Disabilities in Sociology. Learn more about Laura Robinson via https://www.scu.edu/cas/sociology/faculty-and-staff/laura-robinson/ Interviewers: Lloyd Levine (Former California State Assemblymember, UCR School of Public Policy Senior Policy Fellow) Dinara Godage (UCR Public Policy Major, Dean's Ambassador) Music by: Vir Sinha Commercial Links:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://spp.ucr.edu/ba-mpp⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://spp.ucr.edu/mpp⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠  This is a production of the UCR School of Public Policy: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://spp.ucr.edu/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠  Subscribe to this podcast so you don't miss an episode. Learn more about the series and other episodes via ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://spp.ucr.edu/podcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. 

durée : 00:57:48 - Avec philosophie - par : Géraldine Muhlmann, Antoine Ravon - À la fin du 19e et au début du 20e siècle, entre Vienne et la Grande-Bretagne, naquit la philosophie analytique, hostile à la métaphysique. Des penseurs comme Russell et Carnap se concentrent sur la logique et l'analyse du langage. Cependant, certains courants ultérieurs ont ravivé la métaphysique. - réalisation : Riyad Cairat - invités : Jean-Pascal Anfray Maître de conférences en philosophie à l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris; Sophie Berlioz Docteur en philosophie; Frédéric Nef Directeur de recherche émérite à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)

Did you know that there are scientists who study teamwork? Co-hosts Anne Chappelle, PhD, and David Faulkner, PhD, DABT, speak with Stephen Fiore, PhD, Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, about the art and science of working in teams and what you can do to improve teamwork in your lab, department, etc.About the GuestStephen M. Fiore, PhD, is Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, and Professor with the University of Central Florida's Cognitive Sciences Program in the Department of Philosophy and School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training. He maintains a multidisciplinary research interest that incorporates aspects of the cognitive, social, organizational, and computational sciences in the investigation of learning and performance in individuals and teams. His primary area of research is the interdisciplinary study of complex collaborative cognition and the understanding of how humans interact socially and with technology.Dr. Fiore is Immediate Past President of the International Network for the Science of Team Science, and Past President for the Interdisciplinary Network for Group Research. In 2018, Dr. Fiore was nominated to DARPA's Information Sciences and Technology (ISAT) Study Group to help the Department of Defense examine future areas of technological development potentially influencing national security. He has been a visiting scholar for the study of shared and extended cognition at École Normale Supérieure de Lyon in Lyon, France (2010), and an invited visitor to the internationally renowned interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute (2013). He was a member of the expert panel for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which focused on collaborative problem-solving skills. He has contributed to working groups for the National Academies of Sciences in understanding and measuring "21st-Century Skills" and was a committee member of their "Science of Team Science" consensus study, as well as a member of the National Assessment of Educational Progress report on "Collaborative Problem Solving".Dr. Fiore has been awarded the University of Central Florida (UCF) prestigious Research Incentive Award four times to acknowledge his significant accomplishments, and he is recipient of UCF's Luminary Award (2019), as recognition for his work having a significant impact on the world, and UCF's Reach for the Stars Award (2014), as recognition for bringing international prominence to the university. As Principal Investigator and Co-Principal Investigator, Dr. Fiore has helped to secure and manage approximately $35 million in research funding. He is co-author of a book on “Accelerating Expertise” (2013) and is a co-editor of volumes on Shared Cognition (2012), Macrocognition in Teams (2008), Distributed Training (2007), and Team Cognition (2004). Dr. Fiore has also co-authored over 200 scholarly publications in the area of learning, memory, and problem solving in individuals and groups.Send SOT thoughts on the episodes, ideas for future topics, and more.

Isabelle Hébert a consacré toute sa carrière au secteur de l'assurance. Diplômée de l'École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, de l'École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (ENSAE) et titulaire d'un Diplôme d'Études Approfondies (DEA) d'économie, cette franco-suisse a débuté sa carrière aux Etats-Unis, dans l'assurance santé, chez Cigna Group. De retour en Europe, elle a travaillé chez Malakoff Humanis, où elle s'est occupée d'innovation et de marketing. Elle a ensuite rejoint la mutuelle MGEN avant de tracer sa route chez Allianz France. Membre du comité exécutif, elle est directrice de l'Unité Data, Engagement, Marketing et Stratégie depuis le printemps dernier. Avec Isabelle nous parlons de data, de deeptech, d'intelligence artificielle et de tout ce que ces technologies peuvent apporter au monde de l'assurance. On discute aussi de son engagement pour la place des femmes dans l'univers de la deeptech. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:58:44 - Toute une vie - par : Colomba Grossi - Au cours du XXe siècle, Nietzsche a été accusé, à tort, d'être un penseur nationaliste et belliciste. Certaines de ses idées ont été mal, voire dramatiquement interprétées. En éclairant son rapport à l'Allemagne, nous revenons aujourd'hui sur les aspects politiques de sa biographie et de sa pensée. - réalisation : Vincent Decque - invités : Michèle Cohen-Halimi Philosophe, professeure de philosophie à l'université Paris 8; Georges-Arthur Goldschmidt Professeur d'allemand, écrivain, essayiste et traducteur.; Patrick Wotling Ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, professeur de philosophie, directeur du département de philosophie de l'Université de Reims et fondateur du Groupe International de Recherches sur Nietzsche; Céline Denat Maîtresse de conférences à l'Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, spécialiste de philosophie allemande moderne, membre et coordinatrice du Groupe international de Recherches sur Nietzsche; Emmanuel Salanskis Maître de conférences à l'Université de Strasbourg, ancien élève de l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris et agrégé de philosophie

Happiness Solved with Sandee Sgarlata. In this episode, Sandee interviews Philippe Bouissou. Philippe Bouissou, Ph.D., is a name that resonates through the heart of Silicon Valley. For over three decades, he has danced on the cutting edge, donning the hats of an entrepreneur, a CEO, and venture capitalist. Philippe has served on the boards of no fewer than 23 companies. He is a growth expert and bestselling author of Aligning the Dots. He pioneered a revolutionary methodology called A4 Precision Alignment™ that's lighting the fires of faster, sustainable revenue growth across the business world. It is brilliantly illuminated in his landmark TED talk, The Secret to Grow Any Business, that received over one million views. Philippe's groundbreaking work and innovative concept of market alignment is encapsulated in Blue Dots Partners, LLC, the firm he founded in 2014 in Palo Alto, California. Philippe and his team of highly accomplished CEOs and business builders diligently apply the Blue Dots data-driven analytical methodology to advise CEOs on how to grow their business and soar above their competitors across many industries.Philippe's storied career includes launching and scaling Apple's eCommerce business from zero to $350 million, under Steve Jobs. He steered over 240 management consulting projects. As a venture capitalist, he invested $44 million generating double-digit cash-on-cash returns. With an illustrious background that boasts a BS in Mathematics, an MS in Physics, and a PhD in non-linear physics and chaos theory from the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, Philippe brings a scientific precision to the business world. Connect with Philippe: LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/phbouissou/Connect with Sandee Website: www.sandeesgarlata.comPodcast: www.happinesssolved.comFacebook: www.facebook.com/coachsandeesgarlataTwitter: www.twitter.com/sandeesgarlataInstagram: www.instagram.com/coachsandeesgarlata

About the Lecture: The legal repression of opposition protests in pre-war Russia is characterized by the deployment of a bifurcated repressive system. This system relies, on the one hand, on “administrative” offenses and, on the other hand, on the criminal justice system to punish protesters. Following the demonstrators from the streets to the police bus, the police precincts and the court, this talk analyzes the case of relatively low-stakes prosecutions for protest-related “administrative” offences and the defensive legal mobilization that they prompted. This use of law and rights claims and sustained organization of legal aid and information support for prosecuted individuals in cases, where a guilty verdict is all but certain, speaks to the broader question of authoritarian legality and constant oscillation of defense actors and defendants themselves between belief and disbelief in law. About the Speaker: Renata Mustafina is a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Harriman Institute at Columbia University. Renata is a law and society scholar with research interests in authoritarian legality, legal mobilization, and defense lawyering in repressive settings, as well as in critical approaches to human rights. Her book manuscript, tentatively titled “Against Impossible Odds: Defensive Legal Mobilization in Russian Protest-Related Prosecutions,” ethnographically studies the legal aftermath of opposition protests in pre-war Russia (2012-2017). Renata holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Sciences Po, an M.A. in Sociology from École Normale Supérieure, and an undergraduate degree in International Relations from Moscow State University

