Podcasts about Pax Britannica

FAN MAIL--We would love YOUR feedback--Send us a Text MessageWhat if the key to understanding global power dynamics lies beneath the waves? Our latest episode promises to unlock the secrets of maritime supremacy and its enduring influence on world affairs. Join us as we navigate through the historical tide of sea power, drawing from Admiral James Stavridis' insightful work "Sea Power: The History and Geopolitics of the World's Oceans" and Ray Dalio's "Principles for Dealing with a Changing World Order." Tune in for a compelling exploration of how the oceans continue to mold the world's power structures.Key Points from the Episode:These narratives reveal how naval strength has been a crucial determinant of economic and geopolitical clout, from the age of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires to the current era dominated by the United States. Discover how adaptability in maritime control is essential for navigating today's complex geopolitical landscape.We embark on a journey through pivotal moments in naval history, spotlighting the British Navy's role in shaping trade and military might during Pax Britannica. The episode then shifts focus to Japan's strategic naval maneuvers in the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars, extracting lessons that resonate even for contemporary superpowers like the United States. As we venture into World War II's Pacific theater, learn about the revolutionary impact of technology, such as aircraft and submarines, on warfare. With an eye on current events, we also explore China's growing influence in the Pacific, drawing thought-provoking parallels to historical shifts in maritime dominance. Other resources: 100 year marathon book review--LM#4--There Cannot Be Two Suns in the SkyChip War book review--MM#323--Tech Reliance and its Geopolitical  Shockwaves:   who needs red lines?Want to leave a review? Click here, and if we earned a five-star review from you **high five and knuckle bumps**, we appreciate it greatly, thank you so much!Because we care what you think about what we think and our website, please email David@teammojoacademy.com.

Генетический тест с доставкой на дом от Genotek. Скидка по промокоду story 18+ Реклама. ООО "Генотек", ИНН 7728760803, erid: 2SDnjeLCcmR Как Британии удалось завоевать четверть мира? Почему в Лондоне серьезно обсуждали возможность полного отказа от колоний? Для чего империи понадобился свободный рынок? И откуда родилась идея "бремени белого человека"? Продолжаем рассказ о взлетах и падениях Британской империи

Pocos monarcas han marcado tanto una época como la reina Victoria. Esa es la razón por la que la segunda mitad del siglo XIX es conocida como era victoriana. Su reinado fue largo, de más de 60 años, y señaló el punto álgido del imperio británico, unos años que los historiadores denominan como los de la Pax Britannica, un periodo de aproximadamente un siglo, relativamente pacífico que fue de las guerras napoleónicas hasta el estallido de la primera guerra mundial. La reina Victoria contribuyó más que nadie a que esa paz fuese duradera y que viniese acompañada de prosperidad. El reinado de Alexandrina Victoria de Hanover (ese era su nombre completo) fue el de la gran industrialización en Gran Bretaña y el de la expansión sin tregua del imperio británico, que, gracias al control de todas las rutas comerciales, disfrutaba de un poder marítimo indiscutible. El Reino Unido llegó a imponer su ley sobre una cuarta parte de la superficie emergida del planeta y a influir de forma decisiva sobre las tres cuartas partes restantes. El imperio dirigido con discreción por Victoria y sus primeros ministros se las apañó para mantener cierto equilibrio en Europa y una relación más o menos pacífica con sus vecinos. En tiempos de la reina Victoria se consolidó el ferrocarril y surgió la navegación a vapor, el telégrafo, el teléfono, la fotografía y el cine. No siempre fueron los británicos los padres de esos inventos, pero se aprovecharon más que nadie de ellos y los promocionaron y mejoraron formando en sus universidades a científicos e ingenieros. La Royal Society y universidades como Oxford o Cambridge pasaron a convertirse en los centros neurálgicos de la innovación. Fueron esos avances los que impidieron que el Reino Unido cayese en la trampa maltusiana, ya que la población de Gran Bretaña aumentó de forma sostenida durante todo el siglo. Pasó de unos 13 millones de habitantes en 1830 a 32 millones al comenzar el siglo XX. En el siglo XIX no hubo epidemias ni hambrunas catastróficas lo que permitió contar con una masa laboral creciente. Ese dinamismo demográfico, posible sólo gracias a la mejora continua de las condiciones de vida, fue uno de los pilares del imperio. Los británicos no sólo eran más, sino que estaban mejor formados que nunca. En la era victoriana por primera vez en la historia la práctica totalidad de los británicos estuvieron alfabetizados. Todo tuvo lugar en el curso de un solo reinado cuyo simbolismo aún resuena más de un siglo después de haber concluido. El término victoriano ha pasado a ser sinónimo de estricto y recatado, pero también sirve para referirse a un estilo arquitectónico, a una moda y hasta a un modo de hacer las cosas determinado por altos criterios morales. Cuando Victoria murió en 1901 a los 81 años era ya conocida como la abuela de Europa porque casi todas las casas reales estaban emparentadas con ella. Su país se encontraba en la cima, pero el mundo ya era diferente. En Europa el ascenso del imperio alemán desafiaba el poderío británico mientras en la orilla opuesta del Atlántico los jóvenes Estados Unidos de América pedían paso para tomar el relevo. En El ContraSello: 0:00 Introducción 3:26 El esplendor victoriano 1:13:37 Vlad el empalador 1:17:19 La conquista musulmana de Hispania 1:24:11 La Corte portuguesa en Brasil Bibliografía: - "La reina Victoria" de Lytton Strachey - https://amzn.to/3SCSn3N - "Victoria" de Julia Baird de https://amzn.to/4drHABs - "Queen Victoria" de Richard Holmes - https://amzn.to/4dCZCkq · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Contra la Revolución Francesa”… https://amzn.to/4aF0LpZ · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM #FernandoDiazVillanueva #victoria #imperiobritanico Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Är det verkligen fred vi vill ha? I så fall måste vi veta vad fred är. Dan Jönsson läser Immanuel Kants Om den eviga freden och inser att vi kanske aldrig riktigt har vetat. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radio Play. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Publicerat i en tidigare version 2018-09-13.Någonstans i ett kontrollrum i staden Langley i den amerikanska delstaten Virginia rör en människa sin hand över ett tangentbord. Vi får tänka oss scenen ungefär som vilket större myndighetskontor som helst, med rader av blinkande datorskärmar, pappmuggar med automatkaffe, folk i lediga kontorskläder bekvämt tillbakalutade på sina snurrstolar som då och då hojtar något till en kollega eller fäller en förströdd kommentar om inget särskilt. En helt vardaglig miljö alltså – bara det att var och en av de här datorerna i verkligheten är ett dödligt vapen. När fingrarna utfört sitt kommando på tangentbordet lyfter en så kallad drönare från ett hangarfartyg i Indiska Oceanen, minuten senare exploderar ett hus någonstans i Jemen och ett okänt antal människor dör. Operationen går att följa via gps på datorskärmen, kaffet i pappmuggen hinner knappt svalna innan det är klart.Det görs flera hundra av den här sortens robotattacker varje år – några stycken om dagen – de allra flesta i Afghanistan, men också i Somalia, Pakistan och alltså Jemen: länder där USA inte officiellt befinner sig i krig men där man alltså ändå uppenbarligen anser sig ha rätt att fälla bomber. Frågan är: om dessa tillslag, eller vad vi nu ska kalla dem, inte är att se som krigshandlingar, vad är de då? För personen i kontrollrummet har det förmodligen ingen praktisk betydelse, lika lite som för den som sprängs i luften. För alla oss andra, däremot, kan det kanske vara av visst intresse.Jag tycker nog att han kunde ha förutsett den här situationen, Immanuel Kant, när han 1795 skrev sin traktat ”Om den eviga freden”. Kanske inte just att krig i framtiden skulle föras med datorstyrda robotar – men däremot att det skulle kunna dyka upp en Storebror som påstår att krig är fred, och faktiskt få folk att acceptera det: eftersom gränsen mellan krig och fred är på väg att suddas ut. Och eftersom makten att definiera vad som är vad tillkommer den som har de tyngsta vapnen. Som pacifist var han trots allt inte helt naiv, Kant – det är med en sorts besvärjande ironi han inleder sin lilla skrift med den berömda bilden av en värdshusskylt föreställande en kyrkogård, Zum ewigen Frieden. Som för att redan från början göra klart att den enda riktigt beständiga freden är den där alla människor är döda.Nu var han inte fullt så cynisk heller, när allt kommer omkring. Kants fiktiva traktat är skriven i upplysningens anda, och genomsyras av en trotsig förnuftstro, en övertygelse att människan trots historiens förskräckande spår har förmågan att utvecklas till det bättre – inte för att vår moral i sig skulle förädlas, utan helt enkelt för att vi med tiden inser att vi alla tjänar på gemensamma principer och civiliserade institutioner. Kants vision är en folkrättslig världsfederation av suveräna republiker, bundna till varandra genom några enkla grundsatser, som förbud mot stående arméer och skuldsättning för militära ändamål. Men att denna korta skrift fått så stor betydelse beror nog mest på dess dubbla perspektiv, att den så ledigt förenar en historiskt luttrad realism med en idealistisk framstegstanke. Kanske kan man rentav säga att det är här den moderna fredstanken föds, i dessa visionära, lätt naiva tankar om en fredlig världsordning säkrad genom ömsesidigt bindande principer. Folkrätten som begrepp är svår att tänka sig utan inspirationen från Kant.Men en sak slarvade han med, tyvärr – och det gäller just definitionen av vad fred är. De krig som Kants traktat avser att förhindra är de som utspelar sig mellan suveräna stater. Hans fredsbegrepp utgår med andra ord från det som i modern fredsforskning kallas ”negativ fred”. Om inbördeskrig och befrielsekrig säger den ingenting – än mindre om det som idag brukar ingå i det så kallade ”positiva” fredsbegreppet, det vill säga sådant som mänskliga rättigheter, frånvaro av sociala konflikter, rasism och segregering. I traktatens allra första artikel fördömer han den sortens fredsslut som ingås med baktanken om ett nytt krig – de har ingenting med verklig fred att göra, hävdar Kant, men glömmer sedan bort att tala om hur dessa baktankar ska avslöjas och överhuvudtaget precisera vad de innebär. Fred blir ett tillstånd som är på en gång självklart och problematiskt, ett begrepp så diffust att det för en av historiens största tänkare borde te sig närmast oanvändbart.Jag tror faktiskt att ett av fredsrörelsens historiska misstag är just att den har struntat i den här frågan. När jag själv, för många år sedan, höll på med fredsaktivism minns jag inte att vi egentligen någonsin diskuterade saken. Vi jobbade med konkreta frågor, för kärnvapennedrustning, mot vapenexport, och det gjorde vi säkert rätt i. Visst fanns en diskussion om huruvida krig ibland kunde ses som ”rättfärdiga”, om freden alltid var att föredra ”till varje tänkbart pris”, för att citera Hoola Bandoolas gamla låt. Pacifisterna hade sina organisationer, antiimperialisterna sina – men det vi alla var emot, kriget, förblev i stort sett lika otydligt som, låt oss säga ”ondskan”.Det här har gjort att myterna fått fritt spelrum. Att Sverige har haft fred i över tvåhundra år – trots att landet deltagit i krig både med trupper under internationell ledning och genom att sälja vapensystem, eller delar av vapensystem, till krigförande länder – är ett exempel på en sådan myt. Men viktigare är de seglivade föreställningarna om stora mäktiga imperier och deras förmåga att garantera fredliga förhållanden. Idealet här är den så kallade Pax Romana under det romerska kejsardömets första tvåhundra år – en guldålder som stått modell för begrepp som Pax Britannica, den period mellan Wienkongressen och första världskriget när den brittiska flottan kontrollerade världens handelsvägar, och den så kallade Pax Americana vi numera brukar sägas leva under. Men den romerska freden krävde, precis som den brittiska, ständig krigföring i imperiets periferier för att hålla illusionen vid liv. Och vår tids amerikanska fred bygger på ett globalt system av hundratals militärbaser, ständiga förebyggande krig och hemliga, robotbaserade operationer utan krigsförklaring. Allt till priset av halva världens samlade militärbudget.Med sådana förutsättningar känns utsikterna till en ”evig fred” mest dystopiska. Det så kallade världssamfund som i vår tid upprätthåller den globala ordningen tycks tyvärr förväxla fred med militär och ekonomisk stabilitet. Att läsa Kants lilla traktat idag är ganska nedslående när man ser till hur få av hans idéer som förverkligats – ta bara de båda grundläggande förbuden mot yrkesarméer och mot skuldsättning för militära ändamål – detta trots idoga försök att bygga permanenta, mellanstatliga institutioner och på så vis ersätta makt med rätt. Man vill ju gärna tro att det är möjligt – men rätt ersätter inte makt så länge makten att avgöra vad som är rätt är bortom all rättslig kontroll. Försök själv föreställa dig: den lilla staden någonstans i Jemen; människor samlas till marknad när ett av husen på torget oväntat exploderar. Krig, eller fred? I en rättslös värld spelar den frågan ingen roll.Dan Jönssonförfattare och essäistLitteraturImmanuel Kant: Om den eviga freden. Översättning Alf W Johansson. Daidalos, 2018.

