chemical element with atomic number 49
POPULARITY
5 episodes with Indium
4 episodes with Indium
5 episodes with Indium
3 episodes with Indium
2 episodes with Indium
2 episodes with Indium
2 episodes with Indium
2 episodes with Indium
2 episodes with Indium
Amongst the popularity of Commercial Real Estate, Public Equities, Oil and Gas, and other common alternative asset classes, one asset class remains underneath the institutional radar. That's Strategic Special Metals. Strategic Special Metals is an opportunity to invest in raw materials that are the underpinning of many of the world's largest industries. Examples are Gallium, Indium, and Geranium, to name a few. Louis O'Connor, founder of Strategic Metals Invest Consultancy, helps clients invest in these highly appreciating asset classes with consistent double digit historic returns.
What if you could streamline your supply chain and cut costs without sacrificing quality? Join us at SMTA Guadalajara 2024 as we chat with Justin Worden from ROCKA, who uncovers the secrets behind the company's rapid global expansion and its unique manufacturing strategy. Get an inside look at how ROCKA's focus on producing high-quality consumables like stencil rolls and ESD equipment in North America translates to competitive pricing and superior products for customers around the world.Justin also shares insights on ROCKA's impressive partnerships with major industry players like Indium, Weller, and Zestron, as well as their approach to meeting diverse market demands. From leveraging their manufacturing roots in Guadalajara to eliminating middlemen, discover how ROCKA has positioned itself as a leader providing cost-effective solutions without compromising quality. This is an episode packed with valuable lessons for anyone looking to understand the nuances of global manufacturing and distribution in the electronics manufacturing industry.Like every episode of EMS@C-Level, this one was sponsored by global inspection leader Koh Young (https://www.kohyoung.com) and Adaptable Automation Specialist Launchpad.build (https://launchpad.build).You can see video versions of all of the EMS@C-Level pods on our YouTube playlist.
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Truth is Universal: Robust Detection of Lies in LLMs, published by Lennart Buerger on July 19, 2024 on The AI Alignment Forum. A short summary of the paper is presented below. TL;DR: We develop a robust method to detect when an LLM is lying based on the internal model activations, making the following contributions: (i) We demonstrate the existence of a two-dimensional subspace, along which the activation vectors of true and false statements can be separated. Notably, this finding is universal and holds for various LLMs, including Gemma-7B, LLaMA2-13B and LLaMA3-8B. Our analysis explains the generalisation failures observed in previous studies and sets the stage for more robust lie detection; (ii) Building upon (i), we construct an accurate LLM lie detector. Empirically, our proposed classifier achieves state-of-the-art performance, distinguishing simple true and false statements with 94% accuracy and detecting more complex real-world lies with 95% accuracy. Introduction Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit the concerning ability to lie, defined as knowingly outputting false statements. Robustly detecting when they are lying is an important and not yet fully solved problem, with considerable research efforts invested over the past two years. Several authors trained classifiers on the internal activations of an LLM to detect whether a given statement is true or false. However, these classifiers often fail to generalize. For example, Levinstein and Herrmann [2024] showed that classifiers trained on the activations of true and false affirmative statements fail to generalize to negated statements. Negated statements contain a negation like the word "not" (e.g. "Berlin is not the capital of Germany.") and stand in contrast to affirmative statements which contain no negation (e.g. "Berlin is the capital of Germany."). We explain this generalization failure by the existence of a two-dimensional subspace in the LLM's activation space along which the activation vectors of true and false statements separate. The plot below illustrates that the activations of true/false affirmative statements separate along a different direction than those of negated statements. Hence, a classifier trained only on affirmative statements will fail to generalize to negated statements. The activation vectors of multiple statements projected onto the 2D truth subspace. Purple squares correspond to false statements and orange triangles to true statements. Importantly, these findings are not restricted to a single LLM. Instead, this internal two-dimensional representation of truth is remarkably universal, appearing in LLMs from different model families and of various sizes, including LLaMA3-8B-Instruct, LLaMA3-8B-base, LLaMA2-13B-chat and Gemma-7B-Instruct. Real-world Lie Detection Based on these insights, we introduce TTPD (Training of Truth and Polarity Direction), a new method for LLM lie detection which classifies statements as true or false. TTPD is trained on the activations of simple, labelled true and false statements, such as: The city of Bhopal is in India. (True, affirmative) Indium has the symbol As. (False, affirmative) Galileo Galilei did not live in Italy. (False, negated) Despite being trained on such simple statements, TTPD generalizes well to more complex conditions not encountered during training. In real-world scenarios where the LLM itself generates lies after receiving some preliminary context, TTPD can accurately detect this with 952% accuracy. Two examples from the 52 real-world scenarios created by Pacchiardi et al. [2023] are shown in the coloured boxes below. Bolded text is generated by LLaMA3-8B-Instruct. TTPD outperforms current state-of-the-art methods in generalizing to these real-world scenarios. For comparison, Logistic Regression achieves 798% accuracy, while Contras...
This week in Insurance Town, The mayor gets an opportunity to sit down and enjoy an awesome conversation with his good buddy and insurance sister Lindsay Wallace of Indium. The Mayor just wanted you guys to hear her story. in this episode, we get personal with Lindsay. She shares about her recent engagement and her fiancé Patrick's adventurous climb up Kilimanjaro. We also discuss her career trajectory, from working with the Big I of North Carolina to her current role at Indium. Lindsay's passion for insurance and making a difference is palpable, and her story is a testament to the power of carving your own path.We also touch on the impact of her mother, an industry veteran, on her career choices, and how Lindsay is determined to build her own identity in the insurance world. This episode is filled with laughs, insightful industry talk, and a look at the life of a young professional making her mark. So, stick around, and join us for a conversation that's as enlightening as it is entertaining. Let's welcome Lindsay Wallace to Insurance Town!
Kendall, a technician at Indium, shares the experience working in the manufacturing industry and the journey to becoming a technician. Kendall discusses the role of Indium as a materials refiner and supplier to the electronics and semiconductor markets. Kendall describes daily tasks operating a rolling mill and the various alloys produced at Indium and also talks about the opportunities for professional growth, benefits, and work schedule at the company. Kendall highlights the importance of creativity and flexibility in the manufacturing industry and offers advice for those interested in pursuing a career as a technician.The Talking Technicians podcast is produced by MNT-EC, the Micro Nano Technology Education Center, through financial support from the National Science Foundation's Advanced Technological Education grant program.Opinions expressed on this podcast do not necessarily represent those of the National Science Foundation.Join the conversation. If you are a working technician or know someone who is, reach out to us at info@talkingtechnicians.org.Links from the show:Episode Web Page: https://micronanoeducation.org/students-parents/talking-technicians-podcast/
We're the best, we're number one, we're better than them, we've won more awards than our competitors, we've all seen those ads. While this form of advertising isn't unique, when's the last time it caused you to buy a product based on the ad. I think we all know that answer.There was a time when we relied heavily on print advertising to determine what products were available and from whom. The two primary methods to gain product awareness were print advertising and trade shows. While advertising and trade shows still exist, they are no longer the primary method of product awareness.31 years ago, beginning on April 30, 1993, all of that began to change. What happened on April 30, 1993? Public access to the Internet was born.Over the past 31 years, Internet technology propelled us into an age of self discovery. The older generation accuses the younger generation of always having their face in a screen. While that may be true, it's not always TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, or Snapchat. People today, particularly younger people, research products, technologies, and a host of other things online. Consumers today are far more educated on the products they wish to purchase them at any time in history.In what I find to be an exceptional irony, much of the industry responsible for building the technology behind Internet connectivity continues to advertise their products in a pre-Internet style.You may ask, what does this have to do with reliability? Building reliable products requires a net sum of a vast amount of best practices. One of those practices is insuring the right products, procedures, specifications, designs, and so many other factors are implemented.This goal cannot be accomplished by just reading advertisements from sellers. Frequently, engineers struggle to solve problems without a complete knowledge of the root cause of the problem. Particularly today, with so many in-house subject matter experts retiring, advertisements boasting the number of customers, time and business, and where they place in the hierarchy of competitive products do not assist the engineer and understanding the root cause of a potential problem, and certainly not the solution.Over the past several years, several companies in our industry have begun to change their advertising strategies from transactional, to transformational. That is to say they help to connect problems to solutions, more than merely hyping products.My guest today fully understands the value and effectiveness of what I like to call “Conscious Marketing “. Rick Short is Corporate Associate Vice President for Indium Corporation. Rick has been with the company since 1984 in capacities including Technical Service Manager, Marketing Director, International Sales Director, head of Technical Support, and head of Environmental, Health & Safety, in addition to his current role. He has an MBA from Ren-Se-Lere Polytechnic Institute, a bachelor's degree in business management from Utica College, and an associate degree from Mohawk Valley Community College.I talk with Rick about his company's unique approach to education and how that has helped to transform their customer base.
Dig into the future of automotive innovation with Brian O'Leary, Global Head of e-Mobility & Infrastructure at Indium Corporation, as we explore the complexities and competition of the electric vehicle market. We also dig into trends like software-defined vehicles and how a simple download could revamp the entire driving experience, complete with subscription-based features that evolve long after a car has left the showroom. We tackle the challenges and triumphs from the freezing temperatures in Scandinavia to the automotive production powerhouses of China. Brian elaborates on the trends in EV adoption and the staggering pace at which Chinese automotive prowess is reshaping the landscape, threatening to leave Western legacy manufacturers behind. Just as we are seeing a movement away from China in many sectors, we are seeing dominance in the automotive sector.Brian and I also explore the importance of reliability in the solutions provided by Indium Corporation and, indeed, the hole electronic manufacturing industry.Like every episode of EMS@C-Level, this one was sponsored by global inspection leader Koh Young (https://www.kohyoung.com) and Adaptable Automation Specialist Launchpad.build (https://launchpad.build).You can see video versions of all of the EMS@C-Level pods on our YouTube playlist.
We step into the intricate world of tech industry, where efficiency and reliability are the most sought-after traits. In this interview, filmed on location at Productronica 2023, our guest, Chris Nash of Indium Corporation, shares his wealth of knowledge. We untangle the complexities of production, zooming in on e-mobility, servers and medical electronics, while unearthing the significance of electrical, mechanical and thermal reliability in advancing each of the complex tech terrains.We delve into the unique challenges of the e-mobility and server spaces, hearing firsthand as Chris reveals how e-mobility is breaking boundaries and setting the pace in reliability. Meanwhile, as the server industry wrestles with density and heat issues, discover fascinating insights about liquid immersion cooling, the compatibility of fluxes and the enormity of the BGAs being used. With Indium's famous engineer-to-engineer reputation, it's a real treat to get a deep dive in the latest technologies and solutions in manufacturing.Like every episode of EMS@C-Level, this one was sponsored by global inspection leader Koh Young (https://www.kohyoung.com) and Adaptable Automation Specialist Launchpad.build (https://launchpad.build).You can see video versions of all of the EMS@C-Level pods on our YouTube playlist.
Join us as we talk to Ross Berntson, President and COO of Indium Corporation, during Productronica 2023. As they approach their 90th anniversary, Ross takes us on a journey, from the company's humble beginnings in a garage in Utica, New York, to their current status as a global innovator.Ross unveils the rich history of the company, sharing stories of failure, persistence, and ultimately, success. Learn about the role of indium in the electronics industry, and how Indium Corporation's innovative pursuits have resulted in significant growth in the market. Ross also gives us a glimpse into the future, highlighting the company's exciting prospects in the AI revolution and thermal management. Hear firsthand about the challenges and triumphs that come with striving for constant innovation. This gripping narrative paints a vivid picture of a company's evolution through nine decades, demonstrating the dynamic interplay between innovation, persistence, and success.Like every episode of EMS@C-Level, this one was sponsored by global inspection leader Koh Young (https://www.kohyoung.com) and Adaptable Automation Specialist Launchpad.build (https://launchpad.build).You can see video versions of all of the EMS@C-Level pods on our YouTube playlist.
Kan kvanteteknologi skabe en totalsikret internetforbindelse, som ikke kan hackes? Det spørgsmål får forskere fra Niels Bohr Institutet besvaret i slutningen af 2022. Her spiller grundstoffet indium en vital rolle i det, der hedder kvanteprikker eller kvantepunkter. Hør, hvad kvanteprikker er, og hvorvidt det lykkedes for professor Peter Lodahl at skabe Danmarks første kvantekrypterede internetforbindelse.Periodisk – en RAKKERPAK Original produceret af Rakkerpak Productions.Historierne du hører bygger på journalistisk research og fakta. De kan indeholde fiktive elementer som for eksempel dialog.Hvis du kan lide min fortælling, så husk at gå ind og abonnér, give en anmeldelse og fortæl dine venner om Periodisk.Podcasten er blevet til med støtte fra Novo Nordisk Fonden. Hvis du vil vide mere kan du besøge vores website periodisk.dkAfsnittet er skrevet og tilrettelagt af Mads G LadekarlTor Arnbjørn og Dorte Palle er producereRene Slott står for lyddesign og mixSimon Bennebjerg er vært
In this episode, recorded at IMAPS DPC 2023, Françoise von Trapp talks with Indium's Andy Mackie, about his latest mission to address the confusing and complex lexicon of Advanced Packaging technology. He shares the backstory on the idea, he has come up with to change the way we talk about semiconductor device packaging, that will uplevel the importance of what is really interconnect technology. Mackie's position, and that of other colleagues in the industry, is that the term "packaging", when applied to semiconductor assembly, is misunderstood by most people, at a time when its importance (in the wake of the CHIPS Act and similar legislation) is growing.As we enter 2023, Mackie suggests that it's time to make this simple so laypersons and experts alike can use the same terminology. The ensuing discussion digs into a light-hearted debate about his “strawman” ideas to put some standardization around the nomenclature known as advanced packaging. If you would like to support this effort, please contact Andy Mackie on LinkedIn. IMAPS International IMAPS is the largest society dedicated to microelectronics and electronics packaging advancement.Like what you hear? Follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter Interested in becoming a sponsor of the 3D InCites Podcast? Check out our 2023 Media Kit. Learn more about the 3D InCites Community and how you can become more involved.