Navigating the Toughest Challenges Every Entrepreneur Faces Philippe Bouissou, Ph.D., is a notable entrepreneur, CEO, and venture capitalist based in Silicon Valley, recognized for his expertise in sustainable revenue growth. He founded Blue Dots Partners, LLC in 2014, where he developed the A4 Precision Alignment™ methodology to help organizations identify and resolve internal misalignments that hinder performance. With a solid educational background in mathematics and physics, including a Ph.D. in Non-linear Physics and Chaos Theory from École Normale Supérieure in Paris, Philippe has over three decades of experience in the tech industry. He previously served as CEO of G2i, Inc., led U.S. business development for Matra Hachette Multimedia, and played a crucial role in launching Apple's eCommerce business. A bestselling author of "Aligning the Dots," Philippe has delivered a popular TED talk titled "The Secret to Grow Any Business," emphasizing innovative strategies for growth. Through his work, he continues to provide valuable insights into aligning market strategies with customer needs, helping numerous organizations achieve significant success. Connect with Philippe Bouissou: LinkedIn | Website | TEDxTalks | Aligning the Dots Book

durée : 00:58:57 - Entendez-vous l'éco ? - par : Aliette Hovine, Bruno Baradat - Les fonds vautour réalisent des plus-values sur les dettes des Etats en difficulté. Une stratégie spéculative indissociable de la construction, depuis New York, d'un ordre financier favorable aux créanciers privés, comme le montre le sociologue Benjamin Lemoine dans son nouvel ouvrage. - réalisation : Françoise Le Floch - invités : Benjamin Lemoine Sociologue, chercheur au CNRS et au Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH) - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Paris

Les troubles urinaires sont multiples et peuvent se caractériser par des douleurs, un besoin pressant d'uriner ou des pertes involontaires d'urine. Dans ce dernier cas, on parle d'incontinence. Si elle est souvent associée au vieillissement, elle peut toucher des personnes plus jeunes, hommes et femmes, et avoir un fort impact sur la qualité de vie. Quelles sont les différentes causes des troubles urinaires ? Comment les prévenir ? Quelles solutions existent quand on est sujet à l'incontinence ? Pr Thierry Lebret, chirurgien urologue à l'Hôpital Foch de Suresnes Pr Josue Avakoudjo, Chef du service d'urologie du Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire (CNHU) Hubert Koutoukou MAGA de Cotonou Doyen de la Faculté des sciences de la santé de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin.► En fin d'émission, nous faisons un point sur une étude menée par des chercheurs de l'Unité PACRI, associant le Cnam et l'Institut Pasteur, en collaboration avec le CNRS, qui démontre que la pratique du vélo permet d'éviter près de 2 000 décès par an. Interview de Kévin Jean, épidémiologiste, professeur junior en Santé et changements globaux à l'École Normale Supérieure -PSL et chercheur associé au laboratoire MESuRS (Cnam Paris).Programmation musicale : ► Oluwa Kuwait, Teni – Loke loke►Lycinaïs Jean, R Dydy, JazzyKey– Danje  

Today's guest is Jeta Abazi Gashi, an award-winning journalist from Kosovo and a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the Institute for Public Diplomacy and Global Communication at the George Washington University. In this episode, Alon and Jeta discuss the question of identity and belonging among Kosovar youth, especially given Kosovo's status as the youngest state in Europe, their views on nationalism and secularism, and Kosovo's relations with Europe and the United States. Full bio An award-winning journalist from Kosovo, Jeta Abazi Gashi has a background in three disciplines, journalism, political science, and history. She is completing her Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig (15 of October) and has also held various visiting fellowships at the University of Vienna, the University of Trento, and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Prior to her academic career, she worked as an investigative journalist and for various international organizations in Kosovo. She joins the Institute for Public Diplomacy and Global Communication at the George Washington University as a Fulbright Visiting Scholar from Kosovo. She will explore questions related to discourse, identity, and political communication between Kosovo and the United States. Her Ph.D. focused on religion and secularity in Albania and Kosovo. Her other works focused on national identity, democratization, and media framing of terrorism.

Ici on parle souvent de sport, forcément!La pratique sportive est un allié incontournable d'une bonne santé et d'une belle longévité. Pourtant, on le dit souvent ici aussi, en France on est pas les champions de la motivation.On sait tous qu'il faut faire du sport, pourtant nombreux sont celles et ceux qui ne franchissent pas le pas.La motivation est sincère, les résolutions semblent fermes, pourtant quand il s'agit de sauter le pas, quelque chose nous retient...Comme si notre cerveau refusait l'effort et nous soufflait qu'il vaut mieux rester assis dans son canapé.Pourquoi évite-t-on l'effort? Alors même qu'on sait qu'après on sera satisfait, qu'on se sentira mieux?Pourquoi lorsqu'un escalator grimpe le long d'un escalier on prend la solution de facilité?Toutes ces questions qu'on aurait tort de résumer par la flemme trouvent des réponses dans le livre du Professeur Boris Cheval: le syndrome du paresseux.Un livre édifiant que je voulais absolument décrypter en sa présence alors on est parti direction Rennes car c'est là bas, à l'École Normale Sup' que Boris Cheval fait ses recherches et partage son savoir...Alors bonne écoute et n'oubliez pas de réagir, car on est tous un jour ou l'autre atteint du syndrome du paresseux ;) Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:58:12 - Avec philosophie - par : Géraldine Muhlmann - Amour, joie et pitié : autant de sentiments qui sont au cœur de la réflexion des penseurs du 18ème siècle. Les Ecossais forgent le "sentimentalisme", et en France, la Révolution offre un terrain d'analyse riche des passions qui animent la vie politique et de leur pouvoir… - invités : Sophie Wahnich Historienne, directrice de recherche au CNRS, spécialiste de la Révolution française; Claude Gautier Professeur de philosophie à l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Nassim El Kabli Chroniqueur du ""Vrai" métier des philosophes"

Si Alexandre Dumas était né au XXe siècle, aurait-il été embauché comme scénariste chez Marvel ? Une question un peu naïve qui fait écho à la nouvelle adaptation du Comte de Monte-Cristo avec Pierre Niney dans le rôle-titre. Car cette histoire a été portée à l'écran, sur le petit comme sur le grand, des dizaines et des dizaines de fois à peu près partout dans le monde occidental. Et on pourrait y voir une forme de parenté avec les récits contemporains de la pop culture, à commencer par ceux de Marvel. Alors, est-ce que les personnages de roman-feuilleton ne seraient pas nos super-héros à nous ?Thomas Rozec rencontre Sarah Mombert, maîtresse de conférences en littérature française du XIXe siècle à l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon.Programme B est un podcast de Binge Audio présenté par Thomas Rozec. Réalisation : Clément Morel. Production et édition : Charlotte Baix. Générique : François Clos et Thibault Lefranc. Identité sonore Binge Audio : Jean-Benoît Dunckel (musique) et Bonnie El Bokeili (voix). Identité graphique : Sébastien Brothier et Thomas Steffen (Upian). Direction des programmes : Joël Ronez. Direction de la rédaction : David Carzon. Direction générale : Gabrielle Boeri-Charles. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Bien avant le succès du débarquement de Normandie en juin 1944, les Alliés ont tenté leur chance en 1942. C'est d'abord en août l'opération Jubilé à Dieppe, puis en novembre, l'opération Torch, en Algérie et au Maroc. Un échec cuisant et une opération de longue haleine, qui n'annoncent assurément le débarquement de Normandie. Deux tentatives rapprochées, avec un résultat bien différent, expliquées par Olivier Wieviorka, professeur à l'École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay au micro d'Etienne Duval.

