Inside Matters

The Gut-Health Revolution | Dr Chris Damman on Nutrition, Microbiome & the Future of Wellness Dr Chris Damman brings decades of experience from the biotech world and leading global foundations to share his vision for the future of health and nutrition. In this episode, we dive deep into the transformative power of gut health and the emerging science shaping how we eat and live. Gut Health: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science Dr Damman explains why gut health is central to well-being, describing it as a “full-circle” return to ancient wisdom where food is medicine. Backed by science, he shows how whole foods can prevent disease and support healthier lifestyles, without being restrictive or unrealistic. Next-Generation Nutrition: The 4 Fs We explore the idea of “next-generation nutrition” — simple, practical ways to improve your diet with fibre, polyphenols, healthy fats, and fermented foods (the “4 Fs”). These ingredients, found in traditional diets around the world, play a key role in promoting longevity and gut health. GLP-1 Agonists: A Promising Yet Cautious Path Dr Damman discusses the potential of GLP-1 agonists — groundbreaking drugs that help manage appetite, weight, and blood sugar. While powerful, he emphasises the importance of pairing them with real dietary change to avoid over-reliance. Weed, Seed, and Feed: A Gut Health Strategy Using the analogy of gardening, Dr Damman breaks down how to support your microbiome: weed out the harmful bacteria, seed the good ones, and feed them with the right foods. This holistic model offers a sustainable approach to digestive health. Fermented Foods & Probiotics We also cover the role of fermented foods as natural sources of probiotics and why they may be more effective than many commercial supplements. These foods are vital for balancing the gut and reducing inflammation. The Future: Nutrition Tech & Smarter Choices Dr Damman is now focused on innovation, developing a smartphone app that helps people make smarter food choices by understanding nutritional quality at a glance. His work blends science and technology to make healthy eating both accessible and personalised. Conclusion Dr Damman's insights are a refreshing mix of practical advice and scientific depth. From diet to digital tools, he shows how we can all take charge of our gut health and live longer, healthier lives. Look out for his upcoming book and app, designed to change the way we think about food.   Chapters: 00:00 – Introduction to Dr Chris Damman 01:36 – What is Next-Generation Nutrition? 05:01 – How the Microbiome Journey Began 10:20 – Malnutrition and the Four Fs 17:59 – The Truth About Ultra-Processed Foods 23:22 – GLP-1 Agonists: Are They a Game Changer? 28:45 – The Future of Nutrition and Health 35:49 – Smarter Choices with Nutrient Profiling Tech 40:38 – How to Balance 'Red' Foods in Your Diet 42:11 – Healthier Baking: Tips That Work 43:25 – Personalised Diets for Your Microbiome 46:12 – Understanding FODMAPs and Gut Symptoms 51:51 – Microbiome Therapeutics and Supplements 01:01:38 – What's Next for FMT (Faecal Microbiota Transplantation)? 01:05:00 – Gut Health Technology on the Horizon 01:10:55 – Final Thoughts and Takeaways

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy is joined by Professor Yan Yiannakou to discuss the developments in IBS treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often brushed off as little more than an inconvenience. But in a recent conversation between Dr James McIlroy and Professor Yan Yiannakou, a consultant gastroenterologist with decades of experience, it's clear that IBS is far more serious than many realise. Their discussion sheds light on the true impact of IBS and the exciting developments in its treatment. IBS: A Closer Look Affecting around 10–15% of the population, IBS can be life-altering for some. Beyond the discomfort, it can seriously disrupt work, relationships, self-confidence, and mental health. Historically, because there was little visible evidence of physical disease, IBS was wrongly considered a psychological condition. Thankfully, this outdated view is changing. New research highlights real physiological changes in the gut, such as immune activation and heightened sensitivity, helping to validate patients' experiences. Recognising the Symptoms Professor Yiannakou explains that IBS typically involves abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, bloating, and excess wind. Previously labelled a “syndrome” because its causes weren't well understood, IBS is now recognised as a real disease linked to changes in the gut microbiome and immune system. Symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain that significantly affects daily life. Breaking Down Misconceptions A key part of the conversation tackles the myth that IBS is “all in the mind.” While stress can worsen symptoms, it is not the root cause. Dismissing IBS as purely psychological can deepen patients' distress and delay proper care. Professor Yiannakou stresses the importance of treating IBS as the genuine, physical condition it is. What Causes IBS? Although the exact causes are still being explored, IBS often develops after a major gut infection, which can disrupt the gut's immune system. Treatments are now moving beyond simply managing symptoms like constipation or diarrhoea, with more focus on addressing underlying causes, particularly gut microbiome imbalances. Hope for the Future Research into the microbiome's role in IBS is opening up new treatment options. Early trials of microbiome-based therapies show promising results, but more work is needed to bring these breakthroughs into everyday clinical practice. Final Thoughts Professor Yiannakou's insights highlight the urgent need for better recognition and treatment of IBS. Dispelling outdated myths and focusing on the true physiological causes of the condition offers real hope for those living with IBS. As research continues, the future looks brighter for more effective, lasting treatments. The conversation touches on everything from genetic influences on obesity and the challenges of sustained weight loss, to the exciting potential of GLP-1 drugs and next-generation probiotics. There's also a fascinating look at how the microbiome might act as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in future medicine. Finally, Max shares highlights from his book The Power of Hormones, which brings together history, science, and practical advice for anyone curious about how hormones and the microbiome shape our lives. This episode offers an insightful look at where cutting-edge science meets real-world potential—and why the microbiome could be the key to a healthier future. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Yan Yau and IBS 01:02 Understanding the Impact of IBS 02:19 Symptoms and Diagnosis of IBS 04:41 Physiological Causes of IBS 06:29 Severity and Psychological Impact of IBS 09:31 Potential Causes and Triggers of IBS 14:22 Current Treatments and Challenges 16:30 Future of IBS Treatments and Research 40:39 Clinical Trials and Patient Involvement 42:32 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy sits down with Cory Greenberg, a professional cyclist and founder of Ride4IBD. Cory shares his inspiring journey from his initial diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while training as a professional cyclist, to overcoming the challenges posed by the disease. The conversation covers his approach to gut health in the context of athletic performance, insights into training and lifestyle adjustments, and his efforts to raise awareness through Ride for IBD. Listeners will gain valuable insights into how Cory manages his condition, optimises his performance, and aims to inspire others facing similar challenges. Through his story, Cory emphasises the importance of creating a sustainable lifestyle and offers practical advice for those living with IBD or looking to improve their gut health. 00:00 Introduction to Cory Greenberg and Ride for IBD 01:09 Cory's Early Passion for Cycling 03:39 Development Programs and Training 11:15 Diagnosis and Struggles with IBD 15:46 Managing IBD and Returning to Cycling 20:04 Diet and Nutrition for Gut Health 37:00 Practical Tips for Gut Health 41:16 Debunking Social Media Health Myths 41:44 Personal Struggles with IBD 43:16 Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease 44:54 Cycling as a Platform for IBD Awareness 45:39 The Genesis of Ride for IBD 47:13 Building a Global IBD Awareness Movement 50:10 Innovative Approaches to IBD Management 55:20 The Future of IBD Advocacy and Support 59:42 Practical Health and Fitness Tips 01:13:32 Connecting with Ride for IBD

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy explores the remarkable evolution of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), from its unlikely beginnings to its promising future—and shares exciting new data from his company, EnteroBiotix. We begin with the pioneering efforts of Mr Ben Eisman in 1958, whose early use of FMT saved lives in cases of severe diarrhoea. From there, Dr McIlroy takes us through decades of progress, culminating in today's pharmaceutical-grade approaches that are changing the face of gut health treatment. The conversation spotlights the dramatic effectiveness of FMT in tackling recurrent Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections and dives into the expanding potential of microbiome therapies for a range of conditions. James also shares exclusive insights from EnteroBiotix's recent phase 2 trial, which delivered encouraging results for a next-generation, FMT-based therapy targeting Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Designed to be scalable, consistent, and patient-friendly, this new approach marks a significant step forward in microbiome medicine. This episode is a deep dive into one of the most fascinating areas of modern healthcare—and a look at where we're headed next. Timestamps: 00:00 – The pioneering work of Mr Ben Eisman 01:55 – Understanding C. difficile and FMT 03:03 – Modern breakthroughs in FMT 05:06 – Challenges and innovations 07:25 – EnteroBiotix's next-generation solution 11:12 – Clinical trials and promising data 14:04 – What the future holds for FMT 17:05 – Final thoughts

In a fascinating conversation with Professor Max Nieuwdorp of the Amsterdam Medical Centre, Dr James McIlroy explores groundbreaking ideas and research surrounding the microbiome, hormones, and their profound impact on metabolic diseases. This insightful dialogue uncovers the remarkable potential of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and emerging pharmaceutical strategies in tackling obesity, diabetes, and even cancer. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Max and the Podcast 02:04 Max's Journey into Microbiome Research 05:06 The Power of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) 08:11 Microbiome's Role in Obesity and Metabolic Health 10:42 Challenges and Future Directions in Microbiome Research 14:47 Defining Obesity and Its Genetic Factors 18:39 FMT and Its Impact on Various Diseases 23:48 Optimal Diet for a Healthy Microbiome 31:07 The Power of Combining Probiotics 31:36 The GLP-1 Story: A Deep Dive 32:30 Mechanisms and Effects of GLP-1 Drugs 37:26 The Role of Microbiome in Weight Management 39:18 Selecting the Best Donor for FMT 42:27 Impact of Diet on Microbiome and Health 50:17 Future of Microbiome Research and Therapies 56:13 The Power of Hormones: Book Insights   The Journey into Microbiome Research Professor Nieuwdorp's interest in the microbiome began serendipitously during his postdoctoral studies at UCSD. There, he encountered revolutionary ideas, particularly through the work of Jeffrey Gordon, which highlighted the significance of the microbiome long before it became widely acknowledged. An unforgettable early success with FMT on a patient with Clostridium difficile infection set the foundation for his enduring commitment to this field. Over the years, Nieuwdorp has been involved in pivotal studies, evolving his understanding of how microbiome therapies could be used in metabolic diseases and beyond. Understanding FMT and Its Role FMT has shown remarkable efficacy, especially in treating infections like Clostridium difficile. The discussion highlights an astounding 90% cure rate demonstrated in early trials, a feat Nieuwdorp describes as "seminal". Nonetheless, expanding this success to metabolic conditions such as obesity and autoimmune diseases remains a promising, yet ongoing, challenge. The Nexus Between Microbiome and Obesity While the connection between the microbiome and obesity remains a complex issue, Nieuwdorp emphasises how the microbiome's role in weight control is likely more significant over the long term—akin to directing an oil tanker—than as a quick fix. The conversation delves into why the body finds it easier to gain weight than to lose it, considering genetic predispositions and evolutionary pressures. This adaptability of the microbiome, combined with dietary habits, may significantly influence how our bodies metabolise and store energy. Revolutionary Treatments on the Horizon Emerging pharmacological treatments such as GLP-1 agonists are causing waves in medicine. These drugs, alongside the potential of next-generation probiotics, promise to reshape how obesity and associated conditions are treated. Intriguingly, research continues to suggest the microbiome might itself produce GLP-1, hinting at a future where therapies target these microbial mechanisms directly. The Path Forward: Microbiome as a Predictive Tool Professor Nieuwdorp envisions a future where microbiome profiling becomes a standard diagnostic and preventative tool. It has the potential to predict disease susceptibility, allowing for earlier and more personalised interventions. In parallel, the continued development of FMT and its derivatives may revolutionise treatments for a range of conditions, from cancer to metabolic disorders. The Educational Perspective: "The Power of Hormones" In addition to his pioneering research, Nieuwdorp shares insights in his book, The Power of Hormones, presenting a layperson's guide to understanding hormones across a lifespan. This book interweaves historical narratives with scientific discussion to elucidate how hormones and the microbiome intersect in influencing daily life. This extensive dialogue with Professor Nieuwdorp is a testament to the potential of microbiome science and the exciting horizon that awaits both researchers and patients. As innovations continue, integrating microbiome knowledge with traditional medical interventions could profoundly change how we understand and treat human health.

Exploring the Human Microbiome with Dr. Joël Doré: The Future of Gut Health Science In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy engages in an enlightening conversation with Dr. Joël Doré, Research Director at the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (NRAE). With over 40 years of experience in microbiome research, Dr. Doré shares his extensive knowledge on probiotics, gut health protocols, at-home microbiome testing, and the gut-brain axis. The discussion delves into the intricacies of the human microbiome symbiosis, the evolutionary development of gut microbiota, and its impact on health conditions such as obesity and chronic diseases. Dr. Doré also sheds light on innovative treatments like faecal microbiota transfer and the significance of microbial diversity for a healthy gut. Tune in to discover how the future of medicine and nutrition hinges on understanding and leveraging the microbial human. Takeaways The human body consists of roughly 50 trillion bacteria and 50 trillion human cells. Gut microbiota aids in digestion and protects against harmful bacteria. Microbiota educates the immune system, keeping it ready to react. The microbiome develops from birth, influenced by diet and birth method. C-section births can delay microbiota diversification and increase the risk of chronic conditions. Diversity in the microbiome is crucial for health and chronic disease prevention. At-home microbiome testing lacks standardization and medical utility. Low microbiome richness is linked to higher chronic disease risks. Microbiome diversity can predict responses to obesity treatments. Acrimantium may play a role in health, but microbial ecosystem diversity is crucial. Fecal microbiota transfer can significantly aid cancer treatment. Probiotics may not establish long-term but can still be effective during gut transit. The 100,000 Microbiome Project aims to explore gut health across all ages. Gut permeability issues can lead to neuroinflammation and mental health challenges. Future medicine will focus on the microbial aspects of human health. Chronic conditions are increasingly linked to microbiome health. Dietary choices profoundly impact gut microbiota diversity. Research is ongoing to better understand the gut-brain connection. Preventive nutrition should consider microbial health as a key factor. Timestamps 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Joël Doré and Microbiome Research 00:32 Exploring Probiotics and Gut Health Protocols 00:49 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Strengths and Limitations 01:38 Understanding the Human Microbiome Symbiosis 02:48 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 08:18 Microbiome Development from Birth 11:08 Impact of Birth Methods and Early Life on Microbiome 12:00 Antibiotics and Microbiome Diversity 17:48 Challenges in Defining a Healthy Microbiome 24:38 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Current State and Future Directions 32:51 Microbiome and Obesity: Insights from Research 34:21 Microbiome and Immunotherapy: Potential and Challenges 39:02 Prognostic Model and Microbiota Transfer 40:21 Mad Pharma: Pioneering Fecal Microbiota Transfer 41:50 Autologous and Allogenic Microbiota Transfer 43:53 Challenges and Innovations in Microbiota Transfer 51:25 Probiotics: Do They Work? 01:01:50 The Best Diet for the Microbiome 01:03:00 The 100,000 Microbiome Project 01:08:13 The Gut-Brain Connection 01:12:58 Vision for the Future of Microbiome Research 01:14:35 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode, James discusses the progress and future of EnteroBiotix, a company focused on gut health and microbiome therapeutics. He reflects on the transformative year of 2024, highlighting significant milestones in clinical trials, particularly in liver disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). James emphasises the importance of clinical data in drug development and the company's commitment to improving patient care through innovative therapies. He also shares insights on the connection between gut health and overall well-being, and the company's plans for future growth and regulatory engagement.   Takeaways: EnteroBiotix aims to improve gut health and microbiome therapeutics. 2024 was a transformative year with significant milestones. Clinical trials are crucial for proving drug efficacy. The connection between gut health and liver disease is significant. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is often misunderstood as a syndrome. EnteroBiotix is focused on full-spectrum microbiome therapy. Data from clinical trials is essential for stakeholder engagement. The company is committed to patient care and innovative solutions. Regulatory engagement is key for future drug development. The team at Interbiotics is dedicated and capable, of achieving remarkable results. Timestamps: 00:00 Welcome and Introduction 00:19 Overview of EnteroBiotix 01:13 Reflecting on 2024 Achievements 02:00 Clinical Trials and Milestones 04:16 Liver Cirrhosis Trial Insights 08:07 IBS Clinical Trial Success 11:52 Future Prospects and Goals 14:45 Conclusion and Gut Health Tips

In a conversation with Dr. James Kinross, a senior lecturer and consultant surgeon at Imperial College London, various aspects of the human microbiome are explored. He is also the author of "Dark Matter: The New Science of the Microbiome". Dr. Kinross discusses what constitutes a healthy microbiome and the challenges in analyzing it. The conversation also covers new research linking microbiomes to the effectiveness of cancer drugs, the concept of an 'internal climate crisis' within our guts, and the importance of the early life microbiome. Furthermore, Dr. Kinross shares practical advice on diet, probiotics, and the impact of social interactions on gut health. The dialogue concludes with insights into microbiome testing and its crucial role in both clinical settings and personal health management. Key Takeaways: Microbiome Complexity: The microbiome is like a newly discovered organ, vital for health but complex to define and influence. Understanding it is crucial for advancing medical science. Diet and Diversity: A diverse diet rich in plant fibres supports a flourishing microbiome, which can protect against chronic diseases. Targeted Therapies: Probiotics and microbial therapies hold promise but require more precise application and understanding to be truly effective. Prevention Focus: The most significant potential of microbiome science lies in disease prevention, particularly through early-life interventions. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Dr. James Kinross and His Work 00:27 Exploring the Microbiome: Definitions and Challenges 00:46 Microbiome and Cancer Research 00:54 Analogies and Concepts in Microbiome Science 01:56 The Dog Microbiome: Insights and Comparisons 07:17 Microbiome Bubble: Hype or Reality? 12:09 The Importance of Microbial Conservationism 20:52 Antibiotics and Microbiome Scarring 28:00 Co-Evolution of Microbes and Humans 37:33 Practical Advice for Improving Your Microbiome 41:07 Understanding Biodiversity and Microbiome Health 41:48 Defining a Healthy Microbiome 42:28 Challenges in Microbiome Diagnostics 46:03 The Role of Diet and Antibiotics 51:51 The Controversy of Probiotics 58:08 Microbiome Testing in Clinical Practice 01:06:31 Microbiome's Impact on Drug Efficacy 01:11:14 Future of Microbiome Therapeutics 01:15:04 Practical Advice and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy is joined by Professor Anthony Hobson, founder and CEO of the Functional Gut Clinic. They discuss gut health diagnostics and treatments, focusing on the evolution of gut health understanding and therapies. Key topics include microbiome diagnostic testing, the importance of understanding gut functions, the impact of lifestyle on gut health, and the efficacy of various treatments for conditions like IBS and SIBO. The conversation also covers the development of non-invasive testing methods, the role of the second brain in gut health, and future directions for the Functional Gut Clinic and the field of digestive health.   Takeaways Gut health is the interface between the body and the outside world. Understanding gut functionality is crucial for effective treatment. Education on gut health is lacking in traditional medical training. IBS is often misdiagnosed as a lifelong condition when it can be treated. The brain and gut communicate closely, affecting sensitivity and pain. Breathing techniques and hypnotherapy can significantly aid gut health. Placebo effects are powerful in treating gut-related issues. Functional Gut Clinic has evolved to offer a range of services. Tummy MOT aims to educate consumers on effective gut health products. Diet and lifestyle are fundamental to maintaining good gut health. The leaky gut is not as common as is often believed. There are actionable treatments for leaky gut, including glutamine. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial for gut health. The proximal colon plays a crucial role in digestion and gut health. Understanding gut function is key to effective treatment. FMT has shown promising results in certain patient populations. The microbiome's diversity is essential for gut health. IBS may not be a lifelong condition and can be treated effectively. Dietary changes should focus on moderation rather than restriction. A comprehensive approach to gut health is necessary for long-term wellness.     00:00 Introduction to Professor Anthony Hobson and the Functional Gut Clinic 00:54 The Importance of Gut Health and Functional Testing 01:23 Building the Functional Gut Clinic and TummyMOT Initiative 02:03 Listener Engagement and Podcast Support 02:40 Defining Gut Health and Its Importance 04:05 Challenges in Gut Health Diagnosis and Treatment 09:32 The Brain-Gut Connection and Sensitisation Studies 13:06 The Role of Breathing Techniques and Hypnotherapy 17:57 Debunking Myths and Raising Standards in Gut Health 27:23 Fundamentals of Maintaining Good Gut Health 35:34 Understanding the Migrating Motor Complex 36:36 Spacing Out Meals for Gut Health 37:27 The Role of Coffee in Digestion 37:58 Exploring Leaky Gut Syndrome 44:18 Alcohol and Gut Health 48:41 The Fascinating Proximal Colon 01:04:29 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 01:13:24 Future of Digestive Health and Functional Gut Clinic

