Podcasts about Sedimentation

Dr. Pierre Julien joined the Colorado State faculty almost 40 years ago, where he worked at CSU's Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics laboratory. His book, Erosion and Sedimentation, is one of my most common references, and several of the algorithms we have in HEC-RAS (particularly for mud and debris flows) come directly from this text.   But while Dr. Julien's textbook includes as many partial differential equations and tensors as any other hydraulics text – maybe more – it also includes “rules of thumb” scattered throughout. I have integrated several of these nuggets of actionable, river mechanics wisdom into my field toolbox.  They are heuristics I use regularly to quickly triage river processes and engineering proposals while standing next to a river or sitting in a meeting. So I was curious if these rules of thumb would make an appearance in our conversation…and I was not disappointed.  We do talk some theory.  He shared a couple great metaphors that helped me visualize some of the complex theoretical principles of fluid mechanics better than I had going into the conversation. But Dr. Julien does, also, intentionally develop these decision heuristics and rules of thumb, to help practitioners quickly rule in or rule out alternatives and they popped up throughout our conversation. Dr Julien won the Einstein award in 2004 and the Hunter Rouse award in 2015 the American Society of Civil Engineers lifetime achievement awards for sediment and hydraulics respectively (which is apt as we ended up talking about both the men those awards were named after).  He was also named a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers - their highest honor - in 2022. Dr. Julien has completed projects world-wide with 50 different agencies including world bank and UNESCO and has guided at least 120 masters students and 44 PhDs from 16 different countries.This series was funded by the Regional Sediment Management (RSM) program.Mike Loretto edited the first three seasons and created the theme music.Tessa Hall is editing most of Season 4.Stanford Gibson (HEC Sediment Specialist) hosts.Video shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website:https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcast...but most of the supplementary videos are available on the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibsonIf you have guest recommendations or feedback you can reach out to me on LinkedIn or ResearchGate or fill out this recommendation and feedback form: https://forms.gle/wWJLVSEYe7S8Cd248

Send us a textIn this conversation, Angela and Shawn discuss the differences between blackwater and greywater. They explain that blackwater comes from toilets, sinks with garbage disposals, and dishwashers, while greywater comes from sinks, showers, and washing machines. They talk about the various ways to treat and reuse greywater, including filtration, sedimentation, biological treatment, and disinfection. They also highlight the environmental impacts of separating blackwater and greywater, such as water conservation, reduction of sewage load, and soil health. Finally, they emphasize the importance of disposing of blackwater appropriately to prevent water pollution and eutrophication.If you have comments or questions about our podcast, you can reach us through this link. To discuss a project or talk to one of our engineers, call 800-348-9843.

In the previous episode, we talked to Dr. Marcelo Garcia about the astonishing compilation of sediment science he edited, the ASCE Sedimentation Manual.   In this episode, we turn to some of his work, covering a wide range of topics, but landing for a while on sedimentation hazards including mud and debris flows, the Bulle Effect, and two transport paradigms (the Bagnold vs the Einstein approaches).  Dr. Garcia is professor at the University of Illinois-Urbana and the director of the Ven Te Chow hydraulic lab.  This series was funded by the Regional Sediment Management (RSM) program.Stanford Gibson (HEC Sediment Specialist) hosts.Mike Loretto edited the episode and wrote and performed the music.Video shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website (which was temporarily down but is back up now):https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcast...but most of the supplementary videos are available on the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibson

Dr. Marcelo Garcia holds an endowed chair in Hydraulics at the University of Illinois-Urbana – where he has taught for more than thirty years, and runs the remarkable Ven Te Chow hydraulic and sediment laboratory. His award page reads like a who's-who of the Legends in our field.  These include but are not limited to:The Einstein Award, the Rouse Award, and the Yalin lifetime achievement award.And he is a Distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the an elected fellow of the American Geophysical Union.And that's all very impressive.  Dr. Garcia is - without question – one of the leading quantitative sediment scientists of his generation.But the quality that made this conversation remarkable, is Marcello's grasp and deep connection with the history of the sediment transport and river mechanics disciplines.It became clear that he sees his work in continuity with the foundational work and scientists that preceded him.  He has effortlessly describes how modern sediment transport principles or puzzles are rooted in the work and lives of our discipline's historic figures.And, well, these are some of the big themes I hoped for with this podcast.This is also why he was uniquely qualified to the 10-year project of compiling the American Society of Civil Engineers Manual of Practice on Sedimentation (110) – arguably the most comprehensive work on sediment science and engineering available. We talked about that project, how he collaborated with dozens of authors to knit together this massive compendium of sediment and river insight.  But in the process, I learned a lot, not only about some of the big ideas in our disciplines, but also the stories of the people behind them and how they became some of our big ideas.The ASCE Manual of Practice is here: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/40856%28200%2994This series was funded by the Regional Sediment Management (RSM) program.Stanford Gibson (HEC Sediment Specialist) hosts.Mike Loretto edited the episode and wrote and performed the music.Video shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website (which was temporarily down but is back up now):https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcast...but most of the supplementary videos are available on the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibson

Jennifer Bountry leads the Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Branch of the US Bureau of Reclamation's Technical Service Center in Denver, CO where she helped to coordinate and draft an interagency guidance document on scaling sediment transport analyses to the project risk.  It is a helpful and important document that I recommend to any group moving towards a dam removal, to help them triage the analyses required for their decommissioning.  Jennifer was also involved in the analyses for the largest anthropogenic dam removal to date, and talked to us about her team's experiences with the Elwha dams.  We wanted to wrap up our reservoir sediment mini-season talking about the final stage in the reservoir sediment life-cycle, and her experiences on the project and national scale made Jennifer an excellent guide into this world.The Dam Removal Analysis Guidelines for Sediment are here:https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/DamRemovalAnalysisGuidelinesForSediment_09-2016_508.pdfDam Removal Cost Triage "Shiny App": https://wrises.shinyapps.io/DamRemovalCostPredictiveModel/Video shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website:(Note: This link was broken and has been fixed)https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcastand the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibson

Dr. George Annandale has been advocating for forward thinking about global water supply for decades...which is more connected to sedimentation processes than you might imagine.  In his book, Quenching the Thirst he makes the case that reservoir sedimentation is one of the major challenges to future water supply and managing sediment at new and existing projects is a critical component of sustainable development.Dr. Annandale has worked on multiple projects at various scales both as a consultant and for the World Bank, and he developed a popular screening tool to help managers evaluate reservoir sediment management techniques at their projects.   We talked about how reservoir sediment processes impact global water supply, the economics behind these trends, and the options available to reverse these trends.    He also describes some of the work he has done on the Mekong River, including the innovative design of Sambor Dam.  George is unquestionably a global leader in reservoir sediment management and was one of its earliest and best know advocates.  This conversation was an excellent way to kick off this season.See Dr. Annandale 's Books:Quenching the Thirst andScour Technology (which we didn't talk about, but is one of the most important works on rock scour and erosion in the field)The RESCON software and documenation are here:https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-resources/tool-reservoir-conservation-model-rescon-2-betaVideo shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website:(Note: This link was broken and has been fixed)https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcastand the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibson

Objective: Determine the significance and clinical use of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in clinical practice   Lab Test Name: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate- ESR   Description: The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test measures sedimentation of Red Blood Cells (RBCs).  In normal conditions, RBCs settle or sediment very little.  Inflammation affects proteins in the blood causing RBCs to stick and settle together out of the liquid portion of the blood.   Indications: Identifies inflammation which assists in diagnosing: Cancer Infection Autoimmune diseases   Normal Therapeutic Values: Normal – 0-20 mm/hr   What would cause increased levels? Increased Conditions: Anemia Chronic Renal Failure Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Infection Tuberculosis Pregnancy Polymyalgia Rheumatica Multiple myeloma Medications: Oral contraceptives Theophylline Vitamin A   What would cause decreased levels? Decreased Conditions: Sickle cell anemia Polycythemia Vera Leukocytosis Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Medications: Aspirin Cortisone Quinine

In memory of the late Paul Komar, this episode of the American Shoreline Podcast is a rerun of the original episode from November 2018. Co-hosts Peter Ravella and Tyler Buckingham are joined by Paul, emeritus Professor of Oceanography at Oregon State University, where he discusses his research on coastal processes, climate controls on U.S. West Coast processes, and resulting erosion problems. Paul shares his experiences in the field of oceanography, his investigations along the West Coast of the United States, the Nile Delta of Egypt, and the coast of New Zealand, and his two books including Beach Processes and Sedimentation published by Prentice-Hall. Paul, 85, passed away on Wednesday, February 22, 2023. This rerun is a tribute to his contributions to the field of oceanography and in honor of his memory.

 John Remus leads a team of Corps of Engineers, sediment and river engineering, subject-matter experts.  This team (which I like to call "the Sediment Avengers") deploys to the Corps' most problematic sediment and morphological challenges around the country.  And that's a fitting role for the man who manages the river sometimes called the "Big Muddy."  In his "day job," John is currently the the chief of the Corps Missouri River Basin Water Management Division where he leads the team that manages the massive reservoirs on the upper Missouri.But for most of his career John led the Sedimentation and Reservoirs branch at the Corps' Omaha district.  Over the years I made two observations about this branch: 1) it was the only Corps-District Branch with an specific sedimentation mission and 2) it generated a remarkable amount of sediment analysis and river mechanics talent...which always made a lot of sense to me, given how much I've learned from John Remus over the years.    Video shorts and other bonus content are available at the podcast website:(Note: This link was broken and has been fixed)https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rastraining/latest/the-rsm-river-mechanics-podcastand the HEC Sediment YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/stanfordgibson

Today we are joined by Dr. Zo Kreager, whom is a trained geologist with a research focus on how geologists visually perceive diagrams and best practices for teaching university level geoscience courses. She has won the outstanding graduate teaching assistant award twice and is currently an Assistant Professor of Geology at SUNY Oneonta.She has published numerous articles like "Seeing Like a Geologist: How Expertise and Context Impact Frame-of-Reference Judgments" & her latest being featured in Geosphere from the Geological Society of Americca about how "Spatial skill predicts success on sequence stratigraphic interpretation." 1. https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/groundwork/G423GW/GSATG423GW.pdf2. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article/18/2/750/612178/Spatial-skill-predicts-success-on-sequenceIf you know any women in the STEM field or you yourself would like to be part of this project, please send an email to mindyourstem@gmail.com.Instagram: @mindyourstemFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/MindyourSTEM

Get a free nursing lab values cheat sheet at NURSING.com/63labs   Objective: Determine the significance and clinical use of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in clinical practice   Lab Test Name: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate- ESR   Description: The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test measures sedimentation of Red Blood Cells (RBCs).  In normal conditions, RBCs settle or sediment very little.  Inflammation affects proteins in the blood causing RBCs to stick and settle together out of the liquid portion of the blood.   Indications: Identifies inflammation which assists in diagnosing: Cancer Infection Autoimmune diseases   Normal Therapeutic Values: Normal – 0-20 mm/hr   What would cause increased levels? Increased Conditions: Anemia Chronic Renal Failure Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Infection Tuberculosis Pregnancy Polymyalgia Rheumatica Multiple myeloma Medications: Oral contraceptives Theophylline Vitamin A   What would cause decreased levels? Decreased Conditions: Sickle cell anemia Polycythemia Vera Leukocytosis Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Medications: Aspirin Cortisone Quinine

Basenjis may be able to help prevent clogging in your buffet lines, according to a study published in the journal Sedimentation and Contaminant Transport. Lilias, a noblewoman who lived during the Byzantine Empire, is the subject of a new exhibit at the Wallace Collection. And armadillos have become one of the most popular pets in recent years, but are they harming the environment? Richard Karp joins Lexman to talk about all these topics.

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate from the Pathology section. Follow Medbullets on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficialx Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbulletsIn this episode --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

John Mackay the Creation Guy and Joseph Hubbard from Creation Research join Standing For Truth Ministries for an important two day event that focuses on: History and Theory of Sedimentation, Sediment Formation, The Boundaries of the Flood (Pre/Flood/Post). Originally streamed live on Standing for Truth April 4, 2022

So you want to build something? Good! If your project will disturb more than 5,000 square feet in Pennsylvania. make sure you have a plan. An erosion and sedimentation plan or E&S plan is one of the first steps in making sure the water stays clean and your soil stays on site. Join us as we discuss small plans and what they need to be effective.

Roy L Hales/ Cortes Currents - As the second year comes to an end, Project Manager Miranda Cross described the growth of a sediment island within the new Dillon Creek wetland on Cortes Island and gave an overview of the restoration project. This project arose as a response to the algae blooms in Hague and Gunflint Lakes. Nutrients are entering the lakes from septic tanks, gardens, ditches, roads, creeks and livestock around the shore of the lakes. After several years of monitoring the situation, a Friends of Cortes Island (FOCI) feasibility study concluded that they restore the wetlands on Linnaea Farm to help remove nutrients from waters entering the lakes from Dillon Creek. “It's a three-year project. So in the first year we were doing planning and permitting, getting everything in place. In year two, which is just coming to an end at the end of March, we had construction and revegetation. And in year three, we'll be continuing monitoring,” said Cross. They will probably do some work in the upper Dillon Creek area this coming season, but have not yet decided what that will look like. She reiterated the fact that Dillon Creek is one of many sources of nutrients entering the lake. “Take a canoe and circle around the edges of the lakeshore. Look at all the places that water comes into the lake. In pretty much every single inlet you see these growing deltas of sediment being deposited and that's because pretty much every inlet has been modified by humans, whether it's roads or farms or homes,” explained Cross. “The exception to that would be little forest streams that are coming in from Kw'as Park, an area that hasn't been ditched and drained.” One of the most intriguing developments in the new wetlands, at the mouth of Dillon Creek, is a growing sediment island. Cross estimates that it is composed of the equivalent of at least eight tandem sized dump truck loads of material from the creek. This was carried by fast channelized water travelling through the creek at high water. “When it hits still water like the lake or a wetland, then all that sediment drops because it's not moving anymore,” she said. Cross said this proves the wetlands is effectively filtering out nutrients that would otherwise have entered Gunflint Lake. “This is a huge success for the project.” But it also suggests that septic systems, runoff from farms and gardens etc are not the only source of nutrients entering the lakes. 
“Soil, I think, is one of the nutrient sources that is often overlooked and it's a very large source of nutrients,” said Cross.”Soil particles carry nutrients, particularly silt, and when they're deposited into the lake through biological and chemical processes, the nutrients get released and that's what feeds the algae.”