Le 8 novembre 1942, les Alliés organisent un débarquement sur les côtes d'Afrique du Nord. Une nouvelle tentative pour créer une faille tant attendue dans les positions des armées allemandes et italiennes. Cette opération Torch, c'est un tournant dans l'histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale alors que sur le front de l'Est les Soviétiques mènent une véritable guerre de guérilla dans les rues de Stalingrad. Un moment clé qui annonce la défaite à venir des forces nazies et de leurs alliés. On retrouve Olivier Wieviorka, professeur à l'École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay au micro d'Etienne Duval.

durée : 00:57:59 - Avec philosophie - par : Géraldine Muhlmann - David Hume a forgé une théorie politique singulière en renversant la perspective contractualiste à partir de sa théorie des passions. C'est l'histoire qui a permis à Hume d'affiner ses positions, lui qui fut un grand observateur de l'histoire politique anglaise. Quel penseur politique était Hume ? - invités : Claude Gautier Professeur de philosophie à l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Luc Foisneau Directeur de recherche au CNRS et enseigne la philosophie politique à l'EHESS

Charles Fisher is a pioneering figure in the application of artificial intelligence to medicine and healthcare. With a PhD in biophysics from Harvard and a robust background in machine learning research, Fisher believes that AI has the potential to revolutionize medicine by addressing complex challenges and he does with the handpicked team he has assembled at Unlearn.ai. He highlights the rapid advancement of AI technologies, while also acknowledging that the current systems are not yet all-encompassing but improve annually. Fisher emphasizes that high-quality medical datasets are crucial for training effective AI models and views the creation of large datasets as essential for unlocking significant improvements in healthcare. Here are some highlights are from our chat: - AI advancements in medicine are underhyped, with rapid progress driven by machine learning technologies, better computers, and data accumulation. - The medical field lags behind consumer applications in AI due to the need for comprehensive medical datasets for training models effectively. - Digital twins in healthcare are used to create virtual replicas of patients, improving outcomes and personalizing treatments. - AI technology can predict outcomes in clinical trials, reducing the need for placebos and making studies more efficient and aligned with patient needs. - AI has the potential to accelerate medical research, reduce drug development costs, and lead to significant improvements in solving medical problems within the next 5-10 years. Charles Fisher is the CEO and co-founder of Unlearn.ai Charles is a scientist with interests at the intersection of physics, machine learning, and computational biology. Previously, he worked as a machine learning engineer at Leap Motion and a computational biologist at Pfizer. He was a Philippe Meyer Fellow in theoretical physics at École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, and a postdoctoral scientist in biophysics at Boston University. Charles holds a Ph.D. in biophysics from Harvard University and a B.S. in biophysics from the University of Michigan. Connect with Charles: Website: https://www.unlearn.ai/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/charleskfisher/ Connect with Allison: Feedspot has named Disruptive CEO Nation as one of the Top 25 CEO Podcasts on the web and it is ranked the number 10 CEO podcast to listen to in 2024! https://podcasts.feedspot.com/ceo_podcasts/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/allisonsummerschicago/ Website: https://www.disruptiveceonation.com/ Twitter: @DisruptiveCEO #CEO #AI #Tech #Enterprise #startup #startupstory #founder #business #businesspodcast #podcast Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Why you should listenLearn Proven Strategies for Growth. Philippe's methodologies are backed by decades of experience and have been applied successfully across various companies, including his significant role at Apple.Understand the four axes of alignment – pain vs. claim, perception vs. message, purchase vs. sale, and delight vs. offering – and how they can help you achieve faster growth.Philippe provides actionable steps and real-world examples to help you apply these principles to your business for immediate impact.You're in the right place if you're struggling for top-line revenue growth. In this episode, I talk to Philippe Bouissou from Blue Dot Partners about generating top-line revenue growth. He shares his extensive experience, including his time at Apple, where he grew their e-commerce revenue from $350 million to $55 billion under Steve Jobs. He delves into the critical aspects of achieving top-line growth, emphasizing the importance of alignment with your target market. We discuss his book's four key axes of alignment and practical ways to apply these concepts to your business.About Philippe BouissouBest-selling author of Aligning the Dots, acclaimed TEDx speaker, growth expert, venture capitalist, CEO, and entrepreneur Dr. Philippe Bouissou has worked in Silicon Valley for 34 years. He is currently the CEO of Blue Dots Partners, LLC, a Palo Alto-based management consulting firm dedicated to helping businesses grow faster using a universal, data-driven, and prescriptive methodology.Philippe moved to Silicon Valley as founder and CEO of G2i, Inc., a Unix software company later acquired by its largest customer. He then became Senior Vice President at Matra Hachette Multimedia, Inc., leading business development for electronic publishing for the $12 billion high-tech and diversified media company.He later founded and ran Apple's eCommerce business and grew its revenue from zero to $350 million under Steve Jobs (generated over $55 billion last year). Inspired by his time with Steve Jobs, Philippe's accomplishments continued to skyrocket, including investing $43 million as a Venture Capitalist with double-digit cash-on-cash returns. Philippe co-managed the Milestone Group, a Silicon Valley-based consulting firm focused on channel optimization serving large techcompanies such as Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, SAP, Verisign, and many others.Philippe served on 25 Boards of Directors, including two now, and led over 210 management-consulting projects. He graduated from the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris and holds a BS in Mathematics, a MS in Physics and a Ph.D. in non-linear physics in chaos theory.Resources and Linksbluedotspartners.comPhilippe's LinkedIn profilePhilippe's Book: Aligning the Dots: The New Paradigm to Grow Any BusinessPhilippe's TEDx TalkPrevious episode: 536 - The Three-Part Formula for Successful Sales EmailsCheck out more episodes of The Paul Higgins ShowTech Consultant's Roadmap

“The 'Dots' Are In Play” Join me and my guest Philippe Bouissou (philippebouissou.com), CEO of Blue Dots Partners and best-selling author of Aligning the Dots. Philippe founded and ran Apple's eCommerce business and grew its revenue from zero to $350 million in less than one year under Steve Jobs (generated $55 billion in 2022). Inspired from his time with Jobs, Philippe's accomplishments continued to skyrocket, including investing $43 million as a Venture Capitalist with double-digit returns. Philippe has served on 23 Boards of Directors and led over 210 management-consulting projects. He graduated from the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris and holds a BS in Mathematics, a MS in Physics and a Ph.D. in non-linear physics in chaos theory. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