In this conversation, Dr James McIlroy and Emma Storey-Gordon discuss common myths and misconceptions surrounding health, fitness, and nutrition. They explore the law of diminishing returns in exercise, the latest science in nutrition including fasting and protein consumption, and the importance of meal timing and insulin sensitivity. Emma shares practical advice on setting nutrition targets, the gradual increase of fibre intake for gut health, and the role of supplements. They also touch on the individualized approach needed for training during menopause and the importance of community in building a successful health and fitness business. Takeaways Just do something, just move. The law of diminishing returns applies to exercise. Meal timing can impact insulin sensitivity. Setting realistic nutrition targets is crucial. Gradually increase fibre intake to avoid discomfort. Personalized nutrition is often marketed but not always practical. Exercise has profound effects on mental health. Community and environment play a key role in business success. You need to treat individuals as unique cases in health. Start slow but keep it engaging to avoid boredom. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Health Myths and Misconceptions 03:01 The Law of Diminishing Returns in Exercise 05:56 Nutrition Science: Fasting and Protein Consumption 09:08 The Importance of Meal Timing and Insulin Sensitivity 11:58 Practical Nutrition: Setting Targets for Protein and Veggies 14:52 Gut Health: Building Up Fiber Intake Gradually 17:52 The Role of Supplements and Personalized Nutrition 20:59 The Impact of Exercise on Mental and Physical Health 23:44 Menopause: Individualized Approaches to Training 27:01 Building a Business in Health and Fitness 29:53 The Importance of Community and Environment in Business 32:47 Final Thoughts on Health, Nutrition, and Business  

In the latest episode of Biome Bites, Dr James McIlroy returns after a hiatus to share valuable insights into gut health.   Learn about the significant role of polyphenol-rich foods such as dark chocolate, green tea, and berries, and how incorporating them can benefit your gut microbiome. The episode also delves into the importance of meal spacing for digestive health and introduces the diaphragmatic breathing technique, which can reduce stress and improve gut function. Tune in to discover practical tips to enhance your gut health and overall well-being.   00:00 Welcome Back to Inside Matters 00:18 Introduction to Gut Health 00:33 Tip 1: Incorporate Polyphenol Rich Foods 02:09 Key polyphenol-rich Foods 04:51 Tip 2: Space Out Your Meals 07:35 Tip 3: Engage in Belly Breathing 10:01 Conclusion and Recap   Welcome Back to Inside Matters: Boost Your Gut Health with These Three Essential Tips Hello to all our Inside Matters listeners! After a brief hiatus, I'm excited to return and dive into one of our favorite topics: gut health. Today, I'm sharing three essential gut health tips, rooted in personal experience and backed by science, to help you enhance your overall wellness. #### Tip 1: Incorporate Polyphenol-Rich Foods Polyphenols have been a recurring topic on our podcast, and for good reason. As one of the three Ps—prebiotics, probiotics, and polyphenols—they play a critical role in promoting gut health. Polyphenols are powerful antioxidants found in many plant-based foods. They encourage the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while suppressing harmful varieties. **The Science Behind Polyphenols** Animal studies and human observational evidence demonstrate that polyphenols can significantly impact the microbiome. Notably, blue zones—regions of the world with high concentrations of centenarians—feature diets rich in polyphenols. When polyphenols reach the colon, gut bacteria metabolize them into bioactive compounds, fostering a symbiotic relationship that leads to numerous health benefits. **Key Polyphenol-Rich Foods** 1. **Dark Chocolate**: High-cacao, low-sugar dark chocolate is not only delicious but also loaded with flavonoids, a type of polyphenol that supports gut bacteria diversity. 2. **Green Tea**: Rich in catechins, green tea can positively influence gut bacteria and reduce inflammation. It's also associated with a broad array of health benefits. 3. **Berries**: My personal favourites—blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries—are packed with anthocyanins that benefit gut health. These berries are true superfoods, rich in vitamins and minerals. For optimal health, integrate these foods into your daily routine. For instance, enjoy a piece of dark chocolate post-exercise or start your day with a punnet of blueberries and raspberries. 4. **Olive Oil**: Rich in various polyphenols, including oleuropein, olive oil nourishes gut bacteria and protects against oxidative stress. Use it as your primary cooking fat and for salad dressings, ensuring you choose high-quality, extra virgin olive oil from reputable sources. Tip 2: Consider Spacing Out Your Meals Frequent eating and constant snacking can disrupt the migrating motor complex (MMC)—a recurring pattern that occurs in the stomach and small intestine during fasting periods. This "cleansing wave" moves undigested food and bacteria through the digestive tract, preventing the buildup of harmful substances. **Why Spacing Meals Matters** Allowing time between meals helps avoid issues like bloating, gas, and digestive discomfort. The classic advice is to wait three to four hours between meals. Personally, I have a large breakfast or brunch post-exercise, a healthy snack like a high-quality protein bar, and a substantial dinner. This eating pattern supports my nutritional needs and ensures I'm not feeling hungry before bed. Tip 3: Engage in Belly Breathing Diaphragmatic breathing, or belly breathing, is a simple yet powerful technique that stimulates the vagus nerve, connecting the gut to the brain. This type of breathing promotes deep relaxation and has significant benefits for gut health. **How to Practice Belly Breathing** 1. Sit or lie in a comfortable position. 2. Place one hand on your chest and one on your abdomen. 3. Inhale slowly through your nose, allowing your abdomen to rise. 4. Exhale slowly through your mouth, feeling your abdomen fall. Aim to practice this for five to ten minutes daily. Belly breathing can reduce stress—a major trigger for gut issues like IBS—and improve symptoms such as bloating, constipation, and abdominal pain. --- In summary, incorporating polyphenol-rich foods, spacing out your meals, and engaging in diaphragmatic breathing can profoundly benefit your gut health. I hope you've enjoyed this return episode of Inside Matters. Recording this podcast is intellectually stimulating, and the positive feedback from you, our listeners, makes it all worthwhile. Remember, gut health is health. Feel free to reach out with suggestions for future content. Thank you for listening! Stay healthy, James

In this Biome Bite, Dr James McIlroy 3 myths and misconceptions about the gut microbiome. Timecodes: 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:56 Weight of the microbiome 00:04:39 We're more microbial than human 00:07:00 Microbiota is inherited from our mothers  What we're talking about today on this Biome Bite is microbiome myths and misconceptions. We're going to cover 3. There's this lovely article written by Professor Alan Walker, who's been on the podcast, highly recommend you watch and listen to that episode, and Professor Leslie Hoyles and it's in Nature Microbiology, so really nice high-impact scientific journal, and they go through a lot of the things which you hear within this space, be it in social media, be it in when you're speaking to someone who's just generally taking an interest in the microbiome, even in scientific papers, this still comes up, even though it's been refuted and proven to be untrue. Arming Our Listeners With Facts About the Microbiome So we're going to arm you as the listeners to Inside Matters with this knowledge so that you can truly start to become an expert and you've got your finger on the pulse of the field. And if you hear it, you go, I heard on inside matters. That's not true.  So the first one is the human microbiota weighs one to two kg. You hear this a lot, several kilograms, almost like a weight plate at the gym. Wow, that's a lot.  Now although it's mentioned many times in literature, although you hear people talking about it, people say it weighs as much as a grapefruit.  And what the professors do in their papers, they explain that. The majority of the microorganisms reside within the colon,  i. e. the large intestine. And if you've listened to the previous Biome Bites episode, we walk through the digestive tract, the gut, what the gut is, what the digestive system is, how it all links together and how the microbiota fits into all of that.  And in that episode, if you've not listened to it, what we say is that the vast majority of the microbiota, i.e. the microorganisms, particularly bacteria that reside within the body live in the large intestine.  And what's interesting is when you take a stool sample, or we can just use the other word, a poo the microorganisms typically account for roughly 50% of the weight of the faecal solid mass.  This has been published, but also we've done a lot of stool collection and stool analysis in EnteroBiotix. In fact, we may collect more stool regularly and analyze stool in a more in-depth manner than anyone else in the world at the moment.  So we know a fair bit about it. How Heavy is the Microbiome? The size, shape, mass, and composition of stool can vary within an individual and also differ among various people. According to the paper, an average human stool typically weighs less than 200 grams when wet. However, in our experience, we have observed significant variations, which makes it a likely accurate statement. And when you're running a donor program like EnteroBiotix, you actually want to target people who donate larger amounts, but also who have a good ratio of microorganisms versus solids. And that's driven by fibre and fibre content.  Now, they say a really interesting paper in patients or people, unfortunately, who have had a sudden death. The human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in maintaining our health. The weight of these microorganisms has been the subject of many studies, and recent findings suggest that the total weight is likely to be less than previously thought. In sudden death cases, post-mortem assessments of the total colonic contents have shown a range between 83 to 421 grams. This data challenges earlier estimates that placed the weight of the human microbiota in the range of one to two kilograms. Researchers concluded that barring unusual instances of severe constipation, where an individual's colon is compacted with a large amount of faecal matter, the total weight of the gut microbiota is more likely to be under 500 grams. This new understanding shifts the narrative about the microbiota's mass and provides a more accurate picture of human physiology. It also emphasizes the importance of considering bodily variations and conditions when making generalizations about biological metrics. These findings have significant implications for medical science and nutrition. A more precise understanding of the microbiota's weight can impact how we approach digestive health, the development of probiotics, and the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. It underscores the importance of continual research and reassessment in the scientific field to ensure our knowledge remains as accurate and useful as possible. The human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in maintaining our health. The weight of these microorganisms has been the subject of many studies, and recent findings suggest that the total weight is likely to be less than previously thought. In sudden death cases, post-mortem assessments of the total colonic contents have shown a range between 83 to 421 grams. This data challenges earlier estimates that placed the weight of the human microbiota in the range of one to two kilograms. Researchers concluded that barring unusual instances of severe constipation, where an individual's colon is compacted with a large amount of faecal matter, the total weight of the gut microbiota is more likely to be under 500 grams. This new understanding shifts the narrative about the microbiota's mass and provides a more accurate picture of human physiology. It also emphasizes the importance of considering bodily variations and conditions when making generalizations about biological metrics. These findings have significant implications for medical science and nutrition. A more precise understanding of the microbiota's weight can impact how we approach digestive health, the development of probiotics, and the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. It underscores the importance of continual research and reassessment in the scientific field to ensure our knowledge remains as accurate and useful as possible. And that's based on the average weight of human stool. And the study shows that the average wasn't backed up by lots of wet research and scientific logs and books, it's just the back of an envelope.  And since then there's been a lot more detailed analysis. and the true figure is probably more like one-to-one. Now that's still really impressive. That is a lot of microorganisms.  And the interesting thing is, just to bring it back to the last point about the number of microorganisms in a stool sample,  whether you're more microbial than human or more human than microbial based on the number of microbial cells on the inside of you versus human cells depends on perhaps when you've been to the toilet.  Because if 50% of your stool which is a sum product of the colonic contents is a microorganism then if you've just been to the loo you may be more human than microbial and vice versa. So a bit of trivia there for you.  The other point to note which is highlighted in the paper is that it probably varies as well depending on where in the world you are. So if you're in a hyper-clean environment, you have less than someone who's living in an environment where there's no soap and no antibiotics like somebody in the jungle somewhere. So pretty interesting stuff.  Now, the last one then,  is that the microbiota is inherited from the mother at birth.  And you hear this one a lot and it usually ties into how someone's been born. So people say things like if you've been born by C-section, you're more likely to have autism or you're more likely to have metabolic syndrome. You're more likely to be obese, all of which are potentially true based on population-based studies, i.e. they take large cohorts of people who have something, in some cases autism, metabolic syndrome, or obesity, and they ask the question, how were you born? And if more people cluster towards a particular birth method than when you take a healthy control group,  then it's possible that this particular factor contributes to the development of the disease or the syndrome or whatever we're talking about here.  The more this is replicated in different parts, the larger the sample size, and the more robust it is. And there have been very large population studies where we've looked at the association between how you've been born and the development of obesity, autism, and certain things like that. And there are indeed correlations, for sure. But it doesn't necessarily mean causation,  it's still interesting though. Bringing it back to this particular point in terms of the microbiota being inherited from the mother.  The other point to this is that if you're being born through the normal route, then the first microorganisms that you come into contact with, the normal being through the vagina are the microorganisms of your mother and the vaginal tract in a natural way.  The alternative approach is if you're born through a C-section, then the first microorganisms you come into contact with.  are the microorganisms from the skin and microorganisms from the surgical room. Some of these are multi-drug resistant and they're not ones you would typically expect to find within the intestinal tract.  How Unique is Your Microbiome? That said, it's not the case that they stay there forever, guaranteed. And the most important years of life are the early years of life, particularly when you've weaned off breast milk or however you've been fed at the time to more solid foods.  And there's a dramatic increase in the diversity of the microbiota over the first couple of years. And I could point you in the direction of a nice book called Dark Matter by someone called Dr James Kinross, whom I hope to have on the podcast, where he talks about just how important those formative years are that said, every adult ends up with a very unique microbiota composition. It's as unique as a fingerprint. How do we know that? We can assess the microbiome in identical twins who have the same genotype,  who've been in the same house, sometimes most of their life, or certainly up until the point of testing, and they have distinct microbiota. So it's the sum of everything you've eaten and everything you've done up until the point of testing.  And there can be dramatic changes, but as you get older, it starts to get a bit more stable.  So although Microbiota assembly from birth is not yet fully understood. We do think that the adult communities are predominantly shaped by the early years of lives and factors such as diet, antibiotic therapy, and host genetics, rather than just being purely inherited from the mother.  So there are three microbiome myths and misconceptions debunked. I hope you've enjoyed it. Thank you so much for supporting the podcast, and for taking an interest in your gut health and your microbiome. I'm open to feedback and we do the five-star reviews. Please keep them coming because it lifts and elevates the podcast across all the channels.

In this episode of Biome Bites, we go back to basics to cover the overall importance of gut health while addressing some common misconceptions and myths. 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:44 Importance of gut microbiome 00:02:22 Misinformation addressed 00:04:21 Gut health is more than the stomach 00:08:12 Different bacteria in the gut 00:10:31 Functions of the gut 00:13:08 Microbial metabolism 00:14:04 Traditional wisdom  

The following is a conversation with Dr. Momo Vuyisich, co-founder and chief scientific officer at Viome. Viome is a life sciences company that analyses the activities in your oral microbiome, gut microbiome, and blood using RNA, essentially measuring gene expression. This gives the company the ability to be able to assess what the microbiome in these various areas of the body is doing and gives insights into potentially how that links to diseases, which gives you personalised recommendations for how to improve your microbiomes through your environment. So basically your diet. Their vision is that in the future, through the analysis of all of this data, they're able to make predictive bets on who is at higher risk of developing particular diseases and issues due to the composition and function of the microbiome. Momo is an amazing communicator. You'll learn about. the microbiome and its importance in gut health. You'll hear about his own story in terms of how he managed to cure chronic disease through his own diet. You'll hear about his vision for Viome, how the pharma industry works in his opinion, and how things are going to improve over the coming decades. Fascinating discussion, I enjoyed it. I wanted to thank Momo for coming on as such a busy person. Now, with the introduction done, I wanted to say thank you to all of our listeners for supporting the podcast. Some of you are listening to every single episode and sending feedback about the episode, what you liked, what you didn't like, and what you learned. We've been going now for a year and a half. And we're loving every single moment and the feedback from listeners makes it all worthwhile. So if you're enjoying it and you haven't yet liked and subscribed, please hover your finger over that button and give us a five-star review. 00:00:00 Intro 00:05:27 Momo's vision 00:08:08 Is science improving human health? 00:15:58 Applying science to big health problems 00:18:11 Human genome 00:27:46 Vaccines with probiotics? 00:36:27 Is the microbiome undervalued? 00:45:59 Next gen RNA sequencing 00:52:37 Building Viome 00:58:34 Preventing all disease through diet 01:00:41 Sialic acids 01:11:16 Food industry 01:14:24 Importance of sleep

The following is a conversation with Professor Jack Gilbert, a professor at the University of California, San Diego, along with his many other very interesting titles and job roles. This includes the co-founder of the Earth Microbiome Project, the American Gut Project, and also featured in the very popular recent Netflix documentary, Hack Your Health. He is a master of the microbiome. We covered all aspects of the microbiome, the ocean, the soil, how it could impact climate change, and gut health, responses to drugs. 00:00:00 Intro 00:03:19 Human Microbiome Project 00:09:29 Carnivore diet 00:12:49 Impact of the microbiome 00:24:09 Hack Your Health 00:27:40 MOA & biological signals 00:33:42 Understanding the microbial system 00:42:20 Solution in a pill? 00:46:52 Leaving England 00:54:48 Research technology 00:59:30 GutLab 01:04:22 What does the future hold? 01:06:40 Importance of microbiome diversity 01:08:13 Kumeyaay tribe 01:12:05 Ocean acidification 01:19:42 AI 01:26:59 Immune system and morphology

Learn more about this episode's guest and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/ The following is a conversation with Mads Friis, high-performance coach, author, educator, and all-round wellness expert.] Mads is also an entrepreneur, having built businesses and was a competitive athlete when he was younger. I met Mads probably around five years ago now when we were both at the start of an entrepreneurial competition in Denmark, and at the time I was captivated by his positive energy, his outlook on life. Mads is also something of a bio-hacker, with an interest in longevity. And as you know, as a listener to the Inside Masters podcast, I'm really passionate about it as well. How do we optimize our life to maximize what we get from life? How do we be as healthy as possible, as happy as possible? We discuss a toolkit in this episode, and you can expect to learn all about the fundamentals associated with health if you listen to this episode. We talked about sleep, we talked about alcohol, we talked about exercise, we talked about mindset, we talked about burnout. We also talked about some of the more cutting-edge things, supplements, what to do, and what not to do to improve your overall health. So you'll enjoy this episode if you're interested in taking control of your health, and what you can do to live a longer, healthier, happier life. You must not rely on the information in this video as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of the information in this video.

The following is a conversation with Dr. Jenna Macciochi, an immunologist, twice-published author, TEDx speaker, public speaker, and all-around immune system expert.  It was an absolute pleasure and honour to have her in the studio today to talk about all things immune system. gut health, the microbiome, and even things like how do we improve the health of society more generally. Jenna truly is an expert. She's amazing at communicating and breaking down complicated concepts so that they're easy to understand for the listener. I learned an absolute ton over the course of this conversation and I'm sure you will too. If you have an interest in the immune system, why you catch a cold, what you can do to maybe prevent you from getting a cold, how to keep your immune system in top shape, how it changes as you age, and just more generally how to live a longer, healthier, happier life, you're going to get something out of today's conversation.   Timecodes:   00:00:00 Intro 00:01:55 Interest in the immune system 00:05:04 Science of staying well 00:09:08 Avoiding burn out 00:16:45 Immune system components 00:20:41 “I never get sick” 00:24:50 Not catching a cold 00:35:15 What's important for immune system 00:43:36 Immune system age 00:49:05 Taking supplements 00:51:03 How important is sleep? 01:00:18 Strong immune system in children 01:03:09 Stress and the immune system 01:05:01 Social media misconceptions 01:14:21 Importance of making food 01:18:07 Link between microbiome and immune health 01:22:28 Helping children eat healthily

The following is a conversation with Dr Saman Maleki, associate professor at Western University with a special focus on oncology, immuno oncology, microbiology, and everything to do with the immune system and the microbiome. Dr Maleki is a pioneer and a world leader in the field of sensitising tumours to immunotherapy through modulating the microbiome. During this conversation, we talked about the state of the art associated with the microbiome and cancer. So if you're interested in how cancer impacts the microbiome and how the microbiome impacts cancer you should listen to this episode. We delved into what the latest evidence is for the use of FMT in making a particular type of cancer therapy called immunotherapy better for treating particular cancers. We talked about the journey from doing the first trials to the area where they are now, which is raising funds to do much larger trials that should definitively prove that changing the microbiome can massively improve response rates to cancer therapies. Even as someone who's got their finger on the pulse of this field, I left the conversation enthusiastic and excited about the potential in the future for developing efficient microbiome treatments to tackle cancer. 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:38 First interest in the microbiome 00:05:46 FMT for C-Diff patients 00:09:11 Using the immune system to treat cancer 00:19:03 Microbiome research for oncology 00:23:46 Journey from first study 00:27:30 Stimulating immune system with FMT 00:39:09 Chemotherapy, pancreatic cancer and the microbiome 00:48:29 Novel cell therapy and chemotherapy 00:49:02 Future of immunotherapy 00:52:32 Immune therapy response in cancer treatment 00:55:41 Antibiotics and cancer treatment

The following is a conversation with Sonny Drinkwater, an entrepreneur and co-founder of WellEasy, which is a membership-based online platform that aims to make healthy living accessible and affordable for everybody. Sonny and the team at WellEasy have been on a mission over the last couple of years, organically growing their business from the ground up. Starting in a garage to being an online platform that now has over 10, 000 members. They've also started to manufacture and sell some of their own products. Sonny explained the journey throughout our conversation today, all the various ups and downs associated with building a business, and also gave us some real insights into his vision, which is to improve the health of the nation through his business. I loved speaking to Sonny as a mission-led founder. I learned a lot about supermarkets in the UK, the food industry as a whole, and his approach to healthy living as a founder. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:02:55 Eating real vs processed foods 00:03:16 Starting WellEasy 00:07:49 Poor food choices in the UK 00:09:49 Food product testing 00:12:39 Defining ultra-processed foods 00:15:39 Changing how we look at food 00:17:30 Balancing food, life and relationships 00:21:28 Are some supermarkets better than others? 00:23:37 Managing life as an entrepreneur 00:27:00 Biohacking 00:31:22 Supply chain issues 00:33:15 Eating healthily at work 00:35:10 More about starting WellEasy 00:38:14 WellEasy's membership scheme 00:44:28 Challenges of eating healthily 00:56:09 “Healthy” snacks for kids 00:59:03 Political involvement in healthy eating 01:01:28 Vision for WellEasy 01:03:09 Prebiotic fibre