The British Empire is scarcely taught in schools in modern Britain, yet many of us Brits have personal connections to it. Learning about our individual heritage can connect us to a wider national and global story. Here, I talk about my own interest, my travels to places once ruled by the UK, and the five books that helped inform me on the reality of Empire. I give the recommendations from around the ten-minute mark, with readings and reviews. Each have their own strengths, and weaknesses. If you read any one them, I hope you find it informative and enjoyable. 'The Rise and Fall of the British Empire' by Lawrence James'Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World' by Niall Ferguson'Pax Britannica' by Jan Morris'The Great Game' by Peter Hopkirk'Empire of the Seas: How the Navy forged the modern world' by Brian LaveryMessage me anytime on Instagram, or e-mail: AlbionNeverDies@gmail.comCheck out my https://www.youtube.com/britishcultureCheck out my Red Bubble shopSubscribe to my newsletter for update e-mails, random postcards, and stickers: https://youtube.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=b3afdae99897eebbf8ca022c8&id=5165536616 Support the show

Pax Britannica is one of my favourite history podcasts. If you're looking for a great series on the English Civil Wars (and the British Empire more broadly), look no further!This episode swap features the trial of King Charles I. There's plenty of similarities and differences between this trial and that of Louis', so please enjoy!You can find Pax Britannica on all podcasting platforms.https://paxbritannica.info/EARLY ACCESSListen to Episode 1.58 "The Faction Menace" now!SUPPORT GREY HISTORY! Sponsor Grey History and access exclusive bonus episodes, an ad-free feed, and many more fantastic perks. Help do your part to keep the show on the air!JOIN PATREON HERE

We kick off today's episode exploring the free speech concerns raised in our latest briefing paper on Carbon Literacy Training (interestingly termed ‘Carbon Emergency Training' by one of the Scottish certified training organisations, ‘Keep Scotland Beautiful'). We fear that CLT may soon embed a further layer of politicisation within the British workplace, hot on the heels of the free speech damage already wrought by equity, diversity & inclusion policies. The extent of self-censorship amongst staff is likely to be intensified where an employer is aggressively seeking accreditation as a higher grade (silver and above) ‘Carbon Literate Organisation'. In such a company, carbon literacy is expected to be included in employees' performance goals and annual assessment. We would be very interested to hear the views and experiences of any listeners who may have undergone CLT (contact Tom at thomas@freespeechunion.org). Our next item is the important case of Almut Gadow whose case with the Open University concerns fundamental issues of academic freedom. Almut Gadow's crowd funder has certainly hit a nerve with our supporters and we are immensely grateful to everyone who has contributed thus far. Finally, we explore the issues raised by Denmark's putting forward of a law to ban the burning of the Koran and other religious texts. We draw on some of the data in our case work and wonder whether authorities are more concerned with the new Pax Britannica than the right to religious expression, including the right to blaspheme.

Find Pax Britannica everywhere you find your podcasts, or go to Pod.Link/Pax to find out more. Check out the podcast website Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

1.Intro  2. Lead up to the Campaign (2:07)  3.  Commanders (9:17)  4.  Weapons (30:37)  5.  Lead up to the Battle (41:16)   6. The Battle of Waterloo (58:20)  7.  Key Moments/Hot Points (1:49:20)  8. Troops, Tactics and Tech (1:52:50)  9.  Individuals in Action (1:58:58)  10.  Conclusion and AftermathToday we are going to talk about the famous Battle of Waterloo which took place on 18thJune 1815 just south of Brussels.  This was the finale, the culminating contest between Napoleon and his reconstituted French Army after his escape from exile on Elba, and the British and the nations of the 7th Alliance, most notably the Prussians.  It was a vicious and bloody day with more than 20,000 causalities on the Alliance side and more than 40,000 on the French.  To gain a true understanding of something as complex as a battle, a visit to the site is paramount.  Today we give you the next best thing.  I have with me an historian and expert on the Napoleonic period, who has taken many lecture tours to Napoleonic battlefields, and especially Waterloo. and so it goes,Tom Assheton & James Jackson Reference:Hugh Macdonald-Buchanan  http://www.hmbtourguide.co.ukhttps://www.napoleon-series.org/images/military/maps/1815/waterloo1.jpgFace of Battle  by John Keegan See also:YouTube: BloodyViolentHistoryhttps://www.instagram.com/bloodyviolenthistory/https://www.jamesjacksonbooks.comhttps://www.tomtom.co.uk If you enjoy the podcast, would you please leave a short review on Apple Podcasts/iTunes, Spotify or Google Podcast App? It takes less than 60 seconds, and it really helps to spread the wordSee https://simplecast.com/privacy/ for privacy information

Thank you very much to the chaps in the Facebook Group, 'The Gentlemen's Society for the Appreciation of the British Empire' who provided so many great insights into the REAL Battle of Rorke's Drift, portrayed in the 1964 movie. There were over 300 comments, and I draw from as many as I am able to, as well as the following books:'Rorke's Drift' by Adrian Greaves'The Rise and Fall of the British Empire' by Lawrence James'Pax Britannica' by James/Jan Morrisand also a special shout-out to two authors who reached out to me:Neil Thornton (Rorke's Drift: A New Perspective) Kevin Brazier  (Victoria Crosses of the Zulu and Boer Wars) Both informed this podcast. I asked on my Instagram (@FlemingNeverDies) whether you've seen the movie 'Zulu' and 37% of people said 'no'. So, I don't delve too deep into the movie, you can listen to this then watch the film happily for the first time, or vice versa. Either way, I hope you enjoy it as much as I, and many others, do. My ‘Recommended Rabbit Hole': Frank Bourne (the youngest Colour Sergeant at the time of the Battle of Rorke's Drift). Just start with Google, see where it takes you, and let me know if you found it as fascinating as I do. You can e-mail me: AlbionNeverDies@Gmail.comYou can find me on Instagram: @FlemingNeverDies***Subscribe to my newsletter: https://youtube.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=b3afdae99897eebbf8ca022c8&id=5165536616Check out my Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/britishcultureCheck out my online shop: https://www.redbubble.com/people/British-culture/shopSupport the show

In the year 1566, at the end of the reign of the legendary Suleiman the Magnificent, his Ottoman Empire was the world's dominant superpower. Ottoman territory extend across three continents over nearly 2.3 million square kilometers. Its military was powerful… and feared. The economy was strong and the treasury plentiful. But in time that changed. Subsequent Ottoman rulers became complacent. The government became bureaucratic. The military became softer. Society became decadent. As a whole, they lost the elements that made them strong and powerful to begin with, and the empire began to dwindle. Over time, France ascended as the dominant superpower; Paris became the global center of politics, commerce, and the arts. And no other European power could come close to France's wealth or military capabilities. But eventually the French, too, lost their way, and were eventually displaced by the British Empire as the world's leading superpower. To this day the British Empire is still the largest ever in the history of the world, totaling more than a quarter of the world's land mass. They dominated global trade and oversaw a period of relative peace now called the Pax Britannica. Yet they too eventually declined, and the British Empire was ultimately displaced by the United States, which has now been the world's leading superpower for decades. It goes without saying that the United States is also in decline; that's not intended to be an emotional or controversial statement. From a rational academic perspective, it's very difficult to not see obvious and familiar signs of an empire in decay. I group these into four fundamental forces of decline-- The first are the Forces of Energy, both natural and political, which have created rising energy costs that are now bordering on an energy crisis. We discussed this at length in last week's podcast, when I walked you through the dynamics of how it now requires much more energy to produce energy than ever before. In other words, oil producer are having to burn more oil now to fuel their equipment, for every barrel of oil that they pump from the ground. This is a critical trend to watch; the past few centuries have proven a very clear link between energy and prosperity, and more expensive energy is a nasty, long-term barrier to economic growth. The second major category of forces causing decline in the US are the Forces of Society. We can see this every day in the social and political divisiveness, censorship, media manipulation, the appalling decline in trust, rising crime rates, popularity of socialism, wokeness, etc. The third category are Forces of Economy. Here we can see evidence in the absurd level of money printing, inflation, the national debt, rising taxes, multi-trillion dollar spending packages that “cost nothing”, etc. And the fourth category are the Forces of History. This is the inevitable course of empire-- rise, peak, and decline, and it includes all the geopolitical events we've witnessed, from the debacle in Afghanistan to the war in Ukraine and rise of China. Each of these groups of forces are contributing to an obvious US decline. It is by no means a one-way street. And there are many elements that could be improved. The widespread adoption of nuclear power, for example, could result in an economic bonanza in the US, which would keep the party going for quite some time. But for now, the trajectory of the US appears to be heading down. Again, that shouldn't be a controversial statement, and I'd encourage anyone to look at the situation rationally and dispassionately, and not through the lens of patriotism or fear. For a long time I've asked myself-- what comes next? Who will be the dominant superpower after the US decline? And I've often thought that China is the answer… simply because it is the only viable power large enough to displace the US. But China has always been an imperfect answer.