According to the International Energy Agency, road transportation accounts for 16% of global emissions. Electric vehicles are the key technology to decarbonize this. The EIA estimates that EVs will account for 13% of new cars sold in 2022. Many countries are setting goals to eliminate combustion engine cars to reach Net Zero emissions by 2050. But there are a lot of challenges to iron out before EVs achieve critical mass. For example, one area of interest for this week's podcast guests is the materials used to manufacture EV power modules. In this episode, Françoise von Trapp talks with Indium's Pei Lim and Dean Payne about these challenges, particularly why pressure silver sintering die to attach is becoming a popular approach. You'll learn how eMobility has impacted manufacturing power modules and the origin of silver sintering in these devices. You'll learn about the materials currently used in sintering, and why silver is a better choice for electric vehicles. Lastly, you'll learn about Indium's pressure sinter offering and its benefits. Learn more about pressure silver sintering here. Contact today's guests on LinkedIn: Sze Pei Lim, Senior Global Product Manager, Indium Corporation Dean Payne, Semiconductor Product Manager, Indium Corporation Indium Corporation Indium Corporation's materials solutions serve the semiconductor, e-mobility, and thermal markets.Like what you hear? Follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter Interested in becoming a sponsor of the 3D InCites Podcast? Check out our 2023 Media Kit. Learn more about the 3D InCites Community and how you can become more involved.
Last July, Indium Corporation announced a partnership with SAFI-Tech, an Iowa-based startup that is creating no-heat and low-heat solder and metallic joining products. They call these supercooled molten metal products, and they have direct application to electronics soldering. Dr. Ian Tevis, SAFI-Tech's president and co-founder, and Dr. Andy Mackie of Indium Corporation, discuss this supercooling platform and what's next toward bringing it to market with PCEA president Mike Buetow.
GELDMEISTERIN-Podcast-Gast ist in dieser Episode Helmut Horeth. Der ehemalige Vorstand der Nürnberger Versicherung betreibt heute die Goldakademie, eine Schulungsschmiede für Finanzdienstleister und unterstützt Golden Gate beim Vertrieb in Österreich, die Ansparpläne für bis zu acht Anlagemetalle anbietet. Helmuth Horeth hätte vor zwei Jahren mir noch zugestimmt, dass man die volatilen Rohstoffe höchstens bis zu 10 bis 15 Prozent im Portfolio gewichten sollte. Heute sieht er das nach der Pandemie und aufgrund des Krieges in Europa anders. Er würde je nach Risiko-Appetit auch bis zur Hälfte oder sogar 70 Prozent des gesamten verfügbaren Anlagevermögens in Metalle und Edelmetalle investieren und dabei die 60:20:20-Regel anwenden. Rund 60 Prozent des Rohstoffanteils im Portfolio würde er in das noch vergleichsweise sicherere Gold investieren, 20 Prozent in Silber und 20 Prozent in einen Korb aus liquiden, lagerbaren strategischen Metallen investieren. Den Industriemetall-Anteil würde Helmut Horeth zu 50 Prozent mit Germanium abdecken, zu je 20 Prozent in Indium und Gallium und zu zehn Prozent in Hafnium. Alles Metalle, die für die Energiewende, die Digitalisierung, Technologisierung und die Telekommunikation benötigt werden. Gerade bei Metallen empfiehlt sich mit Ansparplänen nicht alles auf einmal zu investieren, da sie im Wert stark schwanken Also wenn ihr mich nach meiner persönlichen Meinung fragen solltet: Ich finde Gold, Silber und strategische Industriemetalle als Beimischung auch spannend, aber nicht in diesem Ausmaß. Ich persönlich besitze zur geringfügigen Beimischung im Portfolio einen ETF auf strategische Metalle und einen weiteren ETF, der in einen Korb von Minenaktien investiert. Zusammen machen die Investments bei mir aber - weil zyklisch, stark schwankend und stark von der Geopolitik abhängig - knapp zehn Prozent meines veranlagten Vermögens aus, davon nur die Hälfte in physischer Form. Bei Gold darf man auch nicht vergessen, dass der Goldpreis fällt, wenn die Realzinsen steigen und da sind wir noch lange nicht am Ende der Fahnenstange, so meine ganz persönliche Meinung. Viel Hörvergnügen! Eine erfolgreiche Wochen wünscht Podcasthost der GELDMEISTERIN, Julia Kistner. Und wenn Euch dieseFolge der GELDMEISTERIN gefallen hat würde ich mich freuen, wenn ihr sie auf einer Podcastplattform Eurer Wahl, auf YouTube oder Spotify liken oder kommentieren, bzw. den Podcast gratis abonnieren würdet. Damit würdet ihr meine Reichweite unterstützen. Vielen herzlichen Dank! Rechtlicher Hinweis: Das sind keinesfalls Empfehlungen, sondern nur meine persönlichen Gedanken. Die Autorin übernimmt keinerlei Haftung die daraus erwächst, dass man entsprechend Ihrer Medienbeiträge Investments tätigt. Musik- & Soundrechte: https://www.geldmeisterin.com/index.php/musik-und-soundrechte/ #Edelmetalle #Metalle #HelmuthHoreth #Gold #Goldakademie #Sparplan #Silber #Aktien #Zinsen #Realzinsen #Währung #Anlagestrategie #physisch #Goldpreis #Krieg #Börse #Hafnium #Gallium #Indium #Germanium #Energiewende --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/geldmeisterin/message
In dieser Folge geht es um ein sehr wichtiges Thema: Es geht um die Austestung von Zahnmaterialien. Was vielleicht einfach klingt, ist nämlich teilweise sehr kompliziert und wird dementsprechend oft falsch durchgeführt. In dieser Folge erfährst du, woran du erkennen kannst, ob du möglicherweise ein Zahnmaterial nicht verträgst. Du lernst verschiedene Testverfahren kennen und wirst am Ende in der Lage sein zu beurteilen, welches Testverfahren für dich das beste ist. Da viele Fremdmaterialien die aus (zahn-)medizinischen Gründen in den Körper eingebracht werden, unsere Gesundheit über unterschiedliche Wirkmechanismen beeinflussen oder gar schädigen können, empfehle ich die Zahnmaterialien vor Verwendung austesten zu lassen. Immerhin sind diese 365 Tage im Jahr in unserem Mund und entlassen jede Sekunde Substanzen, die von der Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen werden. Das Füllungsmaterial Amalgam ist wohl der bekannteste Vertreter dieser bedenklichen Werkstoffe. Sein Hauptbestandteil, das Zell- und Nervengift Quecksilber, gelangt über verschiedene Wege in Ihren Körper wo es sich ablagern und zu einer Schwächung von Immunsystem und natürlichen Entgiftungsmechanismen führen kann. Befinden sich unterschiedliche Metalle (z. B. Amalgamfüllung und Goldkrone) im Mund, kann es zwischen ihnen durch Austausch elektrisch geladener Teilchen (Ionen) zu Stromflüssen kommen. Die Folge ist eine Zersetzung der Legierungen und beschleunigte Abgabe von Metallteilchen an den Körper mit einer dadurch verursachten stärkeren Beeinflussung auf den Körper. Manche Menschen bezeichnen das als „Metallgeschmack“ oder „komischen Geschmack“ im Mund. Körperfremde Stoffe (Kunststoffe, Metalle,...) können, wie prinzipiell jeder Stoff in unserer Umwelt, auch eine allergische Reaktion auslösen. Dabei handelt es sich um eine erlernte, übersteigerte Gegenreaktion des Immunsystems auf ihm bekannte Stoffe. Bei den Zahnersatzmaterialien sind besonders Quecksilber, Palladium, Nickel, Chrom, Kobalt, Silber, Kupfer, Indium, Gallium und Methylmethacrylat als kritisch zu betrachten. Abgeschwächte allergische Reaktionen, sogenannte Unverträglichkeiten, treten aufgrund stärker werdender Umwelteinflüsse ebenfalls immer häufiger auf. Allein die Anwesenheit der meisten Werkstoffe im Mund können im energetischen, feinstofflichen Bereich den Energiefluss im Körper beeinflussen und im negativen Fall einen Störherd verursachen. In dieser Folge erläutere ich die Vor- und Nachteile folgender Verfahren: Epikutantest Bioresonanz Elektroakupunktur Kinesiologie Immunzellentest Wünscht du dir eine persönliche Beratung? Du hast die Möglichkeit, über folgenden Link eine Online Sprechstunde bei mir zu buchen: https://drannettejasper.de/online-sprechstunde/ Unter diesem Link kannst du mein neues Buch “100 Fragen an den Zahnarzt” vorbestellen: https://www.m-vg.de/riva/shop/article/23396-100-fragen-an-deinen-zahnarzt/ Ich wünsche Dir gute Erkenntnisse mit dieser Folge. Deine Annette Hier findest Du mich: Praxis Dr. Jasper: https://drjasper.deMuskanadent: https://muskanadent.comYouTube: http://bit.ly/drjasper-youtube Podcast iTunes: https://bit.ly/drjasperFacebook Dr. Jasper: https://www.facebook.com/ZahnarztpraxisJasper/ Facebook Muskanadent: https://www.facebook.com/muskanadent/ Instagram Dr. Jasper: https://www.instagram.com/zahnarztpraxis_drannettejasper/ Instagram Muskanadent: https://www.instagram.com/drannettejasper_muskanadent/ Gratis Checkliste “So halten Deine Zähne ein Leben lang”: https://verzahnt.online Buche deine persönliche Sprechstunde mit mir: https://drannettejasper.de/online-sprechstunde/ Buch “Verzahnt”: https://www.m-vg.de/riva/shop/article/15075-verzahnt/?pl=3887e229-9ea5-4043 Buch "Yoga sei Dank" von Dr. Annette Jasper: https://www.komplett-media.de/de_yoga-sei-dank-_112788.html
Nordwig, Hellmuthwww.deutschlandfunk.de, Forschung aktuellDirekter Link zur Audiodatei
小額贊助支持本節目： https://pay.firstory.me/user/ckpn6ychi2iii0882y4jgrcz8 留言告訴我你對這一集的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckpn6ychi2iii0882y4jgrcz8/comments 純網路銀行一切服務都透過網路完成，可以節省掉實體銀行的店租、ATM 、行員、水電費、維護費之類的成本，進而提供更優惠的存款及貸款利率,促進金融產業邁向4.0 太陽能光伏電池（簡稱光伏電池）用於把太陽的光能直接轉化為電能。地面 光伏系統 大量使用的是以硅為基底的 硅太陽能電池 ，可分為 單晶硅 、 多晶硅 、 非晶硅太陽能電池 。在能量轉換效率和使用壽命等綜合性能方面，單晶硅和多晶硅電池優於非晶硅電池。多晶硅比單晶硅轉換效率低，但價格更便宜 Solar photovoltaic cells (referred to as photovoltaic cells) are used to directly convert the light energy of the sun into electrical energy. Ground photovoltaic systems use a large number of silicon solar cells based on silicon, which can be divided into monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon solar cells. In terms of comprehensive performance such as energy conversion efficiency and service life, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon cells are superior to amorphous silicon cells. Polycrystalline silicon has lower conversion efficiency than monocrystalline silicon, but it is cheaper 夏普發佈消息稱，研發出了純電動汽車（EV）等用途的光伏電池。以往的産品採用以兩塊玻璃板夾住電池單元的結構，夏普使用薄膜代替了玻璃。新産品易於彎曲，還可以安裝在車頂上。據介紹，夏普的産品改進了電池單元的配置佈局，太陽光能量轉換成電能的效率達到了32.65％，作為多個單元組合的光伏電池，轉換效率為全球最高 用於住宅等的通用光伏電池的主要材料是矽，有些波長的光無法轉換成電能，發電效率較低。夏普的電池將銦、鎵、砷等物質組合在一起，形成了3個化合物層。由於各層可吸收不同波長的光，發電效率更高。 夏普指出，雖然這種電池已在人造衛星用途領域實現實用化，但在純電動汽車用途方面，存在的瓶頸是製造成本「比矽電池高出1位數以上」。夏普從2020年開始將光伏電池安裝在純電動汽車的車頂上進行公路行駛實驗 Sharp gab bekannt, dass es Photovoltaikzellen für reine Elektrofahrzeuge (EV) und andere Anwendungen entwickelt hat. In früheren Produkten waren die Batteriezellen zwischen zwei Glasplatten eingebettet, aber Sharp verwendete dünne Folien anstelle von Glas. Das neue Produkt lässt sich leicht biegen und kann auch auf dem Dach montiert werden. Berichten zufolge haben die Produkte von Sharp die Konfiguration und das Layout von Batteriezellen verbessert, und die Effizienz der Umwandlung von Sonnenlichtenergie in elektrische Energie hat 32,65 % erreicht.Bei einer mit mehreren Einheiten kombinierten Photovoltaikzelle ist die Umwandlungseffizienz die höchste der Welt. Das Hauptmaterial von Allzweck-Photovoltaikzellen, die in Häusern und dergleichen verwendet werden, ist Silizium, und einige Lichtwellenlängen können nicht in elektrische Energie umgewandelt werden, was zu einer geringen Stromerzeugungseffizienz führt. Die Batterie von Sharp kombiniert Indium, Gallium, Arsen und andere Substanzen, um drei zusammengesetzte Schichten zu bilden. Da jede Schicht Licht unterschiedlicher Wellenlängen absorbieren kann, ist die Stromerzeugungseffizienz höher. Sharp wies darauf hin, dass die Batterie zwar im Bereich der Satellitenanwendungen praktisch ist, der Engpass bei reinen Elektrofahrzeuganwendungen jedoch darin besteht, dass die Herstellungskosten "mehr als eine Ziffer höher sind als die von Siliziumbatterien". Sharp installiert ab 2020 Photovoltaikzellen auf dem Dach von reinen Elektrofahrzeugen für Fahrversuche auf der Straße ✨✨✨✨✨ Sharp announced that it has developed photovoltaic cells for pure electric vehicles (EV) and other uses. In previous products, the battery cells were sandwiched between two glass plates, but Sharp used thin films instead of glass. The new product is easy to bend and can also be mounted on the roof. According to reports, Sharp's products have improved the configuration and layout of battery cells, and the efficiency of converting sunlight energy into electrical energy has reached 32.65%. As a photovoltaic cell combined with multiple units, the conversion efficiency is the highest in the world. The main material of general-purpose photovoltaic cells used in houses and the like is silicon, and some wavelengths of light cannot be converted into electrical energy, resulting in low power generation efficiency. Sharp's battery combines indium, gallium, arsenic and other substances to form three compound layers. Since each layer can absorb light of different wavelengths, the power generation efficiency is higher. Sharp pointed out that although the battery has been practical in the field of satellite applications, the bottleneck in pure electric vehicle applications is that the manufacturing cost is "more than one digit higher than that of silicon batteries." Sharp will install photovoltaic cells on the roof of pure electric vehicles for road driving experiments from 2020 Telegram,理財STB https://t.me/stbstock11 Powered by Firstory Hosting
Françoise hit Technology Corner at the IEEE Electronic Components Technology Conference 2022, May 31-June 3, interviewing 3D InCites member companies about being back in person, and their perspectives of some of the key industry challenges such as supply chain issues, sustainability; diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts, new technology advancements, and much more. Tanja Braun, Fraunhofer - IZM, accepted the 3D InCites Award and shared some of the results of the PLP consortium 2.0. We talked about the challenges of standardizing panel sizes, the progress made, and what's next for a possible third-phase of development. Diane Scheele, EMD, Ken Araujo, Namics; and Dean Payne, Indium all talk about the challenges materials suppliers in meeting sustainability requirements for semiconductor and microelectronics manufacturing. John Park, Cadence, talks about how EDA tools for packaging have evolved from PCB based to chip design based. He also talked about the company's new Thermal Solver tool, Celsius. Patrick Parin, Micross, talks about the supply chain shortages, how it's impacting the company, and the steps they are taking to anticipate and mitigate the situation. Robert Avila, Finetech, talks about the company's new die bonding platform, Pico 2. He also talked about dealing with lead times and price increases as part of the supply chain shortage. Robin Davis, Deca, talks about the company's Diversity Equity and Inclusion initiative that she leads, and what she likes about working there. Dick Otte, QP Technologies, talks about the progress, or lack thereof, of the Chips for America Act and which companies are likely to benefit from the funding. He also talks about the changing telecommunications market, and massive increase in data rates between 10 years ago and today. YES's Zia Karim and Dragen Checic talked about a new partnership in Korea, and their new application lab coming soon in Chandler Arizona.Habib Hichri of Ajinomoto Fine Tech, winner of our Material Supplier of the Year award, talked about the company's ABF film used in substrates and assured us that even though there is a substrate shortage, there is no shortage of ABF film. Matt Phillips, of our newest community member, SET NA, shares the company's back story, and talks about their Ontos plasma cleaning system. He talks about the impact of the supply chain on the lead times for their different tools. MST Group's Peter Putnam shares the process flow of product assembly through the partners companies, and talks about the impact of the supply chain and a new concept: design for supply chain. Roland Rittenmeir, Evatec, talks about what he learned in attending the sessions. He also talked about the company's role in chiplet integration.