In this Biome Bite, Dr James McIlroy chats about the progress of the Inside Matters Podcast. Hey guys, it's James here for another episode of Biome Bites. In these episodes, it's just me and you, the listener. So today we're going to be celebrating the fact that we've achieved some important milestones on the podcast and wanted to give a flavour of what's coming next and what we've learned so far. On the journey through inside matters, so a couple of really key metrics that I'm excited about. One is that we surpassed 10, 000 downloads a couple of weeks ago. We've also dug into the analytics associated with where people are based, where they're tuning in from and general engagement on an episode-to-episode basis. So I thought it'd be quite interesting to share that with the listener base. There are a couple of trends that are quite humbling and get me quite excited and motivated to continue doing what I'm doing here. with the podcast. And we set out with the vision of trying to create the best microbiome content on the planet. As a microbiome and gut health fanatic myself, and as someone who loves long-form podcast content, I spend five, sometimes 10 hours a week plus listening to long-form content. I was frustrated that I couldn't get any gut health microbiome content in that format. After probably around six months of searching and thinking, we decided that we were just going to start one ourselves. And I guess that's the entrepreneur in me. I see an opportunity and if I'm excited about it, just go for it and think glass half full. And if the glass isn't half full, then fill it up and have a kind of impossible, as-nothing type of mindset. And the name Inside Matters came to me early in the morning, one weekend when I was brainstorming with my friend and colleague, Ian Whalley, who helps with all the website and the graphics design. We essentially have been fulfilling the vision since we launched the first podcast episode. And on a month-to-month basis, there's been a steady cadence of increasing engagement. And we're seeing what I think are really quite remarkable metrics for a podcast that's really got quite a niche offering in terms of what we're talking about. Now whilst the microbiome is all-encompassing and there are microbiomes in the soil, there are microbiomes in your ear, there's a microbiome in your nose, there's a microbiome in your gut, there's a microbiome on your desk, and you could go as far as saying the whole world is a microbiome. of sorts. It is still a topic that doesn't get as mainstream attention as something like AI. And our listening is not as easy listening for the most part as some other podcasts that are really popular. Our aim is not to try and capture the attention of as many listeners as possible because if we wanted to do that we would change our content slightly and we would talk about subjects that are really accessible and of interest to the whole population like weight loss and muscle gain and tell stories because stories get a lot of engagement. We want to stay true to our vision at Inside Matters and that is to really create an absolute best-in-class podcast. So for anybody who's interested in microbiome, whether they want to scratch the surface. and get a bit of microbiome gut health 101. Although I want to go super deep and listen to world experts talking to me at the deepest kind of level, there should be content on our podcast platform website and newsletter for you. It takes a lot of time, graft and grind and determination to create something from nothing and consistency is key. So we will continue to record even if life gets really busy and work gets really busy. We do have great guests lined up now for the next three months or so, and we're doing recordings in London. We're doing recordings in San Diego. We're doing some remote recordings as well. And of course, we're doing recordings in our HQ here in Scotland. And we're diversifying a little bit. So we're speaking to entrepreneurs, speaking to academics, we're speaking to doctors, we're speaking to executives we'll speak to dietitians, nutritionists, and the aim is to try and get as broad a picture as possible of how the field is progressing and different views, opinions, and expertise, frankly. And I have learned so much from going a little bit outside my comfort zone. So if you've listened to the episode with Aaron The amazing nutritionist who's the founder of a business called Nutrition Rewired. I learned so much in that episode because I was engaging with her as an expert nutritionist and that's not typically someone I would speak to on a day-to-day basis. I speak to academics, I speak to clinicians, speak to potential investors, pharmaceutical partners and so on. So that was a really eye-opening episode for me. The aim is to get that breadth of experience and expertise on the podcast. We'll continue to ask and discuss a broad range of topics, try and answer the hard questions, but also give easily accessible information for you as a listener. The Biome Bites do get a good engagement, but what we've found is that the podcasts with guests get the best engagement in terms of numbers and downloads and stuff. So we'll continue to try and get people onto the podcast as, as best as we possibly can. We're seeing hundreds and hundreds of downloads of every episode. Some of the more popular ones get 700-plus downloads, which are unique. So that's 700 people downloading and listening to the episode.  We don't really have a strategy to try and blow the podcast up and become viral sensations and to make me and the podcast famous. In fact, that's not our desire at all. We don't want to do that. We just want to be known for the best content relating to gut health and microbiome on the planet. And that is our niche. We will stick to our niche and we're going to try and get better and better as each episode comes out. For those of you who have supported the podcast so far and been with us since day one, thank you so much. We can see and tell that there's a consistency in the listener base, which means that you must be enjoying it because you're spending a couple of hours once every two weeks, sometimes more listening to episodes. We know that some people have listened to every single episode as well. So there's quite a loyal and very engaged fan base, which is quite humbling for me and very exciting. It means that a lot of people have learned a lot about the microbiome over the course of this journey. And I also know that some people have had positive health benefits. Now, of course, the podcast is not medical advice. It can't be and never will be. But some people have taken actionable steps themselves to try and improve their diet and improve some of the symptomatology that they've been having. So that's great. Now, if you've got any suggestions for what you want to hear, or what you'd discussed, just send them in. We've got a broad range of topics coming up. We're talking about the microbiome and the immune system. We have the founder of an awesome company who has made healthy food more accessible coming onto the podcast in a few weeks. We have how the microbiome influences responses to cancer treatment, a world expert coming on talking about their pioneering work in FMT. And we've got environmental microbiology. And other people who are involved in microbiome testing coming on. So real breadth of expertise and experience hopefully produce awesome content for you, the listener. Now, for those of you who haven't yet, I would very kindly ask that you like, subscribe and give us a five-star review on the platforms that do help push us up the algorithm. It allows us to connect with people who've liked similar podcasts, which means they're probably interested in their health and gut health more generally. So that is very much appreciated. We can also see just another fact that people are listening from all over the world. It's not confined to the UK, US, or Europe. It genuinely is an international listener base, which excites me, too, because it means that there is information getting out there around the world. And everybody, no matter where they are in the world, can take control of their health through improving their body health. diet and prioritizing their gut microbiome. So I'll leave it there for this episode, an important milestone for us celebration of sorts, but I just want to emphasize that it's just the start of this journey and we're motivated to continue producing great content and to keep this going and to grow the podcast into the absolute best in class platform for microbiome and gut health information. Thanks to those who've written in and also those who've approached me at different events. It has happened. Some people I've never met before have come up saying they're enjoying the content and that really makes it all worthwhile. Now the next podcast will be a solo episode again announcing some very exciting news at EnteroBiotix.

The following is a conversation with Dr. Petra Lewis, Senior Research Fellow at the Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health at the University of Aberdeen. We entertained various subjects in a fun, but also quite serious manner. We got into some nitty gritty fun topics with regards to diets, supplements, fibre, and all the things that we've talked about before in the podcast, but going into quite some significant detail.