In the year 1566, at the end of the reign of the legendary Suleiman the Magnificent, his Ottoman Empire was the world's dominant superpower. Ottoman territory extend across three continents over nearly 2.3 million square kilometers. Its military was powerful… and feared. The economy was strong and the treasury plentiful. But in time that changed. Subsequent Ottoman rulers became complacent. The government became bureaucratic. The military became softer. Society became decadent. As a whole, they lost the elements that made them strong and powerful to begin with, and the empire began to dwindle. Over time, France ascended as the dominant superpower; Paris became the global center of politics, commerce, and the arts. And no other European power could come close to France's wealth or military capabilities. But eventually the French, too, lost their way, and were eventually displaced by the British Empire as the world's leading superpower. To this day the British Empire is still the largest ever in the history of the world, totaling more than a quarter of the world's land mass. They dominated global trade and oversaw a period of relative peace now called the Pax Britannica. Yet they too eventually declined, and the British Empire was ultimately displaced by the United States, which has now been the world's leading superpower for decades. It goes without saying that the United States is also in decline; that's not intended to be an emotional or controversial statement. From a rational academic perspective, it's very difficult to not see obvious and familiar signs of an empire in decay. I group these into four fundamental forces of decline-- The first are the Forces of Energy, both natural and political, which have created rising energy costs that are now bordering on an energy crisis. We discussed this at length in last week's podcast, when I walked you through the dynamics of how it now requires much more energy to produce energy than ever before. In other words, oil producer are having to burn more oil now to fuel their equipment, for every barrel of oil that they pump from the ground. This is a critical trend to watch; the past few centuries have proven a very clear link between energy and prosperity, and more expensive energy is a nasty, long-term barrier to economic growth. The second major category of forces causing decline in the US are the Forces of Society. We can see this every day in the social and political divisiveness, censorship, media manipulation, the appalling decline in trust, rising crime rates, popularity of socialism, wokeness, etc. The third category are Forces of Economy. Here we can see evidence in the absurd level of money printing, inflation, the national debt, rising taxes, multi-trillion dollar spending packages that “cost nothing”, etc. And the fourth category are the Forces of History. This is the inevitable course of empire-- rise, peak, and decline, and it includes all the geopolitical events we've witnessed, from the debacle in Afghanistan to the war in Ukraine and rise of China. Each of these groups of forces are contributing to an obvious US decline. It is by no means a one-way street. And there are many elements that could be improved. The widespread adoption of nuclear power, for example, could result in an economic bonanza in the US, which would keep the party going for quite some time. But for now, the trajectory of the US appears to be heading down. Again, that shouldn't be a controversial statement, and I'd encourage anyone to look at the situation rationally and dispassionately, and not through the lens of patriotism or fear. For a long time I've asked myself-- what comes next? Who will be the dominant superpower after the US decline? And I've often thought that China is the answer… simply because it is the only viable power large enough to displace the US. But China has always been an imperfect answer.

In the year 1566, at the end of the reign of the legendary Suleiman the Magnificent, his Ottoman Empire was the world's dominant superpower. Ottoman territory extend across three continents over nearly 2.3 million square kilometers. Its military was powerful… and feared. The economy was strong and the treasury plentiful. But in time that changed. Subsequent Ottoman rulers became complacent. The government became bureaucratic. The military became softer. Society became decadent. As a whole, they lost the elements that made them strong and powerful to begin with, and the empire began to dwindle. Over time, France ascended as the dominant superpower; Paris became the global center of politics, commerce, and the arts. And no other European power could come close to France's wealth or military capabilities. But eventually the French, too, lost their way, and were eventually displaced by the British Empire as the world's leading superpower. To this day the British Empire is still the largest ever in the history of the world, totaling more than a quarter of the world's land mass. They dominated global trade and oversaw a period of relative peace now called the Pax Britannica. Yet they too eventually declined, and the British Empire was ultimately displaced by the United States, which has now been the world's leading superpower for decades. It goes without saying that the United States is also in decline; that's not intended to be an emotional or controversial statement. From a rational academic perspective, it's very difficult to not see obvious and familiar signs of an empire in decay. I group these into four fundamental forces of decline-- The first are the Forces of Energy, both natural and political, which have created rising energy costs that are now bordering on an energy crisis. We discussed this at length in last week's podcast, when I walked you through the dynamics of how it now requires much more energy to produce energy than ever before. In other words, oil producer are having to burn more oil now to fuel their equipment, for every barrel of oil that they pump from the ground. This is a critical trend to watch; the past few centuries have proven a very clear link between energy and prosperity, and more expensive energy is a nasty, long-term barrier to economic growth. The second major category of forces causing decline in the US are the Forces of Society. We can see this every day in the social and political divisiveness, censorship, media manipulation, the appalling decline in trust, rising crime rates, popularity of socialism, wokeness, etc. The third category are Forces of Economy. Here we can see evidence in the absurd level of money printing, inflation, the national debt, rising taxes, multi-trillion dollar spending packages that “cost nothing”, etc. And the fourth category are the Forces of History. This is the inevitable course of empire-- rise, peak, and decline, and it includes all the geopolitical events we've witnessed, from the debacle in Afghanistan to the war in Ukraine and rise of China. Each of these groups of forces are contributing to an obvious US decline. It is by no means a one-way street. And there are many elements that could be improved. The widespread adoption of nuclear power, for example, could result in an economic bonanza in the US, which would keep the party going for quite some time. But for now, the trajectory of the US appears to be heading down. Again, that shouldn't be a controversial statement, and I'd encourage anyone to look at the situation rationally and dispassionately, and not through the lens of patriotism or fear. For a long time I've asked myself-- what comes next? Who will be the dominant superpower after the US decline? And I've often thought that China is the answer… simply because it is the only viable power large enough to displace the US. But China has always been an imperfect answer.

Subscribe to Quotomania on Simplecast or search for Quotomania on your favorite podcast app!Journalist, historian, and travel writer, Jan Morris was the renowned author of more than forty books. Her work ranges from such classics as Pax Britannica, The World of Venice, Hong Kong, and The Matter of Wales to the masterly essays published in Journeys, Destinations, and Among the Cities. She has also written a novel, Last Letters from Hav. An Honorary Litt.D. of the University of Wales and Glamorgan, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), she lived in Wales. Jan Morris died in 2020.From https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Jan-Morris/1287676. For more information about Jan Morris:Previously on The Quarantine Tapes:Pico Iyer about Morris, at 24:20: https://quarantine-tapes.simplecast.com/episodes/the-quarantine-tapes-004-pico-iyerJan Morris on A Phone Call From Paul: https://a-phone-call-from-paul.simplecast.com/episodes/a-phone-call-from-paul-23-jan-morrisTrieste and the Meaning of Nowhere: https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Trieste-and-the-Meaning-of-Nowhere/Jan-Morris/9781439136935“The Many Lives of Jan Morris”: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/books/jan-morris-in-my-minds-eye.html

In this interview I was joined by Sam Hume, host of the Pax Britannica podcast and PhD Student at the University of Aberdeen. We chatting about the changing face of the British Empire in the years after the First World War. Check out Sam's podcast at: Pax Britannica – A Podcast History of the British Empire Contact sales@advertisecast.com to advertise on History of the Second World War.  History of the Great War is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

in this episode, Luke and Eleanor discuss 1865-1905, including the Pax Britannica, the further spread of capitalism, the unifications of Germany and Italy, the true start of the American Empire, and the rise of the Japanese Empire with the Meiji Restoration. enjoy!

On today's Saturday Matinee, a Scottish hero that's not William Wallace or Robert the Bruce, as told by the podcast Pax Britannica. Link to Pax Britannica: A History of the British Empire: https://pod.link/pax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We bring Haakon from World of Westminster back on the show to talk about British politics of the late Victorian Age - discussing Gladstone and Disraeli, and how politics in Britain reacted to the Crimean War, the Home Rule Movement, and Britain's ever-expanding, ever-more-powerful global empire and hyperpower status.

We start with the interview with Matt Spaiser, author of "From Tailors with Love: An Evolution of Menswear Through the Bond Films". We look at the clothing influences of two Princes of Wales, Prince Charles and his grand-uncle, once known as Edward VIII then as the Duke of Winsor. After that, I take a look at: P is for the Plantagenates (minute 44)P is for Pound Stirling (minute 47)P is for Ian Paisley (minute 50)P is for Protestantism (minute 56) P is for Pimms (minute 58)P is for Prime Minister's Question Time (PMQ)P is for Paddington Bear (1 hour, minute 6)P is for Pub (1 hour, minute 10) P is for Posh and Poor (1 hour, minute 13)P is for Pie (1 hour, minute 17)P is for Prize-fighting or Pugilism (1 hour, minute 19)P is for Politeness (1 hour, minute 20)P is for Pips, as in 'time pips' (1 hour, minute 22) And at 1 hour, minute 23: P is for Pennies, Pillar Boxes, Pooh, Pontefract Cakes, Pencil Museum, Pop Music, Penny for the Guy, Park, Pride, Palace, Post Office, Pantomimes, Patience, Punk Rock, Pint, Patiotism, Peas, Pluck, Porridge, Poppy Day, Pomp and Circumstance and the Proms, Portsmouth, Parliament, Police Telephone Boxes, Peaky Blinders, Politics, Pax Britannica, St. Paul's Cathedral, Peter Sellers, Pudding. At 1 hour, minute 27, I look at the Wikipedia article on British stereotypes. My final word is on Pwyllheli, check out the great video by the local tourism office here.You can contact me on Instagram, by e-mail (AlbionNeverDies@Gmail.com), or by commenting on my posts in the Facebook group "

By Jared Samuelson Dr. Brian Chao and CAPT Hugues Canuel join the program for a discussion of rising and falling French seapower. The discussion spans the period from the Pax Britannica until post-World War 2 and includes comparisons of France’s evolving relationship with seapower to China’s rise today. Sea Control 268 – French Seapower with … Continue reading Sea Control 268 – French Seapower with CAPT Hugues Canuel and Dr. Brian Chao →

If you think the Darien Venture for Scottish settlers to colonise part of the isthmus of Panama and set up a trading hub was only a disaster, think again. Even though nothing about imperial projects is very moral, they're still windows into many lives. In this case women - Dr Gina Bennett of the University of Arlington at Texas joins Susan Morrison to take us into the worlds of 1690s Scottish female investors, businesswomen and settlers. There's getting into empire and there's getting out of it. Samuel Hume at Aberdeen University is researching imperial conferences. What's one of them? Find out how the British self-governing settler colonies - the dominions like Australia, Canada and New Zealand moved towards full independence with Sam (He's also a podcaster doing his own history of the British empire at Pax Britannica - https://paxbritannica.info/ ) Finally, the women who would have won ‘Most Wicked Lady in Scotland!' several years running had it been an award category in James VI's kingdom: Elizabeth Stewart Countess of Arran, but was she just getting a bad rap from her enemies? Lisa Baer-Tsarfati of Guelph University explores female ambition.