My guest today is Hunter McDaniel, the founder and CEO of UbiQD, a startup exploiting quantum dots to improve agricultural yield in greenhouses and generating electricity by embedding them into windows. In this episode of Lab to startup, we talk about how non-toxic quantum dots were developed at Los Alamos; the evolution of the use cases; fundraising trials and tribulations; the complications of convincing multiple stakeholders in the solar space; and how Hunter's grit and persistence helped in building this startup. Show Notes: - UbiQD: https://ubiqd.com - Using quantum dots to modify sunlight to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and boost fruit and flower production - Help plants get more from the sun in a greenhouse and boost crop yields and quality without the cost or energy impact of lighting - UbiQD solar windows are made from glass laminated with a quantum dot doped interlayer to generate electricity - Translated research during his postdoc at Los Alamos national labs to products at his startup - Licensed some technology from MIT and the rest from Los Alamos - Technology evolved from trying to solve the problem of toxicity from cadmium and lead in quantum dots - Swapped Cadmium with Indium and Copper - Once the toxicity problem was solved, the hope was that companies would line up for the new solution - Initially funded by NSF SBIR grant (10th attempt) - While generating electricity from windows was funded, NSF I-Corp program helped find the greenhouse market - Increases crop yield by 10-30%; 6 Watts/sq.foot while maintaining transparency of windows (half of traditional solar cells) - https://ubigro.com - Understand all the people that had to be convinced to adopt the products - Ask for advice and you get money - Investors: Breakout labs, Scout Ventures, Keiretsu Forum, Sun Mountain Capital, Epic Ventures, Plug and Play Ventures, Arcview Collective Fund, Nanosys. - Relations with Nanosys, NASA, SpaceX, US Air Force - Contact: https://ubiqd.com/contact/
One of my favorite subjects is the electrification of automobiles, not just electric cars, which are with us now, but completely autonomous vehicles., says Mike Konrad. In the 1960s, we were promised flying cars by the year 2000. While that goal was not met, the real prospect of autonomous vehicles in our lifetime is extremely exciting, terrifying, and realistic. Brian Leary and Mike Konrad discuss the future of the automobile industry and what's required for the electronics industry and the world.
One of my favorite subjects is the electrification of automobiles, not just electric cars, which are with us now, but completely autonomous vehicles. When I was a kid in the 1960's, we were promised flying cars by the year 2000. While that goal was not met, the real prospect of autonomous vehicles in our lifetime is extremely exciting, terrifying, and realistic. Brian and I discuss the future of the automobile industry and what's required for the electronics industry and the world.Brian may be reached here:Brian O'LearyGlobal Accounts Manager, Global Head e-Mobility & InfrastructureIndiumEmail: boleary@indium.comWebsite: https://www.indium.com
Here's what Indium Corporation's President and COO Ross Berntson sees as the key trends in 2022. In this interview we dig into those predictions a little deeper. "2021 was the year of the electric vehicle (EV), and it will continue well beyond 2022. This high impact technology suite will drive stunning innovations, including new power train technologies, faster and more efficient methods of charging, and different infrastructure platforms for the data processing that goes on in all these cars. Indium Corporation continues to supply high volumes of materials for critical EV components, such as our upcoming novel high-reliability system (to be announced in 2022) and Durafuse™ HT, a new high-lead replacement technology that's particularly exciting for the semiconductor power discrete die-attach industry. Related to this, but also moving beyond EVs, is the ongoing innovation in thermal interface materials (TIMs). Not only do autonomous vehicles' AI chips require high-performance thermal conductivity, but the miniaturization of semiconductor circuit design demands advanced thermal management at the package and system level. Indium Corporation's line of hybrid liquid metal solutions and traditional indium-based TIMs are in high demand as the industry addresses emerging trends. No one knows where it's going to go next, but we're at the frontier of materials development. 2021 presented significant supply chain disruptions across the world, particularly in semiconductors. We expect those to be largely cleared in early 2022. Indium Corporation remains committed to developing our supply chain by expanding our global facilities and nurturing critical partners. We'll continue fortifying that global supply chain to provide materials when and where our customers need us." This season of What's the SCOOP is sponsored by Koh Young America (https://www.kohyoung.com) the leaders in manufacturing inspection solutions.Like every episode of EMS@C-Level, this one was sponsored by global inspection leader Koh Young (https://www.kohyoung.com) and Adaptable Automation Specialist Launchpad.build (https://launchpad.build).You can see video versions of all of the EMS@C-Level pods on our YouTube playlist.
Antriksh Matters: Is Space the Ultimate High Ground?— Aditya RamanathanSeveral of the world's major powers have devoted hard cash and organisational resources to defend their interests in space. Most prominently of the new institutions created is the US Space Force, but its most notable counterpart is the PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) in China. Even India has created a far more modest Defence Space Agency, though it is hardly comparable to the American and Chinese organisations. While these new institutions have come up, the development of theories of space power is still a work in progress. In 1996, the strategic thinker Colin S. Gray, asked: "Where is the Mahan for the final frontier?" In the quarter-century since, there have been several notable efforts at developing a useful body of theories on space power. Yet despite the growing body of sophisticated literature, all too many observers and practitioners continue to simply define space as the “ultimate high ground” or simply as “high ground”. Even in India, it’s common to see articles on space power that have titles like “Seizing the Ultimate High Ground” or that warn readers that “space is becoming the new military high ground that countries want to seize and dominate.”Much of this thinking about the “ultimate high ground” seems to originate from the US, and more specifically, the US Air Force. Its senior officers have cited the idea for decades, and it has remained an organising principle for thinking about space. Even the newly minted Space Force has imported the notion of "high ground" uncritically. As its official 2020 doctrine makes clear:“The value of high ground is one of the oldest and most enduring tenets of warfare. Holding the high ground offers an elevated and unobscured field of view over the battlefield, providing early warning of enemy activity and protecting fielded forces from a surprise attack. Furthermore, forces on elevated terrain hold a distinct energy advantage, increasing the efficiency and longevity of military operations. Finally, control of the high ground can serve as an effective obstacle to an opponent’s military, diluting combat power by forcing the enemy to dedicate time and resources away from the main effort in order to dislodge an entrenched force.”The doctrine is making three propositions. The first of these is that space helps provide early warning and reduces the risk of surprise. This is self-explanatory and hard to contest. It is the remaining two propositions that are more problematic. There is no doubt that “elevated terrain” and “entrenched forces” can confer major advantages in land warfare. But do these apply to space? In a Takshashila discussion document we recently published, Aditya Pareek and I consider the vulnerability of satellites in Earth’s orbital space or “celestial littoral” and argue against the “high ground proposition”:“There is no question that space is an unmatched vantage point from which to observe the earth. However, the celestial littoral lacks the other attributes commonly associated with “high ground” on land. Orbital space offers no natural protection from enemy observation and attack. A satellite cannot “dig in”. This means orbital craft do not enjoy natural cover (some protection from enemy fire) or concealment (protection from enemy observation, but not necessarily enemy fire). In short, satellites in low earth orbit are vulnerable to any adversary with adequate space situational awareness (SSA) and some offensive capabilities. Satellites can only achieve a form of concealment by deceiving adversaries into believing they are something else—a purely commercial craft or a piece of debris—or by being too small to detect, which usually means less than 10 centimetres in size.”Besides deception and miniaturisation, satellites can also park themselves out of range. For example, geosynchronous satellites, which orbit the Earth at an altitude of nearly 36,000 kilometres, cannot be reached by most existing ASAT missiles. However, every orbit involves trade-offs of its own, and emerging capabilities in electronic warfare and directed energy weapons (DEWs) could reduce the advantage of distance in space warfare. Rather than persist with the popular “high ground” idea, we can turn to conceptions of airpower and maritime power for more useful points of departure when thinking about space. More broadly, any conception of space power cannot be purely military, not even when discussed in a military doctrine document. Seen as a source of comprehensive national power, space power encompasses commercial, military and scientific activity in space, as well as all Earth-based activities connected to the use of space. In our document, we define space power as “the ability of a state to leverage its space-related activities to wield influence in international politics.”Strangely enough, the idea of “ultimate high ground” actually understates the importance of space and gets its most basic characteristics wrong. It’s time to recognise the idea is as vacuous as the deepest reaches of interstellar space. You can find our discussion document, hereInfopolitik: Open Source Intelligence & India— Pranay KotasthaneOpen Source Intelligence (OSINT) is having its moment in the sun. DRASTIC's work on the origin of COVID-19 highlighted not just how amateurs can expose the blind spots of government intelligence agencies, but also how OSINT could demolish widely established narratives. Then in June 2021, Decker Eveleth, brought to light China's new missile silos, using just commercial satellite imagery. In addition, an OSINT pioneer Bellingcat was out with a book while The Economist described OSINT as one of the bright sides of the Information Age. Earlier this year, CSIS's (An American think-tank) Technology and Intelligence Task Force recommended that OSINT be elevated as a core "INTs" — at the same level as GEOINT, HUMINT, and SIGINT, complete with a separate intelligence agency of its own.So, this article is my first-cut attempt to understand the promise of OSINT from an Indian perspective.Let's begin with the three functions of intelligence work and try to see where OSINT fits in each of them.Collection. OSINT technically refers to a collection discipline. It refers to using publicly available information once the requirements are specified by the intelligence community's customers. With satellite images being available easily and people leaving vast amounts of digital footprints, OSINT offers a lot of promise as a means of collection. However, what blocks its wider adoption in a government intelligence agency is precisely that it’s publicly available. Mark Lowenthal, an authority on this subject, writes that intelligence agencies share the assumption is that the more secret the information, the more valuable it is. So OSINT is seen as useless by default. Adopting OSINT then becomes a much tougher behavioural problem rather than a technical one.Analysis. This step involves generating insights and recommendations based on information collected by one or more sources. Like with the collection step, the information provided by OSINT is likely to be given less importance over data collected by other 'secret' sources.Operations. In this step, OSINT could be used to expose the adversary's plans or actions with the aim of either discrediting or causing a domestic upheaval in the target country. More realistically, this could be done to weaken the negotiating position of an adversary. But if such an OSINT operation is traced back to the attacking country's government, it faces the risk of being devalued as a disinformation exercise.Taken together, it does seem that OSINT’s importance will only increase in the Information Age. It also becomes apparent that the OSINT modus operandi differs in fundamental ways from that of traditional intelligence agencies. Given this paradox, how can India leverage OSINT for its benefit?In the Indian setup, keeping OSINT distinct from traditional intelligence agencies seems to be a better idea for both. The rigid structures in the old-world agencies might continue to glorify secretly obtained information, relegating OSINT permanently to the sidelines. On the other hand, a stand-alone, non-classified entity whose findings other agencies can choose to use in their analysis might be more acceptable. A third way is to eschew government linkages with private OSINT organisations and instead focus on presenting a united front to the adversary. The flowers of OSINT might well bloom on the fertile soil of social trust.Takshashila is doing a Global Outlook Survey covering domains like India’s bilateral and multilateral engagements, national security concerns, economic diplomacy and attitudes towards the use of force. If this sounds interesting, do click-through to participate.Cyberpolitik #1: China's first move-Sapni G KThe Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) released the draft "Internet Information Service Algorithmic Recommendation Management Provisions" for public comments on 26 August 2021. Algorithms and data are the fundamental blocks of our increasingly technology-mediated economies. This is one of the first concrete endeavours across the globe to regulate algorithms, positioning algorithm regulation as process or mechanism regulation rather than mere input/output based regulation. Once passed, China can claim to be the first State across the globe to institutionalise algorithm audits at scale. China’s legal system is undergoing an overhaul to ensure adequate regulation of market players in a technology-mediated society; ranging from antitrust reforms to labour reforms. A common thread runs through these regulations, shifting China's narrative from creating wealth to equitable distribution of wealth and holistically improving the quality of Chinese life. China is eyeing to be the leader in establishing norms for the 21st century, on its way to being a comparable standard for liberal democracies across the world to emulate. Interestingly, this draft, the Personal Information Protection Law, other recent regulatory and enforcement steps are comparable to the steps taken by the USA and the EU. Read together, it signals that vastly different regimes are eyeing the lowest common denominator in the regulation of the internet.Clearly, China seems to be racing ahead to achieve the status of a forerunner at regulation of internet-based technologies. There is an attempt at cementing the claims of international legitimacy and trying to win the tripolar contest of regulation. Regulation of e-commerce with a profound environmental angle has been an EU concern that has been co-opted by the US recently. Similarly, labour rights regulation, particularly in the gig economy, seems to be shifting profoundly towards the welfare model proposed by EU states, but China now takes the lead. With the draft Algorithms regulation getting finalised, China also steps in to pivot the algorithm regulation towards its model of social equity, which can possibly become a standard as ubiquitous as the GDPR. Effective regulation is a great tool for soft power. China's track record on liberty and freedoms reflects in this draft and does not bode well for liberal democracies. These are developments India should watch closely and analyse cautiously. Energypolitik: Photovoltaics – The Next Rare Earths?