The following is a conversation with Erin Kenney, the CEO of Nutrition Rewired. Erin is a registered dietitian with a Master's in nutritional science. She's done an amazing job in building a business that helps people take control of their lives through modulating their diet, improving their gut health and ultimately looking after the gut microbiome. Today's conversation was far-reaching. We talked about fibre, We talked about gums, we talked about artificial sweeteners, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and supplements. This was pretty much an A to Z of what to do to look after your gut health, what works and what doesn't.  I wanted to take this opportunity to thank all of the listeners and supporters of the podcast for everything you've done to help us build the name, and the brand, and to get the message out there around microbiome being critically important and gut health being important for wider body health. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:19 How Erin became interested in gut health 00:04:32 Biggest impacts on Erin's health 00:06:09 Stress and gut health 00:09:22 Does caffeine give us energy? 00:14:46 Bone broth instead of coffee 00:16:06 Coffee and our liver 00:16:48 Taking control of gut health 00:18:42 The role of a good breakfast 00:21:55 Lean muscle mass and women 00:23:07 Importance of protein 00:26:32 Role of supplements 00:29:35 Creating an optimal regime 00:32:33 Ketogenic diets 00:38:34 SIBO 00:46:24 Microbiome testing 00:49:00 Vitamin D 00:51:51 Green powder supplements 00:55:19 Heavy metals 01:01:38 Artificial sweeteners 01:05:58 Gum instead of gluten 01:10:18 Palm oil 01:12:20 Nutrition Rewired   Full Transcript: [00:00:00] JAMES: The following is a conversation with Erin Kenny, the CEO of Nutrition Rewired. Erin is a registered dietitian with a master's in nutritional science. She's done an amazing job in building a business up that helps people take control of their lives through modulating their diet, improving their gut health and ultimately looking after the gut microbiome. [00:00:24] JAMES: Today's conversation was far reaching. We talked about fiber, We talked about gums, we talked about artificial sweeteners, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, supplements. This was pretty much a A to Z of what to do to look after your gut health, what works and what doesn't. I really appreciated how simply Erin put lots of complicated topics for the listener. [00:00:49] JAMES: She podcast so that might explain why she was such a good guest. This is an amazing episode for anyone who's wanting to enter into this field, but we also digged into some [00:01:00] technical aspects, and I learned a lot over the course of the conversation. This is Inside Matters. My name is Dr. James McIlroy. I hope you enjoy it. [00:01:16] JAMES: So how did you get interested then in gut health? [00:01:19] ERIN: It was a very selfish Journey for me, I, from a very young age, struggled with digestive issues. They had to take me off of being breastfed when I was a baby and got on to formula fed. And, you know, I was struggling with a ton of digestive issues. And basically they just slapped me with a diagnosis of lactose intolerance. [00:01:42] ERIN: And basically what most of my childhood, struggling with horrible pain, horrible bowel movement. I will honestly say that a majority of my childhood was spent in the bathroom because Of how bad things were with my gut and [00:02:00] I really didn't have much help, you know, it was kind of just, you know, let's watch out for dairy and let's watch out for, you know, triggers and things like that, but it was kind of just, you know, take elodium and, and hope for the best. [00:02:13] ERIN: So, fast forward, you know, as I started to get older, I was a full time athlete, I was, you know, in high school, and really wanted to start taking care of myself. I struggled with mental health issues, I lost my father to his battle with mental health struggles, and it started to connect with me that on the days when my stomach was at its worst, my mental health was also at its worst. [00:02:42] ERIN: And so I was starting to make these connections and, you know, learn and, Spent a lot of time on Google, which, you know, we all know is not a reputable source of information. But nonetheless, I was, I was interested in, in seeking alternative ways to help [00:03:00] support my body. And when I went to college, I didn't really know what I wanted to major in. [00:03:05] ERIN: And I thought, you know, nutrition sounds like something that I could use some support with, considering everything that I'm going through and. You know, the things that I've read online and from there on out, it was just about healing myself. I learned, you know, after being on a decade of medications from birth control to fix the hormone imbalance, from PPI's to address the chronic acid reflux, you know, it was just being thrown medication after medication because doctors were just treating symptoms. [00:03:40] ERIN: So I, I've dedicated all my time to researching about, you know, the gut microbiome and nutrition. And then I was in school for nutrition. And I started following people in the field who were talking about these things, talking about the gut microbiome, talking about how nutrition impacts mental health. I [00:04:00] just lit up, you know, it was, it was like, for the first time in my life, someone was speaking to me and, you know, I felt validated too, for so many years, it's like, oh, it's just all in your head, you just gotta, you know, stop eating dairy, and I have now, Basically built a business on helping individuals get to the root cause of their digestive issues and imbalances because of everything that I went through. [00:04:25] ERIN: So I'm incredibly passionate about what I do and I'm just really excited to chat with you today. [00:04:32] JAMES: So what were some of the key things then as you went along your own journey that made the biggest impact to your own health? [00:04:39] ERIN: I will highlight a very important one that I think a lot of people don't consider and that's stress. [00:04:45] ERIN: It's Uh, you know, there was a lot of stress in my life and I was kind of putting that on the back burner as something that, yeah, you know, I'm stressed, I'm, you know, working out intensely and doing all this stuff, but that [00:05:00] can't, you know, that's not going to make a huge difference. So I really had to prioritize stress as one of them. [00:05:06] ERIN: Diet, as we all know, you know, is incredibly important. My diet was Not supportive of what I needed for my body. I played around with a plant based diet, and I have no shame for anybody who is, who loves their plant based diet, but for me it was not the right fit. I needed a plant forward diet, but I also needed protein. [00:05:30] ERIN: I needed to really hone in on, like, focusing on diversity of what I was eating. I was eating a lot of the same things over and over again. I think a lot of us can get into a rut pretty easily with that. And then I learned, you know, how much diversity our gut needs in terms of the microbiome. So stress, diet was huge. [00:05:50] ERIN: And then I had to address imbalances. I had small intestinal bacterial overgrowth because I was On proton pump inhibitors long term, I had yeast [00:06:00] overgrowth. Uh, so a lot of these things I learned from stool testing and I was able to Going [00:06:09] JAMES: back to the stress then. So how do people identify if their stress levels are too high? [00:06:15] JAMES: And you mentioned exercise, maybe exercise is a double edged sword. If you do too much, it might be actually a big stress on your body. So what are your tools and tips then for stress management? I guess a little bit is good for you, right? But too much is detrimental. [00:06:31] ERIN: Sure. Yeah, we call that eustress, right? [00:06:33] ERIN: It's that, that, that period where you're kind of in that Goldilocks sweet spot where stress is, is beneficial. It helps us grow. It's good for inflammation. But in terms of my own journey, I, I would love to say that I had this like, you know, lovely revelation of your stress and you need to pull back. It was. [00:06:53] ERIN: One of those moments, I say this to clients all the time, it's if you listen to your body when it whispers, you don't have to hear [00:07:00] it when it screams. And I was at the screaming point where I was running seven to ten miles a day and You know, I got to a point where I couldn't barely even walk because I was just like so obsessed with how exercise made me feel, how good it was for my mental health. [00:07:16] ERIN: So I was basically forced in to loving yoga. It wasn't love at first. It was a, it was, it was not love at first. It was a rocky relationship to begin with, but I thought this is the only thing I can do. Yoga is the only thing that I physically can do that's going to support my mental health and I just fell in love with it. [00:07:37] ERIN: And to this day has always been an incredible stress management technique for me because not only do I get to move my body, but I'm doing it in a way that's not inflammatory. I'm doing it in a way where I'm, I'm like feeling everything of what's going on in my muscles and how tight I am and breath, right? [00:07:57] ERIN: I'm breathing. So a lot of times [00:08:00] people will say, I'm just not good at meditation. And I'll say, well, have you tried yoga? Have you tried walking or yoga? Like those are also forms of meditation because you have to focus on your breath. If you're in a down dog position and you're sweating and you're tired, the only way you're going to get through that pose is that you're going to breathe. [00:08:20] ERIN: So meditation has been, meditation and yoga have been incredible assets to my healing journey, but also just the way that I Manage my stress now and also just the awareness of what is my threshold for stress and what are some of the signs that come up for me when I know I've hit my breaking point and become more irritable towards the people that I love. [00:08:45] ERIN: My sleep starts to suffer. My digestion starts to go off a little bit. So these are kind of my. Red flags of, Hey, Aaron, let's check in with yourself. You might be doing a little too much. So are those [00:08:59] JAMES: [00:09:00] the sort of whispers then before the screams, the irritability, the sleep? Yeah. [00:09:05] ERIN: And for females to even males, people think, yeah, changes in hormones, like you'd notice changes in your menstrual cycle or your libido, like those types of things can, can also take a hit when you're dealing with chronic stress. [00:09:22] JAMES: Cause I guess a lot of people think, Oh, well. You know, I'm a little bit tired today. I'll just drink more coffee or I'm a little bit sore today. I'm just gonna train more But what you're saying is maybe you need to just slow down to perform [00:09:34] ERIN: better. Exactly. And I also love to talk to clients about how caffeine actually works. [00:09:41] ERIN: Caffeine doesn't give us energy. It actually blocks these adenosine receptors in our brain. And these adenosine receptors are like those little whispers of us hearing the signal that we're tired. And once that caffeine wears off, those [00:10:00] adenosine receptors don't go away. They're still there to then tell our brain, hey, we're really tired. [00:10:07] ERIN: So I always Tell people that, that you're not giving yourself more energy by loading up on caffeine, you're decreasing your perception of how tired you are, which is allowing you to push through something, whether it's a workout or a long, you know, night at work. And over time, especially your body is going to shut down. [00:10:33] JAMES: As an avid coffee drinker, I'm sort of running through my head, am I drinking? I'm not listening to the whispers, but have you got recommendations then for your clients around coffee and caffeine, like some rules or suggestions in terms of when to drink, how much to drink? Cause that could be really interesting for the listeners on Inside Matters. [00:10:52] ERIN: My number one tip is that, and I say this to clients, you have to eat a full breakfast before you have your [00:11:00] cup of coffee. And when we do this experiment, sometimes my clients will say, after I had, [00:11:10] ERIN: they'll say, I didn't, I didn't even want my cup of coffee after I had my breakfast. And it's because we're not using artificial fuel, right? We're eating. Some nice eggs with, you know, some sweet potatoes and avocado and, you know, we're energized and now we don't have this craving for a stimulant. And I'm not shaming caffeine completely, especially coffee. [00:11:36] ERIN: There's numerous health benefits in addition to the microbiome, but it's, it's evaluating that relationship with it. And so. So I always say, no coffee until you've had a, a, a full breakfast. Coffee does not count as breakfast. I tell them no caffeine after noon. Uh, the researcher, Michael, is it, oh, Matthew Walker. [00:11:58] ERIN: He talks about [00:12:00] metabolism of caffeine and, you know, the half life and how long that caffeine can stay in your system. And You could be laying in bed at night if you had your cup of coffee at 3 p. m., and you're still metabolizing it in the middle of the night, impacting your quality of sleep, and then the cycle just starts again, right? [00:12:18] ERIN: You wake up, you're exhausted, you're groggy, and that's because That's You know, that the later in the day that can impact your sleep. [00:12:27] JAMES: So someone maybe like me who wakes up in the morning and finds a way over to the coffee. I know myself. It just, it's like part of the routine and I kind of love it to be honest, but so someone's addicted to that morning routine and they come to you and they become a client. [00:12:45] JAMES: How do you get them to break that cycle and get into the routine of. I don't know, maybe cold shower and then they come in, they've had their breakfast, then they have their coffee. Is it a slow process or do you just say, right, that's it, cold turkey. [00:12:58] ERIN: I'm never, [00:13:00] I'm never militant with my clients ever because I'm also human and the I also understand that, you know, when we make changes, that they don't need to happen overnight and it certainly doesn't usually feel good to our nervous system or mental health wise when someone says, just cut it out. [00:13:17] ERIN: And now, don't get me wrong, I've got clients that are all or nothing and they just, when I tell them generally what I've just told you, they'll say, forget it, I'm cutting it out. I want to do this, I want to do it perfectly, that's type of person. Right. So when we, when we start, you know, I, I get to know what their relationship is like. [00:13:36] ERIN: I had a client one time and she had this, you know, whole setup in her house. The whole side of the wall was dedicated to coffee. So for the client like that, we're going to say, okay, you know, let's. Maybe switch to a decaf or switch to, you know, less of a serving and put more, you know, almond milk in it to just cut down on the, on the portion. [00:13:56] ERIN: And then we, we work our way towards, uh, maybe after [00:14:00] breakfast, but there's lots of alternative things that you can do to still have that routine. So I'll, I'll just give my example. I drink a bone broth, hot chocolate in the morning and that bone broth, hot chocolate. It doesn't, you know, contain loads of caffeine. [00:14:16] ERIN: It's still got the gut health benefits. It's still bitter because of the cacao. And so I drink that it's got 20 grams of protein and it's warm and it's, it still gives me that so people can find, you know, there's all these like, you know, medicinal mushroom type of blends and things like that. So if you can find something that you like. [00:14:36] ERIN: That isn't that, you know, bursts of caffeine and acidity to your stomach on an empty stomach, then that might help the transition be a little bit easier. Thank [00:14:46] JAMES: you so much for that example. Mark, who's one of the hosts here at the podcast studio has bone broth and cayenne pepper. Okay. There you go. In the morning. [00:14:56] JAMES: Yep. And bizarrely, I was speaking to him on Tuesday because we're [00:15:00] planning for the week and we're talking about you. Um, and I said, cause he was drinking in the same type of Yeti coffee mug as me. And I was like, Oh, nice mug. Like you're one of the good guys. Um, is that a coffee? He explained that no, it was just his bone broth and it's part of his routine to get, you know, great nutrition and in the morning and it's still warm. [00:15:18] JAMES: And as you say, it sort of feels like a coffee, but it's not really a coffee. So. Um, I'm going to go for it. I'm going to start my day with some bone broth. [00:15:27] ERIN: I expect a report back. I'd love to hear from you. [00:15:31] JAMES: I'll give you a report. I can't promise to stop the coffee. That's not the goal. I might go from two shots to one shot. [00:15:39] JAMES: I think two shots to one shot. That's success. You know, you mentioned the health benefits of coffee. It's really interesting. I've had several people come on. So one of them was Professor Debbie Shawcross, who's like a leading authority on, on liver health, basically saying drink more coffee because for some reason it's protective [00:16:00] against, um, cirrhosis and, uh, non alcoholic fatty changes. [00:16:05] JAMES: So there's, there's something in there, isn't there? [00:16:06] ERIN: This, I think there's so many, there's so many asks. Aspects of it. I think, you know, you and I are big into gut health, right? So we're probably gonna always look at it from a gut health lens. And, you know, my scientific brain goes to, well, you know, coffee helps people have a bowel movement, right? [00:16:22] ERIN: It stimulates the liver and digestion. And if we're having regular bowel movements and, and stimulating that process, that's great for the liver, right? We don't want, that's good. You know, sluggish digestion. So just one of the many, I mean, there's, there's antioxidants in there, there's. The polyphenols that feed beneficial bacteria and you know, the liver and the gut are most certainly connected. [00:16:48] JAMES: So could you maybe walk the listeners through some of the other things you try and help your clients with? So you mentioned stress, diet, maybe we can unpack diet a little bit more because that must be huge. We hear. In terms [00:17:00] of. You know, taking control of your health and your microbiome and your gut. [00:17:04] ERIN: Sure. Yeah. As a dietician, you know, people expect that we just focus on food and we, we often do. There's not usually one client that comes in that there's not something diet related that we're talking about and everyone's starting at different ends of the spectrum, right? Some people have no knowledge that. [00:17:23] ERIN: You know, they're not even getting nearly enough protein. They're not eating any vegetables, you know, that, that kind of standard American diet where a lot of processed foods, you know, a lot of refined grains that aren't providing any fiber or nutrition. So there's so many different ends of the spectrum of things that we work on. [00:17:41] ERIN: And then you have, you know, clients who have overgrowth or SIBO, like SIBO, for example, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and they're eating super clean. You know, air quote clean, where they're not touching your processed food. They're loading up on fiber because they've been told, [00:18:00] fiber, fiber, fiber, if you want better gut health, eat more fiber. [00:18:04] ERIN: And that's making them feel worse. So there's that end of the spectrum where we have to. obviously address the underlying root cause, but we need to simplify their diet, make it easy for them to break things down a little bit, give their gut some rest. And then there's the other spectrum where, you know, I have a woman come to me and she's eating one egg for breakfast. [00:18:25] ERIN: And I'm saying, where's your protein? She said, well, I haven't had an egg for breakfast. I said, well, one egg is six grams of protein. We need 25 or 30 grams of protein to start our day. Right? So there's, there's all these missing links. [00:18:42] JAMES: We've talked about breakfast quite a lot then because as you know, within the sort of wellness health sphere, there's this debate around intermittent fasting and it sounds like you're very much in favor of, you should have a really great nutritious breakfast with macronutrients to set you up [00:19:00] for the day. [00:19:01] JAMES: Is that the case? So you're big, big on breakfast for you and your clients. [00:19:06] ERIN: So for me, yes, I, I've always tried to adopt that my philosophy on my own nutrition and what I think makes me feel best is not going to determine what I think is best for a client. And I think that's really important. I think a lot of, you know, health professionals, it's, you know, they find something that works for them or works for some of their clients and then everyone should do it. [00:19:28] ERIN: Now. Do I often, would I recommend intermittent fasting to people? No, it wouldn't be my first recommendation for the majority of people that I work with. I have worked with clients and most of those clients end up being males who do really well with intermittent fasting. Maybe it's males or oftentimes it's women who are post menopause and they have specific goals, maybe related to body composition and hormone balance. [00:19:55] ERIN: And they found that these practices of intermittent fasting in whatever [00:20:00] fashion make them feel really good. A lot of these are CEOs of companies that like, they love the focus aspect of it during the day. And, you know, so I'm just going to come in and I'm going to work with them and say, Well, if this works for you and you're not, Uh, binge eating at night and feeling like you're deprived during the day and you're getting good nutrition and you're fast, you're feeding window, then I'll work with you. [00:20:23] ERIN: We'll work with where you're at. But the majority of my clients, you know, especially those that are female and they're still cycling, this can really disrupt their hormones. It can disrupt their ability to work out during the day. And so we have to really personalize that if it's going to be part of the protocol and, and the research that I've seen, my biggest concern is the body composition. [00:20:46] ERIN: I've seen the loss of muscle mass be a potential and I think that's a huge issue for a lot of people, right? We all need nice lean muscle mass and if fasting, you know, if we continue to see research that [00:21:00] fasting negatively impacts our lean muscle tissue, I don't love [00:21:04] JAMES: that. Yeah. I mean, intuitively it makes sense, right? [00:21:08] JAMES: You stop consuming calories, you've got no protein intake, therefore there's no amino acids moving around. So it kind of makes sense that your body is going to look for energy. Yeah. And I guess muscle is, is, is a target is probably less desirable than, than fat and certainly your glycogen stores kind of make sense that it forms part of that source of energy that we need. [00:21:32] JAMES: Our bodies are incredible. I'm just on the muscle mass thing. Oh yeah, absolutely. And on the muscle mass thing then, you know, I guess maybe some women listeners might think. It doesn't really apply to me. You know, that's for men that lift and train and work out, but that's not the case, is it? It's, it's just as important, maybe even more important. [00:21:54] JAMES: I, [00:21:55] ERIN: I'm a, I'm not a buff woman. Okay. I, I [00:22:00] get, you know, up to 130 grams of protein per day. And I'm not, you know, what, what people, a lot of women would think I would turn into by eating as much protein as I do. But I will tell you. Some things about me is that I'm very strong, very strong in the gym. I have a good lean body mass My hormones are balanced. [00:22:20] ERIN: I don't have cravings for sugar throughout the day. Those are the things that protein does for us. And so I think we need to understand that from a, you know, biochemical aspect, protein is essential. It is protective. It increases our metabolism. It's the only macronutrient that has a higher thermic effect of food like that. [00:22:41] ERIN: That's incredible. So we, you know, just old school recommendations that always seem to sneak their way into further generation. [00:22:50] JAMES: So, um, how does someone know, I mean, if they're not got the benefit of working with an expert dietitian like you, how do they know if they're on the right track for protein? And in [00:23:00] addition to like the actual macronutrient gram per day recommendations, how important is the source of protein for people? [00:23:07] ERIN: Hmm, that's a great question. So we have two different types of protein. We have a complete protein, which is basically a protein that combines all of the essential amino acids, which amino acids are the little building blocks of what protein is. And essential, meaning our body needs them to survive and to produce the daily functions and live optimally. [00:23:30] ERIN: So that's, that's an essential amino acid. That's a, that's a complete protein. Those Food sources are things like meat, fish, eggs. These are animal proteins. And then you have the incomplete side where we have incomplete, and these are going to be plant based foods. There are a few plant based foods that are complete proteins, but the majority, things like beans and lentils, these are not complete proteins. [00:23:55] ERIN: So they're just missing a few of those amino acids that we need for [00:24:00] essential daily living. Now, this doesn't mean that non complete proteins are not beneficial, but the requirement of how much you would need per day slightly goes up because the digestibility, how able we are to digest these proteins, is not as efficient, you know, if you were to eat eggs or a piece of fish, for example. [00:24:24] ERIN: So my approach is try to get some really good quality complete proteins in your diet and also get some incomplete protein sources in your diet, like lentils and beans and nuts and seeds, if that's something that works with, you know, your individualized physiology. But this idea that everything has to be a complete protein, I think is also, you know, too far left because, you know, bone broth isn't a complete protein, but it's still an excellent source of protein. [00:24:53] ERIN: And I'm still going to have, you know, salmon for dinner, and I'm going to hit my Total, you know, amino acid needs for [00:25:00] the day, if you will, [00:25:01] JAMES: and the total amino acid needs for the day. How does one calculate what they may or may not need? [00:25:07] ERIN: That's a great question. So the amino acids themselves, you could use something like I think chronometer might do this on a very, you know, specific level. [00:25:17] ERIN: I don't know if it goes that into detail, but we look at the total grams of protein as a dietitian, you know, so we're looking for Usually around 1.2, up to two kilograms, sorry, grams per kilogram per day of protein for each person. So the minimum, like the USDA requirements for protein, we're talking 0.8 grams per kilogram per day for a person. [00:25:43] ERIN: Uh, however you need to convert that, but it's what 0. 8 is not a recommendation I use for any of my clients. We're always going above that, especially when my clients are more active or they're looking to optimize their body composition. We're looking closer to like, uh, up to one [00:26:00] to two grams per kilogram. [00:26:03] ERIN: So that's your, that's your goal is to really figure out like what is that number for you based on your body weight and then how can you spread that throughout the day. You know, you don't have to completely spread it evenly, but I usually just tell people to make it easier. Get 25 to 30 grams at each meal and then adjust, you know, add to that to meet your needs and then add snacks where appropriate. [00:26:27] ERIN: But that's a good baseline if they're kind of starting from ground zero. [00:26:32] JAMES: That's an amazing summary of protein. Thank you so much. How do supplements fit into that? And I'm asking you in the context of this minimally processed versus like ultra processed food debate we have all the time. So some people say, Oh yeah, whey protein supplement contains the essential amino acids. [00:26:50] JAMES: Go for it. But other people say, Whoa, it's so processed you shouldn't have it. So what are your thoughts then, um, on supplements and How do [00:27:00] they fit in? [00:27:01] ERIN: I think supplements can be great. I think they have a time and a place and you know, a lot of the time is convenience is, is a big reason, you know, for somebody that has a protein goal of 180 grams per day. [00:27:15] ERIN: You know, meeting that might be really challenging if they're not throwing in some whey protein into a smoothie or a shake. Whey protein is excellent. Yes, it's processed, but so is your oatmeal and your brown rice and your ground meat. Like everything is processed. And if you choose grass fed, you know, protein powder, a whey protein powder with minimal ingredients that maybe just has whey, maybe some, you know, sweetener and something to Add some salt or whatnot. [00:27:43] ERIN: But if you have like a three ingredient protein powder, it's high quality grass fed, and you add that to your smoothie, you're doing wonderful things for your body. So I think it, it really comes into when you see these, you know, those, you know, body building companies always start these protein [00:28:00] powders and it's , you know, strawberry cheesecake or cookie dough. [00:28:03] ERIN: Yeah. And. I used to eat these. I'm not, I'm not saying I've never tried them. They do taste good. They do. They taste just like they say they do, or at least when you're, you know, eating healthy, they do. And, you know, that's when we get into the long list of ingredients. We see, you know, binders and gums and artificial sweeteners. [00:28:24] ERIN: And we see, you know, things that can really not make us feel good, especially from a gut health perspective. So a good quality You know, one that's been maybe tested for heavy metals, things like lead that can be common in plant based protein powders, arsenic. If we get a good quality protein powder, minimal ingredients, uh, high quality testing, ask for the certificate of analysis from the company. [00:28:51] ERIN: Then, you know, you're, you're, you're gonna help yourself out if you're struggling to get your protein intake. Thank you for [00:28:57] JAMES: that. I've, I've got so many things written down to ask, you know, I'm [00:29:00] actually not even sure where to start. Fibers, gum, sweeteners, heavy, heavy metals, other macronutrients. Before I jump into sort of more supplements and sweeteners and the heavy metals, I'd kind of like to. [00:29:16] JAMES: Round off the diet piece with you more generally. So maybe talk a little bit about fiber, um, fruit and veg, talk about carbs and fats. Yes. You know, when you're working with all your clients and for yourself as well, how do you build like an optimal diet? Big question. [00:29:35] ERIN: Yes. No, it's, it's a great one. How do you create like an optimal regime? [00:29:38] ERIN: Absolutely. So we start with again, base, like we kind of find this base for people to start. And that's where the three meals per day comes in. You know, if someone's not used to eating breakfast, we're going to try to get them to start eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner, or we can call it meal one, meal two, meal three, whatever your schedule is like. [00:29:56] ERIN: And at that meal, we're aiming to get again, that 25 to 30 grams of [00:30:00] protein. We want to hit. half a plate of vegetables that are colorful, usually like darker leafy greens tend to be an area that a lot of people struggle. So we try to look for those dark pigments. And then the other portion of that, usually I say like a fist of carbohydrates minimum at your meal. [00:30:18] ERIN: And we try to choose carbohydrates every meal and we try to choose carbohydrates that are more complex. So things like. higher fiber carbs. So if you're looking at a label, you're going to see fiber there. But if you're just in the produce section and you're looking at carbohydrate sources, potatoes have fiber, both sweet and white potatoes. [00:30:37] ERIN: Uh, things like quinoa, plantains, bananas. These are all sources of carbohydrates that are very nutrient dense. If a client's more active, those carbohydrates Intakes might go up. We might be consuming more carbohydrates per day. Um, and then fat is, is incorporated into those meals. We, we try to focus on healthy fats, particularly omega [00:31:00] 3 fats. [00:31:00] ERIN: So things like wild caught salmon, we're looking at things like mackerel, sardines, herring. These are omega 3 rich fats that we have to get two to three servings per week. So we've got three meals per day, protein, vegetable, carbohydrate, healthy fats included. And then, then we kind of go from there. We say, okay, are you working out? [00:31:22] ERIN: Okay, well, we need a pre workout, post workout routine. And how can we adjust there? Um, you know, you're training for a marathon. Okay, your carbohydrate needs go up significantly. We're going to have to adjust that. But once we have that base, you know, and, and You don't have to focus so much on the grams of fiber, although we are aiming for about 25 to 35 grams per day, if you're choosing complex carbs, if you're choosing half your plate of vegetables, then you're likely going to hit your fiber needs for the most part. [00:31:53] JAMES: It's going to happen, right? It's going to happen just by default, you know, because it's quite difficult to [00:32:00] find the fiber on the foods and to figure out. [00:32:04] ERIN: Yeah. And if you're focusing on it, we're [00:32:08] JAMES: sorry, there's a bit of a, a bit of a, a like you. Please continue, please. [00:32:13] ERIN: No, no. I was just going to say, so if you're focusing on getting the majority of your foods from less processed foods, then you're again, likely to hit those fiber goals because you're going to be choosing those types of fruits and vegetables and things like that that just naturally come with, you know, the, the benefit of the fiber. [00:32:33] JAMES: Absolutely. I'm going to just push you a little bit, um, on. Ketogenic diets and people even go more extreme and they have these um, carnivore diets. They're great. And you've been quite clear in your recommendation around you should have some carbohydrate with each meal. So, could we just unpack that a little bit and what some of the, you know, why is that part of your recommendation versus, you know, just eat meat and [00:33:00] veg, for example? [00:33:01] ERIN: Mm hmm. So, the, the main focus there is blood sugar balance and this is something that people think this is a discussion just reserved for people who have, say, diabetes. You know, oh, well, you know, they gotta watch their blood sugar and, you know, gotta make sure they don't eat too many carbohydrates. But the reality is, is we all should care about blood sugar. [00:33:22] ERIN: Blood sugar impacts our cardiovascular system. It impacts our mental health, it impacts our hormones, it impacts our muscle growth and maintenance. So having stable blood sugar throughout the day is absolutely key to optimal performance, energy, all those things that we're talking about. And so being able to get a steady adequate amount consistent throughout the day is going to allow that blood sugar to just kind of have this nice little up and down throughout the day. [00:33:52] ERIN: And we're going to stay within this nice range that the body likes to stay in for optimal health. When you go get your blood work done and you get your [00:34:00] hemoglobin A1C tested, that's your report card of how well you've been managing That blood sugar over the past three months, how well you've been staying within that range. [00:34:10] ERIN: And when you don't eat carbs for breakfast, and you don't eat carbs for lunch, and then you have a carb dinner, you're more likely to see a larger spike in those blood glucose levels. Again, this isn't the case for everybody. If somebody has been on a low carb diet, and they've maintained that, and their blood sugar is great, and they're feeling awesome, I'm so happy for them, and I would support them in that way. [00:34:34] ERIN: But for the majority of us, We have these habits where our carbs are not distributed properly. We're not eating the right amount. We're either eating too much in one sitting, not enough at one sitting, and we're wondering why we're craving sugar all the time, and why we're tired all the time. And if we just got high quality carbohydrates at every meal in adequate amounts, not overdoing it, not underdoing it, [00:35:00] we might find a really healthy balance. [00:35:02] ERIN: And not to mention, the trouble with those low carb diets is the number one symptom is constipation. Because These carbohydrates feed our beneficial bacteria. I probably see 10 to 15 stool tests per week, and any time I see someone come in with a carnivore, keto, low carb diet, they have very low beneficial bacteria. [00:35:30] ERIN: And it is pretty much causation, right? We can pretty much assume that the correlation there is because they're not So, my theory, you know, the, the keto diet, it's originally designed for, for medical purposes, and it's incredible for, you know, patients who are diagnosed with a, a type of epilepsy, and it has, been proven to And, uh, yeah, I mean, I don't [00:36:00] think that the majority of the United States needs to be on a carnivore or ketogenic diet, especially long term. [00:36:08] ERIN: We don't really know the long term effects of eating, you know, a ketogenic carnivore diet. it's, You know, I suspect that a lot of people that have found that they feel so good on those diets could be because they have an underlying gut imbalance, and now they're not feeding it with any fiber, any carbs, and that's kind of maintained their symptoms, so they feel really good. [00:36:36] ERIN: And that's, that's just a theory, it's just my thought, you know, that a lot of people find those diets because they're looking for relief and to feel good, and Ultimately, we all want to feel good, right? But if we're not addressing a root cause, then that, that's a, that's a problem, especially if it, it forces you to be on that restrictive of the diet. [00:36:57] ERIN: I [00:36:57] JAMES: mean, the way I like to describe the carnivore diets [00:37:00] to some people is you're essentially starving your microbiome. Yeah. It's not getting anything that it needs, really. I mean, there's, there's some microbes that can metabolize amino acids, um, and, and maybe some more complex chains and proteins, but it's, as you mentioned, it's really the fibers. [00:37:23] JAMES: It's the complex carbohydrates that they really, truly need. [00:37:27] ERIN: Yeah, there's, there's a few specific bacteria that the few specific bacteria, the Fecalobacterium Presnitzii. Uh, the aphromancia, these are two keystone, I'm sure you're familiar with them, they're two keystone bacteria in our gut. And one of the things that they thrive on is polyphenol rich foods. [00:37:47] ERIN: Polyphenol rich foods are going to be things like our berries, our, you know, pomegranates and grapes and those, those dark pigmented. fruits and, uh, leafy green vegetables, which wouldn't essentially be [00:38:00] allowed on some of those diets. And those are keys on species for protecting our gut lining for protecting us against things like inflammatory bowel disease. [00:38:10] ERIN: So I just, I don't know how you could convince me that a diet void of all these amazing foods and mentally for myself, I could never, you know, that's just. No, it's not for me. [00:38:26] JAMES: I've got a note to ask you about your diet and your routine in this totality, but just like to explore this, this fiber concept a little bit more. [00:38:34] JAMES: So one of the things that you said at the start, which I think was absolutely fascinating and you just touched on that again with people getting relief. I think maybe you're talking about the SIBO and how things are just going a bit crazy and counterintuitively, whilst perhaps in someone who doesn't have SIBO and who's functioning correctly otherwise, fibre is brilliant. [00:38:57] JAMES: For them, who've got too many bugs in the [00:39:00] upper GI tract, maybe fibre's not so good. So maybe you can walk the listener through that and Also, how you help these people get them to a state where maybe they can tolerate [00:39:08] ERIN: fiber again. Yes. And, and this would go for, you know, certain condition as patients who have inflammatory bowel diseases. [00:39:16] ERIN: Well, you know, if they're dealing with a lot of chronic inflammation, again, fiber is hard to break down. And that's part of what makes it good for healthy individuals, is that it's hard to break down. We don't digest a good majority of it, therefore it feeds our beneficial bacteria. But for those who are struggling, those who really find that, you know, they start to eat. [00:39:37] ERIN: a salad and it completely destroys them or, you know, the thought of any sort of vegetable on their plate is a nightmare. Then we're basically going to go forward and do some sort of testing. So the gold standard for the the SIBO is going to be a breath test. We're going to be testing for three types of gases, methane, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide. [00:39:58] ERIN: And then we're [00:40:00] also probably going to do a GI map to look at overgrowths in the colon, the lower part of the digestive tract as well. And If that person has a lot of overgrowth, then typically the course of action is going to be some sort of antimicrobial. And that could be either you could go to your conventional medicine doctor and you could choose to go that route, or you could choose to take the more natural route and use things like berberine, allicin, grapefruit seed extract, neem. [00:40:32] ERIN: These are all natural antimicrobials that have been shown to be very effective at, killing off harmful bacteria, both in the small intestine and the large intestine. And it's not just as simple as killing them off, right? We want to figure out what else is going on. You know, are they super stressed all the time? [00:40:50] ERIN: Do they have low stomach acid? Are they on a proton pump inhibitor, which is again, further reducing their stomach acid. We also want to look at the whole picture so [00:41:00] that this doesn't happen again. Cause the number one thing with SIBO is that people have reoccurrence because they just go in. They say, let's kill this off, but they don't address the fact that they have motility issues, thyroid issues, you know, stress that is just like, unbearable, and then they wonder why it comes back. [00:41:21] ERIN: So that's the, that's the big thing with addressing the gut is that we don't, we don't hone in on one specific thing. It's not as simple as like, oh, vitamin D is low, we, we increase it or. You know, it's, it's okay. So how did we get here? This is your gut is like a forest, right? You go into a forest and you just pull one thing out. [00:41:39] ERIN: You still have the whole forest there. [00:41:42] JAMES: So how do you then in your practice help your patients with SIBO? Do you recommend the berberine, the grapefruit extract, that kind of thing? And have you had good success with people? [00:41:52] ERIN: Yes. Yes. So I, those are the herbs that I like to use. Those are a few of the evidence based herbs that have been very [00:42:00] effective with my patients. [00:42:01] ERIN: And I've seen a lot of my clients get better with just a few rounds of these. Some, they do one round and we've addressed everything else and they're totally better. Some of my clients have had to go through two or three rounds of it to really fully get rid of it. But we'll retest it. We'll continually see those levels go down and down and down. [00:42:21] ERIN: And it's just, it's amazing to, to see people feel better. You start to see. Their iron labs start to go up because they start absorbing their nutrients, their vitamin D levels start to go up, you know, it's, it's a fascinating, you know, uh, progression of how people can be impacted by, by SIBO and for so long, you know, the, the, the statistics show that about 70 people who are, who are diagnosed with IBS actually have SIBO and they'll go their whole lives not knowing that because they're just going to say, well, I've got IBS. [00:42:56] ERIN: It's gotta, you know, be careful, follow a little FODMAP diet, and they don't ever [00:43:00] think to look further. And most doctors, some of them don't even, you know, we were talking about belief systems. Some of them don't believe that SIBO is a thing when it's clinically documented. So [00:43:12] JAMES: still to this day, to this day, for sure, it's still not widely accepted amongst the medical community. [00:43:20] JAMES: And some of the things you're talking about in terms of. Using these, you know, natural means rather than the classical antimicrobials. Also, we're just not there yet, I don't think. What's your [00:43:32] ERIN: experience? Yeah. And there's a lot of great doctors out there, especially gastroenterologists. And uh, I can't give you a long list of them, of great doctors that I know, but I can give you, um, you know, some experiences from clients who their doctors are, are really open to, they have a good understanding. [00:43:52] ERIN: You know, they, they see this in their practice every day. Uh, a lot of the doctors that say they don't believe in it, you know, they're, they're a [00:44:00] little outdated, right? They haven't been keeping up on the research. They have not been seeing patients and, and truly hearing them for what their symptoms are. [00:44:08] ERIN: And I think that, that there actually is, uh, a large amount of. Uh, physicians out there who are, are truly taking it seriously and treating and they're very, you know, there's a lot of doctors who are very quick to treat for, for SIGO with antibiotics and they do recognize how important it is. But, you know, it's just unfortunate that there are some out there that are leaving patients, you know, feeling very defeated. [00:44:35] JAMES: And with regards to the herbs that you recommend, is there like, this is the entrepreneur in me now, just my mind's going, is there like, you know, one supplement that has all the key elements in terms of all the herbs that have been beneficial or do you ask your patients while just. Maybe try a bit of the, the grape for effect, maybe try a bit of the berberine and see what happens. [00:44:56] ERIN: Yes, that's a great question. There, there are [00:45:00] formulations of herbs out there that are designed or supplements out there that are designed specifically for SIBO. So they'll usually have a combination of. You know, some of those more broad spectrum antimicrobials, I typically use them in a more isolated fashion because I love using tinctures. [00:45:18] ERIN: I like to try to reduce the amount of pills that a client will take. So oftentimes, you know, it will be like. Three times a day, you're doing your drops of oregano, your drops of neem, and then we'll do a berberine in a pill form. And, you know, we do that for a course of four to six weeks, and then we reassess symptoms. [00:45:35] ERIN: But there are, there are formulations out there. There's ones that are even more broad spectrum that, you know, are gonna have additional things like wormwood in them, and Uh, you know, things that can address yeast and candida, you know, knowing that those things can sometimes coexist, but the benefit of my practice is that I'm able to test with coins and I'm able to see, like, okay, how can we really hone in on this and instead of doing [00:46:00] this broad, you know, formulation, we do something much more specific to what you need. [00:46:05] JAMES: Yeah, my brain was just ding, ding, ding, ding, ding. And also, I was wondering That's just how it works in my brain. The, the tests that you do, I'm also fascinated. So I'm, I'm very familiar with the hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen methane, because Um, and terabiotics is actually going to be doing a clinical trial, uh, in the IBS area. [00:46:24] JAMES: So I've been reading all about IBSC IBSD, post infectious SIBO and so on. Um, but I wondered because what you're talking about, it's fascinating, it's, it's a combination of the breath test. It's a combination of the stool test. So do you have providers that you go to and that you trust to give you the right kind of data, or do patients come to you having done a microbiome test? [00:46:46] JAMES: Like at home. Mm hmm. [00:46:48] ERIN: Yes. So the majority of, of what I will have clients do with their providers is have their standard colonoscopy, endoscopy, get their blood work done. If they [00:47:00] can get, you know, the things that I like to see, like the ferritin, iron, B12, vitamin D. Uh, so I'll usually have them do that just because it's covered by insurance, right? [00:47:09] ERIN: We try to save clients as much money as possible knowing that these types of cases can be, you know, more intensive and, and costly. And so the stuff that we will do together, luckily as a dietician, we have, uh, different resources where I have an ordering physician on my team who can order the labs for me. [00:47:30] ERIN: And I've been trained to evaluate and interpret these labs over the past 10 years. And so I get these results, we sit down, we go over them together, and you know, we either work with their physician or just on our own, depending on how willing their, their other providers are. We try to work as a team to help this client get better in whatever way that looks like for them. [00:47:54] JAMES: Got it. Thank you. I just wondered if there was like a. Best in class microbiome testing service [00:48:00] that you just thought was unbelievably good. That gave you so many insights. Yeah, [00:48:04] ERIN: I, yes, much more simple. I will answer that more simply here. So the, I love the GI map. I've been using the GI map by diagnostic solutions for several years. [00:48:16] ERIN: I also love, uh, Jenova. That's another really great one. Um, sometimes that might be a better fit for a client based on kind of their symptomatology. But those are really the two main ones. And then, you know, the breath test, I use the TrioSmart because they do all three of the, the, the breath gases versus, you know, if you go get it done in your conventional doctor, they're likely just going to test for the hydrogen and the methane and they might miss the hydrogen sulfide. [00:48:46] ERIN: No affiliations with the brands. Thank you. [00:48:51] JAMES: Thank you for that. Um, you got quite excited when you talked about vitamin D, iron, and ferritin. Can you just like maybe unpack that a little bit? Why is that so important? [00:49:00] [00:49:00] ERIN: These are basic, you know, labs that should be run for all of us. And I laugh about it because it's so frustrating how it's like pulling teeth with providers that you want to know what your vitamin D levels are. [00:49:14] ERIN: Especially when we're in New England over here. So we're not getting UVB rays from the sun to produce vitamin D on our skin for a very large portion of the year. And also just scientifically knowing that 90 percent of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. Vitamin D impacts our hormones, our mental health, our risk for inflammatory bowel disease, everything. [00:49:35] ERIN: It quite literally impacts everything. Uh, so vitamin D, I always have clients advocate for that. And if it's not done over here in the U. S. as a standard blood panel. Iron is another one. Iron typically is tested, but ferritin, the storage form of iron, is not always tested. And this can tell us a lot about inflammation in the body. [00:49:56] ERIN: This can tell us a lot about our body's ability to absorb [00:50:00] iron. So that one is another one. Especially, I work with a lot of athletes, especially endurance athletes, and they tend to be very low in ferritin. And so, you know, if a provider saw, oh, in 2017, your iron looked good, they're not going to test it again. [00:50:15] ERIN: And, you know, hello, it's 2024. Things can change pretty quickly. So, I like ferritin. I also like B12. Both B12, ferritin, vitamin D can tell us that there maybe is malabsorption going on related to SIBO. So, these are things that are common deficiencies that I see in my practice. You know, we should just be knowing regularly what our values are. [00:50:39] JAMES: Got it. Are there any other blood tests that you recommend for the sort of general person? Um, and I'm assuming you recommend vitamin D supplementation. [00:50:49] ERIN: Yep. If you are deficient in vitamin D to a point where, you know, you're getting into the twenties and lower. You're not going to be able to eat food and get your values back [00:51:00] up. [00:51:00] ERIN: You're going to need to supplement unless you're living in a place where it's very sunny And it's very clear that you've been hibernating and lathering the sunscreen and then you can change that habit But the majority of people in order to get their vitamin D levels back up will need to supplement So that's really important for people to know and you always want to take vitamin D 3 plus K 2 K 2 It prevents us from absorbing too much calcium into our, um, the vascular system, which can increase your risk for cardiovascular disease. [00:51:32] ERIN: So vitamin D3 plus K2, always have that combination together and just make sure that you're advocating for it. If you have a deficiency in vitamin D, you're going to need to supplement. There's very few food sources of vitamin D. And those really aren't likely to move the needle if you have a deficiency. [00:51:51] JAMES: And on the subject of supplements, do you recommend anything else? Like, for example, a greens powder, which are all the rage at the moment. [00:51:59] ERIN: Yeah, [00:52:00] I, I don't recommend those supplements. You know, there, there's, um. There's some out there, you know, there's ones that I've taken that I feel really good on, you know, the, the athletic greens was a big, it, it blew up and I, you know, they sent me a sample and I thought, oh, you know, this is like another greens powder and I'll be honest, I felt really good. [00:52:20] ERIN: You know, I'm not going to lie to people. I felt really good when I took it. And that could be due to the fact that it's basically like a multivitamin. And it's got adaptogens like ashwagandha, which I love ashwagandha. And, you know, it was great. I was taking it for a little while. And then, you know, consumer labs came out. [00:52:38] ERIN: They, they independently tested all of these greens powders. And they found higher levels of lead in a lot of them, which something that just naturally occurs in the soil. You know, plants are growing, they absorb these heavy metals from the soil. And lead is not good for us. As someone might imagine, that getting lead in, in [00:53:00] higher doses regularly, ideally we want no lead. [00:53:03] ERIN: But we're always going to be exposed to some level of heavy metals. But when you take something and you concentrate it down, that means you're going to get a larger dose in a small serving. And so, you know, certain brands that I mentioned, like You know were above the limit that I would consider safe to consume on a regular basis for optimal health And so I wow, you know stopped using that and I you know, I I really caution My clients to be using these powders You know, even if they are passing heavy metal testing, you know, they're, they're not a replacement for food. [00:53:36] ERIN: You know, if someone's really struggling, they might offer some assistance. There are certain fruit and vegetable capsules out there that have passed heavy metal testing, you know, don't have any fillers in them. Um, the brand like Juice Plus, for example, over here in the U S you know, they, they seem to kind of pass with flying colors. [00:53:55] ERIN: So I would say. You know, I think of someone like my grandmother who, you know, [00:54:00] she maybe eats, like, two meals a day, if even that, and she doesn't touch fruits or vegetables. She might be a good candidate for someone to take these fruit and veggie capsules, just to get something in her body, but For the majority of us, you know, we don't need 17 different, you know, powders and vitamins in one sitting. [00:54:20] ERIN: First of all, it's really tough for our body to absorb that all in one. So you've got that aspect of it, where are you really getting all the nutrients out of it? Number two is the heavy metals. And number three is there's typically lots of additives to them, artificial sweeteners and flavors and, and things like that. [00:54:37] ERIN: So I, I don't, you know, I don't recommend them, but I'm sure there are times and places for, for those and in people's lives, but the majority of us should be just focusing on high quality foods from our diet. Aaron, this [00:54:50] JAMES: has been such a, an educational journey for me, uh, in addition to the listener, cause I also. [00:54:55] JAMES: take AG1 once or twice a day and have done for quite a long time. [00:55:00] Also a powder called Vibey Greens. And I had no idea about the heavy metal piece. Just no idea. And to be honest with you, I actually don't know that much about heavy metals and how they can impact on health. So could we talk about that for a little bit? [00:55:19] JAMES: Like How do we know if we're have, you know, if we've got too many heavy metals, what's the health and impacts of heavy metals? And then if there's too many and it's having an health impact, what do we do? [00:55:35] ERIN: So heavy metals. Each different type of heavy metal, from lead to arsenic to cadmium, those are two very those are three very common heavy metals that we typically see in supplements, powders, even chocolate. [00:55:49] ERIN: We see high levels of lead, unfortunately. Big chocolate fan over here, so, trust me, I'm not Nooooo! You're like, you're taking away my coffee and now my [00:56:00] chocolate. No, but what's going [00:56:01] JAMES: on here? But again, my AG1 and coffee, now my [00:56:04] ERIN: chocolate. So again, like I will use AG1 if I know I'm going out and I'm going to have a really long run. [00:56:10] ERIN: You know that that's that's the kind of thing I'm trying to really educate clients on is like I'm not taking it every day But I'm not never using it because I like the way it makes me feel I'm also consuming chocolate regularly But I'm choosing brands that are at least not the highest in lead and I'm moderating my intake But I probably eat chocolate at least three to four times a week. [00:56:31] ERIN: Like I'm not gonna lie. It's just You know, you can't avoid all of these things, but you know, there are some that are avoidable that are just, you know, we're getting too much and that could be impacting certain people. So you know, heavy metals can impact all of our organs. A lot of them can accumulate in our body and it's really hard to get rid of. [00:56:49] ERIN: Some are actually impossible to get rid of. So the kidneys can be affected. The gut can be affected. The liver, right? We can have this buildup of these heavy metals. And then on top of [00:57:00] that, if you have an unhealthy gut, then you're more likely to have these accumulate because if you have that intestinal permeability where things can move from your gut into your blood because you have leaky gut, you're in a, you're in a worse shape to be consuming these heavy metal, you know, containing products. [00:57:17] ERIN: But generally speaking, they have, they have widespread impact on our health from our brain health to our, our organ function. And over time, this can be very serious for people and it's, it's hard to say, you know, okay, look for these symptoms, it's, it's, you know, the, the, this happens slowly. So this could be you show up with dementia or Alzheimer's when you're, you know, 50 years old and you don't realize how much of something you've been consuming. [00:57:43] ERIN: But there's testing that you can do. There's hair mineral analysis testing that can look at heavy metals, which can be really helpful. Um, you know, mercury is another one that will accumulate in the body. And even just reducing your high mercury fish can really help your body, um, [00:58:00] work more efficiently. [00:58:01] ERIN: And then, you know, you can kind of go back to working in moderation versus. Eating high mercury tuna for lunch every day, for example, so this is a very big stressor for me is like we need to think about moderation. We don't need to fear monger people into being afraid of consuming chocolate or, you know, things like that. [00:58:18] ERIN: It's education, making better choices. And then if you are someone who has really poor detox, methylation issues, like MTHFR mutation, poor gut health. We might need some extra support with heavy metals, so we might use certain, like, green algaes to help just pull heavy metals out of your system. Um, we might use things like NACL cysteine, which, you know, helps upregulate glutathione levels in the body. [00:58:43] ERIN: You know, these are things that, essentially what we're doing is we're working on chelating, um, things like charcoal and, and algae, green algae vegetables. And then we're working to support the liver and, and, and all those other Um, up regulation processes that naturally happen in the body and then we [00:59:00] support the gut and we support sweating and we make sure our bowels are moving and, you know, we make sure nutrient deficiencies are addressed and that helps us just ensure that we're, you know, well oiled machines that can handle, you know, the daily toxins that we're always going to get no matter what, right? [00:59:16] ERIN: We're always going to get these things, but how can we educate ourselves, make better choices and reduce our total heavy metal load? [00:59:27] JAMES: What are some of the signs and symptoms that someone might have if they're sort of high and heavy [00:59:31] ERIN: metals? So kidney, you know, kidney issues can be a big one. Um, having, you know, kidney. [00:59:37] ERIN: So if you're doing blood testing or things like that, if you're, you know, consuming a lot of brown rice, very high in arsenic, um, that's something that over time, especially with smaller kids, you know, they're even more sensitive to these levels of arsenic, for example. Um, but, but kidney issues, liver issues, brain, um, if you're noticing, like I said, you know, early signs of Alzheimer's, dementia, [01:00:00] Parkinson's disease, uh, there's even, this is not my expertise, but, um, you know, a lot of dieticians who focus on the autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, um, a lot of discussion around how they have a harder time with detoxification and, and Some heavy metal accumulation. [01:00:17] ERIN: And so, you know, refer to them for more information on that. But I've learned from other dieticians about how that can be, um, you know, a way that these types of things can show up, um, gut issues, you know, you know, heavy metals can really disrupt the gut, the gut microbiome. So. Again, there's not really like obvious symptoms for a lot of people that you would say, Oh, that's, that's gotta be heavy models. [01:00:40] ERIN: Sometimes it's, you know, your body just kind of slowly not functioning optimally and not realizing that your total toxic burden is just too high. [01:00:50] JAMES: Gosh, it just made me wonder, I mean, imagine how many people with autoimmune disease, for example, may actually just be too high in, in these heavy metals. [01:01:00] It's again, I think it's one of these things where the traditional classical medical community probably aren't that interested. [01:01:08] ERIN: Yeah, unfortunately not. And you know, it's, it's, it's a, it's a very broken system overall. And, you know, I wish I had, I wish I had the solution. I wish that I could say that I could see things getting better in the future. But I think when you involve finances, when you put money into the, the picture, you know, it, the, yeah. [01:01:30] ERIN: The priority of healthcare, uh, preventative care really just. Yeah, [01:01:38] JAMES: I'm with you. So I'm going to bring us back now to some of the things I've wanted to discuss with you. Um, artificial sweeteners is top of the list. So as a dietitian and expert in gut health, what are your thoughts and recommendations relating to artificial sweeteners? [01:01:55] JAMES: Because I think this is one of the ones that comes up the most when you speak to people. Yeah. You [01:02:00] know? [01:02:00] ERIN: So what are your thoughts? Yeah. So I've, you know, I'