In this episode of Backyard Geology, Serena takes you to Drumheller, Alberta, home to the largest known assembly of cretaceous fossils, including those of dinosaurs. Sedimentation on the coastal region of the Western Interior Seaway about 70 million years ago preserved the remains of dinosaurs, amphibians and fish and more recent erosional processes have uncovered these fossils to be excavated and studies by paleontologists. Today, Drumheller is a popular tourist destination for its fossils, badlands and spectacular sunsets.

In this episode of Backyard Geology, Serena takes you to Drumheller, Alberta, home to the largest known assembly of cretaceous fossils, including those of dinosaurs. Sedimentation on the coastal region of the Western Interior Seaway about 70 million years ago preserved the remains of dinosaurs, amphibians and fish and more recent erosional processes have uncovered […]

On this special rebroadcast, Peter A. Ravella and Tyler Buckingham are joined by Paul Komar, emeritus Professor of Oceanography at Oregon State University, where he has been on the faculty since 1970. He received a M.S. degree in Geology at the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Professor Komar's research interests have focused primarily on coastal processes, including investigations of wave-induced nearshore currents and the resulting transport of beach sediments. His recent research has centered on the climate controls on U.S. West Coast processes and the resulting erosion problems, including those associated with occurrences of major El Ninos and a progressive increase in North Pacific wave heights. As well as having undertaken research along the West Coast of the United States, Professor Komar's investigations have included the Nile Delta of Egypt and the coast of New Zealand. He is author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed scientific papers, and two books including Beach Processes and Sedimentation published by Prentice-Hall (1976 and 1998). Paul gave the keynote address at the ASBPA Awards Luncheon at the 2018 National Conference, where we recorded this show.

Goodday Class- Here are the 3 treatment of Water for Town Supply

This episode: Bacteria can resist the force of gravity in liquid culture by covering themselves with goopy sugar polymers like parachutes! Download Episode (10.4 MB, 15.2 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Brevicoryne brassicae virus   Takeaways Put bacteria in a centrifuge, and most of the time you end up with a compact pellet of cells at the bottom of the tube, and mostly cell-free liquid above it. Bacteria do have ways to remain suspended in liquid, even without constant stirring or shaking of the container, but swimming, for example, consumes energy.   In this study, artificial selection allowed the discovery of bacteria that could resist centrifuging speeds up to 15000 times the force of gravity, remaining suspended in liquid instead of forming a pellet. Production of polysaccharide was important, but not sufficient; for the most resistance to sinking, bacteria had to attach the polysaccharide to their cell surface, to act as a sort of parachute.   Journal Paper: Kessler NG, Caraballo Delgado DM, Shah NK, Dickinson JA, Moore SD. 2021. Exopolysaccharide Anchoring Creates an Extreme Resistance to Sedimentation. J Bacteriol 203(11):e00023-21. Other interesting stories: Engineered probiotic yeast could help prevent vitamin A deficiency   Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Android, or RSS. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook.