-Arjun GargeyasWith the effects of climate change managing to wreak havoc across the globe (from the wildfires in Australia and California in 2020 to the wildfires in Greece and Turkey in 2021, along with massive flash floods in Germany and China), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its report reaffirmed our worst fears. Attention has turned to the adoption of sustainable and clean energy along with states, both developing and developed, requiring to honour their climate change agreement commitments. This has put photovoltaics (PV) (using solar energy to generate electricity) on the path to becoming one of the most critical and useful technologies for states around the world looking to transition into a majorly renewable energy society. The PV sector shares a striking similarity with that of the rare earth industry a decade back, both with its absolute necessity across renewable energy domains and with China establishing a clear lead over all its rivals in terms of meeting the global demand of PV technology (almost 70% along with Taiwan), solar power generation capacity and the solar power generated in a year. The strategic and sustainable angle to PV technology puts it at the forefront of geopolitical competition, similar to what the rare earth industry still faces. Playing a crucial role in the global semiconductor supply chains too, the PV industry has an opportunity to become an area for potential collaboration between like-minded nations to stymie a single state's hegemony and build an alliance for sharing renewable energy technologies. Investment There has been a consistent increase in investments related to renewable and sustainable energy across the world in the last decade. Solar energy and its benefits have long been discussed and pushed forward, but the sector has yet to take off in the developing countries as it is a long, drawn-out process with the need for a consistent influx of money and natural resources. States with additional funding can effectively create a robust supply chain of PV devices with the help of the comparative advantages of the 'sunshine countries', which have abundant solar capacity and the technologically advanced states that can build devices to harness this raw energy into electricity. Critical Materials Supply ChainsPV technology has a number of critical materials that are required for the manufacturing process. Here is where multilateral forums and groupings, especially the Quad in the Indo-Pacific, can come together on emerging technology such as Photovoltaics to reduce the risks of any bottlenecks in the global supply chains of PV materials. The crystalline Silicon (cSi) technology has dominated the PV technology all these years with the copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) technology slowly gaining importance in recent times. China absolutely rules the world in terms of Silicon production outpacing rivals consistently. But the up-and-coming CIGS technology utilizes Gallium and Indium for which Australia is one of the world's leading reserves. In terms of solar panel manufacturers across the world, China occupies 7 to 8 slots out of the top 10 in terms of shipments (in GW) due to which the supply chain of solar panels has been concentrated in the hands of the Chinese over a decade and a half. Need for Co-operationThere is always a need to ensure better co-operation between states which can be done by creating interdependencies among them. One of the ways to do that in the renewable energy sector, especially the solar power sector is to build transboundary electric grids which can result in the distribution of PV technology. The creation of smaller grids, such as microgrids, across borders, can help in significant transfer of technology between the developed and developing countries along with utilizing the resources that the other states have to offer. This can also result in the increase of cross border energy trade and can help each country achieve its demand if they are falling short of meeting their own demands. Greater electric interconnections between the states can result in widespread access to PV technology across the world.There is almost a global consensus on the threat of climate change and the need for the reduction in fossil fuel dependencies. The international treaties signed by these nations have clearly outlined the path to transition into a sustainable energy-based society with solar energy at the forefront of it. Photovoltaics, as a sector and its technology, has already shown how necessary it can be in the coming decades. With all countries requiring to honour their commitments to global agreements on climate change and sustainable energy, the PV sector will soon be of immense strategic concern, and each state must ensure its presence and influence in the Photovoltaics industry to protect its own interests and prevent any takeovers of the supply chains of critical technologies.Cyberpolitik #2: Middleware - middle ground or middle-of-nowhere?-Prateek WaghreA recently published paper analysing tweets from Donald Trump’s account that were on the receiving end of policy enforcement from Twitter found that the tweets themselves or related messages continued to spread on Twitter and other platforms.The study categorised the interventions from Twitter in 2 ways. Soft interventions - attaching labels without restriction on interactions (likes, retweets, replies, etc.). And hard interventions - removal or restriction on interactions.On Twitter: Tweets that were labelled spread further than those that were neither labelled nor restricted.On other networks: In general, for posts containing the same ‘messages’, those that were restricted on Twitter spread further those that were labelled or not labelled. But there are some subtleties to highlight (italics indicate quotes from the original paper):Facebook: Messages with/without labels had a similar “average number of posts on public Facebook pages and groups”. Messages that were restricted had “a higher average number of posts, were posted to pages with a higher average number of page subscribers, and received a higher average total number of engagements.”Instagram: On average number the posts, the pattern was similar to Facebook. However, with engagement, there was a difference in that “posts with a hard intervention received the fewest engagements, while posts with no interventions received the most engagements.”Reddit: Reddit doesn’t report engagement numbers in the same way as other platforms, so researchers had to use subreddit size (users) and frequency of posts: “messages that received a hard intervention on Twitter were posted more frequently and on pages with over five times as many followers as pages in which the other two message types were posted.”The authors note that the findings do not necessarily suggest that the ‘Streisand Effect’ was at play, pointing to the exceptional nature of the content/message itself as a possible reason for high engagement.An important takeaway, as Renee DiResta aptly sums up, is “Misinformation is networked, content moderation is not”. It seems obvious from here to suggest that firms operating Digital Communication Networks (DCNs) should collaborate more closely with regard to such enforcement. However, that opens the door to what Evelyn Douek describes as 'Content Cartels' and potentially adds another binary to the DCN governance conversation (e.g. must-carry v/s must-remove, centralised v/s decentralised). But is there a middle ground we can find between these binaries?Unbundling DCNsIn 2020, the ‘Working Group on Platform Scale’ at the Cyber Policy Center, Stanford University, proposed ‘middleware’. By “middleware,” we refer to software products that can be appended to the major internet platforms. These products would interconnect with Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Twitter, and Google APIs and allow consumers to shape their feeds and influence the algorithms that those dominant platforms currently employ. In fact, this approach of ‘unbundling’ DCNs in a way that users can also access them through third party services envisioned to be operating in a competitive marketplace is also apparent in earlier proposals such as magic APIs, protocols-not-platforms and competitive compatibility (I had done a preliminary comparison of them in June as well as a number of questions that still need to be answered).In the context of DCNs, middleware, as proposed, could:(provide) filters for specific news stories and (develop) ranking and labeling algorithms, which are then integrated into the main platformIn addition to user preferences, consumption, middleware could rely on public data sources (RSS feeds, news, etc.) as well as platform-specific data (but not related to the specific user or query/search).Interoperability itself may happen by either consent or decree, though the working group expects that some legislation may be required to ensure that APIs are opened up. They also advocate for the existence of standards or guidelines that middleware companies will have to adhere to. These standards/guidelines can be defined by a regulator or the DCN firms themselves. I think this could be a contentious issue in the future as we dig deeper into questions related to state/regulatory capacity and incentives of firms.The July edition of the Journal of Democracy included a special section titled ‘The Future of Platform Power’ focused on middleware which includes some interesting critique of the approach.Daphne Keller (who proposed Magic APIs, and is optimistic about middleware) poses four questions that need to be addressed:Quality of service: Can middleware companies provide an equivalent or superior experience compared to the incumbents, and can they process the same volumes of data?Business models: How will middleware companies make profits? What incentives do platforms have to share revenues?Curation Costs: Large DCN firms employ/contract a significant number of people in content moderation roles. How can the ‘solved’ aspects of content moderation be replicated so that they can focus on the unique/un-solved aspects?Privacy: Are data generated by interactions in a users’ network available to middleware companies? If yes, there are privacy implications. If no, it limits the utility of middleware solutions and, therefore, their ability to compete with incumbents.Joan Donovan and Robert Faris believe middleware is ‘fragmentation by design’ and question whether it will be lead to outcomes significantly different from the current system. They also raise the concern that middleware could, in theory, exacerbate polarisation. These are recurrent themes in most criticism of the approach. Dipyan Ghosh and Ramesh Srinivasan, like Donovan and Faris, believe the current set of challenges go beyond the narrow, content moderation-focused approach of middleware. Nathalie Maréchal raises the absence of a business model as a red flag:This is essential: Middleware firms will have their own set of incentives and will need to be accountable to someone, be it a board of directors, shareholders, or some other entity. Incentives and accountability both depend on how the “middleware” providers will make money.In a response essay, Francis Fukuyama states:Our working group’s promotion of middleware rests on a normative view about the continuing importance of freedom of speech. Middleware is the most politically realistic way forward.Our Reading Menu:1) [Report] Inside the Shadowy World of Disinformation for Hire in Kenya by Odanga Madung and Brian Obilo2) [Article] This is the real story of the Afghan biometric databases abandoned to the Taliban by Eileen Guo and Hikmat Noori3) [Report] CSIS Technology and Intelligence Task Force’s Maintaining the Intelligence Edge has several recommendations for the future of intelligence agencies in the US.4) [Report] The Economist has a stellar take on how OSINT punctures state monopolies of information and how this is a net positive.5) [Article] Joseph Bernstein’s Harper’s Magazine cover story on the state of disinformation research. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit hightechir.substack.com
Tim Jensen talks about: Solder paste selection best practices Low temperature solder Common mistakes made when using solder paste Solder paste jetting / micro-dispensing And much more Tim Jensen may be reached here: tjensen@indium.com
Episode 73: A Conversation with Solder Paste Expert Tim Jensen of Indium.Tim Jensen talks about: • Solder paste selection best practices • Low temperature solder • Common mistakes made when using solder paste • Solder paste jetting / micro-dispensing • And much moreTim Jensen may be reached here:tjensen@indium.comIndium Corporationhttps://www.indium.com
In this episode of The Power Producers Podcast, David Carothers and co-host Kyle Houck interview Chad Eddy, CEO of Indium. Chad talks about his career at Indium and what they're looking for in a partnership. Episode Highlights: Chad shares his career background and what Indium is all about. (3:23) Chad mentions the purpose of being part of the Insurance Alliance Network. (8:10) Chad explains what they're looking for in an agency partner. (10:09) Chad shares what they're looking for in a partnership. (20:18) What were some of the challenges that Chad faced from making changes in the company? (27:46) Chad shares some of the technologies they have at Indium. (34:09) Chad shares some of the training resources that they're doing. (37:12) Chad gives a piece of advice to the listeners. (50:32) Tweetable Quotes: “As the leader of Indium, we've had a chance to kind of reinvent what we do internally. We've invested in new technology, brought on new people and built a brand new culture. We really focused on service and our agents and doing the right thing every day.” - Chad Eddy “Everybody needs a little bit of a different mix of what we can bring to bear and that changes over time too. We know today may be a no, but tomorrow is a yes. We want to make sure we're there for them for the long haul on their journey as much as ours.” - Chad Eddy “We want agents to stand on their own two feet from a profitability standpoint. If we treat all of our agents that way and work with them that way, we're going to grow profitably as a network tenfold. That's what our carriers expect of us.” - Chad Eddy Resources Mentioned: Chad Eddy LinkedIn Indium David Carothers Kyle Houck Florida Risk Partners The Extra 2 Minutes
In this episode of The Ryan Hanley Show, Ryan Hanley is joined by Jason Cass, Owner of Agency Intelligence and managing partner of the Insurance Alliance. This is the second half of the conversation with Jason Cass that started on the Agency Intelligence podcast early this week. In this episode, we break down the current state of digital insurance and where we see the largest opportunities for growth. Don't miss this episode...Episode Highlights: Jason and Ryan discuss carrier growth rates and contingencies. (5:10) Ryan mentions what's significant about AP Intego's platform. (6:57) Jason and Ryan share their opinions on when to utilize B2B platforms. (9:26) Jason mentions why every agency has their own fingerprint. (10:27) Jason explains how to build a balance sheet. (11:44) Jason shares what David explained to him about how agents try to build P&Ls when you should be trying to build a balance sheet. (11:32) Jason shares one of the things he realized from what David said to him. (12:12) Ryan tells Jason about a conversation he had this week at Indium. (18:36) Key Quotes: “Every agency is actually its own fingerprint, right? Because we're all unique. So, you've got your team built-in on this.” - Jason Cass “David really laid that out one time, when he was trying to explain to me about how agents try to build P&Ls, when really you should be trying to build a balance sheet. How you build that balance sheet is by creating revenue, but not with so many clients.” - Jason Cass “I think when you say long term of who you can be, I think people don't realize it's those types of people who are going to stay with you and build that base that's going to help you project that. It's all because you tried to give them that one coverage.” - Jason Cass Resources Mentioned: Jason Cass LinkedIn Agency intelligence Insurance Alliance Reach out to Ryan Hanley Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of The Ryan Hanley Show, Ryan Hanley is joined by Jason Cass, Owner of Agency Intelligence and managing partner of the Insurance Alliance. This is the second half of the conversation with Jason Cass that started on the Agency Intelligence podcast early this week. In this episode, we break down the current state of digital insurance and where we see the largest opportunities for growth. Don't miss this episode... Episode Highlights: Jason and Ryan discuss carrier growth rates and contingencies. (5:10) Ryan mentions what's significant about AP Intego's platform. (6:57) Jason and Ryan share their opinions on when to utilize B2B platforms. (9:26) Jason mentions why every agency has their own fingerprint. (10:27) Jason explains how to build a balance sheet. (11:44) Jason shares what David explained to him about how agents try to build P&Ls when you should be trying to build a balance sheet. (11:32) Jason shares one of the things he realized from what David said to him. (12:12) Ryan tells Jason about a conversation he had this week at Indium. (18:36) Key Quotes: “Every agency is actually its own fingerprint, right? Because we're all unique. So, you've got your team built-in on this.” - Jason Cass “David really laid that out one time, when he was trying to explain to me about how agents try to build P&Ls, when really you should be trying to build a balance sheet. How you build that balance sheet is by creating revenue, but not with so many clients.” - Jason Cass “I think when you say long term of who you can be, I think people don't realize it's those types of people who are going to stay with you and build that base that's going to help you project that. It's all because you tried to give them that one coverage.” - Jason Cass Resources Mentioned: Jason Cass LinkedIn Agency intelligence Insurance Alliance Reach out to Ryan Hanley
In this episode of The Ryan Hanley Show, Ryan Hanley is joined by Jason Cass, Owner of Agency Intelligence and managing partner of the Insurance Alliance. This is the second half of the conversation with Jason Cass that started on the Agency Intelligence podcast early this week. In this episode, we break down the current state of digital insurance and where we see the largest opportunities for growth. Don't miss this episode... Episode Highlights: Jason and Ryan discuss carrier growth rates and contingencies. (5:10) Ryan mentions what's significant about AP Intego's platform. (6:57) Jason and Ryan share their opinions on when to utilize B2B platforms. (9:26) Jason mentions why every agency has their own fingerprint. (10:27) Jason explains how to build a balance sheet. (11:44) Jason shares what David explained to him about how agents try to build P&Ls when you should be trying to build a balance sheet. (11:32) Jason shares one of the things he realized from what David said to him. (12:12) Ryan tells Jason about a conversation he had this week at Indium. (18:36) Key Quotes: “Every agency is actually its own fingerprint, right? Because we're all unique. So, you've got your team built-in on this.” - Jason Cass “David really laid that out one time, when he was trying to explain to me about how agents try to build P&Ls, when really you should be trying to build a balance sheet. How you build that balance sheet is by creating revenue, but not with so many clients.” - Jason Cass “I think when you say long term of who you can be, I think people don't realize it's those types of people who are going to stay with you and build that base that's going to help you project that. It's all because you tried to give them that one coverage.” - Jason Cass Resources Mentioned: Jason Cass LinkedIn Agency intelligence Insurance Alliance Reach out to Ryan Hanley
Get Emergent: Leadership Development, Improved Communication, and Enhanced Team Performance
In this episode of our “Driving Leadership” series, Emergent's Bill Berthel speaks with Ross Berntson, President and COO of Indium Corporation. Ross discusses the value of the “leader- leader” concept, the importance of servant leadership, and reducing friction to help people reach their full potential.