The following is a conversation with Mollie Hughes, a British alpinist, world record holder, company director, and entrepreneur. This podcast will appeal to anybody and everybody. It's very easy to listen to Mollie speak and you can kind of get a sense of what it takes to summit Everest and go to the South Pole. She broke the world record for becoming the youngest woman to climb both sides of Mount Everest and the youngest woman to ski solo to the South Pole. And now she's building an amazing adventure business, going around the world talking about her endeavours, and writing a book. We explore how Mollie developed her mindset both before and during her incredible quests, she explains what it's like to be caught in an 8-day whiteout on the South Pole and how affirmations helped keep her skis moving. Everyone can get something practical from this conversation, especially when it comes to developing a mindset to enable you to achieve your goals and deal with adversity along the way. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:33 Mollie's background 00:05:00 Tackling extreme activities 00:08:59 Controlling fear 00:10:46 Deciding to climb Everest 00:11:34 Fitness to climb Everest 00:15:00 Costs to climb Everest 00:17:47 Kit required to climb Everest 00:20:14 Mollie's first climb of Everest 00:23:29 Everest's death zone 00:26:22 Hillary's Step 00:32:51 Communication and food on Everest 00:35:06 Climbing north face of Everest 00:44:59 Human landmarks on Everest 00:52:31 Skiing to the South Pole 00:58:58 Dealing with isolation 01:07:16 Silence of the South Pole 01:09:20 Joining Ocean Vertical  

The following is a conversation with Dr. Alan Walker, a senior lecturer at the Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health at the University of Aberdeen. Dr Walker has worked in the microbiome field for the last 20 years. Throughout this episode, he shared with us some of his insights into how the field has developed, and how new technologies have improved our understanding of the microbiome. We also spent a lot of time Having some fun debates about the pros and cons, some of the benefits associated with microbiome modulating therapy, and where some myths and misconceptions lie. For the generalist who wants to learn more about the microbiome, I think this is an excellent episode. We also get pretty deep and pretty technical in some areas, like, for example, microbiome sequencing, next-generation probiotics, and whether the microbiome causes obesity or contributes to obesity. There are tons in here and we go right the way across the microbiome field talking about diagnostics, at-home microbiome testing, the use of faecal microbiota transplantation, and what is a healthy microbiome. I wanted to take this opportunity to thank all of the listeners and supporters of the podcast for everything you've done to help us build the name, and the brand, and to get the message out there around microbiome being critically important and gut health being really important for wider body health. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Intro 00:02:39 Microbiome research 30 years ago 00:05:17 Why is the microbiome important? 00:10:08 How does the microbiome develop? 00:12:52 Do we have a core microbiome? 00:14:51 What is a healthy microbiome? 00:20:22 Health and poor microbiome diversity 00:22:55 Technology shifts in microbiome research 00:31:13 Microbiome human database 00:33:54 AI helping us understand the microbiome? 00:38:27 Convincing others of the importance of the microbiome 00:40:18 Importance of fibre 00:45:27 Microbiome and obesity 00:49:31 How to improve microbiome 00:56:03 Probiotics 01:02:29 Differences in animal and human microbiome 01:04:00 Genetics and genomic diversity 01:05:38 Phabe bacteria 01:06:17 Where is the field going? 01:08:35 FMT 01:12:39 Processed foods