Today, I am blessed to have here with me for a second time, Dr. Nasha Winters. She has been on a personal journey with cancer for the last 27 years. Her quest to save her own life has transformed into a mission to support others on a similar journey. Dr. Nasha travels the world to explore integrative cancer clinics, vet cancer protocols for research projects, speak at conferences, and meet with colleagues to help them apply metabolic approaches with their patients. Dr. Nasha offers doctor-to-doctor consultations and intensive mentorships for clinicians who want to more deeply understand metabolic and integrative approaches to cancer. In this episode, Dr. Nasha goes into depth about the processes happening to your cells and your body during cancer. She advises us on how to process the loss of someone you love, all the way to sharing her favorite inflammatory markers. In between, Dr. Nasha explains how we can expand our lifespan by taking care of our mitochondria and the importance of fasting and ketosis during radiation therapy. Dr. Nasha also speaks about different cancer theories in the medical field and why she finds one more hopeful than the other. Pre Order Keto Flex: http://www.ketoflexbook.com -------------------------------------------------------- / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  PureForm Omega Plant Based Oils (Best Alternative to Fish Oil): http://www.purelifescience.com Use ben4 for $4.00 off. Upgraded Formulas Hair Mineral Deficiency Analysis & Supplements: http://www.upgradedformulas.com Use BEN10 at checkout for 10% off your order.  Text me +1 (786) 364-5002 [01:45] How To Process The Loss Of Somebody You Love And Adore There are only two promises in this world: being born and dying. Even though we intellectually understand death, it's definitely still very painful. At 19, Dr. Nasha met her own diagnosis. It took a long time for Dr. Nasha to really come to terms with understanding death and dying. However, It's not something we're taught in our culture. Yet when you work with chronically ill people with cancer, you're going to see it, and you're going to see it often. Nasha learned to understand that death and dying look exactly the same. They're just an unbelievable passing through a particular threshold; they are not as scary and ugly as we've made them out to be in our world. Death is a powerful threshold; it is a very normal process of life. [09:40] What We Can Do To Extend Our Lifespan Our fountain of youth resides in the health and wealth of our mitochondria. Nasha explains that, unfortunately, new beings are entering this planet with their mitochondria already somewhat polluted and damaged. Then, the longer you are on this planet, and the more you neglect your health, the more damage you do to your mitochondria as well. These mitochondrial conditions make you age faster and be more susceptible to chronic illness processes. Nasha emphasizes that preventative care is key to heading off these conditions and extending our lifespan. There are many easy ways to access what is actually happening in your body, and as a culture, we need to start caring about not just feeling fine but being optimally healthy. Whether people like it or not, this "optimal health" is heavily influenced not only by physical factors, but by our life experiences, emotional intelligence, resilience to stressors, and other important mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of our life. [21:12] Metabolic vs. Somatic Theories of Cancer Explained By Dr. Nasha Somatic theory is the concept that our DNA accumulates damages to its structure over time and then sets off a path to a cancering process. This theory supports the idea that cancer is a “bad luck game” and you’re just either going to get it or you’re not. Nasha does not subscribe to this thought process. It creates the idea that you are powerless, and powerlessness is an incredible toxin. Metabolic theory instead conceptualizes that we can see where the cancer cells stem from and that we can make a difference. From our thoughts to our food, to the water we drink and the air we breathe, everything around us affects our mitochondria. Our mitochondria are the “genome protectors;” the key to warding off cancerous cells. So keeping them healthy is crucial. This is where Dr. Nasha sees hope in the vision of cancer, that we can make a difference. [28:12] What Is Affecting Cancerous Cell Replication + What You Can Do About It Once an unhealthy cell switches its fuel source to sugar and starts replicating, it will just keep replicating. Our ability to break to kill off those damaged, dysfunctional or rogue cells is under the complete guidance of our mitochondria. So if our mitochondria are unhealthy, damaged, or inefficient, they cannot stop the attacks. But if you get your body fat down and build up your muscle, you actually start to increase your storage and effectiveness, and efficiency of your mitochondria. Nasha has found that she can help patients take the mitochondria they have and strengthen them through powerful tools like intermittent fasting, cryotherapy, and more. Unfortunately, the pharmaceutical industry can’t get rich off these tools, so they push it to the back. All while we keep trying to find the pharmaceutical answer to the ancient wisdom that's been available to us all along. [37:47] The Importance of Metabolic Flexibility Nasha has found that the vast majority of her patients are not very metabolically flexible. Most people in their normal lives tend to eat something every 2 to 3 hours and also like to indulge in a little snack or sweet treat between dinner and bed. However, learning to fast can be extremely important. In a 1909 study, it was found that simply fasting cytotoxically reduced the size of a tumor. So, if you take fasting and pair it with chemo, you get a synergy, like a double whammy. All while protecting those healthy mitochondria from the damaging effects of that chemo or that radiation. Yet, most oncologists still aren't full-heartedly supporting their patients fasting during chemo. [46:23] How Exogenous Ketones Help During Radiation Nasha emphasizes that just taking exogenous ketones will never be as good as doing ketogenesis the old fashion way. However, exogenous ketones can help to give a running start to people who are new to low carb or need to get primed for a particular chemotherapy. They also help reduce the withdrawal from carbs that most patients feel at first, giving your psychology time to catch up with your physiology. Exogenous ketones can even pack an extra punch for folks who are already fat-adapted during radiation to protect the healthy tissues. This is also important for patients that have brain tumors, for instance, because the steroids they might be taking make it almost impossible to get into therapeutic ketosis. Another great way to get into ketosis is a three-day water fast. Those doing this around their chemo find exogenous ketones keep them feeling pretty good. [50:18] What Level of Ketones Are Optimal For Radiation + Therapeutic Ketosis Ideally, Dr. Nasha wants them in therapeutic ketosis, which is above three on the Keto-Mojo. For people to get into a level of three and higher, you have to be very metabolically flexible and/or taking exogenous ketones. What gets someone to a certain level of ketones is unique to the person. Not only are bodies unique on their own, but all the stress and different medications can make it even harder to get into ketosis during cancer treatment. The point being, don't beat yourself up if it is harder for you to get into ketosis than someone else. [53:40] Dr. Nasha’s Favorite Inflammatory Markers Nasha’s trifecta: C Reactive Protein (CRP), Sedimentation Rate (ESR), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) CRP is prognostic for many things. If you have an elevated CRP at the time of your breast cancer diagnosis or colorectal cancer diagnosis, you have a poor prognosis. Sedimentation rate tells you how fast your blood cells fall out of plasma. If the cells fall out fast, that is good; you want flow in your blood. If they fall out slow, your blood is more gelatinous and also means you have more inflammation in your tissues. LDH is the most important test for your metabolic health. If your LDH is high, your mitochondria are off. When using this trifecta as a collective, they are more sensitive and specific than any other cancer marker Dr. Nasha has seen. AND MUCH MORE! Resources from this episode: Check out Dr. Nasha: https://www.drnasha.com Follow Dr. Nasha Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drnashawinters/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/drnashawinters LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nasha-winters-796374b6/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCn932xLBUY91v9OHE0YuR6A Get The Metabolic Approach to Cancer: Integrating Deep Nutrition, the Ketogenic Diet, and Nontoxic Bio-Individualized Therapies: https://www.amazon.com/Metabolic-Approach-Cancer-Integrating-Bio-Individualized/dp/1603586865/benazadi-20 Listen to Keto For Cancer, Fasting & Autophagy, Busting Cancer Myths – Dr. Nasha Winters KKP 12: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-keto-kamp-podcast-with-ben-azadi/episode/keto-for-cancer-fasting-autophagy-busting-cancer-myths-dr-nasha-winters-kkp-12-62866662 Join the Keto Kamp Academy: https://ketokampacademy.com/7-day-trial-a Watch Keto Kamp on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUh_MOM621MvpW_HLtfkLyQ Pre Order Keto Flex: http://www.ketoflexbook.com

In The Moment … January 5th, 2021 Show 966 Hour 1 Members of the public are invited to provide input about the management of the Gavins Point Dam and Lews and Clark Lake. It's one of the state's popular resort parks, and the lake has a sedimentation problem. Guests: Tim Cowman, South Dakota's State Geologist and the director of the South Dakota Geological Survey, and Mark Rath, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Find the In the Moment Podcast on Apple , Spotify , and Google Play . Plus, watch interviews from our show on YouTube .

Dear Listeners, The C-Reactive Protein and the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate are both lab tests used to measure inflammation in the body. They are usually elevated during infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases.  The CRP is produced by the liver shortly after the offending process so it is a direct measure of inflammation. The ESR is based […] The post Podcast 69: C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate appeared first on Primary Medicine Podcast.

This week we discuss the story of the living son of a Virginia slave, and what his story might mean for us today. And, I speak with Professor Kristen Hourigan of the California State University-Los Angeles about her recent paper titled “Girls Try, Boys Aim High: Exposing Difference in Implied Ability, Activity, and Agency of Girls Versus Boys in Language on McDonald’s Happy Meal Boxes.” The paper is to be published in the journal Sex Roles, and is sole-authored. Segment 1 -- Kristen Hourigan on “Girls Try, Boys Aim High: Exposing Difference in Implied Ability, Activity, and Agency of Girls Versus Boys in Language on McDonald's Happy Meal Boxes." Segment 2 -- Sociological reflections on a living son of a slave.

During the 2017 International Erosion Control Association conference, IECA board member and Eureka, California-based Natural Resources Services Division Director Craig Benson sat down with Geosynthetica to discuss watershed health, including how sedimentation and dams can have a healthy place in the environment. This episode comes from the first season of Geosynthetica's GeoTalk podcast.

James Frankham is on a war path. The publisher of New Zealand Geographic and outdoor adventurer is outraged by the decline of the Hauraki Gulf, the so-called jewel in Auckland’s crown. The State of the Gulf 2020 report reveals that overfishing, sedimentation, pollution, political failures and ignorance have combined to push this precious habitat to near collapse. We spoke to James about what can be done, how long the Gulf has got, his work with NZ Geo, virtual reality and his hopes that his children, like he did, will see rays feeding in Waiheke’s rockpools. About JamesJames is the publisher of the multi-award-winning New Zealand Geographic, an adventurer and advocate for the great outdoors. In 2019 he was a named a Blake Leader by the Sir Peter Blake Trust for his work in using virtual reality to showcase undersea habitats. Visit NZ GeoSee the VR workAnd read the State of the Gulf report

America’s reservoirs are filling up with sediment. A leading expert at the Bureau of Reclamation says reservoir sedimentation is like cholesterol in your arteries. You can feel fine until you have a heart attack or stroke....