It's a short lesson, but just last night I had to go out with a seven letter word that started with "I". Sure I had two blanks and an "s" but nevertheless I did it! Did it help to know the six letter I words or three I seven letter words? Not in this case but it might. Enjoy the new episode! | BIKINI | | BIMINI | | IMIDIC | | IRIDIC | | IRITIC | | IRITIS | | BIRIANI | | INDICIA | | LIXIVIA | | INHIBIN | | INHIBIT | | BIKINIS | | SILICIC | | LIPIDIC | | IDIOTIC | | VIVIFIC | | ILLICiT | ILLITIC | INCIVIL | | CRIMINI | CREMINI | INCIPIT | | OIDIOID | | SIMIOID | | IRIDIUM | | INSIPID | | RILIEVI | RELIEVO RILIEVO | ILEITIS | | RIPIENO | RIPIENI | FINIKIN | | GINGILI | | IRISING | | RIKISHI | | SHIVITI | | MINIKIN | | MINISKI | | | | INADABA | | ICECAP | IPECAC | ICEMAN | ICEMEN | INCASE | CASEIN | ISCHIA | | INARCH | | IATRIC | | INFULA | | INTIMA | | IMPARK | | IMPAWN | | INSPAN | | INSTAR | | IBECES | | INCUBI | | IMBODY | | IMBRUE | | IRENIC | | ICONES | | INCOGS | | IXODID | | INDENE | | INDIGN | NIDING DINING | INDIUM | | INWIND | | INDRIS | | IODOUS | ODIOUS | IMPHEE | HEMPIE | INGLES | SINGLE | ILLITE | | IOLITE | | INKLES | LIKENS SILKEN | IXTLES | | IONONE | | ISLING | | ISTHMI | | INRUSH | | INIONS | | INKPOT | | IMPOST | | INRUNS | INURNS | INPOUR |
Baker and I talk about Indium farming and preparing for a trip to the center of the galaxy. Join us for our conversations about No Man's Sky.
A new study published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology has found that the total mass of electronic waste generated by Americans has been declining since 2015. Given that electronic devices are playing an ever-growing role in our lives, this finding seems rather surprising. It also seems like pretty good news, but the underlying facts […]
Chad Eddy, president and CEO of Indium, one of the most agent-friendly Agency Networks in the insurance industry. In this episode of the show, we break down a recent blog post Chad wrote that breaks down the repercussions of victim mentality on our success. Get more: https://ryanhanley/com/Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Chad Eddy, president and CEO of Indium, one of the most agent-friendly Agency Networks in the insurance industry. In this episode of the show, we break down a recent blog post Chad wrote that breaks down the repercussions of victim mentality on our success. Get more: https://ryanhanley/com/
Chad Eddy, president and CEO of Indium, one of the most agent-friendly Agency Networks in the insurance industry. In this episode of the show, we break down a recent blog post Chad wrote that breaks down the repercussions of victim mentality on our success. Get more: https://ryanhanley/com/
Deskripsi singkat masing-masing unsur pada golongan 13. Boron, Aluminium, Galium, Indium, Thalium.
Kindly sponsored by Pace, Insituware, Humiseal, Cyberoptics, Juki, ART, Koh Young & Electrolube.
Kareena finds all about Indium - where it comes from and why it is an element in danger.
MEET GUEST Ross Berntson, President and COO of Indium Corporation! The Greater Utica Chamber is featuring a different local business several times a week in a special edition of their Leveling Up Podcast called “Leveling Up-Social Distancing Series”. Executive Director Meghan McGrogan will interview business owners or organization leaders and let you know who they are, what their business is, and how you can access their services or products to support them. Supporting local businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to their survival.
MEET GUESTS Fred Matt President & COO of Saranac & Greg Evans CEO of Indium Corporation as they talk about the Feed Our Frontline Families Initiative! The Greater Utica Chamber is featuring a different local business several times a week in a special edition of their Leveling Up Podcast called “Leveling Up-Social Distancing Series”. Executive Director Meghan McGrogan will interview business owners or organization leaders and let you know who they are, what their business is, and how you can access their services or products to support them. Supporting local businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to their survival.
In der Schweiz haben wir ein gut funktionierendes Recycling-System für alte Handys, Computer und TV-Bildschirme. Wertstoffe wie Gold und andere Edelmetalle werden so zurückgewonnen, Schadstoffe fachgerecht entsorgt. «Trend» zeigt eine neue Pionier-Anlage. Doch dies allein reicht nicht. Weil die Vorräte an seltenen Erden und Metallen wie Indium zur Neige gehen, und weil die Herstellung der Geräte viel Energie verschlingt, wäre es sinnvoller, die Geräte länger zu nutzen. «Trend» besucht die Recyclingfirma Sorec in Gossau SG und spricht mit Fachleuten über den nächsten Schritt nach dem Recycling. Weitere Themen: * Der Kapitän geht mitten im Sturm: die Welthandelsorganisation WTO kämpft ums Überleben * Die Corona-Pandemie setzt Sharing-Economy-Angeboten wie Mobility zu
Matt opens with a song and then wins a bet, which gets Bill an assignment. Turns out 49 is a crazy ass number and is the atomic number for Indium. Bill tells us all the problem with every Star Wars movie after the original trilogy. Matt is still angry about Robert Johnson. We hit a historically low number of NBA jerseys - again! Anthony Hopkins, Eugene Levy and Bor Gullet get cast. And James Lingk inadvertently starts some hospital gossip. Find out more at https://gggrinfinite.pinecast.co
Chris Nash is product manager for Indium’s PCB assembly solder paste, where works with the R&D team and provides technical advice in the selection, use, and application of solder paste and flux to electronics assembly customers throughout the world. He is also a certified Six Sigma Green Belt from Dartmouth College’s Thayer School of Engineering and a Certified SMT Process Engineer. He talks about solder paste insufficients caused by printing with PCB Chat host Mike Buetow.
The story of indium is pretty straightforward, but its namesake is practically impossible to pin down.
Episode 25 - An interview with Indium's Kay Parker. We discuss SMT solder paste printing and Kay's experience as a new engineer in the electronics assembly industry.Kay Parker is a Technical Support Engineer based at Indium Corporation’s headquarters in Clinton, N.Y. In this role, she provides guidance and recommendations to customers related to process steps, equipment, techniques, and materials. She is also responsible for servicing the company’s existing accounts and retaining new business.Kay first joined Indium Corporation as a college intern. During her internship, she worked alongside process engineers in Indium Corporation’s Metals and Compounds division. After graduating from the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute in 2018, Kay joined the company as a Technical Support Engineer.At SUNY Poly, Kay earned a bachelor’s degree in applied mathematics with a minor in engineering science. Her past accomplishments include managing the details of a National Science Foundation grant, forming and leading an award-winning competitive student robotics club, developing industrial manufacturing process technologies, and modeling the flow of blood in the human eye using mathematical equations and computer programs. Kay can be reached at kparker@indium.com.
Indium's Kay Parker discusses SMT solder paste printing and her experience as a new engineer in the electronics assembly industry with Mike Konrad.Kay is a technical support engineer based at Indium headquarters in Clinton, NY. In this role, she provides guidance and recommendations to customers related to process steps, equipment, techniques, and materials. She is also responsible for servicing the company’s existing accounts and retaining new business. She joined Indium as a college intern. During her internship, she worked alongside process engineers in Indium's Metals and Compounds division. After graduating from the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute in 2018, Kay joined the company as a technical support engineer.At SUNY Poly, Kay earned a bachelor’s degree in applied mathematics with a minor in engineering science. Her past accomplishments include managing the details of a National Science Foundation grant, forming and leading an award-winning competitive student robotics club, developing industrial manufacturing process technologies, and modeling the flow of blood in the human eye using mathematical equations and computer programs.
Welcome to the 2019 Predictive Analytics World (PAW) Conference Series. Recorded live in Las Vegas, this series is bringing interviews straight to you from exhibitors and speakers at this year’s event. In this interview, host Jamin Brazil interviews Satish Pala, Senior Vice President, Digital at Indium Software. Find Satish Online: Email: satish.pala@indiumsoft.com LinkedIn Indium Software [00:02] You’re listening to the Happy Market Research Podcast. I’ve already screwed up this intro a couple of times. I apologize for that to my wonderful guests. Right now, I’ve got Satish Pala, Indium Software. He is a market veteran, been in the industry for 20 years. Welcome to the podcast. [00:22] Thanks. Thank you so much. [00:23] We are live today at Predictive Analytics World and Marketing Insights World and all kinds of worlds. I think there’s 12 shows. It’s a lot of shows. That’s right, yeah. From health care... Everybody’s using insights. What do you see as one of the big trends in the industry? [00:42] So, one of the things that I see is people having a lot of data, people thinking a data analytics solution will help them but have no direction or a strategy towards these concerns of theirs. So they are trying to do what I call a prototype-based analytics. So, they would want to spend some money, figure out what insight could come up with that amount of data they have in a shorter cycle, maybe a month or two. And then they figure out how it is going to impact their business. And based on the business impact, they’re trying to spend more, invest more in the scheme of data analytics where they can get impact, a positive impact on their business. So, for example, if a company who’s having products related to customer, consumer, for example, electronics and they see the trend in electronics buying has reduced, they would want to analyze this challenge. They would want to analyze why the trend is so in terms of how the consumer behavior is. So they would want to take the data that they have and analyze the patterns of consumer behavior and identify how they could fix it or, I would say, how they could work around these challenges that they’re facing. Having analysis on data insights on data can give them a picture of what they need to do in the near future. [02:04] So, Indium Software, you guys have been around awhile? [02:08] Yeah, we’ve been around for almost 20 years. And, as you said, we are veterans in the IT services. We deal with quality solutions, services. Primary, I would say the portfolio that we solve, is at once analytics; then we have Big Data analytics, where in we help customers do data engineering, where we bring in all the data into a warehouse or data lake. We give them business intelligence solutions; we give them visualization solutions; we also offer descriptive analytics solutions; we also offer advanced analytics, predictive-modeling-type solutions. We also help them integrate these solutions into their web portals. So, one of the key challenges we have noticed is that, while they have done their analytics model on a dashboard or a visualization layer, they are trying to figure out how do I input this into my day-to-day life or day-to-day operations. So that is something we really focus on and help the customers with. [03:07] You know it used to be the case that data was far away from the person that needed it, and now it’s moving really close, even like integrating insights into the decisions that are the workflows of the practitioners that are inside of the brands. [03:25] I don’t want to interfere in your questioning, but the thought you have is right. People have identified analytical models; people have insights. But how do they operationalize these insights? How do they put in the business...? [03:37] I love that term “operationalize.” [03:39] So,
NIWA is putting freshwater fish through their paces in a swimming test, and the story of indium, the chemical element that is the Queen of the touchscreen.