In this Biome Bite, Dr James McIlroy discusses the differences between food supplements and drugs, including their regulations and pricing. He suggests that some food supplements may be better than drugs for certain uses and indications, despite the higher standards and stringency for drugs. What are the differences between a food supplement and a drug? There are some key differences in the regulations. And those regulations govern how they're manufactured, how they're tested, the levels of quality assurance, and also the level of evidence. that has to be generated for them to be able to be put on the market. So drugs are regulated by competent authorities. In the UK, it's the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Food supplements are regulated by food standards agencies. In the US, interestingly, they're both governed and regulated by the same group, the FDA, Food and Drug Administration, but they're separate divisions within that very large organization that create the standards that the companies and the organizations that are manufacturing, distributing, and marketing have to adhere to. Now, classically, there are significant price differences between drugs and food supplements, and that's driven by the level of evidence that the companies have to generate to put the products on the market. And there's much higher stringency and standards in drugs rather than foods. Drugs often fail in clinical development as well because the standards are so high. Therefore, the drugs that are on the market are priced by the companies to be able to recoup losses from a company-wide perspective, associated with failed drugs, and also to make a significant return, typically within a patent life. of an approved drug. Back to the topic. Food supplements could be better than a drug for certain indications, and certain uses. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Intro 00:01:46 Key differences between supplement and drug 00:03:14 Lysine 00:09:54 Quercetin 00:15:19 Melatonin TRANSCRIPT: Biome Bites #11   Hi everyone, it's your host Dr. James McElroy here today for another Biome Bites. This is a solo episode so you have me and only me for the entirety of this episode. Today we're going to be speaking about three food supplements that could be better than drugs. Or rather, in a parallel universe, may in fact be regulated and distributed, marketed, and prescribed as drugs. So what are the differences between a food supplement and a drug? There are some key differences in relation to the regulations. And those regulations govern how they're manufactured, how they're tested, the levels of quality assurance, and also the level of evidence. that has to be generated for them to be able to be put on the market. So drugs are regulated by competent authorities. In the UK, it's the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Food supplements are regulated by food standards agencies. In the US, interestingly, they're both governed and regulated by the same group, the FDA, Food and Drug Administration, but they're separate divisions within that very large organization that create the standards that the companies and the organizations that are manufacturing, distributing, and marketing have to adhere to. Now, classically, there are significant price differences between drugs and food supplements, and that's driven by the level of evidence that the companies have to generate to put the products on the market. And there's much higher stringency and standards in drugs rather than foods. Drugs often fail in clinical development as well because the standards are so high. Therefore, the drugs that are on the market are priced by the companies to be able to recoup losses from a company-wide perspective, associated with failed drugs, and also to make a significant return, typically within a patent life. of an approved drug. Back to the topic. Food supplements could be better than a drug for certain indications, and certain uses. I'm going to start with something called Lysine, also known as L Lysine. Lysine is an essential amino acid. Now, there are nine essential amino acids that we're aware of for the human body. That means that they cannot be synthesized by the human body and have to be consumed, have to be generated by your diet, so you have to consume them, you have to find them through some sort of intake, whether it's through food or a supplement. High protein foods are rich sources of all the essential amino acids, red meat, poultry, fish, pork, nut, legumes, and soy products from a plant perspective, also contain a wide variety of amino acids. Typically they don't. contain the complete sets of amino acids in the case of plants. And interestingly, from a protein bioavailability perspective, animal proteins are typically more bioavailable than plant proteins. What are we talking about now in the context of lysine? We're not talking about muscle hypertrophy. We're talking about cold sores, which are generated by the herpes simplex virus. And there are two that we typically discuss, HSV1, and HSV2. Typically there are cold sores on the face, but of course, there are also cold sores that can happen elsewhere in the body, most typically the genitals, HSV 1. Impacts the face, and HSV2s typically impact the genitals, although I think there can be some vice versa in there. Now, classically, when treating a cold sore, the medical community would prescribe an antiviral medication that can be topical. Ciclovir, commonly known as Zovarax, now is an over-the-counter medication. We can get into the differences between over-the-counter medications and prescription medications a different times and on a different podcast. But it would be typically an antiviral medication, topically, or systemic. Lysine has antiviral properties, which have been most classically demonstrated in what we call in vitro experiments. So these are experiments. In a test tube, essentially, where there's no living organism or living thing like a mouse or a rat or some other different species. Now, Interestingly, there is quite a good bit of evidence for lysine as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of cold sores in particular. I think there is some evidence as well for genital herpes, but the majority of the evidence exists for oral herpes, which is essentially synonymous with the term cold sore. So what does the evidence show? The evidence shows, fascinatingly, across a range of studies, for the most part, that lysine supplementation can prevent or reduce the severity, and by severity, we're talking about how many are there across a particular defined part of the body, in this case, the face, the severity beyond just how many there are, so how deep are they, how sore are they, there are other mechanisms. and predetermined parameters that clinicians and people working in this field use. And how long are the outbreaks? So what people have found is that daily supplementation with lysine in people who are prone to cold sores can, as I said, prevent and reduce the severity. Increased use of lysine during a cold sore outbreak can accelerate the time frame in which you have cold sores, so reduce the time frame that you have cold sores and indeed make the outbreaks less severe. That's fascinating, right? Now in terms of dose typically one to three grams a day for the treatment. That's one thousand to three thousand milligrams per day for as long as you've got a cold sore. If you can feel a sort of what we call prodromal type syndrome coming on where you've got a bit of a tingle. Some people know if they're about to get one things feel a bit strange in their face or elsewhere in their body. And that would be a good opportunity to load up and from a preventative point of view, it would typically be 500 milligrams. That's 0. 5 of a gram taken every day. Wide variety of sources available. It's quite a cheap supplement. So you can get a tub of 30. Excuse me, I was just taking a drink. You can get a tub of 30 for between 5 and 15 pounds depending on the source. Now, you can take a lot more lysine than that. I had a look for the LD50, which is a pharmaceutical, clinical phrase used to describe what the lethal dose is of a medicine, and the LD50 was at an insanely high level. That means you can probably take more than three grams a day. You could maybe load up to five or 10, see how that works for you. I've certainly done that. You can also get lysine as a topical formulation. Typically in the US, it's hard to find in the UK, so if you wanted a double whammy approach, you could take lysine systemically and you could also apply it topically around your lips. It doesn't seem to interfere or cause pain. In the formulation that I've seen, it's more of an ointment rather than a gel. Or a powder. It just makes your lips a little bit shiny. Now, what about the evidence? The evidence is quite strong in some respects, but it's also mixed. The studies are not ideal insofar as they're not very large for the most part, and typically they're conducted in compliance with standards that you'd associate with a food supplement rather than a drug. As I said at the start of this podcast, the Stringency, the level of regulation and rigour in the clinical studies is less for a food supplement than it is for a drug. So you might be wondering why has the pharmaceutical industry not jumped all over this. And I have to say anecdotally, i. e. based on personal experience, but also other people's personal experiences outside the confines of a robust clinical study. The evidence for lysine is pretty awesome. Some people swear by this, absolutely swear by it. I am prone to cold sores around my lips when I'm stressed. It runs in the family. Interestingly, my dad never gets them, and has never had one, but my mum is prone to them. So there are obviously some genetic predeterminants there around how bad your outbreaks are. But I, I've been taking lysine every day for years now. I was put onto the evidence by a former colleague called Dr Michael Butler. So shout out to you, Mike. If you're listening, I'm still listening to your advice. And here we are on Inside Matters talking about it in front of other people. So if you're prone to cold sores, I would recommend you give lysine a try. In a later episode, we're going to be talking about how to select a good quality supplement so if you want to wait before buying until that episode it'll be coming out within the next week or two. So that's supplement number one, Lysine. Supplement number two is Quercetin. Quercetin spelled q u e r c e t i n and we'll have some post-show notes as well. It's a type of flavonoid Flavonoids form part of a broader category called polyphenols and if you've been listening to this podcast You will have heard of the three P's prebiotics probiotics polyphenols again and again and if you want to take care of your microbiome the broad principles are, eat real food and focus on prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols There's a plant pigment that's found in many fruits and vegetables this is quercetin I'm talking about now. It has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, some people even say it has anti-carcinogenic properties, i.e. anti cancer. What kind of fruits and sources in the diet is it found in? Onions, apples, vegetables, grapes, tea, and Red wine. But we've talked about red wine in the past in the podcast as well. And if you want to get quercetin in high doses, I would recommend you look at a supplement. So the one key benefit, I believe, from quercetin in the context of this supplement versus drug discussion is that it has antihistamine properties. So the histamine pathways are heavily implicated in allergy and allergic reactions. And these can range from what we call atopy, so a very mild type reaction, where you maybe get some inflammation in your skin, to anaphylaxis, where you have a total. almost catastrophic systemic, so total body reaction to an allergen. Now Quercetin has antihistamine-type properties. There's a variety of evidence available to suggest that it can reduce the severity of allergy and atopy including hay fever. So for some reason, it stabilizes histamines from certain cells. I'm not 100% sure what the pathways are that can reduce allergy symptoms. Typical doses range between 250 milligrams, and 600 milligrams per day, taken in divided doses throughout the day so you're not just getting a big dump of quercetin at some point in time. Now more studies are required for a definitive conclusion. And we go back to the lysine discussion. Why are the pharmaceutical industry not all over this? They exist as food supplements already. It's hard to get a strong intellectual property position based on the studies that already exist, based on the fact that it's already ubiquitous as a food supplement. And typically the pharmaceutical industry is only interested if it can have a defined intellectual property patent position. Ideally, sometimes they're okay with know-how, but basically, they're trying to stop people from copying and eating into market share. Reversing out now, from quercetin specifically, into flavonoids, bioflavonoids more generally, forming part of the bigger polyphenol complex. The human body doesn't efficiently absorb all the flavonoids because of the complex structure that these compounds take. and the microbiota. through a series of bacterial enzymatic reactions, i.e. enzymes contained within the metabolism of bacteria can break down the bioflavonoids into smaller, more bioavailable compounds. Now, this is one of these, we feed the microbes, they feed us, type discussions. And the things they feed us are classically beneficial. So The flavonoids themselves through the actions of the microbiota have several anti-inflammatory, potentially anti-carcinogenic properties. They may strengthen gut barrier function as well and we've talked about epithelial integrity a lot on this podcast. Gut barrier integrity aka leaky gut. If you want more listen to the episode with Dr. Laura Craven on that. So there's some evidence to suggest that the flavonoids found in foods including quercetin, which is one of the best-studied flavonoids, can impact cardiovascular disease risk factors, certain cancers, and obesity-related complications, and part of that must be through their interaction with microbiota. One final point. I believe that flavonoids are synergistic with fibre. Fibre, we talk on this podcast a lot. All prebiotics are fibres, but not all fibres are prebiotics, right? Prebiotic is a type of fibre that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria within the gut and there is absolute synergy between fibres and flavonoids. The good news is that the flavonoids that come from plants can have high fibre. There's a synergy there. So if you're eating colourful plants, You classically have a lot of flavonoids and you have a fibre content there as well in the form of cellulose, but also other prebiotic substances like, for example, pectin and inulin. So that's quercetin. If you're struggling with allergies, you're allergic to a cat, you're allergic to a dog, or you have hay fever. Maybe give quercetin a try. Also personally, based on anecdotes, based on what I've seen, and based on the people I've spoken to, quercetin can also have an impact on systemic inflammation. So if you've got achy joints, quercetin has been reported to be beneficial in some people, much like turmeric potentially has some benefits as well. Cercumin potentially has some benefits too. Now, number three on this list, and we're getting to the end of the podcast now, melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain. The pineal gland sits close to the pituitary gland if you're more familiar with that. And it helps regulate the body's sleep-wake cycle. Just as a brief aside, I like to go a little bit off-piece sometimes. The pineal gland is also thought to be the source of something called dimethyltryptamine, also known as DMT, which has very strong psychedelic properties. Some people believe large amounts of DMT are released by the body in Death, which is why people who have near-death experiences report similar experiences to people who've taken DMT recreationally. Okay, back now to the drug versus food debate. Melatonin is not found in foods. It's quite hard to find hormones in foods. Classically to do with the stability of the compounds metabolized by whatever it is where you're getting the source from. So if it's a slice of meat, then it would not find its way into the meat that you're eating. Now melatonin potentially because it's part of what we call circadian rhythm, i. e. your sleep-wake cycle could have beneficial effects in helping you get to sleep. There's some evidence to suggest that for people who have jet lag, so people who work in shift patterns, melatonin can be a good way to reestablish a normal circadian rhythm. Now, the evidence is a little bit mixed. Some evidence suggests that it can improve sleep quality. And reducing the time taken to fall asleep. Others say that it doesn't improve sleep quality, as measured through your sleep cycles, but may indeed reduce the time that it takes to get to sleep. This is another one of these anecdotal ones, where you have to try yourself, I think, to really understand how it affects you. Anecdotally, some people who take melatonin can feel groggy in the morning, they can feel slow, they can have brain fog, they can also feel a little bit nauseous, whereas other people, it gives them an amazingly deep sleep. And our recent episode with Andy Scott, the bodybuilder, revealed that he's very big on melatonin. He takes a big dose. Classically, the recommended doses are 0. 5 to 5 milligrams. Andy was taking 10 milligrams. That's a lot, but he's also a very big guy. So if you're having trouble falling asleep. If you're doing a lot of international travelling, you should consider melatonin. I would prefer melatonin to some of the other drugs that are available for sleep. Zopiclone is a classic one, but Zopiclone has an impact on REM sleep and other sedatives like GABA, and Agonist. So for example, the Azepam. are not things you want to be taking regularly at all because they have a high risk of developing dependency and a sort of rebound withdrawal effect can occur quite easily with limited use. Interestingly with melatonin, there doesn't seem to be what they call this rebound insomnia, i. e. you stop taking it, you can't get sleep, that doesn't seem to exist based on what I've seen. And there are some people, classically people who describe themselves as naturopaths swear by melatonin for infections too. I've not done much research on this. I'd encourage you to look at it yourself, but it might be an additional benefit. Melatonin as an antioxidant across the blood-brain barrier may be effective in delaying, preventing, and being involved with the development of some neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's. So we're coming to the end now of this podcast. I just wanted to emphasize that none of what I've said today constitutes a practice of medicine. It does not equal the giving of medical advice. You should consult with your healthcare professional before embarking on a supplement routine.

The following is a conversation with Jordan Haworth, a gut health physiologist working at the Functional Gut Clinic who are based in Manchester and London. In this conversation, we covered probably, possibly the widest range of gut health-related topics in the history of Inside Matters, so this could become a reference episode for all things gut health in the future. Jordan is a fountain of knowledge relating to basically all things to do with the gastrointestinal tract, prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, everything. We covered what to eat for your microbiome, what not to eat for your microbiome, what IBS is, including how to potentially classify it in a way that's not currently widely accepted amongst the broad range of medical community specialists that currently focus on IBS. We talked about antibiotics, in particular an antibiotic called rifaximin, which counterintuitively may actually be good for gut health in specific situations. We also talked about food sweeteners, emulsifiers, and some of the really exciting research that Jordan and the team at the Functional Gut Clinic are focused on. I absolutely love this episode. I've learned a heck of a lot. I'm absolutely sure you will as well. Timestamps: 00:00:00 Intro 00:01:26 IBS: what is it? 00:03:29 Bloating 00:04:30 IBD causes & diagnosis 00:09:38 What is bile? 00:11:54 Different categories of IBS 00:18:18 Coffee a laxative? 00:19:18 What is gut health? 00:21:38 What aren't normal gut responses? 00:23:23 Most common symptoms 00:28:53 Mr Gut Health's journey 00:32:51 Stool sampling 00:35:46 Functional Gut Clinic 00:37:18 Definition of probiotic 00:43:46 Probiotics: what to look for 00:48:14 Tummy MOT 00:53:15 Microbiome is an orchestra 00:55:30 More on Tummy MOT 00:57:00 Prebiotics: what are they? 01:01:04 Partially hydrolyzed guar gum 01:03:59 FODMAP diet 01:07:27 Best food for microbiome 01:10:49 How to improve microbiome 01:12:52 ChatGTP for gut health tips 01:15:17 Fermented foods 01:22:08 What's bad for the microbiome? 01:26:30 Artificial sweeteners 01:30:15 Gluten intolerance 01:34:22 Cutting out dairy for the gut 01:41:33 Testing for SIBO on the NHS 01:49:47 TikTok gut health trends 01:53:20 Things to avoid for a healthy gut 02:00:53 Colonic irrigations

Learn more about this episode's guests and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/ The following is a conversation with Professor Konstantinos Yerasmididis, a professor in clinical nutrition at the University of Glasgow, who has a special interest in the gut microbiome and dietary interventions to treat disease. We also had Dr Richard Hansen, consultant paediatric gastroenterologist, who was on episode number one of the podcast. This is the first time I had two guests participating in the Inside Matters podcast at the same time. It was an absolute pleasure. Given that Costas and Richard are experts in inflammatory bowel disease and that they've collaborated on several different research initiatives, we spent a lot of time talking about inflammatory bowel disease. We spoke about their work which is focused on using nutrition and personalized dietary therapy in the context of Crohn's disease in particular. So they've been involved in a program called CD-TREAT where they've tried to mimic the effects of something called exclusive internal nutrition, essentially an entirely liquid diet with a diet that contained real food. Why is that important?  Well, for four out of five children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease, this exclusively liquid diet has a profound impact on Crohn's disease. So four out of five of them go into what we call remission. i. e. no clinical symptoms. However, there are challenges associated with EEN. Most notably, it's very restrictive. You can't eat any food for six to eight weeks. So what Costas and Richard have been trying to do is, can we give children and potentially even adults a diet that contains the same components? as a liquid diet. It allows people to eat real food without having to have an exclusively liquid diet. We also talked about some common myths and misconceptions associated with the microbiome. We asked the question, does the microbiota cause obesity? We also spoke about the microbiome field more generally and how it's progressed over time. and some of the challenges that both the field and the academic researchers have faced over the last decade. This is a really interesting conversation that I think should be accessible to most of the listeners. We did go quite deep on some areas but we always brought it back to well, what does that mean for the listener and what can a listener take away from it? I believe that you will particularly enjoy this podcast if you're someone with inflammatory bowel disease or if you know somebody suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. You will also enjoy this podcast if you're interested in diet, nutrition, and how the diet interplays with the microbiome and how the microbiome interplays with the rest of the body. Timestamps 00:00:00 Intro 00:04:00 Welcome to the guests 00:04:48 What is a healthy microbiome? 00:09:24 Microbial therapeutics 00:14:00 Intersection between disease and diversity in the biome 00:17:41 Insights from research 00:22:36 Should we drink milk 00:31:47 CDG 00:34:39 Mediterranean diet pt1 00:40:51 Carnivore diet 00:47:52 Personalised dietary intervention pt1 00:50:22 Microbiome testing 00:55:14 Personalised dietary intervention pt2 01:02:23 Measuring inflammatory cytokines 01:08:55 Mediterranean diet pt2 01:14:40 Fermented foods 01:18:59 Plant-based diet 01:22:10 Microbiome and obesity 01:26:50 Do the scientists take supplements? 01:30:12 Composition of microbiome 01:37:43 Treating IBD 01:43:28 Training gastroenterologists 01:47:16 Importance of hydration to the guy 01:47:57 Obesity and the gut microbiome 01:56:31 What's next? 02:00:12 The future of research and treatment

With a wrap-up of 2023, Dr James McIlroy reflects on his journey hosting the Inside Matters Podcast so far. I have to say that I've thoroughly enjoyed the first year and a bit of the Inside Matters podcast. I'm thrilled actually that I took that step to start it. And there was an element of not sure what I'm getting into here. Can I produce content once every two weeks? And are people going to want to come on and talk to me? But fast forward to December 2023 and we've had genuinely some of the best minds in the microbiome space on the podcast. And we've got a loyal listener base who listened to most episodes. Some every single episode, there's a group of people who write into the podcast and say they're enjoying it. They've learned a lot. Some people have taken action themselves on their health and some people are reporting amazing benefits. I feel better. Some people have had an impact on their disease and that just makes me happy. Because, fundamentally, I believe that the microbiome is extremely important. I believe that gut health contributes to wider body health in a way that's currently underappreciated by the general medical community. And even specialist medical doctors who, for some reason, even with all the evidence that's available now, don't think it's as important as it is. So what it's about on Inside Matters is connecting with people on a really deep level and helping them live a better, longer, healthier life through taking steps to improve their microbiota and microbiome, in doing so improving their gut health, in doing so improving their wider body health. And this is just the start, you know, we're, we're just at the start of this journey, which is why I'm excited. And we're starting to build good traction, you know, 35 5-star reviews on Spotify, I think it's 17 or 18 on Apple podcasts, people commenting on the videos, people writing it on Instagram, stopped once on the subway in Glasgow, which is a bit of a claim to fame. And it sounds very egotistical, but it was pretty damn cool. And that just motivates me to keep going and to create. Even better content on a week-to-week basis for the listeners. None of it would have been possible without the team at the Podcast Studio Glasgow who've gone above and beyond to help build this because they believed, and believe in me as the founder and the host. They believe in the vision and the mission of the podcast and Without them, we wouldn't have built the brand. We wouldn't have been able to get it going in the way that we have, and I've learned a huge amount from Mark and more laterally cam about podcasting and creating great content and this new world of education. 21st century year education. I wanted to take this opportunity on, on record to thank Mark and Cam for their belief in the partnership that we've established. And I'm looking forward to 2024. What have you got to look forward to in 2024 as a listener? More great content. A couple of really high-profile people actually in this space booked in for the first couple of quarters in 2024, which I'm excited about. We're going to continue with the content once every two weeks. We're going to have more solo episodes where I'm talking about topics that are probably more easily accessible to the general population. Why is that? Well, we've had great top minds coming on this podcast and we get deep, really deep actually probably deeper than any other platform on the internet for microbiome. And for some people that's gold dust.