Tim Ingold, Professor of Social Anthropology at University of Aberdeen, talks to Ben Spatz about the difference between anthropology and ethnography, the importance of collaboration, skilled practice and playing the cello, why he finds the idea of the body problematic, and why he thinks of people as human becomings rather than beings.

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Peter A. Ravella and Tyler Buckingham are joined by Paul Komar, emeritus Professor of Oceanography at Oregon State University, where he has been on the faculty since 1970. He received a M.S. degree in Geology at the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Professor Komar's research interests have focused primarily on coastal processes, including investigations of wave-induced nearshore currents and the resulting transport of beach sediments. His recent research has centered on the climate controls on U.S. West Coast processes and the resulting erosion problems, including those associated with occurrences of major El Ninos and a progressive increase in North Pacific wave heights. As well as having undertaken research along the West Coast of the United States, Professor Komar's investigations have included the Nile Delta of Egypt and the coast of New Zealand. He is author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed scientific papers, and two books including Beach Processes and Sedimentation published by Prentice-Hall (1976 and 1998). Paul gave the keynote address at the ASBPA Awards Luncheon at this years National Conference, where we recorded this show.

[Episode 75] What's with God telling the Serpent it would crawl on the ground? Let's find out what the creation community has uncovered about snakes, legs, and dust. Then it's a bit of creation worldview thinking with real time experiments on a big scale at a ministry in Australia, followed up with the least messy way to do homespun experiments- in a baggie!

Dr. Eve Brantley, an extension specialist and associate professor with Auburn University’s Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences Department in the renowned College of Agriculture, discusses the lag in adoption of strong erosion and sediment control programs and how to create effective education to improve this situation.

Dr. Eve Brantley, an extension specialist and associate professor with Auburn University’s Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences Department in the renowned College of Agriculture, discusses the lag in adoption of strong erosion and sediment control programs and how to create effective education to improve this situation.

International Erosion Control Association board member and Eureka, California-based Natural Resources Services Division Director Craig Benson discusses watershed health, including how sedimentation and dams can have a healthy place in the environment.

International Erosion Control Association board member and Eureka, California-based Natural Resources Services Division Director Craig Benson discusses watershed health, including how sedimentation and dams can have a healthy place in the environment.

Listen to learn more...

Listen to learn more...

Listen to learn more...

Eva-Maria Walz und Kathrin Kadel studieren Mathematik und Verfahrenstechnik am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) und trafen sich in einem Softwarepraktikum zu Strömungssimulationen von Mathias Krause und erhielten darauf die Chance auf ein Auslandspraktikum am City College of New York (CCNY) in den USA, von dem sie uns im Gespräch mit Gudrun Thäter erzählen. Die ersten Eindrücke waren überwältigend; auf der einen Seite Campusgebäude wie Kathedralen, auf der anderen Seite sehr viel Sicherheitspersonal und häufige Ausweiskontrollen. Nachdem die ersten organisatorischen Hürden überwunden waren, konnten sie sehr schnell in der Gruppe um Prof. Taehun Lee (Ph.D.) mitarbeiten. Ihr Thema war die Sedimentation von Partikeln einmal auf Basis von OpenFOAM und einmal auf Basis von OpenLB. Speziell ging es um die Modellierung von kreis- und kugelförmigen Partikeln und der Interaktion zweier Partikel und dem Vergleich von Ergebnissen und Performance. Die beiden wurden während ihres Praktikums sowohl von der Gruppe in New York als auch von der Gruppe in Karlsruhe weiter betreut und hatten die Gelegenheit an externen Workshops in New York teilzunehmen. Sehr spannend fanden die beiden auch den Einblick in die andere Lehr- und Lernkultur in den Vereinigten Staaten. Da das Praktikum in die Zeit der Präsidentschaftswahl 2016 fiel, war ihr Aufenthalt geprägt von rückschrittlichen Einstellungen zur Immigration, der geschlechtlichen Gleichberechtigung und Rolle der Bildung in der Gesellschaft. Neben den Reaktionen auf die Wahl in der Gesellschaft erlebten sie auch die Reaktionen der internationalen Forschungsgruppe, bei der sie zu Gast waren. Der Aufenthalt wäre ohne Baden-Württemberg-Stipendium nicht möglich gewesen und die Wohnungssuche ist in einer Stadt wie New York nur vor Ort möglich. Die Organisation für einen akademischen Aufenthalt sollte man auf jeden Fall mit viel zeitlichem Vorlauf einplanen. Die Chancen durch einen Auslandsaufenthalt sind aber immer den Aufwand für die Organisation wert.

The post Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) appeared first on NURSING.com.

There is a bit of a controversy surrounding the amount of coral decline in the Indo-Pacific, which holds 75% of the coral species in the world. A research paper by John Bruno and Elizabeth Selig used quantitative methods to show that coral cover has declined 21% over the past 23 years. Listen to the podcast to find out more. Support the Podcast: http://www.speakupforblue.com/patreon Shop for the Ocean: http://www.speakupforblue.com/shop 10 Ocean Tips to Conserve the Ocean: http://www.speakupforblue.com/wordpress/sufb_optinpdf Show Notes: http://www.speakupforblue.com/session78

This week Shannon talks about back to back field trips, broken airplanes, and rain. John relates a story about a strange northeast tradition and shares a traffic related fun paper. Shannon’s Trip Paper about zebra dolomite Sand Bar Videos Glen Canyon Dam Hoover Dam Riffle Lee’s Ferry Kring Paper in Episode 30 Meteor Crater Lowell Observatory Punkin’ Chunkin’ Howard, PA Chunkin’ Website Graupel World Championship Punkin Chunkin Smokin’ Lamas Fun Paper Friday Have you ever been stuck in traffic and wondered why the traffic jam moves like a wave? This week we discuss the dynamics of traffic jams. Giant traffic jam in China Kerner, B. S. (1998). Experimental features of self-organization in traffic flow. Physical Review Letters, 81(17), 3797–3800. http://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.81.3797 Flynn, Morris R., et al. “Self-sustained nonlinear waves in traffic flow.” Physical Review E 79.5 (2009): 056113. Contact us: Show - www.dontpanicgeocast.com - @dontpanicgeo - show@dontpanicgeocast.com John Leeman - www.johnrleeman.com - @geo_leeman Shannon Dulin - @ShannonDulin

Thu, 5 Feb 2015 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18285/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18285/1/Douillet_Guilhem_Amin.pdf Douillet, Guilhem Amin ddc:550, ddc:500, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften

Der Beitrag der Luftfahrt am gesamten anthropogenen Strahlungsantrieb beträgt 3-8 %. Mit steigendem Luftverkehrsaufkommen um etwa 5 % jährlich wächst dieser Beitrag stetig an. Kondensstreifenzirren machen den größten Anteil an der Klimawirkung des Luftverkehrs aus. Die Ergebnisse der bisherigen Studien sind aber noch mit großen Unsicherheiten versehen. Mit dem Ziel einer realistischeren Darstellung von Kondensstreifenzirren und genaueren Validierungsmöglichkeiten der Kondensstreifenzirren-Parametrisierung im Klimamodell wird in dieser Arbeit die Parametrisierung der mikrophysikalischen und optischen Eigenschaften von Kondensstreifenzirren, welche einen großen Einfluss auf deren Klimawirksamkeit haben, verbessert. Als Vorarbeit musste das im Klimamodell ECHAM5 verwendete Zwei-Momenten-Schema für natürliche Wolken in Bezug auf die Konsistenz der Mikrophysik mit einem fraktionellen Bedeckungsgradschema modifiziert werden. Zudem wurde die Nukleationsparametrisierung um den Einfluss durch präexistierendes Eis erweitert. Die für ECHAM4 entwickelte Kondensstreifenzirren-Parametrisierung wurde in ECHAM5 übertragen und um das Zwei- Momenten-Schema erweitert. Neben dem Eiswassergehalt wird damit auch die Eispartikelanzahldichte im Modell prognostiziert. Folglich kann die mittlere Eispartikelgröße bestimmt werden. Es stellte sich heraus, dass genaue Informationen über die Ausdehnung des Volumens der Kondensstreifenzirren wichtig für die Darstellung der mikrophysikalischen und optischen Eigenschaften der Kondensstreifenzirren sind. Der Einfluss von Diffusion und Sedimentation auf die Vergrößerung des Volumens der Kondensstreifenzirren wurde im Modell parametrisiert. Das Ergebnis zeigt eine ähnliche globale Verteilung der Kondensstreifenzirren wie in der Studie mit ECHAM4. Die Bedeckungsgrade sind jedoch höher, zeigen aber im Vergleich mit Satellitendaten gute Übereinstimmungen. Die optische Dicke orientiert sich einerseits an der Höhe des Eiswassergehalts. Beide zeigen Maxima in den Tropen, wo die Menge des kondensierbaren Wasserdampfs hoch ist. Andererseits orientiert sich die globale Verteilung der mikrophysikalischen und optischen Eigenschaften, anders als in früheren Studien, stark an der Flugverkehrsdichte. Durch häufige Bildung von Eispartikeln in den Hauptfluggebieten bleibt die Eispartikelanzahldichte groß und die mittlere Partikelgröße klein. Folglich ist die optische Dicke in diesen Gebieten durch die Berücksichtigung der Eispartikelanzahldichte höher als in früheren Studien. Wenn man, wie in früheren Studien, das Strahlungschema mit einer Beschränkung auf größere Eispartikel anwendet, ist der Strahlungsantrieb mit 29 mW/m2 im Vergleich zur vorangegangenen Studie in ECHAM4 etwas geringer. Emittierte Rußpartikel aus den Flugzeugtriebwerken stellen eine dominierende Quelle der Eispartikel in Kondensstreifenzirren dar. Die erweiterte Parametrisierung von Kondensstreifenzirren im Modell ist Voraussetzung für eine Studie über den Einfluss einer Rußemissionsänderung auf den Strahlungsantrieb von Kondensstreifenzirren. Bei einer angenommenen Reduzierung der initialen Eispartikelanzahldichte um 80 % werden die Eispartikel größer und die optische Dicke kleiner. Der Bedeckungsgrad der sichtbaren Kondensstreifenzirren veringert sich um mehr als die Hälfte, jedoch wurde die Vermutung, dass sich die Lebensdauer der Kondensstreifenzirren durch die Bildung größerer Eispartikel verkürzt, nicht bestätigt.

Devin joins J.P. Greeson from the Texas Fishing Forum on a fishing trip to Lake Texoma. While there, Devin discusses sedimentation and the natural history of the area.Click HERE to download

Some of Britain’s most dramatic scenery is to be found in the Scottish Highlands. The sight of mighty Ben Nevis, the desolate plateau of the Cairngorms, or the imposing landscapes of Glen Coe can unleash the call of the wild in all of us. Although these landforms were largely carved by glacial activity that ended some 10,000 years ago, the rocks themselves tell of a much older history. The Highlands are merely eroded stumps of a much higher range of ancient mountains. This unit is an account of the origin and demise of that ancient mountain range, based on the geological evidence laid before us in rock exposures. This study unit is just one of many that can be found on LearningSpace, part of OpenLearn, a collection of open educational resources from The Open University. Published in ePub 2.0.1 format, some feature such as audio, video and linked PDF are not supported by all ePub readers.

Der in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu beobachtende globale Temperaturanstieg wurde teilweise durch anthropogene Emissionen verursacht. Der Flugverkehr trägt durch den Eintrag von direkt oder indirekt strahlungswirksamen Gasen und der Änderung der hohen Bewölkung ebenfalls zum Klimawandel bei. Die größte Unsicherheit besteht momentan bei der Bewertung des Strahlungsantriebs durch gealterte Kondensstreifen, die auch als flugzeuginduzierte Zirren klassifiziert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Übergang von Kondensstreifen in Zirren mittels numerischer Methoden untersucht und die Entwicklung der geometrischen, mikrophysikalischen und optischen Eigenschaften beleuchtet. Dazu wurde die Entwicklung der Kondensstreifen während der Wirbelphase und der Dispersionsphase separat betrachtet. Unter Verwendung eines vorhandenen LES-Modells mit Eismikrophysik wurde ein 2D-Modell zur Kondensstreifenmodellierung entworfen, das aufgrund seiner Konzipierung eine Vielzahl von Simulationen zuläßt. Somit kann der Einfluß von vielen Parametern wie z.B. der relativen Feuchte, Temperatur, Windscherung oder des Strahlungsszenarios systematisch untersucht werden. Insbesondere wurde ein Modul entwickelt, das im 2D-Modell einen realistischen Wirbelzerfall während der Wirbelphase sicherstellt. Während des Wirbelabsinkens tritt im primären Nachlauf Eiskristallverlust auf und abhängig von der Feuchte (Eisübersättigung) und Temperatur der Umgebungsluft verdampft ein Großteil der Eiskristalle. Bei bestimmten Feuchte- und Temperaturkombinationen hängt die Anzahl überlebender Eiskristalle sensitiv von der Schichtung der Atmosphäre und der Hintergrundturbulenz ab, da diese Größen den Wirbelzerfall beeinflußen. Im Maximalfall überleben 70% der Eiskristalle die Wirbelphase. Bei geringen Übersättigungen und hohen Temperaturen verdampfen alle Eiskristalle im primären Nachlauf und der Kondensstreifen besteht dann nur aus dem sekundärem Nachlauf. Während der Dispersionsphase verbreitern sich Kondensstreifen durch Scherung und in geringerem Maße durch turbulente Diffusion und es findet der Übergang in flugzeuginduzierte Zirren statt. Eine substanzielle Verbreiterung der Kondensstreifen ist nur bei Umgebungsfeuchten größer 120% sichtbar. Die Klimawirksamkeit der Kondensstreifen hängt hauptsächlich von der relativen Feuchte und in kleinerem Maße von der Temperatur und der Scherung ab. In den Standarduntersuchungen sind im Modell die Hintergrundbedingungen statisch angenommen und es tritt kein großräumiges Aufgleiten oder Absinken der Luftmassen auf. In diesem Fall ist die Lebenszeit der Kondensstreifen aufgrund der Sedimentation begrenzt und beträgt zwischen 4-6 Stunden. Der Strahlungseinfluß führt bei geeigneten Umgebungsbedingungen zu einem Aufgleiten der Kondensstreifen, wodurch deren Auflösung aufgrund des zusätzlichen Wasserdampfangebotes verlangsamt wird. Sofern die Kondensstreifen nicht durch synoptischskaliges Aufgleiten der gesamten Luftschicht gestärkt werden, nimmt die optische Dicke der Kondensstreifen mit der Zeit ab, weil die Eiskristallkonzentrationen sowie Eiswassergehalte verdünnt werden und das Höhenwachstum des Kondensstreifens gering ist.