NIWA is putting freshwater fish through their paces in a swimming test, and the story of indium, the chemical element that is the Queen of the touchscreen.
Indium is a very soft metal, and as indium-tin-oxide it is an indispensable part of the swipeability of touchscreens, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 37 of Elemental.
Indium is a very soft metal, and as indium-tin-oxide it is an indispensable part of the swipeability of touchscreens, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 37 of Elemental.
Indium is a very soft metal, and as indium-tin-oxide it is an indispensable part of the swipeability of touchscreens, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 37 of Elemental.
The global metals trade exceeds $2.7 trillion per annum, derivatives over 60x the physical market. Nearly 3 billion metals contracts are traded on the major markets each year by some 17 million commodities traders. Over the past decade, online tools have made trading in options, equities, forex and crypto-currency readily available and trading has proliferated. However, there is currently no readily accessible, specialist metals trading platform online and many traders stay away from metals. MetaliCoin Value Proposition Trade any metal as easily and efficiently as you currently trade forex, options or crypto-currency. Trading is easy, fast and low cost, with small minimum volumes and access to every metal in the world from anywhere, 24 hours a day. Fully regulated, highly secure and backed by the transparency of the blockchain and world-class identity management and trading infrastructure, so you can trade with confidence. The initial Metalicoin audience is an existing individual trader and metal hedgers. The Digital Metal Exchange (DMX) A best of breed digital metals exchange that allows traders to buy and sell metals with fiat currency or crypto. Providing 24/7 blockchain based peer to peer trading with instant execution and low fees, via secure smartphone or web app. DMX users trade digital commodities on an SEC-regulated platform supporting over 19 clearing banks, leading trading, asset custodianship, and finance institutions. The platform provides access to US and global markets and larger traders can gain access to dark pools. The Metalicoin DMX offers fiat to crypto on-ramp/off-ramp from over 160 currencies and top 10 cryptos and will also provide MetaliCoin branded MasterCard and UnionPay cards. Core Technology consists of: Bank level secure platforms and servers with AU-driven security Highly secure digital asset wallet stores fiat, crypto, and all digital assets User-friendly web and mobile app interfaces High volume digital asset exchange engine High-end identity management for KYC, AML, CTF compliance The Metalicoin Road Map Core metals exchange (Q3, 2019): All metals available on LME Dark pools (Q4, 2019): Access high volume, large scale trades in metals Margin/Leverage trading and derivatives (Q4, 2019) Issue MetaliCoin branded virtual and physical cards (Q1, 2020) Users participate in margin pool and clearing pool (Q2, 2020) Business Model MetaliCoin makes money from transaction fees, spreads, margin fees, card fees, coin issuance, coin listing (of 3rd party metal backed coins), dark pool trading, market making, and clearing activities. Why Invest in Metalicoin? MetaliCoin delivers a strong value proposition by delivering secure, easy access to the Metals Market. Users save money by cutting out middle-men and hidden fees. They enjoy small minimums (quantities to suit individual needs), transparent markets for precious, industrial and technology metals (eg Lithium, Indium, etc). The DMX is based deploys best of breed digital trading, wallet, payment, identity management, and security. It is based on blockchain for secure, 24/7, peer to peer trading in a fully regulated environment to provide investor and user security. Exit options include listing or being acquired by a major trading house or exchange. The business will build enterprise value via multiple revenue streams and significant growth leverage and highly scalable infrastructure. SUBSCRIBE to our social channels and never miss an episode: SPOTIFY iTunes Stitcher Soundcloud Google Play Music Tunein Castbox Pocket Casts Overcast iHeartRadio PlayerFM YouTube ________________ Do you want us to talk about your project or company? Email us: education@saviidigital.com
Swipe, tap, pinch, poke and prod – Neil Withers gets hands on with touchscreen material indium tin oxide, ITO
1st hour- Melanie and Jessie from Relay for Life are in studio to talk about the event on June 9 and 10th. Look for the team D at this year's relay 2nd hour- Rick Short from Indium Corp is here to talk about the positive changes in Utica, Indium Corp is hiring (apply on the their website) and more
Rick Short, Director of Marketing Communications at Indium Corporation, joined me for episode 65 of the Social Business Engine podcast to discuss blogging for business. Specifically, we talked about his wildly successful blogging strategy at Indium Corporation, a B2B provider of very technical stuff. Rick is a fun and personable guy with a rock and roll band. He's also a super smart marketer who has transformed Indium Corporation into a sensational model for B2B content marketing and B2B social business. Tune in to this podcast to hear Rick's insider tips on how to create a blogging strategy at your organization to catapults your sales. Visit our show notes page at: http://www.socialbusinessengine.com/podcasts/power-blogging-strategy-to-catapult-your-sales
LED lighting, solar power and lasers are just some of the electronics revolutionised by two obscure chemical elements - gallium and indium. Laurence Knight hears from Mike Simpson of Philips why we will only need to replace our lightbulbs once every two decades, and travels to Sheffield University where research centre head Jon Heffernan explains what on earth III-V materials are and why making an LED is like baking a pizza. Meanwhile chemistry stalwart Prof Andrea Sella of UCL demonstrates these two metals' surprisingly buttery melt-in-the-mouth properties. (Photo: Times Square New Year's Eve ball, Credit: Jeff Zelevansky/Getty Images)
Mining is set to return to Cornwall as tin and tungsten prices continue to rise. Plus a rare earth metal called Indium, a key component in smart phones and flat screens, is enticing prospectors back to the mines of the South West. Tin mining has long been just a relic of Cornwall's past; a landscape dotted with old overgrown chimneys being the only evidence of the wheals once found all across the county. The last miners left South Crofty mine, near Redruth in the heart of Cornwall in 1998 when the price of tin made mining in the area unviable, but now investors and geologists have turned their attention to some of the other minerals lying underground alongside the tin. Rare earth metals are also hiding below the surface at South Crofty and could help bring prosperity to a much maligned part of the country. Just across the county border in Devon, mining is set to begin at Hemerdon, just outside Plymouth. Hemerdon is home to the fourth largest Tungsten deposit in the world and the price of tungsten is soaring. Tom Heap meets the new prospectors hoping to make the area profitable once again. Presenter: Tom Heap Producer: Martin Poyntz-Roberts
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 12/19
Ein Problem bei der Behandlung von Gehirntumoren sind Resttumorzellen, die am Rande des Tumors gesundes Hirngewebe infiltrieren und operativ nicht entfernt werden können. Einen viel versprechenden Ansatz für die Therapie maligner Gliome stellt die lokale Applikation radioaktiv markierter monoklonaler Antikörper bzw. Antikörper-Fragmente dar, die gegen tumorspezifische Oberflächenmoleküle gerichtet sind. Ziel war es daher, monoklonale Antikörper (mAk) und gentechnisch hergestellte Fab-Fragmente gegen die tumorassoziierte Isoform 1 des humanen Tenascin C (hTNC-1) für die Diagnostik bzw. die Radioimmuntherapie (RIT) von Gliomen zu entwickeln. Die mAk wurden durch Immunisierung von Balb/c Mäusen mit einer der alternativ gespleißten FNIII-Domänen, die für hTNC-1 spezifisch ist, generiert. Diese FNIII-Domäne wurde hierzu gentechnisch hergestellt. Die Immortalisierung und klonale Selektion der erfolgreich herangereiften murinen B-Lymphozyten wurde, angelehnt an das von Kenett und Mitarbeitern entwickelte Protokoll, durchgeführt (Kennett, et al., 1978). Der Antikörper wurde aus den konditionierten Zellkulturmedien des entsprechenden Hybridoma Zellklons mit geringem Aufwand aufgereinigt. Die cDNA-Sequenzen der CH1- und der VH1-Domäne der H- und der L-Kette des neu generierten mAk wurden hierfür in den bakteriellen Expressionvektor pASK85-D1.3 kloniert und gentechnisch hergestellt. Die Fab-Produktion in E. coli konnte so im Labormaßstab etabliert werden. Nach in vitro Evaluation wurden die mAk und Fab-Fragmente mit Indium-111-DTPA radiomarkiert und in U87MG-tragenden SCID-Mäusen getestet. Der mAk mit der höchsten Avidität (WGGD4-B4) wies eine spezifische Bindung mit hoher Affinität (KD ~ 35 nM ± 16 nM) an WHO°III und WHO°IV Gliome auf. Gesunde Hirnareale werden mit diesem mAk nicht adressiert. Die an U87-MG-Tumoren tragende SCID-Mäusen durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigten für den mAk WGGD4-B4 einen Anstieg der Aktivität im Tumor bis zu 72 h p.i., mit mittleren Anreicherungen von 11% der ID/g Tumor. Anschließend erfolgt eine langsame Dissoziation (~9% ID/g Tumor nach 120h p.i.). Die Aktivität in den Referenzgeweben (z.B. Muskel) blieb zu jedem gemessenen Zeitpunkt niedrig (Muskel
Indium podcast from Chemistry World - the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
'Making quantum electrical standards more accessible: the quantum Hall effect in Indium Antimonide' by Stephen GiblinRecording Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland.
The Show Notes:Minoishe Interroberg's To Make with the Good English- very unique- short minute- literally- blunt vs. brunt IntroBill Bruford with Genesis, filmed in concertLousy concert filmsRupert McClanahan's Indestructible Bastards - Alan UrwinThe correct pronunciation and version of MolybdenumOccasional Songs for the Periodic TableCadmium, Indium, Tin, Antimony, Tellurium, Iodine, Xenon, Caesium, Barium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium Religious Moron of the Week - Ronald Marquez (sent in by Scott Ornat)Ask Georgefrom Danny Schade- music major?- music and woo-woo?- Phil Hendrie?PFA at MusikfestShow Close ...................................... Mentioned in the show: Philadelphia Funk Authority's website and YouTube videos, Musikfest. And as always: George's blog, website, flickr, and myspace page. Have a comment on the show, a topic for Minoishe Interroberg, or a question for Ask George? Drop George a line at geo@geologicrecords.net or through his blog. Have any comments?
Fakultät für Physik - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/05
Die Spektroskopie eines verbotenen optischen Übergangs eines einzelnen Ions verspricht ein optisches Frequenznormal mit einer Genauigkeit im Bereich von 10^(-18) zu ermöglichen. Die Vorraussetzungen dafür sind neben außergewöhnlich geringen systematischen Frequenzverschiebungen des Referenzübergangs ein hohes Maß an Kontrolle der Bewegung des Ions, realisiert durch die Speicherung und Laserkühlung in einer Quadrupolfalle und die daraus resultierende, praktisch unbegrenzte Beobachtungszeit. Diese Arbeit beschreibt Experimente im Hinblick auf die Realisierung eines der aussichtsreichsten Kandidaten für ein optisches Frequenznormal, einem gespeicherten Indium-Ion. Zunächst wird in Kapitel 2 das Konzept der Indium-Uhr, der bisher experimentell erreichte Stand der Spektroskopie, mit einer relativen Auflösung von 10^(-13), und eine Abschätzung der limitierenden Verschiebungen des 1S0-3P0 Referenzübergangs dargestellt. Kapitel 3 führt danach in das Prinzip der Speicherung und die konkrete Umsetzung im In+-Experiment ein, behandelt dabei auftretende Probleme und liefert mögliche Lösungen. In Kapitel 4 wird eine neu implementierte Methode der Photoionisation von Indium-Atome vorgestellt, die mit nur einem Laser bei 410 nm über eine Zweiphotonen-Anregung zur Ionisierung führt. Gegenüber der bislang verwendeten Elektronenstoßmethode konnte damit die Ionisierungseffizienz um zwei Größenordnungen gesteigert, und so Probleme, die einen kontinuierlichen Betrieb des Frequenznormals behindern, vermieden werden. Im Hinblick auf eine Erhöhung der Mittelungszeit wurde ein kontinuierlich betreibbares Kühllasersystem aufgebaut, das in Kapitel 5 beschrieben wird. Ein gitterstabilisierter Diodenlaser bei 922 nm wird zunächst in seiner Frequenz auf unter 100 Hz relativ zu einem Referenzresonator stabilisiert. Nach dem Durchgang durch einen frequenztreuen Trapezverstärker werden danach in einer ersten Frequenzverdopplung mit Hilfe eines periodisch gepolten KTP-Kristalls mehr als 200 mW blaues Licht bei 461 nm erzeugt. Eine zweite Frequenzverdopplung mit BBO führt nachfolgend zu etwa 1 mW bei 231 nm, der Wellenlänge des 1S0-3P1 Kühlübergangs von In+. Neben der demonstrierten Nutzung im Indium-Experiment bietet sich dieses System durch seine große Leistung im blauen Spektralbereich, die weite Durchstimmbarkeit und die hohe Frequenzstabilität für viele Anwendungen in der Atomphysik und Quantenoptik an. Kapitel 6 beschreibt Ergebnisse der Seitenbandkühlung, für deren Umsetzung Indium ein einzigartiges Modellsystem darstellt. Anhand einer spektroskopischen Temperaturbestimmung in optisch-optischer Doppelresonanz wird die praktisch erreichte Grundzustandskühlung bestätigt. Es ergibt sich eine Temperatur unterhalb von 300 muK, entsprechend einer Amplitude der Säkularbewegung von unter lambda/10. Durch die zusätzliche Kontrolle der Mikrobewegung unter lambda/20 sind insgesamt relative Frequenzverschiebungen des Referenzübergangs aufgrund einer Bewegung des Ions im Bereich von 10^(-18) zu erwarten. Die Mikrobewegung besitzt einen starken Einfluss auf die Kühldynamik, der in einem erweiterten Modell der Seitenbandkühlung semiklassisch beschrieben wird. Es ergibt sich die verblüffende Situation, dass eine Kühlung auch für Laserfrequenzen oberhalb der Resonanzfrequenz des ruhenden Ions möglich ist. Kühlrate und Einfangbereich dieser Kühlung werden simuliert. Die präzise Kontrolle der zusätzlichen Mikrobewegung erlaubt eine Prüfung der Vorhersagen im Experiment. Durch Spektroskopie am Kühlübergang konnte eine effektive Kühlung bei positiver Laserverstimmung experimentell demonstriert werden.