NYT best-selling author Richard Poe discuses his forthcoming book on the history of globalism and why its birth begins not with the America Empire as so often is portrayed, but rather emanates from British Empire which continues operating from behind the scenes. He points out the odd fact that Pax Britannica won two world wars […]

In episode 11, the final covering the Danish Viking King Sweyn Forkbeard, we follow along as he relentlessly wages his war of attrition against Aethelred 'the Unready' of England. A 10 year marathon, steadily draining their economic and military power, sapping their morale and will to put up a viable resistance. Culminating in a full scale invasion in July 1013, that by the end of that year, would have him ascend to the throne as the first Viking King of England. We then review Forkbeard's legacy, who ushered in one of the most monumental achievements of the Viking Age during its twilight years. If you would like to support my work directly, you can kindly do so here: www.patreon.com/warlordsofhistory Check out the Pax Britannica podcast: https://paxbritannica.info

During the changes and troubles of the 20th century, officials in Britain faced a huge question: how could they maintain imperial power? Dr Louis Halewood has been researching the troubles faced by British policymakers, and the efforts to maintain dominance with their dominions and allies as Pax Britannica came to a close. In this episode from our sibling podcast Warfare he speaks to James from the University of Plymouth about the development of British naval power, and explores the role of the United States in this emerging world. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

During the changes and troubles of the 20th century, officials in Britain faced a huge question: how could they maintain imperial power? Dr Louis Halewood has been researching the troubles faced by British policymakers, and the efforts to maintain dominance with their dominions and allies as Pax Britannica came to a close. In this episode from our sibling podcast Warfare he speaks to James from the University of Plymouth about the development of British naval power, and explores the role of the United States in this emerging world. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

During the changes and troubles of the 20th century, officials in Britain faced a huge question: how could they maintain imperial power? Dr Louis Halewood has been researching the troubles faced by British policy makers, and the efforts to maintain dominance with their dominions and allies as Pax Britannica came to a close. In this episode he speaks to James from the University of Plymouth about the development of British naval power, and explores the role of the United States in this emerging world. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Konec novembra je v 95. letu umrla Jan Morris, valižanska zgodovinarka in pisateljica. Rodila se je kot moški, James Morris, ki je bil med drugo svetovno vojak, med drugim je sodeloval pri osvobajanju Trsta; leta 1953 je kot pri novinar za Times poročal o uspešnem prvem vzponu na Mount Everest, o čemer je napisal tudi knjigo: Kronanje Everest. Sredi šestdesetih let se je James Morris odločil za spremembo spola in postal Jan Morris, ki je to pomembno življenjsko odločitev tudi popisala v knjigi. Morrisova je napisala desetine knjig o različnih mestih in pokrajinah, ki jih nekateri štejejo za potopisne, sama pa se je tej oznaki vedno upirala, češ da gre samo za njeno dojemanje krajev, pokrajin in ljudi. Osrednje delo Jan Morris je verjetno zgodovinska trilogija Pax Britannica, napisala pa je tudi nepozabni knjigi Benetke in Trst ali kaj pomeni nikjer, ki ju imamo prevedeni v slovenščino. V današnji oddaji Razgledi in razmisleki boste slišali nekaj poglavij iz ene njenih zadnjih objavljenih knjig – v njej je nanizala zapise o drobnih dogodkih in premišljevanjih ob koncu življenja; kljub tegobam in skrbeh ji nikoli ni zmanjkalo prijaznosti in vedrine. na fotografiji: norveška gozdna mačka

HE MIGHT BE STILL ON MARS by Paul Dalzell He Might Be Still On Mars is a thriller set in the latter years of the 26th Century. Mankind has spread out into the rocky planets of the Solar System and the rocky moons of the Gas Giants such as Jupiter and Saturn. Despite light speed and near light speed travel, the number of people emigrating to these new worlds is in the doldrums. This lack of enthusiasm is driven primarily by the savagery of raids by pirate chief, Wilson Black. Powerful politician and scientist, Stella Ling, sends Owen Bone and his Synthetic partner Sandi Shaw on a manhunt for an absconded husband, Freddie Ling. This is camouflage for a plan to eliminate Wilson Black. Owen and Sandi are subject to terrifying injuries and stresses that test what it means to be human and Synth. In overcoming these challenges, they find help in the most unlikely places, leading to a showdown with Black in the frozen remote taiga forest of Siberia. Paul Dalzell has lived and worked in the Asia-Pacific region for nearly 50 years as a fishery biologist and manager. He comes from West Yorkshire, England, and currently lives in Hawaii. His two previous novels, The Last Dream Before You Die and Everything Hurts weave reality and legend about vampires, and feature a retired detective, Jack Bone, who is befriended and helped by a vampire family. Subsequent novels, recently published, are The Friends of Eddy Relish, a modern day thriller, where a failed British actor finds a path to redemption and fame again, as long as he keeps one step ahead of his enemies and Pax Britannica a thriller set in a counterfactual history. The British Empire monopoly on nuclear weapons is challenged by the theft of five atom bombs. Imperial Secret Service Chief, Sir Anthony Raja, summons Mick Doyle to recover the missing weapons, suspected to be hidden in a German gold mine in British New Guinea. https://www.amazon.com/He-Might-Be-Still-Mars/dp/1734605502/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=paul+dalzell&qid=1608315374&s=books&sr=1-1 http://www.bluefunkbroadcasting.com/root/twia/newagelitag1.mp3

Boo! Did we scare you? Well, ‘tis the season. We're back with an extra special bonus episode for Halloween on Poe, Freud, and “The Tell-Tale Heart.” The Canon Ball is a member of the Agora Podcast Network, and as part of our embrace of all things creepy in the month of October, the network has pooled much of its talent to produce a set of spooky episodes under the heading of Agoraphobia.Here's a link to the first episode which features two Celtic themed horrors, with Ben Jacobs from Wittenberg to Westphalia talking on the Highland Clearances and Same Hume of Pax Britannica walking us through the Buggane. https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.1-monsterofthehighlandclearances-buggane And if you're a fan of our show, check out our discussion of Ambrose Bierce and the origins of weird fiction. Here's the link: https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.2-theweirdfictionofambrosebierceAnd on episode 3 Raven from Tiny Vampires gets buggy with it and Claude offers a maybe too personal meditation on monsters and the Spanish baroque. https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.3-gutted-monstermeditationsThere are going to be upcoming episodes from others in the Agora roster, so subscribe and listen and enjoy some not unreasonably researched chills. And here's a link to a general conversation on the gothic we had last year that we reference in the episode: https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiaiv-ep.4-theraven-gothiclit-If you're online check us out at thecanonballpodcast.wordpress.com, find us on Facebook @TheCanonBallPodcast, and on Twitter @CanonBallPod. And if you enjoy the show, please rate and review wherever you listen. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

And here we are with Faust Part 2, Act 3, in which Daniel and Claude make much of a little. The act may be short, but there's a lot to say with a long digression on Byron. The Canon Ball is a member of the Agora Podcast Network, and as part of our embrace of all things creepy in the month of October, the network has pooled much of its talent to produce a set of spooky episodes under the heading of Agoraphobia. The first episode features two Celtic themed horrors, with Ben Jacobs from Wittenberg to Westphalia talking on the Highland Clearances, and Same Hume of Pax Britannica walking us through the Buggane: https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.1-monsterofthehighlandclearances-buggane If you're a fan of our show, check out our discussion of Ambrose Bierce and the origins of weird fiction: https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.2-theweirdfictionofambrosebierceAnd on Episode 3, Raven from Tiny Vampires gets buggy with it, and I offer a maybe too personal meditation on monsters and the Spanish baroque. https://play.acast.com/s/theagorapodcastnetwork/agoraphobiammxx-ep.3-gutted-monstermeditationsThere are going to be upcoming episodes from others in the Agora roster, so subscribe and listen and enjoy some not unreasonably researched chills.If you're online check us out at thecanonballpodcast.wordpress.com, find us on Facebook @TheCanonBallPodcast, and on Twitter @CanonBallPod. And if you enjoy the show, please rate and review wherever you listen. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Yesterday's China: Intellectual Property, Government Secrecy, and the British Origins of the Pax Americana Thursday, October 15, 2020Hoover Institution, Stanford University Today, the United States inveighs against China’s theft of foreign intellectual property. A century ago, however, when the United States was a rising power and Great Britain the global hegemon, it behaved in many of the ways that China does now. This talk explores a case in which the US government pirated cutting-edge British naval technology and then invoked national security to block the inventors from accessing the evidence they needed to prove patent infringement. The case illustrates the tension between liberal norms of property rights and illiberal norms of government secrecy, as well as the transition from the Pax Britannica to the Pax Americana.Katherine C. Epstein is an associate professor of history at Rutgers University and the author of Torpedo: Inventing the Military-Industrial Complex in the United States and Great Britain. She studies the political economy of defense contracting and the Anglo-American hegemonic transition, and will be sharing with the seminar a chapter from her new book manuscript on the topic. She has been awarded a Frederick Burkhardt fellowship by the ACLS and has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.  She received her BA in History summa cum laude from Yale University, MPhil in International Relations from the University of Cambridge, and PhD in History from Ohio State University.ABOUT THE HOOVER HISTORY WORKING GROUP https://www.hoover.org/research-teams/history-working-groupThis interview is part of the History Working Group Seminar Series. A central piece of the History Working Group is the seminar series, which is hosted in partnership with the Hoover Library & Archives. The seminar series was launched in the fall of 2019, and thus far has included six talks from Hoover research fellows, visiting scholars, and Stanford faculty. The seminars provide outside experts with an opportunity to present their research and receive feedback on their work. While the lunch seminars have grown in reputation, they have been purposefully kept small in order to ensure that the discussion retains a good seminar atmosphere.

Season 2019 / 2020 – Talk 11 – Pax Britannica Pax Britannica describes the role of the Royal Navy in the century between 1815 and 1914, where Britain acted as ‘global policeman’ The talk is given by Elizabeth Anson. She has a great personal knowledge of the Royal Navy because she is the daughter of … Continue reading "Pax Britannica" The post Pax Britannica appeared first on The MrT Podcast Studio.