Die Aufenthaltsdauer von Staub in protoplanetaren Scheiben ist zeitlich begrenzt, da die Staubmaterie durch Reibung mit dem Gas an Drehimpuls verliert und auf das Zentralgestirn driftet. In einer turbulenten Scheibe geschieht dies in Zeitspannen, die kürzer sind, als die typischen Wachstumszeitskalen von Staub hin zu Planetesima- len, so daß nicht mehr ausreichend Staubmaterie zur Planetenbildung zur Verfügung steht. Diese Zeitskalenproblematik wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit anhand eines konvektiv- turbulenten Scheibenmodells ausführlich diskutiert. Da eine globale Sichtweise der Staubentwicklung erwünscht ist, wird einem analytischen Modell gegenüber einem numerischen der Vorzug gegeben. Es werden die hydrodynamischen Gleichungen in radialer und vertikaler Richtung unabhängig voneinander für Bedingungen in einer protoplanetaren Scheibe weitestgehend gelöst und im Grenzfall analytische Nähe- rungen vorgeschlagen. Die Einführung einer stationären Lösung für die vertikale Verteilung der Staubmaterie ermöglicht es, eine Verbindung zwischen theoretischem Modell und beobachtbaren Größen wie Akkretionsrate und Opazität herzustellen. Um das Problem der Wachstumszeitskalen zu lösen, wird erstmals die Fragestellung diskutiert, ob die Aufladung von Staub den Wachstumsprozeß in protoplanetaren Scheiben beschleunigen kann. Bei den bisherigen Rechnungen zur Staubkoagulation wurde allein der geometrische Koagulationsquerschnitt berücksichtigt. In Experimenten zum Wachstum von geladenen Staubpartikeln, die im Vorfeld dieser Dissertation in Zusammenarbeit mit dem MPE unter den Bedingungen der Schwere- losigkeit auf der Internationalen Raumstation durchgeführt wurden, wurde erstmals der Effekt der Coulomb-dipolinduzierten Gelierung (einer Art Runaway-Wachstum) von Staub nachgewiesen. In einem System mikropshärischer, zu gleichen Teilen nega- tiv und positiv geladener Staubpartikel bilden sich dabei innerhalb weniger Sekunden sog. Runaway-Agglomerate, die ∼ 10% der Gesamtmasse des Systems enthalten. Die Auswertung einiger dieser Experimente ist ebenfalls Bestandteil dieser Arbeit. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Experimente wird überprüft, inwieweit die Be- dingungen in einer protoplanetaren Scheibe für Coulomb-dipolinduzierte Gelierung von Staub gegeben sind. Dabei wird ersichtlich, daß durch diesen neuen Wachs- tumsprozeß das Staubwachstum in bestimmten Regionen der jungen protoplaneta- ren Scheibe deutlich vorangetrieben werden kann. Durch das Zusammenwirken von beschleunigtem Staubwachstum und der dadurch bedingten Änderung der Opazi- tät verändern sich die turbulenten Eigenschaften der Scheibe. Zum einen führt dies zur Sedimentation von Staub, so daß sich in der Mittelebene eine dichte Staub- schicht herausbildet, die gravitativ instabil werden kann. Zum anderen wird weitere Akkretion unterbunden, so daß ausreichend Staubmaterie für die folgenden Schrit- te der Planetenentstehung erhalten bleibt. Damit wird in dieser Arbeit ein Weg zur Überwindung der Problematik der Wachstumszeitskalen bei der Planetenentstehung aufgezeigt.