“We haven't invested this much money into an infrastructure like this really until you go back to the pyramids”—Kate CrawfordTranscript with links to audio and external links. Ground Truths podcasts are on Apple and Spotify. The video interviews are on YouTube Eric Topol (00:06):Well, hello, this is Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I'm really delighted today to welcome Kate Crawford, who we're very lucky to have as an Australian here in the United States. And she's multidimensional, as I've learned, not just a scholar of AI, all the dimensions of AI, but also an artist, a musician. We're going to get into all this today, so welcome Kate.Kate Crawford (00:31):Thank you so much, Eric. It's a pleasure to be here.Eric Topol (00:34):Well, I knew of your work coming out of the University of Southern California (USC) as a professor there and at Microsoft Research, and I'm only now learning about all these other things that you've been up to including being recognized in TIME 2023 as one of 100 most influential people in AI and it's really fascinating to see all the things that you've been doing. But I guess I'd start off with one of your recent publications in Nature. It was a world view, and it was about generative AI is guzzling water and energy. And in that you wrote about how these large AI systems, which are getting larger seemingly every day are needing as much energy as entire nations and the water consumption is rampant. So maybe we can just start off with that. You wrote a really compelling piece expressing concerns, and obviously this is not just the beginning of all the different aspects you've been tackling with AI.Exponential Growth, Exponential Concerns Kate Crawford (01:39):Well, we're in a really interesting moment. What I've done as a researcher in this space for a very long time now is really introduce a material analysis of artificial intelligence. So we are often told that AI is a very immaterial technology. It's algorithms in the cloud, it's objective mathematics, but in actual fact, it comes with an enormous material infrastructure. And this is something that I took five years to research for my last book, Atlas of AI. It meant going to the mines where lithium and cobalt are being extracted. It meant going into the Amazon fulfillment warehouses to see how humans collaborate with robotic and AI systems. And it also meant looking at the large-scale labs where training data is being gathered and then labeled by crowd workers. And for me, this really changed my thinking. It meant that going from being a professor for 15 years focusing on AI from a very traditional perspective where we write papers, we're sitting in our offices behind desks, that I really had to go and do these journeys, these field trips, to understand that full extractive infrastructure that is needed to run AI at a planetary scale.(02:58):So I've been keeping a very close eye on what would change with generative AI and what we've seen particularly in the last two years has been an extraordinary expansion of the three core elements that I really write about in Atlas, so the extraction of data of non-renewable resources, and of course hidden labor. So what we've seen, particularly on the resources side, is a gigantic spike both in terms of energy and water and that's often the story that we don't hear. We're not aware that when we're told about the fact that there gigantic hundred billion computers that are now being developed for the next stage of generative AI that has an enormous energy and water footprint. So I've been researching that along with many others who are now increasingly concerned about how we might think about AI more holistically.Eric Topol (03:52):Well, let's go back to your book, which is an extraordinary book, the AI Atlas and how you dissected not just the well power of politics and planetary costs, but that has won awards and it was a few years back, and I wonder so much has changed since then. I mean ChatGPT in late 2022 caught everybody off guard who wasn't into this knowing that this has been incubating for a number of years, and as you said, these base models are just extraordinary in every parameter you can think about, particularly the computing resource and consumption. So your concerns were of course registered then, have they gone to exponential growth now?Kate Crawford (04:45):I love the way you put that. I think you're right. I think my concerns have grown exponentially with the models. But I was like everybody else, even though I've been doing this for a long time and I had something of a heads up in terms of where we were moving with transformer models, I was also quite taken aback at the extraordinary uptake of ChatGPT back in November 2022 in fact, gosh, it still feels like yesterday it's been such an extraordinary timescale. But looking at that shift to a hundred million users in two months and then the sort of rapid competition that was emerging from the major tech companies that I think really took me by surprise, the degree to which everybody was jumping on the bandwagon, applying some form of large language model to everything and anything suddenly the hammer was being applied to every single nail.(05:42):And in all of that sound and fury and excitement, I think there will be some really useful applications of these tools. But I also think there's a risk that we apply it in spaces where it's really not well suited that we are not looking at the societal and political risks that come along with these approaches, particularly next token prediction as a way of generating knowledge. And then finally this bigger set of questions around what is it really costing the planet to build these infrastructures that are really gargantuan? I mean, as a species, we haven't invested this much money into an infrastructure like this really until you go back to the pyramids, you really got to go very far back to say that type of just gargantuan spending in terms of capital, in terms of labor, in terms of all of the things are required to really build these kinds of systems. So for me, that's the moment that we're in right now and perhaps here together in 2024, we can take a breath from that extraordinary 18 month period and hopefully be a little more reflective on what we're building and why and where will it be best used.Propagation of BiasesEric Topol (06:57):Yeah. Well, there's so many aspects of this that I'd like to get into with you. I mean, one of course, you're as a keen observer and activist in this whole space, you've made I think a very clear point about how our culture is mirrored in our AI that is our biases, and people are of course very quick to blame AI per se, but it seems like it's a bigger problem than just that. Maybe you could comment about, obviously biases are a profound concern about propagation of them, and where do you see where the problem is and how it can be attacked?Kate Crawford (07:43):Well, it is an enormous problem, and it has been for many years. I was first really interested in this question in the era that was known as the big data era. So we can think about the mid-2000s, and I really started studying large scale uses of data in scientific applications, but also in what you call social scientific settings using things like social media to detect and predict opinion, movement, the way that people were assessing key issues. And time and time again, I saw the same problem, which is that we have this tendency to assume that with scale comes greater accuracy without looking at the skews from the data sources. Where is that data coming from? What are the potential skews there? Is there a population that's overrepresented compared to others? And so, I began very early on looking at those questions. And then when we had very large-scale data sets start to emerge, like ImageNet, which was really perhaps the most influential dataset behind computer vision that was released in 2009, it was used widely, it was freely available.(09:00):That version was available for over a decade and no one had really looked inside it. And so, working with Trevor Paglen and others, we analyzed how people were being represented in this data set. And it was really quite extraordinary because initially people are labeled with terms that might seem relatively unsurprising, like this is a picture of a nurse, or this is a picture of a doctor, or this is a picture of a CEO. But then you look to see who is the archetypical CEO, and it's all pictures of white men, or if it's a basketball player, it's all pictures of black men. And then the labeling became more and more extreme, and there are terms like, this is an alcoholic, this is a corrupt politician, this is a kleptomaniac, this is a bad person. And then a whole series of labels that are simply not repeatable on your podcast.(09:54):So in finding this, we were absolutely horrified. And again, to know that so many AI models had trained on this as a way of doing visual recognition was so concerning because of course, very few people had even traced who was using this model. So trying to do the reverse engineering of where these really problematic assumptions were being built in hardcoded into how AI models see and interpret the world, that was a giant unknown and remains to this day quite problematic. We did a recent study that just came out a couple of months ago looking at one of the biggest data sets behind generative AI systems that are doing text to image generation. It's called LAION-5B, which stands for 5 billion. It has 5 billion images and text captions drawn from the internet. And you might think, as you said, this will just mirror societal biases, but it's actually far more weird than you might imagine.(10:55):It's not a representative sample even of the internet because particularly for these data sets that are now trying to use the ALT tags that are used around images, who uses ALT tags the most on the internet? Well, it's e-commerce sites and it's often stock image sites. So what you'll see and what we discovered in our study was that the vast majority of images and labels are coming from sites like Shopify and Pinterest, these kind of shopping aspirational collection sites. And that is a very specific way of seeing the world, so it's by no means even a perfect mirror. It's a skewed mirror in multiple ways. And that's something that we need to think of particularly when we turn to more targeted models that might be working in say healthcare or in education or even in criminal justice, where we see all sorts of problems emerge.Exploiting Humans for RLHFEric Topol (11:51):Well, that's really interesting. I wonder to extend that a bit about the human labor side of this. Base models are tweaked, fine-tuned, and one of the ways to do that, of course is getting people to weigh in. And this has been written about quite a bit about how the people that are doing this can be exploited, getting wages that are ridiculously weak. And I wonder if you could comment about that because in the ethics of AI, this seems to be one of the many things that a lot of people don't realize about reinforcement learning.Kate Crawford (12:39):Oh, I completely agree. It's quite an extraordinary story. And of course now we have a new category of crowd labor that's called reinforcement learning with human feedback or RLHF. And what was discovered by multiple investigations was that these laborers are in many cases paid less than $2 an hour in very exploitative conditions, looking at results that in many cases are really quite horrifying. They could be accounts of murder, suicide, trauma, this can be visual material, it can be text-based material. And again, the workers in these working for these companies, and again, it's often contract labor, it's not directly within a tech company, it's contracted out. It's very hidden, it's very hard to research and find. But these laborers have been experiencing trauma and are really now in many cases bringing lawsuits, but also trying to unionize and say, these are not acceptable conditions for people to be working under.(13:44):So in the case of OpenAI, it was found that it was Kenyan workers who were doing this work for just poverty wages, but it's really across the board. It's so common now that humans are doing the hard work behind the scenes to make these systems appear autonomous. And that's the real trap that we're being told that this is the artificial intelligence. But in actual fact, what Jeff Bezos calls Mechanical Turk is that it's artificial, artificial intelligence otherwise known as human beings. So that is a very significant layer in terms of how these systems work that is often unacknowledged. And clearly these workers in many cases are muzzled from speaking, they're not allowed to talk about what they do, they can't even tell their families. They're certainly prevented from collective action, which is why we've seen this push towards unionization. And finally, of course, they're not sharing in any of the profits that are being generated by these extraordinary new systems that are making a very small number of people, very wealthy indeed.Eric Topol (14:51):And do you know if that's improving or is it still just as bad as it has been reported? It's really deeply concerning to see human exploitation, and we all know well about sweatshops and all that, but here's another version, and it's really quite distressing.Kate Crawford (15:09):It really is. And in fact, there have been several people now working to create really almost like fair work guidelines. So Oxford has the sort of fair work initiative looking specifically at crowd work. They also have a rating system where they rate all of the major technology companies for how well they're treating their crowd laborers. And I have to say the numbers aren't looking good in the last 12 months, so I would love to see much more improvement there. We are also starting to see legislation be tabled specifically on this topic. In fact, Germany was one of the most recent to start to explore how they would create a strong legislative backing to make sure that there's fair labor conditions. Also, Chile was actually one of the first to legislate in this space, but you can imagine it's very difficult to do because it's a system that is operating under the radar through sort of multiple contracted chains. And even some of the people within tech companies will tell me it's really hard to know if they're working with a company that's doing this in the right way and paying people well. But frankly, I'd like to see far greater scrutiny otherwise, as you say, we're building on this system, which looks like AI sweatshops.Eric Topol (16:24):Yeah, no, I think people just have this illusion that these machines are doing everything by themselves, and that couldn't be further from the truth, especially when you're trying to take it to the next level. And there's only so much human content you can scrape from the internet, and obviously it needs additional input to take it to that more refined performance. Now, besides your writing and being much of a conscience for AI, you're also a builder. I mean, I first got to know some of your efforts through when you started the AI Now Institute. Maybe you can tell us a bit about that. Now you're onto the Knowing Machines Project and I don't know how many other projects you're working on, so maybe you can tell us about what it's like not just to be a keen observer, but also one to actually get initiatives going.Kate Crawford (17:22):Well, I think it's incredibly important that we start to build interdisciplinary coalitions of researchers, but sometimes even beyond the academic field, which is where I really initially trained in this space, and really thinking about how do we involve journalists, how do we involve filmmakers, how do we involve people who will look at these issues in really different ways and tell these stories more widely? Because clearly this really powerful shift that we're making as a society towards using AI in all sorts of domains is also a public issue. It's a democratic issue and it's an issue where we should all be able to really see into how these systems are working and have a say in how they'll be impacting our lives. So one of the things that I've done is really create research groups that are interdisciplinary, starting at Microsoft Research as one of the co-founders of FATE, a group that stands for fairness, accountability, transparency and ethics, and then the AI Now Institute, which was originally at NYU, and now with Knowing Machines, which is an international group, which I've been really delighted to build, rather than just purely focusing on those in the US because of course these systems are inherently transnational, they will be affecting global populations.(18:42):So we really need to think about how do you bring people from very different perspectives with different training to ask this question around how are these systems being built, who is benefiting and who might be harmed, and how can we address those issues now in order to actually prevent some of those harms and prevent the greatest risks that I see that are possible with this enormous turn to artificial intelligence everywhere?Eric Topol (19:07):Yeah, and it's interesting how you over the years are a key advisor, whether it's the White House, the UN or the European Parliament. And I'm curious about your experience because I didn't know much about the Paris ENS. Can you tell us about you were Visiting Chair, this is AI and Justice at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), I don't know if I pronounce that right. My French is horrible, but this sounds like something really interesting.Kate Crawford (19:42):Well, it was really fascinating because this was the first time that ENS, which is really one of the top research institutions in Europe, had turned to this focus of how do we contend with artificial intelligence, not just as a technical question, but as a sort of a profound question of justice of society of ethics. And so, I was invited to be the first visiting chair, but tragically this corresponded with the start of the pandemic in 2020. And so, it ended up being a two-year virtual professorship, which is really a tragedy when you're thinking about spending time in Paris to be spending it on Zoom. It's not quite the same thing, but I had the great fortune of using that time to assemble a group of scholars around the world who were looking at these questions from very different disciplines. Some were historians of science, others were sociologists, some were philosophers, some were machine learners.(20:39):And really essentially assembled this group to think through some of the leading challenges in terms the potential social impacts and current social impacts of these systems. And so, we just recently published that through the academies of Science and Engineering, and it's been almost like a template for thinking about here are core domains that need more research. And interestingly, we're at that moment, I think now where we can say we have to look in a much more granular fashion beyond the hype cycles, beyond the sense of potential, the enormous potential upside that we're always hearing about to look at, okay, how do these systems actually work now? What kinds of questions can we bring into the research space so that we're really connecting the ideas that come traditionally from the social sciences and the humanistic disciplines into the world of machine learning and AI design. That's where I see the enormous upside that we can no longer stay in these very rigorously patrolled silos and to really use that interdisciplinary awareness to build systems differently and hopefully more sustainably as well.Is Working At Microsoft A Conflict?Eric Topol (21:55):Yeah, no, that's what I especially like about your work is that you're not a doomsday person or force. You're always just trying to make it better, but now that's what gets me to this really interesting question because you are a senior principal researcher at Microsoft and Microsoft might not like some of these things that you're advocating, how does that potential conflict work out?Kate Crawford (22:23):It's interesting. I mean, people often ask me, am I a technology optimist or a technology pessimist? And I always say I'm a technology realist, and we're looking at these systems being used. I think we are not benefited by discourses of AI doomerism nor by AI boosterism. We have to assess the real politic and the political economies into which these systems flow. So obviously part of the way that I've got to know what I know about how systems are designed and how they work at scale is through being at Microsoft Research where I'm working alongside extraordinary colleagues and all of whom come from, in many cases, professorial backgrounds who are deep experts in their fields. And we have this opportunity to work together and to look at these questions very early on in the kinds of production cycles and enormous shifts in the way that we use technology.(23:20):But it is interesting of course that at the moment Microsoft is absolutely at the leading edge of this change, and I've always thought that it's incredibly important for researchers and academics who are in industrial spaces to be able to speak freely, to be able to share what they see and to use that as a way that the industry can, well hopefully keep itself honest, but also share between what it knows and what everybody else knows because there's a giant risk in having those spaces be heavily demarcated and having researchers really be muzzled. I think that's where we see real problems emerge. Of course, one of the great concerns a couple of years ago was when Timnit Gebru and others were fired from Google for speaking openly about the concerns they had about the first-generation large language models. And my hope is that there's been a lesson through that really unfortunate set of decisions made at Google that we need people speaking from the inside about these questions in order to actually make these systems better, as you say, over the medium and long term.Eric Topol (24:26):Yeah, no, that brings me to thought of Peter Lee, who I'm sure because he wrote a book about GPT-4 and healthcare and was very candid about its potential, real benefits and the liabilities, and he's a very humble kind of guy. He's not one that has any bravado that I know of, so it speaks well to at least another colleague of yours there at Microsoft and their ability to see all the different sides here, not just what we'll talk about in a minute the arms race both across companies and countries. But before I get to that, there's this other part of you and I wonder if there's really two or three of you that is as a composer of music and art, I looked at your Anatomy of an AI System, I guess, which is on exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, and that in itself is amazing, but how do you get into all these other parts, are these hobbies or is this part of a main part of your creative work or where does it fit in?Kate Crawford (25:40):Eric, didn't I mention the cloning program that I participated in early and that there are many Kate's and it's fantastic we all work together. Yeah, that explains it. Look, it's interesting. Way back as a teenager, I was fascinated with technology. Of course, it was the early stages of the web at that moment, and I could see clearly that this was, the internet was going to completely change everything from my generation in terms of what we would do in terms of the way that we would experience the world. And as I was also at that time an electronic musician in bands, I was like, this was a really fantastic combination of bringing together creative practice with a set of much larger concerns and interests around at a systems level, how technology and society are co-constituted, how they evolve together and shape each other. And that's really been the map of how I've always worked across my life.