January 1933 would see the end of the Schleicher government that lasted under two months, and on January 30th a new era in Germany would begin.Check out Pax Britannica: https://paxbritannica.info/WebsitePatreonTwitterFacebookDiscordEmail: historyofthesecondworldwar@outlook.comSourcesThe Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. EvansGermany and the Second World War Volume 1: The Build-Up of German Aggression by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram WetteHitler: A Biography by Ian KershawThe Third Reich by Thomas ChildersThe Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam ToozeThe Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William ShirerFrance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936 by Stephen A. SchukerThe First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 by R.A.C. Parker (1956)France, Germany, and the Saar by A.J.P. Taylor (1952)The Franco-Polish Alliance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland by George SakwaFrench Intelligence and Hitler's Rise to Power by Peter JacksonGreat Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935 by C.J. HillHitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine by Zach ShoreHitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.Prologue to Peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934-35 by Michael KennedyFantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933-1936 by Dan P. SilvermanFranz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene JonesCauses and Consequences of the Plebiscite in the Saar by E.W (1955)The Purge of the SA Reconsidered: "An Old Putschist Trick"? by Eleanor HancockThe Remilitarization of the Rhineland and its Impact on the French-Polish Alliance by Roman D. Bicki (1969)Rohm and Hitler: The Continuity of Political-Military Discord by David JablonskyThe German Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Saar Plebiscite of 1935 by Guenter Lewy (1964)Saar Coal After Two World Wars by O.R. ReischerSchacht's Regulation of Money and the Capital Markets by Arthur Schweitzer (1948)The Myth of Chancellor Von Schleicher's Querfront Strategy by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.The Struggle for Control of the German Economy by Amos E. SimpsonThe Nazi State and German Society: A Brief History with Documents by Robert G. MoellerFranz von Papen, Catholic Conservatives, and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1933-1934 by Larry Eugene JonesFranz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene JonesBritish Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill

Ok, major sexual content warning on this one. And if that's not going to get you to listen, we don't know what will. We're discussing the metaphysical ramifications of a floating, glowing, sentient jar of semen which must mean that we've made it to Act 2 of Goethe's Faust Part 2. Come for the university humor (literally: Mephistopholes takes a whole scene out just to prank on a grad student), stay for the attempts (on the part of Goethe, not us) to conjure a realm of guilt-free pornography. And you thought the first act was weird…The Canon Ball is a member of the Agora podcast network. Check out some more shows on the network like Sam Hume's Pax Britannica. It's a narrative history podcast on the British empire, with the first season being an exploration of early English colonization and the upcoming second season centering on the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. And if after all this Walpurgisnacht stuff you're still feeling itchy for witches, Sam also does the History of Witchcraft which covers the witch hysteria of the early modern period as well as an assortment of other spooky stuff all in an educational vein. If you're online check us out at thecanonballpodcast.wordpress.com, find us on Facebook @TheCanonBallPodcast, and on Twitter @CanonBallPod.One last note: if you're in the New York area and need reading and writing tutoring, or are interested in online tutoring, let us know. Claude has a tutoring business on the side and two kids, so he's always looking for a few more clients. If you need some help, send an email to claudemoinc@gmail.com. We can also produce literary lectures on demand. I'm not entirely certain what situations would call for that, but for some quality literary infotainment hit us up! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Before we get into this week's episode, I want to give a shout out to another podcast that we’ve recently discovered here at Ages of Conquest! Pax Britannica is a narrative history podcast on the British Empire. Season 1 covered the start of English colonisation in North America and the Caribbean, the first decades of the East India Company, and the ruthless politics of the British Isles. Season 2 has just begun on the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Civil war and revolution erupt in England, Ireland, and Scotland, pitting the forces of Charles I against his own subjects. By the end, the king will be dead, the monarchy abolished, and Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell will be at the head of a militarised and expansionist Commonwealth. If any of this sounds even remotely appealing, go give Pax Britannica a listen; available where all fine podcasts are downloaded. And now, on with OUR show!   “You are to go with a large army and innumerable force from the borders of Turan to the country of Iran. Observe Chinggis Khan’s customs and yosun and yasa in all matters large and small. From the River Oxus to the farthest reaches of the land of Egypt, treat kindly and affectionately and reward sufficiently whoever obeys and submits to your orders. Grind beneath the feet of your wrath those who resist, along with their wives, children, and kith and kin. Begin with Quhistan and Khurasan, and destroy the fortresses and castles. Rip up GirdKoh and [Lammasar] fortress and turn them upside down! Neither let any bastion remain in the world nor leave a pile of dust standing! When you are finished there, head for Persia and eliminate the Lurs and Kurds who constantly practice brigandage along the highways. If the Caliph of Baghdad comes out to pay homage, harass him in no way whatsoever. If he is prideful and his heart and tongue are not one, let him join the others. In all cases make your clear-sighted intelligence and golden mind your guide and leader, and be awake and sober in all situations. Let the subjects be free of excessive taxes and impositions. Return devastated lands to a flourishing state. Conquer the realm of the rebellious through the might of the great god so that your summer and winter pastures may be many. Consult Doquz Khatun on all matters.”       So were the orders Mongke Khaan, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, gave to his brother Hulegu on the outset of his campaign in 1253, according to the Ilkhanid vizier Rashid al-Din. Among the most famous of the Mongol campaigns, Hulegu led Mongol armies to destroys the Ismaili Assassins in Iran, the ‘Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and into Syria, the prelude to the famous clash at Ayn Jalut. As this is perhaps the Mongol campaign with the greatest surviving detail, and one of the most well known, we’re going to take you on a thorough look at Hulegu’s western march, beginning with the destruction of the so-called “Order of Assassin.” I’m your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.       Hulegu, the famed sacker of Baghdad, was the younger brother of Great Khan Mongke and Kublai, the third son of Tolui with Sorqaqtani. As mentioned back in episode 23, Mongke Khaan took the throne in 1251 with a renewed drive to complete the Mongol conquest of the world. He organized administrative reforms, censuses, and new taxes to levy the forces of the empire for this goal. In 1252, he held a meeting in Mongolia to put this next round of conquest in motion, placing his brothers at the head of two great armies. Kublai was sent against the Kingdom of Dali, in China’s modern Yunnan province, as the opening move in the conquest of Song Dynasty. Hulegu meanwhile was to march west and subdue the few independent powers of the Islamic world: specifically, the Nizari Ismailis, popularly known as the Assassins; the Kurds and Lurs of western Iran, who annoyed the Great Khan through their brigandage, and the ‘Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.       There is discrepancy in the sources as to what precisely Hulegu’s mandate was. A number of later authors of the Ilkhanate- the state which emerged from Hulegu’s conquests- assert that Mongke intended for the area from the Amu Darya River to the Meditteranean to be ruled by Hulegu as another ulus, or Khanate of the empire, a counterbalance to those of Jochi and Chagatai, a sort of Toluid axis across Asia sandwiching the Chagatayids. This is hardly agreed upon however. Other sources present Hulegu’s command as a temporary military one. The Ilkhanid vizier and historian Rashid al-Din wrote that Mongke told Hulegu to return to Mongolia once he had achieved his tasks; Hulegu had to confer with his commanders on all strategic decisions, which included representatives from the houses of Jochi, Chagatai and even Ogedai, a first amongst equals rather than an almighty prince; and when Hulegu began to seize Jochid possessions in Iran, Khurasan and the Caucasus after Mongke’s death, it seems to have taken them quite by surprise, for in the early 1250s Mongke confirmed grants of Caucasian territory to the house of Jochi. It’s likely that Mongke had intended for Iran and much of the Middle East to be dominated by the Central Imperial Government, but did not intend to remove land rights the other branches of the family enjoyed in the region.          So, who was Hulegu? Born in 1217, he was two years younger than Kublai, almost ten years younger than Mongke, and a few years older than their youngest brother, Ariq Boke. His life before the ascension of Mongke is almost totally unknown to us, but he presumably received similar education in both governing and warfare to his brothers.  While Mongke was groomed for the possibility of stepping into the imperial throne, Hulegu, to our knowledge, was not provided any such pretensions. He was well exposed to other religions and cultures; his mother, Sorqaqtani was a Nestorian Christian, as was his most influential wife, Doquz Khatun, who had been a widow of his father Tolui. Despite this, he showed more personal interest in Buddhism, though he took part in shamanistic practices throughout his recorded life. He was interesedt in science, especially astronomy, though for Hulegu this was more so in the form of astrology, which he often consulted for major decisions. He was a heavy drinker, with the lovely combination of often flying into horrific rages. Even reading pro-Ilkhanid sources like Rashid al-Din, who long served the descendants of Hulegu, one is shocked by the regularity in which Hulegu fell into a towering rage, which tended to be quite dangerous for whomever it was targeted at. His final years were marked by ill health, brought on excessive drinking, and at least one source indicates he suffered from epilepsy.       With the quriltai of 1252, the plan to finalize the conquest of western Asia was set, and Hulegu put in motion. A member of Mongke’s keshig was provided for Hulegu’s command, Kitbuqa of the Naiman tribe, also a Nestorian Christian. Kitbuqa departed as Hulegu’s vanguard in August 1252 with 12,000 men, beginning operations against the Ismailis in eastern Iran. Various sources give Hulegu’s own departure from Mongolia as Autumn 1253 or 1254. By the 1250s, the Mongols had an absolutely massive army: some estimates put the nomadic soldiers at their disposal upwards of one million men, and many more among the sedentary peoples across Eurasia to be called upon.  Mongke provided Hulegu with a relatively small contingent of Mongols at the outset: perhaps as low as a tumen, 10,000 men, for Hulegu in addition to the 12,000 Kitbuqa had already set out with. As Hulegu moved west, his army snowballed, as contingents from across the empire met with him. 1,000 Chinese siege engineers and crossbowmen were provided for him. Most of the former warriors of the house of Ogedai were conscripted for Hulegu’s army. He was joined by a contingent of Oirats under Buqa Temur, the brother of Hulegu’s first senior wife, named somewhat amusingly, Guyuk. A grandson of Chagatai, Teguder, headed the perhaps 10,000 Chagatayid troops provided for Hulegu as he marched through their ulus. As many as 30,000 troops under the Jochid princes Balaghai, Quli and Tutar were provided by Batu. Tamma forces stationed in Kashmir and in the Caucasus, under Baiju Noyan, would also link up with Hulegu, and forces were supplied by all the client sultans, maliks, and atabegs of Iran, the Caucasus and Anatolia. By the time Hulegu’s army converged on Baghdad at the start of 1258, he commanded perhaps 150,000 men if not more.        Extensive preparation was necessary for this army’s movement. We are told that roads were cleared of obstructions, bridges built and boats readied to cross rivers. All the pastures and meadows on Hulegu’s route were reserved for the feeding of his army’s horses and livestock. Flour and skins of wine were levied from across the subject populations and stored at depot stations along the way. Thanks to the census launched at the start of Mongke’s reign, the imperial government had a good idea of what could be called upon to provide for Hulegu’s army.        By Autumn 1255 Hulegu was near Samarkand, where he rested for 40 days, feasting with the head of the Secretariat for Central Asia, Mas’ud Beg. Another month was spent at Kish, about 80 kilometres south of Samarkand and the later birthplace of amir Temur, or Tamerlane. There, Hulegu feasted with the head of the Secretariat for Iran and Western Asia, Arghun Aqa. These were not just engagements for drinking (though there certainly was that) but to confer with the regional administrators and line up further provisions, troops and intelligence. At Kish, messengers were sent to vassals across Iran calling upon them to provide troops and assistance against the Ismaili assassins, whose territory Hulegu entered in the spring of 1256.   This takes us to Hulegu’s first target, the Assassins, which we’ll introduce and address some popular myths. Though popularly known as the Order of the Assassins, this is quite the misnomer; more accurately called the Nizari Ismaili state, they controlled a number of fortresses and settlements in three general regions; in Syria, centered around Masyaf; in the rugged eastern Iranian region called Quhistan; and in northwestern Iran’s Alburz mountain, where their  leadership was based across several mountain fortresses, most famously Alamut. Leadership of the branches in Quhistan and Masyaf was generally appointed by Alamut, but were autonomous otherwise. Shi’a Muslims, specifically Ismailis, in the late 1080s and 1090s the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt suffered a succession dispute as to who would succeed the Imam, the rather distant successor to the Prophet Muhammad and ehad of Shi’a Islam. The supporters of one candidate, Nizar, were known as Nizaris, and hence, Nizari Ismailis. For the majority of Muslims, who were Sunnis, the Nizaris were seen as a sect within a sect, and heretics par excellence. At the same time as this succession dispute an Ismaili revolt broke out in Seljuq ruled Iran. In 1090, Hassan-i Sabbah captured the fortress of Alamut, while other adherents seized territory in Quhistan and elsewhere. The last of the Great Seljuqs, Sultan Malik-Shah I, attempted to crush them, but his untimely death, and the ensuing succession risis which splintered the vast Seljuq Empire, allowed the Ismailis to consolidate. Geographically spread out and lacking great economic or military power, they had to rely on other means to protect themselves and convince their neighbours to not attack them.  One tool was assassinations, making a big splash with the murder of the Great Seljuq Vizier Nizam al-Mulk in 1092. Alongside well defended and inaccessible fortresses, it was a useful deterrent for any would-be conqueror. The assassinations were often public and dramatic to make the message as loud as possible. One method was for Ismailis to infiltrate the households of powerful figures as servants: they could then kill the man when he became too great a danger, or leave a warning, such as a knife, on the sleeping man’s pillow. The threat of assassination was as effective as an actual assassination, and soon anyone could be worried he had a secret Nizari Ismaili hiding in his entourage. Because of this, popular myths that the Ismaili imbued copious amounts of hashish before going on assassinations can be ignored. There is no evidence for this, and it’s unlikely considering the patience and planning that went into these missions. However, the appellation of them as heavy users of hashish stuck, hashishiyya, which became “assassin.”   So the Nizaris carried on for over a century. Hassan-i Sabbah and his successors, without any clear imam after Nizar’s death in 1095, basically stepped into the role themselves. The Ismaili leaders -popularly known in the West as ‘the Old Man of the Mountain,’- were generally long reigning without succession disputes, withstanding outside pressures while they mulled over doctrine, all the while being decried as just the worst sort of heretic by Sunni Muslims. In 1210, the ascension of the new imam and Ismaili leader, Hassan III, brought something of a rapprochement. Generally, the Ismailis had poor relations with the head of Sunni Islam, the ‘Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad. They had after all claimed responsibility for the murders of two Caliphs in the 1130s. Yet Hassan III dramatically declared he followed the Sunni Sharia and fostered better relations with both the Caliph and other neighbouring Sunni rulers, such as Ozebg, the Eldeguzid Atabeg of Azerbaijan, and Muhammad II Khwarezm-shah. According to ‘Ata-Mailk Juvaini, a member of Hulegu’s entourage, Hassan III was also the first monarch west of the Amu Darya to submit to Chinggis Khan. Despite his state being largely surrounded by the Khwarezmian Empire, Ismaili fortresses in the Elburz Mountains and Quhistan were spared Mongol attacks. Indeed, Quhistan was a veritable island of security as the Mongols overran the Khwarezmian Empire. Juzjani, a Sunni Khwarezmian refugee who fled to Quhistan before later finding refuge in Delhi, describes the Ismailis in glowing terms.    Hassan III’s successor, ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad III, abandoned the overtures to the ‘Abbasid Caliph, but maintained the ties with the Mongols. When Jalal al-Din Mingburnu returned to western Iran in the mid 1220s, the Ismailis had no love for him and assassinated at least one of his lieutenants. When major Mongol forces returned to the region under Chormaqun Noyan at the start of the 1230s, the Ismailis provided valuable information on the whereabouts and weaknesses of Jalal al-Din, and within a year the Khwarezmian Prince was driven to his death. The details of the Mongol relationship with the Ismails for the next decade is difficult to discern. In 1246 Ismaili representatives came to the coronation of Guyuk Khaan in Mongolia, where they were insulted and sent off. Precisely what occurred is unclear. A possible reconstruction is offered by historian Timothy May in his article on the “Mongol-Ismaili Alliance.” He suggests the positive Mongol-Ismaili relationship was a case of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” No record is made of Mongol demands for troops or tribute from the Ismailis, and it may have been that while powerful Khwarezmian elements were still extant, relative Ismaili independence was permitted as they were useful allies. After Mingburnu’s death in 1231, and especially after the death of Chormaqun in 1241, Mongol demands on the Ismailis may have increased, and in the early 1230s the Mongols annexed Ismaili controlled Damghan. The Ismailis were so concerned that in 1238, the English Monk Matthew Paris recorded that representatives of “the Old Man of the Mountain,” had come to England and France trying to organize a Christian-Muslim alliance against the Mongols, warning the King of England that “if they themselves could not withstand the attacks of such people, nothing remained to prevent their devastating the countries of the west.” Three years later, Mongol armies under Subutai and Batu crossed the Carpathian Mountains into Hungary.   Back in the Middle East, one Mongol commander, Chagatai Noyan “the Lesser,” may have moved to enforce demands on the Ismailis, and was assassinated at some point in the early 1240s. Perhaps intended as just a warning, the Ismailis realised this was a mistake and sent representatives to Guyuk’s coronation in 1246. The Mongols were never forgiving of such things, and the destruction of the Ismailis was added to the agenda. An opportunity to actually do this didn’t present itself until the reign of Mongke Khan. The qadi of Qazwin, a city south of Alamut and quite antagonist to the Ismailis, came to Mongke’s court and revealed, in quite the breach of etiquette, that he had a suit of maille worn underneath his robes, claiming that his fear of the Ismailis was so great even in the Mongol court he needed this protection. When the Franciscan Friar William of Rubruck came to Mongke’s court in 1253, he heard rumours that 400 assassins had been dispatched to kill Mongke, and the Mongols were concerned enough that they were checking and interrogating everyone entering Karakorum. The threat of the assassins was taken seriously, and on Mongke’s directive Hulegu would treat the assassins very seriously   By then, the only independent power within proximity to Alamut was, somewhat ironically, the Caliph in Baghdad. The Ismailis stood alone against the incoming might of Hulegu. In the winter of 1255, as Hulegu stood at the border of Ismaili Quhistan, the imam ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad was murdered, quite likely on the instigation of his young and inexperienced son, Rukn al-Din Khwurshah, who then ascended to the imamate.  ‘Ala al-Din was long on bad terms with his son, and seems to have suffered some sort of mental decline as news of Hulegu’s overwhelming force approached. Rukn al-Din may have thought himself capable of maneuvering them out of the impending disaster, but would have no success in the matter.   In the spring of 1256, Hulegu and his ever growing army entered Quhistan. Kitbuqa had been campaigning throughout the region since 1253, but had had no success in holding settlements like Tun, Ismaili Quhistan’s chief city, taking them only to lose them once he moved on. The Ismaili fortresses, built on imposing mountains and hard to access sites, proved beyond his means to siege. On Hulegu’s arrival, the dynamic was quickly changed. Vague ‘incidents’ mentioned by Juvaini and Rashid al-Din as Hulegu entered the region may refer to Ismaili attacks in some form, but Hulegu’s army was beyond compare. The chief cities of Quhistan fell within days, and by the summer Kitbuqa led the vanguard to Mazandaran and raiding parties probed towards Alamut. Once Quhistan was subdued, Hulegu moved west, skirting around the edge of Iran’s uninhabitable Great Salt Desert, the Dasht-e Kevir, to arrive at the eastern endof the Alburz mountains. Near Damghan stood the Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh; Kitbuqa had first attempted to attack it in May of 1253. Hulegu committed more troops for it, then moved on. The castle, receiving only minor reinforcement from Alamut, held out until 1271. Such was the design of these fortresses when properly defended.   Rukn al-Din Khwurshah was within the fortress of Maymundiz, downstream of Alamut towards the western end of the Alburz mountains. As Hulegu moved westwards along the Alburz, he sent messengers to Rukn al-Din, demanding his submission. He was nervous, and as Hulegu’s second set of messengers arrived at the beginning of September 1256, Rukn al-Din was convinced to offer submission by the captive scholar, polymath, mathematician, astronomer and theologian, Nasir al-Din Tusi. Tusi was a much, much smarter man than Rukn al-Din Khwurshah and well respected. Having lived through Chinggis Khan’s destruction of Khwarezm, Tusi calculated that a lengthy Mongol siege wouldn’t be very healthy for anyone left inside the citadel. Therefore, on Tusi’s urging, Rukn al-Din sent his brother to Hulegu, offering the submission of the Ismailis. Hulegu thought this was nice, and treated Rukn al-Din’s brother well. He then sent another embassy with demands that Rukn al-Din tear down the Ismaili forts. Rukn al-Din was slow to respond; Hulegu was quick to advance. The token attempt by the Ismaili leader to abate Hulegu by abandoning 5 lesser castles and demolishing a few towers on Alamut, Maymundiz and Lammasar did not succeed. Unwittingly, Rukn al-Din was caught in a nerge, a Mongol hunting circle, as multiple armies converged on him from several directions and trapped him. As the armies neared Maymundiz, taking castles and settlements as they went, Rukn al-Din frantically sent a son and another brother to Hulegu, to no avail, hoping to at least stall until the cold of winter set in. By the 7th of November 1256, the three armies had Maymundiz surrounded.   Hulegu needed a quick victory. So many troops and horses needed a vast quantity of feed, the local environment was depleted and winter was forthcoming. Hulegu demanded provisions from across Iran and the Caucasus be delivered and, as if the seasons themselves adhered to the bidding of the Great Khan, the winter was mild and refused to hampher the Mongols as they approached Maymundiz. Once the armies were arrayed outside of the fortresses, Hulegu surveyed the site. Like so many Ismaili fortresses, Maymundiz was perched on a mountaintop, and hard to access. But Hulegu had his plan.    Fighting began on November 12th, 1256. The first weapons Hulegu brought forth were the kaman-i-gav, as they were known in Persian sources, generally taken to refer to the ox-bow, a Chinese siege machine which was essentially a large, mounted crossbow. These were not for destroying walls, but for picking off defenders. The writer ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini, who accompanied Hulegu on his sieges of the Ismaili cities describes “meteoric shafts,”  from these weapons “burning up” the “devil-like heretics” of Maymundiz, in constrast to stones cast by the defenders which could only hurt single persons. Historian Stephen Haw postulates that this is a reference to gunpowder weapons being used by the Mongols, in the form of explosives tied to the shafts fired from the oxbow, perhaps propelling it as an early rocket. A common critique of this argument is that such poetic language is rather typical of Juviani’s writing, and nowhere else in Hulegu’s campaign does he appear to use such dramatic weapons.    By November 17th, Hulegu’s teams had constructed their catapults and hauled them to a nearby hilltop. It’s possible that these were not just traction style Chinese catapults, but those of the counterweight variety- trebuchets. It’s not specified in written sources that Hulegu used them, but we know they were used by the Mongols by the 1270s, in addition to artwork from later in the century depicting them. Some modern authors like Michael S. Fulton believe the speed at which the major fortresses and cities of the region fell to Hulegu, even those of stone as opposed to stamped earth or mud brick, indicate the usage of counterweighted artillery. Far more powerful with greater range than man-powered traction catapults, instead of teams of men hauling on ropes, the counterweight catapult relied on, well, a counterweight instead, using gravity to propel the projectile with much greater force. Some authors also assert that the Chinese had their own counterweight catapult which the Mongols also used, but the matter is contentious, our sources providing no illumination.   The Mongols differed in their usage of artillery by relying on constant barrages. Their access to a large number of knowledgeable engineers, teams of specialists and overseers allowed them to keep up an unceasing rate of fire day and night, often from dozens of machines at once. For the defenders huddled behind the walls, psychologically it was exhausting. Aside from stones, naphtha, a petroleum-based weapon, was hurled into the city to start fires. Gunpowder bombs may have been lobbed as well. Unused to such weapons, especially in the form of the noise and smell they made, the impact must have seemed unearthly. After less than a week of bombardment, Rukn al-Din Khwurshah surrendered, and the Mongols soon demolished Maymundiz.   Hulegu received the Khwurshah kindly, for he needed him. Through his mediation, Rukn al-Din convinced some 40 odd Ismaili strongholds to surrender to Hulegu and tear down their walls. Alamut and Lammasar held out, and both were put under siege. Rukn al-Din was able to get Alamut’s garrison to come to terms, and it surrendered by December 15th. Briefly, Hulegu went sight-seeing around the castle after it surrendered, amazed by the size of the mountain, the many storerooms and indomitable defenses. It certainly saved him some time to not have to storm it! ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini was able to get permission to take some of the rare and useful tomes from Alamut’s library before the fortress was destroyed and its books burnt. Lammasar took a year to fall, but fall it did.   Hulegu kept Rukn al-Din with him until the great majority of the Ismaili fortresses in Iran had submitted or been torn down. He humoured Rukn al-Din, granting him a Mongol wife and watching Rukn al-Din’s favourite sport of camel fighting. Helping the Mongols avoid many lengthy, difficult sieges on the well defended Ismaili strongholds saved Hulegu considerable effort, but personally Hulegu found him repellent. Once his usefulness was over, in early 1257 Hulegu shipped him off to Mongke Khaan to deal with. According to Rashid al-Din, when Mongke learned the Khwurshah was in Karakorum, he was annoyed and said, “why are they bringing him and tiring a horse uselessly?” then ordered Rukn al-Din’s death. Upon learning of this, Hulegu ordered the deaths of the rest of Rukn al-Din’s captive family, sparing only a young son. Some Ismaili traditions attest another son was snuck away and kept safe, raised as the next imam in secret, but such beliefs never found widespread acceptance. As far as we are concerned, the Nizari Ismaili state ceased to exist by the end of 1256, sparing a few holdouts in Iran and their castles in Syria, as yet untouched by the Mongols.    Hulegu had completed the first of his tasks. After wintering near Lammasar and then Qazwin, in the early months of 1257 he set out west for the greatest target of the campaign: Baghdad, and the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate. So be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to pick up with that next week. To help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on Patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. I’m your host David, and we will catch you on the next one. 