Zusammenfassung Einleitung Mikrosphären (MS) gelten als Standardmethode zur Messung des regionalen Blutflusses. Hierzu werden MS linksatrial injiziert. Sie verteilen sich dann im arteriellen Teil des Blutkreislaufes. Die Anzahl der in den präkapillären Gefäßen festgehaltenen MS ist direkt proportional der regionalen Organdurchblutung. Da die bisherige Markierung der MS mit instabilen Nukliden die Nachteile des Umgangs mit Radioaktivität mit sich brachte, hat man in den letzten Jahren versucht, die MS mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen (FM) zu beladen. Diese neue Art der Markierung erfordert allerdings, daß die FM quantitativ aus den Organproben zurückgewonnen werden müssen. Dies geschah bisher mittels Filtration oder Sedimentation. Beide Methoden bieten jedoch Nachteile. Ziel unserer Studie war es, eine neue Methode zu entwickeln und deren Verarbeitungsprozess zu automatisieren. Dazu wurde ein Filtrationsgefäß entwickelt, das die Probenverarbeitung (Gewichtsbestimmung, Verdauung, Filtration, Spülung und Farbstoffauslösung) in einem einzigen Gefäß zuläßt und hierbei die vollständige Rückgewinnung der FM aus der Organprobe sicherstellt. Material und Methodik: Die von uns am Institut für Chirurgische Forschung entwickelte Sample Processing Unit (SPU) – gebrauchsmustergeschützt - besteht aus drei Untereinheiten: Filterhalter, Filter und Probengefäß. Der essentielle Bestandteil der SPU ist der Filter, der mit einem Polyamid-Filtergewebe (Maschenöffnung 7µm) ausgestattet ist. Das von uns entwickelte Verarbeitungsprotokoll sieht folgende Schritte vor: Die Gewebeprobe wird in den Filter gelegt und das Probengewicht bestimmt. Der Filter wird dann in ein Edelstahlkochgefäß gestellt und zur Verdauung des Gewebes werden 15 ml Digestionsflüssigkeit (4N KOH mit 0,02% Tween) und 1,5 ml Isopropanol 100% hinzugegeben. Nach 6 Stunden Inkubation bei 60°C ist das organische Material vollständig aufgelöst und die FM schwimmen in der Zwischenschicht zwischen KOH und Isopropanol. Mit Hilfe von Unterdruck wird die Flüssigkeit durch das Filtergewebe filtriert. Dadurch kommen die FM auf der Membran zu liegen. Der später von den FM ausgelöste Fluoreszenzfarbstoff benötigt ein neutrales Umgebungsmilieu. Hierzu müssen alle KOH-Rückstände aus dem Filter entfernt werden. Dies geschieht mittels eines Phosphatpuffers (29.9g K2HPO4 in 800ml aqua dest. vermischt mit 5.88g KH2PO4 in 200ml aqua dest.), der auf einen neutralen pH-Wert eingestellt ist. Mit 15 ml dieses Puffers wird die gesamte Innenfläche des Filters abgespült. Durch kurzes Eintauchen des Filters in den Puffer wird auch die Außenfläche von den KOH-Resten befreit. Nach Trocknung des Filters durch Zentrifugation (4000 U/min für 4 min) wird der Farbstoff mit 2 ml eines organischen Lösungsmittels (2-Ethoxyethyl acetat - Cellosolve) aus den FM ausgelöst. Durch erneute Zentrifugation (4000 U/min für 4 min) wird der Farbstoff im Sammelgefäß aufgefangen und die Fluoreszenzintensität in einem Fluoreszenzspektrometer (LS50B, Perkin Elmer, Überlingen, Deutschland) bestimmt. Die Konzentration des Farbstoffes läßt auf die Anzahl der FM rückschließen, welche wiederum direkt proportional zum Blutfluß in der untersuchten Gewebeprobe ist. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor wird durch eine Blutreferenzprobe bestimmt, die während der Injektion der FM aus der Aorta thoracalis unter konstanter Pumpenzuggeschwindigkeit (Harvard Pump, Harvard Apparatus South Nattick, USA) entnommen wird. Diese Blutprobe kann ohne vorherige Verdauung unter Koagulationsschutz (CPDA mit dem Hauptbestandteil Citrat) direkt filtriert werden. Der Farbstoff wird mittels Cellosolve aus den Mikrosphären ausgelöst und die Fluoreszenzintesität bestimmt. Experimente Zunächst wurden die FM und die SPU in vitro Tests unterzogen. Bei den FM wurde mit Hilfe einer Verdünnungsreihe die Proportionalität zwischen der Anzahl der FM und der Fluoreszenzintensität untersucht. Die SPU und die dazugehörige Verarbeitungsmethode wurden einer Wiederfindungsstudie unterzogen. Dabei wurde dieselbe Anzahl von FM aller Farben in Filter und Glasröhrchen pipettiert. Die Filter durchliefen den gesamten Verarbeitungsprozeß. Das Filtrat und die Wände der Filter wurden auf die Präsenz von FM hin kontrolliert. Die Farbstofflösung, welche aus den 40 Filtern gewonnen wurde, wurde mit einer Referenzgruppe (Glasröhrchen ohne Probenverarbeitung, n=20) verglichen. Zur in vivo Validierung der SPU erfolgten an narkotisierten Schweinen (n=8) sechs simultane Injektionen von radioaktiv markierten 15µm MS (RM) (Niob, Strontium, Scandium, Indium, Cerium und Chrom) und 15µm FM (blue, bluegreen, yellowgreen, orange, red, scarlet) zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. Nach der Entnahme von Leber und Nieren, wurden diese Organe nach einem vorgegebenen Schema disseziert. Der regionale Blutfluß wurde anhand der Protokolle sowohl für RM (SCHOSSER et al. 1979) als auch FM bestimmt. Zunächst wurde die Radioaktivität der Proben im g-Counter (Canberra Packard, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland) ermittelt. Hierauf wurde nach Verarbeitung der Organgewebe in der SPU die Fluoreszenzintensität mit Hilfe des Fluoreszenzspektrometers gemessen. Der Vergleich mittels beider Methoden erhobener Meßwerte wurde mit dem Bland-Altman-Plot durchgeführt. Hierbei wird das arithmetische Mittel der Blutflüsse, die durch FM- und RM-Methode berechnet worden sind, gegen die prozentuale Abweichung der FM von den RM aufgetragen. Zur Kontrolle der Filterfunktion und der Zuverläßigkeit der Meßergebnisse wurde die gleiche Anzahl (ca. 2500 FM) einer nicht im Experiment verwendeten 15 µm FM-Spezies (crimson), sowohl in SPU-Filter (SPU-Gruppe, n = 60), als auch in 20 Glasgefäße (Referenzgruppe, n = 20) gegeben. Die SPU wurden dem gesamten Protokoll der Probenverarbeitung unterzogen, wohingegen in der Referenzgruppe lediglich der Farbstoff ausgelöst und gemessen wurde. Die Gruppen wurden mittels t-test nach Student, p0,98). Die Filter weisen eine Wiederfindungsrate von 100% auf. Im Eluat fanden sich keine 15µm FM; zwischen der Filtergruppe und der Referenzgruppe besteht kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Fluoreszenzintensität. Es zeigt sich eine sehr gute Vergleichbarkeit beider Methoden. In den Bland-Altman Plots für die Nieren- und Leberproben wichen die Blutflußwerte mit der FM-Methode um 8,2 bis 13,4% vom mittleren Fluß (arithmetisches Mittel aus RM und FM) ab. Dabei betrug die mittlere Differenz beider Methoden zwischen -7,4% und 3,8%. Der Vergleich der mittleren Intensitäten der Kontrollfarbe crimson zwischen der Referenzgruppe (9,32±0,74, n=20) und der SPU- Gruppe (9,38±0,98, n=60) ergab keinen signifikanten Unterschied. Diskussion und Schlußfolgerung Mit der SPU ist es möglich, FM vollständig aus Organproben zurückzugewinnen und dadurch den regionalen Blutfluß quantitativ zu bestimmen. Die errechneten Blutflusswerte der radioaktiven und fluoreszierenden Methoden sind miteinander vergleichbar. Somit stellen die FM eine valide Alternative zu RM unter Vermeidung der Problematik des Umgangs mit Radioaktivität dar. Der entscheidende Vorteil der SPU ist, daß der gesamte Verarbeitungsprozeß im selben Gefäß stattfindet, und so der Verlust von FM nahezu ausgeschlossen ist.Das standardisierte Protokoll der Probenverarbeitung mittels SPU vermindert im Vergleich zu früheren Protokollen die Bearbeitungszeit von ca. 24h bzw. 48h auf ca. 6h und reduziert die Arbeitsschritte bei denen große Präzision gefordert ist. Das Design der SPU ermöglicht eine Automatisierung der Probenverarbeitung und somit eine Arbeitserleichterung, da die Von-Hand-Bearbeitung nur noch auf das Befüllen der SPU reduziert wird

Fri, 1 Jan 1993 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8183/1/improvement_of_the_predictive_value_of_cd4plus_lymphocyte_count_8183.pdf Bogner, Johannes R.; Koch, Meinrad A.; Burkowitz, Jörg; Koch, Judith; Skarabis, Horst; Bek, Barbara; Schwartländer, Bernhard

Thu, 1 Jan 1987 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9325/1/9325.pdf Cremer, Christoph; Cremer, Thomas; Bühring, Hans-Jörg; Hausmann, Michael; Dudin, Gertrud; Blochmann, U. ddc