(26:48):And it's interesting, I've always collaborated with artists and Vladan Joler who I worked with on anatomy of an AI system. We actually met at a conference on voice enabled AI systems, and it was really looking at the ethics of could it be possible to build an open source, publicly accessible version of say Alexa rather than purely a private model owned by a corporation, and could that be done in a more public open source way? And we asked a different question, we looked at each other and we're like, oh, I haven't met you yet, but I can see that there are some problems here. One of them is it's not just about the data and it's not just about the technical pipelines, it's about where the components come from. It's about the mining structures that needed to make all of these systems. It's about the entire end of life what happens when we throw these devices out from generally between three to four years of use and how they go into these giant e-waste tips.(27:51):And we basically started looking at this as an enormous sort of life and death of a single AI system, which for us started out by drawing these things on large pieces of butcher's paper, which just expanded and expanded until we had this enormous systems level analysis of what it takes just to ask Alexa what the weather is today. And in doing that, it taught me a couple of things. One that people really want to understand all of the things that go into making an AI system work. This piece has had a very long life. It's been in over a hundred museums around the world. It's traveled further than I have, but it's also very much about that broader political economy that AI systems aren't neutral, they don't just exist to serve us. They are often sort of fed into corporate structures that are using them to generate profits, and that means that they're used in very particular ways and that there are these externalities in terms of how they produced that linger in our environments that have really quite detrimental impacts on systems of labor and how people are recompensed and a whole range of relationships to how data is seen and used as though it's a natural resource that doesn't actually come from people's lives, that doesn't come with risks attached to it.(29:13):So that project was really quite profound for me. So we've continued to do these kinds of, I would call them research art projects, and we just released a new one called Calculating Empires, which looks at a 500 year history of technology and power looking specifically at how empires over time have used new technologies to centralize their power and expand and grow, which of course is part of what we're seeing at the moment in the empires of AI.Eric Topol (29:43):And what about the music side?Kate Crawford (29:45):Well, I have to say I've been a little bit slack on the music side. Things have been busy in AI Eric, I have to say it's kept me away from the music studio, but I always intend to get back there. Fortunately, I have a kid who's very musical and he's always luring me away from my desk and my research saying, let's write some music. And so, he'll keep me honest.Geopolitics and the Arms RacesEric Topol (30:06):Well, I think it's striking just because you have this blend of the humanities and you're so deep into trying to understand and improve our approaches in technology. And it seems like a very unusual, I don't know, too many techies that have these different dimensions, so that's impressive. Now let's get back to the arms race. You just were talking about tracing history over hundreds of years and empires, but right now we have a little problem. We have the big tech titans that are going after each other on a daily basis, and of course you know the group very well. And then you have China and the US that are vying to be the dominant force and problems with China accessing NVIDIA chips and Taiwan sitting there in a potentially very dangerous position, not just for Taiwan, but also for the US. And I wonder if you could just give us your sense about the tensions here. They're US based as well of course, because that's some of the major forces in companies, but then they're also globally. So we have a lot of stuff in the background that people don't like to think about, but it's actually happening right now.Kate Crawford (31:35):I think it's one of the most important things that we can focus on, in fact. I mean and again, this is why I think a materialist analysis of artificial intelligence is so important because not only does it force you to look at the raw components, where does the energy come from? Where does the water come from? But it means you're looking at where the chipsets come from. And you can see that in many cases there are these infrastructural choke points where we are highly dependent on specific components that sit within geopolitical flashpoints. And Taiwan is really the exemplar of this sort of choke point at the moment. And again, several companies are trying to address this by spinning up new factories to build these components, but this takes a lot of time and an enormous amount of resources yet again. So what we're seeing is I think a very difficult moment in the geopolitics of artificial intelligence.(32:31):What we've had certainly for the last decade has been almost a geopolitical duopoly. We've had the US and China not only having enormous power and influence in this space, but also goading each other into producing the most extreme forms of both data extractive and surveillance technologies. And unfortunately, this is just as true in the United States that I commonly hear this in rooms in DC where you'll hear advisors say, well, having any type of guardrails or ethical considerations for our AI systems is a problem if it means that China's going to do it anyway. And that creates this race to the bottom dynamic of do as much of whatever you can do regardless of the ethical and in some cases legal problems that will create. And I think that's been the dynamic that we've seen for some time. And of course the last 18 months to two years, we've seen that really extraordinary AI war happening internally in the United States where again, this race dynamic I think does create unfortunately this tendency to just go as fast as possible without thinking about potential downsides.(33:53):And I think we're seeing the legacy of that right now. And of course, a lot of the conversations from people designing these systems are now starting to say, look, being first is great, but we don't want to be in a situation as we saw recently with Google's Gemini where you have to pull an entire model off the shelves and you have to say, this is not ready. We actually have to remove it and start again. So this is the result I think of that high pressure, high speed dynamic that we've been seeing both inside the US but between the US and China. And of course, what that does to the rest of the world is create this kind of client states where we've got the EU trying to say, alright, well we'll export a regulatory model if we're not going to be treated as an equivalent player here. And then of course, so many other countries who are just seen as spaces to extract low paid labor or the mineralogical layer. So that is the big problem that I see is that that dynamic has only intensified in recent years.A.I. and MedicineEric Topol (34:54):Yeah, I know it's really another level of concern and it seems like it could be pretty volatile if for example, if the US China relations takes another dive and the tensions there go to levels that haven't been seen so far. I guess the other thing, there's so much that is I think controversial, unsettled in this space and so much excitement. I mean, just yesterday for example, was the first AI randomized trial to show that you could save lives. When I wrote that up, it was about the four other studies that showed how it wasn't working. Different studies of course, but there's so much excitement at the same time, there's deep concerns. You've been a master at articulating these deep concerns. What have we missed in our discussion today, I mean we've covered a lot of ground, but what do you see are other things that should be mentioned?Kate Crawford (36:04):Well, one of the things that I've loved in terms of following your work, Eric, is that you very carefully walk that line between allowing the excitement when we see really wonderful studies come out that say, look, there's great potential here, but also articulating concerns where you see them. So I think I'd love to hear, I mean take this opportunity to ask you a question and say what's exciting you about the way that this particularly new generation AI is being used in the medical context and what are the biggest concerns you have there?Eric Topol (36:35):Yeah, and it's interesting because the biggest advance so far in research and medicine was the study yesterday using deep learning without any transformer large language model effort. And that's where that multiplicative of opportunity or potential is still very iffy, it's wobbly. I mean, it needs much more refinement than where we are right now. It's exciting because it is multimodal and it brings in the ability to bring all the layers of a human being to understand our uniqueness and then do much better in terms of, I got a piece coming out soon in Science about medical forecasting and how we could really get to prevention of conditions that people are at high risk. I mean like for example today the US preventive task force said that all women age 40 should have mammograms, 40.Kate Crawford (37:30):I saw that.Eric Topol (37:30):Yeah, and this is just crazy Looney Tunes because here we have the potential to know pretty precisely who are those 12%, only 12% of women who would ever get breast cancer in their lifetime, and why should we put the other 88% through all this no less the fact that there are some women even younger than age 40 that have significantly high risk that are not picked up. But I do think eventually when we get these large language models to actualize their potential, we'll do really great forecasting and we'll be able to not just prevent or forestall cancer, Alzheimer's and so many things. It's quite exciting, but it's the earliest, we're not even at first base yet, but I think I can see our way to get there eventually. And it's interesting because the discussion I had previously with Geoffrey Hinton, and I wonder if you think this as well, that he sees the health medical space as the only really safe space. He thinks most everything else has got more concerns about the downsides is the sweet spot as he called it. But I know that's not particularly an area that you are into, but I wonder if you share that the excitement about your health could be improved in the future with AI.Kate Crawford (38:52):Well, I think it's a space of enormous potential, but again, enormous risk for the same reasons that we discussed earlier, which is we have to look at the training data and where it's coming from. Do we have truly representative sources of data? And this of course has been a consistent problem certainly for the last hundred years and longer. When we look at who are the medical patients whose data is being collected, are we seeing skews? And that has created all sorts of problems, particularly in the last 50 years in terms of misdiagnosing women, people of color, missing and not taking seriously the health complaints of people who are already seen as marginalized populations, thus then further skewing the data that is then used to train AI models. So this is something that we have to take very seriously, and I had the great fortune of being invited by Francis Collins to work with the NIH on their AI advisory board.(39:50):They produced a board to look just at these questions around how can this moment in AI be harnessed in such a way that we can think about the data layer, think about the quality of data and how we train models. And it was a really fascinating sort of year long discussion because in the room we had people who were just technologists who just wanted as much data as possible and just give us all that data and then we'll do something, but we'll figure it out later. Then there were people who had been part of the Human Genome Project and had worked with Francis on questions around the legal and ethical and social questions, which he had really centered in that project very early on. And they said, no, we have to learn these lessons. We have to learn that data comes from somewhere. It's not divorced of context, and we have to think about who's being represented there and also who's not being represented there because that will then be intensified in any model that we train on that data.Humans and Automation Bias(40:48):And then also thinking about what would happen in terms of if those models are only held by a few companies who can profit from them and not more publicly and widely shared. These were the sorts of conversations that I think at the absolute forefront in terms of how we're going to navigate this moment. But if we get that right, if we center those questions, then I think we have far greater potential here than we might imagine. But I'm also really cognizant of the fact that even if you have a perfect AI model, you are always going to have imperfect people applying it. And I'm sure you saw that same study that came out in JAMA back in December last year, which was looking at how AI bias, even slightly biased models can worsen human medical diagnosis. I don't know if you saw this study, but I thought it was really extraordinary.(41:38):It was sort of 450 doctors and physician's assistants and they were really being shown a handful of cases of patients with acute respiratory failure and they really needed come up with some sort of diagnosis and they were getting suggestions from an AI model. One model was trained very carefully with highly accurate data, and the other was a fairly shoddy, shall we say, AI model with quite biased data. And what was interesting is that the clinicians when they were working with very well-trained AI model, we're actually producing a better diagnosis across the board in terms of the cases they were looking at. I think their accuracy went up by almost 4.5 percentage points, but when they were working with the less accurate model, their capacity actually dropped well below their usual diagnostic baseline, something like almost 12 percentage points below their usual diagnostic quality. And so, this really makes me think of the kind of core problem that's been really studied for 40 years by social scientists, which is called automation bias, which is when even an expert, a technical system which is giving a recommendation, our tendency is to believe it and to discard our own knowledge, our own predictions, our own sense.(42:58):And it's been tested with fighter pilots, it's been tested with doctors, it's been tested with judges, and it's the same phenomenon across the board. So one of the things that we're going to need to do collectively, but particularly in the space of medicine and healthcare, is retaining that skepticism, retaining that ability to ask questions of where did this recommendation come from with this AI system and should I trust it? What was it trained on? Where did the data come from? What might those gaps be? Because we're going to need that skepticism if we're going to get through particularly this, as you say, this sort of early stage one period where in many cases these models just haven't had a lot of testing yet and people are going to tend to believe them out of the box.The Large Language Model Copyright IssueEric Topol (43:45):No, it's so true. And one of the key points is that almost every study that's been published in large language models in medicine are contrived. They're using patient actors or they're using case studies, but they're not in the real world. And that's where you have to really learn, as you know, that's a much more complex and messy world than the in silico world of course. Now, before wrapping up, one of the things that's controversial we didn't yet hit is the fact that in order for these base models to get trained, they basically ingest all human content. So they've ingested everything you've ever written, your books, your articles, my books, my articles, and you have the likes of the New York Times suing OpenAI, and soon it's going to run out of human content and just use synthetic content, I guess. But what's your sense about this? Do you feel that that's trespassing or is this another example of exploiting content and people, or is this really what has to be done in order to really make all this work?Kate Crawford (44:59):Well, isn't it a fascinating moment to see this mass grabbing of data, everything that is possibly extractable. I actually just recently published an article in Grey Room with the legal scholar, Jason Schultz, looking at how this is producing a crisis in copyright law because in many ways, copyright law just cannot contend with generative AI in particular because all of the ways in which copyright law and intellectual property more broadly has been understood, has been premised around human ideas of providing an incentive and thus a limited time monopoly based on really inspiring people to create more things. Well, this doesn't apply to algorithms, they don't respond to incentives in this way. The fact that, again, it's a longstanding tradition in copyright that we do not give copyright to non-human authors. So you might remember that there was a very famous monkey selfie case where a monkey had actually stepped on a camera and it had triggered a photograph of the monkey, and could this actually be a copyright image that could be given to the monkey?(46:12):Absolutely not, is what the court's decided. And the same has now happened, of course, for all generative AI systems. So right now, everything that you produce be that in GPT or in Midjourney or in Stable Diffusion, you name it, that does not have copyright protections. So we're in the biggest experiment of production after copyright in world history, and I don't think it's going to last very long. To be clear, I think we're going to start to see some real shifts, I think really in the next 6 to 12 months. But it has been this moment of seeing this gigantic gap in what our legal structures can do that they just haven't been able to contend with this moment. The same thing is true, I think, of ingestion, of this capturing of human content without consent. Clearly, many artists, many writers, many publishing houses like the New York Times are very concerned about this, but the difficulty that they're presented with is this idea of fair use, that you can collect large amounts of data if you are doing something with that, which is sufficiently transformative.(47:17):I'm really interested in the question of whether or not this does constitute sufficiently transformative uses. Certainly if you looked at the way that large language models a year ago, you could really prompt them into sharing their training data, spitting out entire New York Times articles or entire book chapters. That is no longer the case. All of the major companies building these systems have really safeguarded against that now but nonetheless, you have this question of should we be moving towards a system that is based on licensing, where we're really asking people if we can use their data and paying them a license fee? You can see how that could absolutely work and would address a lot of these concerns, but ultimately it will rely on this question of fair use. And I think with the current legal structures that we have in the current case law, that is unlikely to be seen as something that's actionable.(48:10):But I expect what we'll look at is what really happened in the early 20th century around the player piano, which was that I'm sure you remember this extraordinary technology of the player piano. That was one of the first systems that automated the playing of music and you'd have a piano that had a wax cylinder that almost like code had imprinted on a song or a piece of music, and it could be played in the public square or in a bar or in a saloon without having to pay a single artist and artists were terrified. They were furious, they were public hearings, there were sort of congressional hearings and even a Supreme Court case that decided that this was not a copyright infringement. This was a sufficiently transformative use of a piece of music that it could stand. And in the end, it was actually Congress that acted.(49:01):And we from that got the 1908 Copyright Act and from that we got this idea of royalties. And that has become the basis of the music industry itself for a very long time. And now we're facing another moment where I think we have a legislative challenge. How would you actually create a different paradigm for AI that would recognize a new licensing system that would reward artists, writers, musicians, all of the people whose work has been ingested into training data for AI so that they are recognized and in some ways, recompensed by this massive at scale extraction?Eric Topol (49:48):Wow, this has been an exhilarating conversation, Kate. I've learned so much from you over the years, but especially even just our chance to talk today. You articulate these problems so well, and I know you're working on solutions to almost everything, and you're so young, you could probably make a difference in the decades ahead. This is great, so I want to thank you not just for the chance to visit today, but all the work that you've been doing, you and your colleagues to make AI better, make it fulfill the great promise that it has. It is so extraordinary, and hopefully it'll deliver on some of the things that we have big unmet needs, so thanks to you. This has really been fun.Kate Crawford (50:35):This has been wonderful. And likewise, Eric, your work has just been a fantastic influence and I've been delighted to get to know you over the years and let's see what happens. It's going to be a wild ride from now to who knows when.Eric Topol (50:48):No question, but you'll keep us straight, I know that. Thank you so much.Kate Crawford (50:52):Thanks so much, Eric.*******************************Your support of subscribing to Ground Truths, and sharing it with your network of friends and colleagues, is much appreciated.The Ground Truths newsletters and podcasts are all free, open-access, without ads.Voluntary paid subscriptions all go to support Scripps Research. Many thanks for that—they greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for 2023 and 2024.Thanks to my producer Jessica Nguyen and Sinjun Balabanoff tor audio and video support at Scripps ResearchNote: you can select preferences to receive emails about newsletters, podcasts, or all I don't want to bother you with an email for content that you're not interested in.Comments for this post are welcome from all subscribers. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