In episode 24 we once again meet up with IFBB bodybuilder Andy Scott. Hopefully, you can see for those of you who are watching the video Andy is massive. He's 130kg and there are just slabs of muscle on his body. So he knows a thing or two about how to gain muscle. If you're interested in how to gain muscle, lose fat, and get in shape, this is a podcast episode that you'll want to listen to. You can watch this episode on YouTube. https://youtu.be/IViPBxJ8ZFE For those of you who want to connect with Andy and learn more or perhaps have him as your personal trainer, I would highly recommend him because he blasts you and teaches you the true meaning of training to failure. If you think you're training to failure, and you've not been trained by Andy Scott or someone similar, you probably actually haven't trained to failure and doing so is worthwhile to get maximum gains. Reach out to Andy on Instagram. I'm very grateful to all of you. the listener for the support that you've been giving us so far. The best way you can support the podcast is by liking, subscribing and very kindly giving us a five-star review. People are messaging that I don't know and even bumped into someone recently who I didn't know who said they were listening to the podcast, which was frankly awesome. We started this podcast over a year ago to produce high-quality gut health content for people all over the world and we've been delivering that content every second Thursday. If you know someone who'd benefit from the conversations on the Inside Matters Podcast, I'd encourage you to share the podcast with them.   Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:02:06 How Andy got started 00:03:23 Socks and Crocs? 00:06:18 Are we in a simulation? 00:07:31 Switching rugby for bodybuilding 00:10:17 Being introduced to testosterone 00:11:58 Arnold Schwarzenegger documentary 00:13:03 Andy's first competitive show 00:14:49 Show prepping as a living 00:17:49 The realities of pro bodybuilder physique 00:19:39 Magnesium dosing 00:21:16 Psilocybin dosing 00:23:15 Treating cachexia with CBD 00:24:47 Parkinson's disease 00:32:52 Dealing with injuries 00:36:17 Dorian Yates and training to failure 00:43:23 TRT cycles and contest prep 00:53:51 Victor Black 00:55:01 Optimal recovery 00:56:57 Trenbolone 00:58:54 Focus on overall health 01:03:56 Drugs don't make mass 01:08:25 Getting a pro card 01:14:44 If you're considering a steroid cycle 01:16:50 Women aren't interested in bodybuilders 01:22:46 Longevity 01:26:32 Creating programs for clients 01:29:20 Do women want to bulk? 01:35:35 Avoiding crash diets 01:39:01 Supplements 01:42:51 Swimming for fitness 01:47:52 Conclusion  

In episode 23 we chat with Dr. Simon Baunwall, a medical doctor and scientific researcher focused on fecal microbiota transplantation, also known as FMT. Dr. Baunwall is based at Arras University Hospital in Denmark. This conversation centred around the establishment of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a therapy in Denmark. Simon talked to us about his work which centres around establishing FMT as a standardised, scalable approach using a blood banking type model, is fascinating. We talked about his perspectives on how the field might evolve looking forward, the next indication after recurring C-difficile infection, and the progression of FMT delivered by colonoscopy to delivery by capsules. And we had some interesting philosophical discussions around what is the mechanism of action and how do you define a dose. This is important, as historically what researchers have used is the wet mass of starting material, in other words, stool, that goes into the process. But what we discussed is actually, that's probably not a good definition or metric for dose! Additionally, we talked about the regulations, which Simon's been very heavily involved with. I particularly enjoyed this episode because Simon is a self-confessed lover of the Inside Matters podcast. In fact, he has listened to pretty much all the episodes. So it was amazing to have a loyal listener on the podcast to talk about their fantastic work in the microbiome and FMT space.   Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:02:38 How Simon got involved in the microbiome 00:04:01 We can do better 00:05:47 Low tech 00:09:21 Patient improvement 00:12:33 The metabolite perspective 00:14:18 How the process is evolving 00:19:31 Universally perfect donor? 00:23:29 Are we doing too much? 00:25:25 Likelihood of false-positives 00:30:18 Undergoing repeated screenings 00:42:02 Preparing for it going wrong 00:44:51 Safety issues 00:50:29 What is your vision? 00:57:31 Is it actually safe? 01:01:48 Building in scale 01:05:20 Accessing screening as a private company 01:10:43 Two different donor types 01:20:09 The struggle to get enough donors 01:24:15 Limitations of diet studies 01:28:07 Dr Mark Hyman 01:30:39 Regulating FMT 01:34:50 Presenting stool as a “drug”

Following is a conversation with Dr Indrani Mukhopadhyay, a lecturer at the Institute of Medical Sciences Microbiology and Immunology Group at the University of Aberdeen. Over the last ten years, we've started to understand more and more about why the virome is important in both health and disease. Indrani is an expert in the viral and has been involved in some of the seminal research to characterise profiles and help us understand why the virus is important. So if you're interested in that, this is a great episode for you. We also spoke about probiotics and what a next-generation probiotic might be in terms of its composition, structure and function. We spoke about Indrani's career progression. She's been all over the world involved in exciting research and setting up her new lab recently here in Aberdeen. So we covered a range of topics.  Finally, we spoke about inflammatory bowel disease, how the viral elements of the microbiome might be important and how specific depletions of bacteria might be important too.  As always, I wanted to thank you, the listener, for tuning in and for supporting the podcast. It's fantastic to get the feedback we've been getting about people enjoying it and if you are enjoying it and haven't yet liked and subscribed, please do that. Timestamps: 00:00:00 - Intro 00:01:52 - How did you get into the field of the microbiome? 00:06:32 - Research into developing vaccines 00:12:58 - Effectiveness of vaccines 00:14:24 - Complexity of the rotavirus 00:16:28 - Seasonal flu 00:20:01 - Viruses in our gut 00:24:17 - Viral metagenomics 00:33:06 - Knowledge of viruses greater than of bacteria 00:35:53 - What's the most important part of the microbiome? 00:37:06 - Bacteriophages 00:40:15 - Enteric viruses 00:41:29 - Fungus in the gut 00:42:39 - Viruses keep bacteria in check 00:43:07 - Most exciting development in microbiome research 00:46:10 - Women in science 00:47:00 - Immunomodulator's effects on gut viruses. 00:49:23 - Next-generation probiotics 00:52:20 - Taking probiotic supplements 00:54:28 - Manufacturing bacteria to treat patients 00:55:39 - Benefits of single strain vs consortia 00:56:34 - Universally beneficial probiotic? 01:00:25 - Thanks and conclusion

In episode 21 we chat with Professor Karen Scott of the Rowett Institute at the University of Aberdeen. Watch the podcast on YouTube. Professor Scott is one of the world's leading researchers for gut health, gut microbiome and all things microbial.  We had a fascinating and at times humourous chat about all things microbiome and bacterium. We cover questions such as; Does Professor Scott take probiotics? What are some of the limitations of current microbiome research? What is a healthy microbiome and how can you make yours healthier through diet, nutrition and potentially supplements? We also cover the role of fibre in our diet and whether we really need to be eating 5 pieces of fruit and veg a day to get our fibre intake, or whether we can find good sources of fibre in other foods. And we chat about where Professor Scott sees the research into the gut microbiome heading in the next 5 years. You can listen to this episode as a professor with a keen interest in the subject matter of the gut microbiome and still learn things. Likewise, this could be your first ever Inside Masters podcast and you'll learn a lot. 00:00:00:00 - Intro 00:01:47:09 - Getting into the field of the microbiome 00:06:38:08 - Detriments to bacteria transfer 00:11:17:05 - The problem of antimicrobial resistance 00:18:23:01 - Restoring the microbiome post-antibiotics 00:20:53:10 - Illegal to refer to “probiotics”? 00:21:51:23 - Is it a viral or bacterial infection? 00:25:21:07 - Discussion on vancomycin 00:30:29:02 - Does the microbiome change from when people are born and as they get older? 00:32:17:23 - Understanding how bacteria “use us” 00:34:58:13 - Why fibre is so important to the gut 00:40:30:01 - The risks of too much protein 00:41:48:08 - Are some fibres better than others? 00:48:40:04 - Does our gut make us “crave” certain foods? 00:50:17:14 - What is a “healthy” gut microbiome? 00:53:02:17 - Bacteria and inflammation 01:01:59:08 - Advancements in culturing bacteria 01:06:42:13 - Taking probiotics 01:08:42:09 - Thoughts on FMT 01:12:31:07 - The importance of feeding our gut bacteria 01:15:33:08 - Where is the field heading? And conclusion

In episode 20 we chat with Kristina Campbell, microbiome science communicator, educator and author. In this episode, I had a fascinating chat with Kristina Campbell, a science writer who specialises in tiny things. In other words, all the microorganisms that live on and inside of our bodies. It was our first remote podcast with a guest, and I'm really grateful for Kristina joining me and helping me produce such amazing content for all of our listeners. We talked about what makes a good probiotic “good” and what makes a bad one “bad”. If you're somebody who consumes probiotics or is thinking about taking probiotics, you should tune into this episode because we really dig into where the field is and what are some of the key quality criteria that you should be looking for if you want to embark on a probiotics journey. We also talked about where we see the field going in the next five years and even further on from that talked about some of the recent drug approvals as well, which we're all really excited about, plus some tips for parents who want their children to health a gut-healthy diet. This was the first remote recording that we did and it went really well. As always, I would encourage you, if you're enjoying this podcast, to like and subscribe, the best thing you can possibly do to support Inside Matters is to hover your finger over the five-star reviews and kindly give us five stars. This helps bump us up the algorithm, helping the podcast reach more people who will ultimately benefit from the no-cost scientific information that we're delivering to you, the listener. Timestamps: 00:00:00:00 - Intro   00:02:01:20 - Kristina introduces herself and outlines her background   00:05:13:09 - Kristina shares some of her own health journey   00:07:18:06 - Why the interest in probiotics?   00:11:32:01 - What to look for when considering a probiotic   00:14:33:24 - Probiotics vs life beneficial microbes   00:23:09:21 - Role of microorganisms and our digestion   00:32:24:02 - Microorganisms and new drug developments   00:35:13:01 - Fecal transplantation derivatives   00:37:24:09 - Developing bugs as drugs   00:40:10:22 - Should everyone take a probiotic?   00:43:00:18 - Kristina's books   00:47:50:08 - What about prebiotics?   00:51:58:01 - Can a dead microorganism confer a health benefit   00:53:06:15 - The future of microorganism therapeutics   00:58:15:23 - Pioneers of the microbiome space   01:01:30:15 - Distilling the best information   01:08:31:21 - What's next for Kristina?   01:11:30:15 - Tips for parents

In this Biome Bite, Dr James McIlroy examines the findings of studies that show the potential role of microorganisms to treat cancer along with looking at the question of whether FMT can play a part. Be sure to get the Inside Matters Podcast wherever you listen to your podcasts, and as always please leave a positive review. As always, you can get in touch with Dr McIlroy via insidematters.health, and it would be appreciated if you could leave a positive review wherever you listen to the podcast if you're enjoying it. If you're enjoying the podcast, please consider leaving a 5-star review wherever you listen to it.

In episode 19 we chat with Dr Megan Eldred, Senior Policy Advisor and Dementia Mission Lead at the Office for Life Sciences. Megan walked us through her journey from PhD and potential academia, to transition into the UK Civil Service and the work she does with the Office for Life Sciences. She told us about her journey to becoming the senior policy adviser and dementia mission lead on everything that entails. More generally, the Mission aims to develop novel precision medicine tools that help boost the number and speed of clinical trials in dementia neurodegeneration. This is a much-needed and highly impactful endeavour. We all know somebody who is suffering from or who has suffered from dementia. It is devastating and still has massive unmet clinical needs and is a huge cost and burden to society that is a burden that is getting bigger because of an ageing population. Megan talked about some interesting scientific and commercial developments in this field, including the approval of two drugs to slow the progression of dementia. We spoke about cures for Alzheimer's disease and how close and how far away we are. We also spoke about psychedelics, exercise, the mind-body connection and burnout. As always, I would encourage you, if you're enjoying this podcast, to like and subscribe, the best thing you can possibly do to support Inside Matters is to hover your finger over the five star reviews and to kindly give us five stars. This helps bump us up the algorithm, helping the podcast reach more people that will ultimately benefit from the no-cost scientific information that we're delivering to you, the listener. Timestamps: 00:00:00:00 -Intro   00:01:51:04 - Dr McIlroy's neurodegenerative family history   00:04:01:20 - Dutch care home designed for dementia   00:04:43:02 - Japanese robotic seal   00:06:35:06 - Pet dogs and our microbiome   00:07:41:10 - Link between microbiome and depression   00:09:17:07 - Mice research   00:11:44:02 - Can the microbiome cure depression longterm?   00:13:30:01 - How habits are formed   00:15:22:27 - Addictions and their cure   00:19:15:28 - Fight or flight responses   00:25:41:01 - Building resilience   00:27:57:24 - Choosing a career path   00:30:36:20 - Undertaking a physiology degree   00:33:03:02 - Unknown unknowns   00:35:50:08 - The cell fate in the retina   00:37:55:24 - Intelligent design?   00:41:55:10 - Micro-dosing   00:49:33:11 - Understanding the retina   00:55:10:29 - Starting a career in the civil service   00:59:13:24 - Scientists working for the government   01:04:59:23 - Centre for Science and Policy   01:08:59:15 - Role as lead at Office for Life Sciences   01:14:46:09 - Focus on biomarkers   01:17:52:04 - Drugs approval for treating dimensia   01:20:10:10 - Understanding the disease pathway   01:24:51:08 - Funding research   01:26:44:21 - Our Future Health   01:34:28:01 - Sharing IP with competitors   01:39:45:24 - CSF testing   01:41:51:12 - Inflammation and the disease pathway   01:43:13:15 - Vaccine for cognitive disease?   01:46:19:27 - Conclusion    

In episode 9 of Inside Matters, Biome Bites Dr James McIlroy dives into the huge world of dietary supplements. He tackles whether, if your diet is good enough, supplements are really needed, and highlights some instances where supplementing our diet could be essential for good health. He also points out some caveats and helps us understand how to plan a supplement regimen based on our health and lifestyle goals, and how to identify supplements that will actually work. As always, you can get in touch with Dr McIlroy via insidematters.health, and it would be appreciated if you could leave a positive review wherever you listen to the podcast if you're enjoying it.

What are the potential gut health benefits of drinking red wine? Is it recommended to start drinking red wine based on studies that propose gut health benefits? In this episode of Inside Matter's Biome Bites, Dr. James McIlroy references a study from lead author Professor Tim Spector, which states: "This is one of the largest ever studies to explore the effects of red wine in the guts of nearly three thousand people in three different countries and provides insights that the high levels of polyphenols in the grape skin could be responsible for much of the controversial health benefits when used in moderation." But if alcohol is often considered a toxin, where does the balance lie between the potential benefits of red wine in particular for a healthy gut? If you're enjoying the podcast, please consider leaving a 5-star review wherever you listen to it.

Learn more about this episode's guest and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/ As it's been a few weeks since the last episode of the podcast, Dr James McIlroy gets in front of the microphone again to explain what he's been up to with EnteroBiotix and what the plans are for the podcast in the coming months, including some inside into the exciting guests who'll be joining him to discuss all things gut health, fitness and personal improvement.

Listen to Inside Matters: https://insidematters.health/biome-bites In this episode, Dr James McIlroy discusses diet tips to improve and fortify the gut microbiome. Touching upon topics such as the controversial argument surrounding artificial sugars, fermented foods and whole foods, and why some researchers believe that red wine can help to promote a healthy gut microbiome. Just as a garden can be populated with weeds if the right conditions exist, so too can your gut microbiome with unhelpful habits and cravings. The broader picture goes back to: - Reducing the number of harmful organisms in your system. - Replacing lost microorganisms that are beneficial to your microbiome. - And continuing to nourish the microbiome with a minimally processed diverse diet. Timestamps - 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:46 What is the microbiome? 00:02:18 Key Points on Why Diet is Important for Microbiome Diversity 00:04:51 The Broader Picture When it comes to Gut Microbiome and Diet 00:05:40 Avoiding Artificial Sweeteners 00:07:45 Reducing Alcohol Intake 00:10:24 The Gut-Liver Connection 00:11:31 The Impact of Smoking on the Gut Microbiome 00:12:48 Episode Recap and Important Takeaway Points

In this episode of Biome Bites, Dr James McIlroy explores some practical tips for improving your microbiome based on 3 specific areas: Probiotics: what they are, where to find them and whether you should spend money on supplements or not Prebiotics: what they are, where to find them and how to include them as part of your daily dietary intake Polyphenols James delves into how microbial imbalances occur within our bodies and what we can do to address these through diet and lifestyle. James references David Sinclair's podcast “Lifespan”, which you can learn more about here - https://www.lifespanpodcast.com/ and also Dr Hyman's podcast “The Doctor's Farmacy”, which you can find here - https://drhyman.com/blog/category/podcasts/ 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:43 What is the microbiome? 00:01:54 You're more microbial than human 00:02:12 Body's microbial composition 00:02:41 How microbial imbalance occurs 00:03:23 How to achieve a healthy microbiome 00:04:56 Role of probiotics 00:05:57 Importance of probiotic foods 00:07:09 Role of prebiotics 00:10:10 You must stay hydrated! 00:10:32 The role of polyphenols

Dr James McIlroy shares some tips and tricks that keep him consistently productive throughout the day. Stacking up small wins, like pre-booking dentist appointments and haircuts months in advance to reduce stress. Investing in pill boxes for supplements and dried greens for on-the-go. With daily exercise, and the benefits this has on concentration and health that this naturally brings.   00:00:00 Introduction and welcome 00:00:21 - Batch Booking and Scheduling 00:01:53 - Buying the Essentials in Bulk 00:02:50 - Systems for Supplements 00:04:04 - Investing in a Pill Pack 00:05:00 - Sachets of Dried Greens 00:05:49 - Exercising Everday 00:08:08 - Episode Recap and Outro

Dr Laura Craven is Lead Research & Development Scientist at EnteroBiotix and has a  PhD in Microbiology and Immunology, specialising in gut microbiome modulation. Dr Craven's studies include research into the gut's role in auto-immune diseases like MS. In this episode, Dr Craven joins James to discuss her journey from completing her PhD in Canada and the impact the NEMJ's paper on Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile” had on her science career, along with her own personal health diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. They chat about the difference between FMT and IMT, leaky gut syndrome and the factors, including stress, which play a part in us developing this challenging condition. And they broach the topics of probiotics, improving gut permeability, and whether having a morning coffee is actually a good idea. Timestamps: 00:00:00 intro 00:00:29 getting into the field of the microbiome? 00:01:45 impact of the NEMJ  paper 00:03:10 what was Dr Craven's PhD on? 00:05:33 what's the difference between “FMT” & “IMT”? 00:08:51 treating NAFLD with FMT 00:14:23 Enterobiotix and staff dietary provisions 00:16:18 Dr Craven discusses leaky gut syndrome 00:18:06 Wim Hof being injected with bacterial endotoxins 00:20:35 more discussion on leaky gut 00:21:22 getting a strong gut rather than a leaky one 00:22:26 How do doctors diagnose leaky gut? 00:24:06 how does FMT/IMT have an impact on leaky gut? 00:26:22 Dr Craven's study findings in relation to treating NAFLD 00:27:32 discussion around endogenous alcohol production 00:31:12 how has the public's perception of FMT/IMT changed 00:34:14 gut permeability can be improved via FMT 00:37:41 treating MS with FMT/IMT 00:38:51 what factors cause leaky guy and what's the role of stress? 00:41:48 the connection between leaky guy and autoimmune diseases 00:44:10 what is a probiotic? 00:47:15 Dr Craven's move from Canada to Scotland 00:54:45 living with Type 1 diabetes 00:57:58 how do I improve my gut health? 01:10:32 hopes for diabetes and the role of FMT/IMT 01:20:04 is having a morning coffee a good idea? 01:21:18 where is the microbiome field heading in the future? 01:25:57 interaction between the microbiome and the host 01:26:54 what is engraftment? 01:32:13 what's FMT/IMT going to be used for next? 01:35:08 dietary challenges upon moving to Scotland 01:37:38 other scientific interests outside of the microbiome 01:39:14 the potential role of AI for health management

Professor Harry Flint is a world leader in gut microbiome science and Professor Emeritus at the Rowett Institute at the University of Aberdeen. He's known for his book, "Why Gut Microbes Matter" and has two species of gut bacteria named after him: 'HarryFlintia' and 'Flintibacter'. As part of a research collaboration, Professor Flint helped to identify a combination of six naturally occurring bacteria that work to eradicate a highly contagious form of Clostridium difficile (C. diff). The results of this research illustrated the effectiveness of utilising a mix of bacteria naturally found in the gut to displace C. diff and supershedder microbiota. The research helped develop a standardised mixture treatment for FMT. Professor Flint began studying ecology at university before switching to genetics, completing his PhD in this field. He then worked as a lecturer for 6 years and then came back to Edinburgh to start a training fellowship to learn molecular biology in 1982. His career began at the Rowett Institute in 1985, with a focus on the rumen of animals due to the complexity of the microbiology of that system of digestion. He joins James in this episode of Inside Matters, the Gut Health Podcast, to chat about his career as he nears retirement, and the ground-breaking research into the complex universe of the gut microbiome. They cover a variety of topics including the importance of the digestive system of rumens, symbiosis in living organisms and dive into the different levels founds in the gut's microbiome.   TIMESTAMPS: 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:26 How did you get into the field of the microbiome 00:04:07 What was known of the rumen in the 80s 00:08:20 The discovery of key gut bacteria 00:10:07 What's the story with termites? 00:12:23 Does every living thing have symbiosis? 00:14:31 How diverse is the rumen? 00:17:00 Transition into human gut research 00:19:29 In the 90s what was known of the gut biome? 00:22:07 The different levels of the gut microbiome 00:26:19 The importance of starch for the microbiome 00:30:08 What is a keystone species and how many? 00:35:11 What is an enterotype? 00:37:56 What is prevotella? 00:41:12 Should everyone have a fibre supplement? 00:44:58 Does going plant-based improve overall health? 00:47:29 Why are the microbes in our gut in the first place? 00:51:08 The uniqueness of each human's microbiome 00:56:27 10 functional groups found in human stool? 00:59:11 Are there disease states with all functional groups? 01:02:45 Breast-fed babies with less biome diversity? 01:07:39 Important metabolites from the biome 01:11:16 What determines ph balance in the biome? 01:13:29 What still needs to be characterised in the biome? 01:18:51 Do gut bacteria have a form of consciousness? 01:24:23 Will AI help gut biome research advance? 01:28:03 What about fungi in the gut? 01:29:38 What should a healthy microbiome look like?  