Prof. Werner Plumpe - Globalisierung Weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung ist ein altes Phänomen, dessen Form und Struktur historisch starkem Wandel unterliegt. Heute lassen sich mehrere Globalisierungsschübe in der Geschichte der Menschheit voneinander unterscheiden, die jeweils ihre eigene Dynamik und ihre Grenzen kannten: Von der Pax Romana über die Pax Mongolica, die Pax Britannica hin zur Pax Americana, deren Ende sich im Moment abzuzeichnen scheint. Kriege oder Seuchen waren stets ein (destabilisierendes) Element derartiger weltwirtschaftlicher Austauschprozesse; ihre eigentliche Dynamik aber war ein Ergebnis des ökonomischen und technischen Wandels. Allein deshalb ist es wenig wahrscheinlich, dass die derzeitige Krise der Globalisierung zugleich ein Zeichen ihres Endes ist, auch wenn die unmittelbare Zukunft der weltwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung sicher ein Mehr an Problemen aufweisen wird. Prof. Dr. Werner Plumpe ist Professor für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte an der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt a.M. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind unter anderem die Unternehmens- und Industriegeschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts sowie Studien zur Geschichte des Kapitalismus. Von 1998 bis 1999 war er Gastprofessor an der Keio-Universität in Tokio. Er ist Vorsitzender des wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Gesellschaft für Unternehmensgeschichte (GUG), Mitglied der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften sowie der Frankfurter Historischen Kommission. Informationen zur Union Stiftung Die Union Stiftung wurde am 1. August 1959 gegründet und verfolgt den Zweck, demokratische und staatsbürgerliche Bildung, internationale Verständigung, insbesondere die europäische Einigung sowie Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur zu fördern. Auf der Grundlage eines christlichen Menschenbildes arbeitend sind wir als gemeinnützig anerkannt und finanzieren unsere Tätigkeit uneingeschränkt aus privaten Mitteln. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/UnionStiftung Twitter: https://twitter.com/UnionStiftung Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/unionstiftung

We take a bit of a break from our regular programming to bring you some episodes about an English trader that came to Aotearoa, Barnet Burns! (Yes, I did cover this in the Pax Britannica episode but there will be new things in this too!)Here are some ways you can support HANZ!Become a Patron!https://www.patreon.com/historyaotearoaBuy some merch!https://teespring.com/stores/hanz-podcast★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

An announcement of my collab with Pax Britannica! Here are some ways you can support HANZ!Become a Patron!https://www.patreon.com/historyaotearoaBuy some merch!https://teespring.com/stores/hanz-podcast★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

In a special episode BT Newberg and I talk about the highs and lows of making a history podcast. What made us want to start a podcast? Why did we pick the subjects we did? When did I decide to change focus to Pax Britannica? What are the best and worst things about it? Peak behind the curtain! Go check out Dead Ideas: https://deadideas.net/ Check out the podcast website: http://thehistoryofwitchcraft.co.uk/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/historyofwitchcraft/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistofWitch Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

What's it like to make a podcast? Sam Hume of the new show Pax Britannica talks with me about all the ups and downs of podcasting. Check out Sam's show. Be sure to support the show at www.patreon.com/deadideaspod to get your portrait drawn! Music and graphic design by Rachel Westhoff. Maps, pics, references and more at www.deadideas.net.

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally. All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House's International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. Now renown diplomatic historian Professor Kathleen Burk in her newest book, The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972 (Bloomsbury, 2019), examines and looks at the different kinds and forms of power and influence that these the two empires have projected, and the ways and means they have used to do it. What these two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global history of an unusual type: the rise and fall of empires projected against their joint interaction with Japan, China in the 19th century and vis-á-vis Europe and the Near East in the 20th century. Ranging from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada in the early 19th century to her success in the mid-19th century to opening up Japan; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US in the 20th century; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now some say that the American world order is in turn fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role as America's junior partner and ally.  All from the author of the well received, Old World, New World and Troublemaker: the life and history of A. J. P. Taylor. Charles Coutinho has a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written recently for the Journal of Intelligence History and Chatham House’s International Affairs. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A short introduction and clip from the first episode of Pax Britannica. Follow the links below to find my new show your favourite way! Show Page: https://cms.megaphone.fm/channel/ADL3707263633 Website: https://paxbritannica.info iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/pax-britannica/id1451859986?mt=2 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6FQwqzI4u8waYkEaEUiXut?si=n0GT5GBASzyyl1d1GK-j8w Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/samuel-hume-3/pax-britannica Google Podcasts: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cDovL2ZlZWRzLm1lZ2FwaG9uZS5mbS9BREwzNzA3MjYzNjMz PlayerFM: https://player.fm/series/pax-britannica-2483186 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In the first episode of Pax Britannica, we meet the Tudor dynasty; the kings and queens who ruled England, Wales, and Ireland from the end of the 15th century until the start of the 17th. In this first of our foundation episodes we cover the basic timeline of the Tudor era, from Henry VII until Elizabeth I. I also explain the aim of this podcast, what we will cover, and why it matters! Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If anyone has heard of a particular witch trial, they will have heard of Salem. It's an infamous part of early American history, and everywhere in popular culture. Today's episode will be explaining the main theories as to why the small village of Salem, Massachusetts began the greatest witch panic in American history. This episode primarily made use of the following texts: - Anderson, Virginia Dejohn, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting', in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, (2002) - Godbeer, Richard, ‘Witchcraft in British America', in Levack, Brian (ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America (2014)- Hansen, Chadwick, ‘Andover Witches and the Causes of the Salem Witchcraft Trials', in Levack, Brian (ed.), Witchcraft in Colonial America, ed. - Le Beau, Bryan F. The Story of the Salem Witch Trials, (1998) Also included in today's episode is a brief announcement for a new podcast of mine, Pax Britannica, launching 10th February 2019. Keep up to date with the launch by following the social media pages below: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Är det verkligen fred vi vill ha? I så fall måste vi veta vad fred är. Dan Jönsson läser Immanuel Kants "Om den eviga freden" och inser att vi kanske aldrig riktigt har vetat. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Någonstans i ett kontrollrum i staden Langley i den amerikanska delstaten Virginia rör en människa sin hand över ett tangentbord. Vi får tänka oss scenen ungefär som vilket större myndighetskontor som helst, med rader av blinkande datorskärmar, pappmuggar med automatkaffe, folk i lediga kontorskläder bekvämt tillbakalutade på sina snurrstolar som då och då hojtar något till en kollega eller fäller en förströdd kommentar om inget särskilt. En helt vardaglig miljö alltså bara det att var och en av de här datorerna i verkligheten är ett dödligt vapen. När fingrarna utfört sitt kommando på tangentbordet lyfter en så kallad drönare från ett hangarfartyg i Indiska Oceanen, minuten senare exploderar ett hus någonstans i Jemen och ett okänt antal människor dör. Operationen går att följa via gps på datorskärmen, kaffet i pappmuggen hinner knappt svalna innan det är klart. Det görs flera hundra av den här sortens robotattacker varje år några stycken om dagen de allra flesta i Afghanistan, men också i Somalia, Pakistan och alltså Jemen: länder där USA inte officiellt befinner sig i krig men där man alltså ändå uppenbarligen anser sig ha rätt att fälla bomber. Frågan är: om dessa tillslag, eller vad vi nu ska kalla dem, inte är att se som krigshandlingar, vad är de då? För personen i kontrollrummet har det förmodligen ingen praktisk betydelse, lika lite som för den som sprängs i luften. För alla oss andra, däremot, kan det kanske vara av visst intresse. makten att definiera vad som är vad tillkommer den som har de tyngsta vapnen.  Jag tycker nog att han kunde ha förutsett den här situationen, Immanuel Kant, när han 1795 skrev sin traktat Om den eviga freden. Kanske inte just att krig i framtiden skulle föras med datorstyrda robotar men däremot att det skulle kunna dyka upp en Storebror som påstår att krig är fred, och faktiskt få folk att acceptera det: eftersom gränsen mellan krig och fred är på väg att suddas ut. Och eftersom makten att definiera vad som är vad tillkommer den som har de tyngsta vapnen. Som pacifist var han trots allt inte helt naiv, Kant det är med en sorts besvärjande ironi han inleder sin lilla skrift med den berömda bilden av en värdshusskylt föreställande en kyrkogård, Zum ewigen Frieden. Som för att redan från början göra klart att den enda riktigt beständiga freden är den där alla människor är döda. Nu var han inte fullt så cynisk heller, när allt kommer omkring. Kants fiktiva traktat är skriven i upplysningens anda, och genomsyras av en trotsig förnuftstro, en övertygelse att människan trots historiens förskräckande spår har förmågan att utvecklas till det bättre inte för att vår moral i sig skulle förädlas, utan helt enkelt för att vi med tiden inser att vi alla tjänar på gemensamma principer och civiliserade institutioner. Kants vision är en folkrättslig världsfederation av suveräna republiker, bundna till varandra genom några enkla grundsatser, som förbud mot stående arméer och skuldsättning för militära ändamål. Men att denna korta skrift fått så stor betydelse beror nog mest på dess dubbla perspektiv, att den så ledigt förenar en historiskt luttrad realism med en idealistisk framstegstanke. Kanske kan man rentav säga att det är här den moderna fredstanken föds, i dessa visionära, lätt naiva tankar om en fredlig världsordning säkrad genom ömsesidigt bindande principer. Folkrätten som begrepp är svår att tänka sig utan inspirationen från Kant. det vi alla var emot, kriget, förblev i stort sett lika otydligt som, låt oss säga ondskan. Men en sak slarvade han med, tyvärr och det gäller just definitionen av vad fred är. De krig som Kants traktat avser att förhindra är de som utspelar sig mellan suveräna stater. Hans fredsbegrepp utgår med andra ord från det som i modern fredsforskning kallas negativ fred. Om inbördeskrig och befrielsekrig säger den ingenting än mindre om det som idag brukar ingå i det så kallade positiva fredsbegreppet, det vill säga sådant som mänskliga rättigheter, frånvaro av sociala konflikter, rasism och segregering. I traktatens allra första artikel fördömer han den sortens fredsslut som ingås med baktanken om ett nytt krig de har ingenting med verklig fred att göra, hävdar Kant, men glömmer sedan bort att tala om hur dessa baktankar ska avslöjas och överhuvudtaget precisera vad de innebär. Fred blir ett tillstånd som är på en gång självklart och problematiskt, ett begrepp så diffust att det för en av historiens största tänkare borde te sig närmast oanvändbart. Jag tror faktiskt att ett av fredsrörelsens historiska misstag är just att den har struntat i den här frågan. När jag själv, för många år sedan, höll på med fredsaktivism minns jag inte att vi egentligen någonsin diskuterade saken. Vi jobbade med konkreta frågor, för kärnvapennedrustning, mot vapenexport, och det gjorde vi säkert rätt i. Visst fanns en diskussion om huruvida krig ibland kunde ses som rättfärdiga, om freden alltid var att föredra till varje tänkbart pris, för att citera Hoola Bandoolas gamla låt. Pacifisterna hade sina organisationer, antiimperialisterna sina men det vi alla var emot, kriget, förblev i stort sett lika otydligt som, låt oss säga ondskan. Det här har gjort att myterna fått fritt spelrum. Att Sverige har haft fred i över tvåhundra år trots att landet deltagit i krig både med trupper under internationell ledning och genom att sälja vapensystem, eller delar av vapensystem, till krigförande länder är ett exempel på en sådan myt. Men viktigare är de seglivade föreställningarna om stora mäktiga imperier och deras förmåga att garantera fredliga förhållanden. Idealet här är den så kallade Pax Romana under det romerska kejsardömets första tvåhundra år en guldålder som stått modell för begrepp som Pax Britannica, den period mellan Wienkongressen och första världskriget när den brittiska flottan kontrollerade världens handelsvägar, och den så kallade Pax Americana vi numera brukar sägas leva under. Men den romerska freden krävde, precis som den brittiska, ständig krigföring i imperiets periferier för att hålla illusionen vid liv. Och vår tids amerikanska fred bygger på ett globalt system av hundratals militärbaser, ständiga förebyggande krig och hemliga, robotbaserade operationer utan krigsförklaring. Allt till priset av halva världens samlade militärbudget. Med sådana förutsättningar känns utsikterna till en evig fred mest dystopiska. Det så kallade världssamfund som i vår tid upprätthåller den globala ordningen tycks tyvärr förväxla fred med militär och ekonomisk stabilitet. Att läsa Kants lilla traktat idag är ganska nedslående när man ser till hur få av hans idéer som förverkligats ta bara de båda grundläggande förbuden mot yrkesarméer och mot skuldsättning för militära ändamål detta trots idoga försök att bygga permanenta, mellanstatliga institutioner och på så vis ersätta makt med rätt. Man vill ju gärna tro att det är möjligt men rätt ersätter inte makt så länge makten att avgöra vad som är rätt är bortom all rättslig kontroll. Försök själv föreställa dig: den lilla staden någonstans i Jemen; människor samlas till marknad när ett av husen på torget oväntat exploderar. Krig, eller fred? I en rättslös värld spelar den frågan ingen roll. Dan Jönsson, författare och kritiker   Litteratur Immanuel Kant: Om den eviga freden. Översättning Alf W Johansson. Daidalos, 2018.