Dr Lola Salem graduated from the École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, in 2015 (MA Musicology), the Sorbonne in 2018 (MA Aesthetics and Philosophy of Arts) and the University of Oxford in 2023 (D.Phil. Musicology). Her academic research lies in the fields of 17-18th centuries opera, performers, patronage and material conditions, with a specific focus on law. In 2018, one of her papers won the Young Scholar Prize at the STIMU Symposium, Utrecht. Since 2018, Lola has taught Music undergraduates across the University in Oxford, and since 2022 she has worked as a Lecturer in French at Wadham and St Catherine's Colleges. At Oriel College, Oxford, Lola is a Lecturer in Music and teaches the following papers: Foundations in the Study of Music, Musical Thought and Scholarship, Historically Informed Performance, Music and Nationalisms, The String Quartet Between Classicism & Modernism, 18th Century Opera. As a child and teenager, she sang and was professionally trained at the Maîtrise de Radio France (2005-2010). Later, she became an art critic for I/O Gazette between 2016 and 2020. Since 2022, she regularly publishes in The Critic, a UK magazine, and other media such as Arthwart and Engelsberg Ideas. She is also a Civic Future Fellow and a consultant in London on issues related to education, culture, and the arts.LOLA SALEM WEBSITEhttps://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/people/lola-salem/SUPPORT THIS PODCASTPatreonDonorboxSAMUEL ANDREYEV'S NEW ALBUMhttps://divineartrecords.com/recording/samuel-andreyev-in-glow-of-like-seclusion/LINKSYouTube channelOfficial WebsiteTwitterInstagramEdition Impronta, publisher of Samuel Andreyev's scoresEPISODE CREDITSPost production: Arkadiusz BuchalaPodcast artwork photograph © 2019 Philippe StirnweissSupport the show