Dr James McIlroy breaks down the terminology and science surrounding the wonderful world of your gut microbiome, including explaining terms like "microbiota" and how your gut interacts with your immune system, and the ongoing research into the role your microorganisms in your gut with health and well-being. Watch the video on YouTube - https://youtu.be/_g3QGjHLC98 00:00:00 Introduction and welcome 00:00:26 What does the term “microbiome” mean? 00:01:34 Is the microbiome just limited to our guts? 00:02:27 What's the scale and scope of our gut's microbiome? 00:03:36 The role of genes in the microbiome and the role they can play in our health 00:04:32 What is the microbiota? 00:05:16 What is the composition of microorganisms in the microbiome? 00:06:46 Tools and techniques for understanding the components of the microbiome are improving 00:08:18 What does the microbiome actually do in terms of health? 00:09:30 How changing the microbiome may positively impact IBS 00:09:53 How might the microbes in the gut communicate with the brain? 00:10:39 Does lack of gut microbiome diversity lead to negative health outcomes? 00:12:07 How can you change your gut microbiome?

Learn more about Inside Matters - https://insidematters.health/ Professor Simon Carding is Group Leader at the Quadram Institute and is a Professor of Mucosal Immunology at the University of East Anglia. Professor Carding's research covers a broad area of gut biology including epithelial cell physiology, mucus and glycobiology, mucosal immunology, commensal microbiology, foodborne bacterial pathogens, and mathematical modelling and bioinformatics. The success of this programme has led to the establishment of the Gut Microbes and Health research programme that is integral to the research agenda of The Quadram Institute. In this episode, Dr McIlory chats with Professor Carding about his journey into the field of the gut microbiome and they discuss some of the ground-breaking ways his research is revealing the connection between gut health and debilitating conditions such as Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's and ME. They also cover the topics of how to ensure good gut health while debunking some popular myths on the topic.

Learn more about Inside Matters - https://insidematters.health/ In this week's episode, James has a lively discussion with Dominic Falcão about science, new technologies, starting and securing funding for tech companies and their personal philosophies and outlooks when it comes to development. Dominic is a co-founder of Deep Science Ventures (DSV), a company that focuses on four key outcomes: restorative cultivation, scaling intelligence, reversing global heating and curative therapeutics. He previously led Imperial College London's science startup programme: worked with over 200 student companies, and supported a fraction of these to raise over £25m in funding within 3 years. Dom admits to being obsessed with building new companies to solve the climate crisis, from carbon-neutral fuels and negative emissions technologies to market-side interventions to funnel more finance profitably into climate solutions. Via DSV, they are championing the diversity of background and vocation of focus in STEM education, starting with a global, diversity-led venture-focused science PhD programme.

In episode two of Biome Bites James provides an overview of how to master your microbiome. Often asked how you can improve your microbiome diversity and gut health, James covers a wide range of topics including microbiome-friendly eating and how the food you eat is processed by the gut, probiotics, mindset and easy lifestyle changes you can make to improve your microbiome.

Learn more about this episode's guest and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/   Dr Mapstone is co-founder and CEO at BoobyBiome, a biotechnology company developing live biotherapeutic products to improve and protect infant health. BoobyBiome are seeking to achieve this by rationally designing microbial therapeutics from the beast milk microbiome. Dr Mapstone holds a PhD in Synthetic Biology from UCL.

Learn more about the podcast - https://insidematters.health/   Sean Lazzerini is a professional boxer and 2022 Commonwealth Games gold medalist. He started boxing at the age of 12 and quickly started to win fights. He took a short break for a couple of years during his mid-teens while at school but restarted at age 17 and progressed from there. He became a professional boxer towards the end of 2022 in the light heavyweight category following on from his success at the Commonwealth Games. Sean trains six days a week. He has built a great team around him that includes Ricky Burns, three-time world champion. On four out of the six days, he trains twice a day, and on two of the six days, he trains three times a day. His training is predominantly boxing-specific but also includes running and weight training. Sean also undertakes hot and cold therapy using a sauna and a plunge pool most days of the week. He sees this is a fundamental aspect of his recovery programme. Sean has had setbacks including injuries and losses. One example that was discussed was a hand injury that prevented Sean from going to the Olympics. Being able to overcome adversity successfully is a key trait of a champion. Over the course of the podcast, Sean and James dug deep into the world of being a professional athlete and boxing. Topics included: the mindset of a champion, what happens before and after a fight, making weight, drugs and alcohol, sports in Scotland and creating a good diet. To learn more about Sean and/or to follow his journey see https://www.instagram.com/lazzaboy_beastmode/

Learn more about the podcast here - https://insidematters.health/episodes/dr-andrew-morgan   Dr Andrew Morgan is the former Chief Scientist of DuPont Nutrition & Health. He has forty years of experience in biosciences innovation in major global science-based companies spanning nutrition, health and agri-food. He is actively involved in supporting microbiome innovators and researchers as well as the wider industry through his role as Chair of the Innovate UK KTN Microbiome Innovation Network Advisory Board. He also serves as a Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence at the University of Exeter.

In this episode, James provides an overview of a medical procedure called intestinal microbiota transfer (IMT), also known as a ‘stool transplant' or ‘faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)' amongst other descriptive nomenclature. IMT involves the transfer of microorganisms into the intestinal tract of a recipient with the intention of modulating the microbiome in the recipient in a positive manner, and in turn, influencing disease processes and health in a positive manner. James describes a brief history of IMT, the various forms of IMT and how the procedure has evolved over time. Transcript: 00:00:00:03 - 00:21:05:48 Hello, everybody. It's James here. And this is the first Biome Bite. The Biome Bites are shorter. Podcasts hosted by me and in Biome Bites, I'm the only guest, so essentially it's just me talking to you as the listener.   Today's episode will focus on something we've talked about a lot on the podcast, something called fecal microbiota transplantation, also known as FMT.   You may have heard of it referred to as stool transplantation, poo transplantation. Intestinal microbiota transfer, intestinal microbiome transplantation and potentially even other things I may not be aware of. And you've probably thought, what is that? You may have heard of it before and you want it and want more information.   So in today's Biome Bite we're going to give an overview of FMT, also known as IMT. If you refer to it as intestinal microbiota transfer, which is my preference and I'll get on to that in this episode. In subsequent Biome Bites relating to FMT, IMT, I'll dig deeper and talk through the latest evidence as well as how the industry is developing. So let's start with the basics of the basics.   What is FMT IMT?   FMT, and I'll just refer to it from now on in this episode as FMT is a medical procedure in which microorganisms are moved into the intestinal tract of a recipient with the intention of preventing treating, curing a disease or a condition.   Now, where do the microbes come from?   The microbes come from the stool, hence the name fecal microbiota transplantation. And that stool can either be derived from the person who's receiving the FMT, as in it's coming from themselves and going into themselves. And that's called an autologous FMT.   Or it can come from a related, unrelated, healthy, some cases even unhealthy. And I'll get to that in a later episode, the donor and in this case, when it's not come from the person who's receiving the microorganisms which are derived from the stool, it's called allogeneic. And you can look up the definitions of those words, but essentially they relate to the source of the material that's been moved in to someone else.   We also see in the case of allogeneic, it can come from more than one donor, so it can be mixed. I've seen in the medical literature it coming from up to seven donors in a trial in which they administered FMT to patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, a form of inflammatory bowel disease.   So I think it's important to understand that it's a procedure and it's not a medicinal product in itself. What's medicinal about FMT is the microorganisms that are being administered as part of the procedure.   Now we can ask ourselves, when did FMT first originate? Who was the first person to do it?   And the answer to that question is, is not actually that clear. And it's probably much older than you might think. So in 2022, we're doing FMT routinely for patients suffering from nasty infections associated with a bacterium called C difficile, also known as Cdif.   There's also been a large number of clinical trials in other disease areas like ulcerative colitis, as   I just mentioned, but also irritable bowel syndrome, IBS. And patients suffering from various different types of cancer as a means of improving how they respond to cancer drugs. And that's just a very, very small segment of all the possible indications in clinical trials.   So actually, the first recorded cases of FMT seem to originate back to ancient China, probably fourth or fifth century. And they prescribed this suspension of microorganism called yellow dragon soup.   In other areas of medicine, such as the veterinary world, FMT is performed reasonably routinely as a means to treat mastitis, for example, and colitis in horses and cows. And you may also be aware of the fact that some animals perform something called coprophagia. Essentially the consumption of feces as just part of being themselves.   Why do they do that?   I think there's lots of different theories, but what I'm trying to say is it's not totally unprecedented for mammalian species, i.e. humans and others, to essentially get microbes from other sources to potentiate or improve their health and well-being. And it might be that we've actually evolved to benefit from the consumption of microorganisms in this manner.   So you might be wondering how do the microorganisms get into the patient? How is it administered? How is it prepared, so and so on?   And I'll give a high-level overview of all of that now and in later. Biome Bites will cut out sections of the whole process of finding a donor and administering the microorganisms and what happens after cut it up and then do deeper dives into each individual area so, a donor provides a stool sample.   And that donor, typically, if they're not related to the patient, would undergo a series of screening tests to make sure that they're free of disease. And there if they're related to the patient, some people, some clinicians, whoever is providing the FMT or at least providing the material that's used to manufacture and ultimately produce the microbes that are used in FMT, take the view that if they're related to the recipient, then there's less of a need to screen because they live together.   And as a result of that, they are probably carrying the same bugs. Now, that said, the more and more we understand about FMT the more and more realize that donor screening is fundamental and extremely important in the context of making sure that what's being administered is safe. And even if donors are relatives now typically they're screened in the same way as an unrelated person would be.   So what does this screening involve?   Well, it's trying to reduce the risk as far as practically possible of an objectionable organism, also known as a pathogen being present within the stool donation and reducing the risk as far as possible of the kind of global microbial community profile being pro-inflammatory or being conducive to the development of a microbiome mediated disease.   What do I mean by that? And what I mean by that is that we have observed that the microbiome changes in large numbers of patients with diseases?   I'll just name a few. Multiple sclerosis, obesity, type two diabetes. And it may be that these changes that we've observed are actually driving the disease processes. Therefore, you probably wouldn't want to transfer microorganisms from someone suffering from type two diabetes into someone suffering from something else, because you might then trigger processes that could ultimately lead to type two diabetes.   If you see what I mean and there's no easy way of characterizing that other than making sure that the donor doesn't have type two diabetes.   So there's a whole raft of questionnaire-based screening procedures and questions that exist to reduce the theoretical risk of the transfer of microbiome-mediated disease through the microorganisms that are administered as part of FMT.   The other elements relate to objectionable organisms, pathogens. And what we do is we ask people if they've traveled. We ask about their sexual history. We ask if they currently have an infection or the feeling well fit and healthy on the day of donation. So and so on. We also extensively screen their blood and extensively screen their stool.   And you might be thinking some of that sounds quite familiar. It sounds a little bit like blood transfusions and what I've done or what I've heard people do as they go to donate blood. And there's a lot of parallels actually, between donors for FMT and Donors for blood transfusion. Now, the purpose of this Biome Bite is to give a high level overview.   So I'm going to kind of stop there and not go any deeper into what kind of pathogens we look for, what kind of tests we do, how frequently do we do it. That will form the basis of a much more detailed discussion at a later date. So we've tried to make sure that the microorganisms are safe.   We've talked about it coming from a patient in the form of an autologous procedure or a donor or multiple donors in the form of an allogeneic procedure. The benefits of an allogeneic procedure, for example, over an autologous is that you might be trying to change the microbiome in a particular kind of way that possibly couldn't be achieved if you're just giving yourself your own microorganisms back.   Now, how are the microorganisms manufactured? Do they just sort of take a stool sample and do one or two things and then trying to get it into the patient? Or do we do a large number of different manipulations and processes?   So historically, we had a rather unsophisticated, quite crude methodology, and it was really just about getting the stool sample into suspension. Now you might be thinking, Well, if it's just into suspension, why do not just get runny sort of diarrhoea type stools? Well, the reason we don't do that and we have cut offs is related to something called the Bristol Stool score or the Bristol stool chart.   And the cutoffs really relate to is this person is potentially constipated or does this person have diarrhoea. And we wouldn't accept either, because constipation and diarrhoea can be proxies for infections or problems within the gut that might make the microorganisms essentially unsafe in the context of FMT.   So historically, it used to just be about creating a suspension   What we now try and do is try and remove the non-microbial components, so basically fibres from the stool sample and try to basically distil down to the microorganisms only. The stool is actually quite a complicated substance that includes undigested foods, a variety of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, fungi and small viruses that infect bacteria called bacteriophage, as well as other components that you may have ingested. For example, in smokers, sometimes you can find ash in stools and things like mucus and antibodies, colonocytes, which are elements of the inner lining of the intestine, so and so on.   So the purpose of the processing is to try and distil down or maybe distil is the wrong word.   But what we're trying to do is remove the microbes and the microbial elements from the non-microbial elements, because it's the microbial elements that we're most particularly interested in the context of FMT, because we're trying to change the recipient's microbiome.   So how do we do that? We do a series of processing steps under typically controlled conditions. We want to, as best as possible, replicate the intestinal environment, which is anaerobic, so oxygen-free. And interestingly, we want to protect the microorganisms that have been donated as much as possible and keep them alive, which is very different to a traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing process where you don't want there to be any bacteria in there at all. Sometimes you want it to be completely sterile if you're injecting it, for example, in someone's vein.   So what we want to do is not only keep the microorganisms alive, but we also want to make sure that no microorganisms from the environment can enter into the sample. So it's quite complicated and quite challenging.   The suspension of microorganisms then goes through subsequent processing steps and typically these days is either stored frozen as a suspension or is taken through some sort of drying process where the aqueous component is removed. And we produce a powder.   Historically, and it doesn't really happen so much anymore, Processing would happen essentially on the day of donation and recipients would get the FMT the same day. And that's typically described as being fresh versus frozen. I'm not so keen on the fresh nomenclature, but you kind of get the picture.   It's done on the day and it's not stored, frozen or banked  Earlier on in the field of FMT we did a lot more on-the-day type processing rather than storing anything and then giving it at a later date. So instead of creating a bank or an inventory of processed material that could be administered, it was typically done on the day. And that's because no one had really compared to see if a frozen sample is less effective or more effective than a fresh one.   And typically what was seen in the scientific literature and research was that Frozen was pretty much as good as fresh in the context of a C difficile infection or prevention of recurrence of C difficile infection. So based on that, people started to do frozen a lot more and we started to move away from relatives to anonymous type donors. There's also benefits associated with anonymous donors as well.   What happens after we've managed to distill the microorganisms and either produce the frozen suspension or produce the powder?   Typically the powder is encapsulated and FMT as a procedure is associated with a number of medical procedures, like a colonoscopy, which is a tube that goes up the back passage like a nasal gastric nasal duodenal.   The first part of the small intestine or nasal mid-part the small intestine tubes, which go up the nose through the stomach and into these parts of the intestine. And the microorganisms are essentially pushed into the patient through these tubes. And they arrive at some point in the intestinal tract where if it's going up the back passage, it's going into the colon, the large bowl, if it's going from top to bottom, it typically goes into the bottom part of the stomach or to the small intestine.   And there's been a variety of research over the last ten years comparing upper GI delivery versus lower GI delivery. What's more effective? What's less effective? So and so on. Typically, the evolution has been from an enema or nasal duodenal through to a capsule, which is typically what we're doing now    Some clinicians prefer colonoscopy because you can also visualize the colon at the same time, and that's quite useful. In things like C difficile infection or colitis, where visualizing the inner aspect of the colon gives you an indication of how severe the patient's condition disease infection actually is.   That's the most established use case. Interestingly, in terms of history, I think that the first recorded case of FMT in modern medicine, which was published in 1958 by a gentleman called Mr. Ben Eiseman, the chief surgeon at Denver General Hospital. He administered FMT probably for patients suffering from C Diff although it wasn't really known as C Diff at the time.   And there was a little bit in the in the literature following on from that in patients with ulcerative colitis. But we didn't really see that much FMT until 2013 when there was a landmark randomised controlled clinical trial, the gold standard of medical evidence which essentially showed that FMT plus antibiotics in these patients who had an overgrowth of C difficile, a nasty hospital acquired bug. typically hospital acquired bug did much better than patients who just received antibiotics alone.   And it kind of broke the cycle of patients who were getting recurrence. So what was happening with these patients as there were too many bad bugs in the case of C difficile, too little good bugs. So there was like too many weeds in the garden. Those bad bugs were producing toxins. The toxins were inducing inflammation. Sometimes the patients were going on to die and if they were treated with antibiotics, they got the FMT, after which replenished the garden with all the healthy, with all the healthy plants. And as a result, the weeds couldn't grow and out-compete and take up all those biological niches.   So that trial spurred a huge wave of interest in FMT. It catalysed lots of funding, company formation. And since then we've seen hundreds of clinical trials, hundreds of publications and many companies and patents filed following on from them.   Okay, so why would somebody need an FMT? Why would someone benefit from an FMT? Why is it done really for anything?   So each of us has something called a microbiome, a term used to describe communities of microorganisms, their collective genomic potential through all of their genes and their theatre of functional activity and essentially what we now know is that changes to the microbiome in terms of composition and function are associated with likely contribute to and in some cases are probably the cause of development of disease, some of which are really underserved in terms of treatment options.   So the theory, the thinking is that in patients with microbiome perturbance the change and disease linked to changes to the microbiome, if we can change their microbiome back to a healthy state, then we might be able to alleviate symptoms and ideally cure the disease, which is currently incurable based on currently available medical therapies. And there's a variety of different ways we can change our microbiome.   But FMT represents one such avenue that is quite dramatic. We're taking something communities from a healthy person or from someone before they've had a disease or change in the case of autologous FMT and giving it back to them. So it's a rapid sudden change to their microbiome reversion, hopefully back to something that's healthy. The human colon is an incredibly efficient fermentor system, and within each stool that we produce, roughly 50% of it is microbial. One times 10 to the 12 bacteria.   Think about how many zeros that is per stool donation. So it's it is a really incredible, well, efficient way to capture large numbers of potentially therapeutically active bacteria before instilling them into someone else. So what have we talked about?   We've talked about what FMT is, we've talked about how the microorganisms instilled through FMT are typically prepared and stored.   We've talked about how the microorganisms are administered and we've also talked about essentially the most well-established indication for FMT in the form of C Difficile infection. We've also brushed on some of the history, which is really extremely interesting, and I think that's probably a good overview for now.   And in later Biome Bites, we're going to dig deeper in each of these key areas. I hope you've enjoyed this brief overview of what is FMT. If you have questions, please feel free to send them to me. or tweet, connect with me on social media. I'd be very happy to try and answer them on a subsequent podcast.