Fakultät für Physik - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/05
Die in dieser Arbeit dargelegten Ergebnisse befassen sich mit Experimenten, welche den Mg-In-Ionenfallen-Quantencomputer zum Endziel haben. Als logisches Schaltelement eines solchen Quantencomputers kommen sowohl die Cirac-Zoller- als auch die Sörensen-Mölmer-Version eines CNOT-Gatters in Frage. In beiden Fällen müssen die Ionen durch Laserstrahlung gekühlt werden. Während das Cirac-Zoller-Gatter Grundzustandskühlung erfordert, wird beim Sörensen-Mölmer-Gatter lediglich der wesentlich einfacher zu erreichende Lamb-Dicke-Bereich benötigt. Aufgrund der Tatsache, daß zwei verschiedene Ionensorten für unterschiedliche Aufgaben verwendet werden, kombiniert man deren Vorzüge optimal miteinander. Zur direkten Seitenband-Kühlung verwendet man In, mit dem in unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits Grundzustandskühlung demonstriert worden ist. Quanteninformation soll in den Mg-Ionen gespeichert werden. Da beim Sörensen-Mölmer-Gatter, solange man sich im Lamb-Dicke-Bereich befindet, die Quantenrechnung nicht von der thermischen Bewegung der Ionen abhängen, kann der heterogene Ionenkristall durch die Indiumionen kontinuierlich gekühlt werden, ohne daß die in den Mg-Ionen gespeicherte Quanteninformation dadurch beeinflußt wird. Dadurch kann die Dekohärenz der Schwingungsmoden minimiert, und die Anzahl möglicher Quantenoperationen maximiert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde von Grunde auf ein neues Experiment geplant, aufgebaut und zahlreiche Versuche dazu durchgeführt. Es wurde ein völlig neuer, komplexer Vakuumrezipient entworfen und gebaut. Im Inneren des Vakuumrezipienten wurde ein schwingungsgedämpfter Aufbau einer neuartigen, selbstjustierenden Ionenfallenhalterung inklusive verbesserter Atomofenhalterung in ein kompaktes Gesamtsystem integriert. Die Falle wurde für die Speicherung zweier Ionensorten optimiert. Mit der linearen Endkappenfalle wurden zuerst Mg-Ionenkristalle erzeugt. Bei den Experimenten mit Indium konnten Mg-In-Wolken nachgewiesen werden, sowie sympathetische Kühlung von Indium durch die direkt lasergekühlten Magnesiumionen. In der neuen Vierstabfalle wurden zuerst Experimente mit einem Sekundärelektronen-Vervielfacher bei Kühlung mit Puffergas durchgeführt, wobei Speicherung von Magnesiumionen sowie von Dunkelionen aus dem Restgas nachgewiesen werden konnte. Bei diesen Messungen wurde gleichzeitig die Falle charakterisiert. Es wurden Stabilitätsdiagramm, radiale und axiale Schwingungsfrequenzen gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurden in der neuen Ionenfalle Magnesium-Ionenkristalle gespeichert und nachgewiesen. Die im Vergleich zur linearen Endkappenfalle wesentlich verbesserte Mikrobewegungskompensation demonstriert die Überlegenheit der automatischen Justage der neuen Ionenfalle.
Fakultät für Physik - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/05
Der 3P0 - 1S0 Übergang (Uhrenübergang) des einfach ionisierten Indiums (lambda = 236,5 nm) gilt als einer der aussichtsreichsten Kandidaten für ein neues Frequenznormal im optischen Bereich mit einer relativen Genauigkeit von 10^-18. Als kurzzeitstabilen Oszillator benötigt man hierfür einen Laser mit einer Linienbreite, die kleiner als die natürliche Linienbreite des Uhrenübergangs ist (0,8 Hz). Die Koinzidenz der vierfachen Frequenz des Nd:YAG Laserüberganges bei 946 nm mit dem Indiumübergang bietet die Möglichkeit einen diodengepumpten monolithischen Ringlaser aus Nd:YAG (MISER) hierfür zu verwenden, was die Möglichkeit eröffnet mit einem sehr kompakten Aufbau in neue Bereiche der Frequenzstabilität vorzudringen. Der MISER wird hierfür auf einen hochstabilen Referenzresonator mittels der Pound-Drever-Hall Stabilisierungstechnik stabilisiert. Als Resonatoren werden verschiedene Materialien (Zerodur und ULE), wie auch verschiedene geometrische Abmessungen verwendet, die jeweils in einer Vakuumkammer innerhalb einer temperaturstabilisierten Umgebung gelagert sind. Das Hauptproblem bei der Verbesserung der absoluten Frequenzstabilität des Uhrenlasers besteht darin, dass der Referenzresonator, eine sehr gute Isolierung gegenüber äußeren Einflüssen wie seismischen Vibrationen und Temperaturfluktuationen erhalten muß. Auf dem Weg zur sub-Hertz Stabilität des Lasers werden hierfür verschiedene Methoden untersucht. Für die Isolierung der seismischen Vibrationen stellt sich ein aktiv vibrationsisolierendes System (AVI) als besonders effektiv heraus, dessen Leistungsfähigkeit ausgiebig untersucht wird. Mit Hilfe einer neuen Art der zweifachen Frequenzstabilisierung eines Lasers auf einen Referenzresonator werden schließlich Rekordwerte hinsichtlich der Qualität der Anbindung des Lasers an die Referenzfrequenz eines Resonators von
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 02/19
Zusammenfassung Einleitung Mikrosphären (MS) gelten als Standardmethode zur Messung des regionalen Blutflusses. Hierzu werden MS linksatrial injiziert. Sie verteilen sich dann im arteriellen Teil des Blutkreislaufes. Die Anzahl der in den präkapillären Gefäßen festgehaltenen MS ist direkt proportional der regionalen Organdurchblutung. Da die bisherige Markierung der MS mit instabilen Nukliden die Nachteile des Umgangs mit Radioaktivität mit sich brachte, hat man in den letzten Jahren versucht, die MS mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen (FM) zu beladen. Diese neue Art der Markierung erfordert allerdings, daß die FM quantitativ aus den Organproben zurückgewonnen werden müssen. Dies geschah bisher mittels Filtration oder Sedimentation. Beide Methoden bieten jedoch Nachteile. Ziel unserer Studie war es, eine neue Methode zu entwickeln und deren Verarbeitungsprozess zu automatisieren. Dazu wurde ein Filtrationsgefäß entwickelt, das die Probenverarbeitung (Gewichtsbestimmung, Verdauung, Filtration, Spülung und Farbstoffauslösung) in einem einzigen Gefäß zuläßt und hierbei die vollständige Rückgewinnung der FM aus der Organprobe sicherstellt. Material und Methodik: Die von uns am Institut für Chirurgische Forschung entwickelte Sample Processing Unit (SPU) – gebrauchsmustergeschützt - besteht aus drei Untereinheiten: Filterhalter, Filter und Probengefäß. Der essentielle Bestandteil der SPU ist der Filter, der mit einem Polyamid-Filtergewebe (Maschenöffnung 7µm) ausgestattet ist. Das von uns entwickelte Verarbeitungsprotokoll sieht folgende Schritte vor: Die Gewebeprobe wird in den Filter gelegt und das Probengewicht bestimmt. Der Filter wird dann in ein Edelstahlkochgefäß gestellt und zur Verdauung des Gewebes werden 15 ml Digestionsflüssigkeit (4N KOH mit 0,02% Tween) und 1,5 ml Isopropanol 100% hinzugegeben. Nach 6 Stunden Inkubation bei 60°C ist das organische Material vollständig aufgelöst und die FM schwimmen in der Zwischenschicht zwischen KOH und Isopropanol. Mit Hilfe von Unterdruck wird die Flüssigkeit durch das Filtergewebe filtriert. Dadurch kommen die FM auf der Membran zu liegen. Der später von den FM ausgelöste Fluoreszenzfarbstoff benötigt ein neutrales Umgebungsmilieu. Hierzu müssen alle KOH-Rückstände aus dem Filter entfernt werden. Dies geschieht mittels eines Phosphatpuffers (29.9g K2HPO4 in 800ml aqua dest. vermischt mit 5.88g KH2PO4 in 200ml aqua dest.), der auf einen neutralen pH-Wert eingestellt ist. Mit 15 ml dieses Puffers wird die gesamte Innenfläche des Filters abgespült. Durch kurzes Eintauchen des Filters in den Puffer wird auch die Außenfläche von den KOH-Resten befreit. Nach Trocknung des Filters durch Zentrifugation (4000 U/min für 4 min) wird der Farbstoff mit 2 ml eines organischen Lösungsmittels (2-Ethoxyethyl acetat - Cellosolve) aus den FM ausgelöst. Durch erneute Zentrifugation (4000 U/min für 4 min) wird der Farbstoff im Sammelgefäß aufgefangen und die Fluoreszenzintensität in einem Fluoreszenzspektrometer (LS50B, Perkin Elmer, Überlingen, Deutschland) bestimmt. Die Konzentration des Farbstoffes läßt auf die Anzahl der FM rückschließen, welche wiederum direkt proportional zum Blutfluß in der untersuchten Gewebeprobe ist. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor wird durch eine Blutreferenzprobe bestimmt, die während der Injektion der FM aus der Aorta thoracalis unter konstanter Pumpenzuggeschwindigkeit (Harvard Pump, Harvard Apparatus South Nattick, USA) entnommen wird. Diese Blutprobe kann ohne vorherige Verdauung unter Koagulationsschutz (CPDA mit dem Hauptbestandteil Citrat) direkt filtriert werden. Der Farbstoff wird mittels Cellosolve aus den Mikrosphären ausgelöst und die Fluoreszenzintesität bestimmt. Experimente Zunächst wurden die FM und die SPU in vitro Tests unterzogen. Bei den FM wurde mit Hilfe einer Verdünnungsreihe die Proportionalität zwischen der Anzahl der FM und der Fluoreszenzintensität untersucht. Die SPU und die dazugehörige Verarbeitungsmethode wurden einer Wiederfindungsstudie unterzogen. Dabei wurde dieselbe Anzahl von FM aller Farben in Filter und Glasröhrchen pipettiert. Die Filter durchliefen den gesamten Verarbeitungsprozeß. Das Filtrat und die Wände der Filter wurden auf die Präsenz von FM hin kontrolliert. Die Farbstofflösung, welche aus den 40 Filtern gewonnen wurde, wurde mit einer Referenzgruppe (Glasröhrchen ohne Probenverarbeitung, n=20) verglichen. Zur in vivo Validierung der SPU erfolgten an narkotisierten Schweinen (n=8) sechs simultane Injektionen von radioaktiv markierten 15µm MS (RM) (Niob, Strontium, Scandium, Indium, Cerium und Chrom) und 15µm FM (blue, bluegreen, yellowgreen, orange, red, scarlet) zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. Nach der Entnahme von Leber und Nieren, wurden diese Organe nach einem vorgegebenen Schema disseziert. Der regionale Blutfluß wurde anhand der Protokolle sowohl für RM (SCHOSSER et al. 1979) als auch FM bestimmt. Zunächst wurde die Radioaktivität der Proben im g-Counter (Canberra Packard, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland) ermittelt. Hierauf wurde nach Verarbeitung der Organgewebe in der SPU die Fluoreszenzintensität mit Hilfe des Fluoreszenzspektrometers gemessen. Der Vergleich mittels beider Methoden erhobener Meßwerte wurde mit dem Bland-Altman-Plot durchgeführt. Hierbei wird das arithmetische Mittel der Blutflüsse, die durch FM- und RM-Methode berechnet worden sind, gegen die prozentuale Abweichung der FM von den RM aufgetragen. Zur Kontrolle der Filterfunktion und der Zuverläßigkeit der Meßergebnisse wurde die gleiche Anzahl (ca. 2500 FM) einer nicht im Experiment verwendeten 15 µm FM-Spezies (crimson), sowohl in SPU-Filter (SPU-Gruppe, n = 60), als auch in 20 Glasgefäße (Referenzgruppe, n = 20) gegeben. Die SPU wurden dem gesamten Protokoll der Probenverarbeitung unterzogen, wohingegen in der Referenzgruppe lediglich der Farbstoff ausgelöst und gemessen wurde. Die Gruppen wurden mittels t-test nach Student, p0,98). Die Filter weisen eine Wiederfindungsrate von 100% auf. Im Eluat fanden sich keine 15µm FM; zwischen der Filtergruppe und der Referenzgruppe besteht kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Fluoreszenzintensität. Es zeigt sich eine sehr gute Vergleichbarkeit beider Methoden. In den Bland-Altman Plots für die Nieren- und Leberproben wichen die Blutflußwerte mit der FM-Methode um 8,2 bis 13,4% vom mittleren Fluß (arithmetisches Mittel aus RM und FM) ab. Dabei betrug die mittlere Differenz beider Methoden zwischen -7,4% und 3,8%. Der Vergleich der mittleren Intensitäten der Kontrollfarbe crimson zwischen der Referenzgruppe (9,32±0,74, n=20) und der SPU- Gruppe (9,38±0,98, n=60) ergab keinen signifikanten Unterschied. Diskussion und Schlußfolgerung Mit der SPU ist es möglich, FM vollständig aus Organproben zurückzugewinnen und dadurch den regionalen Blutfluß quantitativ zu bestimmen. Die errechneten Blutflusswerte der radioaktiven und fluoreszierenden Methoden sind miteinander vergleichbar. Somit stellen die FM eine valide Alternative zu RM unter Vermeidung der Problematik des Umgangs mit Radioaktivität dar. Der entscheidende Vorteil der SPU ist, daß der gesamte Verarbeitungsprozeß im selben Gefäß stattfindet, und so der Verlust von FM nahezu ausgeschlossen ist.Das standardisierte Protokoll der Probenverarbeitung mittels SPU vermindert im Vergleich zu früheren Protokollen die Bearbeitungszeit von ca. 24h bzw. 48h auf ca. 6h und reduziert die Arbeitsschritte bei denen große Präzision gefordert ist. Das Design der SPU ermöglicht eine Automatisierung der Probenverarbeitung und somit eine Arbeitserleichterung, da die Von-Hand-Bearbeitung nur noch auf das Befüllen der SPU reduziert wird
Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06
In dieser Arbeit werden neue Koordinationsverbindungen von deprotonierten Zuckersäuren (Aldaraten) mit den Metallen Kupfer(ii), Palladium(ii), Aluminium(iii), Gallium(iii)und Indium(iii) beschrieben. Die Komplexe von Aldaraten mit dem Zentralmetall Kupfer(ii) 1–10 wurden mit Hilfe von Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert, und daraus Kenntnisse zur Strukturchemie von Aldarato-cupraten gewonnen. Bei diesen Versuchen kristallisierte mit [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](Gal1,6A21,6H−2) (11) auch das Galactarat des erstaunlicherweise zum ersten Mal röntgenstrukturanalytisch charakterisierten Tetrammindiaqua- kupfer(ii)-komplexes aus. Bei der Umsetzung von Tartronsäure mit Kupfer(ii) und o-Phenantrolin (1:1) wurde der heteroleptische, über zwei Carboxylatgruppen des Tartronats koordinierte, Komplex [Cu(phen)(C3H2O5)(H2O)] · H2O (1) kristallisiert. Sämtliche weitere Umsetzungen von Kupfer(ii)-Salzen mit Aldaraten erfolgten ohne Zugabe von Hilfsliganden. Es konnten Alkalimetall- und Ammonium-Salze von Aldaratocupraten isoliert, und die Einkristallstrukturen bestimmt werden. Die über die Carboxylatgruppe koordinierten Ditartronato-cuprate Li2[Cu(C3H2O5)2(H2O)2] · 2H2O (2), Na2[Cu(C3H2O5)2(H2O)2] · 6H2O (3) und (NH4)2[Cu(C3H2O5)2(H2O)2] (4) ließen sich aus schwach sauren Lösungen, die Tartronsäure, Kupfer(ii) und Basen enthielten, kristallisieren. Es zeigte sich, dass sich die Kationen bestimmend auf die Kristallstruktur auswirken. Bei neutralen Bedingungen (pH = 7) wurden die Tritartronatocuprate (NH4)4[Cu3(C3HO5)3Cl] · 3H2O (5), K3[Cu3(C3HO5)3(H2O)] · 3,785H2O (6), Rb3[Cu3(C3HO5)3(H2O)] · 4H2O (7) und Cs3[Cu3(C3HO5)3(H2O)3] · H2O (8) kristallisiert. Die Tartrato-Liganden liegen vollständig deprotoniert vor und koordinieren jeweils zwei Kupfer-Atome über zwei Chelatfünfringe, die von den α-Alkoxo-Carboxylat-Einheiten ausgebildet werden, so dass die deprotonierte Hydroxy-Funktion verbrückend wirkt. Interessante Unterschiede zeigen die Komplex-Anionen bei der weiteren Koordination der Kupfer-Atome im zentralen Cu3O3-Sechsring an Aqua- oder Chloro-Liganden. Auch in der Kationenkoordination an die Sauerstoff-Atome im Cu3O3-Ring zeigen sich Unterschiede. Mit Xylarat als Ligand gelang es, einen der bislang größten [47] homoleptischen Cupratkomplexe, K9[Cu13(Xyl1,5A21,2,4,5H−4)5(Xyl1,5A2H−5)3]· 90H2O (9), aus einer schwach sauren Lösung zu kristallisieren. Bereits bei diesem niedrigen pH-Wert weist der Komplex drei vollständig und fünf vierfach deprotonierte Xylarato-Liganden auf. In der Struktur des Komplex-Anions vereinigen sich sämtliche bei Aldarato-Komplexen beobachtete Koordinationsmuster der Liganden, außer der nur bei Tartronat möglichen Koordination durch zwei Carboxylatgruppen zu einem Chelatsechsring. Auch alle bislang bei Oxo-cupraten beobachteten Kupfer-Sauerstoff-Baueinheiten (Cu2O2-Vierringe, Cu4O4-W¨urfel, Cu3O3-Sechsringe) sind hier in einer Verbindung kombiniert. Das polymere Cuprat Na4[Cu(Gal1,6A2H−6)] · 12H2O (10) lässt sich aus alkalischen Natriumhydroxid-haltigen Lösungen mit Galactarat als Ligand kristallisieren. Galactarsäure besitzt wie der homologe Zuckeralkohol Dulcit eine Erythrit-Teilstruktur und bildet mit dieser das Cuprat aus, wie es auch bei polymeren Erythritolato- und Dulcitolato-cupraten beobachtet wurde [38]. Die in Aldarat/Pd-en-Lösung vorhandenen Komplexspezies bei unterschiedlichen Stöchiometrien und bei Zugabe verschiedener Basen wurden mittels 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie aufgeklärt. Von den nachgewiesenen Spezies konnten einige kristallisiert und ihre Struktur aufgeklärt werden (12–16). Tartronat-haltige Pd-en-Lösungen zeigen in 13C-NMR-Spektren neben unkoordiniertem Tartronat nur das über das doppelt deprotonierte α-Hydroxy-Carbonsäure-Fragment koordinierte Ethylendiamin-tartron-1,2,3-ato-O1,2-palladat(ii). Aus diesen Lösungen kristallisiert dennoch das neutrale über beide Carboxylatgruppen koordinierte [Pd(C3H2O5)(en)] · H2O (12). Durch Variation der Mengen von l- und meso-Weins¨aure in Pd-en-Lösungen und bei Zugabe verschiedener Alkalilaugen lassen sich alle drei möglichen, über Chelatfünfringe koordinierte Komplexspezies in Lösung durch 13C-NMR-Spektren nachweisen. Die Zugabe von Lithiumhydroxid zu den Lösungen bewirkt die Verdrängung des PdII(en)-Fragments von der Koordination durch eine Carboxylatgruppe zur Diolat-Einheit. Mit dem zweikernigen Komplex [(Pd(en))2(l-Thr1,4A2H−4)] · 5,42(3)H2O (13) und dem einkernigen Palladat [Pd(en)2][(en)Pd(Ery1,4A21,2,4H−3)]2 · 10H2O (14) konnten zwei der in Lösung nachgewiesenen Spezies kristallisiert werden. Auch in NMR-Spektren von Xylarat-haltigen Pd-en-Lösungen lässt sich beobachten, dass nach Zugabe von Lithiumhydroxid keine Koordination mehr durch eine Carboxylatgruppe vorliegt. Diese anionische Komplex-Spezies ließ sich kristallisieren und als Li2[(en)Pd(Xyl1,5A21,2,3,5H−4)] · 6,5H2O (15) charakterisieren. Galactarat zeigt das Verhalten gegenüber Lithiumhydroxid nicht, so dass sich aus Lithiumhydroxid-haltigen Lösungen von Galactarsäure in Pd-en der zweikernige Neutralkomplex [(Pd(en))2(Gal1,6A21,2,5,6H−4)] · 5H2O (16) kristallisieren lässt, der über die beiden α-Alkoxo-Carboxylat-Einheiten des Liganden koordiniert wird. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurden neue Aldarato-metallate mit den Metallen der dritten Hauptgruppe Aluminium, Gallium und Indium (17–27) synthetisiert und strukturell aufgeklärt. Desweiteren konnte durch 27Al-MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie an Kristallen im Vergleich mit 27Al-NMR-Spektren von Reaktionslösungen nachgewiesen werden, dass die kristallisierten Aldarato-aluminate auch in Lösung die Hauptspezies darstellen. Durch Umsetzung von Tartronsäure mit Aluminium(iii)- bzw. Gallium(iii)-Salzen und Alkalihydroxiden lassen sich aus den sauren Lösungen Kristalle der isotypen Natriumsalze Na6[M3(C3H2O5)3(C3HO5)3] · 15,6H2O (17: M = Al, 19: M = Ga) bzw. isotypen Kaliumsalze K6[M3(C3H2O5)3(C3HO5)3] · 8H2O (18): M = Al, 20: M = Ga) isolieren, deren drei cyclisch über Ecken verknüpfte MO6-Oktaeder ein neues Baumotiv in der Al- bzw. Ga-Koordinations-Chemie außerhalb der Strukturchemie der Oxide und Hydroxide darstellen. Durch Simulation der 27Al-MAS-NMR-Spektren mit Hilfe der drei Spin-Funktionen der kristallographisch unabhängigen Aluminium-Kerne in 17 lassen sich die isotropen chemischen Verschiebungen berechnen (δCSiso = 14,4; 17,0 und 19,3), deren Mittel sehr gut mit dem in Lösungen von Kristallen und Reaktionslösungen zu beobachtenden breiten Hauptsignal bei 16,8 ppm übereinstimmt. Aus vergleichbaren Reaktionslösungen mit Indium(iii)-nitrat lässt sich das neuartige vierkernige Indat Na6[In4(C3HO5)6(H2O)2] · 8H2O (21) gewinnen, in dem jedes Indium- Atom siebenfach von Sauerstoff koordiniert wird. Viele Arbeitsgruppen versuchten bislang vergeblich die Kristallisation einer Aluminium-tartrat-Verbindung. In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmals die Kristallstruktur eines Tartarto-aluminats (Cs2[Al6(H2O)6((l-Thr1,4A2)7H−20)] · 19H2O (22)) vorgestellt werden. Im sechskernigen Komplex liegen sieben l-Tartrato-Liganden unterschiedlichen Protonierungsgrads vor. Alle funktionellen Gruppen der Liganden sind an der oktaedrischen Koordination der Aluminium-Atome beteiligt, und die sechs offenen Koordinationstellen werden durch Aqua-Liganden abgesättigt. Aus sauren Lösungen lassen sich die zweikernigen, isotypen Cäsiumsalze der Xylarato-metallate Cs[M2(Xyl1,5A21,2,5H−3)(Xyl1,5A21,2,4,5H−4)(H2O)4] · 3H2O (23: M = Al, 25: M = Ga) kristallisieren. Diese zeichnen sich wie eine zweite Modifikation des Aluminats Cs[Al2(Xyl1,5A21,2,5H−3)(Xyl1,5A21,2,4,5H−4)(H2O)4] · 6H2O (24) durch eine starke intramolekulareWasserstoffbrückenbindung zwischen den beiden Liganden aus, bei der sich die beiden Sauerstoff-Atome bis etwa 242pm nahe kommen. Zur Koordination der beiden isolierten MO6-Oktaeder werden trotz vorhandener freier Hydroxygruppen der Liganden zusätzlich je zwei Aqua-Liganden herangezogen. Wiederum lässt sich zeigen, dass das kristallisierte Aluminat (δCSiso = 21,9; 23,4) auch die Hauptspezies (δ = 22,5) in Lösung darstellt. Seine Sonderstellung in der Kohlenhydrat-Polyolat-Chemie unterstreicht Aluminium bei den Galactarato-aluminaten Na6[Al6(Gal1,6A21,2,5,6H−4)4(OH)8] · 21H2O (26) und K6[Al6(Gal1,6A21,2,5,6H−4)4(OH)8] · 23H2O (27), die aus alkalischen Lösungen kristallisiert werden konnten. Die Strukturanalyse zeigt ein Cyclohexaaluminat, in dem pro Al vier Baseäquivalente gebunden sind. Diese 24 Baseäquivalente liegen nicht ausschließlich in Form von deprotonierten Gruppen am Galactarat vor, sondern acht µ-Hydroxo-Liganden stellen zusammen mit vier tetraanionischen Galactarato-Liganden die Sauerstoff-Ligator-Atome für den Ring aus sechs kantenverknüpften AlO6-Oktaedern bereit. Die anhand der Simulation des 27Al-MAS-NMR-Spektrums ermittelten Verschiebungen (¯δCSiso = 20,1) stimmen mit dem sehr breiten Hauptsignal in den Lösungsspektren der Reaktionslösungen bei etwa 20 ppm überein. Daneben befindet sich ein nicht unbeträchtlicher Anteil von [Al(OH)4]− in Lösung. d-Mannaro-1,4-3,6-dilacton wirkt in alkalischen Lösungen reduzierend und zersetzt sich leicht. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit gelang es in HPLC-unterstützten Untersuchungen einen Weg zu finden, ausgehend vom Dilacton über den Umweg der Umsetzung zum d-Mannarsäurediamid und der anschließenden Verseifung zu stabilen, reinen d-Mannarat-Lösungen zu gelangen, die sich zur weiteren Umsetzung mit Metallsalzen eignen. Die bevorzugte Koordination von Metallen durch Aldarate erfolgt durch die Ausbildungvon Chelatfünfringen mit der doppelt deprotonierten α-Hydroxy-Carbonsäure-Einheit. Desweiteren wurden die Koordinationen durch 1,2-ständige Diolate (Chelatfünfringe), 1,3-ständige Diolate (Chelatsechsringe, nur bei 9), eine 1,2,3-Triolat-Einheit (facial durch einen Xylarato-Liganden in 9) und durch 1,3-ständige Carboxylatgruppen bei Tartronaten (1–4 mit Cu(ii) und 12 mit Pd(ii)) beobachtet. Während Carboxylatgruppen ausschließlich endständig an Metalle koordinieren, finden sich deprotonierte Hydroxygruppen sowohl in endständigen als auch in µ2- und µ3-verbrückenden Positionen. Es ließ sich zeigen, dass sich aufgrund der leichten Deprotonierbarkeit der Carbonsäure-Funktion und der erhöhten Acidität der α-ständigen Hydroxygruppe die Darstellung von Aldarato-Komplexen bei sehr milden Bedingungen auch im Bereich des physiologischen pH-Werts bewerkstelligen lassen. Die Aldarsäuren eignen sich desweiteren hervorragend zum Aufbau neuartiger oherkerniger Metall-Sauerstoff-Cluster.
Fakultät für Physik - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/05
New Results in cooling and storing single Indium ions are presented. Cooling almost to the ground state of the trapping potential could be demonstrated for a single ion as well as for a two-ion coulomb-crystal. In high-resolution spectroscopy the narrow-bandwidth clock-transition was measured with a resolution of 1,3*10^(-13). The absolute frequency of this transition was measured with an uncertainty of 1,8*10^(-13). Also the properties of the Indium-Ion as a reference of an optical freqency standard are discussed.
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