Proudly sponsored by PyMC Labs, the Bayesian Consultancy. Book a call, or get in touch!My Intuitive Bayes Online Courses1:1 Mentorship with meHow does the world of statistical physics intertwine with machine learning, and what groundbreaking insights can this fusion bring to the field of artificial intelligence?In this episode, we delve into these intriguing questions with Marylou Gabrié. an assistant professor at CMAP, Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. Having completed her PhD in physics at École Normale Supérieure, Marylou ventured to New York City for a joint postdoctoral appointment at New York University's Center for Data Science and the Flatiron's Center for Computational Mathematics.As you'll hear, her research is not just about theoretical exploration; it also extends to the practical adaptation of machine learning techniques in scientific contexts, particularly where data is scarce.In this conversation, we'll traverse the landscape of Marylou's research, discussing her recent publications and her innovative approaches to machine learning challenges, latest MCMC advances, and ML-assisted scientific computing.Beyond that, get ready to discover the person behind the science – her inspirations, aspirations, and maybe even what she does when not decoding the complexities of machine learning algorithms!Our theme music is « Good Bayesian », by Baba Brinkman (feat MC Lars and Mega Ran). Check out his awesome work at https://bababrinkman.com/ !Thank you to my Patrons for making this episode possible!Yusuke Saito, Avi Bryant, Ero Carrera, Giuliano Cruz, Tim Gasser, James Wade, Tradd Salvo, William Benton, James Ahloy, Robin Taylor, Chad Scherrer, Zwelithini Tunyiswa, Bertrand Wilden, James Thompson, Stephen Oates, Gian Luca Di Tanna, Jack Wells, Matthew Maldonado, Ian Costley, Ally Salim, Larry Gill, Ian Moran, Paul Oreto, Colin Caprani, Colin Carroll, Nathaniel Burbank, Michael Osthege, Rémi Louf, Clive Edelsten, Henri Wallen, Hugo Botha, Vinh Nguyen, Marcin Elantkowski, Adam C. Smith, Will Kurt, Andrew Moskowitz, Hector Munoz, Marco Gorelli, Simon Kessell, Bradley Rode, Patrick Kelley, Rick Anderson, Casper de Bruin, Philippe Labonde, Michael Hankin, Cameron Smith, Tomáš Frýda, Ryan Wesslen, Andreas Netti, Riley King, Yoshiyuki Hamajima, Sven De Maeyer, Michael DeCrescenzo, Fergal M, Mason Yahr, Naoya Kanai, Steven Rowland, Aubrey Clayton, Jeannine Sue, Omri Har Shemesh, Scott Anthony Robson, Robert Yolken, Or Duek, Pavel Dusek, Paul Cox, Andreas Kröpelin, Raphaël R, Nicolas Rode, Gabriel Stechschulte, Arkady, Kurt TeKolste, Gergely Juhasz, Marcus Nölke, Maggi Mackintosh, Grant Pezzolesi, Avram Aelony, Joshua Meehl, Javier Sabio, Kristian Higgins, Alex Jones, Gregorio Aguilar, Matt Rosinski, Bart Trudeau, Luis Fonseca, Dante Gates, Matt Niccolls, Maksim Kuznecov, Michael Thomas, Luke Gorrie and Cory Kiser.Visit https://www.patreon.com/learnbayesstats to unlock exclusive...