This lecture is also available on YouTube: 👉http://bit.ly/2FBH4nY Throughout modern history, British and American rivalry has gone hand in hand with common interests. In this book Kathleen Burk examines the different kinds of power the two empires have projected, and the means they have used to do it. What the two empires have shared is a mixture of pragmatism, ruthless commercial drive, a self-righteous foreign policy and plenty of naked aggression. These have been aimed against each other more than once; yet their underlying alliance against common enemies has been historically unique and a defining force throughout the twentieth century. This is a global and epic history of the rise and fall of empires. It ranges from America's futile attempts to conquer Canada to her success in opening up Japan but rapid loss of leadership to Britain; from Britain's success in forcing open China to her loss of the Middle East to the US; and from the American conquest of the Philippines to her destruction of the British Empire. The Pax Americana replaced the Pax Britannica, but now the American world order is fading, threatening Britain's belief in her own world role. Speaker: Kathleen Burk is Professor Emerita of Modern and Contemporary History at University College London. Her general field is international history, concentrating especially on politics, diplomacy and finance. Kathleen specialises in the twentieth century, although publishes on earlier periods as well. Her primary area of research is Anglo-American relations, on which she has published three books and a number of articles, but she has also written on the history of merchant banks, and on international history generally. Furthermore, Kathleen writes on wine and its history, on which she has published a book and a number of articles.' Her newest book, 'The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783-1972', will be published next June.' This lecture is given annually in memory of Professor Saki Ruth Dockrill, who first came to the Department of War Studies in 1983 as a research student supervised by successive Heads of Department, Wolf Mendl and Lawrence Freedman. She went to Yale University as a John M. Olin Fellow in 1988-89 before returning to the Department as a MacArthur Fellow and then in 1992 as a lecturer in war studies; promotion to senior lecturer followed in 1997 and then appointment to a personal chair as Professor of Contemporary History and International Security in 2003. Professor Dockrill was a leading international historian, with four substantial, well researched books to her credit and five edited or co-edited. One of her best books was a study of the defence policy of Harold Wilson's two Labour Governments, 1964-70, and she made a notable contribution to the revival of Wilson's reputation as Prime Minister that had begun in the early 1990s.

Sir David Cannadine, Professor of History at Princeton University, president of the British Academy, and the general editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, narrates the century of Pax Britannica in the Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800-1906 (Viking, 2018). From the successful end of the Napoleonic Wars to the near debacle that was the Boer War, Victorious Century provides a comprehensive view of 19th-century British history in all its aspects: politics, society, art and culture. From Pitt the Younger to the young Winston Churchill, Victorious Century expertly delineates a story of continuity and change in nineteenth-century Britain. All by one of the leading historians writing in the English language today. Charles Coutinho holds a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sir David Cannadine, Professor of History at Princeton University, president of the British Academy, and the general editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, narrates the century of Pax Britannica in the Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800-1906 (Viking, 2018). From the successful end of the Napoleonic Wars to the near debacle that was the Boer War, Victorious Century provides a comprehensive view of 19th-century British history in all its aspects: politics, society, art and culture. From Pitt the Younger to the young Winston Churchill, Victorious Century expertly delineates a story of continuity and change in nineteenth-century Britain. All by one of the leading historians writing in the English language today. Charles Coutinho holds a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sir David Cannadine, Professor of History at Princeton University, president of the British Academy, and the general editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, narrates the century of Pax Britannica in the Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800-1906 (Viking, 2018). From the successful end of the Napoleonic Wars to the near debacle that was the Boer War, Victorious Century provides a comprehensive view of 19th-century British history in all its aspects: politics, society, art and culture. From Pitt the Younger to the young Winston Churchill, Victorious Century expertly delineates a story of continuity and change in nineteenth-century Britain. All by one of the leading historians writing in the English language today. Charles Coutinho holds a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sir David Cannadine, Professor of History at Princeton University, president of the British Academy, and the general editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, narrates the century of Pax Britannica in the Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800-1906 (Viking, 2018). From the successful end of the Napoleonic Wars to the near debacle that was the Boer War, Victorious Century provides a comprehensive view of 19th-century British history in all its aspects: politics, society, art and culture. From Pitt the Younger to the young Winston Churchill, Victorious Century expertly delineates a story of continuity and change in nineteenth-century Britain. All by one of the leading historians writing in the English language today. Charles Coutinho holds a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sir David Cannadine, Professor of History at Princeton University, president of the British Academy, and the general editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, narrates the century of Pax Britannica in the Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800-1906 (Viking, 2018). From the successful end of the Napoleonic Wars to the near debacle that was the Boer War, Victorious Century provides a comprehensive view of 19th-century British history in all its aspects: politics, society, art and culture. From Pitt the Younger to the young Winston Churchill, Victorious Century expertly delineates a story of continuity and change in nineteenth-century Britain. All by one of the leading historians writing in the English language today. Charles Coutinho holds a doctorate in history from New York University. Where he studied with Tony Judt, Stewart Stehlin and McGeorge Bundy. His Ph. D. dissertation was on Anglo-American relations in the run-up to the Suez Crisis of 1956. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. It you have a recent title to suggest for a podcast, please send an e-mail to Charlescoutinho@aol.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

History Professor Wm. Roger Louis of the University of Texas at Austin, a world-renowned expert in British imperial history, discusses the repercussions of two WWI British foreign policy decisions - the Sykes-Picot agreement and the Balfour Declaration - that are still felt across the Middle East to this day. Prof. Louis participated in an international symposium at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute upon the 100th anniversary of the Sykes-Picot agreement. Song: Yael Dekelbaum - Tfilat HaImahot   This season of the Tel Aviv Review is made possible by The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, which promotes humanistic, democratic, and liberal values in the social discourse in Israel.

En este Especial Puñaladas nuestro querido @JuliusLfairfax nos contará detalles e historias de dos juegos impresionantes: República de Roma y Pax Britannica. Esta vez el programa dura el doble de lo habitual pero creemos que merece la pena tratar con cierta profundidad juegos que uno ha sido reeditado (RdR) y otro que puede que lo sea (PB). Como siempre tenéis más detalles en nuestro blog https://jugandoconlosabuelos.blogspot.com y esperamos vuestros comentarios en @AbuelosGames

En este Especial Puñaladas nuestro querido @JuliusLfairfax nos contará detalles e historias de dos juegos impresionantes: República de Roma y Pax Britannica. Esta vez el programa dura el doble de lo habitual pero creemos que merece la pena tratar con cierta profundidad juegos que uno ha sido reeditado (RdR) y otro que puede que lo sea (PB). Como siempre tenéis más detalles en nuestro blog https://jugandoconlosabuelos.blogspot.com y esperamos vuestros comentarios en @AbuelosGames