In this episode, Xavier Bonilla has a dialogue with Darrin McMahon about the history of equality. They define equality and inequality, hierarchies, equality not being sameness, equality as a value, and equality in other animals. They also talk about the origins of equality, reverse hierarchy dominance theory for equality, cooperation, slavery, religion, the Greeks complicated history with equality, complexity of enlightenment values, equality in the future, and many more topics.Darrin McMahon is David W. Little Class of 1944 Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Dartmouth College. He has his PhD from Yale University. He is the recipient of major fellowships from the Mellon and Guggenheim Foundations and has been visiting scholar at Columbia University, New York University, Yale University, the University of Rouen, the École Normale Supérieur, the École des Hautes Études, and the University of Potsdam. His writings have appeared in such publications as the New York Times, the Boston Globe, the New York Times Book Review, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, the New Republic, and Slates. He writes regularly for the Literary Review in London. He is the author of numerous books including the most recent, Equality: The History of an Elusive Idea. Website: https://darrinmcmahon.com/ Get full access to Converging Dialogues at convergingdialogues.substack.com/subscribe

durée : 00:58:04 - Avec philosophie - par : Géraldine Muhlmann - Dans "Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra", un funambule entre en scène au début du prologue : acclamé par la foule, il s'élance avant de chuter mortellement. Que représente ce personnage dans la philosophie nietzschéenne ? Pour Nietzsche, la vie est-elle un fil sur lequel on danse ? - invités : Yannis Constantinidès Professeur de philosophie (Humanités modernes) à l'Ecole Boulle et d'éthique appliquée à l'Espace éthique Île-de-France; Emmanuel Salanskis Maître de conférences à l'Université de Strasbourg, ancien élève de l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris et agrégé de philosophie